# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) because there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. The species is affected by overgrazing, human intervention and insecticide use, and further research on its population trend is needed.

range:
The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper occurs in the Carpathian range of central and northwestern Romania, western Ukraine, and the northeastern areas of Hungary and Slovakia (Kis 1962, Harz 1975, Kristin and Kanuch 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 400 and 3,000 km², with most of it within the EU 28 (c. 300-2,000 km²), and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² (for the EU 28 it is c. 62,000 km²).

population:
Subpopulations of this species seem to be large and presumably stable in Romania, but they are small, fragmented and slowly declining in Hungary and Slovakia. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper occurs between 100 and 1,300 m altitude in scrub in forest clearings and edges as well as in shrub-dominated wetlands, where the species lives on Rubus spp. and other tall bushes and herbs (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Kristin and Kanuch 2013, I. Iorgu, pers. comm.).

threats:
The main threats to this species overgrazing, human interventions (including early or very intense mowing, drainage and forest edge cutting) and the use of insecticides, which lead to habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and it is therefore compulsory to monitor this species. Its status has been assessed as "Unfavourable-Inadequate" in all biogeographic regions (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Schmidt's Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it is a common species and its population seems to be stable across its range.

range:
Schmidt's Mountain Grasshopper is known from north-eastern Italy, southern Austria, south-western Hungary, Slovenia, continental and partly Dinaric Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and northern Serbia (Harz 1975, G. Szövenyi, G. Puskas, S. Ivkovic and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 165,000 km²) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 100-500 km²).

population:
This species is widespread and common. It appears to have a stable population trend, and might even be increasing in some areas.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic habitats with tall herbs and small bushes and also in marshy grasslands with bushes. Its main habitats are bushes and shrubs in small-scale rural landscapes, edges and clearcuts along and inside forests, and it prefers horizontally oriented vegetation structure. It is found between 50 m (in Croatia) and 1,000 m altitude (Italy).

threats:
Habitat changes caused by urbanisation, farming and wood logging, together with the use of insecticides, may negatively influence local subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Handsome Cross Grasshopper (Oedaleus decorus) is a widespread grasshopper species, which can form very large subpopulations in parts of its range. While the species is regionally extinct in Austria and the Czech Republic, it is still common in the south of its distribution area and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Handsome Cross Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found from the Canary Islands and Madeira to southern Russia and from Sicily to central Germany and southern Slovakia (Boczki 2007, Heller 2013). In Austria and the Czech Republic the species is regionally extinct. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 8.5 million km² and for the EU 28 it is c. 6.4 million km².

population:
This species forms very large subpopulations. However, at the northern range margin, it has declined and is now regionally extinct in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa 2012). The overall population trend seems to be decreasing. The species has recently been discovered in Germany (Boczki 2007), where it seems to be native. However, this seems to be a relict rather than a recent range expansion. Outbreaks of this species have regularly been reported (Holusa 2012). The population thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species is found in dry steppe-like grassland habitats.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and forests (Holusa 2012).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the national Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005), and as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France, it is listed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research into its population trends is needed. Furthermore, a recent genetic study has shown that this species consists of two strongly differentiated genetic lineages (Kindler et al. 2012). Therefore, taxonomic research is needed as the species may represent two unique, but cryptic species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN°)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN°)

The Senegalese Cross Grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis) is widespread in the Sahel zone, northern and eastern Africa as well as western Asia. In Europe, only three localities of this species exist. The status of the record from Sardinia is unknown (Massa et al. 2012), as it might represent a vagrant specimen. On Tenerife, the species has not been recorded for more than 100 years, while records from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) exist from the mid 1960s and end of the 1980s. It is therefore assumed that the species reproduced at least on La Palma. Overall the species has a very small area of occupancy in Europe (4-8 km²) with a single location. Due to the lack of recent records, it is assumed to be continuously declining. Furthermore, the species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. However, it might well be that the species is sometimes transported with sand storms from northern Africa. Therefore, its Red List category is downgraded by one step and the final assessment is Endangered (EN°).

range:
The Senegalese Cross Grasshopper is widespread in Africa (from the Cape Verde Islands to northern Tanzania as well as in the Maghreb) and in west Asia (from Israel and southern Russia to eastern India (Ritchie 1981). In Europe, it has only been reported from the Canary Islands (Bland et al. 1996) and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). In Sardinia, the species has been found only once in 1964 and its status is therefore not clear (Massa et al. 2012). In the Canary Islands it has been recorded from a single locality in La Palma as well as from Tenerife. However, the last record from Tenerife is from Burr (1911).

population:
The number of records from Europe is rather small. The record from Sardinia might be a non-breeding vagrant, while another record from Tenerife has not been confirmed for more than 100 years. The only recent record from Europe is from La Palma (El Time), which has been confirmed for the last time in 1989. It remains unknown whether this species may be occasionally introduced by sand storms from North Africa. However, since specimens were collected on La Palma at the same locality also in 1966, it is assumed that the species reproduced here. Therefore, the overall population trend of the species is assumed to be decreasing. In the Sahel the species can become a pest. Outbreaks regularly occur, and it thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
Oedaleus senegalensis occurs in dry grassland habitats.

threats:
Its disappearance on Tenerife might have been caused by urbanisation, touristic development or changes in agricultural land use. The major threat to the last remaining locality where this species occurs is touristic development, and based on this threat the species occurs only at one location.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although its only recent locality in La Palma is situated in a protected area. Research on its occurrence in this area and threats to this species are needed. Its habitat requirements need to be studied and the only remaining subpopulation should be in the focus of the reserve's management.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Golden Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda aurea) is a globally widespread species, but in Europe has only been reported on three Aegean islands in the 1930s - Lesbos, Samos and Kos. Recently, it has only been confirmed on Kos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. There could have been a decline as a result of which the species has not been recorded for a long time on the other islands, but this needs to be substantiated. Samos has been regularly visited by people interested in grasshoppers, but the species has not been recorded. Further research is required into the population size and trend, and to confirm its presence or absence on the islands of Lesbos and Samos.

range:
The Golden Band-winged Grasshopper is found in Turkey, the Middle East and Greece. In Greece, it has been collected on the Aegean islands of Samos, Lesbos and Kos in the 1930s (Willemse 1984), but recently it has only been found once (2014) on Kos (M. Husemann pers. comm. 2014). Its presence on Samos and Lesbos needs to be reconfirmed. These Aegean islands form the westernmost boundary of this species' distribution (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population trend of this species. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
The habitat of this species consists of stony, bare slopes, not at sea level but at higher altitudes.

threats:
Within large parts of its European range, this species has not been recorded for 80 years. It was found on dry stony grounds, and the reasons for its apparent disappearance are unknown as such habitat types are rarely affected by human activities.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the specimen on Kos was found in a protected area. Further research is required into the population size and trend, and to confirm its presence or absence on the islands of Lesbos and Samos.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens) is a widespread species in Europe, North Africa and Asia. Although it became rare in parts of northwestern Europe during the 20th century, the population is currently increasing in this part of its range. Even though local threats might exist, the species is probably not threatened across its complete range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Blue Band-winged Grasshopper is very widespread from Morocco and Portugal in the west to Mongolia in the east and Latvia in the north. In Europe, it is found from Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to Latvia in the north and from Portugal in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its presence in Sweden is uncertain. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 10 million km² and in the EU 28 is c. 6.3 million km².

population:
In southern Europe the species is very common and widespread. In northwestern Europe, the species has become rare during the 20th century, but has recently spread again (Hochkirch 2010). The population size and trend are therefore suspected to be increasing.

habitat:
Oedipoda caerulescens prefers open habitats with a large cover of bare ground (< 50% vegetation) (Kuhn and Kleyer 2000). It can be found in semi-deserts, steppes, Mediterranean shrubland, gravel banks, heathland, vineyards and in artificial habitats (e.g. urban brownfields, railway stations, quarries, sand and gravel pits) (Bellmann 2006, Hochkirch 2010). The species is able to rapidly colonize new habitats (Appelt and Poethke 1997).

threats:
Oedipoda caerulescens is very widespread, but threats might occur locally; particularly the regulation of natural river systems with destruction of gravel banks and the transformation of its habitat due to agricultural land use. It is also threatened by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Urech 2003, Hochkirch 2010) and transformation of open tracks into paved roads (Denner 2009). In Switzerland one of the main threats is the recultivation of gravel pits (Monnerat et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
Conservation measures exist at the northern edge of its distribution in Europe, where the species is rare, and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. As the species has colourful, blue hindwings, it is regularly proposed as a flagship species for conservation. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red Lists of Denmark (Wind and Pihl 2010) and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011).  Further research on its population size and trend are needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Canarian Band-Winged Grasshopper is widespread on the Canary Islands. It occurs only at lower elevations and needs semi-open vegetation. Its habitats are locally affected by touristic development and other types of land use changes of the coastal region, but due to its large range size it is probably not at risk. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Canarian Band-Winged Grasshopper is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it occurs on nearly all islands, except for Lanzarote (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 26,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy is between 500 and 2,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size of the species, although it is generally common. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs mainly in dry areas with sparse vegetation at lower altitudes, such as rocky areas or open dwarf shrub vegetation.

threats:
The species might be locally affected by touristic and industrial development at the coastal areas of the Canary Islands. It may also be affected by volcanism and land slides.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy is needed as there is first evidence from a molecular study suggesting that unique species may occur on some islands. This may affect its conservation status, as the species is common on Gran Canaria, Tenerife and La Gomera, but rare on La Palma and Fuerteventura. Further research on its distribution, population size and trend and threats is also needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Western Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda charpentieri) is found on very dry habitats in the Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large. The habitat of this species may decline locally due to transformation into touristic, industrial or agricultural areas, but the population is not severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Western Band-winged Grasshopper occurs in the western Mediterranean region (Iberian Peninsula and southern France). Records from the Baleares, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily are erroneous and refer to Oedipoda miniata mauritanica, which may represent a unique species (unpublished data, A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 770,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. It is quite common in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Pardo and Gómez 1995, J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), but rare in the west (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016) and in the north (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in areas with large amounts of bare ground, such as open Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Olmo-Vidal 2002), open pine forest (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009), desert- or semi-desert-like habitats and rocky areas.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat. In parts of its French range, the habitat has been transformed into cropland or industrial areas. In Spain, no major threats to the species seem to exist.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action exists for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves throughout its range. The species is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Ferreira, S., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda coerulea) is endemic to southwestern Europe and the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, it tolerates a certain degree of habitat modification and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands and in the Azores. North of the Pyrenees, it is also found in France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km².

population:
The species is quite common but its population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
The species is found in a wide range of open habitats with scarce vegetation, including rocky areas, gravel fields, open and sunny fields with very heterogeneous vegetation (Gómez et al., 1992; Llucia-Pomares, 2002). Individuals are always found on the ground (Gómez et al., 1992), at elevations between sea level and 2,100 m Asl.

threats:
No threats to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are currently needed for this widespread species. It is found within several protected areas. Research into its population trend is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda fuscocincta) is common on Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. Due to its wide distribution and the lack of any indication of a decline, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper is known from North Africa, Sicily, southern Italy, Sardinia, Corsica (Defaut 2006), the Azores  and the Iberian Peninsula (Harz 1975, unpublished data A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 2.1 million km².

population:
The species is quite common. There is no information available on its population trend.

habitat:
The species is found in rocky habitats with scarce vegetation, such as Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species has been classified as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French national Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend is necessary.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Red Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda germanica) is found in western and central Europe. Even though the species is declining in the northern part of its range, it is still quite common in the south. Despite the fact that exact data on the area of occupancy (AOO) is lacking, it is likely to be above the thresholds for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Red Band-winged Grasshopper is distributed from northern Spain and northern Italy across France, Switzerland and Austria to Germany in the north and the Czech Republic in the east. Records from the Balkans and Italy south of the Po valley are here disregarded as recent molecular data suggests that these represent unique species (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 900,000 km².

population:
The population of this species is declining, particularly at the northern range margin. However, subpopulations in the southern part of the range are still large. At the northern range border, the subpopulations are very small and isolated so that exchange between them is unlikely (Reinhardt and Köhler 2002).

habitat:
Oedipoda germanica is mainly found on rocky or pebbly habitats with scarce vegetation, including gravel pits, river banks, rocky slopes, quarries and similar habitats (Holusa et al. 2009). It prefers habitats with a vegetation cover of < 20% (Zöller 1995).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the destruction of its habitat, mainly by river regulations. In the northern part of its range it is also threatened by abandonment of grazing and viticulture and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Conservation measures are in place in the northern part of its range and the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red Lists of the Czech Republic and Germany (Holusa and Kocarek 2005, Maas et al. 2011), Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The species is protected in Germany. Two translocation projects near Jena (Thuringia, Germany) were not successful (Wagner et al. 2005, G. Köhler pers. comm. 2016). A taxonomic revision is needed in order to describe the species from Italy and the Balkans.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Scarlet Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda miniata) is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe it is confined to the southern part of the Balkans Peninsula, the Greek islands, Cyprus and the southern part of European Russia. It is quite common in the southern part of its range and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Scarlet Band-winged Grasshopper is widely distributed in Eurasia, from western China to the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it can be found on the southern Balkans (from Greece to Albania and southern Bulgaria), in Cyprus and in eastern European Russia. Recent genetic analyses have shown that the former records from the central Mediterranean (Sardinia, Sicily, Baleares) belong to a unique  species and are therefore disregarded here (unpublished data, A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 2 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 650,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. It is rather common in the southern part of its range (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006).

habitat:
Oedipoda miniata is a lives in dry, warm areas. It is mainly found in rocky, open habitats (Kati et al. 2003).

threats:
The major threats to this species are touristic and industrial development.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Iorgu, I.S. & Pushkar, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda venusta) is only known from Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km²), it is common throughout its range and the population size is assumed to be large. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Cretan Band-winged Grasshopper is only known from Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984) and Karpathos in Greece. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population trend of this species. It is quite common in Crete and consequently the overall population size is assumed to be large and well connected.

habitat:
Like other species of Band-winged Grasshoppers, it prefers open rocky ground with sparse vegetation.

threats:
This species is found in places used for grazing by sheep and goats, but the effect of grazing on the population remains unclear.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Grasshopper (Omocestus africanus) occurs in North Africa and on the Italian island of Pantelleria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common on the island of Pantelleria, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The African Grasshopper occurs in North Africa and on the Italian island of Pantelleria (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 32 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
The species is rather common but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species can be found in dry open habitat, such as grasslands, at altitudes between 10 m and 50 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Grasshopper (Omocestus antigai) is endemic to the Pyrenees and the Catalonian mountains, where it inhabits herbaceous or shrubby habitats from 1,400 to 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,900 km². The species is generally rather rare and the population is severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat is observed and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Pyrenean Grasshopper is widespread in the Catalonian Pyrenees and in the Catalonian mountain ranges. It is recorded from the north-western Girona province to Montseny (Barcelona) and to the Canigou massif in the Pyrenées-Orientales department (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Clemente et al. 1990, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,900 km².

population:
Omocestus antigai is a rather common species in the very restricted French part of its area, but it is rather rare on the Spanish side (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006). Most subpopulations are small and isolated so that re-colonisation is unlikely, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is no specific information available on the population trend, but a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
Omocestus antigai is a mountainous species that inhabits open mesic to dry habitats, such as low heathlands and alpine and sub-alpine meadows. Its altitudinal range is 1,400 to 2,500 m altitude (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006).

threats:
Since Omocestus antigai lives in high altitudes grasslands, direct human impacts are rare. However, overgrazing is reported as a local threat. In several mountains in its range pastoralism is decreasing, which will cause a negative effect on the long run due to succession.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus antigai, but it occurs in several natural parks throughout its range. The species was assessed as Vulnerable in  Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its ecology and threats is needed. A proper traditional grassland management is required to avoid any further declines of this species.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Grasshopper (Omocestus bolivari) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to global warming. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
The Iberian Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in mountainous areas of the Granada, Almería and Jaén provinces (southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented, since females are flightless and subpopulations are very small and isolated. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat loss.

habitat:
This species is found in brooms and Juniper shrubs, as well as in peatlands (Barranco 2002). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of these habitats as a consequence of global warming, which leads to habitat shifting and alteration. This grasshopper is found at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,900 m Asl.

threats:
This species has a restricted range, within which it is threatened by habitat loss resulting from global warming.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Defaut's Grasshopper (Omocestus defauti) is an endemic grasshopper from Corsica, living in dry and scarce vegetation of mountainous habitats between 840 and 1,440 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 700 km² and the species seems to be rare. It is known from only seven sites and it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of c. 20 km². The major threat to this species is decreasing pastoralism at lower altitudes, which could drive this species to Critically Endangered in a very short time. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) under criterion D2. More research on population trends and threats is needed.

range:
Omocestus defauti is an endemic species from Corsica (France) (Sardet and Braud 2007). It is a mountain species, occurring in intermediary altitudes (between 400 and 1,440 m), and it is known only from the central and north-eastern Corsican mountains. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 700 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 20 km².

population:
In the past, Omocestus defauti may have been confused with Chorthippus corsicus at least in part of its range. Prior to describing Omocestus defauti, a monitoring program was carried out (Sardet and Braud 2007) which showed that the species is very rare. About 20 observations are currently known from seven municipalities (corresponding to six or seven localities). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. There is no information on the population sizes and trend of the species.

habitat:
Omocestus defauti is a mountain species that inhabits dry and scarce vegetation areas (Sardet and Braud 2007) like sloping and stony grasslands, stony screes, and scarce vegetation in dry low scrubland.

threats:
Omocestus defauti lives in stony grasslands and screes at intermediate altitudes. Development projects (for example photovoltaic plants) are rare in these often hard to access localities. Decreasing pastoralism is the major threat at lower altitudes, as it may lead to afforestation that could displace this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus defauti, and it is present in a natural park. More research into the population trend and threats is needed. A proper grazing management needs to be implemented to avoid any future decline of this species.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Stripe-legged Grasshopper (Omocestus femoralis) is endemic to Spain where it inhabits mountainous areas in the provinces of Albacete, Almería, Jaén and Murcia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals a result of climate change, use of chemicals and reforestation -  as pines colonise higher altitudes where the species is found. Proposed conservation measures include the protection and management of its habitats, and a decrease on the use of chemicals. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.

range:
The Stripe-legged Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it inhabits mountainous areas in the provinces of Albacete, Almería, Jaén and Murcia (southeastern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. The species is rare and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of reforestation, the use of chemicals and climate change.

habitat:
This species is found in high mountain vegetation, such as thorny scrub pad anddense low scrub, as well as in Poa bulbosa grasslands (Clemente et al. 2011). It is found at altitudes between 1,300 m and 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably affected by the use of chemicals and habitat loss resulting from reforestation, as pines colonise higher altitudes where the species is found. It is also affected by overgrazing. Climate change could also lead to a loss of habitat for this species as a result of droughts and warmer temperatures.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it has been recorded from a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Habitat management and protection are needed, together with a decrease in the use of chemicals, in order to maintain the vegetation cover that the species requires.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orange-tipped Grasshopper (Omocestus haemorrhoidalis) is widely distributed from northern Spain to Korea. In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece to the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland and northwest European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and the overall population size is probably very large. However, it is declining in many countries, and more research into this decline is needed to allow the species to be assessed under Criterion A. Currently, the available data does not justify a threatened status.

range:
The Orange-tipped Grasshopper is widely distributed from northern Spain to Korea (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece to the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland and northwest European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.6 million km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species can be very large. Overall the population trend is decreasing, but a local expansion has been noted in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The overall population sized is probably very large.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland habitats with short sward and dry heathland habitats with bare ground (Baur et al. 2006). In the southern part of its range, it is restricted to higher elevations (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, and afforestation. It is also affected by abandonment as it benefits from grazing and even tolerates overgrazing (D. Chobanov and B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016). Eutrophication could also contribute to the deterioration of its habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Germany and Austria (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011). In Denmark it is listed as Critically Endangered, and in Switzerland as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Luxembourg it is considered "extremely rare" (Proess and Meyer 2003). Due to its regional Red List status it is locally a priority species for conservation (e.g. Lower Saxony, Germany). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Gomboc, S., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lampedusa Grasshopper (Omocestus lopadusae) is endemic to Lampedusa, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and its population trend is stable. Even though the species may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development, it is not believed to be strongly affected by these threats, and it is likely to occur in other areas of the island.

range:
The Lampedusa Grasshopper is endemic to Lampedusa, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km². However, the real AOO is likely to be higher.

population:
This species is common and widespread in Lampedusa and the population trend is stable. Even though the current known AOO is small, it is highly likely that the species occurs in other areas of the island.

habitat:
The species lives in dry habitats, such as shrubland and grassland. It is found at altitudes between 10 m and 100 m asl.

threats:
The species may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Small Spanish Grasshopper (Omocestus minutissimus) is endemic to Spain and is found in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the population size is presumably large and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Small Spanish Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and is found in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310,000 km².

population:
This flightless species is common and abundant and the population size is presumably large. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in low and open scrub, thorny scrub pad and other shrublands (Barranco and Pascual 1991, Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 1992, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It is found at altitudes between 200 m and 2,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found within a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the abundance, population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Minute Grasshopper (Omocestus minutus) is found from the western Balkan Peninsula to southern European Russia and Anatolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common in dry grassy habitats and the population is assumed to be well connected and stable.

range:
The Minute Grasshopper is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula from Hungary, Croatia and Greece, to the southern part of European Russia (Harz 1975, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and Anatolia (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 900,000 km².

population:
This species is very common in dry grassy habitats. On the southern Balkan Peninsula the subpopulations are large and probably well connected (D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), while they are fragmented in Russia and Hungary (V. Savitsky and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed to have a stable or even increasing population trend (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in dry, warm habitats. It is often found on sand dunes or other habitats with sandy soils, but it is also found on dry and stony grassland (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It can also be found in open dry grassland in high mountains. In Russia, it occurs in semi-deserts and steppes with low grass swards (Savitsky 2005) and low salinity (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
This grasshopper is not sensitive to grazing and also occurs on overgrazed sites. However, it may be threatened by afforestation, abandonment of grazing ( G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015) and transformation of its habitat into farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas  (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). Research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Savitsky, V., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pre-Pyrenean Grasshopper (Omocestus navasi) is endemic to the central and eastern Pre-Pyrenees in Spain, with one locality in France. It is a mountain species living in dry grasslands and scrublands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 14,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 64 and 200 km². Significant threats are the loss of meadow habitats due to afforestation. Because the population is severely fragmented and a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as number of mature individuals is inferred the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
Omocestus navasi is widespread in the central and eastern Pre-Pyrenees, mainly in Spain (Herrera 1982, Presa et al. 2007, Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006) and reaching the Pyrénées-Orientales in France (Defaut et al. 2009). Two subspecies are recognized: O. n. navasi Bolívar, 1908 (in Spain) and O. n. bellmanni Puissant, 2008 (in France). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km². It may also occur further east from the Spanish known distribution (Cerdanya and Berguedà valleys in Spain the Albères massif in France), but this needs further confirmation. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to have a minimum of 64 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
Omocestus navasi is considered a rare species in France (where it is known from only one locality) and also in the Spanish part of its range (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and dispersal between them is highly unlikely. There is a continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
Omocestus navasi is a mountainous species which inhabits dry open and shrubby habitats, such as stuffed and thorny scrublands, semi-dry meadows or Buxus clearings. It has been recorded at altitudes between 700 to 1,600 m.

threats:
The main threat to Omocestus navasi is habitat abandonment, which leads to succession, and the consequent forest expansion and reduction of meadow habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus navasi. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pantel's Grasshopper (Omocestus panteli) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, it appears to be tolerant to habitat modifications and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Pantel's Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies almost all of peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 660,000 km².

population:
This species is very common and abundant and the population size is presumed to be large. There is no information available on the population trend of this species, but in Portugal it seems to have declined.

habitat:
The species is found in grass-rich sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands, meadows, agricultural areas and abandoned fields (Gómez et al. 1992, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It appears to be tolerant to habitat modifications and is found at altitudes between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research should be undertaken on the population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rock-dwelling Grasshopper (Omocestus petraeus) occurs from northern Spain to southern Siberia. In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece in the south to the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range in the southern part of Europe. However, the population is severely fragmented and declining. More research into its population trend is needed.

range:
The Rock-dwelling Grasshopper occurs from northern Spain to southern Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece in the south to the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 4.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread in southern Europe, but not common (Kati and Willemse 2001, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Kati and Willemse 2001, Kranebitter et al. 2007). As the species is not a good flyer these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The species is generally decreasing as a consequence of changes in land-use (Kranebitter et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic there is only one subpopulation left (Holusa et al. 2013).

habitat:
This species is found in steppe-like vegetation (Massa et al. 2012). It mainly occurs in dry grassland with short sward (Kranebitter et al. 2007) with patches of bare ground with either sand or rocks (Zuna-Kratky 2009).

threats:
The main threats to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland, abandonment of grazing, eutrophication and afforestation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). It is also threatened in large parts of France, except for the very south (Sardet and Defaut 2004). There are no specific conservation efforts in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Raymond's Grasshopper (Omocestus raymondi) is found in North Africa and south-western Europe where it occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in parts of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common in dry open habitats with patches of bare ground, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Raymond's Grasshopper is found in North Africa and south-western Europe where it occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in parts of Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.6 million km².

population:
This species is very common and widespread (Lluciá-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2014). The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry to mesic grassland and shrubland habitats with patches of bare ground (Massa et al. 2012) including coastal dunes (Hochkirch 1998). It is also found in open pine forests (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and edges of Mediterranean oak forests (Lluciá-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2014). It feeds on grasses. It is found from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. On the French Red List the species is listed as Least Concern, but it is considered threatened in the northern regions of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment. Least Concern (LC)

The Woodland Grasshopper (Omocestus rufipes) has a wide distribution from North Africa to South Siberia. In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and the Greek mainland to south England, south Sweden and the Baltic states in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and has a broad ecological amplitude.

range:
The Woodland Grasshopper has a wide distribution from North Africa to South Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and the Greek mainland to south England, south Sweden and the Baltic states in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.4 million km².

population:
This species is very common and widespread in the southern and central parts of Europe. In northern Europe, subpopulations are often small and isolated. The population trend in the northern part of its range is decreasing (Maas et al. 2001, Zuna-Kratky 2009). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in grassland habitats, wasteland, forest clearings and edges, along road margins and railroad embankments and in urban and agricultural habitats (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is also found in degraded peat bogs and heathland habitats (Maas et al. 2002). It is found from sea level up to 2,300 m Asl.

threats:
Succession by trees and shrubs is a major threat to this species in northern Germany (NLWKN 2011). The species is also threatened by intensification of agricultural land use, particularly higher grazing densities, more frequent mowing and the use of fertilizers (Zuna-Kratky 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered on the national Red Lists of Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), as Vulnerable in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Due to the threatened status in the northern part of its range, some conservation action is in place for this species. In Lower Saxony (Germany) it is a priority species for conservation (NLWKN 2011). In northern German peat bogs, the species benefits from prescribed burning (Hochkirch and Adorf 2007). It is found in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Purpurarian Grasshopper is common on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, where it occurs in many open habitats with grass vegetation. Even though the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), it is very common throughout its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Purpurarian Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,200 km².

population:
The species is widespread and common on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is very common in open grassland habitats. Its elevation limit is 0 - 600 m.

threats:
Goat grazing is common on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, but the effects on this species remain poorly understood. In some areas the species may be threatened by touristic and urban development. Furthermore, there is still active volcanism on Lanzarote, which may threaten some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Uhagon's Grasshopper (Omocestus uhagonii) is endemic to the mountainous areas of central Spain. This species is assessed as Endangeredsince its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to climate change. The species seems to have shifted its altitudinal range upwards. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the population trend of this species is recommended.

range:
Uhagon's Grasshopper is endemic to the mountainous areas of central Spain. It has been found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². The species has once also been cited from Granada but this is most certainly a label mistake (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), and this locality has therefore been excluded from this assessment.

population:
The subpopulations are scarce and isolated, with little or no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, and the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in alpine meadows and stony slopes with low scrub (Clemente et al. 1990), at altitudes between 1,180 m and 2,200 m Asl. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of this habitat as a result of climate change, which causes it to shift upwards.

threats:
This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is threatened to a certain extent by habitat loss resulting from climate change. The species seems to have shifted its altitudinal range upwards (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation actions in place for this species, but it has been recorded from two protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the population trend of this species is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Dune Grasshopper (Omocestus uvarovi) is endemic to Italy, and is known from coastal regions in the central and southern parts of the country. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 64 km² with a maximum estimated AOO of 250 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals caused by the touristic activities along beaches and dunes. Research is needed into the population trend and the species' ecology. Its habitat needs better protection and management.

range:
The Italian Dune Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is known from coastal regions in the central and southern parts of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 250 km².

population:
The population is probably decreasing due to the destruction of its habitat. As the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively in sand dunes and can be found from sea level up to 100 m asl. Adults occur from late spring to beginning of autumn.

threats:
This species is threatened by touristic development along the coasts, particularly along beaches and dunes (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Research is needed into the population trend and the species' ecology. Its habitat needs better protection and management.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Green Grasshopper (Omocestus viridulus) occurs from Ireland to Siberia and Mongolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though a decline of this species has recently been documented in the northwestern part of its range, it is still very widespread and common throughout Europe. More research into its global population trend is needed.

range:
The Common Green Grasshopper occurs from Ireland to Siberia and Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is common in the northern part, reaching up to the Polar region of Scandinavia (Heller 2013), but is only found in high mountains in the southern part of Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.4 million km².

population:
The Common Green Grasshopper is a widespread and common species. However, strong declines have recently been found in northern Germany, namely 45% in 20 years in the Emsland (S. Krause pers. comm. 2006), and 97% in 10 years near Bremen (Grotjahn and Handke 200). In England a 50% decline over 13 years was reported in Essex, UK (Gardiner 2010). The overall population trend is thus decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in semi-dry to moist grassland habitats, marshes and bogs (Zuna-Kratky 2009). As it lays eggs above the ground, the eggs are sensitive to droughts. In the central and southern part of Europe it is found only at higher altitudes. It can be found from sea level up to 2,900 m Asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are increasing numbers of droughts as a consequence of climate change, scrub encroachment due to abandonment of grassland management, drainage and overgrazing (Gardiner 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its global population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Chelmos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma chelmosi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found at higher altitudes in four mountain areas in the central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 838 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to grazing and skiing activities. While grazing by goats and changes to the grazing regime may affect this species, the strongest threat is considered to be skiing (ski center on Mt. Chelmos has recently been expanded). Further research into the population size and the threats to this species is required. In addition, its habitat needs to be restored and managed to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Chelmos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from some mountains in the central part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1979, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 838 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km².

population:
There is no available information on the subpopulations of this species for each mountain where it occurs, nor is anything known about the population trend. However, the population is inferred to be in decline, particularly on Mt. Chelmos, which is affected by skiing activities. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This wingless species is found at elevations of 1,550-1,980 m Asl.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by goats during the summer, and Mt. Chelmos is used for skiing in the winter. These activities are likely to negatively affect this species. While grazing by goats and changes to the grazing regime may affect this species, the strongest threat is considered to be skiing (ski center on Mt. Chelmos has recently been expanded).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research into the population size and the threats to this species is required. In addition, its habitat needs to be restored and managed to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Erimanthos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma erymanthosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Erimanthos in the north-west of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location and any changes to the grazing regime of its habitat could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size, its area of occupancy and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in a way to prevents future population declines.

range:
The Erimanthos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Erimanthos in the north-west of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1971, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline (1,600-1,800 m asl). They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks among which they can easily hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,600-2,000 m asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mt. Erymanthos is grazed by goats in the summer, but the extent of grazing is unknown. However, any changes to the grazing regime could lead the population to decline rapidly. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size, its area of occupancy and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in a way to prevents future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Karavica Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma karavica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the area around Mt. Karava in Central Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 150 km² and area of occupancy is 8-30 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and a decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of habitat is projected as a result of overgrazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, its habitat needs to be managed appropriately (particularly the grazing regime), in order to avoid future population declines.

range:
The Karavica Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the area around Mt. Karava in central Greece (La Greca and Messina 1976, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² (upper estimate 30 km²).

population:
No specific information on the population size and the population trend of this species exists, but a future decline is projected based upon the threat of future overgrazing.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mts. Karava and Kazarma are used for livestock grazing in the summer. In the future there might be increased cattle grazing, which could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, its habitat needs to be managed appropriately (particularly the grazing regime), in order to avoid future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kyllini Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma kyllinii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Kyllini in the north-east of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime of its habitat could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size, the area of occupancy, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. The grazing regime also needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Kyllini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Kyllini in the north-east of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1971, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 20 km².

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,500-2,000 m asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mt. Kyllini is grazed by livestock in the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size, the area of occupancy, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. The grazing regime also needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Triandafilia Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma lagrecai) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the area around Mt. Triandafilia in central Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 8-10 km²), occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals as a result of livestock grazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adapted to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Triandafilia Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the area around Mt. Triandafilia in Central Greece (Willemse 1979, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8-10 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. The population is suspected to be decreasing due to a decline in the quality of its habitat, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species. They are usually found above the timberline on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer areas with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species occurs at elevations of 1,400-1,800 m asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mts. Triandafilia and Panetolikon are subject to grazing in the summer, which probably leads to the degradation of its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adapted to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Macedonian Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma macedonica) has a relatively large distribution area, is found in the mountains of northern Greece, and in the mountainous areas in the border region between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania and Kosovo. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable, since it has a restricted geographic range (occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,900 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only seven locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing. In the EU 28 region, this species is assessed as Endangered, since it has an even smaller geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 681 km²), the population is also severely fragmented, it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. In addition, its habitat needs to be protected and managed appropriately to avoid future population declines.

range:
The Macedonian Mountain Grasshopper has a relatively large distribution area, it is found in the mountains of northern Greece (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willlemse 2008), and in the mountainous areas in the border region between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania and Kosovo (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km², and 681 km² in the EU 28 region.

population:
A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of the effects of cattle grazing.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and at elevations of 1,730-2,100 m Asl.

threats:
The mountains where this species occurs are affected by grazing in the summer, but the effects of this threat on this grasshopper are unknown. However, the population is suspected to be undergoing a decline as a result of cattle grazing throughout its range. This species is also likely to be affected by skiing centres. Taking into account the likely extend of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at seven locations in Europe, and at three locations in the EU 28 region.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. In addition, its habitat needs to be protected and managed appropriately to avoid future population declines.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Heller, K.-G. & Papapavlou, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnassos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma parnassica) is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in two adjoining mountain ranges in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland, Mt. Parnassos and Mt. Elikon. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 200 km², and area of occupancy is no more than 30 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and in the area and quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing and developmental activities. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be protected and managed appropriately, to avoid any future population declines caused by grazing or skiing.

range:
The Parnassos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in two adjoining mountain ranges in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland, Mt. Parnassos and Mt. Elikon (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 30 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, due to infrastructure development, this species is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline. The subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,950 m asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mts. Parnassos and Elikon are used for grazing in the summer, but the effects of this threat on this grasshopper are unknown. Mt. Parnassos is used for skiing in the winter and the effects of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity is also unknown, although the construction of infrastructure (such as roads) is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species. Taking into account the possible extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in Parnassos National Park. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this grasshopper. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be protected and managed appropriately, to avoid any future population declines caused by grazing or skiing.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tayetos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma taygetosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes in the grazing regime of the area where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the area of occupancy, and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in order to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Tayetos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Pelopponesus (Willemse 1972). This species' extent of occurrence is 25 km².

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,700-2,200 m Asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mt. Taygetos is used for grazing by goats in the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the area of occupancy, and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in order to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tymphrestos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma tymphrestosi) is endemic to Greece, and occurs on three mountains in central Greece: Mt. Tymphrestos, Mt. Iti and Mt. Vardhoussia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 500 km², and area of occupancy is 20-50 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing and touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be managed appropriately, particularly regarding grazing and skiing, in order to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Tymphrestos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and occurs on three mountains in central Greece: Mt. Tymphrestos, Mt. Iti and Mt. Vardhoussia (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20-50 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, it is inferred that it is undergoing a continuing decline as a result of infrastructure development and cattle grazing. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, found above the timberline as a rule. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and is found at elevations of 1,750-2,100 m asl.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mts. Tymphrestos, Iti and Vardhoussia are used for grazing in the summer, but the severity of this threat is unknown. Mt. Tymphrestos is used for skiing in the winter but the effects of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity are unknown. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be managed appropriately, particularly regarding grazing and skiing, in order to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Willemse's Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma willemsei) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Giona, in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 85 km²), it potentially occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and in the number of mature individuals due to livestock grazing and day-mining activities on Mt. Giona. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects of day-mining and grazing on this species. The habitat of this species needs protection, and quarrying activities need to be stopped in order to avoid future population declines. Furthermore, livestock grazing needs to be managed appropriately.

range:
The Willemse's Moutain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Giona, in the southern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 40 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. As a result of quarrying activities, a continuing decline in population size is inferred.

habitat:
Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and it is found at elevation of 1,750-1,900 m asl.

threats:
Mt. Giona is used for grazing in the summer, although the extent to which this species is affected is unknown. The main threat to this species comes from the quarries on the mountain which completely destroy its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species it is considered to possibly occur at only one location (certainly fewer than 10 locatons).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects of day-mining and grazing on this species. The habitat of this species needs protection and quarrying activities need to be stopped in order to avoid future population declines. Furthermore, livestock grazing needs to be managed appropriately.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper (Paracaloptenus bolivari) is endemic to the Pyrenees and Catalonia. It lives in herbaceous or shrubby habitats, from 245 to 2,100 m altitude and it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although the species is considered rather rare, it is assumed to be declining due to habitat changes caused by abandonment of grazing and subsequent afforestations. It shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large distribution range.

range:
Paracaloptenus bolivari is endemic to the Pyrenean and Catalonian massifs. It is widespread along the whole south side of Pyrenees, in the Catalonian mountain range (southwards to Tarragona) and along the northern side of Eastern Pyrenees in France (Ariège, Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude) (Llucià-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 62,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be more than 2,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of Paracaloptenus bolivari. The species is considered as "not very common" in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009), "not very abundant" in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002), and generally rare on the French side, although it can be sometimes very abundant (Defaut et al. 1999). It is inferred to be declining due to recent afforestation of its habitat. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This sub-mountainous and mountainous species is recorded from altitudes between 245 and 2,100 m and occurs in herbaceous or shrubby habitats like dry heathlands, Buxus scrublands, grass-rich fringes of wet woodlands, wet and subalpine grasslands (Poniatowski et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006).

threats:
The main threat to this species is afforestation, caused by the decreasing pastoralism in the region.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Paracaloptenus bolivari, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Paracaloptenus bolivari has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006)  and as Vulnerable in France (Sardet and Defaut  2004). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. A proper management of the habitat needs to be implemented, particularly through avoiding succession to forests and any consequent future decline of this species.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Balkan Pincer Grasshopper (Paracaloptenus caloptenoides) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Austria and Slovakia to Greece, western Anatolia and Moldova. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of between 1,200 and 3,500  km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (ca 800 to 1,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. Abandonment of extensive grazing and afforestation are the major threats to this species, as well as urbanization and the use of pesticides. It is also threatened by intensification of land use such as mowing with machinery and overgrazing, and by high densities of game, particularly wild boar and moufflon. This grasshopper would benefit from better management of its habitats and more research is needed into its population trend and threats.

range:
The Balkan Pincer Grasshopper occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Austria and Slovakia to Greece, western Anatolia and Moldova (Willemse 1973, Ünal 2000, Gavlas 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 925,500 km², and ca 840,000 km² in the EU 28 . Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 1,200 and 3,500 km², and between 800 and 1,800 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is rare throughout large parts of its range, it has very small and isolated subpopulations and the population is considered severely fragmented in the EU 28 (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Kristin and Kanuch 2013). The species was thought to be extinct in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) but has recently been rediscovered (Panrok 2008). It has declined considerably during the last 50 years in Hungary and still seems to be declining (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). In FYR Macedonia and Albania the population is less fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulation in Romania is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but the global population is declining.

habitat:
This flightless species occurs on sunny, stony mountain slopes with low vegetation (Willemse 1973). It is also found in meadows, forest edges and clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) as well as wasteland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This grasshopper is found from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl. (Kristin and Kanuch 2013).

threats:
Abandonment of extensive grazing and afforestation are the major threats to this species (EAA 2015) as well as urbanisation and the use of pesticides (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is also threatened by intensification of land use such as mowing with machinery and overgrazing, but also by high densities of game, particularly wild boar and moufflon (G. Szövenyi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the European Habitats Directive. Monitoring of the population status of this species is therefore in place. Its status has been reported as  "unfavourable-inadequate" for the Continental, Pannonian and Steppic region,  "favourable" for the Alpine and Black Sea region and "unknown" for the Mediterranean  region in the latest report (EEA 2015). According to Gruber et al. (2012) the species is in an unfavourable status and even critical in Hungary. The species has been assessed as Endangered on the Carpathian Red List, being Critically Endangered in the Slovakian and Hungarian part and Endangered in the Romanian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Habitat management (cutting of trees and shrubs) has been undertaken at the only known locality in Austria (Biosphärenreservat Wienerwald). More research into its population trend and threats is needed. The species would benefit from better management of its habitats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Istrian Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to Dalmatia (between Istria and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,000-2,000 km² (600-1,000 km² in the EU 28) and its population is severely fragmented, and it is thus it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. However, the species is common and no major threats have been reported.

range:
The Istrian Pincer Grasshopper is distributed along the Adriatic coast and the neighbouring Dinaric mountains from southwestern Slovenia through Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina to northern Montenegro (Willemse 1973, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012, Sardet et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 35,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 600-1,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The overall population trend of this species is unknown, although in Croatia the species seems stable (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The population of this flightless species is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are isolated and small with little possibility for genetic exchange, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species is found on warm, dry meadows on rocky karstic areas, usually scarcely overgrown with Saturea spp. in south-faced sub-Mediterranean to coline scarce oak forest. Its altitudinal range is 400-1,500 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species may be related to habitat succession. Fires and the abandonment of extensive nomadic cattle farming are a threat to this species, especially in the northern part of its distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Tricolor Grasshopper (Paracinema tricolor) is widespread from South Africa to southern Europe and South Asia. This species is affiliated with wetland habitats which are rapidly declining in large parts of its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is most likely smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. No significant immigration from outside the assessment region is expected due to its strong habitat affiliation. The major threat to this species is drainage of its habitat, and it is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, overgrazing, water pollution and urbanisation. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Its wetland habitats need better protection and destroyed wetlands should be restored.

range:
The Tricolor Grasshopper is widespread from South Africa (including Madagascar) to southern Europe and South Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe it is found in the Mediterranean region, i.e. on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and Corsica, in Italy including Sicily and Sardinia, and on the Balkans from Greece to Slovenia and Ukraine (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.6 million km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 1,500 and 3,500 km², and in the EU 28 between 1,400 and 3,000 km².

population:
This species is widespread, but because of its affiliation with wetland habitats the subpopulations are rather small and isolated. The distances between subpopulations are very large and re-colonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A strong decline of this species is assumed for Italy (Massa et al. 2012). The species is also declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and on the Balkans (S. Ivkovic and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is extinct in Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006) and also possibly extinct in Albania (G. Puskas pers. comm. 2016) and on Sicily (Massa 2011). The overall population size is decreasing.

habitat:
The species occurs in wetland habitats with tall grass vegetation, including rice fields (Massa et al. 2012). It is a good flyer (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).

threats:
The major threat to this species is drainage of its habitat. It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, overgrazing, water pollution (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014) and urbanisation (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The increasing number of droughts as a consequence of climate change may also threaten this species (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Vulnerable on the Serbian Red List and as Endangered on the Macedonian Red List (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Its wetland habitats need better protection and destroyed wetlands should be restored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Korsunovskaya, O., Ferreira, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the Cika Mountain Grasshopper is 4-20 km². The species occurs at one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals given the increasing pressure of cattle grazing. Therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The Cika Mountain Grasshopper was recently described. It is known only from the Maja e Qorres peak (Cika Mountain) in Vlore district, Albania (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4-20 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 14 km².

population:
The species is considered to be common in suitable habitats. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and therefore the population is inferred to be decreasing due to the increasing pressure of cattle grazing.

habitat:
The species inhabits rocky screes with sparse grass cover and meadows in the alti-Mediterranean belt between 1,650 m and the mountain summits (2,050-2,080 m alt.) dominated by communities of Pinus heldreichii. Adults occur from early July to October (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The major threat to the species is overgrazing by cattle, which reduces the quality of its habitat. Based on this threat, the species occurs at a single location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in the Llogara Nature Reserve and Karaburuni Nature Park. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 933 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) is 24-100 km², and it occurs in less than ten locations based on the threat of overgrazing. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper is found in a few mountain ranges in the district of Gjirokastra and at the border of Vlora district, Albania. It occurs between 1,250 and 2,000 m altitude (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015, D. Chobanov, pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 933 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Field observations revealed high densities in the appropriate habitats.

habitat:
The species lives on stony karstic areas usually with scarce grass cover and shrubs of Astragalus spp. and Juniperus spp. in the Mediterranean montane and alti-Mediterranean belts.

threats:
The species seems to tolerate moderate grazing, but overgrazing in areas adjacent to the species' habitat results in habitat changes (also through over-fertilisation), which may be negative for the species. Based on this threat, the species occurs in less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for the species, although it is likely to occur in Zhej Nature Park. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Tymphi Mountain Grasshopper (Peripodisma tymphii) is restricted to a few mountainous areas in Greece and Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered both in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 2,900 km² in Europe and ca 2,100 km² in the EU 28; area of occupancy is 44-190 km² in Europe and ca 32-80 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing. Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture on the effects of grazing. Site protection and management should be undertaken in order to enhance the conservation status of this species.

range:
The Tymphi Mountain Grasshoppper occurs in Greece, where it is restricted to Epirus (north-western Greece), and in southern Albania. It is found on seven mountains (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2,900 km², and ca 2,100 km² in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 44 km² with a maximum estimate of 190 km², and between 32 and 80 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population of this species has declined during the past decades due to ongoing grazing by sheep, and more recently by cattle, in the high mountains. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs elevations of 1,100-1,800 m asl where it is generally found on open mountain slopes with a more or less dense vegetation of taller herbs and grasses.

threats:
This species is restricted to medium and high altitudes in a few mountains in Greece and Albania, which are also used during the summer for grazing by sheep and cattle. As this species depends on the presence of grasses and herbs for food, the presence of cattle and sheep poses a threat.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas (Vikos–Aoös National Park). Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture on the effects of grazing. Site protection and management should be undertaken in order to enhance the conservation status of this species.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Lemmonier-Darcemont, M., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Within Europe, the Anatolian Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix anatolica) is only known from the island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km²), and occurs at only two locations - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In addition, this species is found in habitats which, apart from bushfires, may be threatened by agricultural practices. Further research into the population size and distribution, as well as into possible threats is needed.

range:
The Anatolian Maquis Grasshopper is found in Turkey and Greece. In Europe, this species is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos (Willemse 1984), and its extent of occurrence is ca 2,000 km². Lesbos forms the westernmost part of its distribution area which extends into western Turkey (Karabag 1958).

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. The last record of this species dates back to the 1970s.

habitat:
This species occurs in lowland areas and is found in open pine tree forests, in dune areas with some pine trees and semi-wet/dried up valleys and in hills overgrown with dense 2-3 m high (Quercus coccifera) shrubs. It is found at elevations of 5-200 m Asl.

threats:
This species is found in areas which are liable to bushfires, and is likely to be threatened by them. However, the severity of this threat is unknown. It may also be affected by agricultural practices, particularly olive tree cultivation. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but one of its historic localities lies now in a protected area. Further research into the population size and distribution, as well as into potential threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix cypria) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since although it has a restricted geographic range (known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km²), it is common across the island and its population is assumed to be stable. However, it occurs in agricultural areas which are affected by land transformation and pesticides. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.

range:
The Cyprian Maquis Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km² (ca 14,000 km² if it occurs on the entire island).

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, this species is widespread in Greece and its population is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs at field margins in agricultural areas, in grassland and shrubland, and is found at elevations of 80-950 m Asl.

threats:
As this species is found in areas which are agriculturally used, it may be susceptible to the use of pesticides. Its habitat is also destroyed by transformation into vineyards and farmland.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix giornae) is widely distributed in the southern part of Europe, North Africa and the Near East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in southern Europe, and it is currently spreading in the north of its range.

range:
The Common Maquis Grasshopper is widely distributed in the southern part of Europe, North Africa and the Near East. In Europe it is found from the south of the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Crete to central France, the south of Switzerland, eastern Austria (Heller 2013) and western Slovakia (Kristin et al. 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 4.0 million km².

population:
The Common Maquis Grasshopper is a common and widespread species. It has increased its range in Romania (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and Austria (Wöss et al. 2011). It may partly be transported by traffic (Wöss et al. 2011). The overall population is increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry open habitats with scarce vegetation, usually dwarf shrubs or small bushes. It has a rather broad ecological amplitude (Hochkirch 1998) and can be found in grassland, Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation and open forests (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and urbanisation(Ranner and Lederer 2009). It can also the threatened by bushfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In Switzerland, it is listed as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007). Further research into the population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Rhodes Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix lagoi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kalimnos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 4,400 km²), it is widespread across the islands and the population in unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The only known threat to the habitat of this species are bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend is required.

range:
The Rhodes Maquis Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kalimnos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence is ca 4,400 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species, but it is known to be common on Rhodes.

habitat:
There is very little information on the habitat and ecology of this species. It was found in a riverbed with adjoining agricultural land but also on hills with only low prickly bushes (Sanguisorba spp.) and in a open Platanus/Quercus forest. This species is found at elevations of 10-400 m Asl.

threats:
This species is found in areas which are liable to bushfires, and is likely to be threatened by them. However, the severity of this threat is unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas on Rhodes. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Thick Grasshopper is listed as Endangered (EN) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 200 km², there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanisation and development of tourism infrastructure, and the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
The Thick Grasshopper has a very patchy distribution in Europe with a few known localities along the Aegean coast of northern Greece, the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and Ukraine, and the Caspian coast of European Russia (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Willemse 1984, Kis 1993, Savitsky 2002, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov 2009). Its occurrence in Moldova and in the European part of Turkey (de Jong 2013) is highly doubtful due to the lack of appropriate habitats and is therefore disregarded here. The species is possibly extinct in Romania and Bulgaria. Depending on the taxonomic status of this species, its distribution may expand beyond Europe (see Taxonomic Note). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large (c. 680,000 km²) but the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably not more than 200 km². In the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
The species has disappeared from several countries, so the overall population trend is decreasing. There is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The subpopulations show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Peshev and Djingova 1974), as it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold.

habitat:
The species inhabits saltings on wet bare ground with scarce halophytic vegetation (Salicornia, Atriplex verrucifera) along sea coasts and continental lakes within semi-desert areas (in southeastern European Russia).

threats:
The major threat to the species is the expansion of touristic infrastructure. In addition, any touristic and recreation activities may affect its habitat. In some protected areas (like Ropotamo Reserve in Bulgaria), subpopulations show an unexplained negative trend (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015), but there are no conservation actions in place for the species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed on its taxonomy, trends, ecology and threats, and the status of the population and its habitat needs to be monitored. The remaining habitats of the species need to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Maghreb Grasshopper (Platypygius platypygius) is very rare in Europe, where it is only found on the Iberian Peninsula, in Sicily and on Sardinia. The species is ecologically highly specialised and occurs only in mudflats and along salt pans that fall dry during summer. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 70 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland and urbanisation, and it is also threatened by the increasing number of droughts. More research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management. Destroyed habitats should be restored.

range:
The Maghreb Grasshopper is found in North Africa, on the Iberian Peninsula as well as on Sicily and Sardinia (Massa 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 611,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 72 and 500 km².

population:
This species is very rare and the subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Munoz Alcon and Lluciá-Pomares 2011), and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals (Verdú et al. 2006).

habitat:
This species occurs in warm moist open mud habitats, which become dry during summer (Yarza 2009). It is often found close to rivers and lakes, including salt pans and salt marshes  (Verdú et al. 2006). It mainly occurs at low altitudes (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The main threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland and urbanisation (Verdú et al. 2006). The species is also threatened by the increasing number of droughts (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Spanish Red List (Verdú et al. 2006). Its habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive, and it occurs in protected areas. More research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management. Destroyed habitats should be restored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma amedegnatoae) is endemic to the far south-western Alps in France. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very small range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 4,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 50-100 km²), and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality in parts of its range due to intensive touristic activity at Mont Ventoux - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, the larger mountainous part of the population seems to be stable. As it was described only recently (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007), important knowledge on the population trend and threats to this species is not yet available. Further research is needed into the distribution, potential threats, and population dynamics of this species. In addition, research into its taxonomic status and other closely related Podisma-species should be carried out.

range:
The Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the far south-western Alps in France in the Département Vaucluse, with a higher concentration around Mont Ventoux. This species was described by Fontana and Pozzebon (2007) and is closely related to the widespread Podisma pedestris, from which it is most obviously separated by a distinct row of dorsal dots in the female. It is supposed by Fontana and Pozzebon (2007), that this species evolved in a refugial area around Mont Ventoux during the ice ages. Most of the records are from the southern slopes of Mont Ventoux, but it also occurs on the northern sides of this mountain. Further records are known from the Alpes de Haute Provence (Drôme: Séderon, Montagne de Lure) to the east and from the Petites Alpes du Dauphiné to the north (Col de Cabre, Bézaudun-sur-Bine). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 50-100 km². It occurs on mountain slopes from comparably low altitudes at 820 m up to the mountain tops at 2,500 m asl (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007).

population:
This species lives in rather large subpopulations within suitable habitats of its small AOO. It can be locally abundant at lower altitudes. Unfortunately, since prior to its description by Fontana and Pozzebon in 2007 this species was considered to be the widely distributed Podisma pedestris, there is no monitoring of the population size or habitat trends. However, the population is assumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives in dry and hot mountainous habitats from the lower foothills up to climatically suitable peaks like the top of Mont Ventoux. It seems to be more adapted to dry and hot conditions than the other closely related species of the genus Podisma (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007). It is found in open grasslands, often with a high proportion of rocks and screes (Wagner 2005-2016, Fontana and Pozzebon 2007).It lives mainly on bare ground, and adults can be found over a long season from July to October.

threats:
Due to its restricted range, partly outside of protected areas, this species is rather sensitive to potential threats. Intensive touristic activities, possibly leading to habitat conversion at the easily accessible Mont Ventoux pose an important threat to this species (W. Wagner pers. comm. 2015). Abandonment of grasslands and habitat shifts due to climate change can also pose a threat to this species. Detailed information on these threats is lacking, and more research on the topic is needed.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures targeted at this species, but it occurs in protected areas such as the Reserves de Biosphere Luberon-Lure and Mont Ventoux. This species has to cope with rather intense recreational use in its main habitat at Mont Ventoux. Further research is needed into the distribution, potential threats, and population dynamics of this species. In addition, research into its taxonomic status and other closely related Podisma-species should be carried out.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cantabrian Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma cantabricae) is endemic to northern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 50 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This grasshopper is likely to be affected by climate change, but this needs to be studied in more detail. Research is also needed into the population size and trend, and into the ecology of this little-known species.

range:
The Cantabrian Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a small area between León and Asturias provinces, in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 78 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
This species is rare, but locally abundant. The population is severely fragmented, since the species is flightless and there is no connection between the small subpopulations. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits dense low-grass mountain grasslands (Morales Agacino 1950). It occurs at altitudes between 1,400 m and 1,720 m Asl.

threats:
The species is likely to be affected by climate change, but this needs to be studied in more detail.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present within a protected area. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this little-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Carpetan Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma carpetana) is endemic to central Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (between 136 and 1,500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it is likely to be affected by climate change, causing habitat shifting and alteration. Research is needed into its distribution and population trend. Appropriate management of the habitat is required to avoid any future population declines. The trend of the population and habitat should be monitored.

range:
The Carpetan Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Spain. Two subspecies are known: Podisma carpetana ignatii, which is present in northern Spain, and Podisma carpetana carpetana, restricted to the mountains of central Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².

population:
The species is rare and its population is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small, it is flightless and only found in mountainous areas, and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitats. P. carpetana carpetana is very rare and more restricted than the other subspecies.

habitat:
This species has been collected in mountain low grasslands as well as in open Juniperus spp. shrublands (Morales Agacino 1950). It is found at altitudes between 1,400 and 2,421 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it is likely to be affected by climate change, causing habitat shifting and alteration.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in some protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution and population trend. Appropriate management of the habitat is required to avoid any future population declines. The trend of the population and habitat should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma dechambrei) is endemic to the French and Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,300 km²), and is present in different geographic, climatic and altitudinal conditions. However, the subpopulations within the eastern range (including the subspecies P. d. melisi) might be under higher threat and the species might be affected by global warming in the future, with an upward shift of suitable habitats. This species might benefit from measures to preserve the quality of alpine grasslands.

range:
The Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a narrow region extending from the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence along with the Alpes-Maritimes in south-eastern France and the Alpi Marittimi in north-western Italy, following the mountain ridges eastwards to the Appenino Tosco-Emiliano and the Alpi Apuane, reaching Pistoia and Arezzo in northern Italy (Defaut 2010, Massa et al. 2012). The eastern, mostly extra-Alpine, part of its range is occupied by the subspecies P. d. melisi (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007). It is replaced by the closely related species Podisma amedegnatoae in the west and by Podisma pedestris in the north of its area. It is a montane species, mainly occurring at higher elevations between 1,000 and 2,050 m asl (Defaut 2010), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size of this species. Due to different taxonomic interpretations, it was repeatedly treated as a subspecies or even forma of Podisma pedestris, so there is often no specific information available. In the western part of its range it is abundant, but in the eastern part of its range it is found scattered in isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a species of montane and alpine grassland, mainly living above the tree line. Unfortunately, there is no detailed information on the habitat preference of this endemic species, especially not from the eastern range with the subspecies P. d. melisi.

threats:
There are no threats reported for this species in the available literature. However, since it lives in the mountains up to the summits, it is potentially affected by global warming with an upward shift of suitable habitats, particularly in the Alps (e.g. Dirnböck et al. 2011). Especially the eastern part of the range seems to be highly fragmented and might be under higher risk of local extinction.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in several protected areas (Parc national du Mercantour, Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittimi, Parco Naturale Regionale dell´Aveto, Parco Nazionale dell´Appenino Tósco-Emiliano). It might benefit from measures to preserve the quality of alpine grasslands. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the development of its habitats is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Valdieri Moutain Grasshopper (Podisma eitschbergeri) is only known from its type locality at the Cappella San Giovanni near Valdieri in Piemonte (Italy), where it was found in the 1960's. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. The first necessary step is to search for this species at the type locality and clarify its taxonomic status. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and possible threats.

range:
The Valdieri Moutain Grasshopper is only known from its type locality at the Cappella San Giovanni near Valdieri in Piemonte (Italy), where it was found in the 1960's (Harz 1973). Any further attempts to rediscover this species have failed (Sindaco et al. 2012).

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.

conservationAction:
First of all the species has to be rediscovered at the type locality and its taxonomic status has to be clarified. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Emilia Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma emiliae)  is endemic to a restricted part of the northern Apennines (Appennino Tosco Emiliano), in Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to tourism (skiing, tracking) and intensified cattle grazing in the area. It might also be threatened by climatic changes such as habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions. There is a need for habitat management and research into its population trends, ecology and threats.

range:
The Emilia Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a restricted part of the northern Apennines (Appennino Tosco Emiliano), in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species have a are very low density, and the population trend is probably decreasing due to the ongoing alteration of the habitat. This species is flightless and its population is considered severely fragmented, as subpopulations are very small and isolated.

habitat:
This species lives on alpine meadows and adults are found from summer to autumn at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,700 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by tourism (mainly skiing and tracking) and intensified cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climatic changes (particularly habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. There is a need for habitat management and research into its population trends, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Sasso Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma goidanichi) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso Massif, in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism (skiing, tracking) and cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme temperatures. More research is needed into its population trends, ecology and threats. Its habitat needs appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso Massif, in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 300 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated. As the species is flightless, the population is considered severely fragmented. The density is usually very small, and the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives on high altitude meadows (1,100 m to 2,540 m asl) with adults from summer to autumn.

threats:
The main threats to this species are tourism (skiing, tracking) and cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme temperatures.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research is needed into its population trends, ecology and threats. Its habitat needs appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Marche Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma magdalenae) is endemic to Italy, being found on a single mountain, Monte Catria in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of the habitat due to tourism and increasing levels of cattle grazing. This grasshopper might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifting and extreme temperatures. Further research is needed into its population trend, habitat trends, ecology and threats. The area and habitat where this grasshopper is found needs to be protected and suitable habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further population declines. Destroyed habitat should be restored.

range:
The Marche Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, being found on a single mountain, Monte Catria in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is decreasing due to habitat alterations.

habitat:
It lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes, at altitudes between 1,200 m and 1,650 m asl, with adults present from summer to autumn.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by tourism (skiing and summer sports) as well as increased cattle grazing. The species might also be affected by the changing climate, particularly by habitat shifting and extreme temperatures. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into its population trend, habitat trends, ecology and threats. The area and habitat where this grasshopper is found needs to be protected and suitable habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further population declines. Destroyed habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma pedestris) is a widespread species and its range extends throughout the Palearctic region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range, and subpopulations in core areas seem to be relatively stable and occur in unthreatened habitats, like alpine and subarctic grasslands and rocky areas in the mountains. However, the subpopulations in central Europe have experienced a long-term decline that is still ongoing in many areas, especially at lower altitudes. Recent threats such as the overgrowth of sun-exposed unproductive pastures and grasslands as a result of abandonment, the increase in vegetation cover due to nitrogen emissions and climatic changes seem to affect only the range-restricted subpopulations. Further research is needed, particularly on the extra-Alpine subpopulations of central and southeastern Europe and maybe also on the two range-restricted subspecies of the Italian Alps, which might be at much higher risk than the whole species.

range:
The Common Mountain Grasshopper is a Palearctic species, occurring in most parts of Europe and ranging with several subspecies eastwards into Asia to the Caucasus, Mongolia and China. In Europe, it has a disjunct distribution with the southern range extending from the Pyrenean mountains across the Alps and the lower mountain areas of Central Europe into the Balkans, reaching the Black Sea. The northern range covers Scandinavia (outside Denmark), Finland and northwest Russia. There are two very range-restricted subspecies in the Italian Alps - P. p. caprai in the Alpi Finestre in Piemonte and P. p. nadigi at few localities in the northeastern Trentino (Massa et al. 2012). Apart from the Alps, occurrences are often isolated and separated by vast uninhabited areas. Especially in central Europe, larger parts of its range have been abandoned during the 20th century (e.g., Maas et al. 2002 for Germany), and the small Czech subpopulation is already extinct (R. Vlk pers. comm. 2015). It occupies a large range of elevations, occurring from near sea level in its northern area up to the rocky mountain-summits at 2,800 m asl (in Switzerland, Baur and Roesti 2006). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence is estimated to be 5.6 million km².

population:
This species occurs in a wide area with quite different habitats, resulting in a variety of subpopulation densities and trends. Core areas like the Alps and Switzerland are well occupied, the species can be quite common and the subpopulations seem to be relatively stable. Central European subpopulations have experienced a long-term decline that is still ongoing in many areas, especially at lower altitudes (e.g., in parts of Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic). The subpopulations in south-eastern Europe are quite fragmented and it is likely that there is no genetic exchange between them any more. The subpopulation in Fennoscandia seems to be stable. Overall the population trend seems to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species prefers dry, warm habitats in most of its range, shifting to moister habitats in the warmer climate of the Balkans (e.g., Bulgaria, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) or the south-western Alps. It lives on the ground, preferring grassland with low vegetation-cover and a certain amount of bare sun-exposed ground. The eggs are laid into the ground and may remain there up to two seasons before hatching, as a means to cope with occasional harsh environmental conditions in the habitat (e.g. mountain peaks, subarctic habitats). Adults can be found from June to October, and the species does not produce any sound.

threats:
This species has undergone a marked decline in its central European range, but the reasons of this decrease are often not clear. Main threats seem to be the overgrowth of sun-exposed unproductive pastures and grasslands as a result of abandonment, the increase in vegetation cover due to nitrogen emissions and maybe also climatic changes leading to moister and less "continental" climate conditions. In some parts of its area (e.g., Northern Germany) suitable habitats were turned into forests or fields. This species can survive over long periods in isolated subpopulations with small numbers of individuals (Detzel 1998) and despite its normally flightless appearance, the occasional occurrence of fully-winged individuals allows a connection of subpopulations or leads to the re-colonisation of suitable habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in many protected areas, covering different ranges and habitats. Especially the threatened subpopulations outside of the Alps should be monitored and the nature of the ongoing threats should be investigated. As the Alpine and Fenno-Scandinavian subpopulations seem to be secure so far, research should focus on the central and southeastern European subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Reatini Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma ruffoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only found on Monti Reatini in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 300 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism and intensive cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes. More research is needed its populations trends, ecology and threats. The habitat of this species requires appropriate management and degraded habitat should be restored.

range:
The Reatini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found on Monti Reatini in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are decreasing because of the ongoing alterations of its habitat. The population is considered severely fragmented as the species is flightless, the subpopulations are very small and there is probably no genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
This medium-sized grasshopper lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,400 m and 2,200 m asl, with adults from summer to autumn.

threats:
The major threats to this species are intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing and summer tourism). It might also be affected by climate change, particularly altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research is needed its populations trends, ecology and threats. The habitat of this species requires appropriate management and degraded habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sibillini Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma silvestrii) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Central Apennines, in Monti Sibillini. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the intensification of cattle grazing and tourism. This species might also be threatened by climate change, particularly by extreme temperature and habitat shifts. Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be developed to avoid any future population declines, and degraded habitat should be restored.

range:
The Sibillini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Central Apennines, in Monti Sibillini (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 100 km².

population:
The population density of this species is very low, and the population trend is decreasing due to habitat alterations. The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated. As there is probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes, at altitudes between 1,680 m and 2,250 m asl, with adults present from summer to autumn.

threats:
This species is threatened by intensification of cattle grazing in the area as well as by tourism (mainly skiing). It might also be threatened by climate change, particularly by extreme temperature and habitat shifts.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be developed to avoid any future population declines, and degraded habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Bashkortostan Plump Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population size, trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species is so far known from two localities in Bashkiria (Republic of Bashkortostan) in eastern European Russia (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951), and it has been recorded at altitudes between 280 - 600 m. However, it is possibly it is much wider distributed than it is currently known. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 50,000 km² and its area of occupancy is 8 km².

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown, but other species of the genus are found either in forest or grassland habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Keist's Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis keisti) is endemic to the Churfirstenkette in the Swiss Alps, where it inhabits several summits. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are ca 10 km²), it occurs at a very low number of sites, and changes in land use and climate change could drive it to become Critically Endangered of Extinct in a very short time given its altitudinal limitation. The species should continue to be monitored and further research on the effects of climate change should be carried out. This species does not occur within the EU 28 and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this regional level.

range:
Keist's Plump Grasshopper is endemic to the Churfirstenkette in the Swiss Alps, where it inhabits several summits; it was first discovered in the late 1980's by Bruno Keist (Nadig 1989). It is restricted to the upper mountain regions between 1,570 and 2,250 m asl (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 10 km².

population:
There is no available information on the recent population or habitat trend of this species, but it occurs on a well-visited site with plentiful observational data, so an obvious negative trend should have been reported. The population is therefore assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths in subalpine and alpine elevations. Extensive grazing is common in the habitats of this species, and some parts are even used for skiing in the winter. Suitable habitats show a rather closed vegetation cover of grass, herbaceous plants and dwarf shrubs, often interspersed with rocky areas (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species is adapted to cold and moist climates as it is mainly found on the northern slopes of the mountains. Adults are present from July to September, the eggs overwinter. The species is not able to fly, but it has a conspicuous song.

threats:
Recent climatic changes, especially in the Alps, result in a continuous increase of the mean temperature and lead to a shift of habitats towards higher elevations (Theurillat and Guisan 2001). As this species already occurs at the highest elevations of the Churfirstenkette there is no further potential to move upwards. The extent of suitable habitat is therefore limited and will probably decline in the future, e.g. due to the rise of the forest line. In addition, the specific preferences of this species for moist and cold climatic conditions are not expected to be available to the same extent as they are at present. Grazing, eutrophication, touristic and skiing activities can also pose threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Monitoring of the population trend and habitats should be in place to observe the impact of the threats on this species. This species is not found in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Poppius' Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis poppiusi) is distributed from eastern Siberia to the north of European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, common in northern Russia and the population trend is assumed to be stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Poppius' Plump Grasshopper is distributed from eastern Siberia to the north of European Russia. Records from Finland (Harz 1975) are not confirmed (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and are disregarded here.

population:
This is a common grasshopper species. However, it is flightless and subpopulations are usually small. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The genus Podismopsis is found in forests, where it is found in leaf litter and on clearings (Tishechkin 2008).

threats:
The major threat to this species is deforestation (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. More research into its distribution (particularly on its potential occurrence in Finland), population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Relict Plump Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population trend and threats.

range:
This species is known from Hajla Mountain at the border between Montenegro and Kosovo (Harz 1975) and is found between 1,800 and 2,200 m altitude (G. Szövenyi, unpublished records based on samples by F. Willemse). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 160 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

habitat:
The species occurs in stony sub-alpine meadows on calcareous soil.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Serbia, and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Styrian Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis styriaca) is endemic to a small area in the eastern Alps of Austria. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 36 km²), it occurs at only one location, and land use changes or habitat shifts due to global warming could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. While the effects of climate change may lead to population declines in the future, the subpopulations are well connected by suitable habitat, which are extensively managed, favouring the habitat requirements of this species. However, keeping in mind the potentially massive impact of habitat shifts due to climate change on this endemic species, a monitoring scheme on the population density and altitudinal distribution of this grasshopper is necessary.

range:
The Styrian Plump Grasshopper is endemic to a small area in the eastern Alps of Austria, just recently discovered by Koschuh (2008). It was first described from the Zirbitzkogel, a mountain famous for endemic glacial relict species in the province of Styria. Further research revealed a distribution also reaching southwards to the Hohenwart mountain in Carinthia (Pucher 2014). This species can be found at elevations between 1,743 and 2,124 m asl, but 90% of all records originate from a very narrow range between 1,800 and 2,000 m asl (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are quite similar and one of the smallest of the grasshoppers endemic to the Alps (47 and 36 km² respectively).

population:
This species is a common grasshoppers in its alpine habitat; more than 40 % of all records of this species state a quantity of "common" or "rather common" (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). It is only known since its discovery in 2007 and so far there is no detectable population trend. The recent discovery of its occurrence in Carinthia reflects the intensive research activity at this site rather than an increase in the occupied area (Pucher 2014).

habitat:
This species, like the other three European species of this genus, is a characteristic grasshopper of mountain summits, living on wind-exposed, but rather plane slopes, covered by open alpine habitats on crystalline rock (Koschuh 2008). The habitats are mainly Alpine grassland, dominated by Nardus stricta and Carex curvula and typically intermixed with dwarf shrub heath (especially Loiseleuria spp., Vaccinium spp. and Calluna spp.). Alternating dry and wet patches are typical for its habitats where this species favours the moist parts with dense vegetation-cover (Koschuh 2008). The meadows are  extensively grazed by cattle. Adult individuals of this rather "late" species can be found between the beginning of August and the beginning of November (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich).

threats:
This species lives in a rather unchanged, extensively managed alpine area, protected by a Natura 2000 site and the "Naturpark Zirbitzkogel-Grebenzen". At the moment there are no obvious threats to this species, but in the case of ongoing climate change, going along with a shift of habitats towards higher elevations (Dirnböck et al. 2011), the species could lose substantial parts of its habitat. This species is adapted to moist habitats and the large majority of the records originate from a very narrow elevation range from the mountain tops just 200 m downwards. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it could be a good flagship species for the conservation of the very typical alpine grasslands of this region ("Naturpark Zirbitzkogel-Grebenzen"), which are also occupied by the charismatic bird. Eurasian Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus). Keeping in mind the potentially massive impact of habitat shift due to climate change on this endemic species, a monitoring scheme on the population density and altitudinal distribution of this species is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Transylvanian Plump Grasshopper has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 24 km², it is found at a single location and due to the existing threat of overgrazing, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected, as the habitat is also expected to decline. Consequently, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The Transylvanian Plump Grasshopper occurs in a small area in the central part of the southern Carpathians in Romania between 1,700 and 2,200 m altitude (Harz 1975, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) andarea of occupancy (AOO) are both 24 km².

population:
There is no information available on its population size. Based on the ongoing degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected.

habitat:
The species inhabits sub-alpine meadows with Vaccinium associations between 1,700 m and 2,200 m altitude.

threats:
The main threat to this species is overgrazing. Based on this threat, the species is found on a single location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected area throughout its range. Research on its population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Water-meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus montanus) is a highly specialized grasshopper species that is found in wet grassland, marshes and peat bogs. Data on population reduction is only available from a few areas in western Europe, so it is not possible to infer the global rate of reduction. While this species is declining, it has a broad distributional range and does not meet the thresholds for a threatened Category. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, it is highly recommend to monitor the population trend of this species as it is likely to decline throughout its range.

range:
The Water-meadow Grasshopper (Chorthippus montanus) is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found on the Pyrenees, the Alps and the South Carpathians to northern Scandinavia and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 7.8 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 4.4 million km².

population:
An overall population estimate is not available, but data on population trends exist for some regions. In the Hunsrueck Mts. (Germany), the species has lost about 30% of its subpopulation between the mid 1980s and 2012. In the Eifel Mts. (Germany), 60% of the subpopulations have been lost during the same time period (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). In the Netherlands there has also been a decline in the past decade (Bakker et al. 2015). However, in the adjacent Belgium no notable regression was detected (Lock et al. 2011). In Austria and the Czech Republic, there is also no indication of a recent decline, but it is assumed that climate change could affect the species negatively (T. Zuna-Kratky and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). The same is assumed for the Carpathian Mts. (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). For Hungary, a long-term decline has been noted (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). Even though there is no global analysis of the population trend available, a continuous decline is inferred in Europe. The species is flightless (although a macropterous morph sometimes occurs) and western subpopulations are usually very small and isolated (Weyer et al. 2012). The overall population trend appears to be decreasing.

habitat:
Pseudochorthippus montanus is a wetland species that is mainly found in wet grasslands, marshes and peat bogs. The eggs require a constant water supply and are sensitive to droughts (Ingrisch 1983).

threats:
The main threats to this species are drainage, abandonment, intensification of grassland management (e.g. higher cattle densities, increased number of mowing on meadows) and transformation of grassland into farmland. Subpopulation declines and collapses have been found to be related to droughts (K. Rohde pers. comm. 2015) and could be related to climate change. Hybridisation with the Meadow Grasshopper (P. parallelus) may threaten small subpopulations (Rohde 2015).

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Vulnerable on the national Red Lists of Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands (Proess and Meyer 2003, Monnerat et al. 2007, Bakker et al. 2015) and as Near Threatened on the Red Lists of France, Austria and Germany (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011). The species is a very good indicator for stable wetland habitats, and should receive more attention in conservation. There is a need for more data concerning its population trend as local subpopulation declines are strong. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. However, its habitats need generally a better protection and management to avoid any future declines. Destroyed habitats should be restored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Waeber, G., Holusa, J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Defaut, B. & Devriese, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus) is a widespread and abundant grasshopper species. No major threats are thought to affect this species and it has a stable population trend. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus) is a widespread species in Europe, where it occurs from the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Peloponnesus to northern Finland and from the Portuguese Atlantic coast to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 12 million km² and in the EU 28it is c. 7.8 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and its subpopulations are usually very large. Even though the species is flightless, the subpopulations are well connected and the species also forms sometimes a fully winged morph, which is able to fly. Local increases have been observed in northern Germany (Hochkirch and Klugkist 1998). The overall population trend in Europe is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
Pseudochorthippus parallelus occurs in a variety of grassland habitats, including moist and dry areas (Detzel 1998, Bellmann 2006). It is found on pastures, meadows and also on road verges.

threats:
The species may locally be affected by the use of pesticides, but this is unlikely to threaten the overall population. The species is known to tolerate even intensive grassland management (Bellmann 2006).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place or are needed for this species, but it occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend would be useful.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tatra Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce information available on its distribution and population trend and its unknown threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species occurs only in the mountains of the northern part of Slovakia (Harz 1975, Chladek and Gavlas 2004, A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 8,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 200 km².

habitat:
This species is found in mountain and alpine grasslands with scarce rocks.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in the National Parks of High Tatra and Low Tatra, and in Polana Biosphere Reserve. Further research is needed on its population trend and on the threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Fieber's Mountain Grasshopper (Pseudopodisma fieberi) is endemic to the south-eastern ridges of the Alps and the northern Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the population size is estimated to be very large. However, the Alpine subpopulations are isolated from each other, and have experienced recent declines. On the other hand, the subpopulations on the Balkans seem to be more connected and there is no actual evidence of declines or threats. Conservation action should focus on the more isolated and threatened subpopulations in the Alps, where continuous monitoring is needed. If future monitoring shows declines in the eastern part of its range, this species could become threatened.

range:
Fieber's Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the south-eastern ridges of the Alps and the northern Balkans, living from the Monte Summano (Veneto) in Italy over the lower Alpine areas of the province Udine (Italy), along the eastern parts of Carinthia up to Graz (Styria) in Austria and northern Slovenia (Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). To the east the species is more densely distributed in Slavonia in north-eastern Croatia (Szövényi and Puskás 2012) and it was found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and the Kosovo. The easternmost occurrence covers large parts of Romania, where it lives in 11 of 20 bio-geographical regions (Iorgu et al. 2008) and also the mountains of south-west Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009). It mainly inhabits hills and mountains at lower altitudes with records between 115 and 1,100 m asl (Koschuh 2008, Massa et al. 2012, Szövényi and Puskás 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data), but in Bulgaria it occurs mainly at higher altitudes between 1,000 und 2,000 m asl (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 442,000 km².

population:
In many parts of its range, this species lives in rather isolated subpopulations, and low abundances are often reported from the better surveyed Alpine sites (e.g., Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006). The Austrian subpopulation is currently declining (T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015) and the densities are low (only in 10 % of all records was it found "common" or "fairly common", ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). A similar situation is suggested for the small and very isolated Italian subpopulations (Tami et al. 2006), where densities have decreased for the last decade (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The situation in the Balkans seems to be much more favourable (e.g., Szövényi and Puskás 2012), but precise data on the population size and trend are missing. Overall, the population seems to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is an arbusticole species, mainly living on small bushes and tall herbs in dense and overgrown vegetation (e.g., Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006). The habitats are often without or only under occasional management, but extensive grazing is also reported on some sites. The climatic conditions should be moist and rather warm in winter (Koschuh 2004), which fits well with the overall geographic distribution.

threats:
The Alpine subpopulations of this species suffer locally from the abandonment of their grassland habitats leading to reforestation, but also from intensification of pastures (P. Fontana and T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations, especially those of the western range, are fragmented, and for this flightless grasshopper, most probably, there is no possibility for genetic exchange. Therefore, the probability of extinction in this part of the range is more likely than in the larger and more densely populated sites in the Balkans.  Unfortunately, there is no available information on the population trend and on recent threats to the eastern subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Tami et al. (2006) developed conservation actions for the threatened westernmost site on Monte Summano, and also for the Austrian subpopulations a conservation action plan is currently being elaborated (T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015). Especially in the east, some subpopulations live in protected areas. Conservation action should focus on the more isolated and threatened subpopulations in the Alps, where continuous monitoring is also needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Nagy's Mountain Grasshopper has an area of occupancy (AOO) between 400 and 2,000 km² and its population is severely fragmented. The species is threatened by overgrazing, succession of abandoned grasslands and use of insecticides. It is thus assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Further research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.

range:
Nagy's Mountain Grasshopper is known from northern Hungary, Slovakia and southeastern Czech Republic (Galvagni and Fontana 1996, Nagy et al. 2010, Holusa et al. 2013). This species may also occur in Romania (Hoffmann 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 34,000 km²and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 400 and 2,000 km².

population:
The population of this flightless species is severely fragmented, with little possibility of genetic exchange between isolated subpopulations, which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In Hungary and Slovakia the subpopulations are larger than in the Czech Republic. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in grasslands and forest clearings rich in herbal vegetation at altitudes between 200 and 1,040 m.

threats:
The main threats to this species are overgrazing, the succession of abandoned grasslands and the use of insecticides, which lead to habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the taxonomy of the genus Pseudoposima.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Transylvanian Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 100,000 km², its large population size and the lack of evidence for a decline. Further research on its population trend is needed.

range:
The Transylvanian Mountain Grasshopper occurs along the eastern and southern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains in Romania. The presence of the species is uncertain in western Ukraine and in an isolated area in the High Tatra Mountains of northern Slovakia (Galvagni and Fontana 1993, Nagy 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are large but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in mountain and sub-montane grasslands and forest clearings at altitudes between 345 and 1,190 m.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Baldo Mountain Grasshopper (Pseudoprumna baldensis) is restricted to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,300 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is only 36 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities. In addition, global warming might become a serious threat to this species, which has only very limited possibilities to move to higher altitudes. Considering the potential negative effects of global warming in the restricted area of this species, monitoring of the population size and especially of the habitat quality is necessary. Developing and implementing a species-specific action plan for this endemic and endangered species of the Italian Alps is recommended.

range:
The Baldo Mountain Grasshopper is restricted to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy, specifically to the Alpi Venete, the Alpi Bergamasche and the Alpi Bresciane (Massa et al. 2012). Initially it was only found on the Monte Baldo, but further records on three other isolated mountains west of the Lago di Garda followed. Therefore, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) reaches ca 1,300 km². This is a mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 1,350 and 2,000 m Asl (Nadig 1993, Massa et al. 2012). During the last ice age these localities were not covered by glaciers and could act as refugia (Nadig 1993). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is only 32 km².

population:
This grasshopper has a small range, but can be quite common in its fragmented localities. On Monte Baldo, where the largest subpopulation occurs, this species is one of the most abundant grasshoppers (Massa et al. 2012). In recent times, at least some of the subpopulations have been declining (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015), and the overall population trend seems to be decreasing. The population is severely fragmented, since the subpopulations and isolated, there is little or no genetic exchange between them, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine grassland that is grazed by feral animals, sometimes typically mixed with dwarf shrubs like Juniperus spp., Erica spp. or Rhododendron species. In its grassy habitats it prefers herbaceous plants like Tussilago spp. or Cytisanthus spp. (Nadig 1993). This species prefers cool mesic habitats (Nadig 1993, Massa et al. 2012). It is flightless with strongly reduced wings, and adults can be found mainly between July and September.

threats:
Some subpopulations of this species suffer from intensive touristic activities, and a new cable car has recently been built in an area where this species occurs (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Especially the subpopulations west of Lago di Garda already live near or at the mountain tops. This could become a severe threat, if the thermic conditions or the habitat quality change due to global warming, as there is only limited possibility to move upwards. As this species does not seem to tolerate warm temperatures, it could be more sensitive to climatic changes than other endemic alpine species. Overgrazing and abandonment of pastures can also have negative effects on the habitats of the species.

conservationAction:
There are no known specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in the protected area of Monte Baldo. Taking into account the potential negative effects of global warming in the restricted area of this species, monitoring of population size and especially habitat quality is necessary. Developing and implementing a species-specific action plan for this endemic and endangered species of the Italian Alps is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rattle Grasshopper (Psophus stridulus) occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula to Mongolia and Korea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread in Europe and the overall population size is probably large. However, in parts of its range it is rare and declining. It is listed as threatened in nearly all existing national Red Lists and even Regionally Extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands. The main reason for its disappearance in northwestern Europe was the transformation of heathland habitats into farmland and forests. It is also threatened by abandonment (particularly of grazing) and eutrophication and subsequent succession of its habitats with bushes and trees. More data on the current population trend is needed.

range:
The Rattle Grasshopper occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula to Mongolia and Korea (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from northern Greece and central Italy to central Sweden and central Finland in the north and to northern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².

population:
This species has lost large parts of its former range in northwestern Europe, particularly in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Belgium (Decleer et al. 2000), Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2013), and Germany (Hochkirch 2010) where it is still declining (Maas et al. 2002). The overall population trend is decreasing but the population size is probably large.

habitat:
The species is found at forest edges, in heathland habitats and on sunny mountain slopes (Harz 1975). It also occurs in dry grassland habitats with scarce vegetation and stony patches (Kolb and Fischer 1994, Maas et al. 2002), gravel terraces and rocky slopes (Baur et al. 2006) and inland dunes (Bönsel and Runze 2000). In the central and southern parts of its range, it is only found in montane regions. While males are good flyers, the females are flightless. The colonisation ability of this species is therefore low (Buchweitz 1993, Janßen and Reich 1998).

threats:
The main reason for its disappearance in northwestern Europe was the transformation of heathland habitats into farmland and forests. It is also threatened by abandonment (particularly of grazing) and eutrophication and subsequent succession of its habitats with bushes and trees.

conservationAction:
This species is Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). It is listed as Endangered on the Red List in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Sweden (Strid et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Poland and Switzerland (Liana 2002, Monnerat et al. 2007) and Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). It is also regionally threatened in the northern parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Vulnerable for the Polish part, as Near Threatened for the Czech, Ukrainian and Hungarian parts (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). As the species is threatened in many countries, some conservation actions exist, e.g. in Finland (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and Germany. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crested Band-winged Grasshopper (Pyrgodera armata) occurs in the Near East, Turkey and Central Asia, reaching India in the east. In Europe it is only known from the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since no major threats to it have been reported and there is no indication of a decline. However, the subpopulations of this species are usually small and slightly fragmented and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km². In addition, its overall population trend is unknown and further research into it is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Crested Band-winged Grasshopper occurs in the Near East, Turkey and Central Asia, reaching India in the east. In Europe, it is only found in southern European Russia (Harz 1975). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually small (Savitsky 2002), and the population is slightly fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in deserts and semi-deserts (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas but there are no specific conservation measure in place for it (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Middle-Eastern Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella bolivari) occurs in southern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and North Iran. In Europe, it is only known from southern Russia where it is one of the dominant species in the feathergrass community. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is assumed to have a large population size and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Middle-Eastern Black-spotted Grasshopper occurs in southern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and North Iran (Harz 1975). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 119,000 km².

population:
This is a dominant species in the feathergrass community (Savitsky 2002b). The subpopulations are usually large but partially fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population size is assumed to be large but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in sandy-loamy semi-desert with feathergrasses and a vegetation cover of 20-40% (Savitsky 2002a, b). The main foodplant is Stipa capillata, but it is likely to also feed on other feathergrass species (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella hispanica) is widespread in Morocco and southwestern Europe (Spain and France), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 371,000 km². It lives in dry, warm habitats (mainly rocky Mediterranean scrublands), from sea level to 800 m altitude, and it is considered a rather common species. Although minor threats may affect this species locally, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) on the basis of its large distribution range.

range:
The Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin (south-west Europe and North Africa from Morocco to Libya). In Europe, the species is widespread in southern and eastern Spain (from Sevilla to Girona) and in France (along the Mediterranean mainland coast to the Alpes-Maritimes department) (Defaut 1999, Presa et al. 2007, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 370,000 km².

population:
The Iberian Blackspotted Grasshopper is a rather common species in Spain and France, with the exception of Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and France east of the Rhône. No report on population sizes and trends is available. Subpopulations are usually small, but they do not seem to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Ramburiella hispanica occurs in lowland and sub-mountainous habitats, and it has been recorded from sea level to 800 m altitude. It inhabits open dry and warm habitats such as rocky (calcareous or siliceous) Mediterranean scrublands and steppe-like meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002). It prefers habitats with scarce vegetation, such as rock outcrops, generally with Rosemary, Kermes Oak bushes or Stipa grasses.

threats:
Local subpopulations are affected by urbanisation and development projects, but these threats do not seem to be significant for the whole population. The species may also be affected by afforestation caused by succession as a result of land abandonment.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas. Ramburiella hispanica was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, the Turkish Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella turcomana) is found in the south of the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas, in Crimea and in the Lower Volga delta in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since its geographic range is very large. In the EU 28 it is also assessed as Least Concern since, even though its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 2,000 km² and it is very rare in Italy and European Turkey, it is more common in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is required.

range:
The Turkish Black-Spotted Grasshopper occurs from Central Asia via Anatolia (Turkey) to Italy. In Europe it is found in southern Italy, Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, south Albania, European Turkey, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1975). Its presence in Bulgaria is uncertain (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 405,000 km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
This species is very rare in Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). It is more common in FYR Macedonia and Greece (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe habitats with sparse vegetation. It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2002). In Italy the species has been documented from moist grassland (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The species is also threatened by urbanisation and the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed on the Bulgarian Red List as Critically Endangered (Golemanski 2015). Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
The Dinarian Grasshopper is affected by changes in agricultural regimes at lower altitudes, although at higher altitudes the species is locally abundant and subpopulations may be stable. The species is listed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B as a result of a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (c. 5,000 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 100 km²) and the fact that its population is severely fragmented.

range:
The Dinarian Grasshopperis endemic to the Croatian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian Dinaric Alps, where it occurs in the South Velebit, Dinara, Troglav, Kamešnica and Cvrsnica Mts. Mol and Zeybekoğlu (2013) listed the species erroneously in the checklist of Turkish Gomphocerinae, but the species is not present in Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 5,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 2,700 km². In pan-Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40-100 km² and in the EU 28 it is 30-70 km².

population:
The species is locally abundant and the population trend is assumed to be stable. The population is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations of this flightless species are isolated with  little possibility of genetic exchange and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This small grasshopper species inhabits high calcareous karst slopes on the Dinaric Alps with scarce vegetation. The habitat of this species is very inaccessible and stony, therefore succession is not likely to reach these habitats.

threats:
The species is mainly threatened at lower elevations by the succession of habitat due to decline of nomadic extensive cattle farming that was present in the past all along the Dinaric Alps. At higher elevations, the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed. The area and habitat needs to be protected and proper management of the habitat needs to be maintained to avoid any future declines of this species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Desert Locust occurs in Africa and southwestern Asia. Swarms or single individuals may sometimes migrate to Europe or are introduced with plants. However, they do not form reproducing subpopulations in Europe. Therefore, the species is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Desert Locust occurs throughout Africa and in southwestern Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe, swarms have been reported from the southern part of the continent (particularly from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula), and sometimes have even reached southwestern England and southern Ireland. Single individuals have also been reported from other countries (e.g. the Netherlands, Austria). However, it does not seem to reproduce in Europe (Harz 1975).

habitat:
Schistocerca gregaria is found in savannah and semi-desert habitats in Africa. Vagrants in Europe may occur in any habitat type.

threats:
No major threats to this species exist in Europe, as it is not native to the continent.

conservationAction:
In Europe, no conservation action is needed for this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is bred in captivity to serve as pet food.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Splendid Band-Winged Grasshopper (Scintharista notabilis) is assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly qualifies as threatened under Criterion B. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (168-500 km²) and it has a severely fragmented population. Even though the species is capable of flight, it is not expected to receive significant immigration from outside of Europe. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Splendid Band-Winged Grasshopper is found in northern Africa and on the Canary Islands (Spain), where it has been recorded from Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera and La Palma (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch 1997). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 16,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 168 km² with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
The species is rare on the Canary Islands and the subpopulations are usually small. The population is severely fragmented as the distance between them is quite large so that exchange between them is unlikely, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
Scintharista notabilis is found on gravel fields and on rocky areas with nearly no vegetation. When it flies, it produces a clattering wing crepitation.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research is needed concerning its population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Saddle Sand Grasshopper (Sphingoderus carinatus) is found from North Africa to West Mongolia. In Europe it occurs on Cyprus, in Greece and in the Lower Volga region (southern European Russia). It is rare in Greece and Cyprus, where it inhabits coastal sand dunes. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is very likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its AOO is between 60 and 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This grasshopper is threatened by touristic development and urbanisation and more research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its coastal habitats is recommended.

range:
The Saddle Sand Grasshopper is found from North Africa to West Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs on Cyprus, in Greece and in the Lower Volga region (southern European Russia) (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.6 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 275,000 km². This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is ca 60 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km². The AOO in Europe is likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², since the AOO in Russia is very likely to be smaller than 2,500 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).

population:
This species is quite rare in Greece and on Cyprus. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat caused by touristic development and urbanisation. As subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The Saddle Sand Grasshopper is found in sandy deserts and dunes (Savitsky et al. 2013).

threats:
This species is probably affected by touristic development and urbanisation in the coastal regions of Cyprus and Greece.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its coastal habitats is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Almeria Sand Grasshopper has recently been described from a small area in southern Spain. Based upon extensive taxonomic work, it is unlikely to occur in many other places. The species is assessed as Endangered, as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO less than 30 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO: 4-10 km²), it occurs in less than five locations (considering construction of greenhouses and touristic development as main threats) and there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals and the extent and quality of habitat. Further research on its distribution and population monitoring are recommended for this species.

range:
The Almeria Sand Grasshopper is a rare grasshopper species which is only known from the Cabo de Gata-Níjar in southern Spain, near Almería (Husemann et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 10 and 30 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) between 4 and 10 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of the species, but a continuing decline in its population size is inferred from the ongoing destruction of its habitat as a consequence of touristic development and the construction of greenhouses along the coast.

habitat:
The species occurs in sandy areas close to the sea.

threats:
The major threat to this species are touristic development, recreational activities and the construction of greenhouses. It may also be susceptible to sea level rise. Considering construction of greenhouses and touristic development as main threats, the species occurs at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. One subpopulation is found within a Natura 2000 reserve, although it has also been found outside of this reserve. Research on its population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats is needed, together with monitoring of the trends and protection of the habitat outside of the natural reserve.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Prunier, F., Correas, J., Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., García, M., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Azure Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus azurescens) is endemic to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition this grasshopper is tolerant of moderate habitat modifications.

range:
The Azure Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,600 km². Its presence in North Africa is uncertain (Husemann et al. 2013) and is therefore disregarded here.

population:
This species is widespread, and subpopulations can be large. The species is a good flyer and therefore, the subpopulations are probably well connected. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in stony and very sparsely vegetated floodplains (Husemann et al. 2013), such as river gravel, as well as in beaches and dune systems, road sides, rocky and bare areas. It is found at altitudes between the sea level and 1,700 m Asl. This grasshopper is tolerant of moderate habitat modifications.

threats:
The species may locally be affected by river regulations or constructions projects.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus caerulans) is widespread in Europe. Even though the species has strongly declined in the 20th century as a consequence of river regulations and land use change, it has recently spread again in the northwestern part of its range. Due to its wide distribution and increasing trend, it is assessed as Least Concern. More taxonomic research is needed as the Iberian (and southern French) subpopulations may represent a unique species.

range:
The Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper is found in large parts of Europe and northern Asia (Heller 2013). Recent molecular studies suggest that some genetic lineages in the Mediterranean may represent unique species, particularly specimens from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France form a distinct lineage (Husemann et al. 2013). However, the assessment is here made for the complete European range of Sphingonotus caerulans according to the present species delineation. In Europe, it is found from the southern Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Greece to southern Finland (Heller 2013). Its eastern distribution reaches European Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 6.3 million km².

population:
Sphingonotus caerulans strongly declined in the northern part of its range during the 20th century (Hochkirch 2010). However, during recent years the species has been expanding its range again (Denner 2009, Hochkirch 2010, Bakker et al. 2015) and colonised a number of artificial habitats.

habitat:
Naturally, this species is mainly found in gravel banks along natural rivers, on rocky slopes and sand dunes. Recently, the species has often been found in human-made habitats, such as gravel pits, strip mining areas, quarries, abandoned industrial areas, railway tracks and stations. It prefers habitats with scarce vegetation (with a vegetation cover less than 20%) (Altmoos 2000).

threats:
The major threats to Sphingonotus caerulans are the regulation of natural river systems and the construction of dams. In secondary habitats (e.g. gravel pits, strip mining areas), it is also affected by abandonment and recultivation (Hochkirch 2010).

conservationAction:
As the species is quite rare in northern Europe, it is protected in some countries or listed on national Red Lists. In Germany and Austria it is listed as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011), in Switzerland as Vulnerable (Monnerat et al. 2007) and in Luxembourg it is considered "extremely rare" (Proess and Meyer 2003). The species occurs in protected areas. In Lower Saxony, a new subpopulation has been established successfully after a translocation project (Hochkirch 2010). Research on its distribution, population and taxonomy is needed as distinct genetic lineages occur on the Mediterranean Peninsulas, of which at least the Iberian one seems to represent a unique species (Husemann et al. 2013).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Whitish Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus candidus) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km², and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the sandy shores and coast of Sardinia and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities and infrastructure development. This species is thus close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The habitat of this species should be protected and further research into the population size and trend should be carried out.

range:
The Whitish Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km².

population:
The species is locally common but the overall population is small. The population trend is decreasing, but it is not thought to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives on sandy shores and coastal dunes.

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to touristic activities and coastal development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures  in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The habitat of this species should be protected and further research into the population size and trend should be carried out.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Blue-legged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus coerulipes) is found in southwest Asia, from Turkey to south Iran and from Crimea over Kazakhstan to west Mongolia. In Europe it is only found in eastern Ukraine, in the Crimea Peninsula and southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and common in the semi-desert zone of southern European Russia, its subpopulations are large and well connected, and no major threats to it have been reported. It is assumed be stable in Russia, but seems to be declining in the Ukraine and more research into its population trend and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Blue-legged Sand Grasshopper is found in southwest Asia, from Turkey to south Iran and from Crimea over Kazakhstan to west Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is only found in eastern Ukraine, in the Crimea Peninsula and southern and eastern European Russia. Records from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) are probably based on confusion with Sphingonotus caerulans, which is common in Europe (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 922,000 km².

population:
The species can reach very large abundances in sandy semi-desert habitats (Savitsky 2002). In Russia the subpopulations seem to be well connected and it is assumed to be stable (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015), while in the Ukraine it appears to be in decline (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in sandy semi-deserts, deserts (Savitsky 2010) and other habitats with scarce vegetation cover on sandy soils, such as sandy or dusty roads (Savitsky 2009, Savitsky et al. 2013). On Crimea it is strongly associated with gravel and limestone habitats (Pushkar 2011).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica, Sardinia and Giglio Islands. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 70,000 km². This grasshopper occurs in dry, warm open habitats from sea level to 1,900 m altitude (sand dunes, rocky slabs, uncultivated lawns, etc.). The species is quite common, especially at lower altitudes, and no major threats have been reported. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Corsican Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica (Defaut and Morichon 2015), Sardinia and Giglio Islands (Massa et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 70,000 km², whereas the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be around 30,000 km².

population:
Sphingonotus corsicus is a common grasshopper, especially in the lowlands (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Defaut et al. 2009). In Corsica, 170 observations from 75 municipalities are currently recorded. The species seems to be common in Sardinia as well (Massa et al. 2012). There is no specific information on the population size and trend.

habitat:
Sphingonotus corsicus inhabits dry and warm habitats from sea level to 1,900 m altitude. It is present in rocky areas and sandy shores, dry grasslands, stony alluvial habitats and open scrublands. This pioneer species also colonises urbanised and uncultivated areas.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, as it has high capacity to adapt to open degraded habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place aimed at Sphingonotus corsicus, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. In Corsica, the species was assessed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of Sphingonotus crivellarii is not clear. Whether it is indeed a distinct species or not still needs to be confirmed.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Crivellari's Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus crivellarii) is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kasos. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity, and due to a lack of recent information on its ecological requirements, threats and conservation status -  it has not been reported since 1934-1938.

range:
The Crivellari's Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kasos (Jannone 1936). Since it was first found in the period 1934-1938, it has not been reported again This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km².

habitat:
In Rodhes and Kos, this species was found on calcareous sand close to a beach, whereas in Kasos it was found 500 m Asl on rocky soil (Jannone 1936).

threats:
The threats of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research on its taxonomic status is needed to assess its validity as a species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, the Eurasian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus eurasius) is found in southern European Russia, Cyprus and on Lampedusa (Italy). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information information about the population trends of this species, and about its threats. Not much is known about its biology, and research into its taxonomy is needed as the subpopulation from Lampedusa may represent a unique species. Overall, more research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Eurasian Sand Grasshopper is distributed from Russia to Central and Western Asia, Cyprus and North Africa. In Europe, it is found in southern European Russia, Cyprus and on Lampedusa (Italy), where it is common (Massa et al. 2012).

population:
There is no data on the overall population size and trend, but the species is common on Lampedusa (Massa et al. 2012).

habitat:
The species inhabits open grassland and is frequently found in rocky habitats. Adults appears from summer to autumn and are found at altitudes between sea level and 50 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy is needed as the subpopulation from Lampedusa may represent a unique species. Furthermore, research is needed into its ecology, population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fuerteventura Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus fuerteventurae) is very widespread in Fuerteventura. Even though the species may be locally affected by touristic development, it is very common and occurs also in anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Spain) (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km².

population:
The species is very common and widespread on Fuerteventura. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in habitats with scarce vegetation, often with coarse-grained soil. It is also found in anthropogenic habitats, such as parking lots and dirt roads. Its elevation range is 0 - 400 m.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly known. It is very common in Fuerteventura and occurs in any habitat with bare ground. Therefore, it is assumed that there are no major threats to the species, although it may locally be affected by touristic development.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed on the population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it is quite widespread. A recent survey has shown that the species is more common than previously thought. Its habitat is relatively little affected by humans, except for touristic development in the south of the island. Even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) are small, the population is not severely fragmented and probably also not decreasing. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Gran Canaria Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it occurs in the centre, western and southern coast of the island (Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,100 km², whereas its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
Sphingonotus guanchus usually has relatively small subpopulations. A recent survey (unpublished data, D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015) has shown that the species is more common than previously thought. The population is not severely fragmented and probably also not decreasing, although its overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry open habitats with sparse vegetation, particularly on rocky ground. Its altitude range is 30 - 1,710 m.

threats:
The species might be locally affected by touristic development. Furthermore, geological events such as landslides may threaten this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. Little information exists concerning the status of subpopulations, and more research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gypsum Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus gypsicola) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with a maximum estimate of 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this little-known species.

range:
The Gypsum Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is present in the provinces of Barcelona and Lérida. It has also recently been found in central Spain around Madrid, Cuenca and Ciudad Real. Additional sites have been found in Zaragoza and Granada. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 160,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is currently estimated to be 40 km². The real AOO is likely to be higher, but probably smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
There is little available information on the abundance of this species, although subpopulations are known to be very small and isolated. Even though the species is able to fly, the distance between the subpopulations is very large, so that it can be considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species has been found in gypsum soils with Thymus vegetation in Spain (Husemann et al. 2013, Llucià Pomares 2006). It normally occurs in places with very scarce vegetation (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation actions in place for this species, and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this little-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Salt-marsh Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus halocnemi) occurs from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to China (Harz 1975). In Europe it is only known from the Lower Volga region, where it was first recorded in 1996. This species's known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km², and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. However, due to the potential rescue effect from the subpopulations in Kazakhstan, the assessment is regionally adjusted from Near Threatened to Least Concern. In addition, this species is assumed to be expanding its range and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Salt-marsh Sand Grasshopper occurs from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to China (Harz 1975). In Europe this species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013). The known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 17,300 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are usually small and very isolated with little genetic exchange between them (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). It was recorded in the Lower Volga region for the first time in 1996 and is assumed to have recently expanded its range (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is therefore considered to be increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in salt pans (Harz 1975), where it is associated with Chenopodiaceae vegetation (mainly Halocnemum stobilaceum). It feeds on Halocnemum stobilaceum (Savitsky 2010)

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Salt-plane Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus halophilus) occurs mainly in Kazakhstan, but it reaches Kalmykia, in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 8 and 60 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no major threats to this species have been reported. More research into its population trend and ecology is required. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Salt-plane Sand Grasshopper occurs mainly in Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It reaches Europe in Kalmykia, southern European Russia (Heller 2013, V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 119,100 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be much smaller, between 8 and 60 km² (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

population:
This species is rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). According to Shcherbakov and Savitsky (2015) it might have expanded its range, but the current population trend is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Only two subpopulations are known which are separated by a distance of 30 km (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). As the subpopulations are very small with little genetic exchange between them thepopulation is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in salt marshes with sparse vegetation (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It feeds on Chenopodiaceae species (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and ecology is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V. & Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Algarve Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus imitans) is endemic to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 400 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and an observed continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The habitat of this species is affected by the invasive species Campylopus interflexus and Carpobrotus edulis. Maintenance of beaches can also have negative effects on this grasshopper. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species. Degraded habitats should be restored and control measures should be undertaken regarding the spread of invasive species.

range:
The Algarve Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 58,000 km²and its known area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 80 km², with an upper estimate of 400 km².

population:
This species is rare and subpopulations are usually very small and isolated. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as there is no connection between the subpopulations along the Portuguese coast. The population trend seems to be decreasing and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitat.

habitat:
This species is found in dunes and sandy places (including pine forests) very close to the seashore (Larrosa et al. 2010). It is found fromsea level up to 20 m Asl. There is an observed continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to invasive species.

threats:
The habitat of this species is affected by the invasive species Campylopus interflexus and Carpobrotus edulis. Maintenance of beaches can also have negative effects on this grasshopper.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in two protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. Degraded habitats should be restored and control measures should be undertaken regarding the spread of invasive species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population size is presumed to be large.

range:
The Iberian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, being present in Spain and Portugal (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2009, Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 350,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. However, it is common and subpopulations are often large (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This grasshopper has been found in Cistus shrublands and open Mediterranean pastures (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2009) between 230 m and 1,000 m Asl. It is a very good flyer and is mainly present in areas with large amounts of bare ground (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lusitanian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus lusitanicus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This species may be affected by beach management along the coast, particularly the mechanical removal of litter. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
The Lusitanian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
This species is rare, its subpopulations are small and very isolated, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in movable coastal dunes close to the sea (Larrosa et al. 2010), up to 10 m Asl.

threats:
This species may be affected by beach management along the coast, particularly the mechanical removal of litter.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in one protected area. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Morin's Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus morini) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common has large subpopulations. However, further research should be carried out on the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Morin's Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is found in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Huseman et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 213,000 km².

population:
This species is common and has large subpopulations (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is present in arid zones with large areas of bare ground (Defaut 2005). It is also present in roadsides and rocky areas (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016) and sandy beaches and dunes (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Studies are needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Splendid Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus nebulosus) is found from central to eastern Asia. In Europe. Its presence in Europe is uncertain since records from eastern European Russia are doubtful. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and research is needed to clarify whether it occurs within the assessment region. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Splendid Sand Grasshopper is found from central to eastern Asia. In Europe, it has been reported from eastern European Russia (Heller 2013), but the records are doubtful (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015) and its presence there is therefore uncertain.

habitat:
This species is found in rocky desert habitats (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution and potential occurrence in European Russia is needed (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). In addition, research is also needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sphingonotus nodulosus is a restricted range species, known from only four localities in southern Spain and Portugal. One of these localities is severely affected by an ongoing touristic project including a new hotel and golf course. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
Sphingonotus nodulosus is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is only known from four localities: Lagoa de Óbidos (Leiria, Portugal), Ribajeto (Portugal), Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz, Spain), and Mora (Toledo, Spain). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
The population of Sphingonotus nodulosus is severely fragmented. Only four subpopulations are known. The species usually occurs at a low density (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). The population is declining due to recent touristic developments.

habitat:
Sphingonotus nodulosus is found in dunes, sandy beaches and other sandy habitats (Husemann et al. 2013).

threats:
The major threat to this species is touristic development. The type locality is currently severely under threat by a new touristic project including a new hotel and golf course (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for the species. Protection of its habitat is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
The Dark-banded Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus obscuratus) has only been recorded twice in Europe (Lampedusa and Malta). It is assumed that these individuals were vagrants. Therefore, this species is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Dark-banded Sand Grasshopper occurs from Mongolia to Central and Western Asia, the Near East and North Africa. Single individuals have been recorded from Lampedusa (Italy) and Malta, but these are assumed to be non-breeding vagrants (Sciberras 2010, Massa et al. 2012).

population:
There is no data on the population size and trend exist. The individuals reported from Lampedusa and Malta are assumed to be vagrants.

habitat:
This species is found in desert habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, although research is needed into its potential occurrence on Lampedusa and Malta.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, the Red-winged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus octofasciatus) is only known from southern Spain, where it occurs in the Depression of Guadix and Baza. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km², it occurs at only two locations, and farming could lead this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into irrigated farmland, greenhouse construction, afforestation and changes in traditional agricultural practices (i.e. abandonment). More research is needed into its distribution, population size, trend and threats. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.

range:
The Red-winged Sand Grasshopper occurs from northwestern Africa to central Asia. In Europe, it is only found in southern Spain (Depression of Guadix and Baza, Granada) (Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,050 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km².

population:
This species is found at a very low population densities (Pascual and Barranco 2008). The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in stony deserts (Bei-Bienko and Mistshenko 1964) and open steppe-like habitats (Pascual and Barranco 2008).

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into irrigated farmland, greenhouse construction, afforestation and changes in traditional agricultural practices (i.e. abandonment). Also gypsum quarrying, road construction and insecticides have been reported as threats (Pascual and Barranco 2008). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of farming and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Andalusian Red List (Pascual and Barranco 2008). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends, and threats. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lanzarote Sand Grasshopper is very common on Lanzarote. Even though it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), it has large and well connected subpopulations, which are only locally threatened by touristic development, urbanisation and volcanism. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Lanzarote Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote, Isla Graciosa and Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain) (Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Some older records from Morocco are probably erroneous. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1200 km², and its area of occupancy is 400-600 km².

population:
The species is widespread and common in Lanzarote (Hochkirch 2003), and it has large and well connected subpopulations. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Sphingonotus pachecoi occurs in habitats with a large cover of bare ground and coarse-grained soil, which are widespread on Lanzarote. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 580 m.

threats:
The species may be locally affected by touristic development and urbanisation. It is also threatened by active volcanism on Lanzarote.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, the species is widespread in Lanzarote and occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus personatus) is present on the coasts of Italy and Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 252 km² and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in its AOO, number of subpopulations, number of mature individuals and in the quantity and quality of its habitat due to touristic activities and commercial development in the coastal zones of Italy. Further research is needed into the population trend, threats and ecology. The habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitat should be restored. This grasshopper should also be included in education and awareness programs.

range:
The Italian Sand Grasshopper is present on the coasts of Italy and Greece (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 535,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 252 km², based on existing records, with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
Though locally abundant, some subpopulations of this species have disappeared due to human activity, and the population trend is decreasing. Most subpopulations are very small and isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives on coastal dunes near the shore (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).

threats:
This species is threatened by touristic development in the coastal zones of Italy.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend, threats and ecology. The habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitat should be restored. This grasshopper should also be included in education and awareness programs.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Sand Grasshopper occurs only in the coastal areas of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (c. 2,500 km²) and the area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 400 km². There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). The most important threat is the touristic and industrial development in southern Tenerife.

range:
The Tenerife Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the southern and western coastal area of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) based on the known records is 140 km², with a maximum estimate of 400 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated. As it is not a good flyer, there is probably no genetic exchange between them and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Based upon the ongoing decline of its habitat, a continuing decline on the population size is inferred.

habitat:
This species occurs in semi-arid habitats with scarce vegetation, and it is only known from the coastal region of Tenerife. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,075 m.

threats:
The species is mainly threatened by urbanisation and touristic development of southern Tenerife.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend and threats is needed, and its remaining habitat should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Desert Sand Grasshopper is a very widespread species, which is common in dry open Mediterranean habitats in southern Europe. No major threats to this species are known and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Desert Sand Grasshopper is a widespread species, which occurs from the Canary Islands and Madeira across northern Africa and southern Europe to Central Asia (Heller 2013). In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, Cyprus, Crete and and other Greek Islands. Its presence in southern Italy and the Greek mainland needs to be clarified (Willemse 1985, Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 4.8 million km².

population:
The species is very widespread and common. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Sphingonotus rubescens occurs in deserts and semi-deserts, rocky and stony areas, but also in anthropogenic habitats with scarce vegetation (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, as it is a very widespread species, which also occurs in anthropogenic habitats, no actions are required at the moment. Research is needed concerning its distribution as the species has often been confused with Sphingonotus caerulans in the past (Husemann et al. 2013), particularly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. The species can easily be identified by its song (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Rugose Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, where it occurs only in very few areas with fine soil. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuous decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations and number of individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
The Rugose Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and northern Fuerteventura (Bland and Gangwere 1998, Hochkirch 2003, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,800 km², while its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
This species is quite rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated. There is probably little genetic exchange between them and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. Recent searches for this species at two known localities in Lanzarote were not successful. Therefore, it is assumed that the population is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in bare open habitats with fine soil (Hochkirch 2003). Its elevation range is 50 - 300 m.

threats:
The major threat to this species is touristic development. It may also be affected by volcanic activities on Lanzarote.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations need to be studied in more detail and appropriate habitat management needs to be applied in the reserves where it occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Saline Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus salinus) occurs from the northern Caucasus to western China. In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia, where it was last recorded in 1957. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals, inferred from the lack of recent records. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify whether it still occurs in Europe. In addition, research into its threats is required. If a subpopulation of this species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be strictly protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Saline Sand Grasshopper occurs from the northern Caucasus to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 56,000 km² and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km².

population:
This species is rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). Subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The last record from Europe is from 1957 (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Hence the population size is assumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
The species is halophilous, (requires a saline environment) (Kalacheva 2005). It occurs in salt marshes with scarce vegetation where it feeds on Chenopodiaceae species (Savitsky et al. 2013).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify whether it still occurs in Europe. In addition, research into its threats is required. If a subpopulation of this species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be strictly protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Skylark Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus savignyi) is widespread from northern Africa to central Asia. In Europe, the species is only native to the Canary Islands (Spain). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 80 and 200 km² and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. No recent records from Lanzarote and Gran Canaria exist. The subpopulations are small, but not considered severely fragmented as the species is a good flyer. The main threat to the species is the ongoing transformation of its habitat for touristic and industrial development as well as urbanisation. Based upon these threats the estimated number of locations is nine. It is unknown whether some immigration from the African mainland (with sand storms) occurs. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
The Skylark Sand Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and Central Asia, occurring from the Canary Islands to Pakistan and Kazakhstan. In Europe, it is only native to the Canary Islands, where it has been recorded from all islands except for La Palma and El Hierro (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). A vagrant specimen has been reported from Malta. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 26,000 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 80 and 300 km².

population:
The species is declining on the Canary Islands. It has not been recorded since the mid-1980s from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, despite an intensive research on the ecology of Sphingonotus species on Gran Canaria in 2014 (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations on Tenerife, La Gomera and Fuerteventura are generally very small and isolated, but the species is a very good flyer, so the population is presently not considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species occurs in sandy deserts and semi-deserts of North Africa and Central Asia. On the Canary Islands it is found in hot areas at low elevations, usually with fine soil and nearly no vegetation (Hochkirch and Husemann 2007).

threats:
The major threats to this species are touristic and industrial development and urbanisation. Considering these threats, the number of locations is nine.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for taxonomic research, particularly concerning its differentiation from Sphingonotus paradoxus. The remaining subpopulations need better protection.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Red Sand Grasshopper is common in the coastal zone of Gran Canaria and does not seem to be sensitive to habitat changes. It occurs in any open habitat with large proportions of bare ground. As the population is quite large and not fragmented, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Red Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it is found in the coastal zone (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008).

population:
The species is quite widespread and common on the coastal zone of Gran Canaria, and the population does not seem to be fragmented. It is likely to have declined in the past as a consequence of urban, industrial and touristic development in the eastern half of the island. However, it is also able to live in anthropogenic habitats. The overall current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in open habitats with scarce vegetation, including anthropogenic habitats, such as unpaved parking lots and trails. It tolerates a higher vegetation cover than S. guanchus, which is also endemic to Gran Canaria, but usually still below 20% (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,000 m.

threats:
The species might be locally threatened by the ongoing touristic development in the coastal areas of Gran Canaria. However, it is also found in anthropogenic habitats and does not seem to be very sensitive to anthropogenic habitat alteration. It may also be affected by landslides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, living in coastal sandy shores and dunes with scarce vegetation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 30,000 km² ant its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km². The population is severely fragmented, with isolated subpopulations along the coasts.Urbanisation and others coastal  touristic developments pose a threat and as a result a continuing  decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is  inferred. Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO), the continuing decline and the fact that the population is severely fragmented, Sphingonotus uvarovi is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica (Defaut 1999) and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). Former records from the Balearic islands are assumed to be incorrect (J.-J. Presa and A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 30,000 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².

population:
Subpopulations of Sphingonotus uvarovi are very localised along the coasts. About 31 historical and contemporary records from 18 localities are known (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The population is severely fragmented, since subpopulations are small and isolated and recolonisations are unlikely. A continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred as a consequence of touristic development. The species became extinct near Ajaccio (Corsica).

habitat:
Sphingonotus uvarovi is a specialised species, restricted to coastal sandy shores and dunes with scarce herbaceous vegetation. It is recorded from sea level to 25 m altitude.

threats:
The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper occurs in very sensitive and localised habitats along the Sardinian and Corsican coast which are prone to urbanisation and touristic developments.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place aimed at Sphingonotus uvarovi, although it occurs on protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on the population size and trend is needed, and protection of its habitat from detrimental effects is required.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cañadas Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the subalpine deserts of Tenerife, where it is assumed to be stable. The habitat is strongly protected and only natural geological events may threaten this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Cañadas Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the Cañadas on Tenerife (Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, but it is assumed to have a stable population size as its habitat is little affected by humans.

habitat:
This species occurs only in the sub-alpine deserts of the Cañadas, where it inhabits areas with little or no vegetation. Its altitudinal range is 1,900 - 3,000 m.

threats:
Although this species has a very small range, its habitat is nearly completely preserved. It only may be affected by volcanic activities.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the population are found in the Parque Nacional El Teide protected area. More information on its population trend and ecology is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ladder Grasshopper (Stauroderus scalaris) is widespread in European mountains, where it occurs in moist (in the south) to dry (in the north) meadows with extensive grazing regimes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, still common in large parts of its range and the overall population size is likely to be very large. However, it is threatened by intensification of grassland management and abandonment, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), the number of subpopulations, the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, this grasshopper is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. Research is needed into its population trend.

range:
The Ladder Grasshopper is found from the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia and north Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found in the Alps and Carpathians as well as in mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Balkans down to Greece. At northern latitudes (e.g. Germany, Sweden) it is also found at lower elevations, but it is extinct in the north German lowlands (but still exists on Öland, Sweden). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².

population:
This species has disappeared in large parts of its northern European range (northern Germany) (Maas et al. 2002) and is still declining (Detzel 1998). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Maas et al. 2002). The overall population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
The Ladder Grasshopper occurs on dry to semi-dry mountain meadows, wasteland, forest edges and clearings in forests (Maas et al. 2002, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). In southern latitudes it is more often found in moist meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In central and southern Europe it is most often found in mountainous areas. The species is a good flyer (Baur et al. 2006) and is able to reoccupy habitats from where it has disappeared, i.e.it shows typical metapopulation dynamics (Carlssonand Kindvall 2001). It is found from sea level up to 2,550 m Asl.

threats:
A major threat to this species is the intensification of grassland management (Detzel 1998) as well as abandonment of grazing (Illich et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Sweden (Westling 2015) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Vulnerable in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Poland (Liana 2002) and Near Threatened in the Slovakian part of the Carpathians (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It requires extensive grassland management (Detzel 1998). It occurs in protected areas and research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apennine Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus apenninus) is endemic to Italy, but widespread in the Northern and Central Apennines with an isolated southern population on Monte Pollino. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Apennine Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, but widespread in the Northern and Central Apennines with an isolated southern population on Monte Pollino (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 33,000 km².

population:
This species can sometimes reach large subpopulations within its range, but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,300 m asl. Although this species is most commonly encountered as a short-winged species, a fully winged form also occurs occasionally.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.


taxonomicAuthority:
(Brunner von Wattenwyl in Bolívar, 1876)

redListCategoryRationale:
The Pink-palped Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus bolivarii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumed large population size.

range:
The Pink-palped Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 390,000 km². It is mainly present in the southeastern and central parts of the Peninsula.

population:
This is a common species, but the population trend is unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in grasslands, low shrubland and pastures in mountainous areas between 700 m and 1,900 m Asl (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Llucià Pomares 2002).

threats:
A potential threat to this species could be climate change, which could lead to habitat modifications and shifting its range upwards.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from several protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Dark Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus carbonarius) occurs from southern European Russia to Mongolia. In Europe it has only been recorded from three localities in Russia (near Volgograd and Orenburg). This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is very likely to be below 2,000 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. Research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Dark Toothed Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia to Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it has only been recorded from the Volgograd and Orenburg regions (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Data on this species' distribution is scarce, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 200,000 km², and it is likely that its area of occupancy (AOO) is below 2,000 km².

population:
This species is very rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002), and it has only been recorded from three localities in European Russia (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other. The overall population trend is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The ecology of this species is poorly documented but it is likely to occur in steppes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Club Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus clavatus) occurs in Greece, where it is found on two mountains at the western edge of the Pindos mountain range, and it also occurs in Albania. In Europe, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrenceis between 840 and 1,500 km²,and area of occupancy is between 12 and 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of habitat due to livestock grazing and quarrying. In the EU 28, this species is also assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO isca 170 km² and theAOO is between 8 and 30 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and a continuing decline is inferred in the number of mature individuals and the area, extent and quality of the habitat. In order to protect this species, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management (particularly in terms of grazing) needs to be implemented.

range:
The Club Toothed Grasshopper occurs in Greece, where it is found on two mountains (Mts. Tomaros and Xerovouni) at the western edge of the Pindos mountain range (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It also occurs in Albania (Griba Mts.) (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 840 km² (with an upper estimate of1,500 km²), and ca 170 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 12 and 50 km², and between 8 and 30 km² in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of grazing activities.

habitat:
This species is found on open sunny mountain slopes between 1,200 and 1,700 m asl. The habitat is dry and stony ground with sparse vegetation.

threats:
Like other mountains, Mts. Tomaros, Xerovouni and Griba Mts. are used for grazing in the summer, although the extent of the grazing is unknown. On Mt. Tomaros there are signs that mining activities took place. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species it is considered to occur at three locations in Europe and at two locations in the EU 28.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management (particularly in terms of grazing) needs to be implemented.

redListContributors:
Danielczak, A., Szovenyi, G. & Puskas, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cottian Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus cotticus) has a disjunct distribution with two strictly divided areas. One subpopulation inhabits the south-western Alps along the French-Italian border and another subpopulation occurs in the Bulgarian Rila Mountains, a part of the Rhodopian Mountains. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 64-200 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. In addition, since this grasshopper often occurs at mountain peaks, global warming may lead to a habitat shift and deterioration of those localities. To clarify the impact of habitat deterioration and upward shift on this species, monitoring of the population trend and habitat quality is important.

range:
The Cottian Toothed Grasshopper has a disjunct distribution with two strictly divided areas. One subpopulation inhabits the south-western Alps along the French-Italian border, ranging from the Valle di Susa (Piemonte) in the north along the mountain-ridge southwards to the Alpes Maritimes near Mercantour and the Alpi Marittime near Ormea (Berger et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012). The main distribution is in the Hautes-Alpes in France. The Alpine subpopulation occupies mountainous habitats at elevations from 1,700 to 2,750 m asl (Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2000). In a distance of approximately 1,350 km to the east, an isolated subpopulation in the Bulgarian Rila Mountains, a part of the Rhodopian Mountains, exists  (Berger et al. 2010). There, this species lives on high mountain peaks at elevations between 2,300 and 2,850 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 73,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 200 km².

population:
The subpopulation of this species on the Italian side of the Alps is fragmented (Massa et al. 2012). On the French side its occurrence is also localised, but the species can be quite abundant in suitable habitats (Voisin 2003). There are only three obviously isolated subpopulations known from the Bulgarian Rila Mountains (Berger et al. 2010). Unfortunately, no good information on the population size and recent trend is available, but it seems to be stable in the northern part of its range (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown. The subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This is a typical species of higher altitudes in the mountains, and an ecologically highly specialised inhabitant of alpine grassland and rocky areas with very low vegetation cover (Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2012). In its whole range it can regularly be found at and around isolated mountain peaks, suggesting that it is already restricted to the uppermost parts of its post-glacial refuge (Berger et al. 2010). The male is able to fly and shows display flights also during courtship behaviour (Bellmann 1993).

threats:
This species already lives at the upper limits of its post-glacial refuge, as it often occupies isolated mountain peaks in most parts of its range (Berger et al. 2012). Habitat shift due to global warming, which is more pronounced in the mountains than in the lowlands, can lead to deterioration of suitable habitats of this specialised grasshopper, or in the worst case, cause local extinction. The often small localities of occurrence can also be vulnerable to direct human impact like touristic infrastructure that is often situated at mountain peaks.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. The whole Bulgarian subpopulation and important parts of the French subpopulation are living in protected areas (e.g., Rila and Rilski Reserve, Parc naturel regional du Queyras). The main threat, global warming, can only be halted by international action. To clarify the impact of habitat deterioration and upward shift of this species monitoring of population trend and habitat quality is important.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and large overall population size. Further research on its population trend is needed.

range:
The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper is widely distributed in central and southeastern Europe, where it occurs in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, southwestern Ukraine, Hungary, eastern Slovenia and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, western Romania and western Bulgaria (Harz 1975, de Jong 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 650,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 590,000 km².

population:
The species' subpopulations could be considered moderately fragmented over large parts of its distribution. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in semi-dry and dry grasslands including forest clearings with low grasses, steppe associations and sub-alpine dry grasslands from the lowlands of central Europe (around 100 m altitude) to 2,100 m in Stara Planina Mountains (Vezhen peak in Bulgaria).

threats:
Threats to this species include the transformation of grassland into farmland, the abandonment of grazing, the use of insecticides and the destruction of its habitat as a result of residential development.

conservationAction:
The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper occurs in several protected areas, but there are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011). Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Croatian Toothed Grasshopper has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km², and it is known from a single location. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of succession is observed, and in the number of mature individuals as a result of this threat. Therefore, the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
This species is known from two localities in north Velebit Mountain (near Senj) in Croatia (Ramme 1933, Berger 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be 4 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of succession is observed, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry meadows in stony karstic areas at altitudes between 500 and 900 m.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the succession of its habitat due to overgrowing of bushes and forest. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas but one of the localities is inside a private land. Further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend, ecology, and on the response of this species to the ongoing succession is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Eurasian Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus eurasius) occurs from the Czech Republic to northwestern China and northern Mongolia. In Europe it is found from the Czech Republic to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and the subpopulations in Russia and Ukraine seem to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 250 and 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The taxonomic status of the subspecies S. eurasius macedonicus needs some more research as it might represent a unique species. However, in this case, the AOO of this species would still fall within the thresholds for Endangered. The major threats to this species are abandonment of grazing, overgrazing and transformation of its habitat into farmland. Cutting of bushes has taken place to manage its habitat, and appropriate management of its habitats is required to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Eurasian Toothed Grasshopper occurs from the Czech Republic to northwestern China and northern Mongolia. In Europe it is found from the Czech Republic to eastern European Russia (Berezhkov 1956, Sergeev 1986, 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 220 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². The AOO cannot be calculated for Europe due to the scarcity of information on its distribution, particularly in eastern Europe. The southern subpopulations of this group (S. eurasius macedonicus) are likely to represent a unique species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and are therefore ignored here. The same may be true for some eastern subpopulations (S. e. hyalosuperficies) in Asiatic Russia and Kazakhstan (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

population:
The population has been reported to be stable in the Alpine and Mediterranean region, but decreasing in the Pannonian region of the EU 28 (EEA 2015). In the Ukraine and European Russia the subpopulations seems to be stable (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).Overall, the population trend is decreasing (L. Willemse, G. Puskás and A. Kristin pers comm. 2015). Subpopulations in Europe are usually small and very isolated with probably little connectivity (G. Puskás, I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).The population is therefore considered severely fragmented(L. Willemse, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, I. Iorgu, T. Zuna-Kratky and A. Kristin pers comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in dry open habitats such as steppes and semi-arid areas with grasses (Stipa spp., Festuca spp.) (Berezhkov 1956). In the northwestern part of its range, it is associated with dry open habitats with scarce vegetation (Gavlas 2005) such as rocky slopes (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and sandy forest edges (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 2000 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are abandonment of grazing, overgrazing and transformation of its habitat into farmland (EEA 2015, M. Sergeev, A. Kristin, T. Zuna-Kratky and L. Willemse pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on annex II and IV of the EU's Habitats Directive. Its status has been reported as "unfavourable-inadequate" for the Continental and Pannonian region, "favourable" for the Alpine region and "unknown" for the Mediterranean region in the latest report (EEA 2015). The species occurs in protected areas and there is an ongoing monitoring obligation for the EU 28. It is listed as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). The species was the focus of a LIFE project on pannonic steppes in Austria, where cutting of bushes and grazing took place to manage its habitat in the area (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). This project has shown some success, but since no long-term follow-up grazing management was implemented, the sites are slowly starting to deteriorate again. Appropriate grazing management of its habitats is therefore required to avoid any future population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
The Festive Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus festivus) is widespread in Spain (in the central and eastern low mountains ranges) and in southern France. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 520,000 km². It is a rather rare species, living in stony and dry grasslands or scrublands, from 15 to 1,500 m altitude. The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. However, due to its large distribution range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Festive Toothed Grasshopper is widespread in southwestern Europe. This lowland and mountainous species is found from Spain (in the central and eastern low mountain ranges) to southern France (in the Eastern Pyrenees, south of the Massif Central, Crau plain, Verdon and Durance valleys) (Clemente et al. 1990, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 520,000 km².

population:
Stenobothrus festivus is a rare species in Spain and in France. The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated, so that recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is inferred. However, more research on the population trend is needed.

habitat:
Stenobothrus festivus inhabits Mediterranean open scrublands and dry and stony grasslands. The eastern subpopulations in France occur in sub-steppic lawns. The speciesis recorded from 15 to 1,500 m altitude.

threats:
Numerous subpopulations (especially in France) are threatened by decreasing pastoralism (and its subsequent natural afforestation), but they may also be influenced by overgrazing. Low altitude subpopulations are also often threatened by urbanisation or development projects. Furthermore, land use change (transformation into agricultural land) negatively affects the species. Irrigation of orchards is also likely to have negative effects on this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Stenobothrus festivus, although it is known from several protected areas (for example the Crau steppic plain nature reserve in France, where an abundant S. festivus subpopulation exists). The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and ecology is needed. A proper management of its habitats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-headed Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus fischeri) is found from central Spain to Siberia and Mongolia. In Europe it occurs from southern Italy and Greece (Peloponnesus) to southern France and eastern Austria in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and declining at its northern range margin, it is widespread and still quite common in the southern part of Europe.

range:
The White-headed Toothed Grasshopper is found from central Spain to Siberia and Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from southern Italy and Greece (Peloponnesus) to southern France and eastern Austria in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 2.2 million km².

population:
This species is widespread in the southern part of its range (Kati et al. 2001), but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The local densities of this species can be high (Massa et al. 2012). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat (G. Szövenyi and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It has not been seen in Romania for the last 15 years (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The population is considerably fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland habitats (steppes) and rocky slopes of hills and mountains (Massa et al. 2012) up to 1,700 m Asl (Chobanov 2009). In the north of its range it is associated with sandy steppe habitats (Kristin et al. 2004). The species feeds mainly on grasses (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession by bushes or invasive plants (e.g. Asclepias syriaca, Robinia pseudoacacia etc.) (G. Szövenyi, B. Defaut and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). However, it may also be affected by overgrazing (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, B. Defaut and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland or plantations (R. pseudoacacia) (G. Szövenyi and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Kristin et al. 2004), and "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas. Habitat management was implemented in the habitat of the only known subpopulation in Austria (Berg 2009). In Slovakia, where this grasshopper is threatened by encroachment of the Black Locust (R. pseudoacacia), control of this tree species has been instigated in recent years (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). Research into its global population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Defaut, B., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Greek Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus graecus) occurs in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Kosovo and Turkey. In Greece, it is found in mountains from Mt. Parnassos in the north on the Greek mainland to Mt. Taygetos in the South of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat due to touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend. An appropriate (extensive) grazing regime needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future population declines

range:
The Greek Toothed Grasshopper occurs in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Kosovo and Turkey (Willemse 1974). In Greece, it is found in mountains from Mt. Parnassos in the north on the Greek mainland to Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is  ca 23,000 km², and ca 7,000 km² in the EU 28 region. The maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 100 km².

population:
It is assumed that this species is decreasing due to the ongoing threats (such as touristic development and grazing). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species prefers sunny slopes with stony ground and sparse, to not too dense vegetation of grasses and herbs. It is found at elevations of 600-2,200 m Asl.

threats:
In some mountains touristic development takes place (winter-sport facilities), which negatively affect this species. The mountains where this species is found are used in summer for grazing, and any changes to the grazing regime (abandonment, intensification) may negatively influence the population trend.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend. An appropriate (extensive) grazing regime needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future population declines


redListCategoryRationale:
The Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus grammicus) is present on the Pyrenees, the Iberian central mountains and in the French South Pre-Alps. This is a rare species that inhabits stony and shrubby grasslands from 460 to 2,100 m altitude. Considering that the area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², that there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals, and that the population is severely fragmented, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper is widespread in southwestern Europe. This mountainous species is recorded from Portugal (Serra da Estrela), Spain (Pyrenees and central mountain ranges) and France (eastern Pyrenees and southern Pre-Alps: Mont Ventoux, Grand Luberon, Sainte-Victoire, Sainte-Baume, Canjuers) (Clemente et al. 1990, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 361,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is c. 250 km², with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².

population:
Stenobothrus grammicus is rather rare in Spain and very rare in France (Poniatowski et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009). The population of this species is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and very isolated so that exchange between subpopulations is unlikely. Some localities seem to be extinct (such as the Salamanca province, Spain, or the Alpes-Maritimes department, France). Therefore, a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred.

habitat:
Stenobothrus grammicus lives in dry, shrub-rich and stony grasslands. Itis recorded from 460 to 2,100 m altitude.

threats:
Stenobothrus grammicus mainly lives in stony and sloping mountainous habitats, which are often hard to access. Overgrazing could negatively affect the species. In addition, decreasing pastoralism could have strong negative impacts on the long term as well, leading to shrub encroachment and natural afforestation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Stenobothrus grammicus, although it is recorded from several protected areas. The species has been assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France  (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal  2006). More research on its population trend and the effects of the threats on the species is needed. A proper habitat management, and particularly grazing management, is required in the areas where it occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus lineatus) is widely distributed from central Spain to South Siberia and north Mongolia. In Europe it occurs from central Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to southern England, the Netherlands and Latvia in the north and eastern European Russia in the East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in large parts of Europe. However, it is rarer at the northern range margin and in some areas threatened and subject to conservation action.

range:
The Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper is widely distributed from central Spain to South Siberia and north Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from central Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to southern England, the Netherlands and Latvia in the north and eastern European Russia in the East. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common in the southern and central parts of its range (Massa et al. 2012), but less abundant in the north (e.g. Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). The species is declining in the northern part of its range. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found from dry to moist grassland habitats with dense vegetation (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). It also occurs in heathland habitats (Maas et al. 2002). In the southern part of its range it is mainly found in mountains (Harz 1975). It generally prefers moderately grazed sites (pastureland) over mowed grassland (meadows) (Weiss et al. 2013). It is found from sea level up to 2,890 m Asl.

threats:
In the northern part of its range the species is threatened by abandonment of traditional grassland management leading to succession of its habitat with shrubs and trees (Grein 2010). It is also threatened by eutrophication and intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, mowing) (Grein 2010).

conservationAction:
On the Belgian Red List the species is listed as Vulnerable (Lock et al. 2011), and in Luxembourg as Near Threatened (Proess and Meyer 2003). As the species is rare in the northern part of its range, it is subject of local conservation action. For example, it is a target species in the conservation project "Thüringer Rhönhutungen" (Germany) and the Biosphere Reserve "Pfälzerwald-Nordvogesen" (Germany). It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Miram's Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus miramae) is known from Crimea, northern Turkey and eastern European Russia. In Europe it is only known from a few localities on Crimea and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. This grasshopper is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland and more research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is necessary. Remaining habitats of this species need to be better protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Miram's Toothed Grasshopper is known from Crimea (Harz 1975), northern Turkey (Ünal 2000) and eastern European Russia (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). In Europe only a few subpopulations are known. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 50 and 500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 127,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population of this species is therefore considered severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is assumed to be declining as a consequence of habitat transformation.

habitat:
The species is found in steppe habitats (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of grassland into farmland (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is necessary. Remaining habitats of this species need to be better protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus nigromaculatus) occurs from the Cantabrian mountains and the Pyrenees to South Siberia. In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece to central Germany in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and threatened at the northern edge of its range, it is still widespread and common in large parts of Europe.

range:
The Black-Spotted Toothed Grasshopper occurs from the Cantabrian mountains and the Pyrenees to South Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece to central Germany in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.7 million km².

population:
This species is declining in the northwestern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Maas et al. 2002, Denner 2009). Subpopulations of this species are often very small and isolated (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in dry, warm grassland habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), usually with some patches of bare ground and short sward (Behrens and Fartmann 2004, Denner 2009).

threats:
The main threat to this species is abandonment of traditional grazing regimes with subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees, but also intensification of grassland management (frequent mowing, overgrazing, use of fertilizers) (Detzel 1998, Denner 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered on the German and Austrian Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011) and as Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). As the species is threatened in the northern part of its range, it is subject to conservation action locally. For example, it is a target species of the natural park "Tiroler Lech" (Austria). More information on its global population trend is required. It occurs in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Balkan Toothed Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The Balkan Toothed Grasshopper is known only from the Hajla Planina, a single mountain range in the border region between Montenegro and Kosovo (Ramme 1931, Berger 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 270 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 20 km².

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows at 1,800 m altitude. The upper limit of its distribution is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population size and trend, habitat and ecology and threats to the species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus rubicundulus) is endemic to Europe where it is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, reaching the French Alps in the west and central Romania in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has strongly declined in the northern part of its range, it is still common in the southern part.

range:
The Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to Europe where it occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from the Peloponnesus to Austria and the southwestern Carpathians, in the northern half of Italy and the Alps to southeastern France (Berger et al. 2010, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².

population:
This species has declined strongly in the northern part of its range (Zuna-Kratky 2009). In the southern part of its range it is still common in mountainous regions. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry rocky grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006), mainly in montane areas (Berger et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 100 m and 2,560 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are afforestation, abandonment of traditional grazing regimes (Zuna-Kratky 2009) and eutrophication.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic it is considered as Regionally Extinct (Holusa 2012) but it is uncertain whether the species was ever native there (one record from 1917). It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus stigmaticus) is found in North Africa, Europe and the Near East. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Greece to Latvia and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is threatened in Central Europe, it has a very wide geographic range and large population size.

range:
The Lesser Toothed Grasshopper is found in North Africa, Europe and the Near East. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Greece to Latvia and eastern European Russia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013), but is nearly absent in Italy (except at the border with Slovenia). It also occurs on the Isle of Man in the United Kingdom. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².

population:
This species is declining in Central Europe (e.g. Karner-Ranner 2009, Schweighofer 2011). Subpopulations are usually very small (NLWKN 2011) in the northern part of its range. It is more common in the southern part of its range, but the overall population trend is unknown. The population size is large.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland, pastureland and heathland habitats with short swards and patches of bare ground (Trautner and Simon 1993, Behrens and Fartmann 2004). It mainly feeds on grasses, particularly on Festuca rubra (Maas et al. 2002). In the southern part of its range it occurs in semi-dry to moist habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), mainly at higher altitudes (Olmo-Vidal 2002). It tolerates intensive grazing.

threats:
The main threats to this species are abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession by shrubs and trees, intensified land-use (fertilisers, overgrazing) and eutrophication (NLWKN 2011). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007), Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), Vulnerable on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011) and Near Threatened in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011). In Luxembourg it is considered "extremely rare" (Proess and Meyer 2003). The species is protected in Lithuania. Due to the Red List status in Central Europe it is subject to conservation action locally (e.g. Trautner and Simon 1993, NLWKN 2011). Extensive sheep grazing has been proposed as the best management of its habitats (Trautner and Simon 1993, NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its overall population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ursula's Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus ursulae) lives in a very small area of the south-western Alps of Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 to 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and the habitat shifts caused by climate change could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Research should be conducted on the population trends of this species.

range:
Ursula's Toothed Grasshopper lives in a very small area of the south-western Alps of Italy in the Gran Pardiso Massif on the southern slopes of the Val d´Aosta and the eastern slopes of the Gran Paradiso (Piemonte). It has only been found in three localities, living at elevations between 1,300 and 1,500 m asl at Punta Verzel (Nadig 1986) and between 2,100 and 2,400 m asl in the Val d´Aosta. This species' EOO is only 40 km², and its AOO is between 12 and 20 km². An isolated record in the Valle di Susa near the French border is depicted in the maps of Massa et al. (2012). A record from Slovenia has proven to be a misidentification (Gomboc and Šegula 2014).

population:
In its habitats, this mountain-grasshopper can be quite common locally (Massa et al. 2012). However, the population is severely fragmented, as there are only three subpopulations separated by distances that can not be overcome by this flightless species and there is no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Due to the lack of monitoring the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits various types of montane and alpine grassland, often mixed with dwarf shrub and, at lower altitudes, bushes. A typical plant species occurring at the locus typicus (the place where the species was originally described from) is Nardus stricta (Nadig 1986). There seems to be no special preference regarding soil conditions, as it was found in dry and also wet meadows, but they obviously benefit from low grazing impact (Nadig 1986). The species is flightless, but has a conspicuous song for courtship behaviour. Adults can be found from July to September.

threats:
As this species is described from low-intensity pastures, cattle grazing could be a threat to the small subpopulations (P. Fontana 2015 pers. comm.). However, there is no research published on the threats to this rare species so far. A part of the population lives quite high up in the mountains, where upward habitat shift due to climate change might be an additional threat and could lead to rapid population declines in the near future. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
Despite the rarity of this species, there are no known conservation measures targeted at it. Only one of the three subpopulations is found in a protected area (Parco Regionale del Mont Avic). It is important to start a regular monitoring scheme on the population trend and changes in habitat availability. Site protection for other two subpopulations is also needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Tawny Grasshopper (Stenohippus mundus) is a widespread species in northern Africa and western Asia (Jago 1996). In Europe, it is only known from the southern and western coast of Tenerife. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,906 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 - 400 km². The species is assumed to be declining due to the strong touristic and industrial development in the coastal zone of Tenerife. However, the subpopulations are still large and it is not assumed to be severely fragmented. As the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Tawny Grasshopper occurs from Mauritania in western Africa to India (Jago 1996). In Europe, it is only known from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland 2001). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,906 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 40 and 400 km².

population:
The species is common in some areas of southern Tenerife, but it is assumed to be decreasing as a result of the ongoing threats. However, the subpopulations are still large and the population is not assumed to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species is mainly found in open habitats which are rich in grasses.

threats:
This species occurs in the coastal zone of Tenerife, which is heavily influenced by touristic and industrial development as well as urbanisation.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Marsh Grasshopper (Stethophyma grossum) is widespread from the north of the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia. In Europe, it occurs from Bulgaria and northern Italy to northern Sweden and Finland. It is also present in England and Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread in Europe and the population size is large. Recently, a increase of this species has been documented in Central Europe, while it may be declining in the south. It is unknown, whether there is any significant immigration from outside the assessment region.

range:
The Large Marsh Grasshopper is widespread from the north of the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it occurs from Bulgaria and northern Italy to northern Sweden and Finland. It is also present in England and Ireland (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.2 million km².

population:
Strong population increases have been documented in Central Europe, probably as a consequence of the warmer summers (Hochkirch 2001, Trautner and Hermann 2008), whereas declines are assumed in the southern part of its range (Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are variable in size but can be very large. In the Netherlands, the species is also increasing due to changes in land use (conversion of agricultural land into more natural grasslands) (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is large.

habitat:
The eggs of the Large Marsh Grasshopper require flooding in winter (Malkus 1997, Marzelli 1997). They are therefore restricted to wet meadows, marshes and peat bogs (Maas et al. 2002). The species is a very good flyer (Sörens 1996). Single individuals can often be found far away from larger subpopulations (Trautner and Hermann 2008), but the majority of individuals cover only smaller distances (Bönsel and Sonneck 2011). It prefers higher vegetation (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
Drainage and transformation of wetland habitats into farmland are the major threats to this species (Koschuh 2004, Braun and Lederer 2009). This grasshopper is also sensitive to frequent mowing of meadows and overgrazing (Malkus 1997).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It is listed as Vulnerable on the Polish, Austrian and Swiss Red Lists (Liana 2000, Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). In Denmark, the UK as well as the Czech part of the Carpathians it is listed as Near Threatened (Wind and Pihl 2010, Kristin and Iorgu 2014, Sutton 2015). Due to its threatened status in some countries (or regions within countries) it is subject to conservation action. For example, it is considered an umbrella species for conservation in the German state Baden-Württemberg. The species occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Algerian Band-winged Grasshopper (Thalpomena algeriana) has been found only once in Europe near Algeciras (Spain). It is assumed to be a vagrant to Europe and thus assessed as Not Applicable (NA).

range:
The Algerian Band-winged Grasshopper is found in North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). A single specimen has been reported from southern Spain (Algeciras) (Harz 1975). It is likely to be a vagrant in Europe (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species is found in dry open habitats with scarce vegetation.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation action is in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to clarify if this species might occur elsewhere in southern Spain.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Common Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola cylindrica) is found from North Africa and southwestern Europe to the Middle East, reaching Afghanistan in the east. In Europe, it is found in marshes of the western Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats. No significant immigration from outside the assessment regions is expected to occur and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. The major threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats, and it is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Appropriate habitat protection and management is required to preserve the species, and degraded habitats should be restored.

range:
The Common Cylindric Grasshopper is found from North Africa and southwestern Europe to the Middle East, reaching Afghanistan in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found on the eastern Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Italian mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.1 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 2,000 km².

population:
This species is widespread, but rare on Sardinia and Sicily (Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). It seems to be more common on the Iberian Peninsula, but it is difficult to find and therefore the known distribution is probably incomplete. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat. The subpopulations are very isolated and there is probably very little exchange between them. These subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in brackish swamps with dense vegetation (Massa et al. 2012), marshes and along river margins and irrigation canals with reed vegetation (Lluciá-Pomares et al. 2005, Defaut and Morichon 2015).

threats:
The major threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats. It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland.

conservationAction:
According to Lluciá Pomares et al. (2005) the species is a good indicator for intact wetland habitats. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List and as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Olmo-Vidal 2006). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Appropriate habitat protection and management is required to preserve the species, and degraded habitats should be restored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Greek Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola graeca) is known from quite a large area within Europe including Italy, Greece and Cyprus, as well as Albania. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality and extent of its' habitat, due to residential and commercial development. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected, as it is often found close to human settlements. In addition, lost habitat needs to be restored and appropriate water management is needed.

range:
The Greek Cylindric Grasshopper is found in western and southern Turkey, Albania (G. Puskas pers. comm 2015), Italy (La Greca 1964), Greece (Willemse 1984), and Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor on its population trend. It is found in very localized habitats, and the population is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline as a result of coastal development and habitat loss. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in lowland areas such as river deltas, and marshy wetlands adjoining the sea, where it hides among stands of caned reeds, but also  in reed vegetation at a site (in Greece) which is waterlogged during Winter and dries up during Summer.

threats:
This species is often found near the sea, in river delta areas often close to human settlements. Residential and commercial development therefore is considered a possible threat for this species. Water management next to the wetlands can also affect this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected, as it is often found close to human settlements. In addition, lost habitat needs to be restored and appropriate water management is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Long-horned Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola longicornis) is widespread across northern Africa, the Middle East and Turkey. In Europe, this species is confined to Crete. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,800 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of locations, and in the extent and quality of habitat due to its proximity to urban areas (areas of residential and commercial development). Further research into the population size, distribution and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species also needs to be protected and lost habitat needs to be restored.

range:
The Long-horned Cylindric Grasshopper is widespread across northern Africa, the Middle East and Turkey. In Europe, this species is confined to Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species, but it is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline as a result of commercial and urban development.

habitat:
This species is found in lowland areas, such as river deltas and marshy wetlands adjoining the sea, where it hides among stands of caned reeds. It is found at elevations of 5-50 m Asl.

threats:
This species is found near the sea in river delta areas, often close to human settlements. Residential and commercial development therefore are considered a possible threat for this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected area. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species also needs to be protected and lost habitat needs to be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe the Eastern Cone-headed Grasshopper (Truxalis eximia) has only been reported from Cyprus, from where a unique subspecies (Truxalis eximia cypria) has been described. However the taxonomic status of this species is not clear and it might be a synonym of Truxalis nasuta, a species which is widespread in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is poorly known and further research is needed to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Eastern Cone-headed Grasshopper has been reported from Turkey to India. In Europe it is only known on Cyprus (Harz 1975). However its taxonomic status is doubtful and it may represent a synonym of Truxalis nasuta (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations on Cyprus are usually large and assumed to have a stable size (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species is found in dry grassland habitats such as agricultural areas, meadows and gardens (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this taxon but it occurs in protected areas (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015). Research into its taxonomy is needed to clarify its relationship to Truxalis nasuta. Furthermore research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Splendid Cone-headed Grasshopper (Truxalis nasuta) occurs in North Africa, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the southern Mediterranean, can be locally abundant and its population size is presumably large.

range:
The Splendid Cone-headed Grasshopper occurs in North Africa, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria), on the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Mediterranean Islands, in southern Italy and southern Greece (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.9 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and can be locally abundant (García et al. 1997). There is no available information on its population trend.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland, dunes (Massa et al. 2012), wasteland and Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation with patches of bare ground (Pardo and Gómez 1995).

threats:
This species may be locally threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland and the use of pesticides.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


taxonomicNotes:
There have been three species of Desert Grasshoppers described from Cyprus, all three of them endemic to Cyprus. The distinction between the three species is not clear which makes an assessment of these species impossible. Consequently, the assessment for

redListCategoryRationale:
The Azam's Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus azami) is endemic to Cyprus and has not been recorded since 1935. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the threats to this species, and into the population size and trend.

range:
The Azam's Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48 km², and it has not been recorded since 1935.

habitat:
Desert Grasshoppers prefer hot, arid places with various types of vegetation.

threats:
Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Cyprus, bushfires are the most likely threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A thorough taxonomic review of the status of the three Cyprian endemic species of Desert Grasshoppers is needed. Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus cyprius) is endemic to Cyprus. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the threats to this species, and into the population size and trend.

range:
The Cyprian Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km².

threats:
Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are the most likely threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus occidentalis) is endemic to the Almería province in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1650 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 80 km²), it occurs at less than ten locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. The species' habitat is destroyed by the industrial construction of greenhouses. Overgrazing may also pose a threat to this species. Research is needed into the distribution (number and locality of remaining subpopulations), population trend, threats, and ecology of this species. Remaining habitat should be protected.

range:
The Iberian Desert Grasshopper is endemic to the Almería province in southern Spain (Pascual and Aguirre 1996). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,640km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km²with an upper estimate of 80 km².

population:
This species is rare and the population trend is decreasing (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008) as a result of habitat decline.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry and sunny sites with low vegetation (Ziziphus lotus, Stippa tenacissima) (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). It has also been recently found in a quarry (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It is found at altitudes between 10 m and 530 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat as a result of the ongoing threats.

threats:
The species' habitat is destroyed by the industrial construction of greenhouses. Overgrazing may also pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of industrial greenhouse construction and the restricted distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than 10 locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution (number and locality of remaining subpopulations), population trend, threats, and ecology of this species. Remaining habitat should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Small Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus sinuosus) is endemic to Cyprus. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy, which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the population size and trend, the species' ecology, and the threats to it.

range:
The Small Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) could not be calculated as there are only two known localities. Since 1937 the species has not been recorded.

threats:
Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are probably the most likely threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A thorough taxonomic review of the status of the three Cyprian endemic species of Desert Grasshoppers is needed. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Aegean Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus solerii) is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in Rodhes, Kos and Nisyros. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km²), and occurs at between eight and ten locations - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Very little is known about this species, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Aegean Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in Rodhes, Kos and Nisyros (Jannone 1936, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. It is a rare  and difficult to find species.

threats:
Very little is known about this species including its threats. Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are the most likely threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at between eight and ten locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas in all three islands where it is present. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Banat Grasshopper is known from a single location in the Semenic Mountain in southwestern Romania, with very small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 30 km². Although the population trend has been stable so far, due to the expansion of human settlements and the development of touristic infrastructure a decline is projected in the area of occupancy and the quality of habitat. In addition, the species is present only in one location on the basis of overgrazing. Therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The species is only known from the Semenic Mountains in southwestern Romania (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both c. 30 km².

population:
The population is small but currently stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). However, a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and in the habitat area is projected as a consequence of the ongoing threats.

habitat:
The species inhabits open mesophytic mountain grasslands with Vaccinium species in the treeless part of Semenic Mountains, at altitudes between 1,200 - 1,400 m.

threats:
Major threats to the species are the expansion of human settlements and the development of touristic infrastructure. Overgrazing also poses a major threat to the species, and based on this threat the species occurs in a single location.

conservationAction:
The species was previously assessed as Vulnerable (Orthopteroid Specialist Group 1996), and as Endangered in the Carpathian Mountains as a result of a range of factors, including restricted range, low population density, and limited dispersal ability (Krištín and Iorgu 2014). There are no conservation actions in place for the species, although it occurs in the Semenic - Cheile Carasului National Park. Research on its population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, The Canarian Cricket (Acanthogryllus acus) is only known from the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain). It is mainly present in the coastal zone, which is strongly affected by human land use, and it is thus affected by touristic development, urbanisation, industrialisation and the construction of greenhouses. Based on these threats, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 - 500 km². Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Canarian Cricket is known from North Africa, where it occurs from the northwest to Ethiopia. In Europe, the species is only known from the Canary Islands (Spain), where it occurs on Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 10,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is 120 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend of the species. However, as it occurs mainly in coastal zones of the Canary Islands, which are heavily affected by touristic and industrial development, a continuing decline on the population size is inferred. The species is not believed to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species is found in open vegetation, such as grasslands, abandoned fields or open shrubland.

threats:
In Europe, the species is mainly threatened by urbanisation, the construction of greenhouses and touristic development on the coastal zone of the Canary Islands.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The House-cricket (Acheta domesticus) is a very widespread species with a near cosmopolitan distribution. In Europe it is found in nearly all countries, except for Fennoscandia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most widespread cricket species. It occurs in anthropogenic habitats, such as houses, industrial areas, dumping grounds and kitchens. The natural range of the species is not completely clear, as it is assumed to have often been transported by humans to new localities. Even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of active control measures it is generally not threatened.

range:
The House-cricket is a very widespread cricket species with a near cosmopolitan distribution (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in nearly all countries, except for Fennoscandia (Heller 2013). The natural distribution of this species is not quite clear as it has been probably spread by humans for thousands of years. It is likely that the occurrences north of the Alps were introduced by humans (Detzel 1998). However, this introduction probably took place centuries ago and the distribution is therefore considered as native here.

population:
The population trend of this species is decreasing due to pest control measures and modern ways of building houses with less interstices. However, the species is still widespread and common.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in and near buildings, but it also occurs on dumping grounds and near farms (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threats to this species are pest control, the general tendency to build houses with fewer interstices and new practices to cover dumping grounds.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. As it is usually found close to human settlements it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Dutch Red List (Bakker et al. 2015) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). On most other national Red Lists the species is not considered native and therefore not assessed. Research on the global population trend should be conducted.

useAndTrade:
Acheta domesticus is often kept and bred for pet food. The vast majority of the traded specimens stem from captivity.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, the Puglia House-cricket (Acheta gossypii) is only known from its type locality (Puglia). It has never been found again since it has been described, and records from Spain are probably erroneous. It may be an introduced species, but further research is needed to clarify if the species still occurs in Italy or not. Due to the lack of data concerning its habitat, distribution, population and threats, it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
The Puglia House-cricket (Acheta gossypii) has been described from Puglia (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). Its presence on the Iberian Peninsula has not been confirmed (Gorochov and Llorente 2001) and its complete distribution remains unknown. Knowledge of its song could help to obtain a better knowledge of its distribution. It might also be a non-native species from Africa that has been introduced to Italy (B. Massa, F. Buzzetti and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The species has never been found again in Italy since it has been described, and therefore there is no information on the population size and trend of the species. Records from Spain are probably erroneous (Gorochov and Llorrente 2001).

conservationAction:
No conservation action is in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to clarify if this species still occurs in Puglia or whether it may have been introduced.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spanish House-cricket (Acheta hispanicus) is widely distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula as well as on Madeira and the Canary Islands. In Italy, it is also known from two localities. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumably large population size. However, research is needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.

range:
The Spanish House-cricket occurs in North Africa (from Morocco to Libya), on the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and Madeira (Portugal) as well as on the Italian mainland (Calabria) and Sicily (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.3 million km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
The ecology of this species is unclear. It has been found under stones on farmland, pastures, in rocky habitats and dunes (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015) as well as on river banks.

threats:
The major threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use and the use of pesticides. Also, the confinement of rivers and destruction of river banks has affected the species (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research upon its population trend, threats and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Odé, B. & Correas, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Southern House-cricket (Acheta meridionalis) is widespread in northern Africa, but in Europe it is only known from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 164 km² and 1,000 km². It is inferred that there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals as a result of the ongoing threats, and as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near  Threatened. Further research on its population trend, ecology and threats is necessary.

range:
The Southern House-cricket (Acheta meridionalis) occurs in northern Africa, as well as in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Bland et al. 1996). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 130,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 164 km² (considering the known records) and 1,000 km² (as a maximum estimate).

population:
The species is quite widespread on the Canary Islands. The species is flightless, but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats to this species.

habitat:
Acheta meridionalis is mainly found in open vegetation under rocks and in crevices (Gangwere 1973). It has also been found in moist habitats (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat for agricultural land use (e.g. greenhouses), but also the use of pesticides, touristic and industrial development and urbanization. On the basis of these threats, the number of locations is quite high.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Southern Sardinian Cricket (Acroneuroptila puddui) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², it occurs at three locations, and recreational activities on the three caves where it occurs could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species would benefit from habitat protection due to its restricted range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Southern Sardinian Cricket is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy, and its entire known genus is also endemic to that island. It is only known from three caves in southeastern Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 km².

population:
The population of this species is considered severely fragmented, as the species is flightless and lives in caves. Genetic exchange between the three existing subpopulations of this species is therefore very unlikely and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is known only from three caves in southern Sardinia, where it can be found by exploring the cave entrances.

threats:
The major threat to this species is recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected areas. This species would benefit from habitat protection due to its restricted range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Northern Sardinian Cricket (Acroneuroptila sardoa)  is endemic to Sardinia, where it is only known from two caves. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (two caves with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km²) and recreational activities in the two caves where it is present could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. More research into its ecology and population trend is required. In addition, this species would benefit from better protection and management of its habitat.

range:
The Northern Sardinian Cricket is endemic to Sardinia, where it is only known from two caves (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 8 km².

population:
This species has only two subpopulations, and the population is severely fragmented since they are found in caves, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is only known from two caves on the east coast of Sardinia.

threats:
The major threat to this species is recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is required. In addition, this species would benefit from better protection and management of its habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Giant-cricket (Brachytrupes megacephalus) is known from Malta, Italy (Linosa, Lampedusa, Sardinia) and north Africa. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km²,  the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to habitat loss caused by coastal development, tourism activities and the establishment of greenhouses. Some subpopulations have already disappeared and action is needed to protect the habitat of this species.

range:
The Giant-cricket is known from Malta, Italy (Linosa, Lampedusa, Sardinia) and north Africa (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 113,650 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,000 km².

population:
In the 1920-1930s the species was very abundant and considered a pest to some crops, especially vineyards. However, since the 1970s the species has strongly declined due to habitat loss driven by tourism and coastal development. Some subpopulations in Sicily have become extinct. The population trend is decreasing (EEA 2014). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other.

habitat:
The species is found in sandy habitats, mostly in coastal habitats at altitudes between 10 m and 700 m asl. Adults appear in early Spring and Summer and are very active in April.

threats:
The main threat affecting the species is the deterioration and destruction of its sandy habitats due to tourism and coastal development. In the south-eastern part of Sicily, the establishment of greenhouses decreases the availability of suitable habitat and the application of pesticides in these areas can also have a negative effect on this species.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas, and is listed on annexes II and IV of the European habitats directive and therefore a monitoring programme is in place. In the latest report, its status was assessed as "unfavourable-bad" with a negative population trend (EEA 2014). Protection of the species habitat is needed, and more detailed research into the population size and trend should be carried out.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes escalerae) has a wide distribution on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although the population trend is unknown, it has a wide distribution and no major threats have been reported.

range:
The Iberian Mountain-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is distributed roughly from Alicante in the east to Porto in the west (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Ferreira 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 280,000 km².

population:
There is no available information about the population trend. However, the number of individuals in subpopulations can be quite large.

habitat:
The Iberian Mountain-cricket is a ground-dwelling species that hides in holes and crevices during the day. It inhabits open grassland and shrubland, usually with rocks or stones, and it is frequently found between 900 m and 2,100 m asl. It may also be found as low as 150 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research on its distribution, population size, trends, and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Riverine Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes littoreus) is endemic to Spain, has a small range and is supposedly not a very common species. There is no available information on the population trend or threats, and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. More research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk, particularly into its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats.

range:
The Riverine Mountain-cricket is endemic to Spain and confined to the Tagus river basin, where it has been found only two times (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2010). This species' maximum estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km². However, the species has recently only been found in one locality.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend. This species is only found in small numbers (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).

habitat:
Not much is known about the ecology of this species. It occurs in sandy areas (Barranco 2010).

threats:
There is no available information on the threats to this species. The threats are therefore unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research is needed into this species, particularly into its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Common Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes pipiens) is widespread in the eastern half of Spain and in southeastern France, where it inhabits stony grasslands and sometimes in agricultural fields. The species is threatened by the abandonment of grazing. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 500,000 km² and the species is rather common in the main part of its range (Spain and southwestern Alps), and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Eugryllodes pipiens is distributed across eastern Spain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001) and France (eastern Pyrenees, Languedoc and South Alps) (Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 500,000 km².

population:
Eugryllodes pipiens is easily detected by night due to its distinctive stridulation. This is a rather common species in Spain and in the southwestern Alps, but it is very rare between the Pyrenees and Alps (where it is known from only two records). There is no information available on the population size and trend, but a decline is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
Eugryllodes pipens is a sub-mountainous but predominantly mountainous species, and it has been recorded from 60 to 1,800 m altitude. This species lives in dry, open and stony habitats like dry grasslands or moorlands. It can also live in agricultural landscapes, especially in orchards or lavender fields.

threats:
The only known threat to the species is the abandonment of grazing, which leads to natural succession of bushes and trees.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Eugryllodes pipiens, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Verge Cricket (Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis) is widespread in the southern part of Europe including many Mediterranean islands, reaching southern Germany and the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common in Southern Europe, and the current population trend is increasing; this grasshopper is currently expanding its range at the northern range border. It has also been recently found in areas distant from its natural range, suggesting that it is being introduced to new localities by humans.

range:
The Verge Cricket is widespread in the southern part of Europe including many Mediterranean islands, reaching southern Germany and the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Harz 1969). During recent years, the species has expanded its range in eastern Austria (Berg and Bieringer 1998; Braun and Lederer 2009). New records from Germany (van Elst and Schulte 1995) had been assumed to be introduced by railroad freight transportation, but further recent records from Germany have meanwhile stimulated debate whether the species might be expanding its range naturally (Boczki 2007). The species has also been recently recorded in the Netherlands where it is likely to be introduced (Bakker et al. 2015). Subpopulations on the Canary Islands (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007), the Azores and Madeira may also be introduced. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.8 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common in central and southern Europe and it is currently expanding its range at the northern border. The overall population trend is therefore probably increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in a variety of habitats, often man-made ones e.g. farmland, roadside verges, railway embankments, gardens and pastureland (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is often found along railroad tracks (Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009, Bakker et al. 2015).

threats:
The species may be threatened by intensive agriculture, particularly by improvement of moist grassland habitats (Braun and Lederer 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Poland it is Regionally Extinct (Liana 2002). Research into the population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Thery's Cricket (Eumodicogryllus theryi) is found in Morrocco and on the Iberian Peninsula where it has so far been recorded from several Spanish provinces, and from southeastern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in its range, and can be locally abundant. However, is likely to be sensitive to agricultural land use (particularly farming), and research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
Thery's Cricket is found in Morrocco and on the Iberian Peninsula where it has so far been recorded from the provinces of Palencia, Málaga (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), Córdoba, Jaén and Sevilla (Barranco 2012) as well as southeastern Portugal (Ferreira 2009). These records suggest that the species may be more widespread on the Iberian Peninsula. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 210,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. It is relatively abundant in cultivated areas (Ferreira 2009) and subpopulations can be large (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species has been found in habitats with patches of bare, seasonally muddy ground such as salt marshes, cultivated areas (pastures and arable land) or open clearings. It hides in crevices and insect burrows and is active during day and night. Adults hibernate in galleries underground and become active in spring.

threats:
The species is likely to be sensitive to agricultural land use, particularly farming (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Odé, B., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., Prunier, F., Correas, J. & García, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Sicilian Cricket (Grylloderes brunneri) is found in Sicily (Italy), and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 9,000 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals - thus coming close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the species is common and no major threats to it have been reported. Research into its population trend is needed.

range:
The Sicilian cricket is found in Sicily (Italy) and in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,000 km².

population:
This species is common and and in some years it can be so abundant that can cause problems to crops. The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in dry grassland, pastures, and agricultural land at elevations between 10 m and 500 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Sahel Cricket (Grylloderes orlovskajae) occurs in Mali and Burkina Faso, and the subspecies Grylloderes orlovskajae adventicius has been described from a ship travelling between the Canary Islands on its way from Odesa (Ukraine) to Cuba. However, the species is unlikely to be extant in the Ukraine and even its occurrence on the Canary Islands is doubtful. Due to the lack of information on its provenance it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
The Sahel Cricket occurs in Mali and Burkina Faso (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). The subspecies Grylloderes orlovskajae adventicius has been described from a ship travelling between the Canary Islands on its way from Odesa (Ukraine) to Cuba (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). The origin of this specimen remains unknown but it is unlikely to originate from Ukraine as the genus occurs in Africa and South Asia (Eades et al. 2015).

population:
Nothing is known about the population of this species.

habitat:
As the species was found on a boat, its habitat remains unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to clarify whether it is native to the Canary Islands or elsewhere in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Tropical House-cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) is widespread in the tropics and has been introduced to Europe. It is widespread in human settlements on the Canary Islands. The species has also been recorded from Austria, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany. Given that it is traded for pet food, this house-cricket is easily transported to many countries. Since the species is not native to Europe it is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Tropical House-cricket is widespread in the tropics (Harz 1969). It has been introduced to Europe through the pet food trade and often escapes. The species has become naturalised on the Canary Islands (Hochkirch 2003). Some subpopulations can be found in greenhouses of botanical gardens and zoos, as well as in ports (van Elst and Schulte 1995, Sardet et al. 2015). In the Netherlands it seems to have also become established in urban areas.

population:
As the species is spread by humans, the population is likely to increase in size, and the population trend is increasing.

habitat:
On the Canary Islands and on Madeira the species is mainly found in human settlements, where it is found in walls and buildings.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species. As it is mainly found in human settlements it does not occur in any protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution.

useAndTrade:
The species is traded and bred for pet food.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Silver-Bell Cricket (Gryllodinus kerkennensis) occurs from North Africa to Iran and Central Asia. In Europe, it is found in Spain and on Cyprus. It may also be present in Ukraine. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200-600 km² in Europe, and between 50-500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This cricket is mainly threatened by agriculture and deposition of waste. Recently, some subpopulations are also threatened by the practice of artificially increasing the water level with treated sewage water for bird conservation. Furthermore, the increasing risk of floods due to climate change severely threatens this species. Proper management of remaining habitats and restoration of destroyed habitats is recommended. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
The Silver-Bell Cricket occurs from North Africa to Iran and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found on Cyprus and in Spain (Heller 2013). Its presence in Ukraine is uncertain (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 50 and 500 km², and in Europe between 200 and 600 km² (if the occurrence in the Ukraine is valid).

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated. Extinct sites are unlikely to be recolonised by this species due to its strong habitat affiliation and the increasing anthropogenic fragmentation of its habitat (Cordero and Llorente 2008). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. Some former subpopulations in Spain could not be found as their habitats have been destroyed. A continuing decline is inferred in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species is found in deserts and other dry habitats, mainly along saline flats, salt marshes and along saline ponds where it can be found under stones and in halophytic vegetation (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Tumbrinck 2006, Cordero and Llorente 2008).

threats:
The species is mainly threatened by agriculture and deposition of waste (Cordero and Llorente 2008). Recently, some subpopulations are also threatened by the practice of artificially increasing the water level with treated sewage water for bird conservation (Cordero and Llorente 2008). Furthermore, the increasing risk of floods due to climate change severely threatens this species (Cordero and Llorente 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but its habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive and it is therefore found in protected areas. Proper management of remaining habitats and restoration of destroyed habitats is recommended. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
The Albanian Crevice-cricket is known from two small areas with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 16,000 km², but the knowledge on its distribution is probably incomplete. As its population trend, habitat, ecology and threats are unknown, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The Albanian Crevice-cricket is known from a locality near Shkodra Lake in northern Albania and a few localities in the southern Peloponnese in Greece (Willemse 1984, Gorochov 2009). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km², but the knowledge on its distribution is probably largely incomplete.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown. Considering the available information on its relatives and the distribution information, it occurs in karstic areas within the Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, where during the day it inhabits stony crevices with a humid micro-climate. It is probably active at night.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Canarian Crevice-cricket occurs under stones in the forest zone of Tenerife and La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The species occurs in protected areas, but it is difficult to find because it lives under stones and does not produce any sound. Therefore, there is insufficient knowledge of its population size or trend. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c.3,500 km². As the species is flightless and subpopulations appear to be small, the population is considered severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category.

range:
The Canarian Crevice-cricket is endemic to Tenerife and La Palma (Bland et al. 1996), where it mainly occurs at higher elevations in forested areas. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,800 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The species is flightless and subpopulations appear to be small, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species has mainly been found in forests, where it lives under rocks and debris.

threats:
Natural threats to this species are active volcanism and landslides, but threats from human activities are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. There is a need for research on its taxonomy, population trends and ecology.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species is a matter of debate (Gorochov 2009, 2012). It may be a subspecies of Gryllomorpha dalmatina but this issue has not been definitely settled yet. The taxon was described as Gryllomorpha cretensis by Ramme (1927), howev

redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha cretensis) in endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur in Crete, and is only known from two localities. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its geographic range, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², but its actual EOO is likely to be much larger, with a maximum value of 15,000 km² (the area of Crete). Less than a handful of specimens have ever been recorded, and a taxonomic review to clarify its status within Gryllomorpha is needed. Further research into the population size, distribution area and trend is also required.

range:
The Cretan Crevice-cricket in endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur in Crete (Willemse 1984), and is only known from two localities. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², but its actual EOO is likely to be much larger. However, as it is endemic to Crete, its EOO is certainly smaller than 15,000 km² (the area of the island of Crete).

habitat:
There is no specific information on the habitat of this species. In general, species of Gryllomorpha are found in three types of habitats: in open forests (Platanus spp., Quercus spp.) where they are found among the leaves or underneath rocks, in caves and around human settlements where they inhabit the crevices of walls.

threats:
Nothing is known about threats that might affect this species or its ecosystem.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A taxonomic review to clarify its status within Gryllomorpha is needed, and further research into the population size, distribution area and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha dalmatina) is found in North Africa, and from southern Europe to the eastern coast of the Black Sea. In Europe it is found from Crete and Sicily in the south to southern Switzerland in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Crimea in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and occurs in a variety of habitats including the leaf litter of forests, under stones and even in human buildings.

range:
The Common Crevice-cricket is found in North Africa, and from southern Europe to the eastern coast of the Black Sea (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Crete and Sicily in the south to southern Switzerland in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Crimea in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.3 million km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown, but it is a common in the Mediterranean.

habitat:
The Common Crevice-cricket is found in the leaf litter of broadleaf forests, under stones, in caves, in stone walls (Massa et al. 2012), and in buildings such as garages and cellars (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

threats:
Since this species frequently lives close to rivers, regulation of river beds and dam construction are likely threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Morrocon Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha gracilipes) has been described from Morocco. Its only known record in Europe is from Fuerteventura (Chopard 1954), but this needs to be reconfirmed using appropriate diagnostic characters. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning its occurrence in Europe, it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
The Morrocon Crevice-cricket has been described from Morocco. The only European record of this species is from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) (Chopard 1954, Bland et al. 1996), from where it has never been recorded again. According to Gorochov and Llorente (2001), the record from Fuerteventura needs to be confirmed by studying the male genitalia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) values are both 4 km².

population:
In Europe, the species has been reported only once from Fuerteventura, but its presence on this island is uncertain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).

habitat:
There is no specific information available on the ecology of Gryllomorpha gracilipes, but Gryllomorpha species usually reside under stones. As the species has been described from Morocco, it is likely to occur in deserts and/or semi-deserts.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and occurrence on Fuerteventura is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-tailed Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha longicauda) is widely distributed in southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula. Although the population trend and threats are unknown, this species has a wide  distribution and it                   probably does not meet the thresholds  of any criterion for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as  Least Concern.

range:
The Long-tailed Crevice-cricket is distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. Two subspecies are present in Europe (Gryllomorpha longicauda longicauda and G. l. merobricensis), and one subspecies is confined to northern Africa (G. l. adspersa) (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 170,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend. However, within its range it doesn't seem to be a rare species.

habitat:
This species inhabits crevices in the ground or between and under stones and leaves, usually in more or less shaded situations and especially in open forest with oak, chestnut and pine. Occasionally, it occurs in caves. The animals usually are only seen during the night.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures are in place for the species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends, and into the threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Gryllomorpha has been revised by Gorrochov (2009). In this publication he place Gryllomorpha guentheri as a subspecies under G. miramae. G. miramae therefore is a species with two subspecies, the nominate subspecies and G. miramae guentheri. Cho

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Eastern Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha miramae) is known from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the Ukraine and southern Russia, as well as Greece and Bulgaria. For the EU 28 region, only three localities are known, one from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland and two from Bulgaria. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 480,000 km²) and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. In the EU 28 region, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO is ca 12,500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualify for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution of this species (especially in Greece and Bulgaria), as well as into its ecology and threats.

range:
The Eastern Crevice-cricket is known from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the Ukraine  (Odessa, Crimea, Melitopol) and southern Russia (Rostov, Astrakan) (Gorochov 2009), as well as Greece and Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2003). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 480,000 km². For the EU 28 region, only three localities are known, one from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland and two from Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2003). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 region is ca 12,500 km², but given that this is a rather cryptic, night active species, its EOO may be larger.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. In the EU 28 region, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Species of Gryllomorpha are found in various types of habitats. In Bulgaria, this species was collected in pitfall traps in a Quercus coccifera community and under a stone (Chobanov 2003). This species is active at night.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, although it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution (especially in Greece and Bulgaria), as well as into its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Western Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha uclensis) occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, in southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and western Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, can sometimes reach very high abundances, and no major threats to it have been reported. This crevice-cricket is usually found in caves, under stones and in leaf litter, and is poorly-known. It seems to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Western Crevice-cricket occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, in southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and western Italy. A potential occurrence in North Africa is doubtful (Heller 2013) and is disregarded here. The species has also temporarily colonised the port of Basel (Birrer and Coray 2000).

population:
The species can sometimes reach very high abundances (Galvagni and Fontana 1993, Massa et al. 2012) and shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This small flightless cricket occurs in caves and crevices, under stones and in leaf litter (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in houses (Schmidt 1996) and under stones in Mediterranean shrubland and in sandy river beds (Braud and Sardet 2006).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Ferreira, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Caspian Cricket is known from a single locality and has not been observed again since its description. Due to the very scarce knowledge on this species it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species is only known from a single locality in the south of European Russia, Voskresenskoe village in the Astrakhan district (Gorochov 1986). The distribution information is probably incomplete. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 450 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The species has not been reported again since it was described.

habitat:
The species lives in semideserts at altitudes between 0 - 20 m.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-spotted Field-cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is widespread in Africa, the Mediterranean, West and Central Asia. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy, the Mediterranean islands and on the Balkans, reaching Croatia in the north and southern Ukraine in the northeast. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and no major threats to it have been reported. It often lives in, or close to, human settlements and does not seem to be sensitive to human activities.

range:
The Two-spotted Field-cricket is widespread in Africa, the Mediterranean, West and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy, the Mediterranean islands and on the Balkans, reaching Croatia in the north and southern Ukraine in the northeast. A small introduced subpopulation exists in Germany (Hochkirch and Klugkist 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.3 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common. It sometimes produces outbreaks in Africa with individuals occasionally dispersing to the Canary Islands. The population trend is unknown. As the species is bred for pet food, it is often shipped throughout the world and can easily escape from captivity. It is therefore also regularly reported outside its native range.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in and close to human settlements where it lives under and between stones and in cracks in the earth. It is also found in grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012). As the species is easy to breed in captivity it has become a model species for behavioural studies. Therefore the biology of this species is very well known.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. More information on its population trend is required. It occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species is bred and traded for pet food.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Field-cricket (Gryllus campestris) occurs from north Africa to northern Europe and to the Caucasus. In Europe, it is very widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide range and overall large population size. However, it has declined during the last century in the northern part of its range as a consequence of changes in land use, particularly by the transformation of traditionally grazed heathland and grassland habitats into farmland and forests. It is still threatened in northern Europe by abandonment and eutrophication, although it is very common in southern Europe.

range:
The Common Field-cricket occurs from north Africa to northern Europe and to the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, the Peloponnesus and the Greek island of Kos in the south to southern England, the Danish Island Bornholm and Latvia in the north (Heller 2013).

population:
A decline of this species has been reported in the northern part of its range. In Denmark the species is Regionally Extinct. In England the species was close to extinction but has been successfully reintroduced at several sites (Sutton 2015). In the northern part of Germany the species is still declining (Witzenberger and Hochkirch 2008, Hochkirch 2010). It is more common in the southern part of Europe. It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Hochkirch 2010, Sutton 2015) as it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. The population size is large, but the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in semi-dry to dry grassland habitats where it lives in burrows (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it requires dry open habitats with short turf, such as dry grassland and heathland, usually maintained by grazing (Sutton 2015). It particularly prefers nutrient-poor grassland with a vegetation cover of 40-50 % (Kenyeres 2006). The species is active in spring (April to July) and nymphs hatch in summer and hibernate during the last nymphal instars.

threats:
The main threat to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland or forests, and abandonment of grazing and eutrophication of grassland and heathland habitats with subsequent encroachment of scrubs (Sutton 2015). The species is locally also threatened by urbanisation.

conservationAction:
This species was subject to conservation action in the northern part of its range. Successful reintroductions have been conducted in England (Sutton 2015). In northern Germany, successful translocation projects have led to the establishment of several new subpopulations (e.g. Hochkirch et al. 2007) and the restoration of habitat by deforestation and sheep grazing has led to a rapid expansion of a subpopulation (Hochkirch 1996). In Denmark, the species is Regionally Extinct. It is listed as Vulnerable on the British Red List (Sutton 2015) as well as in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). In Poland it is considered as Near Threatened (Liana 2002). It occurs in protected areas. Restoration of habitat and appropriate management is still needed in the northern part of its range (Sutton 2015). More research on its population trend is needed in the southern part of its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lanzarote Malpais Cricket is endemic to caves and malpais areas of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and the Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain). The species is flightless and the population is considered severely fragmented, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 690 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 - 300 km², and it is thus assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B. It is unknown if the species is declining as most of its habitat is in protected areas or in areas which are not under strong human pressure.

range:
The Lanzarote Malpais Cricket is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 690 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trends of the species. It is flightless and the subpopulations are very isolated so the recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This cricket species occurs under stones and in caves, particularly on malpais land (Ashmole et al. 1992). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 360 m.

threats:
This species occurs mainly on scarcely vegetated volcanic areas (malpais), and large parts of its population occur in the Timanfaya National Park on Lanzarote, an area with volcanic activity. It may locally also be affected by touristic development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but most of its habitats are found in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Field-cricket (Melanogryllus desertus) is found from southern Europe to Siberia and China. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus in the south, to southern Slovakia and southern Switzerland (where it is extinct) in the north. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is Regionally Extinct in Switzerland, it is still common and widespread in the eastern and southern parts of its range.

range:
The Lesser Field-cricket is found from southern Europe to Siberia and China (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus in the south to southern Slovakia and southern Switzerland (where it is extinct) in the north (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.9 million km².

population:
This species was declining in the northwestern part of its range, particularly in Austria (Braun and Lederer 2009) and Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016), but has recently spread again (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). In the northern part of its range subpopulations are quite small and fluctuate in size (T. Zuna-Kratky and Olga Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). In the southern part of the range the species is more common, subpopulations can be large and outbreaks have been reported (D. Chobanov, O. Korsunovskaya and G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) which can be classified as extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals as these fluctuations are repeated and likely to be of at least tenfold magnitude. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species prefers open habitats with sparse vegetation such as farmland, cropland, wasteland, vineyards, dry road margins, railroad embankments (Braun and Lederer 2009), and dry grassland (Baur et al. 2006). It is often found in moist habitats e.g. in alluvial plains, along ponds and streams (Massa et al. 2012, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). In the north the species is mostly found in dry habitats.

threats:
This species might be affected by pesticide use (G. Puskás and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). It has declined in Austria as a consequence of afforestation and urbanization (Braun and Lederer 2009). It is also affected by drainage and seems to be displaced by the Verge cricket (Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis) which is currently expanding its range (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Mordovia (Russia), the species is threatened by overgrazing and grass burning (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). This species is protected in Mordavia (Russia) (Michaelenko and Rutschin 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Rutschmann, F., Sirin, D., Defaut, B., Korsunovskaya, O., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Algerian Stripe-headed cricket (Modicogryllus algirius) is found in North Africa and southern Europe. In Europe, is only known from Sicily and southern France, but may also occur on Corsica. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,000 km². it is quite common on Sicily and no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats.

range:
The Algerian Stripe-headed cricket is found in North Africa and on Sicily (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). A single locality is known from France (Var) and it might also occur on Corsica (Sardet et al. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is smaller than 1,000 km².

population:
The species is rather common on Sicily (Massa 2011). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in olive yards and open forests, where it is found under stones and in rock crevices  (Massa et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Defaut, B., Massa, B., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus cyprius) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 515 km²), the overall population size is presumably large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Cyprian Stripe-headed Cricket is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 515 km².

habitat:
This species has mainly been found under stones in pine forests. One finding high up on Mt. Troodos was in an open valley, on open rocky ground with rather sparse vegetation. The species was also found underneath a rock next to the dried up brooklet, and it can be found at elevations of up to 1,800 m Asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires and infrastructural development. One locality is in an area where a skiing centre has been built.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus frontalis) is widely distributed from Central Europe to western Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining in the western part of its range, it is still very widespread in Europe, it is quite common in the steppe zone of Russia and Ukraine and the overall population size is large.

range:
The Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket is found from Central Europe to southern Russia and western Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from northeastern France (Rust et al. 2012) via southern Germany, Austria and southern Poland to northern Bulgaria in the south, Lithuania in the north and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece is unlikely and the records probably refer to M. truncatus (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010, L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). They are thus disregarded in this assessment. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².

population:
In the western part of its range this species is rare (Maas et al. 2002, Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007) and subpopulations are usually small (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The population of this species is declining (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). It is regionally extinct in Bohemia (Holusa et al. 2013). In Russia and Ukraine the species is quite common in the steppe zone (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large.

habitat:
This species prefers habitats with large amounts of bare ground (ca 80%) and crevices in the ground, such as vineyards, sand and gravel pits, quarries and dry grassland (Zechner 2009) as well as forest edges and railroad embankments (Zechner et al. 2000).

threats:
Scrub encroachment caused by abandonment of pits and adverse habitat management (even in nature reserves, A. Liana pers. comm. 2016) as well as recultivation are major threats to this species in the northern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Zechner et al. 2000). This species is also affected by recreational activities in former sand pits (Zechner et al. 2000). Furthermore, it may be threatened by pesticides (G. Puskás and A. Liana pers. comm. 2016), afforestation (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016) and invasive non-native plants, like Ambrosia spp., Solidago virgaurea, Solidago gigantea, and Erigeron annuus (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005), as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Critically Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It seems to be Regionally Extinct in Bohemia (Czech Republic, Holusa et al. 2013). A subpopulation in Germany was threatened by land consolidation (Buchweitz and Trautner 1997). To avoid negative effects on this species, new habitats were created and 140 individuals translocated to these sites (Öchslen 2013). Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Defaut, B., Kristin, A., Liana, A., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 reginoal assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Canarian Stripe-headed cricket (Modicogryllus guanchicus) is only known from Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain). Its area of occupancy is 56 - 300 km². The population trend of this species remains unknown, but a continuing decline in the quality of habitat is observed and a continuing decline in the number of individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat, which include urbanisation and industrial development. The population is severely fragmented, and it is unlikely that there is any significant immigration from northern Africa. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Canarian Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus guanchicus) occurs in the western part of northern Africa and on the Canary Islands (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). In Europe, it is only known from the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 9,000 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with a maximum estimate of 300 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. The species does not seem to be common, but its song is quite silent and it might therefore be overlooked quite easily. However, it is assumed to be declining as its centre of occurrence is in northeastern Tenerife, which is densely populated by humans. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat has been observed and a continuing decline in the number of individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat. The species is flightless and the subpopulations are quite isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The Canarian stripe-headed Cricket is mainly found in damp habitats, e.g. in barrancos, close to streams or standing waters, where it can be found under stones. Its ecology is poorly known. It may also occur in Euphorbia shrubland.

threats:
The major threat to this species is urbanisation and industrial development in the northern and eastern part of Tenerife (which is the centre of the Canarian distribution of this species).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More information on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining habitats of the species need a better protection.


redListCategoryRationale:
The False Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus pseudocyprius) is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence (EOO), natural history, threats and conservation status. A potential future threat is the increasing frequency of wildfires. Further research is needed into its taxonomy, population trends, threats and ecology.

range:
The False Stripe-headed Cricket is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities. It is unknown, how widespread this species is on Cyprus. If it is found across the whole island, the extent of occurrence (EOO) would be ca 13,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species has been found under stones in pine forest, and is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood. A potential future threat is the increasing frequency of wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into its taxonomy, population trends, threats and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Marsh Stripe-headed Cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence, presumably large population size and the absence of any indication of a population decline.

range:
This species is currently recorded from Bulgaria, European Turkey, Romania, Serbia, Hungary, Croatia, Greece (Ünal 2006, Chobanov 2009, Szövenyi 2011, Pavicevicet al. 2014) and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). The occurrence in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina is expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 540,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 500,000 km². Outside of Europe, the species occurs in western and central Asia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually large but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits semi-humid to humid habitats, usually living on the ground in warm forests with a bare undergrowth or meadows along water bodies. It frequently occurs also in rural and agricultural habitats. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 400 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Reed-cricket (Natula averni) is found along the Mediterranean coasts, the Atlantic coast of Portugal and on the Canary Islands. However, knowledge on its distribution in Europe has only recently increased as a consequence of better knowledge of its bioacoustics. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, even though the number of records is still increasing, it is likely to be very restricted in distribution, so that its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km². In addition, the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to the overall loss of habitat. This species is specialized on coastal marshland and is threatened by drainage and transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanization, touristic development, and by the increasing number of droughts and rising sea levels. Protection of its habitat and adequate water management is required to avoid any future population declines. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, taxonomic research is required since it is currently not clear if Natula averni and Natula longipennis are synonyms or if they may consist of even more species.

range:
The distribution of the Reed-cricket is not fully understood as it remains uncertain whether it is synonymous with Natula longipennis, or whether even more than one species of this genus occurs in Europe (Odé et al. 2011). In Europe this species is found along the Mediterranean coasts, the Atlantic coast of Portugal and on the Canary Islands (Odé et al. 2011). Knowledge on its distribution has only recently increased as a consequence of better knowledge of its bioacoustics (Odé et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.86 million km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 2,000 km². It probably also occurs in North Africa.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are variable in size, but most occur in very small areas of suitable habitat that can easily go extinct. The subpopulations are strongly isolated so that recolonisation is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A decline has been reported from the Portuguese Estremadura region (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall loss of habitat (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in reeds along rivers and lakes, mainly on the coast, but also further inland (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). It mainly occurs in marshland with a stable high water table, being influenced by tidal fluctuation (Odé et al. 2011).

threats:
This species is threatened by drainage of its wetland habitats, urbanisation, touristic development and intensive agriculture. It may also be affected by climate change (droughts and sea level rise).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition taxonomic research is needed since it is currently not clear if Natula averni and Natula longipennis are synonyms or if they may consist of even more species (Odé et al. 2011). Protection of its habitat and adequate water management is required to avoid any future population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Odé, B., Kleukers, R., Lemos, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


