# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Bush-cricket (Pterolepis elymica) is endemic to the western coast of Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 126 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic and coastal development. Its habitat should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.

range:
The Sicilian Bush-cricket is endemic to the west coast of Sicily (Italy), where it is known from four localities (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 126 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
This species is quite rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented and the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This bush-cricket lives in retrodunal vegetation, and adults appear in summer and autumn.

threats:
The habitat of the species is threatened by touristic and coastal development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Its habitat should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Stilt-legged Bush-cricket (Pterolepis grallata) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is presumed to be very large, subpopulations are locally abundant, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Stilt-legged Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs in a wide area excluding the north, northeast and southwestern regions. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 211,500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The species' subpopulations are locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be very large.

habitat:
The species occurs in low Mediterranean shrubby vegetation and dry pastures (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2011) between 164 m and 1,640 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lusitanian Bush-cricket (Pterolepis lusitanica) is endemic to Portugal, where it is widely distributed in the southern half of the country. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, in spite of the limited number of records, it has been recorded in all areas during a year of targeted research in the country, suggesting that the species is widespread and common. In addition, no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Lusitanian Bush-cricket is currently only known from the southern half of Portugal (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez 2010, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is suspected to be locally abundant.

habitat:
This species has been recorded in Mediterranean-type shrub vegetation (S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016), but may occur in a wider array of habitats.

conservationAction:
Although the species is widespread in the southern half of Portugal, records from only eleven localities are known, six of them in the same protected area (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). Another locality falls within a second protected area (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez 2010). Research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the Pedate Bush-cricket (Pterolepis pedata) is known from Sardinia and Lampedusa, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Pedate Bush-cricket is known from Tunisia, Sardinia and Lampedusa, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 76,300 km².

population:
This bush-cricket is locally common and widespread, but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in coastal vegetation, dunes, salt marshes and dry shrublands from sea level up to 1,500 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ibiza Bush-cricket (Pterolepis pityusensis) is endemic to the island of Ibiza, where it is only known from a single female specimen. This species has only been recently described (2014) and is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats. Further research on this species is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Ibiza Bush-cricket is endemic to the island of Ibiza, where it is only known from a single female specimen. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km², and its estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 250 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only one specimen has been recorded so far.

habitat:
The only known specimen was collected in Mediterranean pinewood (Barranco 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Disarmed Bush-cricket (Pterolepis spoliata) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in the southern half of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide ecological amplitude and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Disarmed Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in the southern half of the peninsula (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 345,600 km².

habitat:
This species has been collected in gardens of urban areas, pine associations on dunes, and low dry shrubland. It is found at altitudes between 2 m and 2,000 m Asl.

conservationAction:
This species is present within a number of protected areas, but no specific conservation measures are in place or necessary. Research on the population trend is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Algeciras Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster algecirensis) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk. In addition, taxonomic research is recommended since some authors have proposed this species as a subspecies of Pycnogaster finoti.

range:
The Algeciras Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,325 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only seven specimens have been collected since the species was described.

habitat:
The species has been collected in uncultivated areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986), in areas with thorny scrubs, Thymus and Pinus species (Schroeter and Pfau 1988). It occurs at altitudes between 17 m and 1,320 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species remain unknown. Grazing by goats is likely to take place in the area, but its effects on the species need to be studied.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The species is poorly known and research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. In addition, taxonomic research is also needed since some authors have proposed this species as a subspecies of Pycnogaster finoti (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Hooded Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster cucullatus) is endemic to Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, and ecology. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Hooded Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from Portugal (Pinedo and Llorente 1986, Pfau and Pfau 1995). There have been no valid bibliographic citations of this species since the type series by Charpentier in 1825. However, it is likely to occur along the Portuguese Atlantic coast (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). Its exact distribution needs to be studied in more detail.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It is possible that the species shows a continuing decline and that subpopulations are isolated (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species inhabits shrubland and grassland with shrubs. It is found on Ulex densus stands (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Potential threats to the species are agricultural conversion, urbanisation, touristic development and wildfires (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016), although it may require some medium disturbance by grazing, fires and winds.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to clarify the species boundaries between P. cucullatus and P. jugicola, to estimate the population trend, and to get a clearer picture of the distribution, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cadiz Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster gaditana) is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from seven specimens collected at five localities in the Cádiz province. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.

range:
The Cadiz Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from seven specimens collected at five localities in the Cádiz province, southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,430 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km², but likely to be higher with a maximum estimate of 300 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only seven specimens have been documented so far.

habitat:
There is little available information on this species. It has been collected in uncultivated areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a protected area. Additional research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Graells' Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster graellsii) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Graells' Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 33,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The species is usually present in low densities, but can sometimes reach high abundances. This bush-cricket shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species inhabits arid areas, where it keeps in low-grass pastures and open shrublands (Llorente et al. 1997). In cases of high densities it can damage crop fields, including wheat and vineyards. It occurs at altitudes between 580 m and 1,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Unarmed Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster inermis) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the population size is probably very large. However, climate change poses a threat to this species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards. These effects need to be studied in more detail, and research is also needed into the distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.

range:
The Unarmed Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The species is quite common but its subpopulations are small (Pascual and Barranco 2013). The overall population size is probably very large.

habitat:
The species has been found in mountain pastures in associations of cold- and dry-resistant plants (Pinedo and Llorente 1986). It occurs at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,600 m Asl.

threats:
Global warming may affect the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards. Habitat loss can lead to fragmentation of the population resulting into small subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange between them (Pascual and Barranco 2013).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within protected areas. Research is needed into its threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fat-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster jugicola) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution along the central Iberian mountain ranges and it is not considered rare. Usually several specimens are found within a small area.

range:
The Fat-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central Iberian mountain ranges in Spain and Portugal (Pinedo and Llorente 1986, Pfau and Pfau 1995). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 65,500 km².

population:
There is no complete data regarding the population size of this species, and the population trend is unknown. Usually several specimens are found within a small area and the species is not considered rare. Subpopulations are isolated and contact between them is limited, since the species is flightless.

habitat:
The species is found in shrublands and grasslands mixed with shrubs of Juniperus and Cytisus spp. (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).

threats:
Climate change may affect the species, as it occurs mainly near the mountain tops. In addition, it might be affected by wildfires at local scale.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986). Research is needed to clarify species boundaries between Pycnogaster jugicola and P. cuccullatus, to obtain better data on the species' distribution, population trend and ecology. Additional research into the threats to this species is also recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sanchez Gomez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster sachezgomezi) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In some areas, goat overgrazing and construction of greenhouses lead to a decrease of the species' preferred habitat, but the habitat is not thought to be undergoing a continuing decline. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.

range:
Sanchez Gomez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².

population:
The population size and trends for this species are unknown. The species can be locally abundant but in general it is rare and its population is considered severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species is found in dry pastures, low thorny scrubs and hedgehog heaths (Pardo et al. 1993). It is found from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl.

threats:
In some areas, goat overgrazing and construction of greenhouses lead to a decrease of the species' preferred habitat, but the habitat is not thought to be undergoing a continuing decline.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present within a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Valentin's Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster valentini) is endemic to central Spain, where it is known from very few localities. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very small geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,300 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population seems to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
Valentin's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it is known from very few localities. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only a few specimens have been recorded so far. The population seems to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species has been found on high Cytisus shrubs at altitudes between 400 m and 820 m Asl (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
The identity of Rhacocleis agiostratica is not beyond doubt as the description has been based on juvenile specimens. Adult material is required to compare it with other Rhacocleis species in particular Rhacocleis distinguenda.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Agiostrati Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis agiostratica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the northern Aegean islets of Agios Efstratios and nearby Lemnos. This species is only known from a few juvenile specimens collected in 1936, and has not been recorded since then. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat requirements, and threats. Moreover, given that the original description was based on juvenile specimens, further research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.

range:
The Agiostrati Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the northern Aegean islets of Agios Efstratios and nearby Lemnos (Willemse 1982). After it was first recorded in 1936 it has not been reported again. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 1,300 km², and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 520 km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population size and trend.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species has not been observed or collected since its discovery in 1936, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. The first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence on the islands of Agios Efstratios and Lemnos. Given that the original description was based on juvenile specimens, more data is needed to confirm its taxonomic status. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Anatolian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis anatolica) is only known from a few specimens collected on the island of Kos, and has not been recorded since 1978. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) 450 km², area of occupancy (AOO) 288 km²), it occurs at between two and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, due to the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.

range:
The Anatolian Bush-cricket occurs in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from the eastern Aegean Island of Kos (Willemse 1982), and its presence along the western coast of Turkey has only been reported recently (Ünal 2012). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 450 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².

population:
This species has only been observed and collected a few times, but the population is believed to be decreasing due to the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos.

habitat:
Although there is no information on the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket, it is assumed that the species occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (maquis shrubland).

threats:
This species is probably threatened by the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Andikithira Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis andikithirensis) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the islet of Andikithira and the western Cyclades Islands of Milos, Sifnos, Serifos and Kythnos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range and may be locally affected by wildfires, the population trend is assumed to be stable and its habitat is very common on the islands where it occurs. However, little is known about it and research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.

range:
The Andikithira Bush-cricket, described in 2016, is endemic to Greece where it is restricted to the islet of Andikithira and the western Cyclades islands of Milos, Sifnos, Serifos and Kythnos (Tilmans et al. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,570 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 345 km².

population:
Although the species is very difficult to catch, it appears not to be very rare in the typical garrigue and phrygana habitat. The population trend is expected to be stable (Tilmans et al. 2016).

habitat:
On all the islands from which the species was collected, it was found in the typical Aegean garrigue and phrygana formations with herbaceous plants and small bushes. In many cases the species was hiding in bushes of Sarcopoterium spinosum. This habitat is widespread on the islands where the species has been found (Tilmans et al. 2016).

threats:
The dry habitats in which this species is found are prone to bushfires, but it is unknown how the species is affected by this.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Little is known about it, and research is therefore needed into the population size and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ringed Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis annulata) is known from Italy (mainland Italy, Sicily, Panteleria), southern France, Malta and Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common and widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Ringed Bush-cricket is known from Italy (mainland Italy, Sicily, Panteleria), southern France, Malta and Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km².

population:
This species is common but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless bush-cricket lives in shrubland, and the adults appear in summer and autumn. It is found at elevations between 50 m and 1,750 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Baccetti's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis baccettii) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The ecology of this bush-cricket is poorly understood and there is also little knowledge on threats affecting it. However, the major threat to this species seems to be overgrazing by sheep, and more research into the effects of grazing on bush-cricket and on its population trend is required.

range:
Baccetti's Bush-cricket is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km².

population:
This species is scarce and its subpopulations are small and isolated. Taking into account that the species is flightless, there is probably no genetic exchange between the subpopulations, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives on bushes and in shrubland. It is found from sea level up to 1,800 m asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species seems to be overgrazing by sheep.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on the effects of grazing on this species and on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bonfils' Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it lives on rocky and often open habitats (dry heaths, scrublands, dry grasslands, screes) between 410 and 1,140 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) have been estimated at 830 km² and 150-250 km², respectively. The species is common in the Asco valley, but rare in other areas. However, as this is a nocturnal and secretive species it is very likely to have been under sampled. There are no major threats to the species, and its habitat is not very affected by humans, Therefore, it is assessed as  Least Concern (LC).

range:
Bonfils' Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is found at mid-elevations between 410 and 1,140 m in the northern half of central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 830 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated at c. 150-250 km².

population:
Rhacocleis bonfilsi is a secretive species which is rarely observed. Recent nocturnal researches with bat detectors resulted in the discovery of new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2005), and recent fieldwork showed that while the species is not rare in the Asco valley, only very few records are known from other areas, and there are 25 observations from six localities in total. There are no reports on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Rhacocleis bonfilsi is found at mid-elevations, living on rocky and often open habitats, including dry heaths, scrublands, dry grasslands and screes. It has sometimes been observed in open forest (Pinus laricio), but always with shrubs (Arbutus enudo, Erica arborea, Juniperus, Rubus etc.) (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006, Barataud 2005). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song or sometimes to find specimens on paved roads.

threats:
Rhacocleis bonfilsi lives on rocky and sloping sub-mountainous habitats, which are often difficult to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic development are rare, local and often do not have any negative impacts on the species in the long term. No major threats have been reported so far.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis bonfilsi, and it is not present in any protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lesina Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis buchichii) is only known from three locations, which are strongly affected by touristic development. Although two more subpopulations may exist, the distribution of this species is very small. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of habitats. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 60 km². It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
The Lesina Bush-cricket is endemic to Croatia. It occurs on the Adriatic islands of Hvar and Brač, and possibly also on Korčula. It has also recently been recorded from the Croatian mainland (Wagner 2015). A recent record of a female from Troglav Mt. needs to be reconfirmed as it may represent another species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is 30 km², whereas the maximum estimate is 60 km².

population:
A continuing decline in population size is inferred from the ongoing loss of its habitat. The population is severely fragmented, since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
The species lives in low altitude Mediterranean shrubland and forest edges. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 50 m.

threats:
The main threats to this species are constructions of roads and touristic development which are leading to a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Forest fires pose another additional threat. Other threats are invasive species, such as mongooses. Based upon the main threat of touristic development the species occurs at two locations.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research on its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed. Protection of its habitat is needed as well control of the introduced mongooses and awareness raising.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Fontana, P., Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M. & Iorgu, I.S.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Bush-cricket is endemic to central and south-eastern Corsica and northern Sardinia. It lives on Mediterranean scrublands, coastal Pinus forests and rocky dry low mountain moorlands from sea level up to 1,300 m altitude. This nocturnal species is undersampled, although it seems to be common on south-eastern Corsican scrublands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 - 1,500 km². The population is slowly declining due to local threats along the coast such as urbanization and touristic developments, but is not severely fragmented and does not show extreme fluctuations. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Corsican Bush-cricket is endemic to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level to mid-elevations at 1,300 m. The species is mainly known from the southeastern part of Corsica (including the small islands of Bonifacio bay), but it is also found on the Asco mountain valley (north of central Corsica) and on Monte Limbara (northern part of Sardinia) (Braud et al. 2002, Barataud 2005, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006, Galvagni 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 - 1,500 km².

population:
Rhacocleis corsicana is a secretive nocturnal species. Recent fieldwork with bat detectors resulted on the discovery of a number of  new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud 2006) and showed that the species is rather common in south-eastern Corsica. Elsewhere (central Corsica and the north of Sardinia), records are quite rare. About 40 observations from 15 localities are currently recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, but it seems to be slowly declining due to local threats along the coast.

habitat:
Rhacocleis corsicana lives between sea level and 1,300 m altitude on rocky open habitats (Arbutus and Erica scrublands or Juniperus heaths) as well as on forest habitats (on the undergrowth of dry coastal Pinus forests, with shrubs like Arbutus enudo, Erica arborea, Juniperus or Rubus (Barataud 2005, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song or to sometimes find specimens on paved roads.

threats:
Rhacocleis corsicana mainly lives on inaccessible rocky Mediterranean scrublands, which are unlikely to be affected by infrastructural development projects. In addition, forest fires only have temporary negative effects. However, a small part of its population exists in coastal areas, where it is affected by direct human impacts like urbanisation and touristic developments.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis corsicana and it is not present in any protected areas.The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gavrogo Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis crypta) is endemic to Greece, and has only been found in a single mountain in central Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is 4-10 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes in grazing intensity (abandonment or intensification) in the area could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the local land use is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Gavrogo Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been found in a single mountain in central Greece (Willemse and Willemse 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km².

population:
This flightless species was only discovered in 2003 on Mt. Gavrogo, and has not been collected elsewhere or monitored on Mt. Gavrogo since then. There is no data on the population size and the population trend.

habitat:
This bush-cricket species is found on dry mountain slopes, predominantly covered by rocks and stones between 1,500 m and 1,800 m Asl. Vegetation is comparatively poor with few, often coniferous, shrubs or trees, few herbs and tufts of grasses. The habitat contains a large number of more or less loose stones, as well as firmly embedded rocks with abundant cavities and crevices. Some of these spots are almost devoid of vegetation or with only a few scattered tufts of, e.g., Thymus species. This bush-cricket was observed mainly along the stony banks of a rough mountain road, commonly hiding under stones and occasionally also found in the open. The coloration of the specimens fits perfectly with the white grey color of the local limestones. Few specimens were observed and most of them were subadult on 2-3 August, 2003. In captivity, they became adult after about two weeks and start to sing and mate about ten days later.

threats:
The area where this species is found is grazed by livestock in the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) may negatively affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of livestock grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the local land use is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis derrai) is endemic to Greece and is only found in the eastern part of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Cretan Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in the eastern part of Crete (Harz 1983, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 41 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km².

population:
This species has only been observed and collected a few times, and there in no data on the population size and the population trend.

habitat:
This species has been recorded in rocky environments with maquis shrubland vegetation, including heath and leaf litter (Harz 1983).

threats:
Bushfires are the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lesbos Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis distinguenda)  is endemic to Greece and is only known from four sites in the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only three locations, and bushfires could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to protect this species.

range:
The Lesbos Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from four sites in the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².

habitat:
Although no information about the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket is known, it is assumed that it occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (maquis shrubland).

threats:
Bushfires are the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and into the threats to it. In addition, proper fire management is needed to protect this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Toothless Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis edentata) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the southwestern-most tip of the Greek mainland and the Ionian Islands of Lefkada, Cephalonia and Zakinthos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 4,100 km²), and bushfires may pose a threat to it in dry areas, it is a widespread species found in a variety of habitats. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species.

range:
The Toothless Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the southwestern most tip of the Greek mainland and the Ionian Islands of Lefkada, Cephalonia and Zakinthos (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2005, Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,100 km².

population:
This species is widespread on the islands where it occurs, but there is no available information on the population size and population trend.

habitat:
On Cephalonia, the species is widespread and has been found in a variety of habitats such as the Abies cephalonica maquis mixed forest in Roudi, the coastal meadows in the Paliki peninsula, and even close to human settlements such as Dhavgata and Lassi (Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008). This species is most likely present in a similar variety of habitats on the other Ionian Islands, and on the Greek mainland, and is found at elevations of 10-1,300 m Asl.

threats:
This species may be threatened by bushfires in dry habitats, such as maquis shrubland.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Very little is known about it, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ferdinand's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis ferdinandi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from two sites along the Ambracian Gulf in the western Greek mainland. Although there is very little available information, and the species has only been observed twice, it is assessed as Vulnerable due to its restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 to 12 km²), and the possibility that touristic development along the Gulf of Amvrikakos could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species. A careful management of tourism and wildfires is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.

range:
The Ferdinand's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from two sites along the Ambracian Gulf in the western Greek mainland (Willemse and Tilmans 1987, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 50 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 to 12 km².

population:
This species has only been observed and collected a few times, and there is no available information on the population size and population trend.

habitat:
This flightless bush-cricket was first recorded at a site with thickets along the coastal part of the road.

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires and the touristic development of the region.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Very little is known about this species, as it has only been recorded a few times. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species. A careful management of tourism and wildfires is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis germanica) occurs from southeastern France in the west to south Ukraine and Anatolia (Turkey) in the east. It is widespread in southwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it seems to be declining in France, it has a wide distribution, is very common in large parts of its range and has an overall large population size.

range:
The Mediterranean Bush-cricket occurs from southeastern France in the west to south Ukraine and Anatolia (Turkey) in the east. It is also found on some Mediterranean islands such as Corsica, Crete and Corfu (Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.9 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 1.7 million km².

population:
This species is very common and widespread (Adamovic 1964, Boitier et al. 2007, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In France it was thought to be regionally extinct but was rediscovered in 2005 (Braud 2007). Nevertheless, the species is very rare in France and seems to be declining (Braud 2007, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland, at forest margins and in open forests, where it is usually found at the base of bushes and high forbs (Massa et al. 2012)

threats:
Locally, this species is threatened by urbanisation (Braud 2007). In France it may also be affected by competition with its congener, Ponel's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis poneli) (Braud 2007). In addition, it may be locally affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is required as well as the potential effects of competition with Rhacocleis poneli in France.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Greek Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis graeca) is endemic to Greece, and is found across the Greek mainland from the northern tip of the Thessalian plains up to the southern tip of the Peloponnesus, including the island of Kithira. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread throughout its range, found in a variety of habitats, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to the species.

range:
The Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found across the Greek mainland from the northern tip of the Thessalian plains up to the southern tip of the Peloponnesus, including the island of Kithira (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44,000 km².

population:
This species might be more common than recorded, but there is no data on the population size and the population trend.

habitat:
This species is known to be present in phryganic shrubland, and is found from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl - mostly at mid-altitudes. Like Rhacocleis edentata, it is not restricted to a single habitat type.

threats:
This species might be affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Very little is known about this species, and further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyclades Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis insularis) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to several of the Cyclades Islands from Andros in the north to Santorini in the South. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although its extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (ca 8,500 km²), and it may be locally affected by wildfires, it is widespread on some of the Cyclades Islands. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Cyclades Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is restricted to several of the Cyclades Islands from Andros in the north to Santorini in the South (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend .

habitat:
This species is found in open, dry, more or less stony, hilly sites with various types of small bushes and shrubs in which the species tends to hide.

threats:
This species could potentially be affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apulian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis japygia) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the South of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 300 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to changes in the agricultural land-use, particularly intensification of grazing. Research is needed into its population trends and threats. Remaining habitats need appropriate management and degraded or destroyed habitats should be restored.

range:
The Apulian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the South of the peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km².

population:
The population of this species is assumed to be decreasing based on the loss and degradation of its habitat. Subpopulations are very small and isolated, and since the species is flightless, there is probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in arid open habitats or in ecotones, on bushes, from sea level up to 900 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are changes in the agricultural land-use, particularly intensification of grazing.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trends and threats. Remaining habitats need appropriate management and degraded or destroyed habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Stone-jumping Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis lithoscirtetes) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a small mountainous area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only three locations, and any changes in the grazing regime of those areas could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve this species.

range:
The Stone-jumping Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a small mountainous area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse and Willemse 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, as it has only been observed and collected a few times.

habitat:
The habitat of this species consists of dry mountain slopes, which are predominantly covered by rocks and stones at elevations of 1,200-1,500 m Asl. Vegetation cover is comparatively poor, with few - often coniferous - shrubs or trees, a few herbs and tufts of grasses or even localized groups of ferns. There is a large number of more or less loose stones, as well as firmly embedded rocks with abundant cavities and crevices. Some areas are almost devoid of vegetation or have only a few scattered tufts of, e.g., Thymus species. In the daytime, the specimens hide under stones, and are very apt at finding cavities and small crevices when disturbed, which makes them extremely difficult to relocate. The number of specimens observed has always been low (Willemse and Willemse 2005).

threats:
This bush-cricket is found in mountain areas which are grazed by livestock during summer. As a result, any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) may pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Speckled Sardinian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis maculipedes) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Sardinia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 4,300 km² , area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 100 km²) it occurs at only four locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to loss of Erica arborea bushes (which are cut by shepherds to create new grazing sites). Research is needed into the population trend, life history and ecology. Its habitat requires proper management. Particularly, further loss of Erica arborea bushes should be prevented.

range:
The Speckled Sardinian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,300 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 16 and 100 km².

population:
The species is difficult to find and there are only a few records of it. It is assumed to be declining based on the degradation of its habitat.

habitat:
This species lives in arid habitats, on bushes (mainly Erica arborea).

threats:
The major threat to this species is intensified sheep grazing. The species has mainly been found on Erica arborea bushes, which are cut by shepherds to create new grazing sites. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat, and the known distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend, life history and ecology. Its habitat requires proper management. Particularly, further loss of Erica arborea bushes should be prevented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Adriatic Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis neglecta) is known from Italy and Algeria. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Adriatic Bush-cricket is known from Italy and Algeria (Massa et al. 2012). A single record also exists from Croatia (Istria), but it is assumed to have been introduced by ship (J. Skejo, pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 302,000 km².

population:
This species is present in low densities but it is widespread.The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless, medium sized, bush-cricket lives in shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in summer and autumn, from sea level up to 1,200 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ponel's Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France, where it inhabits wet or riparian plain forest edges and is able to colonize ruderal or dryer habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km². Numerous recent discoveries in more western areas suggest passive introductions, and this range increase could lead to a continuous sub-Mediterraean range in the future. As a lowland species, the main reported threat is urbanisation. However, it is currently spreading and is able to survive even in degraded habitats. Therefore, is is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Ponel's Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France. It was formerly known only from the southeastern low altitude areas (Defaut et al. 2009). Currently, this species is expanding its range into some of theAtlantic departments like Landes, Gironde, Vendée. The Pyrenées-Orientales and Hérault. The Atlantic records are assumed to be from introduced subpopulations, and these were not taken into account when estimating the extent of occurrence (EOO) which has been calculated to be c. 20,000 km².

population:
Rhacocleis poneli is a secretive and predominantly nocturnal species. Recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors have revealed some new localities. Its presence in France has not been very well studied for a long time (Braud 2008), but the number of records has strongly increased over the last decades, even in the areas from where it was initially known. The species has expanded its range to several adjacent departments, but also to more distant departments (probably by passive introduction). There is no information is available on population size.

habitat:
Rhacocleis poneli occurs in warm areas at low altitudes between 0 and 350 m. It mainly lives on shrubs (often Rubus) and ferns along edges or clearings of wet or riparian woodland. It can also be found on ruderal or degraded habitats (e.g. cultivated corn-field borders), and it has occasionally been recorded on dryer habitats like Mediterranean scrublands with dense vegetation.

threats:
Subpopulations of this species are affected by local threats like urbanisation and development projects, but these threats are not significant for the whole population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis poneli, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (=Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004).

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


taxonomicNotes:
Ramme (1939) described this species as Rhacocleis silvestrii, named after Prof. F. Silvestri-Portici, but it is often cited as Rhacocleis sylvestrii.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Maquis Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis silvestrii) is endemic to Greece and is only known from some of the Aegean Islands: Kasos, Karpathos, Rodhes and Kos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since although it is a widespread species and occurs in more than ten locations, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,800 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the increasing number of wildfires throughout its range - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Maquis Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from some of the Aegean Islands: Kasos, Karpathos, Rodhes and Kos (Willemse 1982, Baccetti 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,800 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, but this species is widespread across the islands where it occurs. However, a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increased frequency of wildfires.

habitat:
Although no information about the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket is known, it is assumed that the species occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (Maquis shrubland).

threats:
This species is likely to be affected by wildfires, which have heavily affected all islands on which this species occurs during the last decade. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at more than ten locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tyrrhenian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis thyrrhenica) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities and islands along the western coast of the country. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This bush-cricket is threatened by tourism and coastal development, and further research is needed into its population trend.

range:
The Tyrrhenian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities and islands along the western coast of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
This species has a scattered distribution with isolated, small subpopulations, and there is probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in coastal habitats with scarce shrubby vegetation.

threats:
Touristic activities and coastal development can pose a threat to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Three-lobed Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis trilobata) is only known from a few specimens collected in 1973 in the Peloponnesus, Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (possibly extinct) due to its restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to bushfires. In addition, in spite of searches for it, this species has not been recorded since 1973, and bushfires might be the reason for its disappearance. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species. The most obvious threat to be managed within its range is the threat of wildfires, and proper wildfire management would most likely benefit this bush-cricket.

range:
The Three-lobed Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single locality in the Peloponnesus, from where it was described (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum size of 20 km².

population:
This species is assumed to be decreasing, given that it has only been observed and collected once, and has not been found again even though searches have been conducted.

habitat:
This species has been found at medium altitudes (above 1,150 m) in arid habitat with low herbaceous vegetation, thickly covered with low bushes. It was collected together with two other species of Rhacocleis (La Greca and Messina 1974).

threats:
This species is only known from one locality, and given that the area is prone to bushfires, it is considered to occur at a single location, making bushfires a major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species has, after its discovery in 1973, never been observed or collected again. The locality where it was recorded is now in a protected area. Further research is required into the population size, distribution, possible subpopulations, and the species' habitat and ecology, as well as into possible threats to the species. Only then will it be possible to consider which conservation actions may be required. The most obvious threat to be managed within its range is the threat of wildfires, and proper wildfire management would most likely benefit this bush-cricket.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Uvarov's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis uvarovi) is only known from a few specimens collected in the 1930s on the island of Kalimnos and its satellite island Telendos in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient given that it has not been recorded since then, and very little is known about it. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species. Moreover, the taxonomic status of the species requires re-examination.

range:
The Uvarov's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in the eastern Aegean island of Kalimnos and its satellite island Telendos (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 135 km².

population:
This species has only been observed and collected on a few occasions in the 1930s. There is no data on the population size and the population trend. Even though it has not been recorded for a long time, no intensive searches have been conducted.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. However, based on knowledge of other species of Rhacocleis from the Aegean Islands, this species is most likely found in arid environments in habitat consisting of herbs and low bushes.

conservationAction:
The first necessary step is to reconfirm the presence of this species on the islands of Kalimnos and Telendos, and to confirm its taxonomic status as a species, which is poorly defined. Further research is required into the population size, possible subpopulations, and the species' habitat and ecology, as well as into possible threats to it. Only then will it be possible to consider which conservation actions may be required, as the area where this species occurs is not protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Werner's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis werneri) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the Greek mainland (Attica), the island of Euboea and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Near Threatened given that, even though it is a widespread species found in a variety of habitats, it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 4,700 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of individuals due to the increasing number of wildfires in parts of its range (Attica) - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Werner's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the Greek mainland (Attica), the island of Euboea and the Cyclades island of Andros (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,700 km².

population:
This species is widespread and found in a variety of habitats, but the population is inferred to be decreasing due to an increase in the number of bushfires in Attica - however, this threat only affects small parts of its range.

habitat:
Like the Toothless Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis edentata), this species is relatively widespread and found in different habitats, varying from rather wet (the first specimens were collected on Euboea in a wet place with rushes) to drier habitats. This species is found at elevations of 120-600 m Asl.

threats:
Bushfires in Attica are the major threat to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Ambitious Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana ambitiosa) has been reported from Greece, the southeastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. However, its taxonomic status is doubtful and more research into its taxonomy is needed. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size, population trend and threats, and more research is needed to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Ambitious Meadow Bush-cricket has been reported from Greece, the southeastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey (Harz 1969). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 224,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species if found in moist grassland habitats (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for the species. Research into its taxonomy is required (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
The French Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana azami) is endemic to France, where it inhabits wetlands at low altitudes. The species is rather common in the Camargue wetlands, but rare outside of them. Direct human impacts like urbanisation and agricultural intensification are causing a slow continuing decline, although the species has the capacity to take refuge in degraded habitats like roadside ditches. The easternmost populations in Hérault are considered to have become extinct. As the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers probably around 2,000 km², the population is considered severely fragmented and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, area, extent and quality of the habitat, and the number of subpopulations and mature individuals, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) .

range:
The French Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is widespread from Languedoc (Gard and formerly Hérault) to the western Côte d'Azur (Fréjus) (Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). It is found at low altitudes, and it is predominantly known from the Camargue and other coastal wetlands (Fréjus, Sainte-Maxime, Etang de Berre), but it has also been reported further inland at the Aix-en-Provence basin and along various river valleys (Rhône, Durance, Calavon, Argens). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers around 2,000 km².

population:
Roeseliana azami is considered to be rather common in the Camargue area, but most of the other subpopulations are very small and isolated (côte d'Azur, alluvial Calavon/Encreme or Tricastin subpopulations). The population is fragmented in more than 50% of the range, and it is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The easternmost populations in Hérault department are considered to be extinct.There is no information available on the population size and trend, but an overall continuing decline is inferred from the current threats.

habitat:
Roeseliana azami lives at low altitudes from sea level to 330 m in open and wet habitats, including various wet meadows with tall grasses, marshes, open reed beds and alluvial wetlands. It is also present on roadside ditches, but seems to avoid salt water ecosystems.

threats:
Roeseliana azami lives on coastal and plain wetlands. Thus the impact of threats like urbanisation and agricultural intensification have been significant during the last century. The same threats still exist nowadays, even if they are causing a slower decline. Additionally, changes in water management like drainage is a major threat to this species, since it results on a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Roeseliana azami, but the species occurs in protected areas like the Camargue and Vigueirat National Reserve. The species was assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Monitoring the population size and trend of the species is needed, together with research on its life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Giant Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana brunneri) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the saline coastal area of Veneto, the Po delta and some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This bush-cricket has suffered strongly from mosquito control in the past, but currently there are no indications that the population is declining, and no current major threats to it have been reported. However, more research into its population trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Giant Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the saline coastal area of Veneto, Po delta and some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence is ca 5,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km².

population:
There is no data on the population size or trend. The population of this species is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
This species is found in saline coastal areas of Veneto, Po delta and also some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, where adults can be found in the summer and autumn.

threats:
In the past, this species was strongly affected by an anti-malaria campaign, i.e. mosquito control. Currently, no major threats to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Fedtschenko's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana fedtschenkoi) is not entirely clear but it may occur in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Siberia. In Europe, it may occur in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova,Ukraine and southern European Russia. However, its taxonomic status is still under debate. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution and population trend, and more research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The distribution of Fedtschenko's Meadow Bush-cricket is not entirely clear. According to Harz (1969) it occurs in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Siberia. It may occur in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova,Ukraine and southern European Russia. However, its taxonomic status is unclear and the whole genus is in need of taxonomic revision (Chobanov 2011).

population:
In Bulgaria, subpopulations assigned to this species are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), while they appear to be large in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in wet meadows (Iorgu et al. 2013) but may sometimes also enter farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are drainage (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on the taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Kranz, M., Iorgu, I.S., Heller, K.-G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cuenca Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana oporina) is only known from a single locality at the Gigüela River in Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 1 km²), it occurs at only one location, and a single threatening event (riverine habitat destruction or degradation caused by agricultural land use) could rapidly drive this species to become Critically Endangered under Criterion B or even Extinct. This bush-cricket is threatened by drainage, replacement of riparian vegetation for crops along the river and by replacement of irrigation canals by pipelines. It may also be threatened by the increasing number of droughts. Several conservation measures for this species have been proposed, including maintenance of traditional irrigation (ditches), limitation of crop expansion to allow regeneration of riparian vegetation, reduction of the use of pesticides and the establishment of micro-reserves to protect its habitat.

range:
The Cuenca Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain where it is only known from a single locality (Gigüela River near Castillo de Castillejo, Cuenca province; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both less than 1 km². The maximum estimate is 10 km².

population:
This species has declined dramatically in the past, probably as a consequence of intensive anthropogenic habitat alterations (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). A single subpopulation is known.

habitat:
This species inhabits riverine vegetation, and is also found along irrigation canals, where it inhabits high grasses and forbs (Lolium, Cirsium and Phragmites spp.) (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016).

threats:
This species is threatened by drainage, replacement of riparian vegetation for crops along the river and by replacement of irrigation canals by pipelines (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). It may also be threatened by the increasing number of droughts. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París (2016) have proposed several conservation measures: (1) the maintenance of traditional irrigation (ditches), (2) limitation of crop expansion to allow regeneration of riparian vegetation, (3) reduction of the use of pesticides and (4) the establishment of micro-reserves to protect the habitat. This species does not occur in any protected areas and more research into its population size and trend as well as its ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii) occurs from the French Atlantic coast and England to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since it is very widespread and common, and is currently expanding its range to the north and west.

range:
Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from the French Atlantic coast and England to Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from northern Spain, northern Italy and Bulgaria in the south to the north of Sweden and Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). It is currently rapidly expanding its northwestern range margin. It has also been introduced in North America. The subpopulations in central and southern Sweden are probably also introduced (Kanuch et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.6 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5.1 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common (Bellmann 2006). It is rapidly expanding its northern range margin as a consequence of climate change (e.g. Hochkirch 2001, Gardiner 2009, Hochkirch and Damerau 2009, Wissmann et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species occurs in wet to mesic grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, marshes, and edges of water bodies with a high and dense vegetation (Baur et al. 2006). It is also found along ditches and road margins (Hochkirch 2010). The species is usually flightless but long-winged individuals occur regularly (particularly in warm years) and can cover large distances (Hochkirch and Damerau 2009).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by transformation of grassland habitats into farmland (Denner 2009). It does not tolerate intensive grassland management (overgrazing, frequent mowing).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Cone-head (Ruspolia nitidula) occurs in large parts of Africa, Asia and Europe, where it is widely distributed. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and is currently expanding its range to the north.

range:
The Large Cone-head occurs in large parts of Africa, Asia and Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Azores and the Canary Islands in the west to southern European Russia in the east and from Sicily and Crete in the south to northern France in the north. The species is currently expanding its northern range boundary (e.g. Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009). Single specimens have been found in Britain and the Netherlands, but the species does not appear to be reproducing there yet (R. Kleukers pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.8 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 8.7 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common, and is currently expanding its northern range margin (e.g. Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009).

habitat:
This species occurs in moist to wet grassland habitats and marshes, but is also common along ditches and wet road margins (Braun et al. 1995). It prefers warm climates (Holusa et al. 2007) and high vegetation (Braun et al. 1995).

threats:
This species may be locally threatened by drainage, transformation of meadows into farmland and intensive management of ditches (Braun and Lederer 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered in Slovakia (Kristin 2001) and as Near Threatened in Austria, Switzerland and Germany (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). It is strictly protected in Germany and therefore considered in landscape planning (e.g. Rennwald 2014). More research into its current range expansion is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia hispanica) is very rare and restricted to the southern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to intensification of agriculture and pesticide use. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. It is necessary to avoid pesticides and conserve its habitat in order to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Iberian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain. It has been cited from Portugal, but the latter record has not been confirmed (Barat 2012) and is thus disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
This species is very rare and most records date back almost 100 years. The population is severely fragmented since subpopulation are small, separated by large distances, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The current population trend is decreasing as a result of the ongoing intensification of agricultural land use (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species has been collected on high shrubs in arid places (Peinado de Diego 1984). It has been found within a sunflower field in Sevilla (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016) and it occurs at altitudes between 10 m and 769 m Asl.

threats:
Intensification of agriculture can pose a threat to this species. It may also be affected by pesticides (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. It is necessary to avoid pesticides and conserve its habitat to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paulino's Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia paulinoi) is only known from an undetermined locality in Granada, southern Spain. Only the type specimens, one male and one female, are known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to its unknown provenance and the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Paulino's Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from an undeterminedlocality in Granada, southern Spain. Only the type specimens, one male and one female, are known. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are therefore 4 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Nothing is known about the habitat or ecology of this species except one reference of its presence on Genista sp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Large Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia taeniata) is known from Morocco and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Large Saddle Bush-cricket is known from Morocco and southern Spain (Barat 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2,100 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend. In Zahara de los Atunes (Cadiz) the species can be quite abundant.

habitat:
This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., García, M., Presa, J.J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Lesser Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga campbelli) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 800 km², and between 200 and 700 km² in the EU 28. In addition, its subpopulations are usually small and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this bush-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This species is threatened by overgrazing, abandonment, the transformation of its habitat into farmland, wildfires and insecticides. There is a continuing decline in a small isolated subpopulation in northwestern Bulgaria due to the degradation of its habitat, but there is no indication of a global continuing decline. More research into its ecology, population trend and taxonomy is needed.

range:
The Lesser Predatory Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula from northwestern Bulgaria and Kosovo to northern Greece (Kolics et al. 2012). Saga gracilis was considered a subspecies of S. campbelli for a long time, but currently it is treated as a separate species. However, the taxonomic status of S. gracilis  still needs further study (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² in Europe, and ca 49,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated tobe between 250 and 800 km², and between 200 and 700 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This is a rare bush-cricket species (Kaltenbach 1965). The subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic and dry grassland, wasteland, abandoned farmland, forest clearings and forest edges at altitudes between 50 m and 800 m Asl (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The egg development usually takes three years (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by overgrazing, abandonment (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), the transformation of its habitat into farmland, wildfires and insecticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemnot, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). A small isolated subpopulation in northwestern Bulgaria is declining as a consequence of large scale logging (D. Chobanov pers. comm.).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. On the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia it is listed as Vulnerable (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). More research into its ecology, population trend and taxonomy is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Slender Predatory Bush-cricket has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 40,000 km² and its area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km². Because of the severe fragmentation of the population and the inferred continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to recently re-established setting of new agricultural land, reviving the local pasture activities, and illegal burning of the forest for subsequent wood material collecting in Bulgaria, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Slender Predatory Bush-cricket occurs in southwestern Bulgaria and in neighbouring northeastern Greece (East Rodopi Mountains), as well as on the islands of Samothraki and Limnos (Greece) and in North Dobrogea (southeast Romania) (Kaltenbach 1967, Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Chobanov 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in European Turkey is likely. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 124 and 2,000 km².

population:
The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Its population trend is decreasing, and subpopulations are generally small.

habitat:
Saga gracilis occurs in steppe-like dry, warm grasslands along sparse dry oak forests on calcareous substrate. In Dobrogea (Romania) it appears on grassland on sandy and even saline clay ground. Its altitudinal range is 2-800 m Asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat change as a result of conversion to agricultural land, overgrazing, pesticide use and fires, including accidental burning of the bushes as a result of the spread of of illegally fired crop fields.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Greek Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga hellenica) is found throughout the Greek mainland, some of the Ionian Islands, and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 120,000 km² in the EU 28 region, and ca 190,000 km² in Europe) and is found in a variety of habitats. However, this species is likely to be threatened by wildfires, farming and road construction. Further research into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Greek Predatory Bush-cricket is known from Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR  Macedonia), the southwestern tip of Kosovo, Bulgaria and Greece. The records from Albania,  FYR Macedonia, Kosovo and Bulgaria still require confirmation (D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). In Greece, this species is found throughout the mainland, some of the Ionian Islands, and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species seems absent from the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 region is ca 120,000 km², and ca 190,000 km² in Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is widespread and found in a variety of habitats.

habitat:
This predatory bush-cricket is found in various habitats from sea level up to mid-elevations (1,500 m Asl), including phryganic shrubland, rural gardens, grassland and pastureland. These habitats all have a sufficient supply of food (mainly other grasshoppers and bush-crickets).

threats:
This predatory bush-cricket is likely to be affected by bushfires at a local scale and by road construction, as it often crosses roads. This species is also found close to agricultural areas, and is thus probably affected by farming practices and the application of pesticides.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Anatolian Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga natoliae) is found on the Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and Syria (Harz 1969, Kolics et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs in southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, central Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Serbia, northern Greece, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula and has presumably a very large population size.

range:
The Anatolian Predatory Bush-cricket is found on the Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and Syria (Harz 1969, Kolics et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs in southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, central Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Serbia, northern Greece, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 333,000 km², and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small but the population is not severely fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Croatia the species has not been recorded since 1960 (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is unknown, but the population size is presumably very large.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean and Submediterranean shrubland, grassland with high vegetation, edges of farmland, brownfields and forest edges (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). During daytime adults hide in oak bushes (Kaltenbach 1965) or similar kinds of high vegetation. The males sing only during the late afternoon and night (Kaltenbach 1970, Holusa et al. 2013). The nymphs need two years for maturation and the species is found from sea level up to at least 1,000 m Asl (Lemonnier-Darcemnot et al. 2009).

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, road construction, road traffic and use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, D. Sirin and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is in the monitoring scheme of the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga pedo) is found from the Iberian Peninsula to West Siberia and is very widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and overall large population size. However, subpopulations are usually small and the population is severely fragmented. It is listed on annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and its European status has been classified mostly as "unfavourable-inadequate". There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals, but its area of occupancy (AOO) is very large and it exceeds the thresholds of a threatened category. More detailed research into its distribution and population trend.

range:
The Common Predatory Bush-cricket is found from the Iberian Peninsula to West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Volga Delta in the east and from Sicily in the south to the southern Czech Republic in the north. It has also been introduced in North America (Cantrall 1972). The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 3,300 and 6,000 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.4 million km².

population:
This species is widely distributed but subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Massa et al. 2012). However, it is also difficult to detect. The population is very scattered and exchange between subpopulations is unlikely, and subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (B. Massa, T. Zuna-Kratky, J.J. Presa, A. Kristin, C. Monnerat, I. Iorgu, G. Puskás, O. Korsunovskaya, D. Chobanov and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (B. Massa, I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In parts of Austria the population is increasing, but in western Austria the species is close to extinction (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Slovakia and Romania it is also still decreasing (Fedor 2001, Holusa et al. 2010, A. Kristin, I. Iorgu and C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). A decline is also projected for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), but in Hungary it appears to be stable (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species occurs in warm open grassland habitats with bushes or high forbage (Baur et al. 2006), on abandoned farmland and vineyards (EEA 2014) as well as in Mediterranean shrubland (Willemse 1997). It usually sits hidden between high forbs and bushes (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level up to 1,750 m Asl (Willemse 1997, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). Egg development usually takes about three years (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). The species is parthenogenetic which means that males usually do not occur.

threats:
The threats for this species are abandonment of grazing, urbanisation, industrial development, construction of wind farms, golf courses, intensification of grassland management, transformation of grassland into farmland and wildfires (Kristin and Kanuch 2007, EEA 2014, Holusa et al. 2013, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is therefore strictly protected in the European Union and monitoring is implemented. Its conservation status has been assessed as "unfavourable-inadequate" for the Alpine, Pannonian, Mediterranean and Steppic biogeographic regions of Europe and as "unknown" for the Atlantic and Continental regions (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas and is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), Endangered in Slovakia (Kristin 2001), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015) and Spain (Verdú et al. 2006) and as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Albania, the species is protected by law. A Life+ project (Monitoring of insects with public participation, LIFE11 NAT/IT/000252 MIPP) exists in Italy to obtain more data on this and other species. It may also benefit from restoration of steppe vegetation in another Life+ project in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). Generally, appropriate grassland management is needed to preserve this species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Skejo, J. Skejo, Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Monnerat, C., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ramme's Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rammei) has a restricted range, being endemic to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population trend is probably stable and even though subpopulations are usually small, the population is not considered severely fragmented.

range:
Ramme's Predatory Bush-cricket is found in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece (Kolics et al. 2013). Records for Bulgaria (Kaltenbach 1967) are doubtful. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 600 km², and between 50 and 500 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,000 km² in Europe, and ca 12,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (Kolics et al. 2008) but the population is not considered severely fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed to have a stable population trend (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in grassland, wasteland, hay fields, edges of farmland and forest edges at altitudes between 50 and 600 m Asl (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The eggs usually take three years to develop (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009).

threats:
The major threats to this species are pesticides, intensification of grassland management and road constructions (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Rhodes Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rhodiensis) is only known from the island of Rhodes, where it is widespread and found in a variety of habitats. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km², maximum area of occupancy is 1,400 km²), it occurs at between five and ten locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of individuals, and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to wildfires. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Proper fire management is also required to protect this species.

range:
The Rhodes Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rhodiensis) occurs in a narrow strip along the southern and southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Kaltenbach 1967, Sirin et al. 2014) and on the island of Rhodes (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,700 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,400 km².

population:
Due to the increasing frequency of wildfires on Rhodes, it is assumed that the abundance of this species is decreasing.

habitat:
This predatory bush-cricket is found in various habitats with the common feature of a sufficient supply of insects. In general, other grasshoppers are believed to be an important part of the diet of Saga species. Saga rhodiensis is known to feed - possibly predominantly - on cicadas (Nadig 1987).

threats:
The main threat to this species are wildfires, which occur frequently on Rhodes and can cover large areas (Christodoulou et al. 2011). Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at between five and ten locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Proper fire management is also required to protect this species.


taxonomicAuthority:
(Fontana, Buzzetti, Kleukers & Odé, 2011)

redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Grey Bush-cricket (Sardoplatycleis galvagnii) is only known from a single location on Sardinia. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both smaller than 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is strongly affected by touristic infrastructure (particularly roads) and sheep grazing. More research is needed into its population trend, ecology, and into the effects of the threats. Furthermore, there is a need for appropriate habitat management to avoid any further population declines. As the species is very rare and only known from a small area, education and awareness-raising in local communities is recommended.

range:
The Sardinian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from the tip of the Bruncu Spina mountain in the Gennargentu Massif on Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
Only one very small subpopulation of this species is known. However, no population size estimates are available. The current population trend is assumed to be declining due to ongoing threats.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry, stony montane habitat with herbs and bushes of Juniperus species and dwarf shrubs of Astragalus species. It is found at elevations of between 1,600 m and 1,800 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by the presence of roads and buildings for tourism. In addition, grazing by sheep affects the habitat negatively. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
The only known locality is inside the "Parco Nazionale del Golfo di Orosei e del Gennargentu", but the species is not protected in any special way. More research is needed into its population trend, ecology, and into the effects of the threats. Furthermore, there is a need for appropriate habitat management to avoid any further population declines. As the species is very rare and only known from a small area, education and awareness-raising in local communities is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red-faced Bush-cricket (Sepiana sepium) occurs in southern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey) and the Caucasus. It is quite widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is common and has a wide ecological amplitude. Even though the subpopulations are often small it does not appear to be threatened.

range:
The Red-faced Bush-cricket occurs in southern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey) and the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in southwestern France, northeastern Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, the western and southern Balkan Peninsula, Crete as well as Crimea (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.2 million km².

population:
This species is common in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016), Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and southeast Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016), but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002), Corsica (Boitier et al. 2007) and Istria (Sombke and Schlegel 2007). It usually occurs at low abundances (Buzzetti et al. 2010). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in a variety of warm habitats such as grassland, forest edges, open forests and brackish marshland, where it is found in low bushes or dense forbage (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in roadside vegetation (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is threatened by the increasing number of wildfires (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016), industrial development and transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the East Pyrenees, living on herbaceous or shrubby mountain habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 21,000 km². The species is not common on both sides of the Pyrenees range, but the population is not severely fragmented and there is no indication of a decline. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central and eastern Spanish Pyrenees from Boltaya in Huesca to Montagut in Girona, including Montserrat and a small area in France (Vallespir and Têt valleys) (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011, Barat 2012). It can be found at altitudes between 400 and 1,200 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 21,000 km².

population:
Sorapagus catalaunicus can easily be detected by the loud calling song of the male. The species is not very frequent in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) but it can be abundant locally elsewhere in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015) and in France (Jaulin et al. 2011). The population is fragmented, but it is not considered severely fragmented. Detailed information on its population size and trend is lacking.

habitat:
This montane species is recorded from altitudes between 550 and 1,960 m and it occurs on dry shrubby habitats like pasture grasslands with shrubs, Juniperus heaths, Buxus scrubs or dry Pinus forests (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Barat 2012). It has also been found on wetlands close to Juncus species in Spain.

threats:
Since this is a mountain bush-cricket, direct human impacts resulting on habitat destruction are rare. A decrease on pastoralism followed by afforestation would be positive in the short or mid-term (as it would create shrubby habitats), but negative in the long term (as it would lead to forest succession).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Sorapagus catalaunicus, but the species has been recorded from several protected areas. Sorapagus catalaunicus was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trends and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Sporades Bush-cricket (Sporadiana sporadarum) is known from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Thrace) and the Aegean islands of Chios and Lesbos. This species is assessed as Endangered due to its specific habitat requirements which led to a small area of occupancy (AOO) (20-50 km²), the fact that the population is severely fragmented, and an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the area and extent of habitat, due to intensive agricultural practices throughout its range.

range:
The Sporades Bush-cricket is found in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, it is known from the Aegean islands of Chios and Lesbos and the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20-50 km², due to its specific habitat requirements. Outside of Europe, this species has also been recorded from a single locality on the west coast of Turkey (Ciplak et al. 2002).

population:
The population trend is inferred to be decreasing, due to habitat reduction as a result of agricultural practices. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
In northeastern mainland Greece (Thrace), this species was first reported from a grazed swamp steppe (dried up in summer) with reeds, rushes, samphire grass and sedges (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985). In 2014 it was found again near one of the spots from where it had first been reported – this time in the midst of agricultural land – near the sea, in a field consisting of a single layer of grasses 20-25 cm high, used by the species to hide. The species most likely has specific habitat requirements which include the presence of grass vegetation.

threats:
In eastern Thrace, the habitat of this species has been largely destroyed by agricultural land use (farmland). This species may also be threatened by the use of insecticides.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this bush-cricket, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this species, and research into its population size, distribution, life history and ecology is required. Research into the threats to this species is also needed. The most important conservation action is protection of its remaining habitat from land use changes and restoration of former habitat. Furthermore, there is a need to manage the use of insecticides in the area.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Andalusian Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus andalusius) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and found in a variety of habitats. However, wildfires and the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species, and further research is required into the threats and population trend.

range:
The Andalusian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 120,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km²with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been referred to be sometimes abundant and common.

habitat:
The species has been collected in various habitats, such as untilled fields, arid pastures, short and tall shrubs and cropsof fruit trees. It has been found in pine branches feeding on eggs of the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar (López-Sebastián et al. 2004). It occurs at altitudes between 10 m and 2,280 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires and the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species, although their effects have not been studied in detail.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is required into the population trend and into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Brunner's Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus brunnerii) has been recorded from several areas scattered over the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats. Further research is needed into its taxonomy in light of current knowledge of the tribe Ephippigerini, and to determine the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.

range:
Brunner's Saddle Bush-cricket has been recorded from several areas scattered over the Iberian Peninsula (Peinado de Diego 1990), yet, a revision of those records has to be conducted in the light of current knowledge of the tribe Ephippigerini (Barat 2012). This species' currently estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 322,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species, but it is locally abundant (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species can be found in croplands and shrublands, namely of Retama sp. (Peinado de Diego 1990), but also on tall grasses (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Castilian Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus castellanus) is known from a single female specimen recorded from the Burgos province in Spain. It has never been documented again since its discovery and is therefore very poorly known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient to due lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
The Castillian Saddle Bush-cricket is known from a single female specimen recorded from the Burgos province in Spain (Peinado de Diego, 1990). It has never been documented again since its discovery.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Yellow-striped Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus flavovittatus) is endemic to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rarely recorded, its population size is probably large. It is found in Mediterranean shrubland, which is a very common habitat in its area of occurrence.

range:
The Yellow-striped Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 110,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In addition to a few specimens that have been recorded before 1932, there are some recent records (Heller 1988, Biodiversidad Virtual 2016). The population size is probably large since it is found in a very common habitat (Mediterranean shrubland).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean shrublands (Peinado de Diego 1990) with Compositae (Asteraceae) plant species, a very common habitat in its area of occurrence. It is found from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Shabby Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus obsoletus) is endemic to Spain and it is only known from its type specimen, a male from El Molar in the province of Madrid. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since the type specimen is probably a misidentification of an exceptionally large specimen of S. brunerii, and due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Shabby Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain and it is only known from its type specimen, a male from El Molar in the province of Madrid, central Spain, found at 850 m Asl. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

habitat:
Little is known about the habitat or ecology of this species. Presumably, it is found in arid shrubland and uncultivated areas (Peinado de Diego 1990).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. The type specimen is probably a misidentification of an exceptionally large specimen of S. brunerii (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudolus' Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus pseudolus) is found in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant, some of its subpopulations seem to be large, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Pseudolu's Saddle Bush-cricket is known from a limited number of records from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Peinado de Diego 1990). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,000 km².

population:
This species can be locally abundant and some subpopulations seem to be large. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits grassland with shrubs, shrubland (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016), open forest and dehesa pastures (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Straight-keeled Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus recticarinatus) is endemic to Spain and listed as Least Concern since its habitat is common and no major threats to it have been reported. However, further research is needed on its population size and trend.

range:
The Straight-keeled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Huelva in southern Spain. Only two subpopulations are known, one in Doñana National Park and its surrounding area and another in Rio Tinto. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,760 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only a few specimens have been recorded so far from a restricted area. A second subpopulation was recently reported from Rio Tinto(Biodiversidad Virtual 2016).

habitat:
The species inhabits oak forests of Quercus suber with Pistacia lentiscus and low Mediterranean shrubland (Barranco et al. 2004). It was also found in wet habitats in lagoons and marshes (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). This species is usually found on Cistus species (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016) which are very common and abundant. It is found in the lowlands and up to 380 m Asl.

threats:
Although it is only known from a small area, no major threats to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The species is poorly known and its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats need to be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Exposed Saddle Bush-cricket (Synephippius obvius) is endemic to the central southern Pyrenees and their foothills in the Huesca, Lérida, Navarra and Zaragoza provinces in northern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and very abundant, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
The Exposed Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central southern Pyrenees and their foothills in the Huesca, Lérida, Navarra and Zaragoza provinces, northern Spain (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,280 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².

population:
The species seems to be common and abundant throughout its range (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species has been found in humid anddensevegetation of reeds and Buxus (Peinado de Diego 1990). According to Poniatowski et al. (2009) it occurs in mountain grasslands with low land-use intensity and box tree scrublands. It occurs at altitudes between 470 m and 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
Climate change could affect the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs within a number of protected areas. Research is needed on the population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Keeled Slender Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO), low fragmentation and lack of detected declines.

range:
The Keeled Slender Bush-cricket is distributed in the southern and eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in central and northeastern Greece, central and eastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), southern Serbia, southern Bulgaria and in an isolated area in North Dobrogea in southeastern Romania (Harz 1969, Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009, all as Platycleis (Tessellana) nigrosignata, S. Ivkovic unpublished data). Occurrence in the northern part of European Turkey is also expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330,000 km² in Europe and c. 270,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations may be large.

habitat:
The habitat of T. carinata consists of open, stony, very dry grassland, where the bush-crickets lives in the surroundings of and within Mediterranean scrub between 50 and 800 m Asl.

threats:
The main threat to the species is the conversion of its habitat into agricultural land.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
La Greca's Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana lagrecai) is endemic to Sicily. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km², it occurs at only two locations, and the increasing number of wildfires could lead this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species is very similar to T. tessellata and more taxonomic research is needed to establish the status of T. lagrecai. Further research is also needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.

range:
La Greca's Slender Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
The species is common in suitable habitat but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in dry open grasslands with sparse shrubs, and adults can be found in the summer and autumn.

threats:
The species might be affected by the increasing numbers of wildfires in Sicily. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. This species is very similar to T. tessellata and more taxonomic research is needed to establish the status of T. lagrecai. Further research is also needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Black-marked Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana nigrosignata) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities in Calabria, Puglia and Basilicata. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (smaller than 200 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to land use changes and wildfires. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Restoration of destroyed habitat and appropriate habitat management are required to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Black-marked Slender Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities in Calabria, Puglia and Basilicata (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,340 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 16 and 200 km².

population:
This species has not been found again in former habitats, so the population is assumed to be declining. The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated, and genetic exchange between them is unlikely.

habitat:
This species can be found in warm and dry open habitats such as natural grassland and clearings.

threats:
The most likely threat to this species are land use changes by agriculture and potentially also wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Restoration of destroyed habitat and appropriate habitat management are required to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orina Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana orina) is found in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula where it occurs from Croatia to the Peleponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has a large population size. However, it appears to be declining in the north, and is threatened by abandonment and the subsequent succession by beech and pine forests. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.

range:
The Orina Slender Bush-cricket is found in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula where it occurs from Croatia to the Peleponnesus (Chobanov 2009, L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 206,000 km² in Europe, and ca 180,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (J. Skejo, D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but this bush-cricket is difficult to identify and sometimes can be confused with other species (J. Skejo and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is declining but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species occurs on dry, warm meadows, wasteland, edges of Mediterranean oak forests and ruderal grassland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is abandonment and the subsequent succession by beech and pine forests.

conservationAction:
This species is found in protected areas but there are no specific conservation measures in place focusing on it. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana tessellata) occurs from the Canary Islands and North Africa to the Caucasus and Iran.  In Europe, it occurs from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to northern France and Dalmatia. It also occurs from southern Ukraine to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is quite common in suitable habitats. Even though it seems to be locally threatened by overgrazing and urbanisation, it is a common species in the western Mediterranean.

range:
The Common Slender Bush-cricket occurs from the Canary Islands and North Africa to the Caucasus and Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it occurs from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to northern France and Dalmatia. It also occurs from southern Ukraine to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.2 million km².

population:
This species is quite common in the southern part of its range (e.g. Coray 1993, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, Krämer et al. 2010, Labadessa 2014), but it is rare and has been declining at its northern range margin. It was assumed to be regionally extinct in Germany until it was rediscovered in 1992 (Heitz and Hermann 1993). In Luxembourg it is still considered as regionally extinct, but only a single individual was found and therefore it has been suggested that the specimen was introduced (Proess and Meyer 2003). The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in dry, warm grassland habitats, but has also been reported from forest margins, dunes and crop fields (Massa et al. 2012). It prefers a mosaic of dense vegetation and patches of bare ground (Heitz and Herrmann 1993). In the Pyrenees it has been found mainly in homogeneous high and dense vegetation (Krämer et al. 2010).

threats:
This species prefers high vegetation and is therefore sensitive to overgrazing (Isern-Vallerdu and Pedrocchi 1994, Llucià-Pomares et al. 2009). It is locally also affected by urbanization and industrial development (Detzel 1998).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red Lists of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It is Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). However, in France it is considered as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is strictly protected in Germany. Local monitoring has therefore been conducted near Freiburg, Germany. It is found in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Furthermore, research into its taxonomy is required as it is often confused with T. veyseli in the eastern part of its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Veysel's Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana veyseli) is found in central and southeastern Europe, southern Russia, northeastern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia and Turkestan to western Siberia. In Europe, it is widespread in eastern Europe and on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide range, and it is very common in large areas of its range. In addition, its subpopulations are often large and not fragmented, but the species is threatened at the northern edge of its range.

range:
Veysel's Slender Bush-cricket is found in central and southeastern Europe, southern Russia, northeastern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia and Turkestan to western Siberia (Chobanov 2009, Holusa et al. 2013). In Europe it occurs from eastern Austria, southern Czech Republic and Slovakia in the northwest to Bulgaria in the south and southern European Russia in the east. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.8 million km².

population:
This species is very common in large areas of its range (G. Szövényi, D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic, O. Korsunovskaya and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015), but rare and fragmented at the northern range border (Holusa et al. 2012). In the southern part of its range, subpopulations are often large (Rácz 1998, Pisica et al. 2008, Iorgu et al. 2009). It has disappeared from two (out of four) known localities in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2013). In Austria, the species increased in the 2000s as a consequence of the European set-aside regulations. Since 2008 the species has been declining again in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppic grassland (Zinenko and Striganova 2009, Holusa et al. 2012) with high vegetation, weedy oldfields and even within cropfields (G. Szövényi, I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic, J. Holusa, D. Chobanov and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). It is is usually flightless, but produces a fully winged (macropterous) form (Sänger and Helfert 1975).

threats:
The major threats to this species are pesticides and intensification of land use (G. Szövényi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015), particularly transformation of grassland into farmland (Holusa et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Studies on the population trend are needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Holusa, J., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Balkan Green Bush-cricket is widely distributed with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 255,000 km² in Europe and c. 240,000 km² in the EU 28. The species is very common and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Balkan Green Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), northwestern Greece, western and central Bulgaria. Undoubtedly, it will also be found in Kosovo (Chobanov et al. 2014).

population:
The population trend of this widely distributed species in the Balkans is still unknown. In forest areas the subpopulations are smaller than in open shrubland.

habitat:
The species is present in dense mesic and semi-humid herbaceous meadows and wastelands with a significant coverage of shrub located in forest clearings and at the edge of deciduous and mixed forests or of riparian forests between 500-600 m (exceptionally at 200 m) and 1,800-1,930 m Asl (Bulgaria, Albania). In the first half of summer, adults mostly live within the herbaceous or woody vegetation between 0.5 m and 1.2 m above the ground, while adult males frequently climb higher in the tree crown from where they sing.

threats:
The threats to this species are not well known, but it is probably affected by habitat degradation as a result of logging and wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Upland Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia cantans) occurs from the Pyrenees to West Siberia. In Europe it is found from Sardinia and southern Italy in the south to central Finland in the north, and from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and the overall population size is large.

range:
The Upland Green Bush-cricket occurs from the Pyrenees to West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Sardinia and southern Italy in the south to central Finland in the north, and from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common, particularly at higher altitudes (Karner-Ranner 2009). The population trend is unknown but the overall population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in cool moist habitats with high forbage, such as moist grassland, ruderal vegetation, forest edges and clearings and shrubland (Karner-Ranner 2009). It is mainly found in higher elevations, but also occurs at sea level at its northwestern range margin (Bellmann 2006). Nymphs feed on plants and insects, whereas adults are mainly insect predators (Detzel 1998).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. It benefits from abandonment (Sänger and Helfert 1990). It might locally be displaced by its congener Tettigonia viridissima (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016), but this needs to be studied in more detail.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In the existing national Red Lists for Orthoptera, the species is usually listed as Least Concern (e.g. Maas et al. 2011). However, it is listed as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and as "rare" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). More research into its population trend is needed as well as on its interaction with Tettigonia viridissima.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia caudata) is found from Central Europe to Iran and West Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in eastern Europe. Even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of agricultural intensification, it is not threatened at the European or EU 28 scale.

range:
The Eastern Green Bush-cricket is found from Central Europe to Iran and West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from the Peloponnesus in the south to northeastern Germany in the north, and from eastern Switzerland in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.8 million km².

population:
This species used to be common in farmland habitats but has meanwhile become quite rare. It appears to be declining at its western range margin (Zechner and Koschuh 2005, Karner-Ranner 2009, G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in farmland, ruderal vegetation (Fartmann 1997, Bellmann 2006) and grassland with high vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Kristin et al. 2007).

threats:
This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural land-use (Monnerat et al. 2007, Karner-Ranner 2009). It is affected by pesticides and the removal of ruderal vegetation along farmland (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of Slovakia (Kristin 2001), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Near Threatened for the Slovakian and Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). However, it is considered Least Concern in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The species is protected in Hungary. The preservation of abandoned farmland or ruderal strips is needed for its conservation (Bellebaum 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spanish Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia hispanica) is endemic to the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which has seen little ecological alteration. The species may be locally affected by overgrazing and further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Spanish Green Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km²with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat.

habitat:
The species has been found on ferns,nettlesand shrubs (Pinedo 1985). It occupies the dehesa pasture areas and thorny shrublands (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species has a preference for medium to high mountain altitudes that have seen little ecological alteration between 633 m and 2,230 m Asl. It is common in low-growing spreading shrub with a height of about 1 m (Cytisus purgans). In the Sierra Guadarrama-Somosierra-Gredos, it associates principally with Alpine Juniper (Juniperus communis alpina), and can also be found in Tree Heath (Erica arborea) (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The habitat of this species can be affected by overgrazing by cattle in the dehesa pastures.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in two protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia longispina) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Gennargentu mountains in Sardinia. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat due to grazing by sheep and touristic activities (skiing). More research into its ecology and population trend is needed. Degraded habitat should be restored and appropriate habitat management is needed to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Sardinian Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Gennargentu mountains in Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is assumed to be decreasing as a consequence of the ongoing threats.

habitat:
This large green bush-cricket lives high in trees and on shrubs of Erica arborea in the mountains.

threats:
The major threats to this species are grazing by sheep and touristic activities (skiing). Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed. Degraded habitat should be restored and appropriate habitat management is needed to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Calabrian Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia silana) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Calabria region. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Calabrian Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Calabria region (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km².

habitat:
This large green bush-cricket lives at forest edges on prickly bushes and herbs.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Great Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima) has a wide distribution from the European Atlantic coast to the Altai Mountains and western China. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in Europe, and found in a variety of habitats, including gardens, urban areas and farmland.

range:
The Great Green Bush-cricket has a wide distribution from the European Atlantic coast to the Altai Mountains and western China (Rhee 2013). In Europe it is found from southern Spain, Lampedusa, Crete and Cyprus in the south to southern Finland in the north, and from Portugal in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013).

population:
This species is very common and widespread. Declines have been reported in the past from the UK (Cooper et al. 2013), but recently it appears to be spreading in the Netherlands (de Winter 2011, Bakker et al. 2015). It is very likely that this species has strongly declined in the past throughout western Europe as a consequence of agricultural intensification. In the past, swarms of this species were reported (Harz 1957) which are not observed anymore.

habitat:
This species occurs in dense grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, reeds and other wetland habitats, at forest edges, clearings, in parks and gardens as well as at margins of roads, ditches and farmland (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). Nymphs prefer a dense and high vegetation (Schirmel and Fartmann 2007), whereas adults climb into higher structures such as bushes, high forbage, trees or houses.

threats:
Declines in England have been caused by urbanisation and agricultural intensification (Cooper et al. 2013). The species is also threatened by the use of pesticides and intensive garden management in urban areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Two-toothed Bush-cricket (Thyreonotus bidens) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area of the southern and the western part of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a wide variety of habitats and the population size is presumed to be large.

range:
The Two-toothed Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area of the southern and the western part of the peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 270,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown, but subpopulations may be dense and the population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
The species has been collected in a wide variety of habitats such as different types of shrubland, forests with undergrowth, along roadsides vegetation and bare land (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.

threats:
This species may be locally affected by the increasing number of wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Bush-cricket (Thyreonotus corsicus) is widespread in Morocco and southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France). It lives on dry and shrubby habitats (forest edges, scrublands) from sea level to 1,500 m altitude. Although it is difficult to detect during the day, this bush-cricket is considered to be common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 680,000 km². As the species is very widespread and common, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Moroccan Bush-cricket is widespread on the western Mediterranean basin across southwestern Europe and Morocco. In Europe, the species is widespread in Portugal, Spain (except for the northwestern areas) and France (along the mainland Mediterranean coast) (Harz 1969, Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). Two subspecies are recognised: T. c. montanus Bolívar, 1900, which occurs on the Spanish central mountains, and T. c corsicus Rambur, 1838, which occurs elsewhere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 680,000 km².

population:
Thyreonotus corsicus is a secretive species which is hard to observe during the day when it hides in the bushes. Recent nocturnal fieldwork with ultrasound detectors resulted on the discovery of new localities. The species is common and abundant on the Iberian Peninsula, and this is probably the case in France as well. There is no information available on the population size and trend.

habitat:
Thyreonotus corsicus is found from sea level to high altitudes (1,500 m), where it inhabits various dry and shrubby habitats like Mediterranean pine forest edges, Holm Oak forest edges, calcareous or siliceous scrublands, dry heathland, Kermes Oak, brambles and savannah-type meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

threats:
Some subpopulations may be affected by urbanisation and development projects, but these local threats do not seem to be significant for the whole population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Thyreonotus corsicus, although it is found in several protected areas throughout its range, especially in Spain. Thyreonotus corsicus was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Agarenus' Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus agarenus) occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, this species occurs in a small area of the southernmost tip of Spain and it is only known from a few localities near the Strait of Gibraltar. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted range, the population trend is thought to be stable. However, further research is needed, as it has a very restricted range and might be affected by wildfires.

range:
Agarenus' Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, this species occurs in a small area of the southernmost tip of Spain and it is only known from a few localities near the Strait of Gibraltar. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,160 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 80 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown, but the population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species has been found in grassland vegetation edges (Schroeter and Pfau 1987). It has also been reported occurring on Chamaerops humilis (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016) and in thistles (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). It occurs at low altitudes between 100 and 250 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires may affect the species, but their effects need to be studied.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus annae) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from central Sardinia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 700 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This bush-cricket is presumed to be found in rocky habitats on European Yew (Taxus baccata), which have been cut in Sardinia in the past hundred years, leading to increased numbers of livestock. However, it is unknown, whether this species is linked to Taxus baccata. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The Sardinian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from central Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 700 km².

population:
This species is very rare and it has only been seen a few times. The areas where it was found are very isolated from each other and the species is flightless, so there is probably no genetic exchange between subpopulations. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented, but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This bush-crickey inhabits shrublands and forests. It lives in trees and is presumed to be found in rocky habitats on European Yew (Taxus baccata). It is unknown whether the species is linked to Taxus baccata.

threats:
Taxus baccata trees have been cut in Sardinia in the past hundred years, leading to increased numbers of livestock, which can pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Bonnet's Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus bonneti) occurs on Sicily and Lampedusa in Italy, and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and scattered in Sicily, locally common in Lampedusa, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Bonnet's Saddle Bush-cricket has two subspecies, one of which is endemic to Sicily and the Egadi Islands and the other is distributed in Tunisia and Lampedusa (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 47,100 km².

population:
The species is common and scattered in Sicily, and locally common in Lampedusa. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in dry habitats, in shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in spring and summer from sea level up to 800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-backed Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus brevicollis) occurs in North Africa, Sardinia, Corsica and in the north of Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and, even though local threats exist, the global population does not seem to be threatened.

range:
The Short-backed Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa, on Sardinia, Corsica and in the north of Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). The subspecies Uromenus brevicollis insularis occurs on Corsica and Sardinia, whereas the subspecies Uromenus brevicollis trinacriae is endemic to Sicily (Massa et al. 2012).

population:
This species is common (Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2007, Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland at forest edges and on clearings (Massa et al. 2012). On Corsica, mating and oviposition take often place on Asphodelus ramosus (Petit et al. 2007). On Sicily, the species has often been found on the fern Pteridium aquilinum (Massa et al. 2001).

threats:
The major threats to this species are cattle grazing and removal of ferns as a fire control measure (Massa et al. 2001).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Albanian Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in view of its very small extent of occurrence (25-46 km²) and area of occupancy (8 km²), the fact that it occurs at one location which is threatened by urbanisation and tourism infrastructure development, and that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
The Albanian Saddle Bush-cricket is known from only two localities (one of them is from the original description and has not been confirmed since) in the region of Durres in Albania (Karny 1918, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25-46 km² and its area of occupancy is 8 km².

population:
The species is very rare and the population trend is inferred to be declining as the extent and quality of its habitat is decreasing.

habitat:
The habitat of this species consists of sandstone ridges in the Adriatic coast of Albania, overgrown with scrub and sparse grass vegetation including associations of Scolymus hispanicus, Spartium junceum, Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp. (G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 20 - 130 m Asl. This species lays eggs inside the stem of plants.

threats:
The main threats to this species are residential development and the conversion of its habitat into agricultural land, causing habitat destruction. Based on the main threat, residential development, the species occurs in only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required. The remaining habitats need to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Elegant Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus elegans) is found on mainland Italy, on the Island of Caprera in Sardinia, and in Greece (Peloponnesus and Crete). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Elegant Saddle Bush-cricket is found on mainland Italy, in the Island of Caprera in Sardinia, and in Greece (Peloponnesus and Crete) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 160,400 km².

population:
This is a common and widespread species, but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless bush-cricket occurs in open habitats, such as shrubland. Adults appear from summer to autumn.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus maroccanus) occurs in north Africa and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a common habitat and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Moroccan Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in north Africa and southern Spain (Barat 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,360 km².

habitat:
This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland. It has been found in Quercus trees close to a river (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Correas, J., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Riggio's Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus riggioi) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This large bush-cricket was very abundant decades ago, but it has not been seen since 1970. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 10 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO and in the number of mature individuals since the species has not been found since 1970, despite some field work having been carried out. However, this field work did not cover all the known localities. Further research is needed to identify if the species is still extant, and to study the population size and trend as well as the threats to the species. If it is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management should be implemented to avoid any future declines.

range:
Riggio's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). The last record of this species is from 1970, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) (based on old records) was ca 6,300 km². However, the present EOO is believed to be much smaller, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 10 km².

population:
This species was described from very abundant specimens collected in a few years. However, the species has not been found since 1970 despite some field work, although this did not cover all the known localities. If the species is still extant, the population is probably severely fragmented with very small and isolated subpopulations, and the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This flightless species inhabits open habitats, such as bushes, at elevation between 800 m and 1,100 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Monte Etna). Further research is needed to identify if the species is still extant, and to study the population size and trend as well as the threats to the species. If the species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management should be implemented to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Rough Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus rugosicollis) occurs in northeastern Spain and France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it is generally rare, the population size is probably large and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Rough Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in northeastern Spain and France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 372,000 km².

population:
The population trend for this species is unknown. The species is generally rare, but it can be locally abundant and the population size is probably large.

habitat:
The species is found in edges of riverine woodlands, wet tall forb stands and bramble shrubs (Llucià-Pomares 2002). It is found from sea level up to 1,250 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus siculus) is endemic to Sicily and the Eolian Islands in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it is not common, it is regularly found in suitable habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sicilian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily and the Eolian Islands, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,700 km².

population:
The population is scattered and the species is not common, but it is regularly found in suitable habitats. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species inhabits shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in summer and autumn from sea level up to 1,900 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Due to its uncertain taxonomic position, as it is possibly a synonym ofVichetia oblongicollis, Knipper's Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is recorded from eight localities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and a single locality in southern Serbia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,800 km². Its taxonomy and distribution are poorly known (e.g., Willemse 1984). The species may be a synonym of Vichetia oblongicollis.

habitat:
The species occurs in a variety of meso- and mesoxeropytic grasslands mixed with scrub from the lowlands (around 200 m) to about 1,800 m Asl in the mountains.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This taxon needs taxonomic research.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Oblong Meadow Bush-cricket (Vichetia oblongicollis) is is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from southern Albania and northern Greece to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and southern Dobrogea in Romania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, quite common and has an increasing population trend.

range:
The Oblong Meadow Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from southern Albania and northern Greece to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and southern Dobrogea in Romania (Iorgu 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 365,000 km² in Europe, and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, D. Chobanov, and I. Iorgu   pers. comm. 2015) but may reach greater densities at higher altitudes (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). The population appears to be increasing in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is increasing.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic to wet grassland with dense vegetation cover (G. Puskás, D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) and in semi-dry grassland at forest edges and on forest clearings (Kati et al. 2003, Iorgu 2011) from sea level up to 1,800 m asl. Males stridulate during daytime and in the evening (Iorgu 2011).

threats:
The major threats to this species are deforestation and overgrazing (G. Puskás and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) as well as transformation of its habitat into farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket (Yersinella beybienkoi) is found in Italy and southeastern France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it locally abundant, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket is known from Italy and southeastern France (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 56,200 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant, and it is probably more common than known. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This bush-cricket lives on bushes and on the litter in temperate forests, at forest edges and in similar ecotones. It is found at elevations between 600 m and 1,630 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Raymond's Bush-cricket (Yersinella raymondii) is found in the Mediterranean part of Europe, from northeastern Spain to western Greece, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, where it inhabits forest edges, open forests, hedges and shrubland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is quite common.

range:
Raymond's Bush-cricket is found in the Mediterranean part of Europe, from northeastern Spain to western Greece, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.3 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread and common (Massa et al. 2012). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (Boitier et al. 2007), forest edges (Canestrelli 1980), hedges (Sombke and Schlegel 2007) as well as in open forests (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). It can be found from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.

threats:
This species may be locally affected by wildfires (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland, it is threatened by construction of houses and afforestation (Baur et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana abbreviata) is endemic to the western Pyrenean foothills and mountains, and it lives on various mesic open or shrubby habitats between sea level and 2,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 32,000 km², and although it is rare at low and high altitudes, it is considered to be rather common in the northern Pyrenean foothills. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket is endemic to the western half of the Pyrenees (on both the French and Spanish sides), the Cantabrian mountain range and the Pyrenean French Piedmont up to the southern part of Gironde (Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 32,000 km².

population:
The species is considered to be rare in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009). In France, it is thought to be rather common at mid-elevations and foothills, but it is much rarer at low altitude areas (Gers, Landes, Gironde). There is no specific information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Zeuneriana abbreviata is recorded from sea level to 2,000 m altitude, living on mesic open or shrubby habitats like alpine meadows, tall-growing fringes, mesophilous grasslands, herbaceous fallows, heathlands and open moorlands.

threats:
No major threats to this species has been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Zeuneriana abbreviata, although it is found on several natural reserves. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on the population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Danube Wide-winged Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) in Europe based on its small area of occupancy (AOO) (30 to 100 km²), severely fragmented subpopulations and a continuing decline in the AOO, area and quality of its habitat, the number of subpopulations and number of individuals.
The species is considered Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 28 because of its small AOO (c. 8-50 km²) and the severe fragmentation of its subpopulations. Its subpopulations are considered stable in Romania but in case declines or extreme fluctuations will be detected in future the species will qualify for Endangered (EN).

range:
The species occurs along the lower courses of Sava and Danube rivers and is currently known from the Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian border and Romania (Iorgu 2011, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² in Europe and c. 56,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 100 km² in Europe and c. 8-50 km² in the EU 28,

population:
Subpopulations are small. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The habitats of this species are mesophytic meadows overgrown with high thick herbaceous vegetation. In Romania, the following species are present in its habitats: Urtica dioica, Cichorium intybus, Cuscuta europaea, Xanthium strumarium, Arctium minus, Linaria vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare, Rubus caesius (Iorgu 2011). Its altitudinal range is 15-80 m Asl.

threats:
This species is in decline at least in the western part of its range because of habitat degradation and loss mostly due to drainage, regulation of river beds and urbanisation. Additionally, it is threatened by overgrazing, agriculture expansion and wildfires. It may also be affected by pollution affecting the vegetation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is protected in Serbia. The remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines, and degraded habitats should be restored. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required, and the population and habitat trends should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Burr's Wide-winged Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana burriana) is endemic to the mountainous areas of the Asturias, Cantabria, Guipúzcoa, León and Orense provinces in northern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a variety of habitats and its population size is presumed to be large. However, abandonment of grazing practices could be a threat to this species and further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this bush-cricket.

range:
Burr's Wide-winged Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountainous areas of the Asturias, Cantabria, Guipúzcoa, León and Orense provinces in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,600 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².

population:
The population trends of this species is unknown, but the species is rare. The overall population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
The species is found in moorland, heathland, pastures, marshes and uncultivated places (Herrera and Larumbe 1992). It is found from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.

threats:
Abandonment of grazing practices could be a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
In the eastern Balkans Zeuneriana amplipennis occurs. It should be investigated if this species is not conspecific with Z. marmorata.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Adriatic Marbled Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana marmorata) is a medium-sized species known from a few localities in Italy and Slovenia. It is found in wet coastal areas and marshland with Juncus species. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 36 km²), it occurs at only five locations and the population is severely fragmented. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat. The main threats to this bush-cricket are drainage of its habitats, succession with trees and reed and transformation of wet sedge meadows into cornfields. The remaining habitat of this species needs to be preserved and further drainage needs to be stopped. Already drained areas should be restored and a monitoring program for the species and its habitat should be established.

range:
The Adriatic Marbled Bush-cricket is found in northeastern Italy (Kleukers et al. 1997) and in Slovenia near Ljubljana (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 36 km².

population:
Since its description in 1853, the species had only been recorded from a few localities. It was thought to be extinct until 1996, when a large subpopulation was found near Monfalcone (Kleukers et al. 1997). Two more subpopulations have been meanwhile found in the region (Isonzo river delta and Marano lagoon). The Italian subpopulations are continuously declining, as most of the habitat is not managed and partly drained. It is deteriorating as a consequence of encroachment of bushes and reed (F. Tami pers. comm. 2016). In Slovenia, the species was discovered in 2004 in Ljubljansko barje between Ig and Skofjliika (Gomboc and Šegula 2005). In 2008 the number of singing males in the Slovenian subpopulation was estimated at about 1,000 (resulting from an inferred subpopulation size of 2,000) in an area of about 1 km² (Veenvliet 2008). This area has recently been partly transformed into cornfields, and the Slovenian subpopulation is therefore declining (P. Veenvliet pers. comm. 2016, S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species is flightless and the distance between the subpopulations is very large, so that exchange between subpopulations is very unlikely and they may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This species is found in open wetland habitats. In Italy, it occurs in wet coastal marshland mainly in brackish areas with Phragmites spp. vegetation (not too dense). In Slovenia, it is found in wet meadows with Carex spp. and Filipendula ulmaria. Its altitudinal range is 0-300 m Asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the draining of its habitat. In Monfalcone (Lisert springs), habitats have disappeared due to the encroachment of reed and trees. In the past, the species has strongly declined due to the intensive use of pesticides for mosquito control. Near Monfalcone, the habitat has been partly destroyed for an industrial area, and other habitats have been drained. In Slovenia, the marshes near Ljubljana have recently been partly transformed into crop fields. Based on the threat of encroachment of shrubs and reed caused by drainage, there are only four locations in Italy, and based on the threat of transformation of this species' habitat into crop fields, there is only one location in Slovenia. The population therefore occurs at five locations.

conservationAction:
The species is present in protected areas. A conservation strategy for it is currently being developed. A second intensive survey of the Slovenian subpopulation took place in 2016, showing that the distribution in this area has decreased. In Italy, a first mapping of the subpopulations has been done in 2016. The remaining habitat needs to be preserved. Further drainage and transformation of its habitat into cornfields need to be stopped. Already deteriorated areas should be restored and a suitable management of the sedge meadows in Slovenia needs to be implemented. A monitoring program for the species and its habitat needs to be established. Furthermore, research is needed to clarify the relationship of this species to Zeuneriana amplipennis, which occurs in Serbia and Romania.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Veenvliet, P., Gomboc, S., Tami, F., Buzzetti, F.M. & Tout, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Banded Molehopper (Asiotridactylus fasciatus) has a wide distribution from northern Africa to east Asia. In Europe it has been reported from Moldova and southern Ukraine. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats. Further research into these areas is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Banded Molehopper is found from northern Africa to South and East Asia (Günther 1995). In Europe, it has been reported from Moldova and southern Ukraine (Heller 2013). Records from Russia are doubtful (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 322,000 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information on the ecology of this species, but it is assumed to occur in wetlands, similarly to other Tridactylidae species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Greek Molehopper (Bruntridactylus irremipes) is only known from a few specimens, and has not been recorded in Greece since 1926. There is no information on the population size, trend, habitat and ecology of this species, and therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to understand the status of the species, and how it may be affected by the known modifications that have taken place in the areas where it was recorded.

range:
In Europe, the Greek Molehopper is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from two localities on the Greek mainland. The most recent record dates back to 1926 (Willemse 1984), and its presence in Greece needs to be reconfirmed. This species is also found in Turkey (Naskrecki and Ünal 1995).

population:
This species has only been observed and collected on two occasions in Europe, the most recent one in 1926. There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.

habitat:
The only available information on the habitat of this species comes from the Hatay province in Turkey, where specimens were collected by small pools in seasonally inundated plains along a drying river (Naskrecki and Ünal 1995). This species was found sharing the habitat with another molehopper species, Xya pfaendleri.

threats:
Threats to this species are unknown, but there is a potential threat derived from water regulation of rivers and streams that have taken place.

conservationAction:
This species has only been collected twice, after which it has not been observed again. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Its presence in Greece needs to be reconfirmed, and research is needed on the population size and trend, as well as on the species' habitat, ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Steppe Molehopper (Bruntridactylus tartarus) is found in Central Asia, southern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea basin. In Europe, it is found in the Danube Delta, the Ukrainian reserve Askania Nova as well as in the Lower Volga Region and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe since there is very little information about it in European Russia and Ukraine, it was not possible to estimate its area of occupancy (AOO) and the population trend is unknown. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its AOO is between 15 and 20 km², its extent of occurrence (EOO) is below 3,000 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no declines have been reported so far. Potential threats to this species include river regulation and other changes to wetland habitats. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Steppe Molehopper is found in Central Asia, southern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea basin (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from the Romanian Danube Delta to eastern European Russia (Günther 1980, 1991). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 740,000 km², while it is below 3,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 16 and 20 km², whereas in Europe it is poorly documented and could not be estimated.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on sandy river shores (Savitsky and Ilyina 2015), salt marshes, shores of salt lakes, salt ponds (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015) and other sandy wet areas (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
Potential threats to this species include river regulation and other changes to wetland habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Molehopper (Xya iberica) was described from Sevilla (Spain) and additional records exist from Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Only a few records exist so far and further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The Iberian Molehopper was described from Sevilla (Spain), but it has not been confirmed in the area for many years. Additional records exist for Portugal (Hochkirch 1998), but some are doubtful and may refer to Xya variegata. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 38,500 km².

habitat:
The species is found in wet open sandy habitats close to rivers and streams (Hochkirch 1998, B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Drainage and modifications of river beds could pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pfaendler's Molehopper (Xya pfaendleri) occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Egypt and via the Near East to India. In Europe, it is widely distributed on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and seems to be expanding its range to the north.

range:
Pfaendler's Molehopper occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Egypt and via the Near East to India (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). In Europe, it is found from Cyprus and Rhodes in the south to the south of the Czech Republic in the north, and from Slovenia in the west to southern Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.3 million km².

population:
This species has recently been documented from many new localities at its northern range margin. It is not quite clear if this is a result of more intensive research or a range expansion. In Austria the species seems to be declining as a result of abandonment of former gravel pits (Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). However, it appears to be expanding its northern range margin in the Czech Republic (Holusa 2014, Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs on sandy river banks (Pisica et al. 2008, Holusa et al. 2013) as well as in sand and gravel pits (Gomboc et al. 2000, Zechner et al. 2005, Holusa 2014), where it builds burrows in moist open sand (Zechner et al. 1999). The species has a high capability to colonise new habitats (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
A major threat to this species is the regulation of rivers and streams. In secondary habitats it is also threatened by recultivation and natural succession (Zechner et al. 1999) as well as by recreational activities and overgrowth by non-native plants (Zechner 2009). It also seems to be affected by pollution of rivers due to industrial activities (M. Lemmonier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). Restoration of natural river systems is required for its conservation (Zechner et al. 1999) as well as maintenance of its secondary habitats (Holusa 2014). Research is needed into the population trend.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kocarek, P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Colourful Molehopper (Xya variegata) is found from North Africa to South-East Asia. It is found in large parts of southern Europe, where it occurs on sandy and muddy river banks and similar habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is threatened by regulation of river systems and constructions of dams, it has a very wide distribution and is generally locally common.

range:
The Colourful Molehopper is found from North Africa to South-East Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east and from the Peloponnesus in the south to the Czech Republic in the north (Heller 2013). In Switzerland it is Regionally Extinct (Monnerat et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 2.5 million km².

population:
This species is generally widespread and locally common, but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and on the Balkans (D. Chobanov and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). It is currently declining in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in natural floodplains where it creates burrows (so-called "galleries") on moist river banks with fine sediment (mud or sand) and scarce vegetation (Münsch et al. 2013). It is also found in dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002), sand and gravel pits and along the shores of ponds (Berg et al. 2000). The species mainly feeds on algae (Münsch et al. 2013). It is able to swim and uses its hind legs (with out folded spines) as paddles (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by river regulation and the construction of dams, which drove this species to extinction in Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006, Monnerat et al. 2007). It is also affected by pollution of riverine systems (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). Gravel pits serve as a secondary habitat for this species, but their creation and maintenance as well as their abandonment can also lead to local extinctions (F. Dusoulier pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Near Threatened in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The preservation and restoration of natural dynamics of rivers and streams is crucial for its conservation (Münsch et al. 2013). Furthermore, the species needs to be considered after the abandonment of sand and gravel pits to avoid declines after recultivation or succession (Zechner 2009). In Austria restoration of the Danube river (Donau-Auen National Park) had positive effects on this species (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Dusoulier, F., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Monnerat, C., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Equisetum arvense is known to hybridise with a number of other species of the genus (subgenus Equisetum). Few of these hybrids are frequent and these are not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread, with stable or increasing populations throughout its European range and does not face any major threats. It is often invasive in disturbed sites and hence it is unlikely that this species will become threatened in the near future.

range:
Equisetum arvense occurs throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe eastwards throughout the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Himalayas and Mongolia, eastwards to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, as well as throughout North America except the extreme southeast. In Europe, it occurs more or less throughout the continent, from Scandinavia through the Baltic States, southwards to the Iberian Peninsula and France along the Mediterranean coast to Greece (Fitter and Peat 1994, Finnish Museum of Natural History 1999, Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Real Jardín Botanico) and Fundación Biodiversidad (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente) 2009). It is probably introduced in the Azores (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

population:
Equisetum arvense appears to be widespread and is abundant throughout its European range. It frequently occurs in very large stands, although due to its clonal nature it is impossible to discern how many individuals are present in these subpopulations. The population trend is increasing, particularly in disturbed habitats, roadsides, gardens and other open sites.

habitat:
Equisetum arvense occurs in a very wide range of habitats, including most anthropogenic habitats from gardens, quarries, railways and waste ground to roadsides. In natural habitats, it is most frequent on river banks, dune grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, sandy coasts, meadows and pastures (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. It is very common and once established it is nearly impossible to eradicate. It benefits from anthropogenic disturbances.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed, and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is not threatened and listed as Least Concern on several regional checklists (Zoological Society of London 2014).

useAndTrade:
The species has a wide range of reported medicinal applications (PFAF 2014), such as anodyne, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, homeopathy, nervine, tuberculosis or vulnerary. The green infertile stems are generally used and are most active when fresh, but can also be harvested in late summer and dried for later use. Sometimes, ashes of the plant are also used (PFAF 2014). In addition, the species is used as a fungicide, as liquid feed in horticulture, in paper production, as a polish, sandpaper or a scourer (PFAF 2014), although E. hyemale is more frequently applied for that purpose.

It is also used as feed for horses, but considered by some to be harmful to cattle by producing a sickness called "equisetosis", while such effect is denied by others. It is possible that "equisetosis" is brought about by other horsetail species, e.g.E. palustre (Komarov 1968). 

The underground stems are rich in starch and are gathered in some places as food, while the "fruiting" stems are eaten on account of their sugar content. As a dye, the plant is treated with alum imparting a greyish-yellow colour to wool (Komarov 1968). Equisetum arvensis can be a burdensome weed of cereal fields and gardens.

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Lansdown, R.V.


taxonomicNotes:
Equisetum fluviatile is known to hybridise with a number of other  species of the genus (subgenus Equisetum). Few of these hybrids are frequent and these are not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread and does not face any major threats. Although some subpopulations may be affected by the drainage of wetlands, the population trend remains stable overall.

range:
Equisetum fluviatile occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe eastwards throughout Turkey, Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, to the Russian Far East, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula and throughout much of northern North America and southern Greenland. The subpopulations in Australia are introduced. In Europe it is widespread across the continent, from Iceland and northern Scandinavia to Spain and Greece. It is absent from Cyprus and Macaronesia.

population:
This species is widespread and abundant throughout its known range. There is no detailed information available on population size, as the plants are clonal and it is therefore very difficult to know how many plants are present in a certain subpopulation, but the plant usually occurs in large stands. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
The Water Horsetail is typically a plant of ditches, ponds, lakes, lake shores, backwaters of large rivers, wet grasslands, thickets, marshes and canals in deep silty muds, or in mats of floating reed swamp vegetation (Page 1997). It often forms dense stands in water (Komarov 1968). Its elevation limits are 0-1,800 m.

threats:
In spite of its abundance, locally the species has declined over the last 100 years due to the drainage of wet areas and filling in of ponds (Page 1997). On a European scale there appear to be no threats, as it readily colonises new sites like human-made ditches, ponds and canals.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is not threatened and listed as Least Concern on several regional checklists (Zoological Society of London 2014). It is present in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species is readily eaten by cattle, without producing any disease symptoms, and they prefer the branched form as it provides more tender feed (Komarov 1968). Ducks are fond of the species and eat the roots and deliberately fragment them providing many propagules (Page 1997).

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
The North American, North Japanese and Far East Russian subpopulations are often included in this species (as E. hyemale subsp. affine), but these are probably better treated at the species level as E. praealtum Raf. Therefore this taxon is excluded from this assessment. It is cultivated and sometimes naturalises in Europe.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable population trend and absence of major threats.

range:
Equisetum hyemale is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, being native throughout temperate Asia and Europe with a separate subspecies (subsp. affine, or E. praealtum if accepted as a separate species) in North America, which is widely cultivated as an ornamental (USDA 2012), and has naturalised locally in Brazil and East Asia. In Europe, it is found throughout the continent although it is rarer towards the Mediterranean.

population:
This is a widespread species across Europe, often forming large stands on sandy soils. Due to its clonal nature it is difficult to count the number of plants in a subpopulation. In England there was a large historical decline, although many of these subpopulations may originally have been introductions as the species was formerly much cultivated (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
This is an evergreen, rhizomous herb found in shaded open wet coniferous or broadleaf woodland often on valley slopes, wooded gullies, sunny slopes of river terraces, mountain stream banks, along depressions and near streams and rivers, base-rich moorland flushes, marshes on sand, near springs, sand dunes, roadsides and railroad tracks, etc., growing in permanently moist sandy or clayey soils high in minerals and silica and fairly poor in nutrients (Komarov 1968, Castroviejoet al.1986, Page 1997, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.

threats:
There are no current threats to this species. It was previously threatened by land drainage, grazing and trampling of riverbanks by livestock in the United Kingdom (Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place, but it is present in several protected areas. Conservation measures, such as habitat protection, may be taken in countries where it is assessed as threatened (e.g. Croatia, Czech Republic).
It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Croatia: Vulnerable (Nikolić and Topić 2005)
Czech Republic: Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) 
Denmark:  Least Concern (NERI 2007)
Estonia: Least Concern (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)
Germany: Least Concern (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)
Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)
Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Stroh et al. 2014)

useAndTrade:
Equisetum hyemale is used as an active diuretic and thus in the treatment of kidney and bladder problems (European Medicines Agency 2008, Plants for a Future 2012). It has been prescribed widely as a traditional  medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid  arthritis, conjunctivitis, pyelonephritis and as a diuretic (Komarov 1968, Park and Jeon 2008). In China it is applied against eye inflammations and as a hair rinse to get rid of fleas, lice and mites (Komarov 1968). It is additionally used instead of emery paper to clean metallic parts in tin plating and soldering, for polishing wood and furniture and for paper cleaning. For this purpose it is first bleached by repeated wetting and drying (Komarov 1968). In some places in Siberia the plant serves as forage for horses (Komarov 1968). It produces a light-pink dye (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.


taxonomicNotes:
Equisetum palustre is known to hybridize with a number of  other  species of the genus. However, none of these hybrids are frequent and they  are not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This common fern species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable subpopulations that are resilient and do not face any major threats.

range:
Equisetum palustre occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Greenland across Europe, eastwards through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and China to Japan, Kamchatka, Primorskye and Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East and throughout much of North America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, northwards to Iceland and southwards to Italy, Spain and Greece, but it is absent from Macaronesia and the far south of Europe.

population:
Equisetum palustre is widespread and abundant throughout its European range. The subpopulations often form large stands with an unknown number of individuals due to the clonal nature of the species. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
The Marsh Horsetail typically occurs in permanently wet, usually fairly base-rich pasture, marshland, dune slacks and fens, wet meadows, swamps and sea shores, as well as the margins of ditches, streams and rivers, usually on sandy, often calcareous soil (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0-2,500 m.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. Plants produce massive, deep rhizomes and tubers, making the species considerably resilient due to its clonal spread and vegetative persistence.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern on the national Red Lists of Germany, Estonia, Switzerland and UK (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Moser et al. 2002, Stroh et al. 2014, Zoological Society of London 2014).

useAndTrade:
This species is poisonous to cattle and pigs, while reports concerning horses are conflicting. The plant contains the toxic alkaloid equisetin, which acts upon the nervous system. The plant is dangerous if present in quantity in hay (Komarov 1968). It is therefore not utilised, but it may be used when confused with other species of Equisetum, often with bad results.

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though less common than other horsetail species, this species is widespread, does not face any major threats and the population is stable and resilient. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
This widespread species can be found in patchy subpopulations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in colder climates. In Europe it is found predominantly in northern and central areas, from Iceland, Scotland and Northern Ireland through Germany, the Alps, northern Italy, the Central Balkans, Fennoscandia, Poland, the Baltic states and much of northern Russia and Ukraine. It is absent from milder parts of Europe.

population:
The Shade Horsetail is mainly a pioneer species, forming abundant stands where slight soil instability or erosion maintains open surfaces (Page 1997). It is clonal and thus it is difficult to know what the number of plants is inside a subpopulation, however it is abundant and very common. Although it has disappeared from certain localities on the western range of its European distribution, it appears to be stable overall.

habitat:
Equisetum pratense thrives on deep, moist, freely draining banks of sandy soil, with permanent soil moisture and high air humidity. It is mostly found in shady, open deciduous woods and thickets, but in cloudy areas it may also extend into open habitats such as mountain meadows (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). In marginal sites (such as Britain and Ireland) it reproduces mostly vegetatively as spore production is poor (Page 1997). In Fennoscandia and Russia, it is also found in mixed coniferous forests and meadows along river margins (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,600 m.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species, although it is scarce in many parts of its distribution and may be threatened there by habitat loss due to logging or urbanisation. The species is resilient to disturbance to some extent.

conservationAction:
Even though it may be of conservation concern locally, the species is widespread and locally abundant and is therefore unlikely to become threatened in the near future. It is found in protected areas throughout much of its range, and in marginal areas it is advisable to place sites where it occurs under protection.
It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Grulich 2012)
Estonia: Least Concern (Lilleleht 2008).
Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: nationally scarce, occurring in 16-100 hectares in Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2006)

useAndTrade:
This species was known to be locally used as feed for horses, especially in tundra areas of Siberia (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Equisetum ramosissimum was previously erroneously treated as a synonym of the Neotropical species E. giganteum, due to confusion of the specimens. However E. ramosissimum is a separate species (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) found in the Old World.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread and locally common fern species with a stable or increasing population trend and no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
When including the (doubtfully separate) subsp. debile of the Paleotropics, the species occurs from the Canary Islands, throughout Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East, north and east Africa, India, Sri Lanka, the Mascarenes, and throughout tropical Asia eastwards to New Caledonia and Fiji. It was occasionally introduced in the east coast of North America.

In Europe (where only the typical subspecies occurs), its distribution extends from the Azores throughout the southern half of Europe, eastwards to southern Russia and Siberia and the Caucasus. It is most common in the Mediterranean region, and is extinct in the Baltic states, and doubtfully native or formerly native to England.

population:
It is a common species with a stable or possibly increasing population trend.

habitat:
Equisetum ramosissimum occurs frequently on sandy, chalky outcrops and bluffs, pebble beds and wet areas in Mediterranean scrub, among ancient ruins and in steppes and semi-deserts (Komarov 1968). In cooler climates it occurs sporadically on open sandy places along rivers (Van der Meijden 2005). It also occurs in disturbed areas along railways, roads, old mine sites, archaeological remains, etc.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. It is very widespread and often common in partially disturbed situations. It may suffer under some climate change predictions, as the species is frost-sensitive and repeated cold spells in unusual areas may prevent it from reproducing. However, a warmer climate may allow this species to move further north in Europe, colonising areas where it previously did not occur.

conservationAction:
In most of Mediterranean Europe it is not of conservation concern. No conservation actions appear to be needed and it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is present on the following national Red Lists:
Andorra: Vulnerable D2 (Carillo et al. 2008)
Czech Republic: Endangered C2 (Grulich 2012)
Germany: Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
Canary Islands (Spain): rare (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened Categories. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is widespread across Canada, northern USA, Greenland and northern Eurasia (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1994, NatureServe 2014). In Europe, it is restricted to the north southwards to Norway and Estonia, although it is locally naturalised in other countries.

population:
Equisetum scirpoides seems to be stable across its range. It is rare, but it can be locally abundant.

habitat:
The species grows in coniferous forests, arctic tundra and shrublands (often close to the snowline in the summer), shores of rivers or lakes, swamps and wetland margins usually on calcareous soils (Komarov 1968, H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,350 m. The species is clonal and long-lived, spreads vegetatively and sexually (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2017).

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown. In Russia and Scandinavia, the species may be affected by forestry management (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). The species is sensitive to draining of the soil (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions for the species are known or likely to be needed, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as globally 'secure' by NatureServe (2014). It is assessed as Critically Endangered on the Estonian Red List (Lilleleht 2008), where it reaches it southern limit. It is cultivated and sometimes naturalises. Further research on its threats is needed.

useAndTrade:
The species is occasionally cultivated as a pond margin ornamental, from where it has escaped into nature for instance in the Netherlands (M. Christenhusz pers. obs. 2014).

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

As this is a widespread and locally common fern species with resilient subpopulations and stable population trend, it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Equisetum sylvaticum is a very widespread species occurring throughout the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in colder regions. It is found throughout northern and central Europe and Siberia eastwards to China, North Korea and North America. In Europe it is widespread across the Nordic countries, but restricted to hills and mountains in Central Europe.

population:
The subpopulations appear to be stable. Due to the clonal nature of this species it is not certain how many individuals make up a single subpopulation. In some areas it can be weedy and invade agricultural land.

habitat:
The Wood Horsetail is found on wet, acidic soil near springs, clear streams, in hedgerows, woods, glades, thickets and forests, shady ditches and agricultural fields (Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005). In Fennoscandia and Russia it is found mostly in spruce forests (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). It can be weedy in gardens and agricultural fields in Fennoscandia and northern Russia. Its elevation limits are 0-1,800 m.

threats:
Some marginal subpopulations may be threatened as a result of the loss of forests and due to soil drainage, but this does not impact the overall fitness of the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is present on the following national Red Lists:
Estonia: Least Concern (Lilleleht 2008)
Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Vulnerable (Király et al. 2007)
Spain: Vulnerable; D2 (Moreno et al. 2008)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Stroh et al. 2014).

useAndTrade:
Young shoots can be used as food. The species is poisonous to guinea pigs, but acceptable as a feed for horses. The plant is used to dye wool in a greyish-yellow colour. It is used in popular medicine as diuretic and astringent (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.


taxonomicNotes:
The American subpopulations often included in this species are a separate species: Equisetum braunii. They are therefore not considered for this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although this fern is locally threatened in northern Europe, it has an overall widespread distribution, an stable population trend and an absence of major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Equisetum telmateia is native to northern Africa, temperate Asia and Europe. This assessment excludes the subpopulations of western North America as they are ecologically and genetically distinct and are thus better treated as the separate species E. braunii (USDA 2012, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). In Europe, it is present throughout the western and Mediterranean parts, extending into the southeast. It is also present in several Macaronesian islands in the Azores and Madeira.

population:
This is a locally common species with a large population throughout Europe. The number of individuals in the subpopulations is difficult to discern due to their clonal nature. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
Equisetum telmateia is found in open habitats, eroding sea and river cliffs, springs, stream banks, lake margins, beech and oak woodland, forest margins, dikes, meadows, roadsides and railway embankments, growing in base-rich clay soils on sites with permanent (alkaline) seepage and on porous calcareous or clay rocks (Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). Its elevation limits are 0-1,700 m.

threats:
This species can be locally threatened by land drainage or water pollution. In Sweden, some local subpopulations have become extinct due to land drainage and subsequent overgrowth (Mattiasson 2000).

conservationAction:
The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists:
 
Belarus: Critically Endangered (Ermakova 2005) 
Czech Republic: rare (Holub and Procházka 2000); Near Threatened C4a (Grulich 2012)
Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)
Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Lithuania: 'Rare' (Rašomavičius 2007)
Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)
Netherlands: very rare (Van der Meijden 2005)
Sweden: Critically Endangered; B1+2de, C2a, D (Gärdenfors 2000, 2005, 2010)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).
In Sweden, conservation efforts (re-introduction, habitat protection and restoration) have been made, but its gradual population declines will eventually lead to local extinction (Mattiasson 2000). Outside marginal areas in Northern Europe, it is not of conservation concern.

useAndTrade:
In traditional medicine, E. telmateia is used for its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract (infusion), or as a decoction to stop excess urinating. A poultice of the rough leaves and stems can be applied to cuts and sores (Correia et al. 2005, Plants for a Future 2012). It is also used for its antibacterial properties to treat infections, and in Turkey it is one of the most commonly used plants (Uzunet al. 2004). The root and fertile shoots can be eaten when cooked and the stems can be applied to polish floors.

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread with an overall stable population trend and an overall low risk of extinction in Europe. However, E. variegatum is threatened in several national Red Lists, and research into the causes of those declines and adequate measures to prevent reduction of these populations are needed.

range:
Equisetum variegatum is a widespread species that occurs across the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the colder temperate regions. In Europe, it occurs throughout the northern half of the continent and in mountainous areas further south, such as the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).

population:
Low genetic diversity has been observed in the subpopulations that inhabit lowland areas, especially in France. This reduces its capacity for adaptive responses to environmental stresses, and isolated subpopulations have little chance to recover new genetic material through migration. However, the population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

In the Alps and Pyrenees, at higher elevations, the subpopulations are numerous and representative of its central distribution area in Northern Europe (Machon et al. 2001). Overall, the subpopulations appear to be stable, although it is usually difficult to discern the number of individuals in a population, and therefore its population size, due to the clonal nature of E. variegatum. Its overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
The Variegated Horsetail occurs in a variety of open habitats that are often flooded or snow-covered in winter, besides streams and cold water springs in montane areas, on dune slacks, river shingles, upland flushes, stony shores, peat bogs, tundras, mossy coniferous woods, and river terraces, and in limestone pavement cracks on basic, chalk rich, moist, sandy or loamy soil. It is more common at higher elevations (Komarov 1968, Castroviejo et al. 1986, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). It is also found in secondary habitats on limestone and in anthropogenic habitats such as road sides, tracks or quarries (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-2,500 m.

threats:
This species is impacted by habitat disturbance through tourism and recreation areas, drainage and water pollution. The increase of livestock has impacted montane populations and drainage and sand dune development affect lowland subpopulations (Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012).

conservationAction:
Even though this species is threatened in several European countries, it does not appear to be of conservation concern in the mountains of Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland. Although often scarce, it is widespread and locally abundant, and the subpopulations can be protected by site management and exclusion of grazing pressure in central and western Europe. It is present in protected areas and it is included in the following national Red Lists:
Andorra: Endangered D;B2ab(iii) (Carrillo et al. 2008)
Croatia: Vulnerable (Nikolić and Topić 2007)
Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000); Endangered C2: b - Taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently recorded at only 6-20 localities) and is declining in abundance (Grulich 2012)
Denmark: Near Threatened (NERI 2007) 
Estonia: Least Concern (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
Germany: Critically endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Near Threatened (Király et al. 2007)
Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Norway: Least Concern. Svalbard and Jan Mayen: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern but nationally scarce, occurring in 16-100 hectads in Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2006). It is also listed as Least Concern in England, although it experienced a historical decline of 38% (Stroh et al. 2014)
Research on the threats to this species is needed.

useAndTrade:
Its astringent properties make E. variegatum an excellent clotting agent for wounds, stopping nosebleeds and healing wounds. It may also repair damaged connective tissue, improving its strength and elasticity. It has also been used to treat sore eyes. Stems contain 10% silica and can thus be used as a sandpaper, scouring metal and for polishing brass and hardwood. It is toxic as it reduces the human body's ability to metabolise the Vitamin B complex, which can be avoided by cooking (Plants for a Future 2012).

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes azorica is an aquatic quillwort restricted to the Azores and is suspected to have declined more than 30% for a three generation period (around 30 years), considering 20 years in the past and 10 in the future. It is threatened by invasive species, pollution and eutrophication from cattle, and general degradation of its habitat. In addition, there are fewer than 10,000 mature individuals in total, and less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. It is therefore listed here as Vulnerable.

range:
Isoetes azorica is restricted to the Azores   (Schäfer 2005, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010) where it is found in crater lakes on the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Sao Jorge and Terceira. The total geographic range estimated is between 13 and 16 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009; GBIF data). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
The total population size of this species is estimated to be 2,000 to 3,000 individuals by Schäfer (2005). This estimate might be slightly low, but the total number of mature individuals is surely below the threshold of 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation. In total, there are around 11 subpopulations (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The generation length is around 10 years and the decline is at least 25% (Martin et al. 2008). This decline has occurred over the last 30 years in the Azores, which corresponds to the period with highest degradation of the habitats in the islands (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). If current threats of eutrophication and invasive species continue, the species will face continuing declining by more than 30% over a three generation period. Additionally, there has been a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species grows exclusively in permanent or temporary crater lakes, pools and ponds between 400 to 1,000 m elevation. It is adapted to oligotrophic waters with low botanical diversity. It can also be found in ponds and lakes with higher nutrient availability and diversity. It is found in the Habitats Directive's habitat 3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of theLittorelletea uniflorae and/or of theIsoëto-Nanojuncetea     (Tutin et al. 1964, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main and increasing threats to this plant species come from the spread of invasive macrophytes, pollution and eutrophication by cattle farming (Pietsch 1994). The subpopulation at Lagoa do Negro on Terceira has been dramatically reduced (<70%) in less than ten years, by the arrival and spread of Sagittaria subulata (F. Rumsey, pers. obs. 2010). One of the three subpopulations on Flores has recently (2010) suffered considerable mortality as a consequence of pollution leaching from a nearby rubbish tip (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2010). The subpopulation in the Caldeirao Lake at Corvo (a nature reserve) has almost disappeared as a consequence of eutrophication and cattle grazing in the crater (all year ca 200 cattle individuals are allowed to roam freely in the reserve and rely on the lake as their only water source). The common practice to pump water out of the lakes in the summer to fill water tanks for cattle is a threat especially on Pico and Flores, where this practice leads to dramatic reduction of the water levels (e.g., in 2015). Further threats to the species are grazing, leisure fishing, the construction of paths, canalisation, modifying structures of inland water courses and other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the Top 100 as Priority for Conservation (Martin et al. 2008) and under regional legislation (Decree 12/2015). There is no other information available on conservation actions, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. As a minimum, the following conservation measures should be undertaken:
Remove cattle from areas with Isoetes subpopulations.
Assess the size of subpopulations and establish a basis for monitoring to measure trends.
Compile information on the life history ofI. azorica, with emphasis on dispersal and subpopulation or metapopulation dynamics.
Assess the risk from various threats listed and potential for these threats to be controlled or eliminated.
Given the small size of the known subpopulations, the sites should come under better legal environmental protection and these sites (already in natural areas) should be better managed to preserve this species.

redListAssessors:
Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.


taxonomicNotes:
Isoetes boryana falls within theI. longissima/I. velata group (Greuter and Troia 2014), a taxonomically difficult suite of species which merits further research. Prelli (2001) questions the validity ofI. boryana as a species, while Romero and Real (2005) propose its treatment as a variety ofI. velata. In France, this species is considered valid and similar to I. tenuissima.

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes boryana is an aquatic quillwort listed as Endangered because it has a restricted distribution with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 854-1,412 km² and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 56 km². Based on the impact of eutrophication and water management, the species occurs at three locations and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, habitat quality, number of mature individuals, subpopulations and locations, since the species disappeared from two ponds. Proper management and protection of the species is needed in order to improve the status of this species.

range:
Isoetes boryanais endemic to southwestern France (Gironde and Landes, in ponds of the Gascogne Gulf). The total geographic range for the species has been estimated to be 854 km² (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). Its EOO is 854-1,412 km², but within this area its AOO is only 56 km². Reports of this taxon from Spain belong to I. longissima.

population:
The species occurs locally in large stands, but it is known from only three localities (three ponds). Its AOO is declining, as two localities have been lost in Landes. The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Isoetes boryana occurs on the sandy edges of ponds or shallow lakes, on siliceous substrate, usually close to the sea (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001).

threats:
The main threats to this species are related to unfavourable water management (including drainage, pollution and disturbances), eutrophication due to agriculture and water recreation. Based on the impact of euthrophication and water management the species occurs at three locations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and on Annex I of the French National List of Protected Species. It is listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). Proper management and protection of the sites or acquisition of the land by the National Littoral Conservatoire would be important for this species. Species recovery through ex-situ conservation may be an additional way of improving the subpopulations of this species. It is not present in protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is an aquatic species with a restricted distribution, but it is known from at least 16 oligotrophic lakes, it is locally abundant and faces no immediate threats, since agricultural run-off and pollution are unlikely in these sites. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, this species was only discovered in 2010 and thus new information could possibly change its threat status in the future.

range:
This recently discovered species (2010) is restricted to Andorra and adjacent France and Spain, and is reasonably abundant in mountain lakes of the eastern Pyrenees.

population:
Isoetes creussensis is locally abundant and is found in many oligotrophic lakes in the region. It is present in at least 14 lakes in Catalonia, and an additional two in Andorra, and is possibly found in other non-prospected lakes in the region as well. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Isoetes creussensis grows rooted in sandy soil, submerged along the shore up to 1 m deep in oligotrophic mountain lakes (Lazare and Riba 2010, Aymerich and Saez 2013). Its elevation limits are 2,100-2,500 m.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, and there will be few as long as the water quality of the lakes remains good. Eutrophication will affect this species, but this is not currently a concern in the region.

conservationAction:
Habitat and water quality protection are the main means to protect this species. It is not in any immediate danger or threat, but nutrient loads may cause other species to outcompete I. creussensis. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
The name Isoetes setacea Lam. has historically been applied to two different taxa. It is most frequently used for a lowland species with an amphibious habit (i.e. growing in shallow temporary ponds drying up in late spring) in the western Mediterranean, particularly in southern France.

It has alternatively been applied to an aquatic species growing in temperate-montane permanent lakes, a species usually known asI. echinospora Durieu. Some authors have rejected the name I. setacea on that account even though it would have nomenclatural priority over both names, yet its most frequent use is not compatible with its original description. The pragmatic designation of an epitype has placed the name I. setacea in synonymy under I. lacustris L., so that the correct name for the amphibious Mediterranean species becomes I. delilei Rothm. (Greuter and Troia 2015).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

This aquatic species has a small area of occupancy (AOO = 1,412 km²) and is experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals as a result of land abandonment. Its fragile habitat is under much pressure from agricultural and infrastructure development. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. Research on habitat and threats are needed and a recovery plan is recommended.

range:
This is a west Mediterranean species. It is found in France (Hérault, Pyrenees Orientales), in western, central and northeastern Spain, and in central and southern Portugal. It has recently been discovered in one locality in Morocco (near Benslimane). This species was listed for Greece, Corsica and Menorca in error. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,412 km².

population:
Subpopulations are known to be declining due to the deterioration of its habitat. In France, the species is present in about one hundred ponds in the Natural Reserve of Roque-Haute, one pond in the plain of Béziers, one in Torremila, several ponds and ditches at Rodés plateau (Fenouillèdes). A more or less slow regression of subpopulations of I. delilei has been reported as a result of the disappearance of the species in the ponds of Saint Estève (Oriental Pyrenees), Grammont (Hérault) and Redessan (Gard). In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is present in the centre and the west, as well as in Catalonia (13 provinces in Spain and six in Portugal; Molina 2005). It has a scattered distribution.

habitat:
This species is characteristic from temporary humid zones tolerating water depths of up to 50 cm. The species is restricted to temporary pools on Quaternary basalt up to an elevation of 270 m (Molina et al. 2011). It is found in Mediterranean aquatic communities in fluctuating water bodies (Corine biotope 22.3412). The vegetative growth generally takes place in winter, while the maturation of the spores takes place in spring.

threats:
Large construction of infrastructure (e.g. roadwork), the drainage of pools or their infilling, the extraction of sediment or conversion to permanent water bodies constitute serious threats for the subpopulations of this species. In addition, the quality of the habitat of the species is deteriorating as a result of land abandonment (mainly due to the reduction of grazing activities), which increases the sediments, causing colonisation by competitive perennial plants of a large size and the overshading of the plants. It is a heliophile species that is sensitive to competition.

conservationAction:
The species is present in protected areas and is listed on the following national Red Lists:
France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Spain: Vulnerable (Andalucía) (Blanca et al. 2000)
In France, the habitats are monitored in several localities (ligneous species and clonal plants dynamic, water level), the species is under national protection and included in the Red List. The site of Roque-Haute is designated under a Natural Reserve statute since 1975, but lacks any management plan specific to this species. Research on habitat and threats are needed and a recovery plan is recommended. It is a keystone species determining priority habitats for the EU.

redListReviewers:
Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.,Troia, A.,Molina, J.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though this aquatic species has a small estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of under 900 km², the species is locally abundant with a stable population trend. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
Isoetes durieui is a Mediterranean species restricted to southern Europe, northern Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), western Anatolia (Turkey) and Lebanon (Musselman and Al-Zein 2010). In Europe, it occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Greece and in some Mediterranean islands. Its presence in Malta is uncertain. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 868 km².

population:
The species is locally abundant (Prelli 2001) and its population trend is stable.

habitat:
Isoetes durieui grows in sandy places where water lies in the winter (vernal pools), from cliff tops and wet meadows to open pinewoods (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). It is present at elevations from sea level up to 1,300 m (Troia and Greuter 2015).

threats:
Threats have not been studied for the habitats of this species, but Mediterranean vernal pools are among the most threatened habitats in Europe.

conservationAction:
It is listed as Vulnerable in Andalucía, Spain (Blanca et al. 2000) and it is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this species. Further research on its threats and monitoring of its population trends is needed.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.


taxonomicNotes:
This name was in the past confused and misapplied to Isoetes setacea (western Mediterranean) and I. hausknechtii (Greece) but these are a different species (Greuter and Troia 2015, Troia and Greuter 2015).

I. echinosporahas been shown to hybridise with I. lacustris (I. × hickeyi W.C. Taylor & Luebke) (Prelli 2001), however, the hybrid is not frequent and is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though it is threatened by water pollutionthroughout its range, this aquatic species occurs in a large number of lakes that are not polluted and as such the species is unlikely to disappear. It is therefore listed as Least Concern, but it should be noted that this is dependent on maintenance of clear lake water and water management efforts.

range:
This aquatic species occurs in lakes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and from western Europe through Scandinavia, northern Russia and Siberia to northern Japan. In Europe, it is more common in the north and northeast, scattered in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland and northern Russia. It becomes rarer towards the south (Frey et al. 2006).

A Bulgarian record of this species has been shown to be an error forI. lacustris (Stefanova and Ivanova 2000) and a Greek record was revealed to be a different species (I. haussknechtii; Troia and Greuter 2015).

population:
This species occasionally forms dense turf-like patches, but more often occurs either as scattered individuals, sometimes intermixed with other species, or, more often, as small, sporadic patches (Page 1997). Subpopulations are decreasing due to the eutrophication of water bodies in the western (e.g. in Britain) and central part of its distribution, and also in Russia. In Fennoscandia and Russia the species is stable, and as this is where the core of the population is found, the overall population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species grows within or around the margins, on the sandy bottoms of still, clear, deep, nutrient-poor fens, mountain lakes, up to four meters deep, seldom in flowing water. They are restricted to water of low calcium content and poor in nutrients (oligotrophic) (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997, van der Meijden 2005). It is also found on open excavations. Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 2,500 m.

threats:
The main threats to this species are pollution and eutrophication of water bodies, draining of wetlands and overgrowing with vegetation (Lilleleht 1998), mainly in the central part of its distribution. It can also be affected by the outgrow of invasive aquatic species, which shut out the light and may threaten this species.

conservationAction:
This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed in the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Grulich 2012)
Estonia: Endangered (Lilleleht 1998) and Critically Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1998)
Netherlands: Endangered (van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Protection and adequate management of oligotrophic lakes is the only way to maintain the population of this species.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.


taxonomicNotes:
Until he description of Isoetes fluitans, this species was usually referred to as I. longissima. However, this is the older name for I. velata A.Braun (Troia and Greuter 2014).

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes fluitans is an aquatic quillwort, listed as Endangered in the Spanish Red List. The species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², although when calculated with GBIF data (which includes historical sites where this species no longer occurs, such as in the wet forests along the Galician coast) the AOO is slightly larger (68 km²). There are fewer than five locations and continued population declines as a result of pollution and eutrophication that are affecting all subpopulations and cause a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.

range:
Isoetes fluitans is endemic to Galicia in northwestern Spain, where it is only known in the high basin of the Miño River (particularly in the tributaries Ladra-Parga-Támoga) and in some localities of the Galician coast (rivers El Xallas and El Castro, A Coruña province). The subpopulations along the Galician coast may have disappeared (2016) because of the destruction of the flooded forest where it is found. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) based on the available collection data is 3,172 km², but based on the extended polygons shown in the distribution map the EOO could potentially be more than 5,000 km². The actual occupied area within this range is only 30.5 ha (Romeroet al. 2003). Its calculated AOO (including the areas where the species may now be extinct) is 68 km², but when the possibly extinct areas are excluded, it is 12 km². Reports of this species from Algeria need confirmation.

population:
Isoetes fluitans occurs in sparse subpopulations in two main areas. There are seven subpopulations in the high basin of the Miño River (estimated around 57,300 individuals) and five unconnected subpopulations on the Galician coast (estimated around 31,000 individuals) (Romeroet al. 2003). Its overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Isoetes fluitans is a submerged aquatic plant that grows on siliceous, sandy substrates in river beds and rapids (Prelli 2001, Romero et al. 2003) in the colline belt of Atlantic areas of Galicia (Rodríguez-Oubiña et al. 1977). It forms part of the most endangered freshwater vegetation type in the Iberian Peninsula (Benavent-González et al. 2014). Its fronds, which exceed 65-85 cm in length, float on the water surface and are relatively persistent after drying.

threats:
Isoetes fluitans is threatened in its entire distribution area by uncontrolled pollution and eutrophication (chemicals and fertilisers drained from fields). Moreover, touristic development along rivers, which leads to create fluvial beaches or the cleaning of river beds, has eliminated or affected several subpopulations. On the basis of these threats, a total of 3-4 locations is estimated, since four or five have disappeared from the Galician coast and the subpopulations along the Miño river form a single location.

conservationAction:
Isoetes fluitans is included in the national Red List of Spain as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii,iv)) under its synonymI. longissimum (Moreno 2008). It is found in Natura 2000 sites in the upper Miño River basin and is listed as 'in danger of extinction' in Galicia (Romero Buján 2007). The following conservation measures are being proposed:
Monitoring and protection of the subpopulations
Management of water quality and tourism development
Study of the biology and ecology of the species
Further research is needed on the threats and how to mitigate them. Research on its habitats and ecology and monitoring of its population trends is also recommended. It is advisable that habitats and natural processes needed for this species to survive are protected and restored.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Lansdown, R.V.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Bagella et al. (2015), Isoetes gymnocarpa (Gennari) A.Braun is restricted to Sardinia, central Italy, Corsica and the Balearic Islands, different from the Mediterranean I. histrix Bory and from the mainly central-eastern Mediterranean I. sicula Tod. [= I. subinermis (Gennari) Cesca & Peruzzi]. Troia and Greuter (2015) do not follow this taxonomic arrangement, and do not separate of I. sicula from I. gymnocarpa, which is followed in the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) and accepted here. However, further investigations in this group are needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Even though this aquatic species is restricted in distribution and its habitat has known threats, there is no information on abundance and population size. In addition, it is easily confused with Isoetes histrix, which is a more common species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Field observations and (molecular) taxonomic studies are needed in order to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.

range:
Isoetes gymnocarpa is a Mediterranean species found from the Balearic Islands to Greece. Outside of Europe, the species has also been reported from North Africa (Troia et al. 2016) and Turkey (Bolin et al. 2008)

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. It is difficult to identify and therefore observations are not always reliable.

habitat:
Isoetes gymnocarpa is found on sandy places, where water lies in the winter, often in temporary pools or in sparsely vegetated hollows in dense turf or shrubby vegetation, which are flooded or well irrigated in winter and in spring, but partially or largely dry out in summer.

threats:
The threats to this species are not studied, but its habitat faces similar threats as many other temporary, oligotrophic pools in the Mediterranean, one of the most threatened habitats in Europe. They are affected by habitat destruction, changing agricultural practices, urban and road development, pollution and eutrophication.

conservationAction:
Isoetes gymnocarpa is best protected through habitat preservation. As with its close relative I. histrix, its habitats are few and threatened by human activities. This species is listed as Extinct in Malta (as I. histrix subsp. subinermis; Lanfranco 1989). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed in taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, threats, and habitat trends and health. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was often erroneously placed under I. setacea or I. echinospora, but it represents a separate taxon (Troìa and Greuter 2015).

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes haussknechtii is an amphibious species with a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km², with a severely fragmented population and occurrence in less than five locations. Its habitat is declining throughout its range, but since it has been only been recently recognised as a separate species, its population trend is not yet known. Further research on the habitat and local abundance of this species is greatly needed.

range:
Isoetes haussknechtii is restricted to Greece, where it is known from a few localities in the Peloponnesos, Thessalia and the island of Lesbos (Troia and Greuter 2016). It altitudinal range is 200-1,050 m asl. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
The status of the subpopulation in Thessalia, the type locality, is uncertain. However, subpopulations in the Peloponnese and Lesbos have been found. The population trend is unknown, but is not likely to be increasing. Its population is considered to be severely fragmented since it occurs in small and isolated subpopulations which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
Isoetes hausknechtii is an amphibious species found in temporary pools, which tolerates temporary flooding and drying out.

threats:
Agro-pastoral exploitation or changes in agricultural practices may pose a threat to the species, leading to habitat destruction. Based on these threats, the species occurs at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
As this species has been recently described (2015), no conservation measures are currently in place. Habitat protection is advised. Research is needed on its population size and trend and the ecology of this species. The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes heldreichii has not been seen since 1885, in spite of searches in the type locality and other aquatic sites nearby. No individuals are known to exist for certain. Therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). This species is easily overlooked, and it is necessary to carry out field studies to confirm if it is extinct or still persists somewhere.

range:
Isoetes heldreichii is endemic to the south end of the Pindhos Mountains (near Palaiokastron) of Greece (Tutin et al. 1964), where it is no longer found.

population:
Isoetes heldreichii is considered to be Possibly Extinct. It was last seen in 1885 so it is likely that very few individuals (certainly fewer than 50) remain, if any.

habitat:
There is no readily available information available on the habitats of I. heldreichii. Data from specimen labels suggests that it was found in marshes or a lake, although Tutin et al. (1964) lists it as growing on schist soil by a lake margin. The original labels and Wettstein’s original description list it as an aquatic species, growing under water throughout the year (Troia and Greuter 2015).

threats:
The causes that led to the (possible) extinction of the species are not known.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions for this species. It is necessary to carry out field studies at known sites in the Pindhos Mountains to evaluate if this species is confirmed to be extinct or if it still persists somewhere and which its threats are or may have been.

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although this aquatic species is locally rare and threatened, in the Mediterranean region it can be fairly common in some places and the threats it is facing are unlikely to cause a dramatic decline in the near future. It should be noted that this species is often confused with other, rarer species ofIsoetes. Further taxonomic studies are needed. It is listed as Least Concern because of its widespread distribution, but some subpopulations, particularly at the margins of its distribution area, should be protected and monitored.

range:
Isoetes histrix is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species with a wide, but sparse and discontinuous range through Mediterranean Europe and North Africa, north to southwest England and eastwards to Turkey (Page 1997). In Europe it is present in the centre and west of the Iberian peninsula (Spain, and all provinces of Portugal), continental Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Macedonia, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, France (Bretagne, Poitou-Charentes, Pays de la Loire, Maures and widespread on Corsica), extending north to the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall (southwest England) and the Channel Islands (Alderney, Guernsey), where it is very local (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,784 km2.

population:
The subpopulations of Isoetes histrix appear to be steady but are fragile due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural alterations.
France: there is an important number of sites in Corsica, but only three recently found vestigial populations in the Mediterranean part of the continent (Hyères, Londe-les-Maures, Cannet-des-Maures). The subpopulations are in regression in Roussillon (with extinction as a result of the destruction of the pond of Saint-Estève) as well as in Maures (where it has not seen again in the region of Saint-Tropez, to the Lardier capes, Benat, and Taillat).
Italy: rare species (Sicily, Sardinia and regions of Tuscany, Lazio, Umbria, Calabria and Puglia).
Malta: the species is thought to be extinct; it has not been seen again since it was discovered at the end of the 19th century.
Portugal: present in all the provinces.
Spain: present in four sites in Menorca, one in Mallorca, and in 15 provinces of the west of the peninsula and three provinces of the northeast. In the Iberian Peninsula, some sites of the south and the west have been destroyed by urbanization.
United Kingdom: it is only known in very localised sites in Guernsey, Alderney and the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall, where numbers of species have dwindled during the last years (Page 1997). Nine subpopulations are known on Guernsey and its offshore islets. It is very scarce on Alderney. In Cornwall over 30 subpopulations have been found.

habitat:
Isoetes histrix grows on sandy places, where water lies in winter, from cliff tops to open pine woods (Tutin et al. 1964) often on the edge of temporary pools or in sparsely vegetated hollows in dense turf vegetation, which are flooded or well irrigated in winter and in spring, but which partially or largely dry out and 'bake' in most summers. In northerly areas most are on gentle southward or westward slopes and occur over serpentine or granite rock in soils that are particularly shallow, heating up quickly in spring (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 1,000 m (Troia and Greuter 2014).

threats:
Urbanization, construction projects (buildings, golf fields, etc.), degradation of the habitat as a result of the expansion of competitive perennial plants, drainage and infilling of ponds by excavation and agricultural practices constitute potential threats for the habitat of this species. Many sites are vulnerable to development. Trampling of river bank vegetation could pose an additional threat (Wigginton 1999).

conservationAction:
In Europe, the species is present in protected areas and included in several national Red Lists. It is nationally Vulnerable in the UK (Stroh et al. 2014) and under national protection in France.

There are no conservation measures in place but the following ones are recommended:
Preservation of sites
Surveillance of the existing sites and to search for new areas
Monitoring of the population dynamics
Surveillance and limitation of the development of the perennial plants in the habitat by clearing and maintaining the grazing practices
Raising public awareness

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is similar to I. todaroana Troìa & Raimondo and some authors (e.g., Peruzzi et al. 2014, Troia and Greuter 2015) consider the two taxa conspecific. However, for the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013, following Ernandes and Marchiori 2012), which treats the two species separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is an aquatic species with a restricted distribution in Italy. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 50 km², and it occurs in a threatened habitat. In 2010, subpopulations were still found in several localities and there are a total of nine known subpopulations. Based on the impact of anthropogenic alteration of the habitat there are nine locations and there is an  inferred continuing decline in the suitable habitat. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Isoetes iapygia is only found in Apulia, on the southwestern part of Italy. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 500-760 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 50 km².

population:
The species is only known from nine subpopulations (Ernandes et al. 2010), some with few individuals and others are larger. It is a rare species and the population trend is unknown because it has been only recently discovered.

habitat:
Isoetes iapygia is found in rocky places on limestone or calcareous rocks, often in cells of corrosion where the soils are thin. For several months of the year the habitat is characterised by a certain amount of aridity and high temperatures. The soil is water-logged during the winter, episodically flooded, but dry in the summer. The low permeability of the rocky substrate and the presence of mosses retain sufficient moisture for the development of the species. The corm is not superficial, but grows at about 3 cm under the level of the substrate (Ernandes et al. 2010). There is an inferred continuing decline in the suitable habitat. Its elevation limits are 3-150 m.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown, although it is likely to be threatened by pollution and human activities, like other Isoetes species. Its habitat, Mediterranean temporary ponds, are among the most threatened habitats in Europe. Based on the impact of anthropogenic alteration of the habitat, nine locations are calculated.

conservationAction:
In all nine known localities, Isoetes iapygia occurs in priority habitats, i.e. ‘‘Mediterranean temporary ponds’’, code 3170. In several localities the species was found to have a small number of individuals due to the limited habitat size in those localities. Elsewhere, ponds are larger and more abundant subpopulations are present. Only two of the localities are included in protected areas (Sites of Community Importance) and in these cases the species is indirectly protected. Habitats need to be protected and ex-situ conservation needs to be considered. In addition, monitoring of the sites where it is present is important.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.


taxonomicNotes:
Isoetes lacustris has been shown to hybridise with I. echinospora (I. ×hickeyi W.C.Taylor & Luebke)  (Prelli 2001), however the hybrid is not frequent and is not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This aquatic species is widespread and while it is locally declining due to overshading by other aquatic plants that crowd out the species as a result of water eutrophication, the overall population trend is considered to be stable since many subpopulations are healthy and the species is locally abundant. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Isoetes lacustris is widespread across Europe, northeastern USA and northern, central and eastern Canada. In Europe, it is present from western Poland to Spain, throughout Scandinavia, the west and north of the British Isles, the Faroe Islands and Iceland (The Isoetes Research Group 2015).

population:
The species is classed as globally 'secure' by NatureServe (2014). European subpopulations appear to be stable in most of its range and it can be locally abundant.

habitat:
Isoetes lacustris is found in widely scattered localities in cold, clear, oligotrophic quiet waters of stream-fed (upland) lakes and slow-moving streams, usually down to 2 or even 8 m deep (Tutin et al. 1964, Van der Meijden 2005, Frey et al. 2006). It thrives in large, deep-water, glacial lakes, tarns, mountain lakes, ponds, etc., where it grows in water that can be acidic to slightly more base-rich and colonises unsilted, coarse to fine, consolidated sandy or gravelly lake bottoms. They can tolerate eutrophic waters, but are usually excluded from these by competition (Page 1997). In Russia, the species is also rarely found in bayous that are detached from the main river (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 2,000 m.

threats:
Plants are sensitive to eutrophication of the water bodies they grow in, from where they soon become out-competed by other species. Eutrophication is a problem in central Europe and Russia, but not in Scandinavia where it is locally abundant.

conservationAction:
The species is not threatened through much of its range, as long as water quality is maintained. It is found in protected areas across its range and assessed in the following national Red Lists:
Bulgaria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii,iv) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)
Estonia: Vulnerable (Lilleleht 1998) and Critically Endangered (Lilleleht 2008)
France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Netherlands: Critically Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

useAndTrade:
This is one of the few cultivated species of quillworts, either as an aquarium plant or as an educational resource (The Isoetes Research Group 2015).

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.


taxonomicNotes:
Isoetes longissima Bory & Dur. is the older name of a species commonly namedI. velata A.Braun, 1850 (Troia and Greuter 2014). It is part of a taxonomic complex which requires further study and includes taxa such as I. boryana and I. tenuissima, all of which have been considered subspecific entities withinI. velata (Prelli 2001). For the purposes of this assessment, these are treated here as separate taxa, following the Euro+Med Plantbase (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
This aquatic species is assessed as Near Threatened since, even though it can be locally abundant, it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO, having suffered a decline in most regions and being vulnerable to activities that threaten temporary Mediterranean wetlands. It is therefore close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Monitoring and protection of subpopulations is therefore needed.

range:
This is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species that is found in continental France (plain of Maures and Estérel in Var, plateau of Rodès in the Oriental Pyrenees) and in Menorca, Corsica, Spain, Portugal, continental Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,700 km2.

population:
Subpopulations of this species are regionally declining because its habitat is rapidly deteriorating in many areas. There is a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO of this species. 

In continental France, there is a single site in Roussillon, whereas the other subpopulations are found in Var (Maures plain, Estérel, about 60 sites), and Pyrénées-Orientales (Rodés plateau). The subpopulations decreased in Roussillon and in Gard, but are steady in Maures and Estérel. In Corsica (Capicorsu, Agriates, Uspidali-Cagna) there are about twenty sites.

In Spain and Portugal, there is no precise data on the size of the subpopulations, but the species is distributed across the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of the northern and eastern provinces. It is also present on the island of Menorca. In Italy, the species is rare with a few sites limited to the major islands (Sicily and Sardinia), the Tyrrhenian coast (regions of Tuscany and the Lazio) and one site in Apulia.

habitat:
This species is found in temporary streams, ponds, depressions and swamps that are flooded during the winter, but often dry up in summer, usually on sandy or gravelly siliceous sediments. The germination of the spores begins in autumn (November) in saturated or flooded soil whereas their maturation is aerial. This species grows generally on non-chalky, oligotrophic and not very thick substrates (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 200 m.

threats:
This species is threatened by natural and anthropogenic habitat conversion, usually by human mismanagement, recreation, water pollution and eutrophication by agricultural run-off.

conservationAction:
In France, the species is protected and included in the national Red Book and List (priority species). Monitoring of habitats in several localities (ligneous species dynamic, water level) is underway. It occurs in the natural reserve Tre Padule of Suartone in Corsica, at one important site under the 'serie ecologique' (ONF) protection status, and another locality in a Natura 2000 site.

It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in Spain (Morenoet al. 2008). Habitat protection is the best way to protect the fragile habitat of this species. Subpopulations should be monitored.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Italian endemic plant has suffered from a decline of 88% in its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the last ten years. Therefore the population is estimated to have declined more than 80% during the last three-generation period (over 30 years) and it is thus assessed as Critically Endangered. The occurrence of this species in irrigation canals and rice fields leads to population declines due to water pollution and grading of the canals in the dry season. The causes for the decline continue and appropriate conservation measures are urgently needed but not yet in place. However, subpopulations are continuously monitored and being reinforced. Plants grown from spores become fertile after two or three years.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Piedmont and western Lombardy in northern Italy, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is somewhere between 305-7,593 km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) within this range is 36 km². 
A comparison of the historic with the current range revealed a decline of 88% in the last ten years. There was a particularly strong reduction in 2009 when four localities near Pavia were destroyed and a similar number of localities has disappeared in Piedmont in the last decade (Barniet al. 2013).

population:
Surveys of the research team of the University of Pavia and Turin counted 12 growing sites in 2009, most of them (10) occurring in a small area around the town of Arborio (Piedmont). Two small sites have been found close to Vigevano (Lombardy) and Novara (Piedmont) (Barniet al. 2010). Genetic analysis revealed thatI. malinverniana has a low between-subpopulation genetic diversity and a moderate level of within-subpopulation genetic variability (Gentiliet al. 2010).

The generation length of this species is unknown but likely to be longer than 10 years. The population trend is fluctuating, but in the longer term decreasing. The population is estimated to have declined more than 80% during the last three generations.
A new subpopulation has been established by the University of Pavia in the Ticino Natural Park near Vigevano, within the historic range of the species. This subpopulation counts on 25 individuals and represents the first successful reintroduction trial.

habitat:
Isoetes malinverniana is an aquatic plant found in clear, fresh and rapidly flowing spring water and in irrigation ditches of rice fields between 60 and 350 m elevation. It is adapted to survive dry periods and can withstand low temperatures. The plant prefers loamy soils with a high sand content (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001).

threats:
The main threats forI. malinverniana come from a change in the cultivation of rice, as a consequence of inappropriate irrigation channel management and eutrophication of the water. A threat directly affecting the species in some subpopulations is mechanical bank adjustment and mechanical brush that remove the channel sediments in the dry season, affecting the survival of adult plants, sporeling establishment and the formation of a spore bank in the soil. Manual brush seems to have a positive effect as it removes other faster-growing species that can compete withI. malinverninana for light and nutrients (Amosso 2010, Barni et al. 2010, Abeli et al. 2012), whereas plants of Isoetes are not affected. Increased nutrient concentration into the water indirectly affects I. malinvernianathrough the competition with other aquatic macrophytes that compete for light and nutrients (Amosso 2010, Barni et al. 2010). On the other hand, artificial channels dug in the past for rice field water supply increased the surface of suitable habitat available for the species. Thus, traditional rice cultivation is of primary importance for the species survival, impacting it both positively and negatively.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in Annex C1 (Species of native flora protected in a stringent way) of the regional law in Lombardy, L.R. 10/2008. Despite this, its aquatic habitat is much threatened by water pollution, poor land management, industrial development, building and road works, and especially by extraction of sediment from water bodies where this species occurs. The ecology, reproductive biology and genetics of the species have been studied by the University of Pavia, Milano-Bicocca and Turin. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.

A few plants ofI. malinvernianaare currently cultivated at the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavia and at the University of Turin butex-situ conservation of the species could be increased. Appropriate management of its sites such as replacing mechanical with manual brushing and managing nutrient levels are needed. Furthermore, a species recovery and reintroduction programmes are now in place. Annual monitoring of the subpopulations and habitat trends are carried out.

useAndTrade:
Isoetes malinverniana is sometimes mentioned in aquarium literature as an item for aquatic plant collectors, but it is not available in the commercial trade. This mentioning in the literature may initiate illegal collecting from the wild.

redListReviewers:
Abeli, T.,Troia, A.,García, M.,Lansdown, R.V.

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.

redListContributors:
Orsenigo, S.,Barni, E.,Siniscalco, C.,Rossi, G.,Gentili, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, there are only two verified subpopulations (which are considered two locations for the purpose of red listing) of this species on the Greek island of Crete. It has a small extent of occurrence (1,210 km²) and a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km² and it is only present at two locations. As it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). The species is potentially threatened by shifting agricultural expansion and habitat protection is advised.

range:
Isoetes phrygia is a predominantly Anatolian species. In Europe, it is known from two localities on the Greek island of Crete (Troia and Greuter 2015). Its elevation range is 1,100-1,300 m. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
The subpopulations of Isoetes phrygia appear to be stable. However, they are fragile due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural threats.

habitat:
Isoetes phrygia is found in shallow temporary ponds at the bottom of mountain poljes (karst fields), up to a depth of 30 cm.

threats:
Anthropogenic habitat destruction and agricultural exploitation are the major potential threats to this species. On the basis of these threats, two locations are calculated.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place but the following ones are recommended:
Preservation      of sites. 
Surveillance      of the existing sites and the search for new areas.
Monitoring      of the population dynamics.
Raising      public awareness.
It is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 56 km²and an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 4 km². It is present at only one location and there is a possible continuing decline of the quality of habitat, since it is potentially threatened by human activities such as recreation. Despite the presence of a Regional Natural Park and the absence of significant sources of organic waste along the shores, local water quality deterioration is caused by some small inlets from nearby farms that are not connected to the sewage system and discharge dirty water into the lake. There are some cultivated areas nearby that may cause agricultural run-off and the sandy beaches are intensively used for recreation. Protection measures are needed in order to conserve this species.

range:
This species is restricted to central Italy, where so far it is only known from a single locality in one lake (Lago di Bracciano), northeast of Rome, at an elevation of 164 m. Its maximum EOO is less than 56 km², which is the total area of the lake, although within this area it only occupies only 700 m² (Troia and Azella 2013). Therefore its AOO is estimated to be 4 km².

population:
About 1,000 mature individuals are known from an area of only 700 m² (Troia and Azzella 2013). As this species has only been recently discovered, the population trend is yet unknown.

habitat:
Isoetes sabatina is known from the southeastern coast of Lake Bracciano, on a sandy substrate in clear, low-nutrient water at a depth of 0.5-1.5 m, but owing to seasonal fluctuations of about 1 m, in the winter this depth increases up to 2.5 m (Troia and Azzella 2013).

threats:
This species is threatened by human activities on the lake, to which it is sensitive, including eutrophication (sewage pollution, agricultural run-off) and disturbance (recreational activities on the sandy beaches of the lake). On the basis of this threat, the species is present at one location.

conservationAction:
Even though this species is present in a Regional Nature Reserve, it is threatened by sewage pollution, agricultural run-off and recreational activities on the sandy beaches of the lake. The population and water sources need to be protected. The species must be included in the biodiversity conservation policies recently suggested in the municipality and province of Rome (Capotorti et al. 2013). Moreover, the Regional Park “Bracciano e Martignano” could play an important role in the protection of this endemic species, and ex-situ conservation programs could be applied to avoid the loss of biodiversity (Troia and Azzella 2013).

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is sometimes treated as a synonym of Isoetes longissima (= I. velata) or I. fluitans.

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes tenuissima is an aquatic species listed as Endangered because its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km², its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of subpopulations and mature individuals, even though it is present in protected areas.

range:
The species is endemic to the centre of France (Brenne, Montmorillonnais, Marche). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,140-3,956 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
This species is strongly decreasing and one subpopulation has already disappeared. It is very localised, although a thorough survey of artificial fish ponds has not been carried out and there may be undiscovered subpopulations. An overall reduction in aquatic vegetation and an increase of eutrophication have been observed in the past four decades (F. Pinet pers. comm. 2016). In the 1930s it was known from 33 fish ponds, and in 2004 only from 12 ponds.

habitat:
Isoetes tenuissima is found in small lakes and artificial fish ponds and has poor dispersal abilities, so the species is considered to be severely fragmented. It grows in very clean and pure waters with neutral pH and intermediate nutrients, rooted in sandy soils. It can emerge from the water during the summer when water levels are low.

threats:
This species is threatened by eutrophication of water bodies and competition by invasive aquatic species, such as Procambarus clarkii. Intensive fish farming in ponds can also pose a threat. Each decade, ponds are dried out for over half a year and inadequate cleaning practices during this period may severely damage the subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Isoetes tenuissima is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001), but protection of its habitat should be prioritised. It is present in a protected area (R. Lansdown pers. comm. 2016). Further research on its distribution, habitats, ecology and threats is needed, together with monitoring on its population size and trend.

redListReviewers:
Pinet, F.,García, M.,Troia, A.,Lansdown, R.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
This aquatic species is probably endemic to Sardinia, where it is currently known to have a small range. However, the overall population appears to be stable and not under current threat. Thus, the species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Isoetes tiguliana is a locally common species in Sardinia. It has also been reported from Sicily and North Africa, but these records are uncertain and need to be verified. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,277-18,911 km², but the area of occupancy (AOO) within this range is just 12 km² (although this is probably an underestimation).

population:
The general population trend in Sardinia appears to be stable.

habitat:
Isoetes tiguliana is known from several areas in Sardinia, where it grows along the margins of shallow lakes and in temporary marshes (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation range is 0-500 m.

threats:
There appear to be no major current threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Even though this species is very localised, it does not appear to be threatened. It is present in protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is similar to I. iapygia Ernandes et al. and some authors (e.g. Peruzzi et al. 2014, Greuter and Troia  2015) consider the two taxa conspecific. The Euro+Med checklist is followed for the purposes of this assessment (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013, which follows Ernandes and Marchiori 2012), which treats the two species separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
Isoetes todaroana is an aquatic species only known from a single locality that is under threat of land drainage, development, agricultural practices and other human influences, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of both 4 km². The species occurs in one location where there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Isoetes todaroana is endemic to western Sicily (Mazara del Vallo), Italy, where it is known from one or two subpopulations covering ca 200x100 m (Ermandes and Marchiori 2012). Its EOO and AOO are both 4 km².

population:
The species is known from two localities, which are under threat from agricultural practices. The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Isoetes todaroana is found in seasonally wet, siliceous, alkaline soil in temporary wetland that dries out in summer. The plants are emergent or submergent in temporary ponds.

threats:
The population is threatened by farming and other human activities such as the drainage of wetlands, conversion to agricultural land, dumping of waste, land reclamation, summer fires, etc. (Troia and Raimondo 2010). Based on these threats, the species is present only at one location.

conservationAction:
Urgent measures are needed to protect the site, which hosts other rare species and additionally is an important area for migratory birds. The habitat ('Mediterranean temporary ponds') is a priority habitat as designated by the Council of the European Communities 92/43/EEC Directive. The site is included in the "Site of Community Interest" code ITA010014, established to protect habitat and species according to the above mentioned Directive. Further actions such as agreements with the current land owners, planning restrictions, disturbance mitigation and land purchase are also suggested (Troia and Raimondo 2010).

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
In spite of its small range, this lycopod species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend and the fact that it is locally frequent, particularly in the Azores.

range:
Huperzia dentata is restricted to the Azores and Madeira, and it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 64 km². It  is  common  in  the  Azores  and grows on the islands of San Miguel, Terceira, San Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores and Corvo (Schäfer 2005). On Madeira, it is the less common of the  two  species  of  the  genus Huperzia (Fernandez Prieto et al. 2008).

population:
This species is locally frequent, but much less common than H. suberecta in Madeira (where it is uncommon), however more frequent than that species in the Azores (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It is stable in the Azores and although it is possible that it may be declining in Madeira, the overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species occurs scattered on steep often sandy slopes (Schäfer 2005) and in damp, sheltered, rocky places on wooded slopes, gullies and banks above levadas (Press and Short 1994). This species is not sensitive to disturbances as it is found at the edges of forests and roads (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 200-2,300 m.

threats:
The construction of trails and roads, and trampling by cattle and humans may affect the species, although there is some resilience to disturbance.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are currently in place. Habitat protection will benefit this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors regard this as a complex of species, often recognised are Huperzia arctica and H. appressa, although there may be other taxa. For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), considering them part of this complex as well.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

There appear to be no serious threats to this species although the recent decline of the subpopulations in some countries, particularly in its southern range, is of concern and needs further research. Given its wide distribution throughout Europe and its abundance in the Nordic countries, it is classified as Least Concern.

range:
Huperzia selagois a widespread circumboreal species extending in Eurasia from Iceland to Japan southwards to the Alps and the Himalayas. In North America it is found throughout the Arctic and boreal regions southwards to Michigan.It occurs at elevations between 0 and 2,700 m (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). In Europe it is widespread, but mostly has an arctic-alpine distribution, growing down to sea level in northern Europe, but at much higher elevations in the mountains in the south. Some authors also distinguish H. selago subsp. arctica, which is found in the tundra of northern Europe and Russia, but it differs in leaf form, the amount of buds, its smaller size and chromosome number, and is here included in the assessment.

population:
Huperzia selagois generally a common, widespread species in Europe, particularly in the north and at higher elevations, but it shows a decreasing trend overall (Frey et al. 2006). Subpopulations are assumed to be locally declining (e.g. Netherlands; Van der Meijden et al. 2000), which is also indicated by its listing as threatened in several national Red Data Books. Although in Fennoscandia and northern Russia it is mostly stable, its subpopulations tend to decline further south.

habitat:
Huperzia selagois an evergreen perennial herb found in grasslands, heathlands, mossy woods, alpine meadows and heathlands, and in blanket bogs in montane mossy areas growing in acid, nutrient poor peaty soils, rocks and cracks (Komarov 1968, Castroviejoet al. 1986, Seybold 2011, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). In Fennoscandia and Russia, it is found in birch, mixed and spruce forests (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but it could be threatened by recreational activities such as trampling as a result of hiking. It remains unclear why the species is declining in some countries, but it could be a result of climate change. In the past it has declined due to habitat destruction and improvements in agriculture and drainage, combined with heather burning and overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place. It occurs in national parks in the British Isles and throughout Europe. This species is  listed on the following national Red Lists:
Belarus: Near Threatened (Khoruzhyk et al. 2005)
Belgium: Critically Endangered (Van Landuyt et al. 2006)
Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Holub and Procházka 2000)
Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)
Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)
Germany: Least Concern (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)
Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Colling 2005)
Netherlands: Critically Endangered (van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moseret al.2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). In England, it is considered Least Concern although there was a historical decline of 52% (Stroh et al. 2014). 
It is unknown why the species is in decline and further research and monitoring is needed to clarify its threats and population trend.

useAndTrade:
This species has an active narcotic poison with hypnotic properties. While the leaves are edible, chewing three stems induces mild  intoxication whilst eight can cause unconsciousness. A poultice of  the whole plant is used as a fast-acting emetic and purgative applied in the treatment of  headaches. A homeopathic remedy is made from the whole plant,  collected during the summer. It is also used as a laxative and to kill  worms and can be used as a mordant in dyeing (Plants for a Future 2012). Selagoline is the natural product derived from this plant species as well as Huperzine A and serratidine alkaloids (Stærket al.2004). Huperzine A is known to have neuronal protection properties used for improving memory and behaviour in the treatment for Alzheimers Disease (Maet al.2007). Additionally, it is a popular source of yellow wood dye. An infusion of the plant is used in popular medicine in Russia (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Huperzia suberecta is a lycopod species restricted to Macaronesia. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km² and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. Its population is currently stable, but if it, or its habitat, should start to decline this species would quickly move into a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B2.

range:
Huperzia suberecta is restricted to Madeira and the Azores. It  is  the  most common  species  of  the  genus  on  Madeira  (Press and Short 1994), although it is still rare there. It is also rare in the Azores, where it is localised in its distribution and grows in  the  higher  zones  of the islands of San  Miguel,  Terceira,  San Jorge,  Pico,  Faial  and  Flores (Schäfer 2005), but it is absent from Corvo, Graciosa and Santa Maria (Fernandez-Prieto et al. 2008, R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
This species is locally frequent but rare in Madeira, and much less common than H. dentata in the Azores. The two species often occur together in the same places. The current population trend is presumed to be stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since the species is found on seven widely separated small islands, with 40% of the population occurring in one subpopulation and the rest distributed within the others.

habitat:
It is rather common in upland regions in damp, shady, rocky places, on wooded slopes, gullies and banks above levadas (Press and Short 1994, Frey et al. 2006). In the Azores, it is rare in humid regions above 500 m and it is sometimes epiphytic on old juniper trunks (Schäfer 2005). Its elevation range is 500-1,050 m.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species, although habitat destruction as a result of road building or grazing may have an effect. It is tolerant to some mild disturbance, but not to complete clearance.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place. Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this species. The species is present in Annex V of the Habitats Directive and protected by Portuguese Regional Law (DLR 15/2012). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of only 36 km2, the gregarious subpopulations are usually large, it faces no major threatas and it is able to invade newly disturbed sites. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
Lycopodiella cernua is a widespread pan-tropical species, found mostly at higher elevations in subtropical mountain climates of tropical Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands and the Neotropics. In Europe, it is found in the Azores (where it is possibly native) and formerly on Madeira. It has been introduced in Portugal (Valongo), Sicily and Malta. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

population:
Presumed natural subpopulations of this gregarious species in the Azores are stable to increasing in disturbed habitats. It is naturalised in several places (Portugal, Sicily, Malta; Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).

habitat:
Lycopodiella cernua usually grows in montane heaths and cloud forests on steep, often eroded slopes, in the Azores between 200 and 1,105 m elevation (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is a competitive species that easily invades new habitats, and it is often found close to fumaroles in the reach of steam and heat (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
There are no known threats to this species. It responds well to habitat disturbance, invading roadsides and land slides.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place and none are needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.

useAndTrade:
In Europe this species is not used. In several tropical countries it is used for decoration purposes.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although widespread, this lycopod species appears to be declining throughout much of its range, mainly as a result of loss and degradation of its habitats. However, it is still sufficiently abundant that it is assessed here as Least Concern. There is a concern that the number of records mask declines that may become significant globally, and further monitoring and conservation actions are encouraged for this species.

range:
Lycopodiella inundata occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and while in North America it can be found as far south as Florida, it is usually found at higher latitudes. It also occurs across Eurasia, eastwards through Russia to China and Japan (Hassler and Schmidt 2012). In Europe it is rarely frequent, but it is found locally and widely scattered throughout much of the continent, Great Britain, Ireland and the Azores. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,612 km2.

population:
Even though Lycopodiella inundata has experienced a significant number of local declines and it has an overall decreasing trend, the species is widespread and locally abundant.

habitat:
Lycopodiella inundata grows in open, wet, bare, peaty or sandy margins of lakes, pools, flushes and trackways often in heathland, swamps, boggy meadows, mossy coniferous woods, wet dune slacks or along the edge of Sphagnum bogs. It can rapidly colonise secondary habitats and substrates kept open by winter inundation, disturbance by cars, cattle, hikers or peat cutting (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Preston et al. 2002, Frey et al. 2006). It can thus inhabit road edges, ditches, abandoned mines and under electricity powerlines (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,900 m Asl.

threats:
Marsh clubmoss is threatened by widespread and continued loss and degradation of its habitat throughout its range as a result of draining, eutrophication and the building of infrastructure.

conservationAction:
Lycopodiella inundata has been assessed in the following national Red Lists:
Belarus: Near Threatened (Khoruzhyk et al. 2005)
Bulgaria: Critically Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)
Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2007)
Czech Republic: Endangered (Procházka 2001)
Estonia: Vulnerable (Lilleleht 2008)
Finland: Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010)
France: Near Threatened (UICN France 2012)
Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)
Luxembourg: Regionally Extinct (Colling 2005)
Netherlands: Vulnerable (van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Poland: Vulnerable (Mirek et al. 2006)
Spain: Vulnerable (Moreno 2008)
Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002)
Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2010)
Ukraine: Rare (Didukh 2009)
United Kingdom: Endangered. In England it is also assessed as Endangered as a result of a 65% recent decline in EOO (Stroh et al. 2014).
Whilst overall this species would appear to be secure, at least in the near future, it is clear that there is a significant ongoing decline. There is a need to monitor populations to ensure that if major losses occur, it will not be too late to undertake conservation action. Restoration of heathlands and wet open sandy areas may benefit this species (M. Christenhusz, pers. obs. 2016). In France and Bulgaria it is protected by law (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016, D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016), and it is included in Annex V of the Habitats Directive. An action plan for L. inundata was ellaborated in Bulgaria (D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016). The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rouhan, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

As this lycopod species is common, widespread, is not facing any major threats and subpopulations are well protected in mountain reserves, it is listed here as Least Concern. Further research is needed to clarify if this species will be affected by climate warming.

range:
This is a circumboreal species found in north Asia, North America and Europe. In Europe it is found at higher elevations, mostly in Scandinavia, Lapland, the Alps, northern Britain and Ireland and rarely also in the mountains of central Germany (Frey et al. 2006).

population:
Plants are locally abundant. Its current population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in tundras, high elevation mountain moors and short grassy heaths, where it is characteristic of acidic, well-drained slopes with a thin covering of compacted, peaty ground over rock. Sometimes it also grows in patches of thicker turf where competition is reduced by grazing and high exposure, in relatively dry alpine and pine heaths (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Page 1997, H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). It is found at elevations between 1,000 - 2,700 m.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place and none are needed. Many subpopulations occur on mountain tops that usually enjoy a certain degree of protection, and it is found in protected areas. It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as a Rare species (Didukh 2009), and it is protected by law in France (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016). It is included in the Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is uncertain if a warming climate has any effect on this arctic-alpine species, and further research is needed to clarify this.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though declines have been noticed in part of its range, this lycopod species is still widespread and occurs in abundance in northern coniferous forests. It is therefore listed here as Least Concern. Further research on its population trend and possible threats is needed.

range:
Lycopodium annotinum is a circumboreal species found across the north of the Northern Hemisphere, in North Asia, North America and Europe. It is locally common in boreal and alpine habitats, principally following the distribution of boreal pine forests (Page 1997).

population:
Even though in the southern areas of its distribution the species is decreasing, it is still abundant in the north and the overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
The species is found on moist acid ground along mainly coniferous forest edges, in heathland, moors, mountain grassland and tundra and under creeping willow (Salix repens) (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005), mostly in alpine and boreal areas in pine, spruce and birch forests (Y. Ivanenko and H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation range is 0 - 2,000 m.

threats:
Declines in the subpopulations have been noticed in the western part of its distribution as a result of human activities, including infrastructure construction, building, forestry, changes in land use, climate change and eutrophication.

conservationAction:
Lycopodium annotinum is still common in much of its northern range, but declines have been noticed and its population trend and possible threats need to be investigated. It was assessed as Vulnerable on the Dutch national Red List (Van der Meijden et al. 2000). It is present in protected areas in many parts of its range.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.


taxonomicNotes:
Subpopulations from the alpine tundra, the fells of northern Scandinavia and the Highlands of Scotland are sometimes segregated as L. clavatum subsp. monostachyon, but these differ only in the number of sporangia per branch, which is variable in the species across its range, and are here included in this assessment. Some authors recognise this subspecies as L. lagopus, but for the purposes of this assessment it will be considered a subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This lycopod species is widespread and common throughout arctic and mountainous areas in Europe. There are parts where the species is abundant and does not face major threats such as Fennoscandia, Ukraine and Russia. But in other parts of its range, the species is listed on national Red Lists threatened by a loss of habitat that causes subpopulations to decline. The species is a weak competitor and the abandonment of traditional land management, forest plantations and eutrophication leads to changes in vegetation and outcompete Lycopodium clavatum. The species has a wide range of medicinal and cultural uses and off-take should be monitored in order to prevent overharvesting becoming a threat.

range:
Lycopodium clavatum has a broad distribution across north Asia, North America and Europe and in tropical and subtropical mountains in the Caribbean, South America and East Africa (Frey et al. 2006). In Europe, it is widespread but with a markedly arctic-alpine distribution. In the United Kingdom it is mostly confined to upland sites in the west and north, or scattered on heaths in the south (Natural History Museum 2010). It is widespread across Fennoscandia and it is also common in the Baltic states, although rather rare in central Lithuania, because its habitat is absent there. It can be found throughout European Russia including Kaliningrad   (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Ukraine,Lycopodium clavatum is widespread in the zone of deciduous and  mixed forests in the Polesian lowland, in the lesosteppe (forest steppe)  zone and in the Carpathian Mountains. There are isolated localities in  extra-zonal pine forests in the steppe zone of Ukraine. It is widespread but less common in the rest of central and southern Europe, mainly found in the mountains of the Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, the Alps and Balkans and the Pyrenees.

population:
Lycopodium clavatum is common in the Nordic countries, Russia and the central European mountains, but some subpopulations are decreasing because this is a slow-growing species and it is affected by habitat loss. The parental generation needs about 20 years to produce offspring. On a long-term and general scale, the population is stable, but it is locally affected by some threats (V. Rašomavičius pers. comm. 2010). Due to its clonal nature it is difficult to count numbers of individuals in a subpopulation and a single plant can cover a fairly large area of forest floor.
In Hungary there are still more than 100 localities but  the  number of localities and the subpopulations have a declining trend  especially in the last 20 years. In Switzerland, each subpopulation covers a few square meters and could sometimes be formed  by only one individual. There is also a slight long-term decline there: 40 locations were found after 1994, but there is no clear information about the real   distribution at current times. The Italian subpopulations are also declining, however, in Ukraine subpopulations are big and stable. In 1960, up to 9.2 tons ofLycopodium clavatum spores were stored in Ukraine (Chikov 1980) and this shows the magnitude of this species in this country. The overall population trend is stable and it is common in most of its distribution area except for the western range.

habitat:
Lycopodium clavatum is a long-lived and slow-growing species. It is a poor competitor and a slow   colonizer, only able to compete successfully in open situations with short vegetation. It prefers relatively open moist or slightly dry places in heathy vegetation, coniferous forests, open woodland, arctic tundra, moors, peatland, montane heathland, grassland and moorland, often in conifer plantations, frequently forming large patches (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006, F. Rumsey per. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,300 m.

threats:
Lycopodium clavatum is mainly threatened by the loss of suitable habitat. Abandonment of  traditional land uses such as grazing leads to natural succession  processes and as the species is a weak competitor this leads to population declines. The species  tends to establish on eroded areas such  as  the ones that have suffered  clear cuttings. Even a decrease in the use of former military paths leads to  succession and the disappearance of this species.

Intensive agricultural activities on forests edges are another threat as they lead to eutrophication and this leads to a change in vegetation. Here again,Lycopodium clavatum cannot compete if faced with the emergence of taller vegetation. Pollution  and eutrophication can damage the mycorrhiza that are in symbiosis  with this  plant. For other species in this genus it has been reported  and it could  be a threat for this species as well. Due to reforestation projects, forest areas become larger and forest  edges decrease. Dense forest plantations have dark understories where this species cannot thrive as it requires light. 

In Lithuania, the main threat is its use as decoration, particularly near the bigger cities, although this gathering is forbidden by national  regulations. It is likely this regulations would stop the threat, because  of their transposition into administrative punishments. The species does not face threats in large parts of its range such as Ukraine and Fennoscandia.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, bark and fruits are subject to this regulation. The entire genusLycopodium is listed in the Annex V of the Habitat Directive.

The species is listed on several national Red Lists:
Estonia: Near Threatened (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)
Germany: Vulnerable (level 3; Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)
Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Krippel 2003)
Netherlands: Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Russia: Least Concern (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)
Serbia: Endangered (V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010)
Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern, although in England it is Vulnerable as a result of a 31% decline in AOO (Stroh et al. 2014)
It is not of concern in Ukraine and several other countries. However, the species is under national protection in various countries and regions such as Hungary, in some regions of France and in one region in Switzerland. Regulations for its commercial use are in place in Italy, Latvia and Lithuania.
It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range, for example in Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

In terms of conservation measures needed, it is necessary to manage sites in a way thatLycopodium clavatum can compete with other vegetation, i.e. keep areas open, reintroduce grazing activities. Monitoring of some subpopulations' trends is recommended. In addition, off-take should be monitored in order to prevent over-harvesting becoming a threat.

useAndTrade:
The spores of Lycopodium clavatum are harvested from the strobili and sold as 'Lycopodium Powder'. This was used as an explosive in film and entertainment industries, as lubrication on condoms and surgical gloves, as cosmetic powder, as pill coating in the pharmaceutical industry and in homoeopathic medicine (Natural History Museum 2010). In traditional medicine, the plant is used internally in the treatment of urinary and kidney disorders, rheumatic arthritis, gastritis, etc. and externally it is applied to treat skin diseases and irritations (Plants For A Future 2010).
In the Baltic States, the plant is locally still used for medicinal purposes and collected near cities. It is also  gathered for religious purposes as it is used to decorate churches  during Easter because of its evergreen character (V.  Rasomavicius pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic, it can be collected for personal use if it is not within a protected area as the species is not protected. There is no indication about collections for high scale trade. In Switzerland, the collection is regulated in one canton.

The spores are used as baby powder and as binding material for pills; they are also employed in the manufacture of fireworks. They contain about 47.5% of nondrying fatty oils (glycerides, and oleic, palmitic, stearic, and merits acids, etc. They were used in large amounts in cast-iron foundries for dressing holds, and therefore it used to be an export article of great importance. In Sweden the plant was used sometimes for mat weaving (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even thoughLycopodium complanatum is decreasing in part of its range, it is still reasonably abundant in several places like Fennoscandia and the Alps, and it is therefore unlikely that this species will meet any of the threatened Categories. It is therefore listed here as Least Concern.

range:
Lycopodium complanatum is a widespread species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. There are several subspecies recognised. In Europe it is most frequently encountered in the north and central parts of the continent, found across Fennoscandia and eastwards to the Urals, and southwards to the Italian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. It is scattered in Germany, but many localities from before 1945 have not been recently confirmed there (Frey et al. 2006).

population:
Subpopulations appear to be stable in many places, but during the last 50 years several localities have disappeared due to changes in land management, forestry practices and water quality. However, its overall population trend is stable and it is locally fairly frequent.

habitat:
Lycopodium complanatum can form large stands on acidic humus over sand or granite in pine (or rarely beech) forests, rarely in spruce of fir woods, in mixed forests (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006) or in heathland (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,800 m.

threats:
The species is threatened by changes in land management and forestry practices.

conservationAction:
Lycopodium complanatum is locally abundant but has reduced in abundance in many places. Habitat protection is the most effective strategy since this species is difficult to cultivate and will not translocate as it has strong mycorrhizal associations. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Bulgaria: Regionally Extinct (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)
Czech Republic: Endangered. The taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently recorded at only 6-20 localities) and is declining in abundance (Grulich 2012)
Estonia: Near Threatened (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
France: Regionally Extinct (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012) and nationally protected by law (Prelli 2001)
Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1999)
Ukraine: Rare (Y. Ivanenko pers comm 2016)

useAndTrade:
This species is a popular source of a green wool dye (Komarov 1968).

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Lycopodium issleri is an allopolyploid species, sometimes considered an hybrid between L. alpinum and L. complanatum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

This lycopod species is listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km² and the population is severely fragmented so the species is close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. It is affected by changes in habitat management and eutrophication.

range:
This species is a hybrid between L. alpinum and L. complanatum, and like its parents it has an arctic-alpine distribution, but it is much more patchy. It is known from North America (Maine, USA) and in Europe it is mainly known from the central European mountains (Alps, Vosges, northern Carpathians). It extends into the Scottish Highlands and central Siberia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².

population:
This species is often confused with other species of Lycopodium. Plants are clonal and thus actual population trends based on numbers of individuals are not known. The species is very infrequent and has a severely fragmented population since it is found in small and isolated subpopulations.

habitat:
Lycopodium issleri is most common in montane grassland and dwarf heathland, usually on warm, sunny, open ground or on cool moist banks (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997, Frey et al. 2006).

threats:
Changes in habitat management and eutrophication are affecting this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place. This species is listed in France as Endangered (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), in the United Kingdom as Near Threatened (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and in England as Critically Endangered (Stroh et al. 2014). It is unknown whether it is present in protected areas, although it is likely.

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lycopodium madeirense is an extremely rare lycopod found in small areas in Madeira and the Azores. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 32 km², and there are known threats to the subpopulations due to grazing and road construction work. It has a population of less than 3,000 individuals, with ca 50 mature individuals per population and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and its habitat extent and quality. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is found in the Azores and Madeira (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), where it is usually very rare. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
On Madeira, the species is currently only present in one small site. It is difficult to assess how many individuals there are because it is a clonal species, but there are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 in the island of Madeira (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). In the Azores, the species is uncommon and sporadic (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). The total population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 individuals (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), and likely less than 3,000 individuals, with ca 20 subpopulations containing fewer than 50 individuals each (H. Schaefer pers. comm 2016). The population appears to be fragmented, but it is actually interconnected due to spore exchange (H. Schaefer pers comm. 2016). The population trend is not known (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), but expected to be decreasing since its habitat quality and extent are declining.

habitat:
This species is rare on high elevation heathlands. In Madeira it is only known from a single locality in the center of the island (Press and Short 1994). In the Azores, it is found on moorlands, juniper forests, heathland and lava fields between 300 and 1,100 m elevation (Schäfer 2005, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The juniper forest habitat of this species is generally under threat through grazing and road construction and maintenance, including in protected areas. On Flores, rabbits and goats often eat the fertile parts of the plant reducing its fertility rate (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), under Appendix V of the Habitats Directive and by Portuguese regional law (RLD 15/2012). Habitat protection is the best means to protect this species from decline. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.


taxonomicAuthority:
(Stoor, Boudrie, Jérôme, K.Horn & Bennert) B.Bock

taxonomicNotes:
The species combines characters of L. alpinum and L. tristachyum and is often treated as a hybrid. The status of this species has been doubted by Vogel and Rumsey (1999) stating that it probably fits within the general variability of L. alpinum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The population size and frequency of this species are not yet well known. Due to confusion with other Lycopodium species, it is possible that the species is more common than reported. The species is assessed as Near Threatened, because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² and the population is severely fragmented, thus being close to qualify as threatened under criterion B2. Further research and monitoring on the species' population trends and threats is needed.

range:
Lycopodium oellgaardii is a central European species of hybrid origin with L. alpinum and L. tristachyum as its parents. It is known from a single locality in Jutland, Denmark, but is more widely spread in the Alps (Germany, Austria, Italy, France), southern Czech Republic (Bohemia) and the Vosges and Massif Central in France (Stoor et al. 1996, Prelli 2001). This species has only been recently recognised and plants were often confused with L. issleri or treated as L. alpinum in the past. Outside of Europe, this species is also known from the northeast Anatolia region (Turkey), as reported on Takhtajan (2003).

population:
The population trend is not known as the species has only been recently recognised as distinct. Subpopulations are usually very isolated and small so the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Lycopodium oellgaardii is found on siliceous or superficially decalcified soils in montane heathland and open forest, often in similar places as L. alpinum, one of the parental species (Frey et al. 2006).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but habitat destruction or overgrowing of the heath due to eutrophication or management alteration may have an effect.

conservationAction:
Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this rare species. Further research and monitoring on the species' trends and threats is needed. It is found in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:
France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Germany: Possibly endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1999)
Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

This widespread lycopod species is listed as Near Threatened because it probably has slightly over 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to succession and eutrophication.

range:
Lycopodium tristachyum is a widespread species found in Europe, Anatolia and North America. In Europe, it is mainly found in central and northern areas. It is scattered in Germany, but many localities from before 1945 have not been recently confirmed (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated as 2,460 km², but this includes historical collections; the current AOO may therefore be smaller.

population:
This species is rare in north and western Europe, and becomes more common towards the east of its distribution. The population trend is declining, particularly in the northern and western areas of its European distribution. It probably has around 10,000 individuals (perhaps slightly more than this), but considering its clonal nature an exact count is not available.

habitat:
Lycopodium tristachyum is found on acid heath communities, open pine forests and lightly shaded places on dry nutrient poor sandy soil in heathland and open forest, sometimes in dunes (Van der Meijden 2005, Frey et al. 2006). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.

threats:
This species is threatened by succession, through the conversion of heathland into forests, and by soil eutrophication due to agricultural activities.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are currently in place, although the species is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species is best protected by preservation of its habitat and areas where it occurs. Research and monitoring is needed on population and habitat trends and threats, and management plants may be appropriate in some cases. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Critically threatened. The taxon meets the condition of decline, at least 90% of all the populations ever recorded have become extinct and extant populations are usually clearly declining (Grulich 2012)
Estonia: Vulnerable (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
Finland: Endangered A2ace; B2ab(ii,iii,iv) (Rassi et al. 2010)
France: Vulnerable D1 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is protected by law (Prelli 2001)
Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)
Netherlands: Critically Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)
Norway: Endangered A4bc;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) (Kålås et al. 2010)

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Lycopodium zeilleri is an hybridogenous allopolyploid species, sometimes treated as an hybrid between L. complanatum and L. tristachyum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

This lycopod species is assessed as Near Threatened as it has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 2,000 km², and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore it is close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. In pan-Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO values are substantially larger than in the EU 28 since there are many sites in Norway, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Further research and fieldwork are needed as many new subpopulations have recently been discovered, together with monitoring and habitat protection.

range:
Lycopodium zeilleri is a species of hybrid origin between L. complanatum and L. tristachyum. It is a very local species, found in isolated subpopulations mainly in Canada, USA, central and northern Europe, Germany and Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is around 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1,788 km².

population:
Population trends are not known, but it is a local and rare species. The species is very common in Belarus, northern Ukraine and European Russia. In Fennoscandia, the trend is slightly decreasing but it is possible that the species is undersampled there (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). In Russia, it seems to be stable. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be stable. However, with the current knowledge of its occurrence, the population seems to be severely fragmented since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations.

habitat:
Lycopodium zeilleri is found on acid heathland and open pine, spruce and mixed forests, normally in lightly shaded places among mosses and lichens on sandy soil (Frey et al. 2006, Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). This species is relatively resistant to forest fires due to its large rhizomes (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but habitat alteration certainly affects some subpopulations. In Fennoscandia and Russia, forestry management and soil ploughing can be detrimental to the species (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016)

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are currently in place, although the species is found in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection, restoration and heath maintenance are the best means to preserve this species. This species is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Critically Endangered. The taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently at 1-5 locations), with its subpopulations declining: either some populations have become extinct or at least some of the extant populations are clearly declining (Grulich 2012)
Estonia: Data Deficient (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)
France: Endangered B2ab(ii,iv,v) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)
Norway: Vulnerable A4bc (Kålås et al. 2010)
Research and monitoring on its population size, trends, distribution and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Selaginella denticulata is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean and faces localized threats, but it has an overall widespread distribution, is locally abundant and its overall population trend seems to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. This species is easily propagated and can be translocated in case isolated subpopulations are threatened.

range:
Selaginella denticulata is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, found in Madeira (including Porto Santo and Deserta Grande), the Canary Islands and throughout the Mediterranean basin southwards to North Africa and eastwards to the Levant. In Europe it is very common in southern Portugal (south of Rio Douro), southern Spain, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, southern France, Italy, Malta, the Adriatic coast (Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania), Greece and Cyprus (Prelli 2001).

population:
Selaginella denticulata is abundant in the western Mediterranean basin and rarer in the eastern part. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
Selaginella denticulata forms carpets on soil or rocks in humid and shady sites, such as river banks, rocky forests, slopes, levada walls, old masonry and edges of temporary pools. It almost exclusively grows on siliceous substrates, but in southern areas it is locally tolerant of limestone. This species inhabits slopes, rocks or shady walls in the understory of oaks, pines and Mediterranean maquis. It prefers a warm temperate climate (Prelli 2001, Davis 1965-1985). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,000 m.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, but the small subpopulations of the eastern Mediterranean basin are threatened by urbanization.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the regional level (Languedoc-Roussillon) in France, and is found in protected areas throughout its range. No further conservation measures are suggested.

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (724 km2), the species is locally  common, particularly in the Alps, and has an overall stable population trend. Therefore it is listed as  Least Concern.

range:
This species is found predominantly in the mountain regions of Eurasia, eastwards to Japan, the Himalayas, the Caucasus and Anatolia. In Europe it is found in the central mountains, where it is widespread in the Alps, High Ardennes, Sudeten, Carpathians and the Balkans, with a few lowland stations in the Po Valley (Italy). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 724 km2.

population:
The species is locally abundant and the population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
Selaginella helvetica is a found on damp mossy rocks in shady places in grassland, meadows and sedge bogs, rarely in spruce forest (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006), on siliceous or calcareous substrates, usually at middle elevations, sometimes in the lowlands or at higher elevations in Italy (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,000 m.

conservationAction:
This species is not of conservation concern in the Alps, but habitat protection is advised elsewhere. It is found in protected areas throughout its range and is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Croatia: Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005)
Czech Republic: Extinct (Grulich 2012)
France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Hungary: Endangered (Király et al. 2001) or Critically Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)
Italy: Least Concern (Rossi et al. 2013)
Poland: Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)
Slovakia: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)
Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)
Ukraine: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This lycopod species is widespread and invasive in many parts of the world (including Europe). It is locally abundant in the Macaronesia, where it faces no threats, and it is therefore it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This widespread species is found throughout tropical and southern Africa and is naturalized in North and South America, Australasia, Asia and Europe. In Europe, it is native to the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, as proven by palynological evidence (van Leeuwen et al. 2005) and it is locally naturalised from cultivation in the UK, Portugal, France, Spain, Corsica, Sicily, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Croatia etc.

population:
The trend in the Macaronesian subpopulations is stable, and it is frequently cultivated and naturalises easily elsewhere. Spores are also long-lived and plants can re-emerge years after it was last found. Its range is likely to increase as woodland habitats are replaced (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016) and garden escapes become more frequent.

habitat:
This species is locally abundant and is found in damp woods, laurel and montane forests, on banks beside levadas, damp roadsides, gardens, and among damp pavement, from sea level up to c. 1,600 m elevation (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is often an escape from cultivation and is then found in various altered, but moist habitats.

threats:
There are no threats to this resilient and widespread species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place and none appear to be needed. It is present in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is frequently grown as a 'moss' in plant and flower arranging, and can easily establish itself when discarded in a moist place. They are not harvested from the wild.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This species is widespread and locally abundant without any obvious threats, so it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This is an arctic-montane species, found in northern Asia and Europe, from the Canary Islands (El Hierro, where its presence needs verification) throughout northern Europe, in the mountains of Scandinavia, Britain, northern Ireland, the Alps, Pyrenees and the Balkan Peninsula (Frey et al. 2006).

population:
This species occurs in good abundance in the mountain habitats that it prefers. It is a strong coloniser of open wet soil. In the southern edge of Scandinavia and UK the species is decreasing (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). The same case is suspected to be true for Spain and Italy. In Russia, the species appears to be stable. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
Selaginella selaginoides is found in open, light places in sedge bogs, calcareous mires, flushes, alpine heaths, wet meadows rarely in mossy spruce forests, common in mountainous areas (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006). In Russia and Scandinavia, the species is found in stream banks, wet stony slopes, wet meadows and bogs (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).500-2500

threats:
The species is very sensitive to water drainage. It may be affected by forestry in spruce forests.

conservationAction:
The species is Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), where it is only known from El Hierro. In most mountain habitats in northern Europe the species is abundant and no conservation measures are in place or are needed.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
A loss has been reported in area, quality and extent of habitat and number of mature individuals of this species due to threats such as fires, forest plantations and hydrological power plants. There are indications that its subpopulations in mainland Spain and Portugal have been decreasing seriously, but the rate of this decline in the last three generations is not known, particularly as individuals are very long-lived. Nevertheless, the Azorean subpopulations account for more than 10,000 individuals and seem stable, and the species is protected by law in Portugal. Therefore, the overall decline is not thought to reach 30% in the last three-generation length period.

However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this rare species is smaller than 2,000 km² and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO is taking place. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. The habitats of this species need protection and its biology requires further research.

range:
Culcita macrocarpais endemic to Portugal and Spain. It is closely related to C. coniifolia, a tropical American species, and these are the only two species in the genus. It can be found in the north Cantabrian coast, northern Galicia, southern Spain (Algeciras), the Canary Islands (Tenerife), in the Serra de Valongo near Porto (Portugal), the Azores (Corvo, Faial, Flores, Pico, Sao Miguel, Sao Jorge, Terceira) and Madeira (Bañareset al. 2004). In Spain, the area of occupancy is 62 km² (Bañareset al. 2004). In Portugal mainland, the surface range of the species is 100 km² and it is 1,451 km² in the Azores and Madeira (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Overall, the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is less than 2,000 km².

population:
In Portugal, the population has been estimated to be of ca 300 individuals on the mainland (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but more than 10,000 plants occur in the Azores (Silvaet al. 2009), where it is abundant. It has been indicated that the area of occupancy has been reduced in the last decades (ICN 2006) and a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO is currently taking place.

The subpopulation in Spain has been estimated to comprise ca 20,000 individuals distributed across six regions including Asturias, Cádiz, Cantabria, Galicia, the Basque Country and on the island of Tenerife   (Bañareset al.2004), and although it is very localised, subpopulations can be reasonably large. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This tree fern grows on siliceous rocky slopes, especially in deep valleys under evergreen forest and near coastal areas, sometimes in scrubland up to 1,100 m elevation.It is usually  found close towaterfalls or streams that provide moisture in the form of spray. This species requires shade and warm  temperatures all year round, with high atmospheric humidity to flourish. The  thickness of the soil does not appear to condition their development  as they grow on  earthy or stony slopes, skeletal soils and even  directlyon a diversity of acid rocks,  basic or ultrabasic, although it apparently avoids limestone substrates (Bañares et al. 2004). In the Azores, it is a common species in the herbaceous layer of high elevation montane forests (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
There is no evidence that subpopulations of Culcita macrocarpa are threatened by natural causes, although the knowledge of its biology is still scarce. The species could be affected by changes in the water supply, plantations and the cutting of trees (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). In recent years, a reduction or even disappearance of several subpopulations in natural parks or areas proposed as Natura 2000 sites has been observed.The main causes appear to be the conversion of forests into plantations, the construction of small hydro-plants, vandalism and habitat destruction (Bañares et al. 2004). In Portugal, fire is the main threat to the species and eucalyptus plantations are causing desiccation of the soil, leading to an alteration of its preferred habitat (ICN 2006). Madeira has seen a decline of at least 25% on its subpopulations over the last decade, but the decline in the Azores is not substantiated (Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Culcita macrocarpa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is included in the Spanish Red Data Book as Endangered (EN) A2ce; B1b(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii) (Moreno2008) and considered to be Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). It is protected by national law in Portugal. 
Several subpopulations are located in protected areas, with conservation measures underway. It is suggested to protect the species in micro-reserves, to reinforce and protect effective subpopulations, to manage the risk from fires and to preserve its forest habitat. Studies on its reproductive biology should be continued (Bañareset al. 2004, ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
This plant has been used commercially for ornamental purposes by florists in Porto. It is also of medicinal use (ICN 2006). Its rhizome scales were formerly used to stuff cushions, for example for old fashioned car seats, but this is no longer the case.

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is a recent allopolyploid derived from hybridasition of H. tombrigensii and H. wilsonii. This taxon is difficult to differentiate from its parents and from other hybrids. Most of the records are the result of confusion with the primary hybrid, which is sterile (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
Hymenophyllum maderense is an endemic fern from Madeira, from where it is known from fewer than 50 individuals occurring in a single site. The species has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), it is present at only one location and it has experimented a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, extent of the habitat, number of locations, number of subpopulations and mature individuals. Therefore it is listed Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira. Previously, it was known from two localities (Gibby and Lovis 1989, Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008), but currently it is only known from one site (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
The population is found in a single small gully on two boulders and there are less than 50 mature individuals. The population has declined by half, considering that the only other subpopulation has been lost.

habitat:
This delicate fern species grows on humid rocks in Laurisilva forests withOcotea foetens (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its elevation limits are 1,000-1,400 m.

threats:
A decline on its habitat extent and quality due to invasive species has been observed, making it difficult for the species to compete with them. Trampling and recreational activities are also affecting the species, and occasional collection by fern 'enthusiasts' poses a real threat as this species is very rare. Droughts, wildfires and landslides are potential threats as well (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). A flooding event may wipe out the entire remaining population (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
Hymenophyllum maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 

Campaigns for public awareness are recommended for this species. Management and protection of the species habitat and re-introductions of new subpopulations are needed. Research on its distribution, biology and ecology as well as population dynamics should be undertaken. Fire prevention in the Laurisilva forests is greatly needed.

A recovering plan for the habitat and control of invasive species, together with the conservation of spores and in vitro material in a germoplasm bank are a necessity. It was previously listed as Critically Endangered in Madeira.

useAndTrade:
This plant is sometimes collected by fern collectors, but it usually does not survive transplantation. It is not used commercially.

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This delicate fern species is listed as Least Concern, as it is widespread, locally abundant and has a stable population trend. It has particular habitat requirements and therefore its habitat needs to be protected to preserve its subpopulations. Taxonomic research is also needed.

range:
This widespread species usually occurs in isolated subpopulations that are often situated at great distances from each other. It can be found in western Europe, the Caucasus and the Black Sea coast, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and in the Neotropics, southward to Chile and northwards to an isolated station in South Carolina, although the taxonomy of some of the more distant subpopulations need to be reviewed. 
In Europe it has an essentially western, Atlantic range, occurring from Macaronesia northwards to Brittany, Ireland and Britain, with a small number of inland sites in France, Luxembourg and Italy. The isolated subpopulations in Germany, Czech Republic and Croatia are presumed to be extinct. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 2,000 km2.

population:
This is a gregarious fern throughout its range, usually occurring as numerous, nearby, discontinuous patches in suitable habitats (Page 1997). The population trend appears to be stable. While the subpopulations are small and far from each other, with large areas of unsuitable habitat in between, it seems to be a good disperser and its population is therefore not considered to be severely fragmented (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2017).

habitat:
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense typically grows amongst ever moist, shaded, rocky outcrops, in well-wooded, sheltered, stream valleys and in deep rocky stream gorges. It is usually found on free draining, steep or vertical rock surfaces, with the fronds mostly in a hanging position, forming cushion-like carpets on and around large boulders along courses of steep, tumbling stream ravines, or festoons the boles of trees beside cascading water courses. When occurring epiphytically, it grows on the lower parts of trees in moist, humid conditions (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are from sea level to 500 m.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However, local collection of the specimens and the drying of the climate may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The subpopulations of this species are vulnerable because they are restricted to specialised habitats, which need to be protected. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. The species is included on the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Extinct (Grulich 2012).
Croatia: Data Deficient (Nikolić and Topić 2007), and now presumed to be extinct.
France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012).
Germany: Threatened with extinction (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), and now presumed to be extinct.
Spain: Vulnerable B2ab(iii); D2 (Moreno et al. 2008). It is locally listed as rare or vulnerable in the northern coastal area (Zoological Society of London 2014). It is endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).
Taxonomic research is needed to verify if this consists of a single species globally or if it is a complex of cryptic species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not used. It is sometimes poached by collectors of unusual plants, but cultivation is often unsuccessful.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This delicate fern species is endemic to Europe. It has a stable population trend, it is widespread and gregarious in many places where it occurs, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Nevertheless, it is sensitive to habitat alteration and subpopulations ought to be protected as they are indicators of a unique microclimate.

range:
This species is restricted to areas in northwestern Europe with high rainfall levels. It is mostly abundant in Britain and Ireland, and is also found in coastal Norway and Brittany, southwards to Madeira and northwards to Iceland (Schaefer 2005, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The subpopulations in Normandy and on Gran Canaria have disappeared, although it is still present in La Gomera. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,700 km².

population:
This is a gregarious fern within its range, forming many nearby patches within a subpopulation. It has declined in the past, but it is currently considered stable throughout its range. The species is not common in the Azores and in many other parts of its distribution (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Hymenophyllum wilsonii occurs in deep ravines and river gorges on vertical rock faces by waterfalls and along cascading stream sides. It is also present on tree trunks in valley woodlands and in sheltered ravines or among scree on mountainsides (Page 1997), in woods and other damp, shady, sheltered or slightly more exposed places (Tutin et al. 1964). It is most abundant in steep, sheltered and well-shaded stream ravines near western Atlantic coasts, where humidity is normally constantly high, where winter temperatures are mild, and where there is a long growth season, especially on more acidic rocks (Page 1997). In the Azores, it is an epiphytic species on juniper (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is found from sea level to 1,200 m elevation (F. Rumsey and R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The species is mostly affected by the alteration of its habitat. When the forest is cleared or the area dries out, the species disappears. Hydroelectric schemes and tourism disturbances may affect the species through changes in the levels of humidity (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016),

conservationAction:
This species is often under-recorded because it is small and moss-like and thus frequently overlooked. It is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists:
France: Endangered B2ab(iii) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012).
Spain: Critically Endangered D (Moreno et al. 2008), Endangered in Galicia (Romero Buján 2007) and Extinct in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), although it is present in La Gomera.
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Stroh et al. 2014).

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is often placed in the genus Vandenboschia.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Trichomanes speciosum is a restricted to western Europe and Macaronesia. It is found at more than 500 localities in its range and is stable in some countries. Overall, it does not approach any of the threatened Categories at the European level. However, the species has a very specialized ecology and habitat preferences and  is very slow-growing. In addition, it faces several threats including collection, recreational activities,  habitat destruction, unfavourable forest management, modification of hydrological  conditions, droughts and garbage disposal. Therefore, despite being assessed as Least Concern, the species should continue being monitored, site protection should be kept in place and appropriate management of the sites needs to be considered.

range:
Trichomanes speciosum is restricted to western Europe and Macaronesia. This species has a mainly extreme western range in Europe, with sporophytic subpopulations found from Scotland, western England, Wales and Ireland, Brittany, the western Iberian peninsula to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Isolated sporophytic subpopulations are known from Italy (Alpi Apuane) and Germany (Palatinate). Gametophytic populations are also found in Belgium, the Czech Republic (Hrensko), France (Vosges), Germany (Eiffel, Palatinate near Pirmasens, Elbsandsteingebirge), Italy (Tuscany, Liguria) and Luxembourg and Poland.
In France, it occurs in Brittany, Alsace and Pyrénées Atlantique. In Italy, the gametophyte grows in about 200 subpopulations in Tuscany and Liguria between 20 and 600 m elevation. The sporophyte has been recorded in about six localities in the Alpi Apuane between 165 and 275 m (Foggiet al. 2010). In Portugal, it is found at two localities close to each other in the Serra de Santa Justa, region Valongo (ICN 2006). In Spain, it occurs in the provinces A Coruña, Asturias, Cadiz, Guipuzcoa, Navarra, Santander, and Vizcaya (Castroviejoet al.1986, Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). In the UK, it is found in at least 14 localities (UK Biodiversity Group 1995). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is over 2,400 km2.

population:
The following population data has been provided in country reports for the Article 17 consultation under the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):
Belgium: occupying 7 grid cells with an unknown trend
Czech Republic: 230 localities with an increasing trend
France: 172 localities
Germany: 128 localities with stable subpopulations
Ireland: 66 localities with a stable trend
Italy: sporophyte subpopulations at 6 localities with a population size of 2,500 individuals and a stable trend that is expected to decline in the future. 
Luxembourg: 130-150 localities with a stable trend
Poland: 2 localities with 5 individuals and declining (Kalinka and Nowak 2004)
Portugal: 23 tufts with a declining population
Spain: 16 localities with a stable trend and more than 1,000 individuals on the Canary Islands
United Kingdom: 162 localities with an unknown trend
Its overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
Mature sporophyte subpopulations occur in widely discontinuous stations, mostly in steep, sheltered and well-shaded stream ravines on steep-sided rock faces, beneath overhangs or close to the splash zone of permanent waterfalls, dripping vertical cliffs, or from the roofs and sides of shallow caves. It is found almost unvaryingly in conditions of high humidity, permanent seepage, usually running ground water and extreme shelter, mainly on hard, acidic rocks, but occasionally epiphytic on tree boles (Page 1997). Gametophytes grow in small rock crevices or on the surfaces of dark rock faces, which can press for many years.
This is a strictly oceanic species, which is much less common than it formerly was and is extinct in many localities. Since 1990, several relict gametophyte populations have been detected in Europe at localities where the sporophytes are absent. Gametophytes have been found in France (Vosges), Luxembourg, Germany (Eiffel, Palatinate near Pirmasens, Elbsandsteingebirge), Italy and the Czech Republic (Hrensko). A sporophyte has recently been reported from Palatinate (Freyet al. 2006).

threats:
This species has a very specialized ecology and habitat preferences, and is very slow growing. Therefore it is potentially threatened by a number of factors including sample collection, recreational activities, habitat destruction and desiccation. Unfavourable forest management (such as the removal of forest undergrowth), outdoor sports and leisure activities such as rock climbing, and modification of hydrological conditions have been reported as threats by some of the EU 28 member countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009). For Italy, additional threats of logging, droughts (probably more important in the future due to surface water abstraction and climate warming) and domestic waste and garbage discharge have been reported (Foggiet al.2010). In Portugal, the  invasion ofAcacia melanoxylonalso poses a threat (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Trichomanes speciosum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Ireland, Trichomanes speciosumis protected under the Wildlife Act, 1976-Flora   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  In France, it is protected at national level. In Italy it is included in the Tuscany Regional Law for the Protection of the Flora LR 56/2000, but is not included in any protected areas there. Recommended conservation measures include a constant monitoring of the subpopulations and the development of guidelines for forest management and water abstraction when nearby the species. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) or Endangered C2 (Grulich 2012)
France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)
Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)
Portugal: protected by regional law (Decree 15/2012)
Spain: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 (Moreno 2008)
United Kingdom: Least Concern but nationally rare (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and Vulnerable (Wigginton 1999). The species was first found in Britain in 1688 on Brent Down in Somersetshire, and it still grows there at a place now known as Bream Down. It occurs at four localities in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, and at four sites near Torquay in Devon. It is abundant at both Bream Down and Berry Head, numbering many thousands, and is frequent at three of its other sites. The subopulation appears to be relatively stable overall, and nearly all colonies are within protected sites.
It is recommended that subpopulations continue to be monitored, site protection should be kept in place and appropriate management of the sites needs to be considered. Further research on its gametophyte range is needed.

useAndTrade:
This fern is is not used, but it is unusual and therefore sometimes subject to collection by horticulturists. Its cultivation is often unsuccessful.

redListAssessors:
Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Osmunda regalis is restricted to the Old World. In the New World it is replaced by O. spectabilis, which was formerly treated as a subspecies of O. regalis. However, this is now known to be more closely related to O. japonica (Metzgar et al. 2008) and is thus to be treated at the species level.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This semi-aquatic fern species is widespread across Europe. Even though it is uncommon throughout much of its range and many subpopulations have disappeared over recent years, it is very abundant in other areas, particularly in the west of Britain, Ireland, Sweden, and the Macaronesian Islands. It is listed as Least Concern as it has stable or increasing subpopulations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going extinct in Europe is very low. However, many subpopulations are under threat and several have become extinct recently due to habitat alteration and drainage. It is of concern that it is listed as threatened on various national Red Lists and the reasons for this should be addressed at local level.

range:
In its strict sense this is a widespread species, found throughout Europe and Africa, from Norway southwards to Cape Verde and eastwards throughout temperate Asia to India and the Himalayas. In East Asia it is replaced by its closely related species O. japonica. In North America it is replaced by O. spectabilis, which looks similar and is sometimes treated as a subspecies of O. regalis, but it is genetically distinct from it (Metzgar et al. 2008). It is replaced by a suit of related species in tropical Africa and the Mascarenes, of which the exact taxonomic status is unknown. 
In Europe, O. regalis is predominantly a western and southern species. It is found from the milder and wetter areas in Norway and southern Sweden, Britain and Ireland, west to the Azores, south through the Mediterranean and east to Anatolia and the Caucasus. It is absent from the northeast of Europe. It is often cultivated as a garden ornamental and may easily escape if suitable habitats occur nearby. It now also occurs in New Zealand as an escaped invasive.
Its extent of occurrence in Europe is 2,836 km2.

population:
The species is widespread in the wetter western regions of Europe, such as western Britain and Ireland, and also in wet sites further east, such as the fens of East Anglia (Page 1997). There has been no notable decline in the U.K. since 1962 (Preston et al. 2002). It is also widespread in Portugal, but more common in the north. In Spain it is found along the Atlantic coast in the north and north-west and there are some isolated subpopulations in the south-east (Anthos 2016). The species is widespread in France, but rare towards the interior. It is common in Bretagne and the south-west, and becomes rare in the Mediterranean and the south-east of France, but is common in Corsica. 
It also occurs in the north and west of Italy and is rare in Croatia. On its northern limit, Norway, the species was first discovered in 1938 and more subpopulations have subsequently been found. It is protected in the Netherlands because of former overharvesting of the rhizomes for horticultural purposes (orchid cultivation), but it has shown a notable increase in subpopulations there (M. Christenhusz, pers. obs. 2015). There is no evidence of decline and it is likely that the species will increase its range due to global warming, resulting in warmer wetter areas, although this might be hindered by the low genetic variability of current populations (Kålåset al. 2010). The current overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
Osmunda regalis is a long-lived perennial fern that grows in peaty marshes, stream banks, lake shores and drains, on wet rocks, fens, wet cliff faces and in humid caves. It is also found in alder groves, forest bogs and riparian alder and poplar forests (Komarov 1968). It is usually found in moderately acidic soils, often on sand. It can occasionally be found on sea cliffs in Ireland, often confined to inaccessible sites in areas that are grazed (Prestonet al. 2002). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,750 m.

threats:
Even though increase is seen in Osmunda regalis subpopulations in western Europe, the more marginal subpopulations in eastern and southern Europe are declining as a result of habitat destruction due to agriculture and drainage of ecosystems. In Croatia, urbanisation and the drainage of wetlands have been reported as a cause of habitat loss (Nikolić and Topić 2005). However, increase of populations in western Europe, particularly in the U.K., France, Belgium and the Netherlands, where the species used to be declining, indicate the resilience of this species and how well it responds to the improvement of land management. Climate change may have a beneficial effect on this species due to higher precipitation levels.

conservationAction:
Osmunda regalisis included in the following national Red Lists:
Belarus: Critically Endangered (Ermakova 2005)
Belgium: Least Concern (Van Landuyt et al. 2006)
Bulgaria: Critically Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)
Croatia: Critically Endangered  (Nikolić and Topić 2005)
Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)
Germany: Vulnerable (category 3 - Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)
Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)
Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Colling 2005)
Norway: Near Threatened (Kålås et al. 2010)
Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al.2002)
United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)
In the Netherlands the species is nationally protected by law (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998). In France, the species is protected at the regional level (Alsace, Bourgogne, Centre, Champagne-Ardennes, Franche-Comté, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Lorraine, Picardie, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur) and at the departmental level (Ain, Isère) (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2012). In Bulgaria, the species is legally protected by the Bulgarian Biodiversity Act (D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016). The species is present in protected areas throughout its range, but monitoring of population size will help achieve better understanding of the population dynamics of this species and why it has declined in some areas and increased in others.

useAndTrade:
Roots and fronds are used in medicine to treat jaundice, rheumatic pains, wounds and intestinal worms (Plants For A Future 2012). Osmunda fibre is used in horticulture for potting epiphytes and orchids and was heavily collected for that purpose in Victorian times  in the United Kingdom (Prestonet al.2002) and the Netherlands (where the species is now protected for this reason). It was also used in cloth making (Plants For A Future 2012). The species is fairly commonly cultivated as a garden or pond-margin ornamental.

redListAssessors:
Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,

redListContributors:
Ben Saad, S., Bilz, M., Daoud-Bouattour, A., Ghrabi, Z. & Muller, S.,


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered here in the broad sense, including A. onopteris (a larger form) and A. cuneifolium (found on serpentine rocks), which are sometimes treated at species level. Asplenium a.-n. ssp. onopteris and A. a.-n. ssp. cuneifolium are diploid and A. a.-n. subsp. adiantum-nigrum is tetraploid, being derived from the hybridisation of these two diploid taxa. There have been multiple origins of this tetraploid (subsp. adiantum-nigrum) so biologically several morphologically indistinguishable species need to be accepted if these diploid taxa are accepted at the species level. Additionally there are intermediate forms (possibly back-crosses), making it difficult to discern these taxa at the species level (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The Euro+Med checklist is followed for the purposes of this assessment, treating the species in the broad sense.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This species is widespread and common throughout much of Europe, it is a good coloniser and its population trend is stable. It is found outside its natural habitat on old masonry, pavements, walls, canal sidings, locks and quarries, being able to colonise urban areas and habitats degraded by human activity. 
In Europe this species is composed of three subspecies: 
A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum (LC). This taxon has multiple origins, but as a whole it is widespread and gregarious.
A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. cuneifolium (Near Threatened; NT). This taxon is more vulnerable than the other subspecies since it is restricted to serpentine soils only, it has a small AOO of 344 km2 and it is experiencing a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality due to mining activities, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. There are management plans in place for this taxon in Bavaria (Germany).
A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (LC). This taxon is widespread across the Mediterranean and Western Europe and often occurs in fairly large numbers of individuals.

range:
This widespread species complex occurs throughout Europe and North Africa, and in much of Asia, Hawaii and western North America, southwards to Mexico. In Europe, it occurs in most of the continent except the colder north and northeast, reaching its northernmost distribution in the Faroe Islands and southwestern Norway (Page 1997). Several subspecies with slightly different ecological preferences are sometimes treated at species level, but for the purposes of this assessment the species is treated in the broad sense, as the typical subspecies is not monophyletic. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 8,568 km2.

population:
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is mostly found as scattered individuals or small clusters consisting of several plants, although sometimes numerous subpopulations are locally present where sufficient extensive rocky habitats are uniformly present (Page 1997). It can also be abundant on old walls or quarries, and can be a pioneer on loose rocky places and wet, sunny scree slopes (Page 1997). The species is increasing in the Netherlands in urban areas in the western part of the country (Van der Meijden 2005), and its overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species thrives on a wide variety of basic, light sandy banks and on fissured, slightly permeable, mainly non-acidic rocks, sometimes on serpentine or on old masonry and walls (Van der Heijden 2005), often near the sea, where conditions of high humidity, combined with mild winter temperatures and reasonable shelter are ideal. In Mediterranean Europe (subsp. onopteris), it grows in more exposed but humid and shady places. It is intolerant of dense herbaceous competition, tree overgrowth and grazing, but in exposed situations it becomes stunted (Page 1997). In Britain it is vigorous and has a wide range, but it dislikes competition and thrives best near the sea (Page 1997). Outside of its natural habitat, the species can be found on on old masonry, pavements, walls, canal sidings, locks and quarries, and is able to colonise degraded habitats. Its altitudinal range is 0 -1,800 m Asl.

threats:
The clearing or renovation of old walls may result in the loss of some, mainly urban, subpopulations. Although this may result in local extinctions, especially at the edge of its natural area of distribution, this does not have much impact on the persistence of this species in Europe as a whole.

conservationAction:
Since this species is abundant and widespread, there are no conservation actions needed. It is likely that the species will respond well to climate change predictions of a more humid and mild climate, and it will colonize abandoned sites degraded by human activity such as open mines, quarries and masonry. However, in urban areas it is often part of the 'wall-flora', usually established there many years ago on old masonry. These old subpopulations are disappearing due to the renovation of buildings, garden walls, locks and canal sidings (Denters 2004). The species is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Austria: Endangered (EN; Witkowski et al. 2003)
Czech Republic: Critically threatened and rare (Grulich 2012)
Hungary: Vulnerable (VU) and partially protected (Witkowski et al. 2003) or Near Threatened (NT; Király 2007)
Slovakia: Endangered (EN) and under strict protection by law (Witkowski et al. 2003)
Sweden: Originally listed as Endangered (EN C2a; Gärdenfors 2000), but later re-assessed as Vulnerable (VU; Gärdenfors 2005)
Ukraine: Vulnerable (VU) and partially protected (Witkowski et al. 2003)
It is not threatened in Germany, Switzerland, France, the U.K. and Ireland.
There is a management plan in place for A. a-n subsp. cuneifolium (as A. cuneifolium) in Bavaria (Germany) (Horn et al. 2001). In the Netherlands, the species is protected by law (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998), and it is probably endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). These listings show that the species is of conservation concern only along the margins of its distribution range. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. U.K., France, Switzerland). When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting the wall. Public awareness of wall flora is very important. Further research is needed on its taxonomic status and on its population size and distribution.

redListAssessors:
Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.

redListContributors:
Bernhardt, K.G.,Mereďa, P.,Marsili, S.,Peccenini, S.,Illarionova, I.,Stevanović, V.,Barberis, G.,Petrova, A.,Kleih, M.,Ferakova, V.,Király, G.,Hodálová, I.,Rasomavicius, V.,Bovio, M.,Alessandrini, A.,Dostalova, A.,Gygax, A.,Jogan, N.,Eliáš, P.,Ericsson, S.,Bazos, I.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is of hybrid origin and has two subspecies: A. a. presolanense and A. a. adulterinum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

This species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to mining and quarrying. Although overall it has a stable population, in most parts of its range it is declining. The species is listed as threatened in most national Red Lists and there are other threats to the species such as forest clearing and plantations, non-native species, urbanisation and infrastructure  development, and land   abandonment. The subpopulations should continue to be monitored and adequate measures should be put in place to prevent further declines.

range:
Asplenium adulterinum is found patchily across Europe, with an isolated subpopulation in British Columbia (Canada). It is an element of montane-subalpine forests in south, central and  eastern European high mountains and has a disjunct distribution. This species is present in Italy, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Austria, Norway and Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is over 3,000,000 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km² since this species occurs as scattered and restricted subpopulations. A summary of the presence of this species can be found below:
Austria: common within its habitat
Czech Republic: approximately 20 localities. 10 sites of European importance
Finland: three to four localities
Germany: found in two federal estates with four to five small localities
Italy: present at more than six localities in the regions Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria, and Emilia-Romagna.
Norway: approximately 20 localities
Poland: seven localities are known in Lower Silesia (Kalinka and Nowak 2004)
Slovakia: the species was known for a long time only from one  locality, the Dunitová skalka rock Nature Reserve near Sedlice in the  Šarišská vrchovina Upland. In 1994 and 1998, two other localities from the  Slovenské rudohorie Mts were reported (Prakovce, Mokrá Lúka near  Revúca). In 1930 two individuals were found near Ondrej; since then the species has not been found at this locality (Mereďa  and Hodálová 2011)
Slovenia: area of occupancy is less than 1 km²
Sweden: area of occupancy is 8 km²
Switzerland: area of occupancy is 18 km²

population:
The species is very localised. The population is probably stable in the core of its distribution (Sweden, Alps), but it is declining at the edges. Overall the population trend is considered to be stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations in serpentine areas. The following population information is available: 
Austria: stable subpopulations and many individuals
Czech republic: stable, 3,400 tufts
Finland: 1,700 tufts
Germany: small subpopulations
Poland: around 200 tufts, with 27 individuals known to exist in Popiel Hill, 14 in  Przygórze, another 14 in Żmijowiec, three subpopulations in Wzgórza  Kiełczyńskie consisting of 125 individuals, and 35 in Kamionki. This last subpopulation is decreasing in number (Kalinka and  Nowak 2004).
Slovakia: several tens of individuals in the  localities, size and number of the subpopulations is stable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).
Slovenia: three localities, stable but small subpopulations (100 plants)
Sweden: stable, 400 tufts
Switzerland: stable and some very large subpopulations with several thousand individuals

habitat:
Asplenium adulterinum is found on basic and ultra-basic cliffs and on ledges and crevices of rocks mainly consisting of serpentinite, more rarely on rocks with a higher magnesium  content, such as dunite, phyllite, mica schist, gneisses or melaphyr. It grows in shaded rock crevices, forest scree  soils or ancient slag heaps, usually in hilly areas or in the submontane  vegetation belt (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Mered'a and Hodálová 2011).

threats:
Mining and quarrying are direct threats to this species and can eradicate the often fragile subpopulations. Forest management, clearing and plantations, and the introduction of non-native species may affect its habitat. Urbanisation and infrastructure development cause further habitat loss and degradation. Land  abandonment, leading to succession and subsequent competition by native  species, is also a threat. Locally, air pollution, eutrophication, recreational activities and collection for natural history collections have been reported as threats (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Asplenium adulterinum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:
Austria: Threatened (Niklfeld and Schratt-Ehrendorfer 1999), or Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003), but it is not protected
Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and protected by law, although listed as not threatened by Witkowski et al. (2003)
Finland: Vulnerable (Rassiet al. 2010)

Germany: Endangered, level 2 (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and protected by national law (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010)
Italy: In some regions under the highest protection level. The typical subspecies is Least Concern, but subspecies presolanense is listed as Critically Endangered (Rossi et al. 2013)
Norway: Endangered (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Romania: Not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003)
Serbia: Vulnerable (Estimation by V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010)
Slovenia: Rare (Skoberne 1996) and protected by law
Slovakia: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003), or Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová  2011)
Sweden: Vulnerable (Gärdenfors 2010) and protected by law.
Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)

Ukraine: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)
It occurs in protected areas in Austria, Slovenia (Natura 2000), Slovakia (one nature reserve and Natura 2000 sites), Czech Republic (several small protected areas), Germany (mostly in protected areas), Italy and Sweden (one locality is a nature reserve). It is advisable that sites are protected where this species occurs, where this has not been done already. The subpopulations should continue to be monitored and adequate measures should be put in place to prevent further declines.

useAndTrade:
The species is occasionally cultivated in botanical gardens and specialist collections.

redListAssessors:
Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.

redListContributors:
Király, G.,Gygax, A.,Ferakova, V.,Bazos, I.,Dostalova, A.,Hodálová, I.,Bernhardt, K.G.,Petrova, A.,Jogan, N.,Illarionova, I.,Rasomavicius, V.,Ericsson, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted distribution with a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although there is no information available on population size and trend, there are probably less than 1,000 mature individuals. Thus, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. Further research is needed into this species, especially into the population trend as this species may actually be at a higher risk of extinction than currently estimated.

range:
This species is restricted to the Aegean area, where it is found in Crete (Greece) and possibly also in western Anatolia (to be confirmed). It is very closely related to Asplenium fissum. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 96-314 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, but it is believed that there are less than 1,000 mature individuals in total (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species grows in crevices and gullies in mountainous areas where it is cooler and more humid than the surrounding arid land (Brownsey 1976). It grows on limestone rocks and its elevation limits are 1,700-2,200 m (Strid and Tan 1991).

conservationAction:
Most of the population is found within the Prostateftiko Dasos Lefkon Oreon protected area. Research and monitoring on its habitat, population trends and threats is needed. Protection of its habitat is needed.

redListAssessors:
Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species is very complex. In Europe there are three different groups: in Madeira the species is dodecaploid, similar to those found in South Africa (braithwaitii). In the Canary Islands (canariense), the species is apogamous (reproducing asexually), which is a hexaplod and it does not have any counterparts in sub-Saharan Africa, but it extends to the Anti-Atlas mountains in Morocco. In the Azores there is one subpopulation that is tetraploid, that is similar to those in East Africa (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Further taxonomic study on this complex is needed, and for the purposes of this assessment, the species is considered in the broad sense, following the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

This species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are less than 10,000 mature individuals in total, with less than 250 in each subpopulation, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in mature individuals. It has a very small range and in the Canary Islands it is assessed as Critically Endangered following criteria B2ab(i,ii,iv). Taxonomic research and monitoring of its population trend is needed.

range:
This species is widespread in Africa, Madagascar and tropical East Asia. The taxonomy is not yet well resolved and several subspecies are known, which may be recognised at the species level in the future. In Europe, it is found in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².

population:
The autogamous subpopulations in the Canary Islands are decreasing. The sexual subpopulation in the Azores is affected by constructions, and it is also decreasing in Madeira. The species is decreasing across its whole European range. There are certainly less than 10,000 mature individuals, with fewer than 250 in each subpopulation.

habitat:
This species grows in damp and shady places, on stone walls of cultivated terraces and roadsides, and on fissures on basaltic lava rocks near the coast (Press and Short 1994).

threats:
Road building and changes in agricultural use lead to the destruction of the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
Asplenium aethiopicum ssp. braithwatii is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands, Spain (Sanchez Velazquez 2002, Moreno 2008) under Criteria B2ab(i,ii,iv); D. It was locally frequent in the northern part of Madeira (Press and Short 1994), but is currently in decline there. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Taxonomic research and monitoring of the population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Asplenium anceps is listed as Endangered in view of its small area of occupancy (AOO = 104 km²), the fact that it is considered to be severely fragmented and that it is experimenting a continuing decline in the habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals. Strict legal protection and enforcement are needed in order to protect this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira and the Canary Islands, and it was formerly known from the Azores. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

population:
The species is rare in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), where it is assumed to be stable (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It is frequent in Madeira (Press and Short 1994), although it is declining there (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Since the core of its population is in Madeira, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. It is extinct in the Azores, where it was last seen on Pico in 1973 (Lovis et al. 1977). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it occurs in small scattered subpopulations with little to no exchange with each other.

habitat:
Asplenium anceps is found on shady and damp places on rocks, walls of levadas, streams and roadside ditches, and among mosses in laurisilva (Press and Short 1994). In the Azores, it was found in the humid juniper forest above 700 m. Its altitudinal range is 400-1,400 m asl.

threats:
Asplenium anceps has declined as a result of changes in its habitat quality. Where the species is found close to levadas, it can be affected by repairing works and by the recreational use of these areas. In the Azores, it went extinct probably due to the collection of botanists and habitat destruction as a result of the logging of juniper forest for pasture land.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but strict legal protection and enforcement are needed. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range, but where it occurs outside protected areas, its habitat needs to be protected. It is listed as Vulnerable D1+2 in Spain (Moreno 2008). If it is ever rediscovered in the Azores, it should be strictly protected.

redListAssessors:
Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though this Canary Islands endemic species has a small range, it is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend. There are no observed declines.

range:
This species is restricted to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is found on all islands. It is the ancestral species of A. lolegnamense and A. octoploideum. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km².

population:
The species is rare in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), but its population trend is assumed to be stable since there are no observed declines (Moreno 2008).

habitat:
Asplenum aureum is found on shady, moist, mossy rock walls and eroded volcanic lava in subtropical laurisilva forest, usually in open areas (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is threatened by deforestation and habitat destruction through recreational activities.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Near Threatened in Spain (Moreno 2008). Habitats should be protected in order to preserve this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
Asplenium auritum was only recently reported as present in Europe (Rumsey et al. 2014), but it was first collected in 1857. It was probably more widespread before the destruction of the low-elevation woodland vegetation in the Azores. The species is listed as Critically Endangered since its population size is less than 50 mature individuals, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 4 km², it is present at a single location, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality and in the number of mature individuals. It is known from a single extant locality since 1967 and its habitat is highly vulnerable, being threatened by development and habitat degradation.

range:
The Asplenium auritum complex is widely distributed in the Neo- and Palaeotropics. It is found from Brazil through central America, reaching its northern limit in Florida (US) where it is listed as Endangered. It occurs on the Galápagos Islands and it is found throughout the Greater Antilles at elevations from 275 to 945 m. It is rare in the Mascarenes (up to 1,400 m) and present in Madagascar and in southeast Africa from Zimbabwe to Mozambique and in Malawi and the Peoples Republic of the Congo. In Europe, it is only known from Flores, the westernmost island of the Azores. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both of 4 km².

population:
Asplenium auritum is restricted to a small area (<2 km2) of low elevation secondary woodland where a population of less than 50 mature individuals occurs scattered along a few tracksides on soil and moss covered dry stone walls of local volcanic rock. The species shows active recruitment of new individuals and probably experiences high turnover through desiccation events and local wall collapses. The generation length is estimated to be of 5-10 years, and the population trend is probably declining.

habitat:
In its broad tropical range, this species is predominantly found as an epiphyte at mid to high elevations (up to 1,400 m), but at its northern range limits (in Florida and Azores) it is found in the lowlands (<200 m) as it is probably limited by temperature. 
In the Azores, it occurs epilithically on shaded dry stone walls of pitted volcanic blocks, usually in the interstices and pits where soil and mosses provide some substrate. These old walls delimit tracks (probably indicating former ownership) and blocks of woodland now dominated by the invasive Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Its altitudinal range in the Azores is 125 - 200 m Asl.

threats:
The population size is critically low and could easily be severely impacted by stochastic factors and the collection of individuals. The habitat is under the threat of development for tourist accommodation, but is also threatened by the decrease in local subpopulations and the increasing dereliction of the walls and waysides as tracks fall into disuse and disrepair. Considering these threats, the species is present at only one location.

conservationAction:
Habitat protection is required, and ex-situ conservation and spore banking (germplasm collection) should be considered. Raising local awareness and care when maintaining walls in the area of occurrence should be promoted. Monitoring and further research on the species' distribution, habitat and population are needed. The taxonomy of A. auritum and how the Flores specimens are related to subpopulations in the neotropics will be of interest. It is unknown whether A. auritum occurs in any protected areas throughout its range.


