# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
Sparedrus orsinii is endemic to the Apennines in the Italian Peninsula, and Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Italy and the population trend is thought to be stable. However, it is sporadic and more research is needed into the population trend and potential threats to this species.

range:
Sparedrus orsinii is endemic to the Apennines in the Italian Peninsula, from Emilia to Calabria. It is also found in Sicily, particularly in mountain localities up to about 1,000 m Asl. It is rather sporadic in occurrence (Bologna 1997, Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size. It seems to be a rather uncommon species with low population density. However, in some localities in the northern Apennines (Marche) the species is common (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is thought to be stable (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This is a heat-loving species associated with deciduous oak forests, mainly Quercus cerris and Q. pubescens, with adults occasionally being found on other trees such as olive (Olea europaea) or ash (Fraxinus), or even on herbaceous plants (Sedum) (Bologna 1997). It has been found on low branches, from flowering Crataegus species (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). The species is active from March to July (Bologna 1997, Vázquez 2002). The natural history of this species is very poorly known and further research is needed to determine whether the larvae develop in wood in the soil.

threats:
Loss of habitat through wildfires or logging may threaten this species. If the larvae develop in wood in the soil, in may be threatened by the removal of wood which is a common practice in Italy. The wood is removed to prevent forest fires and for subsistence use (warming houses) by local communities.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it occurs in at least two protected areas (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). More research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Sparedrus testaceus is found mainly in the Balkan Peninsula. It has also been recorded from north-western Anatolia in Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since due to the lack of data on the population size, trend and potential  threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Sparedrus testaceus is found mainly in the Balkan Peninsula, northwards across Transylvania and Hungary to Moravia and Slovakia, and westward to Austria and the easternmost part of Italy. It is rather sporadic and rare. It has also been recorded from north-western Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Kubisz et al. 2007, Švihla 2008).

population:
The population size and current trends are unknown. It seem to be a scarce species with low population density, but is presumably under-recorded because the adult is partially nocturnal.

habitat:
The larvae of this species have been recorded from decayed wood of oak (Quercus) and other unspecified broadleaf trees. The adults eat pollen and can be found on flowering trees and shrubs including Acer, Corylus, Crataegus, Fraxinus and Quercus species. They are attracted to light, being active from April to June. The species inhabits the temperate forest biome and is missing from the Mediterranean sclerophyllous environments and boreal pinewoods (Vázquez 2002). Pollen analysis of the crop contents  (Atanassova and Sivilov 2014) showed that the dominant pollen was that of Pinus, and the secondary pollen was of Rhamnus type (including pollen of Paliurus), Quercus, Carpinus/Ostrya type (including pollen of Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis and Ostrya carpinifolia), Alnus, Rumex, Plantago, Poaceae and Brassicaceae species. High values for fungal elements were also recorded.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Xanthochroina auberti is a rare species that has a very fragmented Turano-Mediterranean distribution. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO is ca 90 km²) and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. It is a rather  uncommon species but the population trend is thought to be stable. The loss of Mediterranean forests through fire or logging could threaten this species. More research is needed into the population trend and   potential threats to this species.

range:
Xanthochroina auberti is a rare species that has a very fragmented Turano-Mediterranean distribution. It is known from the Mediterranean littoral and pre-littoral of the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, south-east France, Croatia, Greece (mainland, Zakinthos, Lesbos), Cyprus, southern Anatolia, Lebanon and Israel with recent records from Hungary, Morocco and Iran (Vázquez 2002, Arahou 2008, Švihla 2008, Švihla 2011, Merkl et al. 2010, Rittner and Nir 2014, Samin et al. 2015). The species probably lives in Italy, from where it has not been recorded yet, since old records shown as 'Italy' actually refer to areas that currently belong to France (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). While it has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) (over 2 million km²), its AOO is only ca 90 km².

population:
The species seems to be scarce, but it can be locally abundant, being presumably under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population is assumed to be stable. However, most of the subpopulations are thought to be small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The biology of this species is poorly known. The larvae have been recorded from rotten wood of Pinus halepensis. The adults have been observed emerging from fissures of a dead pine. They have nocturnal activity and are attracted to light, being active from July to October (Vázquez 2002, Rittner and Nir 2014). The species lives in dry Mediterranean environments. It is found from sea level up to 820 m asl.

threats:
The loss of Mediterranean forests through fire or logging could threaten this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species requires a specific type of decaying wood, its distribution is very fragmented, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Near Threatened since the species requires a specific type of decaying wood, its distribution is very fragmented, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is widespread across central Europe but thinning northwards; west into northern Spain. It is also found in all Caucasus, Turkey and Iran (Lobl and Smetana 2008). In Hungary this species is very sporadic; apart from a few very old (at least 50 years old) records, there are two areas where extant populations are known. These are the Kőszeg Mountains (in the westernmost part of the country) and the Mecsek Mountains (in the southern part of the country) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there are four documented localities, two in the mountains nearby the Catalonian Pyrenees (Español 1963) and two in the Basque country mountains (Martínez de Murguíaet al.2007, Pagola-Carteet al.2007); a fifth site has recently been discovered in the Cordillera Cantabrica (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it was recorded in the19th   century from two sites in the same area in the north (Oliveira 1893) and recently (1990s) from a second area in the extreme northeast (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009).

population:
Few European countries have existing populations and the species is rare, scattered and declining in most; it has national Red List status in most north European countries, for instance in Norway, Sweden, Poland, Germany. It is believed to be extinct in many countries and subfossil presence only in Britain (many sites) and Ireland (Mid Holocene, 2921-2445 BCE) (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).  In Hungary the known extant populations are small, but the number of the individuals in certain logs may be high (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there are only five populations known, across the northern mountain zone (Español 1963, Martínez de Murguíaet al. 2007, Pagola-Carteet al. 2007) - this species probably reaches its southern distribution limits here; no information on local population size available (J.J de la Rosa pers. comm 2009). It could be present in additional places of the Pyrenees area with large old trees but these places are anyway rare in the area (J.J. de la Rosa pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is considered a rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults and larvae live amongst moist red-rot in decayed heartwood of large old tree trunks, including oak, cherry, beech and pine; uses live standing trees as well as dead fallen trunks. Widely regarded as an old growth species across its range, with existing sites old forest areas and ancient wood pastures within the cultural landscape (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Germany the population is scattered. In Hungary the known extant populations are in deep valleys and ravines where old red-rotting logs (mainly beech and wild cherry) cannot be removed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is present in chestnut and oak forests with old trees (J.J. de la Rosa pers. comm. 2009) also in old wood pastures (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Loss of old trees and lack of new generations; removal of old, dying and dead trees are key threats to this species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary removal of dead wood  (mainly large fallen logs) is a serious threat (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain habitat fragmentation and loss of dead wood are threats to this species (J.J. de la Rosa pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Conservation action should be focused to prevent dead removal from forests. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. in Hungary and Spain). It is listed as Vulnerable in Poland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population in Russia   and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened, because the species is scarce and the population trend is still decreasing as its habitat related to wetlands is declining. Logging is the main threat. More information on the populations in the Alps is needed.

range:
This species is known from north and central Europe.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but it is believed that the population trend is decreasing. In Finland it is restricted to areas where there is a shorter time period for forest management; the main populations are in eastern Finland and the populations are decreasing. It is considered vulnerable. In Sweden it is declining in forest landscape and is regarded as Vulnerable; found at about ten locations in northern Sweden, big range (almost 50% of Sweden); its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 1,000km². In Norway it is present in one location. In Germany there is only an old record which is not validated.There is no information about the Russian population.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in natural forests surrounded by mires, spruce-swamp forests. Larvae are living under the bark of fallen spruce trees, trees usually a little off the ground. The diameter of trees may be only 10 cm and the bark may be pretty dry. Sometimes living in thinner parts of trees inhabited byPytho kolwensis.

threats:
Logging and lack of self-thinning are the main threats to this species. Ditching to favour spruce growth and the subsequent drying of the area are other threats.

conservationAction:
The species occurs mostly in nature reserves. Restoration of spruce mires is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range, with stable population trend and no major threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is common in atleast parts of its range, with stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of Europe. It is also known from Siberia, Far East.

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is believed to be stable (although it has not been quantified).

In Finland it is common.In Sweden it is common and in Germany it is common at least in the east of the country; frequently occurs in plantations as well as in natural and semi-natural habitats.

In Hungary a few localities are known from the western part of the country (Transdanubia); all the known populations are small. In Denmark it is not common; occurs inca ten localities in the country (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In the UK it has a restricted distribution - only in Highland Scotland - but there is no evidence for any decline in recent years (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is local.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in the deadwood of coniferous trees (plantations as well as natural and semi-natural woodlands).

The larvae develop mostly under bark on freshly deadPinus, more rarely in fir trees; they are found in the burrows of bark beetles Scolytinae; in trunks and branches, while still moist and sappy. The life cycle  is two years. Larvae and adult beetles hibernate under the bark. The adult is more active in IV-V (Mamaevet al. 1977, Nikitsky et al. 1996, Alexander 2002).

In Hungary all known populations are in old pine plantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the UK it is widespread in the Caledonian pine forest areas of Scotland (Alexander 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European level.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas.

In the UK it has a conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992); the remaining areas of old native pine forest are now all protected.

The species is legally protected in Hungary. Conservation measures are difficult to accomplish, as the localities are outside protected areas, and are in areas devoted to harvesting timber (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient as no information about the Russian range is available.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered under category (B2ab(iii)) as the Area of Occupancy is less than 500km² and the species has extreme habitat preferences which is declining due to heavy logging.

range:
This species is known from northern and central Europe.

population:
In SwedenP. kolwensis is found at a few fragmented localities (ten localities); several of the localities  have weak populations. In Finland there are more than 20 existing localities known but it disappeared from many earlier localities; many populations are weak and decreasing. In Poland there is only one location. In Estonia there are very old records from early20th   century. There is no information about the Russian population.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The species needs abundant amounts of dead wood, it has poor dispersal abilities (not eager to fly). The diameter of trunks must be 30-40 cm thick at least. It requires productive forest. In Finland it only lives in primeval spruce forests on moist ground with continuity of abundant fallen spruces. Larval stage three to four years and larvae live under the bark of big fallen spruces.

threats:
This species is threatened by unsustainable forest management, including forestry clearance, removal of dead and dying trees. Ditching of forests is another threat leading to the drying of the area. In Finland very few suitable habitats for this species are left in managed forests.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It occurs in protected areas; in Finland nearly all localities are in protected areas. It is red-listed as Endangered in Sweden  (2005), the same as in earlier red-list (2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Vulnerable in view of its restricted distribution with an inferred area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² estimated taking into consideration the availability of suitable habitat across its range. It has very little dispersal capacity and is considered severely fragmented with most of the population found in very small patches with no connectivity among them. There is evidence that its area of occupancy has declined as a consequence of a forest a fire in the Pholoe plateau forest in 2007. Mature forests, the habitat for this species, are scarce and their extent and quality is also declining due to fires and the removal of dead wood.

range:
This Mediterranean endemic beetle is known only from Greece and Italy (Brustel and Goix 2011). In Italy, it is present in the region of Calabria in mainland Italy, and the island of Sicily (Dajoz 1975). In Greece, it has been found in Pholoe, north-eastern of Olympia and Ilia-Arcadia boundary, in the Peloponnesus Peninsula. It has also been reported from Aghios Nikolaos, Eurytania (central Greece) although it is possibly erroneous (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2009). Records from Caucasus are considered a misidentification with the species Clinidium marginicolle. The area of occupancy for this species has been estimated in less than 2,000 km² taking into consideration the availability of suitable habitat across its range. Its number of locations could not be estimated because precise localities were not available for some of the records.

population:
The population of this rare habitat-specific species is considered severely fragmented because more than half of its subpopulations are found in very small isolated patches with no connectivity between them, as well as very limited dispersal capacity. It is suspected that the subpopulations of this species have reached none viable levels.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species linked to old growth forests. It lives in decayed wood of various tree species, in larger pieces that are wet and not exposed to the sun and have been subject of long periods of decay. In Greece it lives in areas where there are fallen trees of the species Quercus frainetto and Abies cephalonica. It seems to feed on almost everything edible in the dead wood, including fungi, dead insects and other animal remains. It prefers wet biotopes not exposed directly to the sun probably to keep a high level of humidity in the trunk (H. Brustel pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the cutting of old trees and clearing of dead wood because of the necessity of a long decay process for this species. Its habitat in Greece, most of the Pholoe plateau forest, was burned as a consequence of fire in July 2007.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas, such the Pholoe plateau forest in Greece. It is listed as VU B2ab(iii) in the Italian Red List of saproxylic beetles (Audisio et al. 2014). A fire protection plan is needed for all known sites. More research on its distribution, population, natural history and threats are recommended.

redListAssessors:
Brustel, H., Audisio, P., Micó Balaguer, E. & Otero, J.

redListContributors:
Petrakis, P., Alcázar Montañez, E., Nieto, A. & Alexander, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as not much information about its distribution and population size are available. It seems to be rare in most of its range without information on a population trend, its habitat are veteran trees, a habitat that is generally under decline. 
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as not much information about its distribution and population size are available. It seems to be rare in most of its range without information on a population trend, its habitat are veteran trees, a habitat that is generally under decline.

range:
This species has its main distribution in central and south-eastern Europe. It also occurs in the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran.

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, in the western part of the forest-steppe zone and in Crimea. In Hungary it is known from a few localities in the hilly regions of the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It also is known from France and Italy.

population:
This species is rare throughout its range. It is rare in Ukraine and all known populations from Hungary are small. In Italy it is rare and local, recorded only from southern central mainland (not in Sardinia and Sicily). The first record for the Czech Republic is very recent and is from the south-east (Nakladal and Kmeco 2008). In France it has been recorded but there is no information about recent records. In Romania it is found at the same site asRhysodes sulcatus.In Austria and Germany there are no recent findings.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae are  xylomycetophagous in large diameter trunks of various tree species:Picea, Abies, Fagus; the adults feed exclusively on Myxomycetes and need large quantities of dead wood in a humid climate (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). It needs large trees that are not drying out. In Ukraine it inhabits old lying trunks of broad-leaved trees (mostly beechFagus, oakQuercus, and elmUlmus). All known populations from Hungary are in mature broadleaved forest, mainly beech (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is a relict species of primary, wholly undisturbed forest.

threats:
The populations are small and vulnerable, and threatened by removal of old logs. In Ukraine loss of old broad-leaved trees and decaying wood are major threats.

conservationAction:
The distribution and population size of this species need to be researched. It occurs in protected areas (e.g. Crimea, Hungary). This species is listed as Endangered in Slovakia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, population size and threats in Russia.    

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) because the species is rare throughout its range and has a severely fragmented distribution.  This species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is presumed to be less than 500 km2 as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is extremely rare and mainly a southern European species, from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus, extending northwards through Hungary and Austria into southern Germany.

This species is very rare in the mountain forests in France (Brustel 2005). It has disappeared from the Alps where it was cited in 1854. Researches in thishistorical forest area during a three year period (including window trapping) gave no results (H. Brustel and R. Allemand pers. comm. 2009). The species is currently known only from the Pyrenees (< ten localities) and was newly found in the southern part of the massif central (Roussetet al. 2005). In Spain it is only known from four localities in the Pyrenees (Gómez-Moreno 1934, Alonso-Zarazaga and López-Colón 2002, Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). In Italy it is present in north and south central mainland (not present in Sicily and Sardinia). In Ukraine, this species occurs in the the forest and forest-steppe zones in the Carpathians and Crimea.

In Hungary, it is known from a few localities in the hilly and mountainousregions, mainly in the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Last recorded in Sweden in 1863, and the few German records are old. There are no modern records from the British Isles, and it is most recently known c3,000 BP from sub-fossils (Buckland and Kenward 1973).

population:
This species is rare and threatened throughout its range (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). Its population trend is unknown. 

In Spain this species is found in only four known localities, all in the Pyrenees, until recently the last known record was from1964 (Alonso-Zarazaga and López-Colón 2002), a recent finding has been reported (Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). Localities are far apart. There is no information about the population size (J.J. de la Rosa pers. comm. 2009). This species is very rare in France (Brustel 2005).

In Poland it is found at most in six localities, in Romania in just one, in the Czech Republic in two recent sites, in Slovakia in several sites across the country and in Russia in two - one large site in Karelia and another in the area of Moscow. In Slovenia, the species has been found in three sites, all with recent records. In Greece, it has only been found in one protected area. In Ukraine and Italy, it is a rare and localised species. In Germany, it is Extinct while in Hungary all known populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae and adults live in large diameter decayed humid wood of lying trunks of beechFagus, oakQuercus, poplarPopulus (including aspenPopulus tremula), and some conifer trees. In France, larvae of this species have been found in trunks ofPicea,Abies andFagus. 
The adults feed exclusively on Myxomycetesand therefore need large quantities of dead wood in a humid microclimate (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). It needs big trees that are not drying and it seems to prefer montane habitats - in France at least. Pupation occurs during summer; adults hibernate in the pupal cell or under bark. Young adults appear in VI-VIII (Kryzhanovskij 1983, Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary and Spain, most of the known populations are in mature broad-leaved forest, mainly beech. However, it has also been found in planted pine forest (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Normally regarded as a relict species of primary, wholly undisturbed forest (not disturbed by human activity) (Alexander 2002).

threats:
Loss of old trees and decaying wood, and the removal of large old logs are serious threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II  of the EU Habitats Directive. It is recommended to maintain the continuity of old growth-forest. As the dispersal ability is slow, reintroductions should be considered. This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Ukraine, Hungary, Spain, Greece).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near threatened (NT)

Adelina turcica is a rare and poorly-known species which in Europe is only found in Greece and Romania. It also occurs in Israel and Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying as Endangered under Criterion B. It seems to be very rare with a small number of known European localities (seven). An increase in the frequency of wildfires in the Mediterranean region could pose a threat to this species. Research is needed into the distribution, ecology, population trend and threats to this species.

range:
Adelina turcica is a rare and poorly-known species which in Europe is only found in Greece and Romania. It has been recorded in seven isolated localities; four in Romania (Fleck 1904, Kaszab 1957, F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2015), two on mainland Greece (Kühnelt 1965, Schawaller 1996) and one on Crete (Picka 1984). It also occurs in Israel (Chikatunov et al. 2006) and Asian Turkey, but not in European Turkey - as stated by Löbl et al. (2008). Considering the known European localities and its occurrence in Asian Turkey, this species might be expected to also occur in Serbia, Ukraine, Cyprus and European Turkey. In the future, this species may also be found in the Aegean Islands of Greece due to immigration from Asian Turkey (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 290,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 28 km2.

population:
There is no quantitative data on the population of this species, and its current trend is unknown, but this beetle is considered as very rare. In Europe, this poorly-known species has only been recorded from seven isolated localities, and it is likely there is no genetic exchange between them. The subpopulations are small and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives under bark on deadwood of trees, and has been reported from Oak (Schawaller 1996) and Acacia (F. Soldati pers. comm. 2015); it can be attracted by lights (Chikatunov et al. 2006). It lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation as garrigues and maquis, in Mediterranean forests and in warm temperate forests.

threats:
An increase in the frequency of wildfires in the Mediterranean region could pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. The habitat and ecology of this very rare species are poorly-known. Available information is not adequate to suggest any conservation actions. Research is needed into the distribution, ecology, population trend and threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Soldati, F., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Dodelin, B., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) 

Allecula estriata is a poorly-known and under-researched species originally described from Asian Turkey. In Europe, it has only been found recently at one locality in the Balkans, in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and main threats. This species has not been recorded in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic scale. Further research is needed in order to determine whether this species is present in the EU 28 and to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Allecula estriata is a poorly known and under-researched species originally described from Asian Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008), and only known from there until recently. In Europe, it has only been found recently at one locality in the Balkans, in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Novák 2014). So far there are no known records for the EU 28 region. However, the presence of this species in Bulgaria and Greece is likely. The current area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe is 4 km2. However, the real AOO is likely to be much higher, but definitively below 500 km2.

population:
This species is under-researched and therefore likely to be under-recorded. There is no available information on the population size and trend. However, considering the lack of records, it is likely to be an uncommon species.

habitat:
Most Allecula species are obligate saproxylic, well connected with decaying wood and old-growth or veteran trees with hollows (Novák et al. 2011). This species has been found in temperate forests and shrublands with separately standing old trees. However, further research is needed into the ecology and life-history of this species.

threats:
The main threats to this species have not been identified and are therefore unknown. However, the general loss of old deciduous trees with hollows and the decrease in volume of available dead wood can potentially threaten this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Further research is recommended into the potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Since only a single locality is known in Europe and in order to follow general guidelines and obligations imposed by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), it is highly recommend to preserve habitat and the only European subpopulation of this species. Further research activities are required to unveil its real distribution in Europe and (potentially) in the EU 28, assess the population size and trend, determinate the threats and a conservation strategy. The ecology of this species should also be studied, and monitoring of the population is recommended. This species is not known to occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Allecula morio is a European endemic species with a wide range of distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and presently known from continuous subpopulations across most of Europe. However, the current area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe ca 2,500 km2, and ca 2,000 km2 in the EU 28. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to the loss of hollow veteran trees across Europe. Since the threats to this species and its population trend are incompletely documented, additional research is required. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required to ensure habitat continuity for this species in the next 100 years.

range:
Allecula morio is a European endemic species with a wide range of distribution, from NE Spain (Irurzun and Moreno 2014) and France in the west, Italy in the south, towards Ukraine in the east, and Latvia and southern Finland in the north (Novák and Pettersson 2008). The distribution is uneven and with several gaps within the distribution area (which may be caused by lack of research or by lack of suitable habitat). For example, this species has not yet recorded from Lithuania (Tamutis et al. 2011), although it is present in all adjacent areas. Novák and Pettersson (2008) omitted Belarussian (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996) and Liechtenstein (Brandstetter and Kapp 1998) records for this species. In the northern parts of its distribution area most subpopulations are highly fragmented (as in Finland and Latvia). A record from SW Bulgaria is very recent (Sivilov 2015) as well as a record from continental Greece (Novák 2014) and these records have not been mentioned by earlier authors. The only Russian record is from the Kaliningrad exclave (Alekseev and Bukejs 2010), but the occurrence of this species in the extreme western parts of main Russia, near Latvian and Belarussian borders is projected. Current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,4 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3 million km2 in the EU 28. Its current area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,500 km2 in Europe, and ca 2,000 km2 in the EU 28. It is absent at high altitudes over limit of broad-leaved forest zone. This species can be confused with A. rhenana, and the distributions of these two species is under review in some countries. Some records for this species may therefore be based on misidentifications.

population:
There is no quantitative data available on the population size and the population trend is unknown. This species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of nocturnal activity and cryptic behavior. While the population seems to be declining in some areas, subpopulations in protected forest areas are probably stable. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a saproxylic species associated with decaying wood. It is an ecological specialist generally known be associated with old-growth deciduous forests as well as old parks and pasture woodlands (Koch 1989). Larvae develop in tree hollows or in decaying wood of various broadleaf trees (Reibnitz 2008), inhabiting trunks, trunk hollows, stumps mostly of oak (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica), hornbeam (Carpinus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), willow (Salix sp.), European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), lime (Tilia spp.), Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), as well as other broadleaf trees (Koch 1989) such as Black Poplar (Populus nigra) in Poland (Bunalski et al. 2007) and Acer spp. in Sweden (Palm 1959). Novák (2014) states the species lives and develops in hollow deciduous trees with fungi mycelia and in decaying wood. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal; in Central Europe they most frequently occur from late June to August. Life cycle length is probably two years (Burakowski et al. 1987).

threats:
The general loss of old deciduous trees with hollows (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) and the decrease in volume of available dead or decaying wood in general are the greatest threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed or prior to the trees starting to decay. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in the preferred landscapes and habitats of this species. This initially forest-dwelling species, is nowadays also found in agricultural and even urban landscapes which might be generally unsuitable for it. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees takes place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer valued (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or are marked as "dangerous" to humans or property. In addition, many hollow trees found in historical pasture meadows, where grazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is progressing and there may be no suitable habitat for the population in the future, which will result in several local extinctions of this species in Europe. The estimated number of locations regarding the main threat is distinctly over 10.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several national parks and other protected areas across all of Europe. The threats to this species and its population trend are incompletely documented. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required to ensure habitat continuity for this species in the next 100 years. Management and conservation of particular key localities (especially large or rich areas where the species occur) makes sense for preserving local subpopulations in each of the countries of occurrence. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation. In certain countries, habitat management is required in order to preserve pastures with veteran hollow trees. This species is listed in the German Red List (Geiser 1998) as a category 3 species (threatened). In Italy, this species listed as Least Concern (Carpaneto et al. 2015) and in Sweden as Near Threatened (ArtDatabanken 2015).

useAndTrade:
Hitherto only targeted by collecting for scientific purposes. This species may be occasionally targeted also by commercial insect collectors. However, since Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R., Schlaghamersky, J. & Soldati, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Allecula rhenana is a west Palaearctic endemic species with a wide range of distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and presently known from continuous subpopulations across most of Europe. Even though it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe ca 450 km2, and ca 420 km2 in the EU 28), this species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of nocturnal activity and cryptic behavior. The real AOO is therefore likely to be considerably larger. Since the threats to this species and its population trend are incompletely documented, additional research is required. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required to ensure habitat continuity for this species in the next 100 years.

range:
Allecula rhenana is a west Palaearctic endemic species with a wide range of distribution from NE Spain (Irurzun and Moreno 2014) and France in the west, north-eastern Italy and Greece (Novák 2014) in the south, towards the southern part of European Russia and west Caucasus (Georgia) in the east, and southern Sweden in the north (Novák and Pettersson 2008). The distribution is uneven, sometimes very localized, with several gaps within the distribution area (which may be caused by lack of research or by lack of suitable habitat). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,5 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3,3 million km2 in the EU 28. Its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 450 km2 in Europe, and ca 420 km2in the EU 28. However, the real AOO is likely to be considerably higher especially in the eastern part of its distribution area. This species is absent at high altitudes over limit of the broadleaf forest zone. It can be confused with A. morio, and the distributions of these two species is under review in some countries. Some records for this species may be based on misidentified specimens. There are over 50 localities known for this species in Europe.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and the population trend is unknown. This species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of nocturnal activity and cryptic behavior. While the population seems to be declining in some areas, subpopulations in protected forest areas are probably stable. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a saproxylic species associated with decaying wood. It is an ecological specialist generally known to be associated with old-growth broadleaf and mixed forests as well as old parks (Koch 1989). The larvae develop in tree hollows or in very decayed wood of various broadleaf trees (Дубровина et al. 1979), inhabiting trunks, trunk hollows, stumps mostly of oak (Quercus spp.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), maple (Acer spp.) (Koch 1989), lime (Tilia sp.) (Дубровина et al. 1979) and possibly other broadleaf trees. According to Zamotajlov and Nikitsky (2010), this species develops in hollows of deciduous trees (for example, European beech and oaks) and larvae feed on the remnants of other insects, on dead insects corpses and other organic material. Novák (2014) states the species is most likely to develop in decaying wood of deciduous trees and in central Europe adults can be found in June and July. This species is more selective in terms of its microhabitat requirements than Allecula morio. Its life cycle length is two years (ArtDatabanken2016).

conservationAction:
This species is known from several national parks and other protected areas across all of Europe. The threats to this species and its population trend are incompletely documented. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required for ensuring habitat continuity for this species in the next 100 years. Management and conservation of particular key localities (especially large or rich areas where this species occurs) make sense for preserving local subpopulations in each of the countries of occurrence. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation. This species is listed in the Austrian Red List (Franz 1983) and in the German Red List (Geiser 1998) as category 2 (strongly endangered). In Italy and Sweden, this species is listed as Vulnerable (Carpaneto et al. 2015, ArtDatabanken 2015). It is Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2005).

useAndTrade:
Hitherto only targeted by collecting for scientific purposes. This species may occasionally be targeted also by commercial insect collectors. However, since the Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Soldati F. (pers. comm. 2016), Allecula suberina might be conspecific with Allecula semilivida Pic, 1891 (now considered junior synonym to Allecula morio (Fabricius, 1787). Research is ongoing to revise the status of Allecula semilivida - type material to be studied and status changes to be published when confirmed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Allecula suberina is endemic to Italy, where it is presently only known from two sites in the Lazio Province. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 118 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2), it occurs at only two locations and there is an observed and projected continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat due to expansion of surrounding urban areas and recreational activities. In addition, Cork Oak is in decline (a host tree for this species) due to abandonment of the traditional exploitation of the bark. Both known sites where this species occurs should be protected by law at the national level in Italy. Additional research is required in order to clarify the population size, trends, as well as the ecology of this species. If regular Cork Oak bark collecting activities are resumed, this could maintain and even increase the available habitat for this species.

range:
Allecula suberina is endemic to Italy, in the central Mediterranean region. It is presently only known from two fragmented sites in the Lazio Province (Novák et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 118 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and the population trend is unknown. Only 13 specimens of this species have been collected until now, 5 males and 8 females (Novák et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species is found in mixed evergreen/broadleaf forests dominated by evergreen oaks (Quercus suber, Q. ilex) and deciduous oaks (Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens). It is also known from pasture woodlands. The development of the larvae occurs in veteran hollow oaks, particularly several hundreds of years old Cork Oak (Q. suber). However, it may also be present in other Mediterranean oak species. Its life cycle length is unknown and adult beetles have been observed from June to August, with the maximum number of individuals observed in July (Novák et al. 2012).

threats:
This species is primarily threatened by planned expansion of surrounding urban areas, as well as by recreational activities (there is a project for a children’s recreational park) in Sughereta di Pomezia (Novák et al. 2012). Secondary threats consist of habitat conversion: Cork Oak is in decline due to abandonment of the traditional exploitation of the bark, and the consequent increased competition with other broadleaf trees (Novak et al. 2012). Dry Mediterranean forests are often affected by fire (in both a positive and negative context). Finally, if the distribution of this species is really so limited, remaining subpopulations may suffer from low gene flow. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of habitat loss and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
Bosco Polverino is classified as a Site of Community Importance according to the EU's Habitats Directive. Both known sites where this species occurs should be protected by law at the national level in Italy. Additional research is required in order to clarify the population size, trends, as well as the ecology of this species. If regular Cork Oak bark collecting activities are resumed, this could maintain and even increase the available habitat for this species.

useAndTrade:
Hitherto only targeted by collecting for scientific purposes. There is no evidence of any commercial use of this species; however, because of its rarity, this species may be targeted by commercial insect collectors. Still, since Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Legakis, A., Makris, C., Merkl, O., Schlaghamersky, J. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alphitophagus carteianus is endemic to the extreme south of Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2), and residential and commercial development could lead to a rapid population decline and could drive the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Since the known localities are situated near the Parc natural de los Alcornocales boundaries, it would benefit this species if the Parc could be expanded to include these localities. Research is needed into the distribution, life history and ecology of this species.

range:
Alphitophagus carteianus is endemic to the extreme south of Spain, where it is only found in three localities in San Roque and Los Barrios in the province of Cadiz (Castro Tovar et al. 2012). Since this species has only very recently been described, some new localities could be found in the future. It has a very restricted geographic range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 3,340 km2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2.

population:
The current population trend is unknown, since the species has only been described very recently. According to its original description, a large number of individuals (about 90) was found. This indicates the species is probably very localized but may be abundant.

habitat:
Castro Tovar et al. (2012) indicates the species was recorded under bark of deadwood of Poplar (Populus nigra) and Oak (Quercus suber). According to the recorded localities and the host-tree species, its probable habitats are Mediterranean maquis and temperate alluvial and riverine forests/woods. As most Tenebrionidae, the adult of this species may be nocturnal. It probably feeds on fungi under bark of dead trees and grows in the wood being decayed by fungi, as other species within the same genus.

threats:
Since the localities where this species is found are not far from urban and suburban areas, residential and commercial development and road creation could affect the three known small subpopulations in the near future and lead to a rapid population decline.

conservationAction:
The known localities of this species are situated near the Parc natural de los Alcornocales boundaries. In order to protect this species from the main threats outlined it would be useful if the Parc could be expanded to include these localities. Research is needed into the distribution, life history and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alphitophagus obtusangulus is a very localized species occurring in only 13 localities in Spain, France, Croatia and Greece. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 52 km2), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, it is likely this species will be found in other localities in the near future. Increases in the frequency of wildfires and of residential developments could potentially threaten this species. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and into potential threats to this species.

range:
Alphitophagus obtusangulus is a very localized species occurring in only 13 localities in Spain, France, Croatia and Greece. Since its original description (Müller 1904), the species was only known from the type locality (Müller 1921). However, it has been recently discovered in France and Greece (Soldati 2007a) and in Spain (Castro Tovar et al. 2012). The citation of Alphitophagus xaxarsi (Reitter, 1914) from Barcelona (Vinolas 2011) corresponds to A. obtusangulus, the latter not being known from mainland Spain at the moment. More recently, it has been recorded in other localities in Spain and France (unpublished data). This species extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 925,500 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.

population:
This species has been misidentified in the past and is clearly under-recorded. In spite of its potential large occurrence from Spain to Greece, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This is a poorly-known species, with the majority of localities having been found only very recently. This species was considered as strictly endemic to the small island of Mljet (Croatia), where it was originally described, but new records suggest the species may be expanding its range. The current population trend is therefore thought to be increasing. However, it remains a rare to very rare species. It is evident other subpopulations will be recorded in the future.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under bark of dead pines, in particular Pinus halepensis, and in decay fungi on the same trees (Soldati 2007a). The larvae and adults probably grow in the wood being decayed by fungi or directly in the fungi. The adults are nocturnal and often attracted by lights during summer nights (F. Soldati pers. comm. 2016). This species mainly occurs in large Mediterranean pine forests but can also be recorded in urban or suburban areas, mostly by using light trapping, the beetles coming from adjacent pine woods or parks.

threats:
Increases in the frequency of wildfires and of residential developments could potentially threaten this species.

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions have been identified. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and into potential threats to this species. One of the recorded localities of this species, Fuente del Oso (Jaen), is included in the Sierras de Cazorla National Park.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alphitophagus xaxarti is strictly endemic to Mallorca in Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 980 km2, area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km2), it occurs at between two and six locations, and a continuing decline is projected in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of locations or subpopulations. Touristic activities and the rapid development of urban and residential areas in such a small territory could cause significant habitat loss or destruction in the near future. Moreover, in such Mediterranean areas, forest fires increase in frequency during the summer, especially in the very dry pine forests. Most of the pine forests where this species occurs should be protected from urban and residential expansion, as well as from forest fires during the summer. Research is needed into the distribution of this species, as well as into its habitat and ecology.

range:
Alphitophagus xaxarsi seems to be strictly endemic to Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). It has been very recently cited from Barcelona (Vinolas 2011) but this citation corresponds to A. obtusangulus (Castro Tovar et al. 2012). In Mallorca, the species seems to be especially localized in the mountains of the northern part of the island. This species has only been recorded from 6 localities (Espanol 1954, Vinolas 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 980 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km2.

population:
The current population trend is unknown, since no quantitative information is available, but this species seems to be rare or very rare. The known localities are restricted to the mountain areas of the island, mostly in pine forests. This species can be considered as a micro-insular endemic. Most of records are old but this may be due to lack of targeted field work in the area.

habitat:
This species is nocturnal as an adult and is typically found under bark and in fungi of dead pines, in particular Pinus halepensis (Castro Tovar et al. 2012) in Mediterranean forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby garrigues. It grows in decayed pine wood with fungi or in fungi. Vinolas (2011) reported one specimen collected in a fungus on a Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua). It is probably attracted by lights during summer.

threats:
This species occurs in a very restricted area in Mallorca. Touristic activities and the rapid development of urban and residential areas in such a small territory could cause significant habitat loss or destruction in the near future. Moreover, in such Mediterranean areas, forest fires increase in frequency during the summer, especially in the very dry pine forests. A continuing decline is therefore projected in the extent and quality of the habitat, and its number of locations or subpopulations. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at between two and six locations.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. Most of the pine forests where this species occurs should be protected from urban and residential expansion, as well as from forest fires during the summer. Research needs to be developed to study the distribution of the species in Mallorca and its real AOO. The habitat and ecology of this species also need to be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 

Clamoris crenatus is very localized and rare, and is only found in the western Mediterranean Basin, in France, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 284 km2), the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and a continuing decline is projected in the extent and quality of its habitat due to large scale agricultural maize production. It is rare to very rare and sporadic, except in South-western France, in the Landes forest where it is common, with important subpopulations which seem to be stable. However, large scale agricultural maize production is destroying large forest areas. Moreover such agricultural crops use important quantities of water. Water in such forests mainly comes from a confined aquifer and the water deficit threatens large forest areas. This large scale agricultural maize production should be limited to preserve sufficient pine forest areas for this species. The distribution of the species in Portugal is very poorly known and research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations in this country. It may be abundant in the Pinus pinaster forests in North Portugal but no information is available to confirm this.

range:
Clamoris crenatus is very localized and rare, and is only found in the western Mediterranean Basin, in France, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia (Löbl et al. 2008) and also Morocco (Benyahia et al. 2015). Reports from Italy and Malta (Löbl et al. 2008) are erroneous, since this species has never been recorded in Italy, and due to taxonomic confusion in Malta (Mifsud and Scupola 1998).

population:
The current population trend and size are unknown, due to the lack of quantitative data on this species. It is rare to very rare and sporadic, except in South-western France, in the Landes forest where it is common, with important subpopulations which seem to be stable at present. It may be abundant in the Pinus pinaster forests in North Portugal but no information is available to confirm this. More than half of the population is likely found in small and isolated subpopulations with little or no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Clamoris crenatus lives and grows under the fungoid bark of dead pines, in particular Pinus pinaster or in the decayed wood of the same trees. The larvae grow in the decayed wood of the same pines, and have been associated with moulds. Their galleries are deep and terminated by a pupation cell (Espanol 1979). The adults are attracted by lights during the summer.

threats:
In South-western France, in the Landes forest, the species is abundant and the most important subpopulations in Europe are probably found there. However, the Landes pine forest is threatened by large scale agricultural maize production which is destroying large forest areas. Moreover such agricultural crops use important quantities of water. Water in such forests mainly comes from a confined aquifer and the water deficit threatens large forest areas. Elsewhere in Europe, this species seems to be rare to very rare but not particularly threatened.

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions are needed at the European scale. Locally, in the Landes forest (France) even though the species is not threatened at present, large scale agricultural maize production should be limited to preserve sufficient pine forest areas and avoid future population declines. Fortunately, there are some natural reserves in the coastal forests in Gironde and Landes districts where this species occurs or could be present. No particular research actions are needed except at a local scale. The distribution of the species in Portugal is very poorly known and research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations in this country.


redListCategoryRationale:
Coelometopus clypeatus is endemic to the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and its population trend is thought to be stable. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported.

range:
Coelometopus clypeatus is strictly endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Baselga and Novoa 2004, Löbl et al. 2008) where it is distributed in the northern half of Portugal and northwestern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 186,600 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.

population:
The population trend of this species is thought to be stable. It is common in northwestern Spain, in north and central Portugal, and especially in middle mountain forests.

habitat:
The adults and larvae of this species live and grow in the decayed dead wood of old broadleaf trees, in particular chestnut (Castanea sativa) and beech (Fagus sylvatica), but also in the rotten wood of oaks (e.g., Quercus robur) and pines (e.g., Pinus sylvestris), or under trunks and branches of the same trees (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). The adults are nocturnal and mainly active from March to October, but found all year round; adults hide in decayed wood during the winter.

conservationAction:
No particular research and conservation actions are needed and this species is not present in any red lists. It is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Coelometopus cobosi is strictly endemic to the Sierra de la Contraviesa, in the south of  Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very  restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 4 km2), and an increasing frequency of wildfires in the area could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered in a very short time. It seems to only occur in the type locality and is very rare. Some conservation actions are needed for this micro-endemic species. Its habitat should be at least partially protected and it could be necessary to implement fire prevention measures, since an increase in fires seems to be the main threat to this beetle. Research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations, life history and population trends. More research is also needed into the threats to this species.

range:
Coelometopus cobosi seems to be strictly endemic to its type locality in the Sierra de la Contraviesa, in the province of Granada (Spain), from where it was recently recorded (Espanol 1963). In spite of research in many other places, it seems to be restricted to the Haza del Lino area (A. Castro Tovar, pers. comm. 2016), between 1,400 m and 1,600 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable, but this species is very rare and has still only been recorded from its type locality.

habitat:
This species was discovered at the foot of some Cork Oak (Quercus suber) trees and under large slates between branches, leaves and rotten material of these trees, in a mountainous Mediterranean-type shrubby habitat (Espanol 1963). It seems to live in small groups near halfah grass clumps (Stipa tenacissima) (A. Castro Tovar, pers. comm. 2016) while its larvae perhaps grow at the root of this plant. It is not clear if this species is an obligate saproxylic and further research into its ecology is needed (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is not threatened by any agricultural or urban activities. The only potential threat could be an increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires (A. Castro Tovar, pers. comm. 2016). These fires could lead to rapid population declines due to the very restricted range of this species.

conservationAction:
Some conservation actions are needed for this micro-endemic species. Its habitat should be at least partially protected and it could be necessary to implement fire prevention measures, since an increase in fires seems to be the main threat to this beetle. Research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations, life history and population trends. More research is also needed into the threats to this species. It does not occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Corticeus bicolor is widely distributed in Europe, but has a southerly distribution in Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is also cited from Algeria and Siberia up to the Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, its range is not fragmented and the population trend is thought to be stable. In addition, the population size is very large and there are no current significant threats to the population.

range:
Corticeus bicolor is widely distributed in Europe, but has a southerly distribution in Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is not known from Ireland. It is also cited from Algeria and Siberia up to the Far East (Löbl et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 9.4 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) ca 9,600 km2. In the EU 28, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 6 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) ca 7,128 km2.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. This species is generally widespread and not rare in Europe, but in some countries it is very localized or rare corresponding to its range limits. There was a population crash following Dutch elm disease during the years 1960-1980, as the dead elms lost their bark and young elms failed to survive long enough to generate suitable habitat conditions. However there is no evidence of decline since then (Alexander et al. 2015). The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives and grows all year round under the bark of dead stems of broadleaf trees, in galleries of host bark beetles Scolytus multistriatus, S. scolytus and Xyleborus spp. (Soldati and Soldati 2010, Novák 2014). It also occurs with Scolytus ratzeburgii on birches in Sweden. Mainly feeding on fungi and detritus, it also feed on eggs, larvae and pupae of not only the bark beetles but also other associated insects, and may also feed on the associated blue-stain fungus and detritus in the burrows (K. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It also lives in wood cavities and rotten wood of deciduous trees as well as in bracket fungi (Fomes fomentarius, Piptoporus betulinus) (Novák 2014), more rarely on Daldinia concentrica on old ash (Fraxinus spp.) and on Polyporus squamosus (K. Alexander pers. comm. 2016). It particularly lives on elms (Ulmus spp.), but also on various other broadleaf tree species such as European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Black Poplar (Populus nigra), English Oak (Quercus robur), Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa), and Silver Birch (Betula pendula) -as well as on hornbeams (Carpinus spp.), Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Acer spp., and very rarely on conifers (Callot and Matt 2006, Soldati and Soldati 2010). The adults are nocturnal and are attracted by lights during the summer.

threats:
Dutch elm disease was a threat for this species throughout Europe but this species is able to live today on small and recently dead elm trees as well on other widespread tree species. At present, this species seems not to be threatened. Its bark beetle associates Scolytus multistriatus and S. scolytus were the strongest vectors for infection.

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions are needed. This species is on the red list of some European countries. It is assessed as Least Concern in Great Britain and Italy (Alexander et al. 2015, Carpaneto et al. 2015), Near Threatened in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015) and Endangered in Denmark and Norway (Pedersen 2014, Odegaard et al. 2010).

redListAssessors:
Soldati, F., Alexander, K., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R., Schlaghamersky, J. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Corticeus bicoloroides is only present in mid-latitude Europe, from the Spanish Pyrenees across to Romania. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km2 in Europe, and 280 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat throughout Europe. 

The adults and larvae live and grow in the red-rotten or white-rotten dead heartwood of old to very old hollow broadleaf trees, which are threatened by silviculture activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production, or plantations for timber of non-native species. Dying old trees are also cut down in urban areas (along avenues and roads, in parks) for safety reasons. In pasture woodlands, bocages are more and more threatened by regrouping to increase field size. In line with the loss of old trees, the selection and retention of future host trees is not happening, which may lead to a severe lack of suitable habitat for this species in the future. 

Old and hollow broadleaf trees need to be preserved in large numbers in forests, parks and gardens. In urban settings, the creation of safety zones for human access can help to protect large old trees better, by keeping people away from potentially hazardous situations. Bocage habitats should also be preserved, as they contain many suitable trees, and form corridors between forests and pasture woodlands. Pollarding of trees is highly favourable for development of the appropriate habitats for this species, by stimulating cavity formation and red-rotten or white-rotten heartwoods.

range:
Corticeus bicoloroides is only present in mid-latitude Europe, from the Spanish Pyrenees across to Romania (Zabransky 1991, Novák 2014, Recalde Irurzun and San Martin Moreno 2015). All European subpopulations are included in the EU 28, except one subpopulation in Switzerland. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 284 km2 in Europe, and 280 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population size and trend are unknown. This species is widely distributed but its subpopulations are fragmented in relation to its rare and threatened habitats, with little or no genetic exchange between them. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. This species can be considered as rare to very rare with only a single known locality in each of Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Romania, and with a maximum of 19 isolated localities in France (including Corsica).

habitat:
The adults and larvae live and grow in the red-rotten or white-rotten dead heartwood of old to very old hollow broadleaf trees (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Q. suber, Salix spp., Tilia platyphyllos), often ant-associated with Lasius brunneus (Soldati and Soldati 2010). According to Zabransky (1991) it often lives in wood eroded by various saproxylic beetles (Cerambyx, Dorcus, Leptura, Liocola, Megopis spp., etc.). It is more rarely found under the bark of dead wood of the same trees. Contrary to most European Corticeus species, C. bicoloroides does not live under the bark of recently dead trees, in bark beetle galleries. This species is quoted as an 'urwaldrelikt' species in the closest sense by Müller et al.  (2005) meaning there are only relict records, the species is attached to continuity  of old growth stand structures and traditional habitats, with strong  requirements in terms of the quality and quantity of dead wood, and subpopulations being threatened or wiped out within commercial forests.

threats:
The habitats of this species are related to old or very old hollow broadleaf trees. This species occurs in ancient forests and parks  as well as pasture woodlands, grazed forests and bocage landscapes. Old to very old hollow broadleaf trees are threatened throughout Europe (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Silvicultural activities such  as rejuvenation of forests for production, or plantations for timber of  non-native species (e.g. pines vs oaks) can be highly prejudicial.  Dying old trees are cut down in urban areas (along avenues and roads, in parks) for safety reasons.  In pasture woodlands, bocages are more and more threatened by  regrouping to increase field size. In line with the loss of old trees, the selection and retention of future host trees is not happening, which may lead to a severe lack of suitable habitat for this species in the future.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. Research actions are needed on the distribution of subpopulations, since some countries only have one known subpopulation. Although formerly confused with another species, re-examination of collections confirms its rarity, although this is less the case in Hungary (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). This species has been assessed Critically Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014), and Data Deficient in Poland (Iwan et al. 2012, Pawłowski et al. 2002). 

Old and hollow broadleaf trees need to be preserved in large numbers in forests, parks and gardens. In urban settings, the creation of safety zones for human access can help to protect large old trees better, by keeping people away from potentially hazardous situations (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Bocage habitats should also be preserved, as they contain many suitable trees, and form corridors between forests and pasture woodlands. Pollarding of trees is highly favourable for development of the appropriate habitats for this species, by stimulating cavity formation and red-rotten or white-rotten heartwoods. 

Buseet al. (2008) report that efforts to improve habitat conditions for Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) have a positive effect on threatened species like C. bicoloroides. This longhorn beetle has a possible role as an ecosystem engineer, favouring habitat conditions for such species. C. cerdo, a protected species in Europe, can be an umbrella species for this rare saproxylic beetle.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Corticeus fasciatus is distributed in central and southern Europe. It is also present in all the Maghreb, in North Africa. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is rare or very rare in most European countries, has a restricted geographic range (if only relatively recent data (after 1950) is considered, the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 1,748 km2 and ca 1,368 km2 in the EU 28), and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the loss of old veteran trees on which it depends; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The habitats of this species are often, but not always, related to old or very old oaks, and occur mainly in ancient forests, parks, pasture woodlands and grazed oak forests. Such habitats are threatened throughout Europe. Dying old oaks are cut in urban areas (parks, avenues) for perceived health and safety reasons. Secondary woodland development can also threaten the health and survival of old trees. A lack of next generation trees at most sites is a longer-term threat as replacement host trees will not be available in future. Old and hollow broadleaf trees should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks and gardens to avoid any further decline in this species, which could lead to a threatened status in the future.

range:
Corticeus fasciatus is widely distributed in central and southern Europe; it is absent from the UK and Ireland, Russia and the main part of Scandinavia (Löbl et al. 2008). It is also present in all the Maghreb, in North Africa. Based on all known records, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 6 million km2 in Europe and ca 5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 5,420 km2 in Europe and ca 3,312 km2 in the EU 28. However, these values include many historical records which may represent localities where the species is no longer present due to the loss of veteran trees. If only relatively recent data (after 1950) are considered, a lower and probably more accurate estimate of the AOO in Europe is ca 1,748 km2, and ca 1,368 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. It is generally rare and localized throughout Europe, and is very rare in some countries. However, this species also seems to be under-recorded. While it is only known from one to five localities in most countries, it was recorded in 46 localities in Poland (Iwan et al. 2012) and at least from 73 localities in France. Moreover, it is only cited for Estonia in the Baltic Republics (Löbl et al. 2008) but it is also present in some localities in Latvia and Lithuania (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of deadwood of oaks (Quercus pubescens, Q. robur, Q. suber), in the galleries of bark beetles and other wood-boring beetles. It is found together with the beetles Dryocoetes villosus, Platypus cylindrus, Taphrorychus villifrons and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Soldati and Soldati 2010). Novák (2014) reports that the species also lives in hollow trees, in wood being decayed by fungi, most frequently old oaks. It is associated with dry lime tree (Tilia spp.) and oak (Quercus spp.) wood in Latvia (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). It has also been found in the galleries of Lymexylon navale in oak in Sweden (N. Jansson, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The habitats of this species are often, but not always, related to old or very old oaks, and occur mainly in ancient forests, parks, pasture woodlands and grazed oak forests. Such habitats are threatened throughout Europe (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Intensive silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production or plantations for timber of non native species (e.g. coniferous vs oaks) can be highly prejudicial. Dying old oaks are cut in urban areas (parks, avenues) for perceived health and safety reasons. Secondary woodland development can also threaten the health and survival of old trees. A lack of next generation trees at most sites is a longer-term threat as replacement host trees will not be available in future. There is therefore a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout the species' range.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. Old and  hollow broadleaf  trees should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks and  gardens. Buse et al. (2008) report that efforts to improve habitat conditions for Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) have a positive effect on threatened species like C. fasciatus. This longhorn beetle has a possible role as an ecosystem engineer, favouring habitat conditions for such species. C. cerdo, a protected species in Europe, can be an umbrella species for C. fasciatus. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), Near Threatened in Denmark (Pedersen 2014), Vulnerable in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014) and as Critically Endangered in Norway (Odegaard et al. 2010). Further research is needed into its distribution as it may be under-recorded in some countries.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Corticeus fraxini is widely distributed in north and central Europe up to Russia. In southeastern Europe, it is sporadic and only present in the mountains, as a boreo-alpine element. Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from Siberia to the Far East, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Mongolia. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range if only recent records (after 1950) are considered (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,400 km2 in Europe and ca 1,180 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its AOO and quality of habitat. This beetle is quoted as rare to very rare in most of European countries and most records are very old. A severe decline is apparent in many countries. Intensive silviculture seems to be prejudicial in spite of the occurrence of this species in some plantations. It is also threatened by clear-cutting, selection cutting, thinning and wood chopping, removal of dead wood, forest fire flame-out and replanting on fire surface. Intensive silviculture should be limited in some places where the species is present and natural processes restored. Research is needed in order to understand if its rarity is due to under-recording, and to get a more clear picture of the threats to this species and their scale at the European level.

range:
Corticeus fraxini is widely distributed in north and central Europe up to Russia. In southeastern Europe, it is sporadic and only present in the mountains, as a boreo-alpine element. Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from Siberia to the Far East, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Mongolia (Löbl et al. 2008). Records from Spain and Cyprus are very doubtful and probably erroneous. It is not native to the UK or Ireland, but it has been introduced into southern Britain incidentally with pine pit-props imported from France early in the 20th century (Brendell 1975). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 6.4 million km2 and ca 4 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 2,400 km2 in the EU 28. However, if only relatively recent records (after 1950) are considered, its AOO in Europe is only ca 1,400 km2 and ca 1,180 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be decreasing. This species is generally rare to very rare and localized in central Europe, less rare in northern Europe and northern Russia. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, with little or no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Most records are very old and a severe decline is apparent in many countries.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of dead stems of coniferous trees, most frequently pines (Novák 2014), more rarely on broadleaf trees. Soldati and Soldati (2010) report the species under the bark of firs, especially on spruce (Picea abies), in bark beetle galleries. Its main bark beetle association is with Ips typographus but, in Hungary, mainly with Ips sexdentatus (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). In Sweden, it is also associated with Tomicus minor on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). In Romania and Hungary, it also occurs in pine plantations (P. Istrate and O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016), not only in natural forests.

threats:
In Norway, Mikalsen (2012) indicated this species is threatened by clear-cutting, selection cutting, thinning and wood chopping, removal of dead wood, forest fire flame-out and replanting on fire surface. In more recent times, only found in Norway in old growth spruce forests and the places where the species is found are decreasing. Intensive silviculture seems to be prejudicial in spite of the occurrence of this species in some plantations. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat for this species. It is mainly associated with widespread bark beetles and is often found on recently dead trees. It appears not to be very demanding on the quality of its habitat, with recently dead trees being always potentially abundant. However, the species is often reported from old growth spruce forests mixed with pines.

conservationAction:
Intensive silviculture should be limited in some places where the species is present and natural processes restored. Research is needed in order to understand if its rarity is due to under-recording and to get a more clear picture the threats to this species and their scale at the European level. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014), Endangered in Norway (Odegaard et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Slovakia and Sweden (Holecova and Franc 2001, ArtDatabanken 2015) and Near Threatened in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2010). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Corticeus fusciventris is endemic to the Balkan peninsula and has only been reported from Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina and Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its geographic distribution is also poorly known, as this species is believed to be under-recorded. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Corticeus fusciventris is endemic to the Balkan peninsula (Löbl et al. 2008). This poorly-known species seems to be under-recorded and is probably more widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin. So far, it has only been reported from four localities in Croatia and Bosnia- Herzegovina (Müller 1921), one locality in Greece (Kühnelt 1965) and another very recent locality in Croatia (unpublished data).

population:
There is no quantitative data on this species and the current size and population trend are unknown. It seems to be rare to very rare and its subpopulations are fragmented, but it is believed to be under-recorded.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of recently dead pines, especially Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). Most Corticeus species are known to be associated with bark beetles (Scolytinae). The associated bark beetles of this species are, however, unknown. Being related to Corticeus linearis, it probably lives on small and recently dead pines. As many species with nocturnal adults, it is attracted to light during the summer.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown and further research is needed to identify them.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Research is necessary into its distribution, population trend, life history and potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Corticeus krueperi is only known by the type specimen and recorded only from Greece, without any locality (Obenberger 1922). It has not been recorded since and the type specimen hasn't been examined. This species could be a synonym of another European Corticeus species or could correspond to a foreign species due to mislabelling.

redListCategoryRationale:
Corticeus krueperi is endemic to Greece and is only known from the type specimen. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. The type specimen has not been examined and this species could be a synonym of another European Corticeus species or could correspond to a foreign species due to mislabelling. Further research is needed in order to determine the validity of this species, and if so, whether it still occurs in Greece.

range:
Corticeus krueperi was described from Griechenland (Greece) by Obenberger (1922) without any locality and has never been recorded since. The type specimen has not been examined and this species could be a synonym of another European Corticeus species or could correspond to a foreign species due to mislabelling.

conservationAction:
As a result of the lack of knowledge on this species, no conservation actions can be proposed. Research is needed on its taxonomic status, its geographic distribution, life history, ecology and threats. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Corticeus linearis is widely distributed in nearly all of Europe from Mediterranean countries up to Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Tunisia and Siberia, up to the Far East. This species is  assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population trend seems to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported. It is not rare in most of the European countries where it is known.

range:
Corticeus linearis is widely distributed in nearly all of Europe from Mediterranean countries up to Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Tunisia and Siberia, up to the Far East (Löbl et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 10 million km2 in Europe and more than 5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 5,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 4,000 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. This species seems to be uncommon to rather rare but it is cryptic and under-recorded.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of branches and trunks of recently dead young coniferous trees, mainly pine (Pinus spp.) and fir (Abies pectinata). It is associated with some bark beetles, in particular Pityogenes bidentatus but also Ips acuminatus, Cryphalus piceae, Pityophthorus pityographus, Tomicus destruens and Orthotomicus erosus (Soldati and Soldati 2010). The adult is nocturnal and is attracted by lights during the summer. It occurs from the Mediterranean forests to the subalpine and boreal forests.

threats:
This species is widely distributed in Europe, lives on young recently dead coniferous trees and is associated with widespread and common bark beetles. It is not threatened at the European scale.

conservationAction:
No conservation or research actions are needed for this species. It has been assessed as Least Concern in Denmark (Pedersen 2014) and Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), and as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014). Since it is considered as a naturalized introduction in Great Britain, it is classified as Not Evaluated there (Alexander et al. 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Corticeus longulus is widely distributed in Europe, especially in the north and central parts; in the south, it is only found in some cold and mountainous places such as the Pyrenees, Alps and the Balkans. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Siberia up to the Far East and Mongolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since, even though it is quoted as rare to very rare in  most of its countries of occurrence and seems to be thinly scattered, it is still widespread in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is certainly smaller than 2,000 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This species is associated with widespread bark beetles and lives on recently dead coniferous trees. However modern intensive forestry practices have led to the decline and local loss of the associated bark beetle species in boreal forests. Research is needed into the distribution and population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. Conservation actions are needed for habitat and natural process restoration.

range:
Corticeus longulus is widely distributed in Europe, especially in the north and the central parts; in the south, it is only found in some cold and mountainous places such as the Pyrenees, Alps and the Balkans. It seems to be thinly scattered. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Siberia up to the Far East and Mongolia (Löbl et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be larger than 7.8 million km2and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,200 km2in Europe, and certainly smaller than 2,000 km2in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend is decreasing. This species seems to be rare to very rare. As a boreo-alpine element, it is rarer, with more fragmented subpopulations in the south of its area of distribution. The main associated bark beetle species Ips acuminatus has disappeared from most of northern Sweden and Latvia, and this has resulted in local extinction of Corticeus in Sweden (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016); it is also uncommon in Latvia (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of recently dead coniferous trees, in particular Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Mountain Pine (P. uncinata), more rarely Silver Fir (Abies pectinata) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies). It is associated with bark beetles, in particular Ips acuminatus, more rarely with I. sexdentatus, I. amitinus and Orthotomicus erosus (Soldati and Soldati 2010). It can be regularly recorded on wood piles in saw-mills, on recently dead trees, under still adherent bark, with adults and larvae of its host bark beetles. It occurs from the boreal forests - where it now has a much more restricted distribution - to the mountain forests in southern Europe where it can be only recorded from the mixed forests with beeches and firs up to the sub-alpine pine forests.

threats:
This species is widely distributed in Europe, is associated with widespread bark beetles and lives on recently dead coniferous trees. However, the decline and local loss of the associated bark beetle species in boreal forests is a threat to this species. The key threat arises from modern intensive forestry. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The population occurs at well above ten locations.

conservationAction:
This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Norway and Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001, Novák 2014, Odegaard et al. 2010) and as Endangered in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution and population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. Conservation actions are needed for habitat and natural process restoration.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Corticeus pini is widely distributed in Europe but absent from Scandinavia, the UK and Ireland. It is also present in the Canary Islands, Tunisia, the Middle East, Mongolia and Siberia up to the Far East. This species is  assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend seems to be stable, and no major threats to it have been reported. It is abundant in the west part of its range (it is the second most abundant Corticeus species in France), although it is much rarer across central Europe. This species is associated with other widespread bark beetles, and lives especially on recently dead pines, including in non-native species forests.

range:
Corticeus pini is widely distributed in Europe but absent from Scandinavia, the UK and Ireland. It is also present in the Canary Islands, Tunisia, the Middle East, Mongolia and Siberia up to the Far East (Löbl et al. 2008). It is also found in Morocco (Benyahia et al. 2015). It occurs from sea level up to middle altitude mountains.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. This species is generally abundant and widespread over much of its European range, but rarer in central and northern Europe. There are just a few records from the Czech Republic and Poland, thinly scattered sites only (J. Schlaghamersky, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of dead stems of coniferous trees, especially on diverse pine species, exceptionally on broadleaf trees (Quercus robur, Q. suber, Fagus sylvatica). It is active all year round and inhabits bark beetle galleries. Its associated bark beetles are Hylurgus ligniperda, Orthotomicus erosus, Ips sexdentatus and maybe I. typographus (Soldati and Soldati 2010). In Poland it has been found in the galleries of Ips typographus on pines (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). This species is often found as numerous individuals on wood piles along forest paths and in saw-mills, or on recently dead or felled trees, under still adherent bark, with adults and larvae of associated bark beetles. The adults are nocturnal and are attracted by lights during the summer. It is increasingly present in non-native pine forests.

threats:
This species is widely distributed in Europe, associated with widespread bark beetles, and lives especially on recently dead pines, including in non-native species forests. It is therefore not considered threatened at the European scale.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation or research actions needed. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), to the equivalent of Near Threatened in Austria (Jäch 1994), as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001) and as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014), probably due to the scarcity of records in this country. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


taxonomicNotes:
Corticeus rufithorax is probably a very rare Mediterranean form of Corticeus linearis. Described from Greece, without precision, the species has been recorded in the Balearic Islands. Among specimens of C. linearis living on Pinus halepensis collected in the French Mediterranean  and in Spain, some specimens could correspond to Corticeus rufithorax, and there seem to be intermediate specimens between both taxa in Spain (Espanol 1967).   In spite of this, C. rufithorax Pic, 1903 has not been officially put in synonymy with C. linearis, including type examination and is considered as a valid species in Löbl et al. (2008), and we retain C. rufithorax as a valid species (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2015).

redListCategoryRationale:
Corticeus rufithorax is endemic to the EU 28 and is only known from two old records in Greece  and Mallorca (Spain). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. It is probably under-recorded due to confusion with the widespread Corticeus linearis and may be present in more places in the Mediterranean Basin.

range:
Corticeus rufithorax is only known from two isolated localities, one in Greece, in Olympia (western Peloponnesus) (Pic 1903) and another in Pollensa, in Mallorca (Spain) (Espanol 1954). These two records are old and have never been confirmed since. However, this species is probably under-recorded due to confusion with the widespread Corticeus linearis and may be present in more places in the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
The current population size and trend are unknown and there is no quantitative data on this species. It seems to be very rare but it is may be under-recorded and probably there are some misidentifications with the Mediterranean species C. linearis.

habitat:
This Mediterranean species seems to live under the bark of recently dead Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) in galleries of bark beetles (Espanol 1967). It is potentially present in the Mediterranean pine forests, in Mediterranean shrubs where P. halepensis is abundant and in urban areas (parks).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown since the habitats and distribution of this species are very poorly-known.

conservationAction:
Research is needed on taxonomy, population distribution and life history. No conservation actions can be suggested. It is unknown whether this species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Corticeus suberis is widely distributed across the middle latitudes of Europe, from the western Pyrenees across to southern Russia, but extremely localized and rare. It is also found in Algeria, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Tunisia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 136 km2 in Europe and 132 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in its AOO and extent and quality of habitat. Some of the documented records are thought to be doubtful by certain experts due to taxonomic confusion and so the AOO may be even lower than currently calculated. Silviculture activities such as rejuvenation of old growth forests for production, or plantation for timber of non-native species can be highly prejudicial. Moreover dying old trees are felled in urban areas (parks, woods) for supposed health and safety reasons. Losses of the key roles played by large old trees may render some ecosystems vulnerable to collapse. There is also a lack of next generation host trees becoming available in the next few decades. Conservation actions are needed for habitat and natural process restoration. Old broadleaf trees should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks, gardens and along roads. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes is needed in order to conserve this and other old growth species. In urban settings, the creation of safety zones for human access can help to better protect large old trees by keeping people out of potentially hazardous areas.

range:
Corticeus suberis is widely distributed across the middle latitudes of Europe, from the western Pyrenees across to southern Russia, but extremely localized and rare. It is also found in Algeria, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey (Löbl et al. 2008) and Tunisia (Normand 1936). Indicated as doubtful and not confirmed in Poland, from old records (Iwan et al. 2012). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 136 km2 in Europe and 132 km2 in the EU 28. Since some of the documented records are thought to be doubtful by certain experts due to taxonomic confusion, the AOO may be even lower than currently calculated.

population:
The current population size and trend are unknown and there is no quantitative data on this species. It is very rare, and the subpopulations are small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Some countries seem to have only a single record.

habitat:
This species lives and develops under the bark of dead broadleaf trees, in particular Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa), European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), oaks (Quercus pedonculata, Q. suber) and elm (Ulmus campestris), within the galleries of particular bark beetle species (Soldati and Soldati 2010). Citations of coniferous trees such as pine and fir (Pinus and Abies spp.) are generally due to confusion with fuscous forms of C. linearis. This species is best known from old growth forest areas and can be considered as a primeval forest relict species. Its main bark beetle association seems to be with Taphrorychus villifrons.

threats:
As with many primeval forest relict species living especially on broadleaf trees, this species is threatened in all its countries of occurrence. Silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of old growth forests for production, or plantation for timber of non-native species can be highly prejudicial. Moreover dying old trees are felled in urban areas (parks, woods) for supposed health and safety reasons. Losses of the key roles played by large old trees may render some ecosystems vulnerable to collapse (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). There is also a lack of next generation host trees becoming available in the next few decades. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species, which is projected to continue in the future.

conservationAction:
Research is needed on the occurrence and distribution of subpopulations, since some  countries only have one known subpopulation, and also into the life history of this species, in order to be sure it only lives on broadleaf trees and is related to old growth stand forests. Conservation actions are needed for habitat and natural process restoration. Old broadleaf  trees should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks, gardens and along roads. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes is needed in order to conserve this and other old growth species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In urban settings, the creation of safety zones for human access can help to better protect large old trees by keeping people out of potentially hazardous areas. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001) and as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014). It is known to occur in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Corticeus suturalis is distributed from central and northern Europe, to Siberia up to the Far East, and reaches Japan. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be about 480 km2 in Europe, and 352 km2 in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to intensive silvicultural activities (e.g. forest rejuvenation, large-scale wood harvesting and non-native species plantations); thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 there is also a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO and number of subpopulations. It is extremely rare as a boreo-alpine relict in central Europe and some of the data are old. Some large-scale silvicultural activities and climate change could lead to rapid declines or even local extinctions in the EU 28. Intensive silviculture should be limited in some places where the species is present and habitat natural process restoration favored. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes will be essential. Research is needed on its distribution since the species seems to be under-recorded, at least in central Europe.

range:
Corticeus suturalis is widely distributed in central and northern Europe, in Siberia up to the Far East, and reaches Japan (Löbl et al. 2008). It is also present in Austria (Zabransky 1998), Germany (Müller et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Kaszab 1957). This species extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 5 million km2 in Europe, and ca 1.5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 480 km2 in Europe, and 352 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend is decreasing. This species is rare in northern Europe, and extremely rare and sporadic in central Europe; it is a boreo-alpine relict. In most central European countries it is only recorded in 1-2 isolated localities and these are often old records. The record from the Czech Republic is extremely old and the species is considered regionally extinct there. However, in the northern parts of the range, there are more recent records (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). In European Russia, the species seems to be more widespread in the boreal and sub-boreal forests. Even though subpopulations in central Europe are small and isolated, the core of the species's current distribution is found in the north, and the overall population is not considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of dying and recently dead standing spruces (Picea spp.), rarely pines (Pinus spp.), mostly in the galleries of the bark beetle Ips typographus (Iwan et al. 2012). In spite of living in recently dead trees, it seems to mostly occur in old growth spruce forests.

threats:
This species is mainly associated with the common and widespread bark beetle Ips typographus and is often found on recently dead trees. It might therefore be expected not to be very demanding in terms of the quality of its habitat, since recently dead trees are always potentially abundant. However, the species is most often reported from old growth spruce forests mixed with pines. For example, in Germany it is considered as an 'urwald relict' species in the strongest category (Müller et al. 2005) and in Belarus and Poland it is especially localized in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Iwan et al.2012). 
This species is threatened by intensive silvicultural activities like forest rejuvenation, large-scale wood harvesting and non-native species plantations. It is extremely rare as a boreo-alpine relict in central Europe. There is an overall continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. In the EU 28 there is also a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO and number of subpopulations. This species is also potentially very vulnerable to climate change, as global warning could alter and modify the rare forest habitats where it is found through changes in tree species and natural processes. This could lead to rapid declines or even local extinctions in central Europe.

conservationAction:
This species has been assessed as Extinct in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014), Endangered in Norway (Odegaard et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001) and Near Threatened in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Intensive silviculture should be  limited in some places where the species is present and habitat natural  process restoration favored. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes will be essential (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Research is needed on its distribution since the species seems to be under-recorded, at least in central Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Corticeus unicolor is widely distributed throughout Europe, including in the Caucasus, and is also present in Turkey and Israel. This species is   assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, generally abundant, the population trend is increasing and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Corticeus unicolor is widely distributed throughout Europe, including in the Caucasus, and is also present in Turkey and Israel (Löbl et al. 2008). It is however absent from Ireland and has a highly localised but expanding distribution in the UK, suggesting it may be an introduction there. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be larger than 7.8 million km2 in Europe and ca 4.7 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 11,700 km2 in Europe and 8,900 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be increasing. This species is abundant and widespread in most European countries. It is less common in northern and Mediterranean Europe, and does not have a fragmented distribution. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under the bark of dead woody stems of various broadleaf and coniferous trees, in particular: Abies pectinata, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus pedonculata, Q. pubescens and Q. suber (Soldati and Soldati 2010). Contrary to most other European Corticeus species, it is not observed only on recently dead trees. It is active all year round. Its main bark beetle associates are Platypus cylindrus, Scolytus intricatus and maybe Hylastes ater (Soldati and Soldati 2010). Bark beetles of the genera Xyleborus and Trypodendron are also indicated as associated by Iwan et al. (2012). An association with Hylecoetus dermestoides has also been suggested in the UK (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It is found at elevations between 5 m and 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
No major threats have been reported to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation action or research is needed on this species. It is present in only three national red lists, all as Least Concern - Great Britain, Denmark and Italy (Alexander et al. 2015, Carpaneto et al. 2015, Pedersen 2014). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Corticeus vanmeeri is endemic to France and Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2),  the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to silvicultural policies and potentially climate change. In the Pyrenees, in some places where this species was recorded, some silvicultural policy trends are to substitute Abies pectinata by Cedrus atlantica  to accommodate climatic changes due to global warming. In the only known locality of C. vanmeeri in the Massif Central, some silvicultural policies are to substitute native A. pectinata by non-native Pseudotsuga menziesii. On the other hand, global warning could naturally alter A. pectinata forests in the future and the impact of introduced or native pests, pathogens or disease vectors could be increased by climatic change. A. pectinata forests should be preserved as well as is feasible. In some threatened areas natural process restoration should be encouraged. Research is needed for population trends and distribution, life history and ecology.

range:
Corticeus vanmeeri is a species very recently described from the western Pyrenees (Soldati and Soldati 2014). It is now known from across the Pyrenees and is also present in the Massif Central and southern French Alps (Soldati et al. in prep.). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 84,063 km2, and its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.

population:
The current population trend is unknown, since this is a very recently described and cryptic species. It was described from numerous specimens coming from three localities of the French western Pyrenees (Soldati and Soldati 2014). Since then it has been discovered in the Spanish Pyrenees (Recalde Irurzun and San Martin Moreno 2015), in five other localities of the French Pyrenees (including central and eastern parts of the chain), in one locality of the Massif Central and in two localities of the southern French Alps (Soldati et al. in prep.). It is very localized but probably new records will be found in the future, including in other European countries. At present, the population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations seem to be small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species lives and grows under and in the bark of recently dead firs (Abies pectinata) in mountain forests and maybe also in pine forests, being detected by window- and cross-vane trapping with pheromones near and in such forests. As with most Corticeus species it is associated with bark beetles (Scolytinae). Its main associated species seems to be Pityokteines spinidens and P. curvidens. This is a very cryptic species, rarely found under the bark of dead trees but mostly in the bark, in Pityokteines sp. galleries (Soldati and Soldati 2014, Soldati et al. in prep.).

threats:
This species is likely to be threatened in the Pyrenees and the Massif Central by silviculture adaptations to climate change. In the Pyrenees, in some places where this species was recorded, some silvicultural policy trends are to substitute Abies pectinata by Cedrus atlantica to accommodate climatic changes due to global warming. In the only known locality of C. vanmeeri in the Massif Central, some silvicultural policies are to substitute native A. pectinata by non-native Pseudotsuga menziesii. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. In addition, a continuing decline in also projected since global warning could naturally alter A. pectinata forests in the future and the impact of introduced or native pests, pathogens or disease vectors could be increased by climatic change (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016).

conservationAction:
Abies pectinata forests should be preserved as well as possible. In some threatened areas natural process restoration should be encouraged. Research is needed for population trend and distribution, life history and ecology. This species is known to occur in  the National Park of the Pyrenees.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Corticeus versipellis is endemic to central Europe. It is only known from 1-2 localities in each of only nine countries and is considered as extinct or doubtful in several of them. Recent records are only available from the Czech Republic. This species is  assessed as Endangered since, including all available records, its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 56 km2 in Europe and 52 km2in the EU 28, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of its habitat and number of subpopulations. Even though it is a very poorly-known species, it has been reported to be associated with Scolytus spp. beetles on elm trees (Ulmus spp.), and elm trees are under severe and continuing decline in Europe due to Dutch elm disease. There are very few recent localities, and its AOO is probably smaller than 20 km2 at present, if only verified and recent data is considered. Research is needed to identify the real geographic distribution of this species, its habitat, life history, to better understand the impacts of the known threat on the population and to identify other potential threats.

range:
Corticeus versipellis is endemic to central Europe. It is only known from 1-2 localities in each of only nine countries and is considered as extinct or doubtful in some of them. Recent records (2000 onwards) are only available from the Czech Republic (Novák, 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 485,500 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2. In the EU 28, its EOO is estimated to be ca 424,100 km2, and its AOO is 52 km2.

population:
The current population trend is decreasing. This species is extremely rare and most records are old or doubtful and not confirmed. In Austria, Italy, Poland, Romania and Switzerland its presence needs confirmation. In Switzerland, its occurrence could be possible, but no confirmed records exist (Chittaro and Sanchez 2016). It is also doubtful whether the species is still found at the type locality in Tuscany, since it hasn't been recorded in Italy after its original description (Aliquo et al. 2007). It seems to be only known from about 14 very isolated localities, including the doubtful records. All subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore severely fragmented.

habitat:
The habitats and ecology of this species are virtually unknown. It seems not to be associated with particular bark beetle species. According to Iwan et al. (2012) its bionomy is unknown and the species can be found under the bark of dead stems of elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Novák (2014) reports the species as collected by sifting, under the bark, in wood being decayed by moulds, and in rotten material; under the bark of dead or almost dead elm with Scolytus spp. (J. Müller, PhD thesis). In Budapest, one specimen has been found in a beech forest during the 1980s (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The threats are not well understood since this is a very poorly-known species. However, since it has been reported to occur on elm trees, Dutch elm disease is a potential threat since elm trees are under severe and continuing decline in Europe due to this disease. There is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of subpopulations.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions can be suggested, since the habitat and ecology of this species are very poorly-known. Research is needed to identify the real geographic distribution of this species, its habitat, life history, to better understand the impacts of the known threat on the population and to identify other potential threats. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014), Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001) and Data Deficient in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Diaperis boleti is a widely distributed species which occurs in nearly all of Europe, in the Maghreb, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Siberia and Asian Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is extremely widespread and no major threats to it have been reported. It seems to be abundant in nearly all its distribution area and it is increasing locally.

range:
Diaperis boleti is a widely distributed species which occurs in nearly all of Europe, in the Maghreb, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Siberia and Asian Far East (Kaszab 1967, Löbl et al. 2008). It occurs in some major Mediterranean islands like Corsica, Sicily, Mallorca and Cyprus. In most of the countries where it is present, this species is widespread but in Scandinavia, it seems to only occur in the south. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be up to 8.2 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be ca 20,000 km2.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable over most of its range, with a well-documented expansion across southern Britain in recent decades (its subpopulation has been very localised in the recent past, followed by a decline to virtual extinction, but then a sharp recovery and the species is now much more widespread that at any time in the past (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016)). This species is widely distributed and common throughout much of its range the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is active from March to October, it lives and grows in various bracket fungi, on broadleaf and coniferous trees, often in colonies of numerous individuals, in forests, woodlands and on isolated trees. During the winter, it can be found in the rotten wood, close to host fungi (Soldati 2007b). The main host fungi are Piptoporus betulinus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Polyporus squamosus, Fomitopsis pinicola  and Climatocystis borealis (Novák 2014). In France, it is found almost exclusively in Fomitopsis pinicola in the south and Piptoporus betulinus in the north. The adult beetle is nocturnal, hidden in and under fungi during the daytime. It can be found from sea level to about 1,600 m Asl.

threats:
No particular or major threats exist for this species.

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions are needed. This species is present in the red lists of Denmark, Great Britain and Italy as Least Concern (Alexander et al. 2015, Carpaneto et al. 2015, Pedersen 2014). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


taxonomicNotes:
Initially described as Parablops aetnensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Gerandryus aetnensis is endemic to the central Mediterranean region, and is presently only known from Sicily, the Alpes-Maritimes, and Savoie. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and it occurs at between 2 and 5 locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Its supposed host plants grow at altitudes between 300 m and 1,700 m Asl, meaning they are found from lowlands and reach mid-montane areas. Climate change may lead host trees to shift from lowlands to lower montane and mid-montane areas, but this is not expected to dramatically affect this saproxylic beetle species. At present there is no evidence of a continuing decline. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend and ecology. Additional effort is required to confirm its presence in monti Nebrodi on Sicily, as well as in monti Appennini.

range:
Gerandryus aetnensis is endemic to the central Mediterranean region and has a disjunct distribution. This species has only been reported from a few sites on Sicily (Italy), in the Alpes-Maritimes (French-Italian border) (Novák and Pettersson 2008, Bouyon and Casset 2005, Bouyon et al. 2015), and in Savoie in France (Dodelin 2016). A record from Greece is missing locality data and needs further confirmation (Novák and Pettersson 2008). It is possible that this species might also occur in the Apennine Peninsula. On Sicily, it is reported from Mt. Etna and Madonie Mts. (Bouyon et al. 2015), but is also expected to occur in Nebrodi, a mountainous area between Etna and Madonie. This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 58,000 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

population:
There is no available quantitative information on the population size or trend for this species, but it seems to be extremely rare or cryptic. Since its original description in 1871, less than 150 specimens have been scientifically recorded, and of those about 130 specimens were recorded in the 21st century (Bouyon et al. 2015). The known subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Adults of this species have been observed in montane coniferous forests on branches of Abies alba and Larix decidua (in the Alpes-Maritimes) (Bouyon et al. 2015). On Sicily, an adult was also reported from flowers (Sparacio 1999). Its life cycle length is unknown. The larvae of this species are saproxylic (I. Sparacio, per. comm. 2016). It is found at elevations between 850 m and 1,700 m Asl.

threats:
Most known subpopulations of this species are found in protected areas such as national parks. Localities of this species outside protected areas may be affected by selective logging (clear-cutting is not practiced in montane areas in Europe).Climate change is predicted to have negative effects on the structure of montane forests and may cause habitat loss (conversion of coniferous to deciduous forests) for this species. Its supposed host plants grow at altitudes between 300-1,700 m Asl, which means they are found from lowlands and reach mid-montane areas. Climate change may lead to host trees to shift from lowlands to lower montane and mid-montane areas, but this is not expected to dramatically affect this saproxylic beetle species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of habitat loss and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at between two and five locations.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas. In Sicily, it is found in Parco dell'Etna and Parco delle Madonie. It is also found in the Parco Naturale Alta Valle Pesio e Tanaro (Italy) and in the Parco Nazionale del Mercantour (France). This species is assessed as Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Site protection is considered to be the most appropriate action for the conservation of this species. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend and ecology. Additional effort is required to confirm its presence in monti Nebrodi on Sicily, as well as in monti Appennini. Taxonomic research is needed on the specimens from the Alpes-Maritimes to determine whether or not they are a distinct species (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Dodelin, B., Makris, C., Merkl, O., Schlaghamersky, J. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Gonodera metallica is endemic to Europe and is found in montane areas of the Italian mainland and Sicily, reaching southern Switzerland in the Alps. It is rare and connected with old growth deciduous forest habitats. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2 in Europe and 76 km2 in the EU 28), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The threats to this species are unknown and its conservation can only be achieved through the conservation of its habitat - old growth broadleaf forests in montane areas on the Italian mainland and Sicily. Further research on distribution, ecology and population size is recommended. A species action plan is urgently needed for this species both in Italy and Switzerland in order to clarify ecological requirements, population size and highlight threats. Habitat and population trend monitoring is highly recommended. In addition, research is also needed into the threats to this species.

range:
Gonodera metallica is endemic to Europe and is known from the Italian Peninsula and Switzerland (Novák 2007, Novák and Pettersson 2008). According to Sparacio (1999), in Italy this species is distributed from the north (Tyrol) throughout the whole Italian Peninsula reaching Sicily in the south, but is absent from Sardinia. European subpopulations of this species are known from montane areas of the southern Alps, Apennines, as well as from monti Madonie, Nebrodi and mount Etna on Sicily (Messina 2014). In Switzerland, this species is found in two localities in the extreme south of the country, near the Italian border (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune 2016). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 450,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 449,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2 in Europe, and 76 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
This species is under-recorded and under-researched, primarily because of its cryptic behavior and nocturnal activity. The population is severely fragmented since this species occur in montane regions of the Alps, Apennines and three other montane sites on Sicily. These subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is certain that this is an uncommon species: on Mount Etna, only a few specimens were trapped during a 4-year study (Messina 2014). The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
Very limited information is available on the habitat and ecology of this species. Recent studies carried out on the Italian Peninsula and Sicily highlighted the connection of this species with old growth beech (in the Apennines, Di Santo 2013) and chestnut (Messina 2014) forests. According to de Zahn et al. (2014) this is considered a saproxylic species of relic beech forests.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. General threats can include the loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) as well as a decrease in the volume of available dead or decaying wood - primarily caused by logging and wood collecting, as well as removing old trees from the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in at least four protected areas in Italy. Its conservation can only be achieved by the conservation of its habitat - old growth broadleaf forests in montane areas on the Italian mainland and Sicily. General public awareness-raising about the importance of veteran and hollow trees and natural forest habitats for biodiversity conservation purposes is required, to improve understanding about this topic. Further research on distribution, ecology and population size is recommended. A species action plan is needed for this species both in Italy and Switzerland. Habitat and population trend monitoring is highly recommended. In addition, further research is needed into potential threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Hymenalia atronitens is a rare under-researched and under-recorded saproxylic species in Europe with only one known locality in Serbia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. There are no records of this species in the EU 28, and it is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Hymenalia atronitens was considered an element of the Near East fauna until very recently, when it was reported from the Balkans (Serbia) by Novák (2014). There is not enough information to calculate current extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe. Currently there are no records from the EU 28. The only known subpopulation seems to be very isolated from the eastern part of the distribution area in the Levant and Turkey, and this Serbian locality is its westernmost known site. It is very likely this species also occurs in other Balkan countries, such as Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 4 km2 as it is known from single locality. The maximum AOO is likely to be considerably higher, but certainly smaller than 500 km2.

population:
Described over 120 years ago from the Near East, this species has only recently been recorded in Europe, and only two male specimens have been found. This species is doubtless under-recorded and under-researched, primarily because of its cryptic behavior and nocturnal activity, as well as insufficient scientific activity in the region. It is very certain this species is uncommon and never appears in large quantities in Europe or the Near East. Exact population size and population trend are unknown.

habitat:
No information on the habitat of Hymenalia atronitens is available. This species is considered saproxylic similarly to other European Hymenalia species. The larvae are considered to develop in decaying wood of old trees. This species considered to be connected with temperate forests of the Mediterranean.

threats:
Threats are not currently documented for this species. The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities - and the decrease in volumes of available dead or decaying wood in general - can be considered the greatest threats to this species but this has not been confirmed.

conservationAction:
Since only one locality is known for Hymenalia atronitens across Europe, it is highly recommended that this site be protected at the national level. Further research is required on species' biology, ecology and life cycle. It is crucial to clarify population size and its trend, as well as highlight threats for this species. Establishing species management plan is recommended, including habitat and population monitoring activities.

useAndTrade:
Hitherto Hymenalia atronitens is only known be used for national and international scientific research.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia badia is presently known from the Greek mainland (Athens), Crete, and European Turkey, reaching Azerbaijan in the east. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Hymenalia badia is presently known from the Greek mainland (Athens), Crete, and European Turkey, reaching Azerbaijan in the east (Novák and Pettersson 2008). The current extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 65,085 km2. Not enough information is available to calculate the EOO for the EU 28. Current known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 28 km2. The known AOO in the EU 28 is 24 km2. However, the data are very incomplete and the species is likely to have a larger AOO.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend. This species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of lack of research.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat of this species. It is considered saproxylic, with larvae developing in decaying wood, but further research is needed into its ecology and life history.

threats:
Threats are not currently documented for Hymenalia badia.

conservationAction:
Comprehensive additional research is required for this species in order to understand its ecology, to highlight threats, and to clarify population size and trends. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is essential. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hymenalia elongata is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the island of Kefalonia (Ionian Islands). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Hymenalia elongata is endemic to Greece and is only known from the island of Kefalonia (Ionian Islands) (Pic 1925).

population:
This species is only known from the type series collected on the island of Kefalonia, in the Ionian Sea, about 50 km to the west of mainland Greece (Pic 1925). The population size and trend are therefore unknown.

habitat:
There is no published information on the habitat of this species. Several European Hymenalia species are considered saproxylic, since their larvae develop in decaying wood. This is possibly a forest-dwelling species inhabiting Abies cephalonica forests (Legakis, A. pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
There is no information on any threats to this species. Generally, all saproxylic species of insects are potentially threatened by decline in the number of old hollow trees and amount of decaying wood, both in natural and urban environments. Forest wildfires might also pose a threat to this species (Legakis, A. pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
General research on this species' distribution in Europe, its occurrence and ecology is required. Special effort should be made in Kefalonia's Atros, Neochori (Komitaton-Karyas), Oros Kasteli - Mplosti, Voulisa, as well as adjacent Ithaca's Lefki nature protection areas to determine their value for preservation of this species since these areas have veteran trees. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Legakis, A., Makris, C., Schlaghamersky, J. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Hymenalia graeca is presently known from discontinuous subpopulations. It is found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, mainland Greece, Slovenia, European and Asian Turkey, with a recent record from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and from Serbia and Montenegro. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, it is considered to be under-researched and the population is definitively larger than currently known. In addition, it occurs at well over 10 locations. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 260 km2 and certainly below 2,000 km2), the population is considered to be severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and quality of habitat which may result in decline in the number of subpopulations. While gene flow is expected to occurs between subpopulations in the EU 28 and those outside this geographic area, the scale and trend of immigration is unknown and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities - and the decrease in volumes of available dead or decaying wood in general - are the greatest threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed or prior to the trees starting to decay. Consequently, during the last 200 years major changes have been observed in the available landscapes and habitats for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species mostly inhabits agricultural landscapes nowadays. Local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest and pasture meadow habitats) is required to ensure habitat continuity for this species. Management and conservation of particular key localities (especially large or rich areas where this species occur) make sense for preserving local subpopulations in each of countries of occurrence.

range:
Hymenalia graeca is endemic to the north-eastern Mediterranean (Turano-Mediterranean distribution type). It is found in Albania (Novák 2014), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, mainland Greece, Slovenia, European and Asian Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008) with a recent record from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Sivilov and Cvetkovska-Gorgievska 2014) and from Serbia and Montenegro (Novák 2014). On average, up to 2-5 localities were known per country until recently. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 590,000 km2, and 400,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its current area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 360 km2 in Europe, and ca 260 km2 in the EU 28. The real AOO is likely to be higher, but probably smaller than 2,000km2.

population:
There is no quantitative data available on the population size and trend. This species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of lack of research, its nocturnal activity and cryptic behaviour. It is abundant in Greece and Croatia (V. Novák, pers. comm. 2016). However, most subpopulations in the EU 28 are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28. At the European level, the species is not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Our present knowledge on the ecology and habitat of this species is very limited. According to Дубровина et al. (1979), larvae of Hymenalia develop in decaying wood or in soil around pieces of decaying wood. In the South of Asian Turkey, Hymenalia graeca was collected from veteran hollow oaks (Quercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. infectoria, Q. robur) possibly 200-500 years old (Atay et al. 2012). Based on the aforementioned information it can be concluded that this species is connected with old-growth broadleaf forests, pasture woodlands and grasslands with open-grown standing veteran trees. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities - and the decrease in volumes of available dead or decaying wood in general - are the greatest threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed or prior to the trees starting to decay. The formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is developing and there may be no available habitat for many subpopulations of this species in the future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The number of locations with regard to the main threat is well over 10.

conservationAction:
The specific threats and population trend are incompletely documented, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest and pasture meadow habitats) is required to ensure habitat continuity for this species. Management and conservation of particular key localities (especially large or rich areas where this species occur) make sense for preserving local subpopulations in each of countries of occurrence. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia gravida is a seemingly uncommon species which is presently known from discontinuous subpopulations. It is limited to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece (including Crete), and Turkey. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The distribution of Hymenalia gravida is limited to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece (including Crete), and Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008). There are a limited number of records per country for this insufficiently studied species. Less than 10 recent localities are known. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 85,000 km2 in Europe, and 80,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2 in Europe, and ca 60 km2 in the EU 28. However, the EOO and AOO are likely to be higher.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend. This species is very certainly more common than recorded, because of lack of research, its nocturnal activity and cryptic behaviour. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Our present knowledge on the ecology and habitat of Hymenalia gravida is very limited. According to Дубровина et al. (1979), larvae of Hymenalia develop in decaying wood or in soil near pieces of decaying wood. Unpublished records from mainland Greece and Crete indicates that the imago and larvae are to be found in hollow oaks (Quercus spp.) (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). Consequently Hymenalia gravida is considered a species connected with old-growth broadleaf forests and pasture woodlands as well as grasslands with open-grown standing veteran trees. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities and the decrease in volume of available dead or decaying wood in general are the greatest threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed or prior to the trees starting to decay. Consequently, during the last 200 years major changes have been observed in available landscapes and habitats for saproxylic species. In addition, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is developed and there may be no place for many subpopulations in the future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe (if it is confirmed to be an obligate saproxylic).

conservationAction:
The threats and populations trend are badly documented. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broad-leaved forest and pasture meadow habitats) as well as species management plan are required for habitat continuity for this species. Management and conservation of particular key localities (especially large or rich areas where this species occur) makes sense for preserving local subpopulations in each of the countries of occurrence. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation. Additionally, site protection is recommended and further research on distribution, ecology and biology of this species are essential. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Because of its rarity, this species may be targeted by commercial insect collectors. But since the Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, any potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia morio occurs in eastern Europe and Turkey and is known from less than 10 sites over a large distribution area. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Hymenalia morio occurs in eastern Europe and Turkey. In Europe, this species is only known from Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and western Ukraine (Novák and Pettersson 2008). Several earlier authors do not list Austria (Koch 1989, Novák 2005). Recent records for this species are known from mainland Greece (Novák 2014). Recent findings highlight Hymenalia morio as abundant in veteran oak stands in Asian Turkey (Atay et al. 2012) and from Orenburg Oblast in Russia on the boundary of Europe and Asia (Kozminykh 2015) (this and Turkish records are considered dubious by V. Novák (pers. comm. 2016)). The occurrence of this species  in northwestern Kazakhstan is also projected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) considering Orenburg Oblast record is ca 2,4 million km2, and ca 40,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 950 km2 in Europe, and ca 740 km2in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend. This species is certainly more common than recorded, due to its nocturnal activity, cryptic behavior and lack of research,

habitat:
Our present knowledge of the ecology and habitat of Hymenalia morio is limited. According to Дубровина et al. (1979), larvae of Hymenalia develop in decaying wood or in the soil. In the South of Asian Turkey, it was collected from veteran hollow oaks (Quercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. infectoria, Q. robur) possibly 200-500 years old (Atay et al. 2012). In Central Slovakia, it occurs in old-growth broadleaf forests with Quercus pubescens and Quercus robur stands (Cunev and Majzlan 1998). Based of the aforementioned information, this species is considered to be connected with old-growth broadleaf forests, pasture woodlands and grasslands with open-grown standing veteran trees. According to Koch (1989), this species is stenotypic and thermophilous, with adult beetles being found on warm dry slopes under stones. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed into its ecology.

threats:
The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) and the decrease in volumes of available dead or decaying wood in general are the greatest potential threats to saproxylic species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed or prior to the trees starting to decay. Consequently, during the last 200 years major changes have been observed in available landscape and habitat for saproxylic species. Even in urban and agricultural habitats a massive decline in the number of veteran hollow trees takes place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property or used for firewood. In addition, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is developing and there may be no place for several European subpopulations in future, which will result in several local extinctions of this species in Europe (if it is confirmed to be an obligate saproxylic).

conservationAction:
Threats and populations trends are insufficiently documented. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. This species is found in Veľký vrch Nature reserve in Slovakia, and it has legal protection in Hungary. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation. Additionally, site protection is recommended and further research on population trends of this species are essential.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R. & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia obscuripennis is a rare, under-researched and under-recorded species in Europe with only two known localities on Rhodes Island in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Hymenalia obscuripennis was considered an element of Anatolian fauna until very recently, when it was reported from the East Aegean Islands of Greece (Novák 2014). The Rhodes Island subpopulation is the westernmost known site for this species. It is very likely to also occur on adjacent East Aegean Islands. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2, since it is known from only two localities. The maximum AOO is likely to be higher but definitively below the threshold of 500 km2.

population:
Described over one hundred years ago from Turkey, this species has long remained unknown from Europe. This species is doubtless under-recorded and under-researched, primarily because of cryptic behavior and nocturnal activity, as well as insufficient scientific activity in the region. It is very certain Hymenalia obscuripennis is uncommon. The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. It is considered saproxylic similarly to other European Hymenalia species. The larvae are thought to develop in decaying wood of old trees and it is considered to be connected with temperate forests of the Mediterranean region.

conservationAction:
Since only one two localities are known, it is highly recommended these sites be protected at the national level. Further research is required on the species' biology, ecology and life cycle. It is crucial to clarify population size and its trend as well as determine its threats. Establishing species management plan is recommended, inclusive habitat and population monitoring activities. One site is near the Psailidi nature conservation area, and the second site is in the Katafigio Agrias Zois Xortis nature conservation area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia obscuriceps is endemic to Greece and the Balkans but is very poorly known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Research is urgently needed to determine whether it is still extant in Greece and to determine its extinction risk.

range:
This species is endemic to mainland Greece and the Balkans with an old Greek record from Athens (Pic 1925) and a recent record from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Novák 2014).

population:
This species is only known from the type series collected near Athens (Pic 1925) and from a single recent Macedonian specimen. The population size and trend are unknown, but it is definitively uncommon.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. Many related Hymenalia species from southern Europe are saproxylic, their larvae developing in decaying wood. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
There is no information on threats to this species. Generally, many saproxylic species of insects are potentially threatened by decline in the number of old hollow trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) and decaying wood both in natural and urban environments.

conservationAction:
General research of the species' distribution in Europe, its occurrence and ecology is urgently needed to determinate the population size and trends. Recent searches have been conducted in Greece but the species has not been found there (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hymenalia rufipes is found throughout large areas in the Palaearctic region, being more common in the central and southern parts of its distribution area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common in some parts of its distribution, and the overall population trend is thought to be stable.

range:
Hymenalia rufipes is the most widespread species of Hymenalia in the western Palaearctic. This species is presently known from southern Sweden and Latvia in the north to Italy in the south, from Spain in the west, to Central Russia (northwards as far as Lipetsk Oblast - Tsurikov 2009), Caucasus Mountains and Asian Turkey in the east (Novák and Pettersson 2008). It has recently been recorded from Moldova (Bacal et al. 2013) as well as from several Balkan countries (Novák, 2014). Ukraine records cover the whole country, including Crimea (Anonymous 2012). This species is more common in the central and southern parts of its distribution area, rather than in the northern part. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3,4 million km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,060 km2 in Europe, and ca 1,850 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of this species. It is certainly more common than recorded, because of its nocturnal activity and cryptic behaviour. In Hungary and France this species is very common (O. Merkl, F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016), but it is very rare in the Baltic States (D. Telnov, pers, comm. 2016). The population trend is likely to be stable.

habitat:
Hymenalia rufipes is a saproxylic species of deciduous, mostly broadleaf forests up to 800 m Asl. Adults live on the trunks and branches of trees, feeding on epiphytic lichens (Zamotajlov and Nikitsky 2010). Adults are mostly nocturnal or crepuscular, and may be observed on flowering bushes (for example, Crataegus spp.) or on dry, decaying branches of deciduous trees like oak (Quercus spp.) and bushes (for example, Crataegus spp., Prunus spp.) (Koch 1989). Larval development occurs in the soil, and larvae feed on pieces of decaying wood (Дубровина et al. 1979, Zamotajlov and Nikitsky 2010). Köhler (2000) lists this species among the other saproxylic species in his account for German beetles connected with dead wood. This stenotopic species inhabits a variety of biotopes - mixed and deciduous forests, hedges, shrubs, dry hillsides.

threats:
The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows, cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) or dead branches and the decrease in volumes of available dead or decaying wood in general are potential threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat prior to the trees starting to decay. Dead decaying branches are often removed for security or other reasons. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in the available landscapes and habitats for this species. In Sweden, it may be threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the establishment of dense tree plantations, since the adults are associated with trees growing in open areas (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). However, this species is very common in Hungary and France, and the overall population is not thought to be declining as a result of these threats.

conservationAction:
The threats and populations trend of this species are insufficiently documented. Consequently, additional research is required in both these fields. General communication and raising awareness across Europe at national and international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the importance of veteran hollow trees and the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation, and in particular for this species. It is known to occur in several protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hymenalia zoufali is endemic to southeastern Europe and is currently known from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Hymenalia zoufali is endemic to southeastern Europe and is currently known from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria (Novák and Pettersson 2008). It is only known from single records in each country.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. Many related Hymenalia species from southern Europe are saproxylic, and their larvae develop in decaying wood. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
There is no information on any specific threats for this species. Generally, many saproxylic species of insects are potentially threatened by the decline in the number of old hollow trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) and amount of decaying wood, both in natural and urban environments.

conservationAction:
General research on the species' distribution in Europe, its occurrence and ecology is urgently needed. Estimating the population size and trends will only be possible based on the aforementioned research activities. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hymenorus baudii is endemic to Cyprus, and is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,600 km2, known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2and definitively smaller than 2,000 km2), and the species occurs at less than five locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the species is thought to be locally common and is unlikely to be undergoing a continuing decline. Climate change might have negative effects on the structure of montane coniferous forests and may cause partial habitat loss. As a result of more extreme weather conditions, an increase in the frequency of wildfires is likely to pose a threat to this species. Further research is needed into the distribution, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus (Seidlitz 1896), and is only known from montane areas including the Natura 2000 site "Paphos Forest" (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,600  km2 and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2. However, the real AOO is likely to be higher, but definitively not over 2,000 km2.

population:
Historically, this species was recorded for "Cyprus" without additional locality information. Currently there are a few records of this species available from the central mountainous part of Cyprus where it occur in coniferous forests. Tere is no quantitative data on the population size and trend. However, it is thought to be locally common (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Adults and larvae have been observed in coniferous forests. The larvae are reported to develop in rotten wood of Pinus brutia (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016) and, possibly other conifers. Adults have also been found in rotten wood.

threats:
Climate change might have negative effects on the structure of montane coniferous forests and may cause partial habitat loss. As a result of more extreme weather conditions, an increase in the frequency of wildfires is also likely to pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species it is considered to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
Part of the population of this species is situated within protected areas - a Natura 2000 site and nature reserve "Paphos Forest". Primarily, this species requires additional research on distribution, population trends and ecology. Additional research is required to clarify the population size, trends, and collect sufficient information on species' ecological preferences, as well as better define any main threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Hymenorus doublieri is Sibero-European species which occurs in most of Europe. It is an ecological specialist species, strongly associated with old-growth, mostly coniferous forests (pine forests) and there has been a strong decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is certainly smaller than 2,000 km2 both in Europe and in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent of occurrence (EOO) and quality of habitat. The general loss of old coniferous trees and the decrease in volume of available dead or decaying wood in general are the greatest threats to this species. Considering this as a relic species of old-growth forests, its habitat loss is very significant all across Europe. During the last 100 years major changes have been observed in its AOO and habitat quality. General climatic changes negatively affect boreal forests and therefore can also affect the habitat of this species. Protection of old-growth natural pine forests (especially sun-exposed ones) is crucial for the conservation of the species' habitat. Changes in forest management practice are required - decaying stumps and logs should be left in the forest and not removed.

range:
Hymenorus doublieri is a Sibero-European species which inhabits most of Europe and most of the Palaearctic, reaching the Far East of Russia (Primorie Region), Mongolia and the Shaanxi Province of China (Novák and Pettersson 2008). There are no records from the UK or Ireland. In the north, this species reaches central Sweden and central Finland (ArtDatabanken 2015, Rassi et al. 2015). There are no records from the Baltic States and the north of European Russia. For Belarus, no direct records are known, but the species occurs in Białowieża Forest which straddles the border between Poland and Belarus (Bunalski et al. 2007, Anonymous 2015) and may therefore also occur in Belarus. In the west, this species reaches the Spanish Pyrenees. It does not occur high in the Alps. In Italy, it is known from the northern part and from Sicily (Gardini 1995). In European Russia, there are recent new records from Mordovia (Егоров and Ручин 2012), and it was previously known also from Yaroslavl Oblast' (Медведев 1965). European localities of this species are considered relic (Iwan et al. 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 960 km2 in Europe and ca 800 km2in the EU 28. The real AOO is likely to be higher, but smaller than 2,000 km2.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend. However, considering the strong decline that has occurred in the extent and quality of its habitat, the population trend is considered to be decreasing. This species may be expected to be more common than recorded, because of its cryptic behavior, but even so is not a common species. In France, it is not rare, but is very localized (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). In Greece, it is considered to be a rare species (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). In several countries this species is only known from one or a few localities. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species, strongly associated with old-growth, mostly coniferous forests (pine forests). The larvae of this beetle develop in wood mould of pine stumps (Pinus spp.) and fallen trunks (Koch 1989, Дубровин 1992). According to Koch (1989) this is a species of primary pine forests. This species has also been reared from decaying wood of Oak (Quercus sp.) in Greece (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). According to Novák (2014), in Central Europe this species develops in dead wood of old trees with tree fungi mycelia, most often in pines. Adults are known to be crepuscular and active from June to August (Novák 2014). According to ArtDatabanken (2015), in Sweden this species is associated with pine logs and trunks inhabited by larvae of Ergates faber and Tragosoma depsarium (longicorn beetles).

threats:
The general loss of old coniferous trees and the decrease in volume of available dead or decaying wood in general are the greatest threats to this species. Considering this as a relic species of old-growth forests, its habitat loss is very significant all across Europe. During the last 100 years major changes have been observed in its area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality. General climatic changes negatively affect boreal forests and therefore can also affect the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas in Europe. It is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Poland and as Vulnerable in Sweden (Pawlowski et al. 2002, Novák 2005, ArtDatabanken 2015). Protection of old-growth natural pine forests (especially sun-exposed ones) is crucial for the conservation of the species' habitat. In Sweden, it is mainly found in protected areas and the only known Hungarian locality is strictly protected (R. Pettersson and O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). Changes in forest management practice are required - decaying stumps and logs should be left in the forest and not removed. General awareness-raising about the role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation is required. Population and habitat trends for this species should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Iphthiminus italicus occurs from the Middle East and the Balkans west to Corsica. This species is   assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of  occupancy (AOO) is estimated  to be 280 km2 in Europe and 244 km2  in the  EU 28), the population is considered to be severely fragmented and there is an inferred and projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to large-scale silvicultural activities and an increasing frequency of wildfires. The habitats of this species are often related to old or very old hollow oaks and are mainly represented in pasture woodland landscapes, ancient forests and parks. Such trees are generally threatened in nearly all their area of occurrence. Large-scale silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production or plantations for timber of non-native species (e.g. conifers vs. oaks) can be highly prejudicial. Subpopulations occurring in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) forests are not threatened by intense silvicultural activities for production, and their main threat is an increase in the intensity and frequency of wildfires. A lack of next generation trees is apparent at most if not all known sites; without regular development of suitable host trees the beetle species will increasingly be lost from known sites which will eventually result in local extinctions. However, this species is currently still considered to be common in some parts of Greece and Sicily and the overall current population trend is thought to be stable. 
Research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations, since some countries only have one to few known subpopulations. Old and hollow broadleaf trees should be preserved as much as possible in pasture woodlands, forests and parks. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes can help to better protect large old trees. Pasture woodlands, in addition could be used to form corridors between forests, as they contain many such trees that should be conserved or restored. New generation trees need to be planned for, so that there are new trees becoming suitable on a regular basis.

range:
Iphthiminus italicus occurs from the Middle East and the Balkans west to Corsica. It has been split into three subspecies: I. italicus bellardi in the Middle East, only known from Crete and Cyprus in Europe; I. italicus croaticus in the Balkans from Greece to Croatia; and I. italicus italicus which only occurs in Corsica, Italy and Sicily (Aliquo et al. 2007). It was very recently recorded in Bulgaria and Montenegro (Sivilov 2012). Its presence in Cyprus is uncertain and needs to be confirmed. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.1 million km2and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2 in Europe and 244 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend of this species seems to be stable. It is generally a rare to very rare species, except in Greece where it is localized but seems to be more common (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016). In Sicily, this species is common in forests of Cork Oak (Quercus suber) (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). This species is only known by one to few localities in some countries (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The adults are nocturnal and found under thick dead bark, dead branches or in the hollow trunks of old broadleaf trees, especially oaks, and more rarely beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). In addition it can also be found in poplars (Populus spp.) and Greek Fir (Abies cephalonica) in Greece (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016) and on dead pines (Pinus halepensis), especially in the Balkans. The larvae probably live and grow in the decayed wood with moulds of the same trees.

threats:
The habitats of this species are often related to old or very old hollow oaks and are mainly represented in pasture woodland landscapes, ancient forests and parks. Such trees are generally threatened in nearly all their area of occurrence. Large-scale silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production or plantations for timber of non-native species (e.g. conifers vs. oaks) can be highly prejudicial. Losses of the key roles played by large old trees may lead some ecosystems to collapse (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Moreover dying old trees are cut in urban areas for safety reasons (potential hazard to people). On the contrary, subpopulations occurring in Aleppo Pine forests are not threatened by intense silvicultural activities for production, and their main threat is an increase in the intensity and frequency of wildfires. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. A lack of next generation trees is apparent at most if not all known sites; without regular development of suitable host trees the beetle species will increasingly be lost from known sites which will eventually result in local extinctions.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution of subpopulations, since some  countries only have one to few known subpopulations. Old and  hollow  broadleaf trees should be preserved as much as possible in pasture woodlands, forests and parks. Long-term maintenance of large old trees in wood-production forest landscapes can  help to better protect large old trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Pasture woodlands, in addition could be used to form corridors between  forests, as they contain many such trees that should  be conserved or restored.
Pollarded trees tend to develop  appropriate habitats for Iphthiminus italicus including large cavities with rotten wood. This species is probably associated with continuity of old growth stand structures and habitat  tradition, and needs special consideration concerning dead wood quality and quantity. 
New generation trees need to be planned for, so that there are new trees becoming suitable on a regular basis. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Iphthimulus truquii occurs in Syria, Turkey and Greece. In Europe, it is only known from one locality in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, potential threats and distribution. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Iphthimulus truquii occurs in Syria, Turkey and Greece (Löbl et al. 2008). In Europe, it is only known from one locality in Greece, the Katara pass between Ioanina and Trikala (Liberto and Leo 2006). It is likely that more localities or records will come to light in the near future (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
The current population trend is unknown and quantitative data on this species is not available. It is only recorded from one locality in Europe where it was recently discovered (Liberto and Leo 2006). No new records have been published since.

habitat:
According to associated darkling beetles found in the same localities and to one personal observation, adults and larvae of this species seem to live and grow in the rotten wood of large trunks of pines, and maybe in the red- or brown-rotten wood, a specific kind of rotten wood produced by fungi feeding only on cellulose. Adults are also probably found under the bark of old dead pines. It seems to be a species inhabiting coniferous forests of mountainous areas.

threats:
Threats to this species have not been determined but its habitat is widespread and thought not to be threatened (A. Liberto and P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016). Wildfires are an unlikely threat to this species since the area where it occurs is not prone to fires (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions are needed. Research is needed on the distribution of this species in Europe, its population trend and on potential threats to the area where it occurs. The known locality is within a Natura 2000 site (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isomira antennata is a south European species reaching the central part of Europe in the north of its distribution area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population trend is thought to be stable. However the threats to this species are unknown and further research is needed. In addition, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is recommended into its ecology.

range:
Isomira antennata is a south European species reaching the central part of Europe in the north of its distribution area. According to Novák and Pettersson (2008), this species is currently known from Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Spain. Bouyon (2014) report this species also from Mediterranean France and Mediterranean Spain, and Dubrovina (1982) from Transcarpathian Ukraine. An Italian record by Novák and Pettersson (2008) contradicts the most recent Italian checklist (Aliquò and Soldati 2014) and here we consider this is not an Italian species. A record from the southern Urals is based on a misidentified specimen (Dubrovina 1982). There are recent new records from the Balkans (Novák 2014). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.5 million km2. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 960 km2 in Europe, and 700 km2 in the EU 28. However, the real AOO is likely to be higher.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size. In the western part of its distribution area, specimens are generally paler than specimens from the eastern part of the area (Bouyon 2014). This species is very common in Mediterranean France, Hungary and Romania (O. Merkl and F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
Isomira species are considered non-saproxylic by many authors. However, there is strong evidence of obligate or facultative saproxylity by several European Isomira species. Isomira antennata is a stenotopic species of dry, sun-exposed bushes, forest edges and hills (Koch 1989). Adults are mostly observed feeding on flowering pine (Pinus spp.) and other conifers, as well as on flowers of Crataegus, Pyrus, Quercus spp. and other broadleaf trees and bushes (Koch 1989). In the Czech Republic, larvae of this species have been collected on dead dry pieces of deciduous wood in the soil; adults were reared in captivity from those larvae using decaying wood as a substrate (D. Telnov, pers. obs.). At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
The general decline of bush-land and broadleaf forest habitats may have a negative effect on the subpopulations of this species across southern Europe. In Hungary, it is said to be common even in disturbed areas (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). However, the threats to this species are considered to be unknown.

conservationAction:
Since the threats to this species are unknown, no conservation actions can be recommended. Research is needed into the population and habitat trends, as well as on the threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Isomira hypocrita is an European endemic species which is distributed in montane systems across central and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. There has also been a problem with misidentification of this species with other Isomira species. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Isomira hypocrita is an European endemic species which is distributed in montane systems across central and southern Europe, namely in Austria, France (Alps, Massif Central, Pyrenees), Germany, Slovenia and Switzerland (Novák and Pettersson 2008, Bouyon 2014). Some specialists disagree with Bouyon (2014) about the presence of this species in the Massif Central or in the Pyrenees. Older Italian checklists (Stoch 2003) listed this species for the whole Apennine Peninsula and Sicily, but according to A. Biscaccianti (pers. comm. 2016) the distribution of this species in Italy is currently under revision and it is assumed to be limited to alpine zones. A recent German record is missing locality data (Novák 2005, Lillig 2006) and this species is not listed in the main German checklist (Köhler and Klausnitzer 1998). Older German records are from Bavaria only (for example, Freude 1975). Liechtenstein record by Brandstetter and Kapp (1998) was omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 266,600 km2 in Europe, and ca 225,270 km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 460 km2 in Europe, and ca 360 km2 in the EU 28.

habitat:
Isomira species are considered non-saproxylic by many authors. However, there is strong evidence of obligate or facultative saproxylity by several European Isomira species. This is an Alpine species of coniferous forests and montane meadows. Barnouin et al. (2014) and Holzinger et al. (2014) listed this species as saproxylic. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
The main threat is alteration of habitat and estimated continuing decline in extent of occurrence caused by global warming. However this and another potential threats for this species are poorly defined and further research is needed.

conservationAction:
The best possible option to ensure protection for this species is probably to protect existing localities. Further research is required to highlight further threats, as well as to clarify the larval ecology of this species. Population and habitat trends should be monitored. This species is known from several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isomira icteropa occurs in large parts of Europe and reaches east to the Caucasus Mountains and west Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and can be locally common. Further research is needed into its ecology and to identify potential threats.

range:
Isomira icteropa occurs in large parts of Europe and reaches east to the Caucasus Mountains and west Siberia. The northernmost record of this species is from the Saaremaa Island in Estonia (Dubrovina 1982); a potentially dubious record which is omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). No further records from the Baltic States or Scandinavia are known for this species and the next localities known are in southern Poland (Burakowski et al. 1987). Westernmost records of this species are from Spain but easternmost - from the Urals (Dubrovina 1982) and west Siberia (Novák and Pettersson 2008). The southernmost record of this species is from Sicily (Stoch 2003). In France, it is known from the Mediterranean coast (Bouyon 2014). In Ukraine, it occurs throughout the whole territory, including Crimea, but not in the north (Dubrovina 1982). In European Russia, this species reaches the Saratov, Perm and Orenburg regions (Oblast) (Dubrovina 1982). Its occurrence in European Kazakhstan is also projected as the species is known from the adjacent region of Orenburg Oblast in Russia. There are also recent new records from the Balkans, including from Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and from Montenegro (Novák 2014). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.9 million km2 in Europe, and ca 2.7 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,300 km2 in Europe, and ca 1,650 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is widely distributed and locally common. In Mediterranean France, for example, this species is very common (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). It is also locally common in Ukraine (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Isomira species are considered non-saproxylic by many authors. However, there is strong evidence of obligate or facultative saproxylity by several European Isomira species. Bouyon (2007) listed this species as saproxylic. At present, it is unknown whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology. In the Alps, adults are crepuscular, active from June to August, and can be observed on flowering bushes of Corylus spp., Cornus spp., Evonymus spp., and Rhanmus spp. (Hölzel 1958).

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas across its distribution area. The best option to ensure protection for this species is probably to protect the localities where it occurs. Further research is required to identify the threats to this species, as well as to clarify its larval ecology and to determine whether it is an obligate saproxylic. Population and habitat trends should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Isomira marcida is a European endemic species which has been recorded from Austria, most of Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Isomira marcida is a European endemic species which has been recorded from Austria, most of Italy (with the exceptions of the islands), as well as from Slovenia and Switzerland (Novák and Pettersson 2008). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 223,600 km2 in Europe, and ca 172,490 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 265 km2 in Europe, and ca 245 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of this species. There is no evidence of decrease or increase in the population.

habitat:
Isomira species are considered non-saproxylic by many authors. However, there is strong evidence of obligate or facultative saproxylity by several European Isomira species. De Zan et al. (2014) listed this species among saproxylic beetles reported from relic beech forest in Central Italy. However, it is still uncertain whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
Threats are unknown for Isomira marcida.

conservationAction:
As no threats are known for this species, no conservation action can be currently proposed. Further research is required to clarify the species' ecology and to identify potential threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. This species is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe,Isomira nitidula is only found in Greece and European Turkey. This species is certainly under-recorded and is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Isomira nitidula is a species widely distributed in the western parts of Asia. The only European records for this species are from Greece and European Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008). It is possibly extant in adjacent regions of Bulgaria and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. According to Dubrovina (1982), a record from the southern part of European Russia is based on a misidentified specimen. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 58,000 km2, and ca 20,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 28 km2,in Europe, and ca 20 km2 in the EU 28. However, the real AOO is likely higher since this species is under-researched, but definitively smaller than 500 km2.

population:
This species is doubtless under-recorded primarily because of the lack of the specialists on Isomira in its region of occurrence. It is certainly uncommon and never appears in large numbers. There are no recent records known for this species. However, in Asian Turkey 16 specimens were collected within one season of field work from an area of 3 ha with about 50 veteran hollow oaks (Atay et al. 2012). Exact population size and population trend are unknown, and there is not enough information available to evaluate the degree of fragmentation of the population.

habitat:
In Asian Turkey this species is connected with hollow veteran oaks (Quercus cerris, Quercus infectoria, and Quercus coccifera) (Atay et al. 2012), of which the later species is evergreen. The exact age of these trees is unknown, but according to the same authors it may vary from about 200 to 500 years. Specimens were collected by flight interception traps located opposite the hollow cavity (about 1 m away from it). Therefore this species is considered well connected with temperate forest habitats of the Mediterranean.

threats:
Since this species is under-researched and under-recorded in Europe, present threats cannot be identified at this time. The general loss of old trees with hollows (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) is the greatest potential threat to this species, especially in the Mediterranean region where the coastal areas are often cleared for recreation purposes.

conservationAction:
Since the threats cannot be identified, no conservation action can be recommended. Additional research is required into the species' distribution, population size and trend. Identifying threats to this species is essential, but depends on further ecological studies. Population and habitat monitoring are recommended. It is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Isomira testacea is considered to be endemic to southern Europe, and has been recorded from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Italy. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Isomira testacea is a European endemic species which has been recorded from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Italy (Novák and Pettersson 2008), including Sicily (Hölzel 1958). Koch (1989) reports this species from western Hungary, but this was not confirmed by Novák (2005). Records from southeastern France (Mediterranean coast from Nice (Hölzel 1958) to Fréjus (Allemand et al. 2011)) and from Corsica (Alonso 2005) were also omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 410,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 40,500 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 512 km2 in Europe, and ca 480 km2 in the EU 28.

habitat:
Isomira species are considered to be non-saproxylic by many authors. However, there is strong evidence of obligate or facultative saproxylity by several European Isomira species. Sparacio (1999) report adults of this species can be found on Sicily in spring on bushes, various plants and flowers, as well as on dead thin branches of oaks (Quercus spp.). Müller (1903) reports this species at the end of April and in May from oaks in Dalmatia. De Zan et al. (2014) listed this species among saproxylic beetles reported from relic beech forest in Central Italy. There is unpublished information available that larvae of this species develop inside decaying wood pieces or in soil nearby decaying wood (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). However, it remains uncertain whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, and further research is needed on its ecology.

threats:
There is no information on any threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Further research is required into the species' ecology and threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. The species is known to occur in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is extensively targeted by insect collectors. However, since Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Menephilus cylindricus is widely distributed in Europe and is also present in Syria, Turkey, Algeria and Morocco. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the population trend is stable. However, it is sporadic in Europe and considered rare to very rare in central and northern Europe. It is not considered rare in the Mediterranean region. Dead old trees should be preserved as much as possible in central and northern Europe.

range:
Menephilus cylindricus cylindricus is widely distributed in Europe but absent from the UK and Ireland, the Baltic republics and Scandinavia except Sweden. It is also present in Syria and Turkey (Löbl et al. 2008). The subspecies M. cylindricus maroccanus occurs in the cedar and fir forests of Algeria and Morocco. While this species is generally common and widespread within the Mediterranean countries, it is rare and localized in Italy (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 6.7 million km2 in Europe and more than 5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,400 km2 in Europe and ca 2,700 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. This species is not rare but localized in southern Europe, rare to very rare in central and northern Europe where subpopulations are more fragmented. It was considered extinct in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014) but there are two very recent records (2006 onwards) in Moravia (Krásenský and Zýka 2014) which  prove this species is still present in the country. It is probably extinct in Poland (Iwan et al. 2012) and very rare in Hungary (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is associated with both conifers and broadleaf trees. Over most of its European range it lives and develops under the bark of stumps and large trunks of dead pines (Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. halepensis, P. brutia, etc.) and in the rotten decayed wood of dead lying trunks of the same trees. It has been observed on Greek Fir (Abies cephalonica) in Greece (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). It can be found all year round by searching its habitat but is probably only active from April to October. The larvae live and grow in the rotten decayed wood of the same trees. In central Europe, it can be found on broadleaf trees like oaks. In Hungary for example it is associated with oak trees (Quercus robur and Quercus sp.) by Kovacs and Nemeth (2010). Adults can be attracted by lights during summer.

threats:
This species is not threatened in southern Europe except by the increasing frequency of wildfires in pine forests. As this species occurs in large and old dead trees, the increasing frequency of fire has critical effects on populations of such trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). It is rarer in central Europe and extremely rare in northern Europe where it is considered as a primeval forest relict (Müller et al. 2005). Intense silvicultural activities are also prejudicial (e. g. forest rejuvenation, large-scale wood harvesting, clear cutting without leaving standing and lying dead wood).

conservationAction:
No particular conservation actions are needed in southern Europe. Dead old trees should be preserved as much as possible in central and northern Europe where it is rare to very rare. Habitat and natural process restoration is needed to increase subpopulations. No particular research actions are needed.
This species has been assessed as the equivalent to Least Concern in Austria (Jäch 1994), Near Threatened in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), Vulnerable in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), Extinct in the Czech Republic and in Poland (Iwan et al. 2012, Novák 2014). For the Czech Republic, two very recent records prove the species is not extinct in this country (Krásenský and Zýka 2014). It is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara auricoma is an eastern European endemic species known from Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, and central and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara auricoma is an eastern European endemic species known from Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, and central and southern European Russia (Novák and Pettersson 2008). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is 295,000 km2 in Europe, and 9,910 km2 in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 78 km2 in Europe and 15 km2 in the EU 28.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species, except that its larvae develop in hollow broadleaf trees. All European Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic, their larvae developing in decaying wood of hollow trees (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
Threats cannot be identified as the information on habitat preferences is insufficient for this species. Possibly, the main threat is the same as for other Mycetochara species - general decline in number of old trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016).

conservationAction:
As no specific threat is known for this species, no conservation action can be recommended. Further comprehensive research is needed in order to clarify population size, trend, life history and threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population are also required. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mycetochara axillaris is widely distributed across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and subpopulations seem to stable in parts of its range. In addition, the overall population size is likely to be large. However, the population trend is decreasing, and there is a continuing decline in quality of its habitat. The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest future threat to this species. Its future could be ensured in protected areas if these are well managed. Blocks of old-growth deciduous forests need to be protected. In certain areas of Europe, where this species is already decreasing, monitoring of the habitat and population is essential.

range:
Mycetochara axillaris is one of the most widespread species of its genus in Europe, reaching as far as Siberia in the eastern part of its distribution area (Novák and Pettersson 2008). In Europe, this species reaches as far north as southern Sweden and central Finland, the Baltic States, and Russian Karelia (Silfverberg 2010). In the west, it reaches the Balearic Islands of Spain (De la Fuente 1919). It reaches the southern Urals in the east (Orenburg Oblast) (Kozminykh 2015), reaching as far as northern Italy (Stoch 2003) and Albania (Csiki 1940) to the south. In European Russia it was previously known from the Oblasts of Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl (Дубровина et al. 1979). It is known from the whole of Ukraine except the steppe zone (Дубровина et al. 1979) and is also found in Crimea (Anonymous 2012). There are recent records from Moldova (Bacal 2013), Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), southern Volga (Samara Oblast of Central European Russia) (Burdaev 2006), and the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia (Алексеев 2014). There are also recent new records from the Balkan countries of Montenegro and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Novák 2014). A French record (Novák and Pettersson 2008) needs further confirmation (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,2 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3 million km2 in the EU 28. In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) us ca 15,800 km2, and ca 9,000 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
No comprehensive study of the population trend has been made for this species. In some parts of Europe (Italy, Germany) this species is in continuing decline, but in other parts (Sweden, Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia) the subpopulations seem to stable. The overall population trend is thought to be decreasing but the current population size is considered very large.

habitat:
Mycetochara axillaris is an ecological specialist species which primarily inhabits broadleaf forests, riversides, old parks and agricultural land, pastures with groups of old-growth deciduous trees (Koch 1989), as well as old avenues. The larvae develop in tree hollows, in wood mould and decaying wood already processed by another insects and rich with polypore (wood fungus) mycelium (Koch 1989). Larvae develop for up to 2 years in northern and eastern parts of the species' distribution, or for one year in southern areas. The larvae are reported to develop in decayed wood of birch (Betula spp.) (Nikitsky et al. 1996), beech (Fagus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), poplar and aspen (Populus spp.), lime (Tilia spp.), and willow (Salix spp.) (Koch 1989), hornbeam (Carpinus spp.) (Дубровина et al. 1979), maple (Acer spp.) (Palm 1959), Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) (Gosik 2007), Alnus spp. (Kofler 2008) and other broadleaaf trees. Adults are observed in June and July, and pupation occurs from May to July (Palm 1959). The adults are mostly nocturnal, active in tree hollows, in mould, under loose bark or over tree mosses (Koch 1989). Novák (2014) describes the bionomy of this species in Central Europe as follows: this species lives in hollow trees, in decaying trunks and wood of deciduous trees infested with moulds.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) is the greatest future threat to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been ovserved in the available landscapes and habitats for saproxylic beetles. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays also found in agricultural and even urban landscapes. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees is taking place, since old trees are being removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or being marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may be no place for the population of this species in the future, which will result in numerous local extinctions in Europe. For this species, the general decline in the number of ash and elm trees due to disease (ash die-back and Dutch elm disease) is of particular concern (N. Jansson and R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas across all of distribution area. Its future could be ensured in protected areas if these are well managed. Blocks of old-growth deciduous forests need to be protected. Raising awareness is required for educational purposes on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for biodiversity conservation purposes. In certain areas of Europe, where this species is already decreasing, monitoring of the habitat and population is essential.

useAndTrade:
This species is reported be used for both national and international scientific research. On a small scale this species is also targeted by amateur entomologists (collectors).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara brenskei is only known from the type specimens from the Peloponnesus Peninsula in Greece, and recent records from Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara brenskei is only known from the type specimens from the Peloponnesus Peninsula in Greece (Seidlitz 1896; no exact locality information is available) and recent material from Asian Turkey (Jansson 2015). No information on extent of occurrence is currently available for this species. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) according to available information is 8 km2. Mycetochara brenskei may be conspecific with Mycetochara rudis (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
This species has been reported from veteran hollow oaks in Asian Turkey (Jansson 2015). Its habitat in Europe is unknown. All Mycetochara species are considered saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities, as well as polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
The threats for this species are unknown. If the species is found in similar habitat to the subpopulations in Asian Turkey the major potential threat to this species would be the loss of veteran trees.

conservationAction:
Since no threats have been identified for this species, no conservation action can be planned. Additional research is required in order to clarify the species' distribution, ecology, population size, trend, and threats. Taxonomic research is also needed to determine if this species is conspecific with Mycetochara rudis. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara cretica is a Greek endemic species, only known from a single female specimen from the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Even though searches have been conducted recently and no specimens were found, this species may be hard to find unless flight interception traps are used. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara cretica is a Greek endemic species, only known from a single female specimen from the island of Crete (Mařan 1954).

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species. Searches have been conducted recently but no specimens were found. However this species may be hard to find unless flight interception traps are used (J. Schlaghamersky and C. Makris, per comm. 2016).

habitat:
There is no available information on the ecology or habitat of this species. All Mycetochara species are considered saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould in tree hollows and cavities as well as polypore fungi (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
Threats for this species are unknown, as the information on its ecology and habitat is insufficient.

conservationAction:
The type locality of this species is a part of the Lefkon Oreon protected area. Since no threats have been identified, no conservation action can recommended. Additional research is required in order to clarify the species' distribution, ecology, population size, trend, and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara flavicornis is a Greek endemic species, and is known from a few subpopulations on mainland Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara flavicornis is a Greek endemic species, and is known from a few subpopulations on mainland Greece (Novák 2014). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 km2.

population:
There is no available data on current or historical population size and trend for this species, but it is is probably rare (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
There is no available information on the ecology or habitat of this species. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and to inhabit the decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypore fungi (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964). According to Seidlitz (1896), it has been observed in the nests of Aphaenogaster structor and Camponotus aethiops ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), of which at least Camponotus species are widely known to build nests in dead wood.

threats:
Threats for this species have not been identified as the information on the species' ecology and habitat is insufficient.

conservationAction:
Since no threats have been identified for this species, no conservation actions can be performed or planned. Additional research is required in order to clarify the species' ecology, population size and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Generally, no information is available on any kind of use or trade for Mycetochara flavicornis but this species is reported to be used for entomological research.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara flavipennis is endemic to the Italian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2, and certainly smaller than 500 km2), it occurs at less than five locations, and a continuing decline is projected in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of subpopulations due to the loss of veteran hollow trees. Old trees, especially broadleaf trees, are being removed from natural habitats, often before hollows start to develop (an effect of logging). This decline in veteran hollow trees leads to the loss of available habitat for this species, as well as habitat alteration and fragmentation. Additional research is needed into the threats to this species, and monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. It is also strongly recommended that a species action plan is prepared at the national level for Italy. The protection of currently known subpopulations and improved general awareness about the species' habitat could potentially help to slow its decline.

range:
Mycetochara flavipennis is an Italian endemic species only known from northern and central Italy (Stoch 2003). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) 24 km2.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is considered uncommon within its restricted range (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species of the old-growth broadleaf forest habitats of southern Europe. De Zan et al. (2014) listed this species among saproxylic beetles reported from relict beech forest in central Italy. All Mycetochara species are considered saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypore fungi (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the decline in the number of veteran hollow trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016), on which the species depends due to its ecological requirements, and which leads to habitat alteration and fragmentation. Old trees, especially broadleaf trees, are being removed from natural habitats, often before hollows start to develop (an effect of logging). There is a clear projection of continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and in the quality and extent of the habitat of this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
Additional research is needed into the threats to this species, and monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. It is also strongly recommended that a species action plan is prepared at the national level for Italy. The protection of currently known subpopulations and improved general awareness about the species' habitat could potentially help to slow the species' decline. Raising awareness about the key role and importance of old hollow trees for saproxylic beetle conservation - both at the national and international level - is recommend. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015).

useAndTrade:
Mycetochara flavipennis is being used for scientific research at the national level.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mycetochara flavipes is one of the most widespread species of its genus in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most common species of Mycetochara in Europe, has a large geographic range, and the overall population size is very large. However, the population is thought to be decreasing due to the ongoing loss of habitat.

range:
Mycetochara flavipes is one of the most widespread species of its genus in Europe, reaching the Far East of Russia (Primorie region), Mongolia (Novák and Pettersson 2008), Kazakhstan (Nakládal, Novák and Kolesnichenko 2016), as well as the Caucasus and Sakhalin Island (Дубровин 1992). In Europe, this species reaches northern Sweden and northern Finland (ArtDatabanken 2016; Rassi et al. 2015), the Baltic States, and Russian Karelia (Silfverberg 2010) in the north. In the west, it reaches central France, and it occurs as far as northern Italy to the south (Stoch 2003). For European Russia it is listed as known from the whole forest and forest-steppe zone (Дубровина et al. 1979). There are recent records from the Republic of Mordovia (Central European Russia) (Егоров and Ручин 2012), the Urals, Arkhangelsk Oblast and Republic Komi (Красуцкий 2005), the forest-steppe zone (Коваленко 2011), and Kursk Oblast (Mandelshtam and Nikitsky 2015). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7,3 million km2, and ca 3,5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 7,300 km2 in Europe, and ca 5,000 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
No comprehensive study on the population trend of this species has been made. There are many new discoveries for this species within the last 20 years and only a few local extinctions are known. It is common in Latvia and Sweden (D. Telnov and R. Pettersson, pers. comm 2016). The European population of this species is however considered to be decreasing due to the ongoing loss of habitat. The overall population size of this specie is likely to be very large.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which primarily inhabits mixed and broadleaf forests, old parks and pastures with groups of old-growth trees and old avenues (Koch 1989). The larvae develop in tree hollows, in the wood mould and decaying wood rich in polypore (wood-decay fungus) mycelium (Koch 1989). The larvae are reported to develop in the wood mould of birch (Betula spp.), beech (Fagus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), poplar and aspen (Populus spp.), lime (Tilia spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and maple (Acer spp.), as well as Corylus spp. and Sorbus spp. (Palm 1959), Juglans spp., Ulmus spp., Aesculus spp. and Prunus avium (Koch 1989), also Alnus spp. (Kofler 2008), Elaeagnus angustifolia (Nakládal, Novák and Kolesnichenko 2016) and other deciduous trees. In northern parts of its distribution, the larvae develop over 2 years (Palm 1959). Zamotajlov and Nikitsky (2010) state that this species develops underground in decaying wood of submerged parts of the trunk and in roots of standing, often living trees, rarely in stumps or fallen and submerged branches. Adults are mostly nocturnally active, in the tree hollows, in mould, in decaying wood of trunks and branches, or under loose bark or in polypores (Koch 1989). Adults are observed in June and July, with pupation occurring from May to July (Palm 1959). Adults have been observed feeding on petals and the inflorescence of flowering bushes. Novák (2014) describes the bionomy of this species as follows: lives under bark, in hollow trees and decaying wood, in wood infested with tree fungi; prefers oaks (Quercus spp.) and beeches (Fagus sylvatica); adults are mostly crepuscular.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest future threat to the subpopulations of this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in available landscapes and habitats for saproxylic beetle species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays also found in agricultural and even urban landscapes. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees is taking place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may be no place for the population of this species in the future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is found in numerous protected areas across Europe. Monitoring population trends at the national level is recommended. Raising awareness about the key role of decaying wood and hollow trees for biodiversity conservation purposes of saproxylic beetles is required.

useAndTrade:
This species reported to be used for both national and international scientific research. On a small scale this species is also targeted by amateur entomologists (collectors).

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R., Schlaghamersky, J. & Soldati, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Mycetochara graciliformis is known  from a few localities in Croatia, Romania, Greece and Bulgaria, and it has also been recently discovered in Asian Turkey. It is almost certainly under-researched in Europe, but certainly rare and an ecological specialist. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2), occurs at less than 5 location, and there is a continuing decline, which is also projected, in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations. The decline in the number of veteran hollow deciduous trees, on which this species depends, is its major threat. An age gap is known be developing, as the number of veteran broadleaf trees is declining more rapidly than the new generation of mid-aged trees is developing. The most efficient way to protect European subpopulations of this species is to protect the known localities and its habitat. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to it. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. Preparing a species action plan may be required to plan the management of the European subpopulations of this species.

range:
In Europe, Mycetochara graciliformis was previously only known  from Croatia and Romania (Novák and Pettersson 2008) with a single known locality from each of these countries. Recent studies highlighted the presence of this species also in mainland Greece and Bulgaria (Novák 2014). It has also been recently discovered in Asian Turkey (Atay et al. 2012). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 260,000 km2. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2, but the real AOO is likely to be significantly higher.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species. It is under-researched in Europe with only two recent localities and 7 recently observed specimens known. The use of flight interception traps is essential to collect additional information on its distribution and occurrence.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which inhabits temperate old-growth broadleaf or mixed forests. In Turkey, adults were observed in hollows in 200 to 500-year-old oaks (Quercus cerris, Quercus infectoria, and Quercus coccifera) (Atay et al. 2012).

threats:
The decline in the number of veteran hollow deciduous trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) is the main threat to this species. Oak wood can be collected for firewood, hardwood or used for logging. An age gap is known be developing, as the number of veteran broadleaf trees is declining more rapidly than the new generation of mid-aged trees is developing. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of the threat and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at less than 5 locations.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in the Plitvice Lakes National park in Croatia. The most efficient way to protect European subpopulations of this species is to protect the known sites and its habitat. Raising awareness about the key role of decaying wood and hollow trees for biodiversity conservation purposes of saproxylic beetles is required. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to it. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. Preparing a species action plan may be required to plan the management of the European subpopulations of this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is being used for international scientific research.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O. & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mycetochara humeralis is widespread across Europe and is also known from the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range in Europe, the population size is considered to be very large and it occurs at well above ten locations. However, there is clear evidence of a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, the quality and extent of habitat, and the area of occupancy (AOO).If the present rate of decline persists this species is likely to become threatened in the future. The general loss of decaying wood and old trees with hollows is the greatest threat to this species. The future of this species should be ensured in nature protection areas provided they are managed sympathetically. Blocks of old-growth deciduous forests need to be protected.

range:
Mycetochara humeralis is a widespread species across Europe, including the UK (Novák and Pettersson 2008), and is also known from the Caucasus. In Europe, it reaches as far north as central Sweden and southern Finland, the Baltic States, and Russian Karelia (Silfverberg 2010). It reaches as far as Sicily to the south (Stoch 2003). There have been recent findings in Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria (Guéorguiev 2011, Novák 2014). In European Russia it is known from western (for example, Kaliningrad exclave) and southern regions only (Дубровина et al. 1979) and going as far south as Georgia and Azerbaijan (Makarov 2004). In Ukraine, this species inhabits the westernmost part of the country (Дубровина et al. 1979). This species has not yet been reported from Belarus but is known from the Polish part of Białowieża Forest, so its presence in Belarus is expected (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). In the UK it is only known from England, although there is a single old record from Wales (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). Recently, it has also been reported from Greece (Novák 2014). Liechtenstein record (Brandstetter and Kapp 1998) was omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). The species is possibly extant in Albania. This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,8 million km2 in Europe, and ca 4,5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 5,600 km2, and ca 4,500 km2 in the EU 28. However, the real AOO is likely to be higher.

population:
There has been no comprehensive study of the population size and trend of this species. It seems be less common than other widespread European Mycetochara species. In the UK it has only be reported from 16 hectads (10 km x 10 km squares) in the last 25 years, with old unconfirmed records from a further 14 hectads; while under-recording may explain the change to some extent, a significant decline is suspected (Alexander et al. 2014). The overall population trend is thought to be decreasing due to the ongoing loss of habitat. The overall population size is considered to be very large.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which primarily inhabits mixed and broadleaf forests, as well as old orchards (Koch 1989) and old avenues. In England it is best known from ancient wood pastures and historic parklands (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). The larvae develop in decaying wood, in the wood mould of hollows (Palm 1959). The larvae are reported to develop in wood mould of birch (Betula spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), ash (Farxinus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), lime (Tilia spp.) (Palm 1959), poplar and aspen (Populus spp.) (Koch 1989), Prunus spp. (Novák 2014) and other deciduous trees. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal (mostly nocturnal), and found in wood mould and decaying wood (Koch 1989, Novák 2014). Adults are observed in June and July, and pupation occurs from May to July (Palm 1959). According to Novák (2014), in Central Europe this species lives under bark of deciduous trees infested with tree fungi and the larvae develop in decaying wood with polypore (wood fungi) mycelium.

threats:
The general loss of decaying wood and old trees with hollows is the greatest threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in the available landscapes and habitats for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays also found in urban landscapes. Even in these habitats (parks and old avenues), a massive decline in the number of hollow trees is taking place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example old avenues), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may not be enough available habitat for the population of this species in the future, which will result in numerous local extinctions across Europe. In addition, the general decline in the number of ash and elm trees due to disease (ash die-back and Dutch elm disease) is of particular concern (N. Jansson and R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). The number of locations is far over 10.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas throughout Europe. It is assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden (ArtDataBanken 2015). In the UK it has Nationally Scarce status as it has only been reported from 16 hectads in the past 25 years and it has not been reported from a further 14 hectads where it was formerly known; one site is a SAC (New Forest) and a number of other sites have a degree of legal protection, although site management may not be sympathetic (Alexander, K.N.A. pers. comm. 2016). The future of this species should be ensured in nature protection areas provided they are managed sympathetically. Blocks of old-growth deciduous forests need to be protected. Global communication is required for educational purposes on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for conservation of saproxylic beetles. In certain areas of Europe, where the population is already declining, monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended.

useAndTrade:
This species is reported be used for both national and international scientific research. On a small scale it is also targeted by amateur entomologists (collectors).


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara jonica is a Greek endemic species and is only known from the type specimens collected in the Ionian Islands about 100 years ago. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine whether the species is still extant and its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara jonica is a Greek endemic species and is only known from the type specimens collected in the Ionian Islands (Obenberger, 1916).

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but it seems to be rare.

habitat:
There is no available information on the ecology or habitat of this species. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
Threats cannot be identified as the available information on the species' ecology and habitat is insufficient.

conservationAction:
Since no threats have been identified, no conservation actions can be performed or planned for this species. Additional research is needed in order to clarify the species' ecology, population size and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mycetochara maura is one of the most widespread species of its genus in Europe and adjacent areas, reaching as far east as Asian Turkey, and Morocco and the Caucasus in the south. This species is assessed as Lease Concern since it is considered widespread and the population is believed to be relatively stable. However, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the loss of veteran trees across Europe.

range:
Mycetochara maura is one of the most widespread species of its genus in Europe and adjacent areas, reaching as far east as Asian Turkey, and Morocco and the Caucasus in the south (Novák and Pettersson 2008). In Europe, this species reaches as far north as southern Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015) and the Baltic States (Silfverberg 2010); in the west, it reaches Portugal, and it reaches as far as Sicily in the south (Stoch 2003). A Belarussian (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996) and Liechtenstein (Brandstetter and Kapp 1998) records were omitted by Novak and Pettersson (2008). In Europe, there is a recent record from Bulgaria (Novák 2014, Sivilov 2015), Montenegro, Slovenia (Novák 2014), and from Crimea (Anonymous 2013). Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,4 million km2 in Europe, and ca 5,1 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 13,600 km2 in Europe, and ca 9,000 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There has been no comprehensive study on the population size and trend of this species. There have been a number of new discoveries for this under-recorded species within the last 20 years and only a few local extinctions are known. The overall population trend is probably stable even though there is ongoing habitat loss. It is common in some areas, and the population size is large. In France and Poland, the subpopulations are thought to be stable (Burakowski et al. 1987, F. Soldati, per. comm. 2016), but rare in the Baltic States (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which primarily inhabits mixed and deciduous forests, old parks and orchards, and old avenues (Koch 1989). The larvae develop in tree hollows or cavities, in the wood mould and decaying wood rich with polypore mycelium (Koch 1989). Larvae are reported to develop in wood mould of birch (Betula spp.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), poplar and aspen (Populus spp.), lime (Tilia spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), hornbeam  (Carpinus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and maple (Acer spp.), as well as Corylus spp. and other broadleaf trees (Palm 1959). In the northern parts of its distribution area, the larvae develop over a period of 2 years (Palm 1959). The adults are nocturnal, and have been reported from wood mould, decaying wood of trunks and branches, under loose bark or in polypores (Palm 1959). Adults have been observed in June and July, and pupation occurs from May to July (Palm 1959). According to Novák (2014), this species lives in decaying wood infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelium, as well as in hollow trees and rotten stumps, particularly of broadleaf trees and often in association with ants of the genus Lasius.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016), as well as the decline in the volume of decaying wood in natural forest habitats are the greatest future threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in the available landscapes and habitats for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays also found in urban landscapes - old avenues, parks and orchards with old fruit trees. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees is taking place, since old trees are being removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap has already developed and there may be significantly less available suitable habitat for this species in future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe. However, this species is considered a generalist compared to other Mycetochara species, and the loss of habitat is therefore regarded as less severe for this species in a large part of its distribution (N. Jansson, and R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). The number of locations is far over 10.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas across Europe. Habitat and population monitoring are recommended, and should be carried out at the national level. Global communication is required for educational purposes on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for saproxylic beetle conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara melandryina is endemic to Slovakia and since its original description in 1934 from a single male specimen, only one additional specimen has been reported. This species is precautionarily assessed asCritically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 20 km2, known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2), it occurs at either one or two locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It is currently unknown whether this species still occurs at one of the sites, and since the record is quite old, the species is precautionarily considered to occur at only one location. This species is primarily threatened due to the general degradation of old growth forest habitats, decline in number and proportion of veteran trees and the decaying wood they produce, as well as a significant and progressing gap in the age structure of European forests (absence of the next generation of old, naturally decaying trees). Logging (both - small scale and commercial) may target this species habitat, since trees of large dimension are targeted by logging companies. Conservation of the currently known subpopulations (especially the recently discovered one in the nature reserve "Lutovský Drieňovec") is absolutely vital for the preservation of the gene pool of this species. Additional research is required to clarify population size and trends, to establish the ecological requirements of this species, and to understand better its main threats. A management plan for this species is also recommended.

range:
Mycetochara melandryina is endemic to Slovakia and is currently only known from two localities. Since its original description in 1934 from a single male specimen, only one additional specimen has been reported (Majzlan 2008). It is unknown whether the species is still found at the site from where it was originally described. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 20 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

population:
There is no quantitative information on the population size and trends of this species. It seems to be extremely rare, perhaps either cryptic in habits or ephemerous (adults appear for a very short period of time).

habitat:
Little is known on the specific ecology of this species. It seems be an ecological specialist, associated with old growth natural forest habitats (Majzlan 2008). All European Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic, their larvae developing in decaying wood of hollow trees (Гиляров 1964). It may be a relic species of Central European primary forests.

threats:
This species is primarily threatened due to the general degradation of old growth forest habitats, decline in number and proportion of veteran trees and the decaying wood they produce, as well as a significant and progressing gap in the age structure of European forests (absence of the next generation of old, naturally decaying trees). Logging (both - small scale and commercial) may target this species habitat, since trees of large dimension are targeted by logging companies. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this specie. Taking into account these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations. However, it is unknown whether the species still occurs at one of the sites, since the record is quite old. It is therefore possible that the species occurs at only one location.

conservationAction:
Research is needed on the species' distribution in Central Europe, its occurrence and ecology. Conservation of the currently known subpopulations (especially the recently discovered one in the nature reserve "Lutovský Drieňovec") is absolutely vital for the preservation of the gene pool of this species. Additional research is required to clarify population size and trends, and to understand better the main threats. A management plan for this species is also recommended.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Alexander, K., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R. & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara myrmecophila is endemic to Greece and is only known from the type specimens collected from the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara myrmecophila is endemic to Greece and is only known from the type specimens collected from the Greek mainland (Obenberger 1916, without any further locality information).

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trends of this species. It seems to be rare.

habitat:
There is no available information on the ecology or habitat of this species. All Mycetochara species are considered saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964). According to its original description, this species was found in association with ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) although the situation and conditions were not described.

threats:
Threats cannot be identified as the information on species' ecology and habitat is insufficient.

conservationAction:
As no threats can be identified, no conservation action can be performed or planned. Additional research is required in order to clarify the species' distribution, ecology, population trend and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
As this species is only known from the holotype, taxonomical work is required to confirm the status of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara netolitzkyi is endemic to Bulgaria and is only known from a single specimen collected in Sofia, west Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine the extinction risk of this species.

range:
Mycetochara netolitzkyi is endemic to Bulgaria and is only known from a single specimen (holotype) collected in Sofia, west Bulgaria (Penecke 1912).

population:
There is no available information o the population size and trend of this species, since it is known from a single specimen.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. All European Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic, their larvae developing in the decaying wood of hollow trees (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
There is no available information on any threats to this species. Generally, all saproxylic species of insects are potentially threatened by the continuing decline in number of old hollow trees and volume of decaying wood, both in natural and urban environments.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is necessary in order to clarify the status of this species. Further research is needed into the species' distribution, its population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Telnov, D., Aleksandrowicz, O., Alexander, K., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R. & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara nigripes is endemic to Romania and Austria and has only been reported once from each of these countries. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara nigripes is endemic to Romania and Austria and has only been reported once from each of these countries (Novák and Pettersson 2008). This species is very poorly studied.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat preferences of this species. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as wood-decay polypore fungi (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
Threats cannot be identified since the information on habitat preferences is not available for this species.

conservationAction:
As no threats can be identified, no conservation action can be performed or planned. Research is required in order to clarify the species' population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mycetochara obscura is a European endemic species found in central and northern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and there have been many new records for this species within the last 10 years, while no local extinctions have been reported. However, there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of habitat due to the decline in the quantity of available decaying wood. This decline is also projected into the future, due to succession of boreal and temperate forests into broadleaf forests as a result of climate change.

range:
Mycetochara obscura is a European endemic species found in central and northern Europe. It has been reported from Norway, the Czech Republic, Poland (Novák and Pettersson 2008), Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2016), Finland (Rassi et al. 2015), Latvia (Telnov 2004), Estonia (Süda 2009), and Lithuania (Tamutis 2014). In Russia, it is known from the whole northern part up to the Urals (Дубровина et al. 1979, Kozminykh 2015). It has only recently been found in Slovakia (Jasík and Polák 2011). The occurrence of this species in Belarus is projected as it occurs in the Polish part of Białowieża Forest near Belarussian frontier. Its presence in central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland) is considered relic (Čižek and Hauck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,3 million km2 in Europe, and ca 1,4 million km2in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 3,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 2,800 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There has been no comprehensive study on the population size and trend of this species. It is surely under-recorded, because of its cryptic behaviour and nocturnal activities. There have been many new records for this species within the last 10 years and no local extinctions have been reported. The overall population is, however, considered to be decreasing due to ongoing habitat loss.

habitat:
This species inhabits boreal and temperate forests. This saproxylic, ecological specialist species is known to develop in decaying wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), birch (Betula spp.), occasionally Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), and usually together with larvae of longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae) (Burakowski et al. 1987). According to Novák (2014), it is a boreal species, inhabiting decaying wood of birches, oaks and spruces infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelium which contains frass or galleries made by other xylophagous beetle larvae. The adults are active in June and July (Burakowski et al. 1987).

threats:
This species is primarily threatened by logging activities in boreal and temperate forests and the subsequent management of these forests, for example, by a general decline in the quantity of available decaying wood. Global warming causes natural succession of boreal and temperate forests into broadleaf forests and may affect the population of this species in the future. The number of locations is far over 10.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in several protected areas. It is assessed as Least Concern in Finland and Sweden (Hyvärinen et al. 2010, ArtDatabanken 2015). Further research is required to clarify the population size and trend, and highlight threats to this species. Monitoring trends in habitat and population size is recommended. A Species Action plan is recommended for better protection of relic localities on the southern periphery of its distribution area, e.g. for the Czech Republic and Poland; protection of peripheral localities is essential. Global communication is required for educational purposes on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for the conservation of saproxylic beetles.

useAndTrade:
This species is targeted both by scientific and commercial insect collectors and is available for sale on the market. However, since the Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara pygmaea inhabits the hills and mountains of central and southern Europe as far east as the Caucasus mountains. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats. The main threat for this species is unknown, but suspected to be a decline in number of old trees. Further research is needed in order to determine the extinction risk of this species.

range:
Mycetochara pygmaea inhabits the hills and mountains of central and southern Europe as far east as the Caucasus mountains (Novák and Pettersson 2008), and as far north as southern Poland (Iwan et al. 2012). It is also known from the Balkan countries including Montenegro (recent record by Novák 2014), as well as northern Italy and European Russia - the latter without exact locality information. An old record from eastern Germany (Bleich et al. 2016) was omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 998,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 490,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 365 km2 in Europe, and ca 300 km2 in the EU 28.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species, which lives in association with Formica spp. and Lasius spp. ants. The larvae develop in decaying wood pieces inside and nearby ant nests. According to Novák (2014), it lives in decaying wood with polypore (wood-decay fungi) mycelia, in tree hollows and rotten stumps of oaks (Quercus spp.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Adults can be observed in May and June.

threats:
The threats for this species are unknown. However, it is suspected that the main threat is the same as for other Mycetochara species - general decline in number of old trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016).

conservationAction:
As no clearly defined and specific threats are identified for this species, no conservation action can be planned of performed. Further research is required to clarify population size and trends and to highlight the main threats. Population and habitat trend monitoring is essential for future planning of conservation activities for this species. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Near Threatened in Italy (Novák 2005, Carpaneto et al. 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Mycetochara quadrimaculata is found from across central and southern Europe to Asian Turkey in the east. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 400 km2 and ca 260 km2 in the EU 28) and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the loss of veteran trees with hollows or cavities on which the species is dependent. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may be almost no available habitat for the subpopulations of this species in the future, which will result in numerous local extinctions in Europe. Habitat and population trends monitoring is recommended, preferably to be carried out at the national level. Protection of the species' habitat - old-growth deciduous and mixed forests - is required. Raising awareness on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for saproxylic beetle conservation is recommended.

range:
Mycetochara quadrimaculata is found from across central and southern Europe to Asian Turkey in the east (Novák and Pettersson 2008). There are recent new records from Bulgaria (Novák 2014, Sivilov 2015), southern and central France (Tronquet 2014), Albania and Montenegro (Novák 2014) and from southern Switzerland (InfoFauna 2015). Kofler (2008) indicates that this species is erroneously mentioned from east Tyrol Province (Austria) by earlier authors. Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km2 and ca 1.1 million km2 in the EU 28. Its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 400 km2, and ca 260 km2in the EU 28, and the real AOO is very unlikely to be larger than 2,000 km2.

population:
There has been no comprehensive study on the population size and trend of this species, but it appears to be uncommon.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species associated with decaying wood and old-growth trees. The larvae develop in hollows and cavities in veteran oaks (Quercus spp.) and elms (Ulmus spp.) (Koch 1989). Adults are nocturnal or crepuscular, and are found in tree hollows or under loose bark, as well as at tree sap runs, from May to July (Novák 2014).

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016) is the greatest threat to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may be almost no available habitat for the subpopulations of this species in the future, which will result in numerous local extinctions in Europe. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species, which is not expected to cease in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. It is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2005), Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecova and Franc 2001), and Least Concern in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Habitat and population trends monitoring is recommended, preferably to be carried out at the national level. Protection of the species' habitat - old-growth deciduous and mixed forests - is required. Raising awareness on the role of decaying wood and hollow trees for saproxylic beetle conservation is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Mycetochara roubali is a central European endemic species found in the Carpathians of Slovakia and Hungary. It is also reported from the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is65 km2 in Europe and60 km2 in the EU 28), it occurs at less then ten locations and a continuing decline is projected in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of subpopulations. This species is primarily threatened by logging activities in temperate forests and the subsequent situation caused by commercial management of these forests, for example, by a general decline in the quantity of available decaying wood. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended. Site and habitat protection are also recommended for the known subpopulations to prevent future population declines. A species action plan may be needed for optimal planning of the conservation of this species.

range:
Mycetochara roubali is a central European endemic species found in the Carpathians of Slovakia (few records) and Hungary where it is widespread. It is also reported from the Czech Republic (a single record, on the border with Slovakia), Poland (from two distant localities), Romania (Carpathian Mountains) and Ukraine (Novák and Pettersson 2008). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 258,160 km2. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 65 km2 in Europe, and 60 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species. Generally, it is considered a rare species over the whole of its distribution area. However, it is clearly under-researched, due to its cryptic habitat and nocturnal activity.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which inhabits broadleaf and mixed forests. The larvae develop in decaying wood of veteran or hollow deciduous trees such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica), lime (Tilia spp.), alder (Alnus spp.) and Corylus spp. (Burakowski et al. 1987). The adults are nocturnal and active in May and June. Novák (2014) states that in the Carpathians this species inhabits decaying wood infested with polypore (tree decay-fungi) mycelia in hollows of deciduous trees.

threats:
This species is primarily threatened by logging activities in temperate forests and the subsequent situation caused by commercial management of these forests, for example, by a general decline in the quantity of available decaying wood. The species' geographic range is small (Carpathian Mountains and few records outside them). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species the number of locations is clearly under ten, even considering this species is under-researched. In Europe the species is considered to occur at six locations, and in the EU 28 it is considered to occur at five locations.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in several protected areas. Site and habitat protection are recommended for the known subpopulations. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended. A species action plan may be needed for optimal planning of the conservation of this species. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2005) and as Vulnerable in the Slovak Republic (Holecová and Franc 2001).

useAndTrade:
This species is reported to be used for both national and international scientific research. On a small scale this species is also targeted by amateur entomologists (collectors).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara rudis occurs in mainland Greece, in Albania, on Cyprus and in European Turkey. It is also found in Asia Minor. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and specific threats. Even though the species has a restricted geographic range, it is expected to more widespread in the Balkans. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara rudis is endemic to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor and in Europe has been reported from Cyprus, mainland Greece, European Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008) and Albania (Novák 2014). According to the original description of this species, the type locality is "Turkey" without any further locality information, but according to Jansson (2015), this species also occurs in Asian Turkey. According to F. Soldati (pers. comm 2016), it is possible Mycetochara rudis is conspecific with Mycetochara brenskei. There are 5 localities currently known in Europe for this species. The current extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 102,250 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 in Europe, and 16 km2in the EU 28. However, the real AOO is likely higher, and the species is thought to be more widespread in the Balkans.

habitat:
Knowledge on the ecology and habitat of this species is limited. It is known to inhabit veteran hollow oaks in Asian Turkey (Jansson 2015). On Cyprus, it is reported to be active in April and May, with pupae and adult specimens collected from decaying wood of Quercus infectoria and Alnus orientalis (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1972).

threats:
Like most saproxylic insect species associated with old hollow trees, this species could be threatened by the rapid decline of suitable microhabitat - old trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016), caused by removing these trees for safety reasons (in urban landscapes), as well as for firewood and as a hardwood source. However the effects of these general threats on this particular species are unknown and further research is needed.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed understanding better the conservation needs of this species. Taxonomic research is recommended, as well as research into the ecology and habitat, population size, main threats and habitat trends. Habitat protection is recommended. Raising awareness about the role of veteran hollow trees for saproxylic beetle conservation is recommended. On Cyprus, both known localities are within Natura 2000 sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara ruficollis occurs on Cyprus, in Lebanon, Syria and Israel. From Cyprus, there is only one record requiring further confirmation. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to confirm whether this species occurs in Cyprus and to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara ruficollis occurs on Cyprus, in Lebanon, Syria (Novák and Pettersson 2008) and Israel (Buse et al. 2013). This species is considered endemic to the eastern Mediterranean. From Cyprus there is only one record requiring further confirmation (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). Occurrence of this species in Asian Turkey is expected.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, since there is just a single known report from Cyprus.

habitat:
There is no available habitat information. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) (Гиляров 1964).

threats:
The threats to the European population of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
As no threats are known for this species, no conservation actions can be performed. Further research is required in order to clarify its ecology, population size and to identify potential threats. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Mycetochara straussii is endemic to central and southern Europe and is reported from Austria, Croatia, as well as northeastern Italy. This species is assessed asNear Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2 in Europe, and 49 km2 in the EU 28) and it occurs at less than five locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Thissub-alpine species is primarily threatened by loss of habitat caused by logging, removing old decaying trees from forests and global warming (withdrawing of coniferous forests). Currently there is no evidence for a continuing decline in the habitat and subpopulations of this particular species. It is under-researched and under-recorded because of its cryptic habitat and nocturnal activity. A decline can be projected in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations, but not in the near future. Additional research is needed into the threats, population size and trends of this beetle, and monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended. Site and habitat protection are crucial for the conservation of this species.

range:
Mycetochara straussii is endemic to central and southern Europe and is reported from Austria, Croatia (Novák and Pettersson 2008) as well as northeastern Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). In Austria, this species is known to inhabit the eastern Alps (Kaszab 1969, Lompe 2009). This species is also possibly extant in Slovenia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 65,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 63,000 km2in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2 in Europe, and 49 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species. It is considered rare.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species of mostly sub-alpine old-growth forest habitats, coniferous or mixed, in central and southern Europe. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypore fungi (Гиляров 1964). The adults are known to inhabit decaying wood with polypore mycelium (Holzer 2004) at altitudes between 480 m and 500 m Asl. According to Novák (2014), this species lives in decaying wood infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelia, as well as under loose bark and in tree hollows.

threats:
This sub-alpine species (Koch 1989) is primarily threatened by loss of habitat caused by logging, removing old decaying trees from forests and global warming (withdrawing of coniferous forests). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distributionof this species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations. Currently there is no evidence for a continuing decline in the habitat and subpopulations of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is under-researched and under-recorded because of its cryptic habitat and nocturnal activity. Additional research is needed into the threats, population size and trends of this species, as well as habitat and population trend monitoring. Site and habitat protection are crucial for the conservation of this species. Raising awareness about the key role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation is needed. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), and also red listed in Austria (Holzer 1990). It is known to occur in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetochara sulcipennis is known from the Czech Republic, northwestern Romania and Asian Turkey. However, the Turkish record may be a misidentification, and the species could be endemic to Europe. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine whether this species may be endemic to Europe, and its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetochara sulcipennis is known from the Czech Republic, northwestern Romania (Novák and Pettersson 2008) and Asian Turkey (Atay et al. 2012). However, the Turkish record is considered a misidentification (V. Novák, pers. comm. 2016) and it is possible that M. sulcipennis is a European endemic species. Only single records are known from the Czech Republic (Hukvaldy environs) and from Romania (east Carpathian, northern part of Transylvania region). Evidently an under-researched and under-recorded species in Europe, it probably has a larger geographic range than is currently known.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but according to Novák (2014) it is rare.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species, and at least in Turkey the records attributed to this species come from 200-400 year old hollow veteran oaks (Quercus spp.) in broadleaf forests and on pastures (Atay et al. 2012). The larvae develop in mould in hollows or cavities in the host trees. All Mycetochara species are considered to be saproxylic and inhabit decaying wood mould of tree hollows and cavities as well as polypore fungi (Гиляров 1964).

conservationAction:
Site protection for known localities is required to ensure the species' continued existence. Intensive research is needed for a better understanding of this species' life history, habitat, population size, distribution, and population trends. Monitoring is recommended for known subpopulations and habitat trends. A species action plan should be developed both in the Czech Republic (Novák 2005) and Romania. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mycetochara thoracica occurs in the Austrian Alps, northern Italy, central and southeastern France. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km2), there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, and it occurs at only slightly more than ten locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The general loss of old trees, as well as the decline in the volume of decaying wood in natural forest habitats are the major threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Additional research is required into the population size and threats to this species. The population and habitat trends should be monitored at the national level. Protection of known subpopulations at their sites should ensure the survival of this species. A species action plan is recommended.

range:
Mycetochara thoracica is a European endemic species and is only known from the Austrian Alps, northern Italy, central and southeastern France (Novák and Pettersson 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,900 km2 and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km2.

population:
There has been no comprehensive study on the population size and trend of this species. It can be locally common within its limited range (B. Dodelin and P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Generally, little is known about the ecology of this nocturnal species. It is an ecological specialist saproxylic species of sub-alpine coniferous forests (Koch 1989). According to recent records from France and Italy, it is also found in mixed (beech and spruce) and alder forests at lower elevations (B. Dodelin and P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016). Adults have been observed under loose bark of spruce (Picea spp.). According to Novák (2014) this species lives in decaying wood infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelia, as well as in tree hollows.

threats:
The general loss of old trees (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016), as well as the decline in the volume of decaying wood in natural forest habitats are the major threats to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. Taking into account the likely extent of these threats and the distribution of the species it is considered to occur at only slightly more than ten locations.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. It is assessed as Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Additional research is required into the population size and threats to this species. The population and habitat trends should be monitored at the national level. Protection of known subpopulations at their sites should ensure the survival of this species. A species action plan is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Mycetocharina rufotestacea was considered an element of the Anatolian fauna until very recently, when it was reported from the Greek islands of Rhodes and Samos. It is a rare under-researched and under-recorded saproxylic species in Europe with only four recorded localities. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to determine whether this species occurs on other Aegean islands, and to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Mycetocharina rufotestacea was considered an element of the Anatolian fauna until very recently, when it was reported from the Greek islands of Rhodes and Samos (Novák 2014). The Aegean localities are the westernmost known sites for this species. It is possible that this species also occurs on another Aegean islands, further away from mainland Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km2. The maximum EOO is impossible to calculate due to the lack of data, but it is not smaller than 15,000 km2 considering the area of Greek Aegean islands between Samos and Rhodes. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2 as it is known from only four localities. The maximum AOO is likely to be higher, but definitively smaller than 500 km2.

population:
Until recently, Mycetocharina rufotestacea was only known from a limited number of localities in Asian Turkey. Recent material uncovered four localities on two East Aegean Islands of Greece, where this species seems not to be very rare. It is doubtless under-recorded and under-researched, primarily because of its cryptic behavior and nocturnal activity, as well as insufficient scientific activity in the region. There are no exact data on the population size and trend.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. It is considered to be saproxylic, similarly to other European Alleculini. The larvae are thought to develop in decaying wood of old trees. This species considered to be connected with temperate forests of the Mediterranean.

threats:
Threats are currently unknown. The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities - and the decrease in volume of available dead or decaying wood in general - could be the greatest threats to this species, but this has not been confirmed and further research is needed.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions cannot be defined since threats are unknown for this species. One of the localities on Rhodes is situated within the Katafigio Agrias Zois Xortis nature protected territory. Another locality is in the Katafigio Agrias Zois Xortis nature conservation area. Generally, site protection is recommend. Further research is required on species' biology, ecology and life cycle. It is crucial to clarify population size and trend, as well as identify the threats to this species. Establishing species management plan is recommended, including habitat and population monitoring activities.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Neomida haemorrhoidalis is widely distributed in nearly all the Palaearctic biogeographic realm from Spain to Japan. The species occurs in most European countries, but not in the UK, Ireland, central and northern parts of Scandinavia and the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and recently seems to be expanding its range. However, the population is considered to be severely fragmented and in most European countries it is mostly found in old growth forests. Tree species substitution by non native plantations and felling of older trees in broadleaf forests due to silvicultural policies and timber trade activities should be limited as much as possible, to allow natural process restoration.Today, riparian forests seem to be a key refuge. Its favourite host fungus (Fomes fomentarius) is becoming more abundant in such habitats, in particular on very old poplars. Riparian forests are true corridors and dead wood with fungi carried by floods improve the dispersal of the species.

range:
Neomida haemorrhoidalis is widely distributed in nearly all the Palaearctic biogeographic realm from Spain to Japan. The species occurs in most European countries, but not in the UK, Ireland, central and northern Scandinavia and the Caucasus. It is also absent in North Africa. Apart from Europe, this species occurs in Turkey and central Asia, in Siberia up to the Far East and in Japan (Löbl et al. 2008). In spite of its wide geographic range, it is a localized species. In Europe, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be ca 8.1 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 4,988 km2.

population:
The current population trend seems to be increasing, but in central Europe it is generally rare and localized, and in Finland, Norway and Sweden the species only occurs in few localities in the southern parts of these countries. In the Baltic republics, it is common in Latvia and Estonia but very rare in Lithuania (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). However, Novák (2014) reports in the Czech Republic and Hungary the species lives throughout the country and is not rare in suitable localities. In France and Poland, this species is widely distributed but localized and seems to be expanding (Iwan et al. 2012, Soldati 2007b). In Spain, it only occurs in the north, from the Pyrenees and Léon to Segovia (Recalde Irurzun and San Martin Moreno 2010) but seems to be in expansion too. In Greece, it is only present in the northern parts of the country (Liberto and Leo 2006). On Cyprus, where the species was recently recorded, it is only found in the Pafos forest (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2015). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated (the species is a poor disperser) and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The adults and larvae live and grow in old dead tree fungi, most frequently in Fomes fomentarius, and possibly also in decaying wood (Novák 2014). Tree species occupied are broadleaf - European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Black Poplar (Popula nigra), European Aspen (Populus tremula) and White Willow (Salix alba) (Soldati 2007b). Secondary host fungi are Phellinus nigricans, Fomitopsis pinicola and Ganoderma applanatum (Novák 2014), Piptoporus betulinus, Trametes hirsuta, Ganoderma resinaceum and G. lipsiense (Binon et al. 2002). Active from April to September, hibernation either takes place by isolated individuals or in aggregations, in cracks of wood or in humid white-rotten wood close to the host fungi (Brustel and Van Meer 1999). The adult is nocturnal, moving on dead old trunks colonized by host fungi. N. haemorrhoidalis occurs in forests and woodlands and occupies fungi on old or very old trees, which partly explains its sporadicity. It is found at elevations between 10 m and 1,600 m Asl.

threats:
The main threats are felling or destruction of old broadleaf trees with the  host fungi. Silviculture or timber policies such as rejuvenation of old woods and forests by younger plantations or tree species substitution (i.e., beech vs pines) are highly prejudicial. In alluvial forests, old or dead trees are more and more felled or destroyed to eliminate dead wood carried by floods - although such works increase the likelihood of flooding. In such forests another major threat is substitution by younger plantations, mainly poplars, for fast and large scale production. 
Another threat could be the intense use of host fungi likeFomes fomentarius  for tinder. A decline in this harvest activity is probably one of the causes of the recent expansion of this species in some countries (France, Poland) where F. fomentarius is more and more abundant, including in lowland forests, and N. haemorrhoidalis being less and less restricted to primeval and remote forests. In spite of its good capacity to spread by flight, Jonsson (2003) showed that N. haemorrhoidalis had a weak capacity for dispersal. It is forced then to settle on important ecological niches that can allow it to survive for a long time. This is what explains partly the sporadic nature of its localities.

conservationAction:
Tree species substitution by non native plantations and felling of older trees in broadleaf forests due to silvicultural policies and timber trade activities should be limited as much as possible, to allow natural process restoration. Today, riparian forests seem to be a key refuge. Its favourite host fungus (Fomes fomentarius) is becoming more abundant in such habitats, in particular on very old poplars. Riparian forests are true corridors and dead wood with fungi carried by floods improve the dispersal of the species. Some subpopulations occur in protected areas, in national parks or natural reserves. This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Poland (Iwan et al. 2012) or equivalent in Austria (Jäch 1994), Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2010), Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015), Denmark (Pedersen 2014) and Norway (Odegaard et al. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Pelleas crotchii is strictly endemic to the Canary Islands in Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be only 48 km2), there is a continuing decline in the AOO and in the extent and quality of its habitat, and the species is precautionarily considered to occur at only slightly more than ten locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the species seems to be common on the islands, and is believed to have good dispersal abilities. The species is considered common but very few localities are documented in the literature and collections. It is threatened by urban expansion and touristic activities. Threats have a particularly severe impact in the coastal and lower areas of the islands, which is precisely where the species is found. Matorrals with Euphorbia canariensis are clearly in decline and P. crotchii is completely dependent on this endemic plant. Protection of the matorrals and control over their fragmentation is necessary. However, the precise distribution of this species within the Canary Islands seems to be poorly known and research on the threats and their real impact should be carried out.

range:
Pelleas crotchii is a genus and species strictly endemic to the Canary Islands. It occurs in all of the archipelago islands except on Lanzarote (Machado and Oromi 2000). It is restricted to the lower parts of these islands, from coastal areas up to about 600 m Asl.

population:
The current population trend is unknown and there is no quantitative information, but it seems to be quite common.

habitat:
This species is one of the characteristic elements of the matorrals, locally matorrales de cardonales. Its habitat range occurs in all the Canary Islands except on Lanzarote, in natural areas, sometimes in urban and suburban zones. It lives and grows in dried and decayed parts of the endemic Canary Island Spurge (Euphorbia canariensis). While adults are only found in dried parts, larvae are mostly in decayed parts between the bark and the medula (Lorenzo et al. 1985).

threats:
The habitat of this species in the Canary Islands is declining and it is threatened by urban expansion and touristic activities. Threats have a particularly severe impact in coastal and lower areas of the islands, which is exactly where this species occurs. Matorrals with E. canariensis are clearly in decline and P. crotchii is exclusive to this endemic plant. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is precautionarily estimated to occur at only slightly more than ten locations.

conservationAction:
Protection of the matorrals and control over their fragmentation is necessary. However, the precise distribution of this species within the Canary Islands seems to be poorly known and research on the threats and their real impact should be carried out. It is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pentaphyllus chrysomeloides is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to southern Russia, the Caucasus and Cyprus, but is very localized. It is also present in North Africa, in Turkey, Iran and central Asia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to  be only 356 km2 in Europe and 332 km2 in the EU 28), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The threats to this species are not clearly known and further research is needed into them. In Europe, most known localities are  in the EU 28 and this area has the highest European densities.

range:
Pentaphyllus chrysomeloides is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to southern Russia, the Caucasus and Cyprus, but is very localized. It is also present in North Africa - in Tunisia (Löbl et al. 2008) and Morocco (Benyahia et al. 2015), and in Asia - in Turkey, Iran and central Asia. Reports from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden and Switzerland (Löbl et al. 2008) are doubtful to erroneous and probably due to confusion with Pentaphyllus testaceus. P. chrysomeloides is not recorded from Scandinavia and the Baltic republics by Silfverberg (1992) and not recorded from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). Macedonia is a new country record (Schawaller and Merkl 2012). It is reported as introduced in Germany by Lucht (1987) and as doubtful and not confirmed in Poland by Iwan et al. (2012). Is extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 3.4 million km2 in Europe, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 356 km2 in Europe, and 332 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. In Mediterranean Europe, this species is not rare but is localized. In central Europe, it seems to be very rare, reaching here its temperature limits. In comparison with other countries, most of the known localities are in France. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The adults and larvae live and grow in fungi on dead trees, mostly on oaks and pines, and in decaying wood with fungal mycelia within hollow trees or under the bark. The adults are nocturnal. It especially occurs in Mediterranean forests, more rarely in temperate forests, and can be found in woody urban areas (parks). In Mediterranean Europe, it lives mostly in fungi on Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis), more rarely in Inonotus spp. on Cork Oaks (Quercus suber) and Fomes fomentarius on poplars (Populus spp.). On Cyprus it has been recorded from fungi on Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) and White Willow (Salix alba)(C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). In central Europe, it most frequently occurs in fungi on old oaks and beeches (Novák 2014). The pupal period takes place in a cocoon made with the mycelium of the host fungi (Soldati 2007b).

threats:
The threats to this species are not fully understood. In countries where localities are single or very few, this species could be threatened. However, in Mediterranean Europe, the rarity of records may mostly be due to lack of field research.

conservationAction:
The species is most frequent in Mediterranean Europe. Precise threats to this species are not well known and research is needed. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015) and as highly threatened in the red list of Austria (Jäch 1994). It is known to occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pentaphyllus reibnitzi was very recently described from Cyprus, where it seems to be strictly endemic. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Pentaphyllus reibnitzi was very recently described from Cyprus, where it seems to be strictly endemic (Schawaller and Merkl 2012). This species is only known from three localities: the type locality of Kato Pafos, one locality in the forest of Paphos, and another in Alassa (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016), all in western Cyprus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be only 611 km2and its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 km2. Since this species was only very recently discovered, it is probable that further localities will be recorded in the future.

population:
There are three isolated localities known: one in a garden near the sea, one in a valley and another one in a mountain forest. The sizes of these subpopulations are unknown and the population trend is also unknown.

habitat:
Very little information is available. The original description indicates the species was found in polypores (fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi) on a dead Common Fig (Ficus carica) tree (Schawaller and Merkl 2012). It was also found on Oriental Alder (Alnus orientalis) (on Ganoderma sp.) and on White Willow (Salix alba) (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). As with other European Pentaphyllus species, it lives and grows in deadwood fungi. This species seems to occur in urban areas (parks, park-like gardens) as well as in wild areas like mountain forests and valleys.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown since its habitat is not well-defined, and further research is needed.

conservationAction:
This species is probably more widely distributed, at least in Cyprus, and field research is needed. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, threats, life history and ecology. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pentaphyllus testaceus is distributed across Europe, including Russia and the Caucasus. It is also present in Algeria, Tunisia and Tajikistan. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is more or less widespread and the population trend seems to be stable. Even though the currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be close to or just below 2,000 km2, the species is clearly under-recorded in some countries and it seems more likely that the real AOO is above 2,000 km2. However, the habitats of this species, old and very old trees, are threatened throughout Europe and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It is therefore possible that if this decline continues the species will qualify as Near Threatened in the near future.

In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is under 1,760 km2), and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. It takes around 150-200 years before oaks begin to develop heartwood decay, and the large volumes of red-rot required will take even longer to be produced. Old to very old broadleaf hollow trees are threatened throughout Europe and a lack of next generation host trees is apparent across its range. Silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production, or plantations for timber of non-native species can be highly prejudicial. Dying old trees are cut in urban areas for health and safety reasons. Therefore, old and hollow broadleaf trees, in particular oaks, should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks and gardens to prevent future population declines. In addition, bocages constitute corridors between forests and pasture woodlands, contain many suitable trees and should be conserved or restored. Pollarding trees, especially oaks and willows, could also be highly favourable to the development of appropriate habitats for this species by creating cavities and red-rotten wood.

range:
Pentaphyllus testaceus is widely distributed across Europe, including Russia and the Caucasus. It is also present in Algeria, Tunisia and Tajikistan (Löbl et al. 2008). This species is clearly under-recorded in some countries such as Greece, Romania and Albania (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 8.5 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be larger than 5,200 km2 in Europe. However, if only relatively recent data (after 1950) are considered, the AOO in Europe is estimated to be under 2,240 km2 and under 1,760 km2 in the EU 28. Even though in Europe the AOO is likely to be close to or just below 2,000 km2, since the species is clearly under-recorded in some countries it seems more likely that the real AOO is above 2,000 km2.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable although populations of its host trees are under threat. It can be found only rarely but many individuals are found at a time. It is rare to very rare in some European countries.

habitat:
The adults and larvae live and grow within large volumes of red- or brown-rotten wood which retain their integrity and some moisture, with abundant sheets of the fungal mycelium of Laetiporus sulphureus along fracture lines (Alexander et al. 2015). It appears to require a stable environment in which humidity levels are unvarying and a supply of its fungal food is long-lasting. It is stated to feed on fungal spores and hyphae. With conditions within the decayed heartwood of an oak remaining sufficiently constant, it seems probable that some subpopulations might persist within a single tree for many, even hundreds of years (Alexander et al. 2015). This species generally occupies old hollow broadleaf trees: most frequently oaks, and only occasionally beeches, poplars, linden trees, chestnut trees and willows. It also lives and grows in polypores (wood fungi), in particular Laetiporus sulphureus, on dead trees, and can occasionally be found beneath fungoid bark on deadwood. The adults are nocturnal , and seem to be active all year round, and are frequently attracted by lights during summer. On Cyprus it was recorded from rotten wood of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua) (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). In the past, this species was observed on scorched hollow oaks with tree fungi in Belarus (O. Aleksandrowicz, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The habitats of this species are often related to old or very old broadleaf hollow trees and occur in ancient forests and parks as well as pasture woodland landscapes and bocages. It takes around 150-200 years before oaks begin to develop heartwood decay, and the large volumes of red-rot required will take even longer to be produced (Alexander et al. 2005). Old to very old broadleaf hollow trees are threatened throughout Europe (Lindenmayer and Laurence 2016). A lack of next generation host trees is apparent across its range. Silvicultural activities such as rejuvenation of forests for production, or plantations for timber of non-native species (e.g. pines vs oaks) can be highly prejudicial. Dying old trees are cut in urban areas for health and safety reasons. Bocages are increasingly threatened by destruction to increase field size. Lack of grazing by cattle and sheep leads to the development of secondary woodland which overshadows oaks, and kills them (N. Jansson, pers. comm. 2016). There is therefore a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this saproxylic beetle.

conservationAction:
This saproxylic beetle has been assessed as Endangered in Austria (Jäch 1994), Denmark and Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015, Pedersen 2014), as Near Threatened in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), and as Vulnerable in Finland, Great Britain and the Czech Republic (Alexander et al. 2015, Hyvärinen et al. 2010, Novák 2014).This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed into the population and habitat trends. Old and hollow broadleaf trees, in particular oaks, should be preserved as much as possible in forests, parks and gardens. Bocages constitute corridors between forests and pasture woodlands, contain many suitable trees and should be conserved or restored. Pollarding trees, especially oaks and willows, could be highly favourable to the development of appropriate habitats for this species by creating cavities and red-rotten wood.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Platydema dejeanii is found from the western Pyrenees to the southern Urals in Russia. It is also present in Siberia up to the Far East. This species is  assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of  occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,088 km2 in Europe and 704 km2  in the EU 28), the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the loss of veteran tree throughout Europe. This saproxylic beetle is considered a primeval forest relict (Urwald relict) in the closest sense, requiring extensive forest landscapes, rare wood-dwelling fungi, dead wood of large dimensions, great tree age, long maintenance and late successional stages of dead wood in the stands. Its major threats are felling or destruction of old broadleaf trees and certain silviculture or timber policies (such as rejuvenation of old woods and forests by younger plantations or tree species substitution for commercial use). Tree species substitution by non native plantations and felling of older trees in broadleaf forests should be limited to promote natural process restoration and maintain available suitable habitat for this species.

range:
Platydema dejeanii is widely distributed in Europe, from the western Pyrenees to the southern Urals in Russia. It is also present in Siberia up to the Far East (Löbl et al. 2008). It is, however, absent from many countries (e.g., UK and Ireland) and its occurrence in Switzerland needs to be confirmed (Chittaro and Sanchez 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,088 km2 in Europe and ca 704 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The population is decreasing in central and eastern Europe, but increasing in southwestern France and the Spanish western Pyrenees where previously overlooked subpopulations have been discovered. In France, where the species is strictly localized to the southwest, intensive research has led to new localities being found. In Spain, it was very recently discovered in Navarra and Guipuzkoa (Recalde Irurzun and San Martin Moreno 2010, Vinolas et al. 2007).The overall population trend is thought to be decreasing and the species is generally rare to very rare. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species lives and grows in bracket fungi, under bark or in decaying wood of dead broadleaf trees, especially on oaks, beeches and birches, more rarely on hornbeams. Host fungi include, among others, Piptoporus betulinus, Laetiporus sulphureus and more rarely Daedaleopsis confragosa (Soldati 2007b). This species generally occurs in old growth forests and in riparian forests, in swampy areas. In Hungary, it also occurs in pasture woodlands (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). This saproxylic beetle is considered a primeval forest relict (Urwald relict) in the closest sense by Müller et al. (2005), requiring extensive forest landscapes, rare wood-dwelling fungi, dead wood of large dimensions, great tree age, long maintenance and late successional stages of dead wood in the tree stands. Such species are, as a result, extremely rare or localized and their subpopulations are more or less highly fragmented.

threats:
This species is considered a primeval forest relict (Urwald relict) in the closest sense by Müller et al. (2005). The main threats to this species are felling or destruction of old broadleaf trees. Silviculture or timber policies such as rejuvenation of old woods and forests by younger plantations or tree species substitution for commercial use are highly prejudicial. In alluvial forests, old dead trees are more and more felled or destroyed to eliminate dead wood carried by floods. In such forests another major threat has been substitution by younger plantations, mainly poplars, for fast and large-scale production of timber products. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. However, the situation in European Russia is poorly-known.

conservationAction:
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Novák 2014) and equivalent to Endangered in Austria (Jäch 1994). It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the habitat of this species in European Russia since the subpopulations there are poorly-known. Tree species substitution by non native plantations and felling of older trees in broadleaf forests should be limited to promote natural process restoration and safeguard the remaining habitat of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Platydema europaeum occurs in Mediterranean Europe from Spain to southern Russia, Ukraine and Cyprus. It is also present in Algeria, Tunisia and Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean region and the population trend seems to stable. It seems to be localized rather than rare.

range:
Platydema europaeum occurs in Mediterranean Europe, from Spain to southern Russia (from Rostov to the Caucasus chain), Ukraine and Cyprus (Aliquo et al. 2007). It is also present in Algeria, Tunisia and Asian Turkey (Löbl et al. 2008). Its occurrence in Switzerland is doubtful.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. This species seems not to be rare in much of Mediterranean Europe and widespread in pine forests, but localized. In Italy it is considered to be extremely rare and there are only two known localities (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016). On Cyprus it is also not common (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species lives and grows in fungi, under bark or in decaying wood of dead pine trees, especially Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Maritime Pine (P. pinaster). It is active from May to October and adults can be attracted by lights during the summer. The pupal period takes place in a cocoon in the mycelium of the host fungi (Soldati 2007b).

threats:
An increasing frequency of wildfires in Mediterranean forests can pose a local threat to some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Research is needed into its population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Platydema triste occurs in the Caucasus, Iran, Turkmenistan, Russia and Ukraine. In Europe, it is only present in Crimea, where it reaches its western biogeographical limits. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, life history and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk. It does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Platydema triste occurs in the Caucasus, Iran and Turkmenistan. In Europe, it is only present in parts adjacent to the Caucasus areas, in southern Russia (outside the assessment area) and Ukraine, and in the last country only in Crimea (Chernei 2005).

population:
The population size and trend are unknown and there is no quantitative data on this species. In Europe it seems to be rare to very rare, and limited to a few localities in Crimea (Chernei 2005).

habitat:
The life history and ecology of this species are very poorly-known. It seems to live under bark on dead broadleaf trees. The larvae probably live and grow in the decayed wood of the same trees.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, life history and potential threats to this species before any conservation actions can be determined. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Platydema violaceum is widely distributed across much of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is increasing and the population size is likely to be very large. In addition, no major threats to this species are known.

range:
Platydema violaceum is widely distributed across much of Europe (Löbl et al. 2008) but it is limited to the Pyrenees in Spain, and absent from Portugal, Sicily, Cyprus and the main parts of Scandinavia. It is also unknown in Ireland. This species also occurs in Armenia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 5.5 million km2 in Europe and 3.7 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be about 5,760 km2 in Europe and 4,416 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be increasing and the overall population size is likely to be very large. Horak and Adamova (2009) reports the species is probably in expansion in the Czech Republic. In the UK it became extinct in the 20th century but has started to recolonize (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It is generally not rare and not very localized but in Scandinavia it seems to be rare and restricted to southern parts. In Latvia just one locality is known (Telnov et al. 2016). In Mediterranean Europe, it is localized with more fragmented subpopulations.

habitat:
This species develops in the white-rotten decayed wood under the bark of dead broadleaf trees, mainly oaks, rarely on coniferous trees, and may be found all year round. The adult beetle is sometimes attracted by lights during the summer (Soldati 2007b). This saproxylic beetle is associated with the wood-decay fungi Auricularia auricula-judae and A. mesenterica (ArtDatabanken 2016) and is usually found beneath the bark of broadleaf trees being decayed by these fungi (Novák 2014). Both adults and larvae feed on the sporocarps of the Auriculariaceae family (Iwan et al. 2012).

threats:
This species is not threatened at the European scale.

conservationAction:
No particular conservation or research actions are needed. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), Near Threatened in Italy and the Czech Republic (Carpaneto et al. 2015, Novák 2014) and Least Concern in Great Britain (Alexander et al. 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Initially described as Helops ater Fabricius, 1775.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Prionychus ater inhabits large areas across the Palaearctic region. This species is  assessed as Least Concern primarily because it is very widespread, the population size is very large and it is certainly more common and even more widespread than presently recorded, due to its nocturnal activity and cryptic habits. However, there is clear evidence of a decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species.

range:
Prionychus ater is one of the most widespread Alleculinae species in Europe. In the north, it is known from most of European Russia eastwards to west Siberia, southern Scandinavia (Finland, Norway, Sweden), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Poland; all of central Europe, most of Ukraine (southwards to Dnepropetrovsk), Hungary, Romania, Greece (absent from the Aegean Islands and Crete), Croatia, Austria, Switzerland, the whole of Italy (including Sicily), Liechtenstein (Brandstetter and Kapp 1998), most of France, and only southern England and Wales in the United Kingdom (Brakman 1966, Дубровина et al. 1979, Gardini 1995, Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Novák and Pettersson 2008, Сухенко 2010, Anonymous 2012, Barclay 2012, Rassi et al. 2015). It has also been recently discovered in Bulgaria (Sivilov 2015), Moldova (Bacal et al. 2013), Portugal, Spain (Saez Bolaño et al. 2010), and Albania (Novák 2014). In Russia, it is known from most of the European regions except northern latitudes (taiga and arctic areas). It is found in the following regions ("Oblast" and autonomous republics) and major cities: Kaliningrad, Moscow, Republic of Karelia, Yaroslavl, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov, Samara, Volgograd, and Orenburg (Lundberg 1995, Власов 2005, Burdaev 2006, Комаров 2008, Negrobov and Negrobova 2010, Коваленко 2011, Гуменюк 2013, Алексеев 2014, Феоктистов 2014, Kozminykh 2015). Not yet reported from Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Possible extant in Serbia and Former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia. It is generally more common in the central part of Europe, and becomes less abundant in the Mediterranean and far north. Its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.67 million km2 in Europe, and ca 5.34 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 7,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 5,000 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no quantitative information on the population size and trends of this species, but the population size is very large. It is very certainly more common and even more widespread than recorded, because of its nocturnal activity and cryptic habits. It is under-researched and under-recorded in most of its distribution area. On the other hand, there has been a significant recent increase in the number of known subpopulations and sites (in Eastern Europe, the Baltics, and Russia in particular) which should be cautiously assessed as the results of increasing knowledge and scientific activity and not as significant and positive changes in general population trend and/or habitat quality. Generally, in Europe the population trend is considered stable but with a clear tendency of decline in the extent of the habitat.

habitat:
This species inhabits both natural and urban landscapes with old-growth hollow trees. Гиляров (1964) used the following description for larval ecology of European Prionychus: larvae occur in deciduous forests in tree mould and between tree roots in soil mixed with pieces of decaying wood. Generally, this species is stenotopic, the adult is nocturnal, and the species is dependent on decaying wood. Habitats include broadleaf and mixed forests, wood pastures, parks and avenues, forest edges, and old orchards. Adults can be found at dawn and during the night on tree trunks and under lose tree bark, as well as in mould and decaying wood already processed by other insects, especially oaks (Quercus spp.) and willows (Salix spp.), but also on limes (Tilia spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), horse chestnut (Aesculus spp.), aspens (Populus spp,) and fruit trees (Koch 1991). In some countries (Austria, Latvia) it has also been recorded in rotten wood of pine (Pinus spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) (Koch 1991, D. Telnov, pers. observation). Nikitsky et al. (1996) are very detailed in describing the ecology of immature P. ater: the larvae develop mainly in brown tree rot and in boring dust produced by other insects which accumulates in hollows of large dimension in live and dead trees. Larvae prefer moderately wet substrate with large proportion of faeces produced by other saproxylic insects. In the Moscow region, this species is most abundant in large oaks, but sometimes also inhabits aspens and limes. The larvae feed mostly on the remnants of dead insects and leaf litter in tree hollows, as well as on various decaying organics (Nikitsky et al. 1996). The species overwinters usually in the larval stage. Pupation occurs deep in the substrate, in cocoons constructed from pieces of loose material. The full development cycle in the Moscow region (continental climate) is no less than 2 years. Novák (2014) describes the bionomy of Prionychus ater in Central Europe as follows: adults are crepuscular and can be found in hollows of deciduous trees; larvae develop in decaying wood infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelia; adults occur from June to August.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years, major changes have been observed in the available landscapes and habitats for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays mostly found in agricultural and even urban landscapes. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees is taking place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where grazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and available suitable habitat for this species will be much reduced in the future, and will result in numerous local extinctions of this species across Europe. Commercial trade is a very low threat but needs to be considered as general trends of commercial collecting are subject to rapid changes and are not well studied.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas throughout its range. Conservation measures should include the preservation of remaining old-growth natural forests, to preserve and restore natural habitats connected with historic agricultural landscapes and pasture meadows, and to preserve any remaining suitable habitat in urban areas. Planting and suitable management of young (replacement) trees is crucial to ensure habitat continuation and reduce the age gap of suitable trees in the future. This species is included in several regional red lists or red data books in central and eastern parts of its distribution area (for example, Yaroslavl region of European Russia). In some countries (for example, Latvia, Sweden and the UK) this species is also included in the list of indicator species of woodland key habitats. Education and communication - with local communities and at the state level in each European country - is important for the conservation of this and other saproxylic species in order to clarify the importance of old hollow trees for biodiversity. Habitat trends need to be monitored, preferably at the European scale. Population trends should be monitored together with umbrella species (for example, within the Natura 2000 sites monitoring program for the European protected species Osmoderma eremita. The species is assessed as Near Threatened in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015).

useAndTrade:
This species is targeted both by scientific and commercial insect collectors and is available for sale on the market. But since the Alleculinae are not considered a commercial group, the potential pressure on the species' population should not be overestimated.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Prionychus cisteloides occurs in the eastern Mediterranean region and in west Asia. I has been recorded on Cyprus, Rhodes Island (Greece), Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Asian Turkey and Israel. There is only one record from Cyprus, from 1896, but which is likely to be erroneous. This species  is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Prionychus cisteloides occurs in the east Mediterranean and in west Asia, and is recorded from Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Asian Turkey (Novák and Pettersson 2008), and Israel (Buse et al. 2013). There is only one record from Cyprus, from 1896, but which is likely to be erroneous (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). It has been recently reported from Rhodes Island in Greece (Novák 2014).

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size, and the population trend is unknown. There are no recent observations of this species from Cyprus and the only known record is from 1896. A single locality of this species is known from Rhodes Island. It is possible this species occurs on other Aegean Islands, but very certainly in small numbers, and it is not common.

habitat:
This species inhabits old-growth broadleaf forests, especially those with oaks (Quercus calliprinos in particular). The larvae are known to develop in decaying wood of hollow oaks (Buse et al. 2013). Adults are nocturnal and tend to be observed near trees which host larvae.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into this species, particularly into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is uncertain whether this species is extant on Cyprus, and it may also be present on other Aegean islands.


taxonomicNotes:
Prionychus fairmairii and P. melanarius are probably conspecific (Tronquet 2014).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

This species is endemic to France, Italy, the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution and population size and trend. P. fairmairii and P. melanarius are probably conspecific and records of these two species are mixed in the literature. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.

range:
This species is endemic to France, Italy (Novák and Pettersson 2008), the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco (Torrella-Allegue et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km2. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 400 km2. However, the real AOO is likely to be higher.

There is some taxonomic uncertainty about this species. P. fairmairii and P. melanarius are probably conspecific and records of these two species are mixed in the literature (Tronquet 2014).

population:
There is no quantitative information on the population size and trends of this species. It is certainly more common and even more widespread than recorded, due to its nocturnal activity and cryptic habits, which make it difficult to find.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist, saproxylic species. The larvae of this species develop in hollows in broadleaf trees, where they feed on the litter and mould present in the tree hollows. This mould is the product of the action of different fungi with biology linked to decaying wood and is located exclusively in various broadleaf species (Pagola Carte 2008).

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows is a potential threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. A massive decline in the number of hollow trees takes place across the range of this species, mostly because old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or are marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where grazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. However, it is not well-understood how these threats affect this species.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. In Italy this species is assessed as Near Threatened (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Conservation measures need to include the preservation of remaining old-growth natural forest, to preserve and restore habitats connected with historic agricultural landscapes and pasture meadows, and to preserve any remaining suitable habitat in urban areas. Planting and suitable management of young (replacement) trees is crucial to ensure habitat continuation and reduce the age gap in suitable trees in the future. It is important that communication with local communities and at the state level in each European country happens, in order to emphasize the importance of old hollow trees to biodiversity. Habitat trends to be monitored, preferably at the European scale. Taxonomic research is needed into this species, to determine whether it is conspecific with P. melanarius. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was initially described as Cistela lugens Küster, 1850.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Prionychus lugens is endemic to the central and west Mediterranean region. In Europe, it is known from Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (including the Aeolian Islands). In North Africa, it has been recorded from Morocco and Algeria. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of subpopulations due to ongoing threats. The real AOO is likely much higher, but definitively below the threshold of 500 km2. This species is dependent on old, hollow trees and the loss of these trees is therefore the major threat to it. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. The formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap has already developed and there may be no place for the subpopulations of this species in the future, which will result in local extinctions. There is no evidence that this forest species also inhabits agricultural or urban landscapes. Suitable forest management is required to ensure habitat continuity for this species in the future. Further research is required in Corsica and Sardinia to estimate the overall population size and trend, as well as to clarify whether or not there are also subpopulations in the protected areas on these islands. On Sicily, this species shares its habitat with an umbrella species which has special protection under the EU Habitats Directive, Osmoderma cristinae. Therefore, protection of O. cristinae localities will have a positive effect on the Sicilian subpopulation of this species.

range:
Prionychus lugens is endemic to the central and west Mediterranean region. In Europe, it is known from Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (including the Aeolian Islands). It is regularly observed on Sicily, but at low densities (I. Sparacio, pers. comm. 2015). The Corsican record is based on a historical specimen, and this species was consequently excluded from the most recent checklist of French Coleoptera (Soldati and Soldati 2014). In North Africa, it has been recorded from Morocco and Algeria (Lo Cascio et al. 2006, Novák and Pettersson 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 35,300 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2. However, the real AOO is likely much higher, but definitively below the threshold of 500 km2.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of the subpopulation. Only a few specimens are known from Sardinia (new record, unpublished data, B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016) and from the Aeolian Islands (Lo Cascio et al. 2006). The Corsican record is based on a historical specimen and needs further confirmation (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). The species is, however, regularly observed on Sicily, although at low densities (I. Sparacio, pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations of this species are likely to be small and are isolated. As these subpopulations may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species inhabits mixed broadleaf and coniferous montane forests. On Sicily, the larvae are known to develop in decaying wood of hollow broadleaf trees such as oaks, beeches, poplars and elms, and rarely in conifers. The adults are mostly nocturnal, active from May to July, and can be observed on various vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark (Sparacio 1999) or on Asteraceae flowers (Aliquó and Soldati 2010). There is a continuing decline in the amount of suitable habitat for this species due to the ongoing loss of old trees with hollows.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows is the major threat to this species (Linenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap has already developed and there may be no place for the subpopulations of this species in the future, which will result in local extinctions. There is no evidence that this forest species also inhabits agricultural or urban landscapes. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at four locations.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in at least two protected areas on Sicily - Parco delle Madonie and Parco naturale dei Nebrodi. This species is assessed as Vulnerable on the Italian Red List (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Suitable forest management is required to ensure habitat continuity for this species in the future. Further research is required in Corsica and Sardinia to estimate the overall population size and trend, as well as to clarify whether or not there are also subpopulations in the protected areas on these islands. On Sicily, this species shares its habitat with an umbrella species which has special protection under the EU Habitats Directive, Osmoderma cristinae. Therefore, protection of O. cristinae localities will have a positive effect on the Sicilian subpopulation of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Prionychus melanarius and P. fairmairii are possibly conspecific and further taxonomic research is needed to clarify their status.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Prionychus melanarius is a European species widely distributed on the continent. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the overall population size is considered to be very large and it is quite common in parts of its range. However, a continuing decline is projected in the area of occupancy (AOO) and quality and extent of habitat due to loss of veteran trees on which the species depends. This decline may lead the species to become threatened, andpreservation of remaining old-growth natural forests is recommended, to preserve and restore habitats connected with historic agricultural landscapes and pasture meadows, and to preserve any remaining suitable habitat in urban areas. In addition, planting and suitable management of young (replacement) trees is crucial to ensure habitat continuation and to reduce the age gap of suitable trees in the future.

range:
Prionychus melanarius is a European species which is widely distributed on the continent. According to Novák and Pettersson (2008) this species' range goes from France to part of European Russia, and from southern Fennoscandia to northern Italy and Greece. It is present in the United Kingdom (Barclay 2012), although rare and very localised across southern England (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In Russia this species is known from central and southern regions including the northern Caucasus (outside the assessment area) and eastwards to Samara Oblast on the lower Volga (Burdaev 2006). It is possibly present in the Baltic States and Belarus although no records are known. The occurrence of this species at least in Belarus is projected, since there are records from the Polish part of Białowieża Forest, which is shared between Poland and Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). A Dutch record (Brakman 1966) was omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). The presence of this species in  northern European Russia (Novak and Pettersson 2008) is uncertain and needs further confirmation. In Ukraine, it is only known from Transcarpatia (Дубровина et al. 1979), but it should be much more widely distributed. Recently reported from Albania, Bulgaria and Montenegro (Novák 2014). French records need confirmation as P. melanarius is considered conspecific with P. fairmairii (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016). Generally, this species is less widespread and less common than Prionychus ater. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km2 in Europe, and ca 3.5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,500 km2 in Europe, and between 1,800 and 2,100 km2in the EU 28. However, the real AOO may be larger than currently known.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of this species but the overall population size is considered to be very large. It is said to be quite common in parts of its range (e.g., France and Hungary), but rare in other areas (e.g., Sweden and the UK); however in France it is not distinguished from P. fairmairii. In the UK, it is known from just four sites and has very limited protection (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). The population is not considered to be fragmented.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species. It inhabits both natural and urban landscapes with old-growth hollow trees. Гиляров (1964) used the following description for the larval ecology of European Prionychus: larvae occur in broadleaf forests, in tree mould and between tree roots in soil mixed with pieces of decaying wood. Generally, this species is stenotopic; it is nocturnal, lives in forests and open areas, is dependent on decaying wood and tree bark. It inhabits broadleaf and mixed forests, wood pastures, parks and avenues, forest edges, old orchards, and forest-steppe. Adults can be found at dawn and during the night on tree trunks and under loose tree bark, as well as in mould and decaying wood, especially oaks (Quercus spp.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica), but also pines (Pinus spp.), spruces (Picea spp.), Larix spp. (Koch 1989) and Hornbeam (Carpinus spp.) (Дубровина et al. 1979). The species overwinters usually in the larval stage. Pupation occurs deep in the woody substrate in cocoons constructed from woody debris. Novák (2014) describes the bionomy of this species in Central Europe as follows: adults are crepuscular, live in hollow deciduous trees, mostly in European beech and oaks, possibly also in pines; the larvae develop in decaying wood infested with polypore (tree fungi) mycelia. Adults can be observed from June to August. In the UK the largest subpopulation occurs in traditional plum Prunus spp. orchards (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in the available landscape and habitat for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays mostly found in agricultural and even urban landscapes. Even in these habitats, a massive decline in the number of hollow trees takes place, since old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer used (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or marked as "dangerous" to people or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where gazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is already developed and there may be almost no available suitable habitat for this species in the future, which will result in numerous local extinctions across Europe. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the widespread distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at well above ten locations.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. Conservation measures need to include the preservation of remaining old-growth natural forests (both - mixed and broadleaf), to preserve and restore habitats connected with historic agricultural landscapes and pasture meadows, and to preserve any remaining suitable habitat in urban areas. Planting and suitable management of young (replacement) trees is crucial to ensure habitat continuation and to reduce the age gap of suitable trees in the future. This species is included in national Red Lists in several countries (for example, Austria, Germany). In some countries (for example, Sweden and the United Kingdom) it is is also included in the list of indicator species of woodland key habitats. It is assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2010, ArtDatabanken 2015). In Italy, this species assessed as Near Threatened (Carpaneto et al. 2015). In the UK it is known from just 16 hectads (10 x 10 km squares) (1990-2011), with unconfirmed older records from a further 4 hectads; it has a conservation status of Nationally Scarce, but no real protection at most of its sites (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It is important that communication with local communities and at the state level in each European country happens, in order to emphasise the importance of old hollow trees to biodiversity. Habitat trends should be monitored, preferably at the European scale. Population trends should be monitored together with umbrella species (for example, within the Natura 2000 sites monitoring program for European protected species such as Osmoderma eremita.


redListCategoryRationale:
Prionychus striatipennis is endemic to southeastern Europe and is only known from Bulgaria and Romania. Only single records are known from each country - one from Varna in Bulgaria and another from Tuzla in Romania. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Prionychus striatipennis is endemic to southeastern Europe and is only known from Bulgaria and Romania (Novák and Pettersson 2008). Only single records are known from each country - one from Varna in Bulgaria and another from Tuzla in Romania. Both localities are in the coastal area of the Black Sea. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2but it is unlikely that the distribution of this species is limited to the Black Sea coast from where it is presently known.

population:
There is no available quantitative information on the population size or trend of this species. It is certainly more common and more widespread than recorded, since it is difficult to find due to its nocturnal activity and cryptic habits. This species is only known from the type specimens and is considered to be very rare.

habitat:
There is no available data on the habitat or ecology of this species. All European Prionychus species are considered to be saproxylic. The larvae of this genus inhabit hollows in broadleaf trees and trunk cavities, developing in the mould of decaying wood.

threats:
The general loss of old trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest potential threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. A massive decline in the number of hollow trees has taken place across the range of Prionychus species, mostly because old trees are being removed and cut down as they are no longer needed. This is however only a potential threat since its specific habitat requirements are unknown. Being located near the Black Sea coast, the localities are also threatened by expansion of tourism.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. As no threats can be identified for this species, only additional research can be suggested, particularly in aspects of taxonomy, ecology, biology, habitat preferences, population size and threats. Additional research is required in surroundings of Tuzla in Romania to highlight potential threats from expansion of the tourism industry.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pseudocistela ceramboides is one of the most widespread species of Alleculinae in Europe. It is reported from much of Europe, from Spain in the west to the Urals, and from Scandinavia in the north to Greece, southern Italy and the Caucasus Mountains in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and still abundant in some parts of its distribution area. In addition, the population size is large and the population trend is considered to be stable.

range:
Pseudocistela ceramboides is one of the most widespread species of Alleculinae in Europe. This species is reported from much of Europe, from Spain in the west to the Urals, and from Scandinavia in the north to Greece, southern Italy and the Caucasus Mountains in the south (e.g. Novák and Pettersson 2008). In Russia it has previously been recorded from the regions ("oblasts") of Moscow, Tula, Voronezh and Yaroslavl (Дубровина et al. 1979). There are recent new records from Moldova (Bacal et al. 2013), Mordovia Republic of Russia (Егоров and Ручин 2012), Kaliningrad exclave of Russia (Алексеев 2014), Orenburg Oblast and the southern Urals (Kozminykh 2015). Albanian (Csiki, 1940), Dutch (Brakman 1966), Liechtenstein (Brandstetter and Kapp 1998) and Belarus records (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996) were omitted by Novák and Pettersson (2008). In the United Kingdom it is only known from the southern half of the island of Britain (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,2 million km2 in Europe, and ca 5,2 million km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 6,700 km2 in Europe, and ca 4,650 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There have been no comprehensive studies on the global population trend of this species. In much of its distribution area this species may be under-recorded, due to its cryptic habits. This species is regarded as common in parts of its range and the population trend is considered stable. The overall population size is large.

habitat:
This is an ecological specialist species which inhabits boreal and temperate coniferous, mixed and broadleaf forests, wood pasture and pasture meadows with groups of veteran hollow trees, as well as urban parks, old avenues and traditional orchards. The larvae develop in decaying wood, wood mould of stumps, fallen trunks or tree hollows. The larvae are reported to developin Betula spp., Populus spp., Alnus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Quercus spp.,  Ulmus spp., Tilia spp., Acer spp. (Palm 1959), spruce (Picea abies) (Nikitsky et al. 1996) and in other trees. In Latvia, larvae have also been found in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood (even in small pieces of it), and also in nests of Formica sp. ants (Telnov and Kalniņš 2003, D. Telnov pers. comm. 2016). The larvae develop in no less than 2 years; adults are crepuscular and nocturnal, and appear from May to July (Palm 1959). Novák (2014) describes the bionomy of this species in Central Europe as follows: larvae live in hollow deciduous trees, on mycelia of wood fungi with a preference to oaks; adults are crepuscular or nocturnal; mostly occur in May and June. Compared to Prionychus ater, this species is less selective and often develops even in small pieces of decaying, sometimes still hard wood (Nikitsky et al. 1996), dry or wet. This species is able to use pine as a habitat, which extends its range in Europe (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
A general decline in volume of available decaying wood in forests could become the main threat for this species. At present its geographic range is large enough for the species to be relatively robust and the population is not severely fragmented.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas. General awareness and communication at both national and international levels is required in order to raise understanding of the role of decaying wood for saproxylic beetle conservation purposes. Monitoring population trends is recommended for this species.

useAndTrade:
Pseudocistela ceramboides is known be used for national and international research. On small scale this species is also targeted by international insect dealers and collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Scaphidema metallicum is widely distributed across nearly all of Europe and is found all the way to western Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend seems to be stable and the overall population size is very large. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported.

range:
Scaphidema metallicum is widely distributed across nearly all of Europe and is found all the way to western Siberia (Löbl et al. 2008) but it is absent from all major Mediterranean islands and Portugal, and in Spain it is only present in the Pyrenees. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 7.1 million km2 in Europe and 4.5 million km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 15,000 km2 in Europe and ca 10,720 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend seems to be stable. It is a common species with an unfragmented distribution. In Spain and Greece it is localized to the northern parts of the countries, in the mountains. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
The adults and larvae live and grow under the bark of dead trees or in rotten and fungous-covered fallen trunks and branches lying on the ground, all year round. It is present from the sea level up to the subalpine forests and from the boreal to Mediterranean forests.

threats:
This species is not threatened in Europe.

conservationAction:
No conservation or research actions are needed. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Great Britain and Italy (Alexander et al. 2015, Carpaneto et al. 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Strongylium saracenum occurs in Israel, Lebanon, Turkey and Europe, where it is only known from two islands, Cyprus and Rhodes. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very  restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 3,775 km2 and area of  occupancy (AOO) is only 16 km2), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The threats to this species are unknown and further research is needed into its distribution, life history and potential threats. Veteran broadleaf trees should be protected since this species is dependent on them.

range:
Strongylium saracenum occurs in Israel, Lebanon, Turkey and Europe, where it is only known from two islands, Cyprus and Rhodes (Schawaller and Kakiopoulos 2002). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 3,775 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 16 km2.

population:
The current population trend is unknown. This species is very localized, with only four insular localities in Europe. In Greece it is very localized but may be abundant. The known subpopulations are small and isolated and and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Adults are nocturnal and live and develop in the deadwood of various broadleaf trees, for example in Aleppo Oak (Quercus infectoria), Oriental Plane-tree (Platanus orientalis), poplars (Populus spp.), Casuarina spp. or Oriental Alder (Alnus orientalis) trees (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). It can be observed in great number on trunks and branches of these trees during the night (Schawaller and Kakiopoulos 2002) and it is attracted by lights during the summer. The larvae probably live and grow in the rotten or the decayed wood of the same trees. Veteran trees provide the best habitat.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the distribution of this species in Europe, its life history and potential threats. Two of the localities on Cyprus are within Natura 2000 sites (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). Veteran broadleaf trees should be protected since this species is dependent on them.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously placed in a subgenus of Allecula, Novák (2015) raised Upinella Mulsant, 1856 to species level.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Upinella aterrima is known from central and southeastern Europe and the southern Caucasus (Armenia). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 450 km2 in Europe, and ca 400 km2in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is estimation and projection of a continuing decline in the AOO and in the quality of habitat due to the ongoing threats. There are significant gaps between suitable habitats within the main distribution area of this species. The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest threat to this species. In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in preferable landscapes and habitats for this species. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is progressing and there may be much less available suitable habitat for this species in the future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe. The threats and populations trends are incompletely documented, so additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required to ensure habitat continuity for this species.

range:
Upinella aterrima is known from central and southeast Europe and the southern Caucasus (Armenia) (Novák and Pettersson 2008, Novák 2014). A record from Slovak Transcarpatia (Словацкое Закарпатье) by Дубровина (1978) is unclear as no exact locality information is given. Therefore, the Slovak record is ignored by Novák and Pettersson (2008). In Ukraine, it is only known from Transcarpathia (Закарпатська область) in extreme west of the country (Дубровина 1978). A Czech record (Novák 2005) needs further confirmation, as no detailed record information is known from this country. Records from the southern part of European Russia (Novák and Pettersson 2008) and from "Russia" (Novák 2014) are also without locality data and need further confirmation (Novák and Pettersson 2008). The record from Greece needs to be reconfirmed (A. Legakis, per. comm. 2016). There is an isolated record from southern Italy (not shown on the map) which also needs to be confirmed (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016). The species is expected to occur from the eastern Alps throughout the Balkans, in Turkey and in the Caucasus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 600,000 km2 in Europe, and ca 540,000 million km2 in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 450 km2 in Europe, and ca 400 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available quantitative data on the population size and trend of this species. It is certainly more common and even more widespread than recorded, because of its nocturnal activity and cryptic behaviour. It is under-researched and under-recorded in most of its distribution area. On average, only 1-10 localities of this species are known per country. The population is severely fragmented since subpopulations are isolated within the distribution range of the species (because of habitat fragmentation) and there is probably little genetic exchange between them. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation since there are significant gaps between suitable habitats within the distribution area of this species.

habitat:
An obligate saproxylic species associated with decaying wood. An ecological specialist species. Generally known be associated with old-growth broadleaf forests. Nowadays, it also inhabits agricultural landscapes and urban areas (parks) with old-growth trees. The larvae develop in tree hollows mostly of oak (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and walnut (Juglans regia) (Koch 1989, Holzer 2004, Kofler 2008). According to Novák (2014), adults and larvae of this species live under bark and in tree hollows of deciduous trees with fungi mycelia, as well as in decaying wood. Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal. Life cycle length is unknown and it is absent at high altitudes over the limit of the broadleaf forest zone.

threats:
The general loss of old broadleaf trees with hollows or cavities is the greatest threat to this species (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). In managed forests, trees are cut down and removed from the habitat before any hollows can be formed. Consequently, during the last 100 years major changes have been observed in preferable landscapes and habitats for this species. This initially forest-dwelling species is nowadays also found in agricultural landscapes which might be generally unsuitable for it. Even in these habitats, massive declines in the number of hollow trees take place, because old trees are removed and cut down as they are no longer valued (for example, old avenues, pollarded trees), or are marked "dangerous" to humans or property. In addition, many hollow trees found on historical pasture meadows, where grazing has now ceased, suffer from increased competition from younger trees. In most areas across Europe, the formation of new suitable trees occurs at a much slower rate than the deterioration of old trees. Consequently, an age gap is progressing and there may be much less available suitable habitat for this species in the future, which will result in several local extinctions in Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas. The threats and populations trends are incompletely documented, so additional research is required in both these fields. Additionally, local habitat management plans (for example, long-term restoration of broadleaf forest habitats) may be required to ensure habitat continuity for this species. General communication across Europe at national or international level is required to raise the level of understanding of the role veteran hollow trees play in saproxylic beetle conservation. This species is listed in the Austrian Red List (Franz 1983) as a category 4 species (potentially endangered). In Italy, it is listed as Vulnerable (Carpaneto et al. 2015). In Sweden, it is assessed as Vulnerable (ArtDatabanken 2015).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)

Upis ceramboides is widely distributed in North America, north Asia and northern Europe. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to silvicultural practices; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In Russia, however, information on trends is lacking and further research is needed. 

In the EU 28, this species has a restricted geographic range (AOO is 172 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations due to silvicultural practices. Silvicultural activities such as tree species substitution for timber production are highly prejudicial, in particular when birches and other broadleaf trees are suppressed in order to increase the amounts of firs and spruces. Clear-cutting is not prejudicial as it creates open and sunny places, but silvicultural policies do not leave enough dead standing or lying wood of birch, and this situation is worsening with wood fuel developments. In addition, this species depends on natural forest fires which have notably decreased during the last century due to fire suppression activities. However, immigration from European Russia, from the Karelia region into Finland is expected. Since this immigration is not expected to decrease, the assessment is regionally adjusted from Endangered to Vulnerable. 

This species needs habitat protection and restoration. Broadleaf forests, in particular with large stands of birch, should not be suppressed in order to increase amounts of fir and spruce. The lying dead wood should be sun exposed and preferably not lying directly on the ground. In this way, to make suitable substrates for this species, it might be an option to gather logs in piles rather than leaving them separately on the ground. It is also important to leave wood at least 5 cm thick or thicker, and with a length of at least 1 m. Prescribed burning has a positive effect only if enough wood, both lying and standing, is left after clear-cutting.

range:
Upis ceramboides is widely distributed in North America, north Asia and northern Europe. In North America it occurs in Canada, Alaska and the northeastern United States (Aalbu et al. 2002, Bousquet 1991). In north Asia it is known from China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and all of Siberia up to the Far East (Löbl et al. 2008). In Europe, it occurs in the northern parts of the continent, south to Belarus and Ukraine; the citation for Switzerland  (Löbl et al. 2008) is erroneous (Chittaro and Sanchez 2016) and is excluded here. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 392 km2 in Europe, and 172 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The current population trend is decreasing. This species is extremely rare in central Europe and the Baltic Republics, rare and localized in Scandinavia, but not rare in Russia. Its subpopulations are extremely fragmented in the south of its distribution, but less fragmented in the north. In the EU 28, most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. This species is locally extinct in southern Sweden, where it has not been seen since the early 20th century, due to loss of deciduous trees from forests and the prevention of forest fires. The species is also declining in northern Sweden. Immigration can be expected from European Russia into the EU 28, i.e. from Russian Karelia to Finland.

habitat:
This is a broadleaf-associated species especially inhabiting boreal forests where its ability to tolerate low temperatures is important. Adults can live several years and are often found under coarse dead bark of standing birches (Betula pendula, B. pubescens) but also on other tree species, for example Goat Willow (Salix capra) and European Aspen (Populus tremula) (Naalisvaara 2013). This species depends on natural forest fires for the creation of open and sunny places with large amounts of standing and lying dead wood of birch and increasing amounts of wood-decay fungi. As with most of the Tenebrionidae, the adults are nocturnal, moving on trunks and branches of dead trees, and active during spring and summer. During the day, adults remain hidden under dead bark or in rotten wood. Larvae develop for three years in the inner bark of dead deciduous trees - primarily birches - which is rich in fungal mycelia, and also in the decaying sapwood. This is the reason why larvae are usually found on lying dead birches, often close to fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius (Naalisvaara 2013).

threats:
This species is threatened by modern intensive forestry. Silvicultural activities such as tree species substitution for timber production are highly prejudicial, in particular when birches and other broadleaf trees are suppressed in order to increase the amounts of firs and spruces. Clear-cutting is not prejudicial as it creates open and sunny places, but silvicultural policies do not leave enough dead standing or lying wood of birch, and this situation is worsening with wood fuel developments. In addition, this species depends on natural forest fires which have notably decreased during the last century due to fire suppression activities. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat throughout Europe.

conservationAction:
This species needs habitat protection and restoration. This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway (Odegaard et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015) and Near Threatened in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2010). Broadleaf forests, in particular with large stands of birch, should not be suppressed in order to increase amounts of fir and spruce. This beetle is dependent on large amounts of birch and secondary aspen and goat willows. Natural forest fires increase stands of large-sized broadleaf trees, create open and sunny places and increase amounts of fungi like Fomes fomentarius which decay wood, providing larval habitat. The occurrence of fungi, mostly F. fomentarius, is necessary to increase the amount of white-rot. Adults and larvae live and grow in such decayed wood with mycelia. During clear-cutting, trees with these fungi should be preserved and it is important to leave enough wood, both standing and lying (Naalisvaara 2013). The lying dead wood should be sun exposed and preferably not lying directly on the ground. In this way, to make suitable substrates for this species, it might be an option to gather logs in piles rather than leaving them separately on the ground. It is also important to leave wood at least 5 cm thick or thicker, and with a length of at least 1 m (Naalisvaara 2013). The increasing use of wood fuel does not allow this. Prescribed burning has a positive effect only if enough wood, both lying and standing, is left after clear-cutting.

useAndTrade:
This species produces a recently discovered antifreeze molecule called xylomannan with possible future applications in industrial antifreeze production or organ transplant conservation (Walters et al. 2009). Meanwhile the molecule seems to be synthesized by some laboratories (Crich and Rahaman 2011, Ishiwata et al. 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its ecological requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its ecological requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is only known from southeastern Europe. Just six specimens are known from Europe, from Hungary, Slovakia and Bulgaria.

population:
In Hungary all populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). No information is available from Bulgaria and Slovakia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species and very little is known about its biology. It is likely to be a predator. Larvae have been found on bark of rotting oakQuercusbranches in Bulgaria.

threats:
The species does not seem to be threatened in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) although information is very scant. No information is available from Bulgaria and Slovakia.

conservationAction:
In Hungary there are no conservation measures in place (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). No information is available from Bulgaria and Slovakia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed overall population, wide range and because it is not likely to meet any threshold in the near future.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened in view of its declining population due to the loss of its habitat caused by heavy logging and removal of dead wood, especially fallen trees. It could approach Criterion B2 in the future and is therefore classed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is known from central and northern Europe, extending to western and eastern Europe as well. It is a boreomontane species that extends far south. 
In central and southern Europe it is confined to the mountains, mainly Alps and Carpathians.

population:
The species is considered rare throughout its range and the population trend seems to be declining. However, no information is available on the Russian populations.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The species is found mainly in pine but also in spruce. Beetles and larvae live under bark of deadwood of conifer trees.

threats:
Logging and removal of fallen trees are the main threats to this species. In Fennoscandia, scarification in order to prepare the soil for new forest plantations is another threat. In Ukraine destruction and gathering of old conifer trees are threatening this species.

conservationAction:
It occurs in protected areas. This species benefits from controlled fires to increase the amount of dead wood.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of itsrange. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe. It is absent from Britain and Ireland.

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest zone. In Hungary this species is known from a few scattered localities in the hilly and mountainous regions. In Spain its presence is not confirmed but very likely because it is present in the French portion of the Pyrenean Irati forest, which continues to the Spanish side (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004).

population:
A widespread species; rather common in at least parts of its range (e.g. Finland), but elsewhere rare and localised. Some declines and range contractions have been reported.

It is rather common in southern-most Finland; but its range has significantly decreased (the historical range was much larger). In Sweden it is found only in the south; rare and localised. In Germany it is currently found only in the east; formerly said tohave been more widespread; either stable or slowly decreasing. In Hungary all known populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In Italy it is found in the north; one single record from the south.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It requires standing dead or partly dead broad-leaved trees of various species. Found in broad-leaved and mixed woodlands.

The larvae develop under bark and in dead wood of various broad-leaved (oakQuercus, willowSalix, limeTilia, elmUlmus, alderAlnus) and conifer (pinePinus) trees; they are predatory, eating larvae and pupae of bark beetles Scolytinae and Anobiidae. The adults are active in May - June, under bark and sometimes at fungi(Pycnoporellus,Fomitopsis). The life cycle is one or two years (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Hungary all records are from old, relatively undisturbed broad-leaved forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No specific measures are in place. This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of information on the population size and trends, habitat requirements, threats and conservation status of this species. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only known in Europe from Crimea (Ukraine) and the south of Russia. It also occurs in the Caucasus.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The biology and exact habitat needs of this species are unknown. It may be similar toG. oblonga(adults and larvae predators under dead bark of trees).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. The destruction of dead trees and gathering of trunks appear to be the major specific threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species may be protected in two mountains with the Crimean Reservation.


taxonomicNotes:
Leipaspis lauricola has two subspecies: L. l. lauricola Wollaston, 1862 and L. l. gomerensis Wollaston, 1862 (Plata-Negrache and Prendes-Ayala 1981).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (D2), although it is not thought to be under major threat at present, it could be rapidly affected in future by habitat loss and degradation caused by a number of factors including climate change. Moreover, this species has a restricted distribution and occupies a specific habitat type (laurisilva forest); its area of occupancy is likely less than 20 km². It feeds on other saproxylic beetle species and consequently occupies a higher part of the food chain. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (D2), although it is not thought to be under majorthreat at present, it could be rapidly affected in future by habitat loss and degradation caused by a number of factors including climate change. Moreover, this species has a restricted distribution and occupies a specific habitat type (laurisilva forest); its area of occupancy is likely less than 20 km². It feeds on other saproxylic beetle species and consequently occupies a higher part of the food chain.

range:
This is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain. Present in four islands: La Palma and Tenerife (L. l. lauricola) and Gomera and El Hierro (L. l. gomerensis) (Plata-Negrache and Prendes-Ayala 1981, Izquierdo et al. 2004).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It does not seem to be a very abundant species; Plata-Negrache and Prendes-Ayala (1981) report only three specimens of the nominal subspecies and six from thegomerensis subspecies.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Both subspecies are present in the laurisilva forest vegetation belt, under the dead bark of fallen trees, where they feed on xylophagous beetles, probably Colydiidae from the genus Tarphius (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Habitat destruction (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009) appears to be a major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
Not present in the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006). It has been found at the Garajonay National Park in La Gomera (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)) because this species has a relatively small range (area of occupancy less than 500km²), it is only known from four localities and it occupies pine woodland, a habitat type which is threatened by forest management in the Canary islands and fires.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)) because this species has a relatively small range (area of occupancy less than 500km²), it is only known from four localities and it occupies pine woodland, a habitat type which is threatened by forest management in the Canary islands and fires.

range:
This species is only known from Canary Islands, Spain. Present in four islands: La Palma, Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Plata-Negrache and Prendes-Ayala 1981, Izquierdoet al. 2004).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Plata-Negrache and Prendes-Ayala (1981) recorded only two specimens, one from La Palma and the other one from El Hierro; it does not seem to be a very abundant species. Known from four islands, only four localities known (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Pine forests, under the dead bark of fallen trees and branches, where it feeds on other xylophagous insects (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Pine forests in the Canary Islands are managed for forestry, so it is possible that the species gets negatively affected if dead trees or large branches are removed from the forest as a part of the 'cleaning' management (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). Forest fires are also a threat.

conservationAction:
Not present in the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006). It is found in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found in several countries in eastern and south-eastern Europe. In Ukraine it is only known from the Carpathian region and from one record on the Crimean Peninsula (in the eastern part of the forest-steppe zone (Kharkov region) (Drogvalenko 1999).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species known from broad-leaved forests; it has been found living on elm and ash. Adults and larvae are predators of bark beetles (Scolytidae) and live under bark on freshly dead wood (Drogvalenko 1999).

conservationAction:
Little information available. It occurs in a National Park in the Kharkov region of Ukraine.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the abundance and population trend, habitat and ecological requirements, threats and conservation status of the species.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only known from the south of the European part of Russia and Ukraine. In Ukraine it is present in Crimea; there is one record from the extreme east of Ukraine in the hills near the Russian border. In the southern part of Russia it is found in the Caucasus region.

population:
In Ukraine it is considered a very rare species as only a few records exist. There is no information on the trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in temperate broad-leaved forest and it has been found locally near rivers where there are relatively large trees. Its life cycle is one year and it is a predator under bark, predating on bark beetles.The biology of this species is unknown but it may be similar to other species ofNemosoma (N. caucasicum, N. elongatum).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is known from much of Europe. It also occurs in northern Africa (Tunis), Syria and Turkey. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, forest and forest-steppe zones; maybe in Crimea too. In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous areas.

In Portugal it was recorded from the country, without geographical detail, in the 19th century (Oliveira 1893) and apparently not found ever since. In Spain it was recorded from six provinces, mainly along the northern Mediterranean coast, but also in Guipuzcoa in the Cantabrian side of Spain and Sierra de Andújar (Jaén) in the inner south; no localities mentioned in some of these provinces (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004).

In Denmark it is widespread but not common (Hansen 1996). In Britain it has been found across the lowlands on the south and east, but there are few modern localities known. It is absent from Ireland.

population:
A widespread and common species over part of its European range at least, with populations which are increasing, again at least in part of its range.

In the UK it has always been a rare species and largely dependent on the cutting of ashand elm for fencing in the historic period; it has virtually disappeared with the commercial production of chemically treated wood (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there are very few records known, probably due at least partly to wrong sampling methods rather than low abundance (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

In central Europe it is common but in Hungary all known populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In Sweden it is common. In Germany and Finland this species is expanding its range. In Italy it is not so common and it is considered a bioindicator. In Spain it occupies six squares of10x10 km.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in the burrows of the bark beetlesPteleobius vittatus andLeperisinus varius,and is parasitic on them; mostly in old untreated fencing palings in UK, also on elm and ash trees (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine adults and larvae are predators under bark, mostly conifer trees (firs). The life cycle is one year (Drogvalenko 1999, Nikitskyet al.1996). In Spain it lives in both broad-leaved and coniferous trees, under bark, predating scolytids (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004). In Hungary the known occurrences are in broad-leaved forests, especially where twigs and branches are left in the forest after logging.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However in the UK the commercial production of wooden fencing materials, involving chemical preservatives is a threat as the species was formerly favoured by hand-cutting of fencing materials. Also the destruction of dead and old trees are a negative factor in some range states.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987), but no real action on the ground is in place. In Spain it is not included in the Red Book of  Invertebrates of  Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006).

It occurs in several protected areas in Hungary and Spain.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Lobl and Smetana (2007) this species is known with the genus name of, and not Ostoma. The correct name is O. ferruginea Linnaeus, 1758 and not O. ferrugineum (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, it occurs in several protected areas, has a presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, it occurs in several protected areas, has a presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This is a widely distributed Palaearctic species in ancient pine and spruce. It occurs almost throughout Europe (except in the south) and in Siberia, Russian Far East, North Korea, Japan (Nearctic region) (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

It is localised in mountain conifer forests in France(Brustel 2005) and confined to the Caledonian pine forests of Scotland in the UK (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark this species is considered Extinct (Hansen 1996) although a very recent breeding population has been re-discovered in northern Zealand, in Grib Skov.

In Spain it occurs in mountain areas in the Pyrennees, Sistema Central and Jaén (Bahillo de laPuebla and López-Colón 2004). Probably present in other suitable mountain areas in Spain (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). It occupies 15 localities/squares of 10x10 km (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, forest and forest-steppe zones. In Hungary this species is known from a few localities in the hilly and mountainous regions.

population:
A widespread and common species over part of its Europe range, with stable populations in northern Europe but declining in central Europe.

In Sweden there are stable populations. In Finland it is widespread and common. A rare and elusive species only discovered in UK in mid 20th century; very little known about it. 

In central Europe this species is not common. In particular in Hungary this species is sporadic, and all known populations are small. In Germany it is rare but there are recent records (after 1950) in four states. In Ukraine it is not often but locally found.

In Spain it is apparently widespread but located always in small numbers; this isprobably due to wrong sampling methods rather than low abundance (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the decayed (brown or brown-white stages) wood of fir in Ukraine, sometimesPinus, Betula, aspenPopulus tremula, and limeTilia. It also lives inPinus picea. The adult beetle is often found on the fruit bodies of wood-decay fungi (Pycnoporellus fulgens, Fomitopsis pinicola, Gloeophyllus sp.), usually in V-VIII. The life cycle is two years. Larvae and adults hibernate. Larvae are sapro-xylo-mycetophagous and the imago is mycetophagous (Nikitskyet al.1996). In the UK, the larvae feed in the decaying heartwood and sapwood only of large Scots pinePinus sylvestris that have been extensively rotted by the bracket fungusPhaeolus schweinitzii; the adults are usually found under bark on dead trunks (Alexander 2002). In Hungary all known records are from mature broad-leaved forests, mainly beechFagus. In Spain this species live in high altitude forests, under the bark of coniferous trees, where they feed on xylophagous insects (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004).  It is characteristic of old pine forest in the UK (Alexander 2002).

threats:
The European population appears to be under no major threat.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987); remnants of native pine forest are all now protected (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary virtually all known localities are in protected areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is listed as Endangered.

In Spain this species is not included in the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006). Six localities are within protected areas (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). No conservation actions are in place or projected.


taxonomicNotes:
Sometimes referred to as Zimiona grossa or Z. grossum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population mainly in eastern Europe and Russia, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is dependent upon a specific habitat and   the species appears to be in decline so that could quickly result in this species becoming seriously threatened.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe; absent from the Britain and Ireland. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest zone and in the Carpathians. In Spain it is only present in the Pyrenees. In France regular localities in the Pyrenees but, in the Alps, it is only known from very old records (<1854) in two localities (probablydisappeared) (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). It formerly occurred in Britain - sub-fossils have been found at Thorne Moors, Yorkshire, dating to c 3000 BP (Buckland and Kenward 1973).

population:
A widespread species which is not so common in Europe, and in EU has decreasing populations, but considering the Russian population, it is likely that the species is stable overall.

In Finland it is widespread but not common. In Sweden there are 16 subpopulations. In Germany there is only one record in Bavaria in the Alps. In Spain it is found in small numbers, but this could be due to wrong sampling methods (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). It is known from eight localities in six 10x10km squares (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In France larvae develop in the brown-rotten wood ofPicea abies, just behind theFomitopsis pinicola fungi with which the species is strictly associated. It inhabits in only mountain forests with no management and a continuous abundance of dead wood of large diameter (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). It is also present in birchBetula, aspenPopulus tremulaand alderAlnus. It lives in big snucks and high amount of dead wood. In Ukraine larvae develop in decayed wood ofBetula, aspen, limeTilia, and rarely in fir. The beetle is often found on fungi (Fomitopsis pinicola, rarelyFomes), usually in VI-VII. The life cycle is two years. Usually larvae hibernate. Larvae probably are sapro-xylo-mycetophagous and imagos mycetophagous (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Spain its habitat is mountain forests, both larvae and imagos being found under the bark of coniferous trees, where they predate on xylophagous insects (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004). Fire favours this species.

threats:
The species is not considered to be threatened at a European level.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place. In Spain it is not included in the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006). Three localities are within protected areas. In Sweden this species is considered Vulnerable.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat are declining due to forestry management and climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat are declining due to forestry management and climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
In Europe this species is only known from Greece and Cyprus. There are records from Mt. Ossa and Katara (Pindus Mountains). It also occurs in Turkey.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is rare and it is considered that the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives under the dead bark of various trees, such as pinePinus, beechFagus, limeTilia etc., where deadwood has been colonised by fungi. It is especially found in old beech forest.

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Intensive forest management and removal of dead wood are major specific threats. Global warming appears to be reducing the range of beech forest, the preferred forest formation of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in one protected area. Additional studies are needed into the abundance and distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Also referred to as Temnoscheila (Kolibác, 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because there are no current or anticipated major threats.   It is common within large areas of its distribution, it has a  presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 

EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Least Concern because there are no current or anticipated major threats.   It is common within large areas of its distribution, it has a  presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe; except in northern Europe. This species is not endemic to Europe.

In Portugal, it has been recorded from several areas in the north and centre of the country. Most of the records (10 out of 13) are recent (1995 onwards) but this may reflect a recent higher sampling effort (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009).

In Spain,T. caerulea is widespread but not recorded from Galicia nor the Atlantic coast (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004). It occupies 114 localities/squares of 10x10 km (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). The subspeciesT. c. subps.pini is present in Canary Islands (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).The presence of this species in the Italian islands is doubtful.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but its population trend is considered stable. 

This species is common in the Mediterranean part of its range, including Greece, but rare in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
In Spain, both subspecies are found in high numbers in the localities known (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Spain it is found under bark of pinesPinus, but alsoQuercus spp. andPopulus spp., where they feed on other saproxylic insects (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. This species was not included in the Red Book of the Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006). Some populations are present in protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Méndez, M., Mason, F., Horák, J., & Campanaro, A.


