# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. It is possible that its range is expanding potentially at the expense of other taxa.

range:
Callitriche platycarpa is mainly found in western Europe. It occurs throughout Britain and Ireland and throughout France, extending north into southern Sweden and east to the Czech Republic; it has been reported from a few sites in the Iberian Peninsula. #Callitriche platycarpa appears to be extending its range to the north and east, where it may be replacing C. #cophocarpa.

population:
There is no specific information on population size or trends in this species, but it seems likely that it is increasing.

habitat:
Callitriche platycarpa typically occurs in lowland ditches, canals, streams, ponds and river backwaters with a pH of 6-9 and to a maximum altitude of 520 #m at Llynnoedd Ieuan (Cardiganshire, Wales) (Preston and Croft 1997). It generally occurs in more permanent water than C. #stagnalis and more rarely in swift flow than C. #obtusangula, but it is apparently favoured by eutrophication and will occur with both these species. Throughout its range C. #platycarpa typically occurs with species characteristic of lowland mesotrophic to eutrophic water-bodies, the most frequent associates being Agrostis stolonifera, Apium nodiflorum, Lemna minor, Alopecurus geniculatus #and Ranunculus trichophyllus. It can also occur with a range of aquatic and marginal species such as Alisma plantago-aquatica, Elodea canadensis, E. nuttallii, Epilobium hirsutum, Fontinalis antipyretica, Glyceria fluitans, G. maxima, Hippuris vulgaris, Juncus articulatus, J. effusus, Myosotis scorpioides, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ranunculus sceleratus, Rorippa microphylla, Veronica catenata #and Zannichellia palustris.

conservationAction:
No conservation action has been taken for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species falls within the C. hermaphroditica complex and is taxonomically close to material recorded from Lesvos (Lansdown 2008), however until further information becomes available, the material from Lesvos is excluded from this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)This species is only confidently known to occur in a single pond on the Island of Gavdos, off Crete. It can be reasonably expected to occur in another pond on Gavdos.  Although this species is not well known and very rare, it is clear that there are severe threats to its rockpool habitat and that this habitat is continuously declining. More research on the presence and size of the populations as well as protection measures for the existing sites are urgently needed.

range:
It has been recorded from a total of five locations on Gavdos, off the Greek island of Crete (Kriti) and Libya. It is globally known to occur on only six water bodies, of which two are each less than 2 metres square. The known locations are derived from four herbarium specimens and one set of field data from Libya (Schotsman 1967) together with published and unpublished field data collected in 2009 from Gavdos.

population:
Population assessment of this species based on number of individuals would be meaningless as (at least in Europe) it functions as an annual in extremely restricted sites. The most meaningful measure would be an indication of the viability of the seed-bank.

habitat:
C. #pulchra is one of the least known and rarest members of the genus in the European Mediterranean, where it is restricted to the Sphakia region of the island of Gavdos south of Crete. Here it occurs in small, ephemeral pools on the limestone ridge in the south-west of the island, at 200–300 #m altitude (R. Jahn pers. comm. 2000). On Gavdos it has been recorded with Crassula vaillantii, Zannichellia palustris #and Juncus bufonius.

threats:
Threats are mainly due to intrinsic factors such as its restricted range and limited dispersal. On Gavdos it occurs in rockpools which are subject to high pressure from livestock (drinking water in rock pools and leaving droppings leading to eutrophication). The three main threats on Gavdos are that:- the beds of either or both of the two pools will erode further through the rock and meet a fissure, so that the pool ceases to hold water.- local herders will actively modify either or both of the pools during the dry season, resulting in loss of the seed-bank.- the continued build-up of nutrients will eventually cause hyper-eutrophication to the extent that the seed-bank dies.

conservationAction:
A visit to Gavdos in the spring of 2009 (as part of the National Geographic Society project "Human recreation versus plant diversity on  maritime sands in Crete", grant no. 8573-08) failed to locate one of the two known populations. There is a critical need to establish the current status of populations, then to collect the ecological data necessary to ensure some level of security for the populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv);C2a(ii)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv);C2a(ii)The area of occupancy is smaller than 500 km², there is a decline in the habitat quality and in the number of sub-populations. Furthermore, there are extreme fluctuations of the area of occupancy, depending on the climate conditions.

range:
C. regis-jubae is endemic to the Mediterranean. In Europe, it appears to be widespread but scarce from Extremadura south to the province Cadiz and Huelva  in Spain and there is a single record from Sardinia (Conti et al. 2005). Outside Europe it is restricted to North Africa, where it has been recorded from Tunisia and Morocco. It appears to be widespread but local within its range.

population:
This species has rarely been recorded. In Spain, the population has declined by 50% in the last 10 years.

habitat:
The ecology of C. #regis-jubae is poorly known. It occurs in backwaters and slower reaches of cobble- and gravel-bed rivers in acid waters with a pH of 5–6(–6.5) in the Extremadura region of central western Spain and in wet pasture, ditches and river margins on clay soils. It has been recorded from up to 700 #m in Spain. It commonly occurs with other Callitriche species, particularly C. #lusitanica #and C. #brutia var. brutia, but will also occur with C. #stagnalis. The most frequent associates are Ranunculus peltatus, Apium nodiflorum, Glyceria fluitans #and Eleocharis palustris #in more permanent waters and Corrigiola littoralis,  #Illecebrum verticillatum, Isoetes velata, Juncus articulatus, Lythrum junceum #and Mentha pulegium #in ephemeral water-bodies.

threats:
It is not known if this species faces major threats. However, its freshwater habitats (oligotrophic mountain lakes) are very fragile and have been lost in this region, due to eutrophication and dessication.

conservationAction:
It is listed as Endangered in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and is protected under the regional legislation in Andalucia (Spain). More research on population size and ecology are needed.

redListAssessors:
Lansdown, R., Gargano, D., Moreno Saiz, J.C. & García Murillo, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and common throughout its range and does not face major threats.

range:
Callitriche stagnalis occurs throughout Europe, from the Azores to Iceland and east to the western side of the Ural Mountains in Russia. It also occurs as an alien in North America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand.

population:
C. stagnalis appears to be fairly common throughout its range, although there is no specific information available on populations towards the periphery.

habitat:
C. #stagnalis is the typical Callitriche of poached ephemeral pools on woodland rides, heathland, wet corners of pasture, seepages, flushes, lake and river margins, and the margins of ditches. It is the most widespread member of the genus in Europe and can occur in most habitats, but less frequently in deep or fast-flowing water than in shallow, still or slow-flowing water. It has been recorded up to 1,000 #m in Europe and up to 1,600 #m in Morocco. C. #stagnalis generally occurs with a mixture of terrestrial and amphibious species, most typically Agrostis stolonifera, Apium nodiflorum, Epilobium hirsutum, Isolepis setacea, Juncus articulatus, J. #bufonius, J. #bulbosus #and J. #effusus. It rarely occurs with truly aquatic plant species, but may be found with Alisma plantago-aquatica, Baldellia ranunculoides, Eleocharis acicularis, E. #palustris, Lemna minor, Ranunculus flammula #and R. #peltatus. In the southern part of its range it frequently occurs with species typical of temporary pools, such as Juncus pygmaeus, Lythrum junceum #and Mentha pulegium. C. #stagnalis will, at times, occur with most other European Callitriche species. In particular, it frequently occurs with C. #palustris #and C. #brutia var. brutia #in ephemeral wetlands and on the exposed margins of lakes and pools with fluctuating water levels.

threats:
There are no known threats specific to this species, although any adverse effects on wetlands will affect populations of C. stagnalis.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known to have been taken specifically for this species.

useAndTrade:
Frequently sold for outdoor planting schemes and ponds.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Russian endemic has only ever been recorded from two lakes and the most recent record is from 1990. The area where the species is located is under a severe pressure from drainage and a continuing decline of the extent and quality of the habitat is therefore assumed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 80 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5 km2. The species is consequently assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is known from brackish water-bodies in the neighbourhood of the village of Pallasovka and on liman (lagoon) shores in the town of Savinka in Russia (Fedorov 2000). The area of occupancy is less than 5 km² and the species is known from only two lakes in a single Oblast. The extent of occurrence does not exceed 80 km².

population:
There is no recent information on populations of this species.

habitat:
Described as occurring in brackish water bodies.

threats:
There has been significant drainage of water bodies in the area from which this species was recorded and it is likely to be under severe threat.

conservationAction:
There is no evidence that conservation action has been taken for this species.Callitriche transvolgensis falls within the C. hermaphroditica group and is apparently clearly distinct. More information on morphological and genetic variation within the species could elucidate the exact relationship with other species in the region. There is no recent information on this species and there is an urgent need to establish whether it still exists and if so, the size of the population. There is also no information on the life history or ecology of this species and until such information is available, it is unlikely that conservation action will be effective.Site management is needed as it is likely that any remaining sites supporting this species are under threat from drainage, pollution and other uses. Any habitat that supports this species should be protected. If the species is extant, then seeds should be collected for ex situ propagation.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three subspecies within Callitriche truncata, ssp. occidentalis is common and increasing, ssp. truncata is little-known and poorly understood and ssp. fimbriata is a local endemic to a very small area and probably endangered, but is so little known that it is impossible to assess its status.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. However, two of its subspecies are either very poorly known or decreasing.

range:
C. truncata ssp. truncata occurs throughout much of the eastern Mediterranean coast in lagoons and temporary pools. Although it is fairly widely distributed and easy to identify, little information has apparently been collected about its habitat or associated species. The only mainland records of ssp. truncata in the northern Mediterranean appear to be from Toscana in Italy, Greece and coastal parts of former Yugoslavia; otherwise it has been recorded from Sardinia and Sicily (Schotsman 1980). Mainland records exist from Algeria, Morocco, Israel and Syria. Owing to misidentification, there is a need to confirm specimens from throughout the range of the subspecies and to provide a thorough conservation assessment. The subspecies occidentalis has been recorded only from coastal countries, occurring from Britain and Ireland south to the Iberian Peninsula in the west and east to Turkey along the whole of the north coast of the Mediterranean. It has been recorded from some Mediterranean islands, including Menorca and Mallorca (Schotsman 1980) and a number of islands in the Aegean. According to Conti et al. (2005) C. truncata ssp. truncata is present in Latium, Sicily and Sardinia, ssp. occidentalis is reported only for Sicily (Conti et al. 2005, Giardina et al. 2009). C. #truncata ssp. occidentalis appears to be spreading northwards. On Anglesey both species have been recorded from a single water-body. The subspecies fimbriata is described as occurring near Sarepta on the Volga in the Volgograd region and on the Lower Don (N. Tzvelev, in Fedorov 2000).

population:
The subspecies occidentalis is widespread, abundant and increasing; ssp. truncata may be decreasing and ssp. fimbriata is unknown.

habitat:
C. truncata ssp. occidentalis occurs in coastal lagoons, mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes, canals, ditches, streams and rivers. In the Mediterranean basin it (and probably ssp. truncata) is one of the species typical of temporary pools. It often occurs with diverse charophyte assemblages, typically including Chara aspera, C. #connivens, C. #globularis, C. #hispida, C. #vulgaris #and Tolypella glomerata. Other typical associates include Baldellia ranunculoides, Callitriche lenisulca, Elatine hexandra, Elodea canadensis, E. #nuttallii, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus baudotii, R. peltatus, R. trichophyllus #and Zannichellia palustris. In the Mediterranean region it often occurs in pools in Salicornia #heath, characterised by Salicornia and Sarcocornia #species, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Myosurus minimus #and Phragmites australis. The subspecies fimbriata is described as occurring in brackish water-bodies.

threats:
There are no kown threats specific to this species although its habitat is declining.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place. C. truncata ssp. truncata was reported as Vulnerable for Tuscany and Sicily.There is an urgent need to establish the status of the subspecies truncata and fimbriata.


taxonomicNotes:
H. tetraphylla has been much confused with H. lanceolata (or H. x lanceolata) (Elven 2007) or even subsumed within H. vulgaris, by some authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,v)Seeing that the populations in European Russia are classed as Least Concern, the species probably does not meet any of the thresholds for a threatened category. However, more information about the Russian populations and their trend is needed in order to see whether the species should be classed as Near Threatened or a higher category at European level having in mind that the Fennoscandian populations are threatened. For the moment it is assessed as Least Concern.In the EU27, it is found in the member states Finland and Sweden. The area of occupancy is less than 500 km² with one site in Sweden and several sites in Finland. The main threats are eutrophication, the abandonment of grazing and subsequently the competition with other species, and probably hybridisation. Looking at those severe threats and that they affect several sites at the same time, it can be assumed that there are ten locations or less. The species is therefore precautionary assessed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii,v).

range:
Hippuris tetraphylla has a circumpolar distribution and occurs on coastal areas of Finnmark (Norway) and Iceland, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, Alaska and on Russian coasts of # the Pacific Ocean, Kola Peninsula and White Sea. In Europe, this species is native to Finland, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Novaya Zemlya and Franz-Joseph Land, Northern European Russia, and Northwest European Russia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2010). In the Baltic Sea, it has historically occurred along the whole coastline of Finland. Populations in southern Sweden were probably never established. There have been several attempts of colonisation but now only one site remains in the Kronören with an area of occupancy of 8 km². It has declined strongly in its previously most abundant areas along Finnish coasts, and is currently known to exist only in the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea. From the Gulf of Finland it has disappeared (Ryttäri 2010). In Iceland, it is found at one location in the north. In Russia, it occurs along the Arctic ocean.

population:
H. tetraphylla is classified as Critically Endangered in Sweden, Endangered in Finland, and Near Threatened in Norway. There is no information on the size or stability of other European populations.The shoot morphology depends on water level. If the water level is unusually high during early summer, most shoots will develop into sleek, submerged shoots which are very difficult to count.The population trend is stable in Sweden and unknown in Norway.In  Finland, most of the distribution area is situated in the northern part  of the Bothnian Bay and most of those populations are dependent on  management (cattle grazing and mowing). However, in the whole  distribution area, the amount of crossing of H. tetraphylla with H.  vulgaris and thus the distribution of Hippuris x lanceolata is not  known. It is likely, that many (or even most) of the known 110 sites (or  ca. 60 localities) of H. tetraphylla populations are actually mixed  populations of H. tetraphylla and H. x lanceolata, or even only H. x  lanceolata. Pure H. tetraphylla populations can be found only in the  most marine parts of the area. The populations are generally declining  (E. Kemppainen pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
H. tetraphylla typically occurs in open shallow coastal waters with at least partly soft sediment, nearly always in sheltered sites on islands or peninsulas. It typically grows c. 20 cm below mean sea level, in very soft sediments. Most populations are naturally lost as they become terrestrialised through land rise, new ones then establish as fresh sediment becomes available. It is possible that one of the reasons for the decline in Finnish  populations is that sea level rise as a consequence of climate change is  precluding exposure of sediments on the sea bed as the land rises.From Sweden, it has been reported that the natural process of land rising turns rivers into lakes, saline habitats or muddy waters. It needs new colonisation from Finland. It grows in substrate 20 cm below water level and the stolon extends 20 cm further below. It can be found in soft bottoms in sheltered positions in slightly brackish water.In Russia, it is found in salt marshes at the sea shores and slightly salty lakes # - salt is essential for the species survival. In Iceland, it has been reported from ponds and lake inlets as well as flooded marshland (Kristinsson 1986).

threats:
Eutrophication of the sea is the biggest threat to this species. It is followed by overgrowth with reeds, especially Phragmites australis, and other strong competitors changes the habitats of H. tetraphylla. The abandonment of cattle grazing has accelerated the overgrowth. Reasons for local disappearances include road construction, harbours, marinas #and summer cottages as well as dredging of waterways (Ryttäri 2010). Hybridisation with H. vulgaris seems to cause further population declines.It is possible that one of the reasons for the decline in Finnish  populations is that sea level rise as a consequence of climate change is  precluding exposure of sediments on the sea bed as the land rises.

conservationAction:
Hippuris tetraphylla is included in the Habitats Directive Annexes II and IV. The species is classed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) in Sweden, Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)  in Finland, and Near Threatened in Norway. In Iceland, it is not on the  list of protected plants. In Russia, it has been categorized as Least  Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).The species is protected in Finland under national legislation and 76% of the sites are in Natura 2000 areas. About 80% of the shoots are situated in the three biggest populations that are all in Natura 2000 areas, in the northernmost part of the Bothnian Bay.The water quality of the Baltic Sea needs to be improved. The sites of H. tetraphylla need active management (e.g. preventing overgrowth by removing vegetation, e.g. by cattle grazing). The present status and distribution of H. tetraphylla and the hybrid H. x lanceolata needs to be clarified.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats in the majority of its range.

range:
H. vulgaris occurs throughout most of Europe and Asia, east to the Russian Far East, North Africa, northern and western North America and southernmost South America.

population:
H. vulgaris is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, apart from Croatia where it is classed as Endangered, Greece where it is Vulnerable, and Switzerland, where it is classed as Near Threatened.In Greece, Hippuris vulgaris is known from a single locality, a marshy area called Lakka Tsoumani on Tymfi Mountain range in northwest Greece at an altitude of 1,800 m. The size of this only confirmed population in Greece is estimated between 1,000-1,500 individuals.

habitat:
H. vulgaris typically occurs in permanent rivers, ponds and lakes that are usually more than 1 m deep and have fairly deep beds of soft sediment rich in organic matter. In Greece, it is found in shallow and warm water of 30 cm depth and an alkaline pH.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species in the majority of its range. At the only Greek location, grazing and trampling by sheep, horses and cows seems to affect the population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed for the majority of its range.In Greece, it is classed as Vulnerable (D2) and control of grazing is suggested as conservation measure (Sarika and Yannitsaros 2009).

useAndTrade:
There is a low level of horticultural trade for landscape planting and garden ponds, but this is unlikely to affect its conservation status.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and there are several threats affecting the species and its habitat: forest plantations, deforestation, trampling by cattle and overgrazing, abandonment of grazing or mowing, damage by game species and non-native species. Adequate measures to prevent further declines are needed.

range:
The natural range of Adenophora liliifolia extends from Central and eastern Europe, to western Siberia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan and China. In Europe, it occurs in Austria, Croatia, northern Italy, Slovenia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Moldova, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.In Ukraine, it is distributed mainly in the lowland part in the zone of deciduous and mixed forests and the forest-steppe zone as well as in insular forests of the steppe zone. Only one locality was found in the Carpathian Mountains near the town Svalava.In Slovakia it is found in approximately 30 localities from the Strážovské vrchy Mts to Stredné Pohornádie region. However, in most of them the species has not been confirmed over the last tens of years. Most of recent data are from the Nízke Tatry Mts, Muránska planina Plateau and Slovenský raj Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The following population information is available for several of the countries of occurrence:In Austria, the populations are small (less than 15), declining, and some populations are extinct.In  Belarus, the populations are also small, covering areas up to 300 m².  Around seven populations have been confirmed since 1972.In Czech Republic, there are 400-550 individuals with a stable population trend and it is found at approximately five localities.In Germany, Adenophora lilifolia is found in Bavaria only a the river Isar. It is present at two localities. One of the populations is increasing due to conservation measures, the other one is still declining. Overall, the plant still has a high risk of going extinct in the region   (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).In Hungary, there are 180 individuals with a stable population trend  over the last ten years. Three from more than ten known localities have  become extinct in the last 50 years, however the reason for the  extinction is unknown.In Italy, it is found at 44 localities and the populations are stable. In Poland, a total of 1,000-1,500 individuals have been counted with a decreasing population trend. It was formerly known from around 100 dispersed localities in central and northeastern Poland and in the uplands but it has become extinct in many of those localities and is nowadays much rarer (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).In Slovakia the populations have  relatively low numbers, as a rule, 5 – 50 individuals, more rarely up to  ca 300 individuals. The number of populations of the species in  Slovakia has been gradually decreasing. Considering the character of the  sites and a large number of localities, the species is not in immediate  danger of extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Slovenia, there is a minimum of three small populations and the  extent of occurrence is decreasing. In Switzerland, there is one population with 100-150 individuals, that is stable but might be declining slightly.In Ukraine, near 40 small isolated populations have been counted.

habitat:
This perennial plant is predominantly found in forests or such as Euro-Siberian steppic woods and Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens, Quercus petrea and Carpinus betulus, oak-hornbeam forests (Galio-Carpinetum), alluvial forests of Alno-Ulmion communities, Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests, Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion, open pine forests and forest margins. It has also been reported from intermittently wet Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Klotz et al. 2002). Flowering time is from July to August.

threats:
The main threats to the species forest habitat are the replacement of forests with plantations, deforestation and clearing of forest for logging, a lack of natural forest dynamics, and the use of heavy machinery during management interventions to the stands. Where it occurs in grassland, trampling by cattle and overgrazing are impacting the species. On the other hand, the abandonment of grazing or mowing activities leads to succession and increased competition for this species. Damage by game species (dear, rabbits) and non-native species have been reported as threats. Locally, recreational activities, and eutrophication have negative impacts (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010,   Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant is used for ornamental purposes but collection has not been reported as a threat.

conservationAction:
Adenophora lilifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Austria: Critically Endangered (Niklfeld 1999); it is protected in one federal estate and locally extinct  in another, it is found in a few protected areasBelarus: Endangered (Ermakova 2005), found in some protected areas, ex  situ conservation is in placeCroatia: Near Threatened (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000), protected and included in a Natura 2000 siteGermany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and protectedHungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)Italy: Rare and partially protectedSerbia: Critically Endangered (Stevanovič 1999) Slovakia: Vulnerable (Feráková et al. 2001), protected and included in seven Natura 2000 sites and some protected areasSlovenia: Endangered (Skoberne 1996) and protected, included in Natura 2000 siteSwitzerland: Endangered (Moser et al. 2002) and protected, one locality that is a nature reserveRussia: Near Threatened (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).Conservation measures recommended are to raise local awareness and to carry out research on the life history and ecology. In some areas (e.g. Belarus) more field surveys are needed to confirm localities.

useAndTrade:
This plant is used for ornamental purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Asyneuma giganteum is endemic  to the East Aegean Islands and found at eight locations on Rhodes, Chalki, and Karpathos. The  area of occupancy is 12 km² and the extent of occurrence is 137 km². The total population is 500-1,000 individuals but the population trend is unknown. The species grows at inaccessible places but potential threats are posed by grazing and forest fires. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Asyneuma giganteum is endemic to the East Aegean Islands of Greece. There are six locations on Rhodes island (Profitis Ilias Mt, Attavyros Mt, Akramytis Mt), one location on Chalki island, and one location on Karpathos island (Kali Limni). The area of occupancy is 12 km² and the extent of occurrence is 137 km².

population:
The total population is 500-1,000 individuals. In Rhodes there are only a few mature individuals at each location (10-20 individuals counted at each of four locations). In Karpathos, only one mature individual was counted in 2003. The size of the population in Chalki is not known.

habitat:
This plant grows in crevices and ledges on limestone rock of northeast to northwest exposition.

threats:
The species grows at inaccessible places and is not threatened by tourism activities or developmental works. It is sensitive to grazing. Grazing at its areas is moderate in Rhodes and intense in Karpathos. Forest fire may be a threat at the sites of Profitis Ilias and Atavyros neighbouring pine forests.

conservationAction:
Asyneuma giganteum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and listed in the National Red Data Book as Vulnerable D1+2.


redListCategoryRationale:
Azorina vidalii is endemic to the Azores where it is found at the coasts of several islands. The population consists of very few individuals, is severely fragmented, and declining. In total, there are less than 1,000 mature individuals that occupy an area of 252 km². The main threat is habitat degradation due to the invasive  species, changes in land use, urban and  infrastructure development, and pollution. Trampling, recreational  activities, landslides and storms also affect  the species. It is therefore assessed as Endangered but would also qualify as Vulnerable D1 and could be Endangered under C2a(i) if each of the subpopulations hosts less than 250 mature individuals.

range:
Azorina vidalii is endemic to the Azores where it is found at the coasts of several islands (Martín et al. 2008). Its area of occupancy is 252 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population counts very few individuals, is severely fragmented, and declining. In total, there are less than 1,000 mature individuals (Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
Species can be found in rocky shores, coastal cliffs, pebble and sand beaches, slopes or terraces with volcanic or sedimentary materials or in rocky platforms of compacted lava. It also occurs near human settlements (Martín et al. 2008).It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to the invasion of exotic species that also increase competition, changes in land use, urban and infrastructure development, and pollution. Trampling, recreational activities and natural factors such as landslides and storms can affect the species (Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Azorina vidalii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The following conservation measures are recommended for this species (Martín et al. 2008):Habitat management, conservation and restorationThreat management such as control of invasive species and appropriate planning of the coastal zoneSpecies recovery programmesEstablishment of protected areasRaising public awarenessResearch on biology and ecology, population dynamics, taxonomyStudies on the impact of conservation actions, threats, and use of the species


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is assessed as Data Deficient as no information on its population size or trend, habitat requirements, potential threats and conservation actions are available.

range:
Campanula asperuloides is endemic to Greece (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Trachelium asperuloides Boiss. Orph.


redListCategoryRationale:
Campanula bohemica is endemic to Czech Republic and Poland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and the species is found at # 50 localities in Czech Republic and 60 localities in Poland. The populations have a stable trend in Czech Republic and Poland, except for the populations in montane hay meadows that are declining. The reason is abandonment of  traditional management of meadows and subsequent competition by encroaching vegetation, mowing or cutting,  eutrophication and recreational activities. Campanula bohemica listed as Endangered in the  Czech and Polish red lists and the Polish populations are all included in the Karkonosze National Park. As there is no information on how the localities transfer into locations or whether they are severely fragmented, the species is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(iii) for the moment but might deserve a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to the Karkonosze Mountains (Sudeten Mts.) in the Czech Republic and Poland (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). It is found between 800-1,600 m asl. The geographic range for both countries is 793 km² and it can therefore be estimated that the EOO is less than 5,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In the Czech Republic, it is known from 50 localities with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Poland, Campanula bohemica is found at 60 localities. The subpopulations in montane hay meadows show declining trends caused by abandonment of traditional management of meadows (cessation of grazing). Subpopulations in natural localities in alpine grasslands, mainly in the subalpine belt, are stable (Perzanowska 2010).

habitat:
This species is found in montane and alpine meadows and in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of the montane # to alpine levels6520 Mountain hay meadows8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)

threats:
The main threats to the species are abandonment of grazing activities and subsequent competition by encroaching vegetation, mowing or cutting, eutrophication and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
Campanula bohemica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.The Polish populations are all included in the Karkonosze National Park (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). The species is included in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the Atlas of Polish Endemics (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa in prep.) as Endangered. In the regional red list of Lower Silesia (Kącki 2003) it is classified as Vulnerable/Endangered. It is also strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). It is listed as Endangered in the Czech Red List (Holub and Procházka 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
Campanula bohemica ssp. gelida  is native to the eastern Sudeten Mts. in northern Czech Republic with an extent of occurrence of 133 km² and an area of occupancy of 100 km². The total population has been estimated as 47 tufts which are assumed equals a total population of less than 50 mature individuals. The population is stable but recreational activities and eutrophication have been described as potentially affecting the species. Due to the low number of mature individuals it is assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Campanula bohemica ssp. gelida is native to the eastern Sudeten Mts. in northern Czech Republic (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). Its extent of occurrence is 133 km² and the area of occupancy is 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population has been estimated as 47 tufts with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This subspecies habitat has been described as acidophilous vegetation of alpine cliffs, wind-swept alpine grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats described are recreational activities such as mountaineering, rock climbing, skiing, as well as eutrophication (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority taxon on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) # under the synonym Campanula gelida. It is classed as Endangered on the Czech Red List (Holub and Procházka 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(ii,iii)This species endemic to Serbia and west and central Bulgaria. There is no information on the population size or trend for both countries and potential threats in Serbia available. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27 member state Bulgaria, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. It is experiencing a decline  in the area of occupancy and the extent and quality of its habitat due to periodical droughts, forest cutting, forest fires  and the widening of roads and other infrastructural construction. It is listed as Vulnerable for Bulgaria.

range:
This species is found in the Balkan Peninsula, from Serbia to west and central Bulgaria (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). In the latter it is found in Stara Planina, Pirir, Rila, Sredra Gore, and Rhodopi mountains. For Bulgaria, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented.

population:
In Bulgaria, the population size is unknown but some local populations are doing fairly well. There is no information for Serbia available.

habitat:
This biannual herb grows in rocky places mostly in crevices both on limestone and silica. It is often found in shady places from 600-1,500 m asl. It experiences natural population fluctuations.

threats:
In Bulgaria, this species is threatened by periodical droughts. Cutting of surrounding forest opens the habitat which has indirect affects on this plant that prefers shade. Further threats are posed by forest fires and the widening of roads and other infrastructural construction.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria, it is protected and classed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(ii,iii) in the Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is found in two national parks, four national reserves and Natura 2000 sites.Collecting seeds for ex situ conservation and monitoring of some populations is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Campanula morettiana is endemic to three regions in Italy where 180 occurrences have been counted. Extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are below the thresholds of 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The populations are stable and there is only one potential threat, collection of this plant, which is already regulated at regional level.

range:
Campanula morettiana is endemic to north Italy, where it occurs in the regions Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It occurs at more than 180 localities. The extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km².

population:
This species has stable populations although the size is unknown.

habitat:
It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The collection of this plant has been considered as a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Campanula morettiana is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The collection of the species is banned in some regions. Its populations are partially included in Natura 2000 sites.

redListAssessors:
Lasen, C., Bertolli, A., Prosser, F. & Wilhalm, T.


taxonomicNotes:
The occurrence of C. patula ssp. abietina in Greece appears to be originally based on the misidentification of two Baldacci collections of a tuberless variant of C. spatulata (Strid and Tan 1991), and has subsequently been incorrectly repeated in most floras. C. patula is present in Greece. Besides, the taxonomy of this species is unsettled (A. Strid pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is assessed as Data Deficient on European level as there is little information available regarding its population size and trend. # Based on not knowing this important information, threats are subsequently unconfirmed and in need of research, so is the plants taxonomic confirmation.

range:
This species is found from the eastern Carpathian mountains to the Balkan and occurs in Czech Republic, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

population:
In Montenegro, the plant is found on the Prokletije mountain and in Ukraine, it occurs in groups with a small number of individuals. However, there is no further population size or trend information available for the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows in glades and clearings of spruce forests and in high-mountain meadows of the Carpathians as a component of Hyperico grisebachii, Calamagrostietum villosae, Poa-Deschampsietum caespitosea communities.

threats:
Degradation of the forest mountain ecosystems is the main threat in the Ukraine. There is no information on threats in the other parts of its range.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is not included in Red Data Book of Ukraine, but it is protected in the Carpathian biosphere reserve, in Gorgany reserve, in Carphathian, Synevir, Vyznickij, Scolivski Beskydy, Uzhanskij natural parks and in Chivhino-Grynjavskij zakaznik in Ukrainian Carpathians.


range:
Campanula romanica is endemic to Romania (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

conservationAction:
Campanula romanica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
C. sabatia is an Italian endemic species occurring in several growing sites in Liguria. Most of the populations in the mountain area do not suffer specific threats, but the overexploitation of the coastal areas and the increasing gull population (guano) is determining a decline of 10% of the total number of individuals. The species is the subject of research on ex situ micro-propagation and attempts of population reinforcement. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Campanula sabatia is endemic to northwest Italy. It grows in Liguria and Piedmont in several sites from sea level up 1,000 m asl in the Maritime Alps. Most of the populations are in Liguria (Marsili et al. 2010, Pignatti et al. 2001).The species has a restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of 821 km² and an area of occupancy of 252 km².

population:
Following Marsili et al. (2010) the number of individuals has been declining by 10% as some coastal populations disappeared in the last five years. This decline is suspected to continue due to infrastructure development like roads and golf courses - projects that have already been approved. C. sabatia is entomophilous and the seed production is moderate (Marsili et al.  2010).It has been recorded in 23 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009) but the species is probably more widespread.

habitat:
C. sabatia grows on calcareous substrates, in rocky areas along the coast and in rocky grasslands and/or shrublands in the mountains (Marsili et al. 2010). It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats for the coastal populations of C. sabatia are human settlements and infrastructure development. In two small islands of the Ligurian coast (Island of Bergeggi and Island of Gallinara) the species is affected by the accumulation of gull's guano on the cliffs that lead to a high plant mortality (Mariotti 1993).

conservationAction:
It is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). C. sabatia is listed among the species under strict protection in the local legislation of Liguria (L.R. 28/2009 Liguria) (Anchisi et al. 1985). It is classed as Vulnerable on the Italian Red List of Vascular Plants (Conti et al. 1997).Researches on in-vitro micropropagation are currently ongoing as well as attempts of population reinforcement in Liguria.

redListAssessors:
Marsili, S., Barberis, G., Mariotti, M.G., Casazza, G. & Minuto, L.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Campanula serrata is endemic to the Carpathians, found in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania. It has been described as common in parts of Ukraine and Poland. In Slovakia, there are a few  hundred localities and the subpopulations are stable. Declines have been noted in parts of its range due to abandonment   of pastoral systems and overgrowth of the habitat by woody plants and herbaceous species,   forestation, fertilisers, overgrazing, and recreational activities. It is listed as Vulnerable in Poland but not included in any other red lists. There is no information for Romania available. Many of its localities are protected in Slovakia and Poland. The species is therefore classed as Least Concern.

range:
Campanula serrata is endemic to the Carpathians and it is found in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania. In Slovakia it inhabits the central mountain ranges of the Western Carpathians and the Bukovské vrchy Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland it is found at elevations between 675-1,950 m asl and it occurs mainly in the subalpine belt. It is known from three regions: the Beskid Żywiecki mountains and the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians) as well as the Bieszczady mountains (Eastern Carpathians) (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Ukraine, it is a common species in the Chivcziny mountan massif and found more rarely in the Chornogora and Marmoroshki Alpy mountain massives (Ukrainian Carpathians).

population:
In Slovakia, there are a few hundred localities and the populations are stable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is known from three regions of Poland: the Beskid Żywiecki mountains and the Tatra  Mts (Western Carpathians) – a dozen localities as well as the  Bieszczady mountains (Eastern Carpathians) where it is rather  common (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Poland individual subpopulations comprise from a few flowering stems to several thousand. Subopulations in the Beskid Żywiecki mountains are in regression because  of abandonment of traditional pastoral management of mountain meadows.  The Tatra subpopulations are stable. The biggest subpopulations, consisting of  thousands of generative individuals, were observed in the Bieszczady  mountains.

habitat:
In Ukrainian Carpathians it is distributed in forest, subalpine and  alpine belts. It is grows in meadows on limestone slopes  as a component of Calamogrostidetum villosae, Festucetum, Rhodoretum  and Nardetum communities.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels6520 Mountain hay meadows

threats:
Overgrowth of the habitat by woody plants and herbaceous species, forestation, fertilizing, and overgrazing are the main threats in Slovakia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland, the main threats for this species are modification of cultivation practices and abandonment of pastoral systems, paths, tracks, and cycling tracks, skiing complexes and outdoor sports and leisure activities.

conservationAction:
Campanula serrata is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.The species occurs in 17 protected areas in Slovakia, comprising 49% of its national distribution (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland it is listed as Vulnerable in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). Most of the localities are protected in the national parks (Tatra and Bieszczady national parks) and in nature reserves. The species is also strictly protected at a national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species needs a fairly specific habitat, but it is widespread and common within this habitat. The population is stable and there are no major threats as it is found in remote areas and some of its sites are protected. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
Favratia zoysii has been described from Austria, Italy and Slovenia   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It is found in the southern part of Austria along the boarder to Slovenia at two locations (Fischer et al. 2008).This species is limited to the northern exposed slopes of limestone and the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km². It is widespread within its range and is found at an altitude from 1,500 to 2,500 m but can grow down to 500 m.

population:
Favratia zoysii has been described in 108 localities and its population is considered to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is widespread and common in its habitat.

habitat:
This species is limited to the northern exposed slopes of limestone and can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is posed by tourists frequenting the areas where it grows by mountaineering, rock climbing, or building access path. A potential future threat could come from climate change.

conservationAction:
This plant is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the name Campanula zoysii.In Slovenia, it is not listed on the Red List but protected to prevent its collection. Slovenia suggested that it should be added to the Natura 2000 species listed which was accepted. It is norotected in Italy, but is found in a regional natural park and Natura 2000 site. In Austria, it is also found in a Natura 2000 site.No conservation measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Jasione gr. crispa presents great taxonomic issues. Many populations in the Iberian peninsula are considered as a subspecies using characteristics that are unstable and with weak correlations (ICN 2006). It is not considered as a valid taxon in Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 2001). This taxon is not distinguishable from Jasione crispa ssp. sessiliflora (Boiss. & Reut.) Rivas Mart. (Aguiar 2000).

redListCategoryRationale:
Jasione crispa ssp. serpentinica is a doubtful species with many taxonomic issues. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to northeast Portugal where it occurs in the mountains of the massif of Bragança (ICN 2006). The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are small and severely fragmented (ICN 2006) and their trend is unknown. Populations have been lost in the past.

habitat:
A woody plant that forms a dense and low thicket. It grows in rock crevices and ultrabasic gravel in dry places from 700-900 m asl. It is characteristic of xerophilous pioneer communities of herbaceous perennials of Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae (Jasione sessiliflorae - Koelerietalia crassipedis, Corynephoretea canescentis) and of the endemic community Armerietum eriophyllae. These communities of skeletal soils derived from ultrabasic rocks, degraded by erosion due to farming, require soils that are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the bedrock (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6160 "Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat to the species is the expansion of residential areas, such as the city of Bragança  and the associated infrastructure. The expansion of the industrial area Quinta de S. Lourenço has started to destroy the outcrops of Alto das Cantarias. Other areas, such as Alimonda near Bragança, has big potential for tourism. Those outcrops of ultrabasic rocks that are far from urban areas face fewer threats (ICN 2006).Furthermore, quarrying leads to habitat loss. Afforestation attempts in the area are destroying the vegetation communities (e.g. Hieracio - Plantaginion radicatae) due to preparation of the soil (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Jasione crispa ssp. serpentinica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and it is legally protected in Portugal. It is necessary to control urbanisation and to forbid quarrying and afforestation. Limited grazing activities and controlled fires should keep vegetation succession at bay (ICN 2006). The current population trend should be established.


taxonomicNotes:
Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 2001) treat Jasione lusitanica either as a synonym of Jasione maritima or of Jasione montana var. montana. However, the plant is treated as a Portuguese endemic in this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the eastern coast of Portugal where it has an extent of occurrence of 2,700  km² and an area of occupancy of 1,300 km². The population size and trend  have not been estimated but the populations are considered fragmented. The main threats are posed by urbanisation and tourism that lead to habitat loss and degradation. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the eastern coast of Portugal where it occurs between Caminha and Aveiro (ICN 2006). The extent of occurrence is 2,700 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The plant is rare north of Esposende, relatively abundant between Esposende and Porto and then becomes rare again southwards of Porto. The population size and trend have not been estimated but the populations are considered fragmented (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Jasione lusitanica grows in coastal dunes, mainly between primary and secondary dunes among open vegetation (ICN 2006). It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands

threats:
The main threats are destruction and degradation of its habitat due to a high pressure from urbanisation and tourism (ICN 2006). This includes the removal of beach materials, the construction of paths and tracks, sport and leisure structures, recreational activities such as walking and horseriding which among others lead to trampling and erosion (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Jasione lusitanica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. The main conservation measures needed are habitat protection and restoration of the dune habitats, as well as control of urban and tourism expansion (ICN 2006). Information on the population size and trend should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats in most of its range.

range:
L. dortmanna occurs in Europe and in northern and western North America. In Europe, it occurs from Scandinavia south to France, Germany and Poland.

population:
L. dortmanna is classed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Vulnerable in Estonia, otherwise it appears to be widespread with stable populations.

habitat:
L. dortmanna typically occurs in shallow waters of oligotrophic lakes with acidic substrates.

conservationAction:
L. dortmanna is classed as Critically Endangered (level 1) in Germany and protected at national level. It is classed as Vulnerable in Estonia. It is classed as Endangered in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007). There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Musschia aurea is endemic to Madeira and found in 25 localities with a declining trend. The most important threats are  urbanisation, communication networks, natural catastrophes, and competition. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future and it is therefore classified as Least Concern.

range:
The genus Musschia is endemic to Madeira Islands, Portugal. The extent of occurrence for Musschia aurea is 682 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species is present in 25 localities with a declining trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species belongs to the Sinapidendro angustifoliae-Aeonion glutinosi and grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threats are agriculture and forestry activities, urbanisation, communication networks, and natural catastrophes such as landslides. The species also suffers from competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Musschia aurea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Musschia wollastonii is endemic  to Madeira, Portugal, where it is found in scattered populations with an extent of occurrence of 524 km². The population is stable but the habitat quality is declining mainly due to invasive species. Further threats to the species are posed by trampling, recreational activities, collection, fires, droughts and landslides. The total population counts less  than 250 mature individuals in total and this plant is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
Musschia wollastonii is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is found in scattered populations mainly along the north coast between 400-900 m (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 524 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in 17 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population is stable but counts less than 250 mature individuals in total (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This species occurs in humid and shaded valleys of laurisilva forests with Ocotea foetens, normally within the Euphorbion melliferae. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Martín et al. 2008).

threats:
Invasive species are leading to habitat degradation and competition for this species. Trampling, recreational activities, collection, fires and natural factors such as droughts and landslides all affect this plant (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Musschia wallostonii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).A species recovery and reintroduction programme is recommended together with raising awareness among the public. Further research on the biology and ecology, population dynamics, and the impacts of conservation actions are needed (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Physoplexis comosa is found in very remote habitats where no major threats are impacting the species itself or its habitat. The population is thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
Physoplexis comosa is native to Austria, Italy and Slovenia   (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) where it grows from 300 to 2,000 m altitude.      Its range for Italy, Austria and Slovenia is 21,578 km² from which 21,183 km² belong to Italy (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km². This plant is difficult to find.

population:
In Austria, there are five to 50 individuals at one or two locations only. In Italy, the species has been found at 170 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Approximately 50 localities have been counted in Slovenia. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
Physoplexis comosa grows on humid and shady calcareous rocks. It is characteristic for the Habitats Directive listed habitats 8210 "Calcareous rocks with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Potential threats are global warming, rock climbing in its habitat, and collection by botanists.

conservationAction:
Physoplexis comosa is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The species is not classed as threatened on any of the national red lists. In Italy, it is classed as Lower Risk and in Slovenia, it is protected. It can be found in Natura 2000 sites and national parks throughout its range. Ex situ conservation of seeds takes place in the Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Italy.No conservation measures are needed for this species.

redListAssessors:
Jogan, N., Gargano, D., Montagnani, C. & Bernhardt, K.G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alyssum akamasicum is endemic to Cyprus, where it has a population of more than 3,000 individuals throughout 11 locations. It is threatened by urbanisation. This species is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the national red list, however there is no information on the area of occupancy given and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.

range:
Alyssum akamasicum is an endemic species of Cyprus that is found at eleven locations in the Pafos district, from Fasoula village to the southeast, to the Akamas Peninsula in the west, at an altitude from 40 to 350 m asl (Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
The population counts more than 3,000 individuals but the population trends is unknown (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Subshrub or perennial herb. It occurs on serpentine rocks, on dry rocky slopes, among sparse phrygana and garrigue or occasionally in open pine forests (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
It is threatened by urban expansion (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the national red list (Tsintides et al. 2007). It is found on the Akamas Peninsula, which is state forest land and a proposed Natura 2000 site.


taxonomicNotes:
Alyssum borzeanum is considered a synonym of A. sibiricum Willd. in Flora Hellenica (Strid and Tan 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Alyssum borzaeanum is an  endemic with a limited distribution along the coast of the Black Sea. It  has been recorded in the Ukraine, Turkey, Greece, Romania and  Bulgaria. It  has been collected in c. 20 sites in northern Greece with no further information on their trends or threats. In Ukraine, it occurs at 25 sites and the populations are declining. In Bulgaria, there are more than 10 and the populations are more or less stable. There is no information available for Romania and it is not clear whether the populations are severely fragmented or how many locations there are in total. Threats described to this species and its habitat are tourism and recreational activities, grazing by sheep, trampling, off-road driving, or clearing of the sand dunes for  recreational activities.The species is assessed as Data Deficient until further information about the status of the populations becomes available.

range:
Alyssum borzaeanum Nyár. is an endemic with a limited distribution along the coast of the Black Sea. It has been recorded in the Ukraine, Turkey, Northern Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. In Romania, it is mainly found between Tuzla and the sea side.It has been collected in c. 20 sites in northern Greece from Sterea Ellada and from a few locations on Rhodes island (Strid and Tan 2002).In the Ukraine, it only occurs in the southeastern part in Crimean peninsula and the Cherson and Odessa regions along the northern Black sea coast. In Bulgaria, it is also found along the northern Black Sea coast, northeastern Bulgaria and the eastern Stara Planina mountains.

population:
It is very rare in the Ukraine where it occurs at only 25 sites (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). The population trend is decliningIn Bulgaria, a group of around 10 localities is found in an area of ca. 100 km² and it is also found at a cliff on a 5 km stretch. Besides those localities, it is found at two sandy beaches, one close to the border with Romania and the other beach is about 100 km south. There are two more localities for which there is no recent data. The populations have been declining over the last 100 years because of habitat loss but now the populations are more or less stable. However, if there is no protection in place, some sites can be lost.There is no information available for Greece.

habitat:
Alyssum borzeanum is a very small perennial shrub that is found in steppe grasslands, especially on limestone, on fixed dunes (carbonite), disclosures of tertiary siliceous sand, and pontic steppes on limestones near the sea. In the Ukraine, it grows in sparse vegetation cover in Seccalo sylvestre-Alyssetum borzeani associations. It occurs in the Bern Convention habitat 64.8: standing stone inland dunes.

threats:
In the Ukraine, destruction of habitats by tourism and recreational activities poses the main threat.In Bulgaria, several local threats are present such as grazing by sheep (small holder). A main threat are tourist activities in the coastal areas (infrastructure), trampling or clearing of the sand dunes for recreational activities, or off-road driving competitions. One population declined because of the building of a wind farm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In the Ukraine, the species is protected in the Chornomorskij biosphere reserve. In Bulgaria, it is classed as Endangered in the Red List and is protected at national level (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Some populations are included in protected areas: one nature reserve, one protected area and Natura 2000 sites.In Romania, it is  classified as endangered.More information on size and trend of the populations is needed.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Delipetrou, P., Melnyk, V. & Petrova, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Flora Iberica does not consider this species as valid, but considers it to be part of Alyssum serpyllifolium (Castroviejo et al. 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Alyssum pintodasilvae is classed as Data Deficient because of taxonomic issues, as this species is not recognized as a valid species by Flora Iberica.

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic species. It occurs in the north of Portugal, near Bragança and is widespread in Spain.

population:
There is not much detailed information on this species in Portugal available but the populations are common in Spain and assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This plant is characteristic of subnitrophilous dwarf shrub (chamaephyte) communities on skeletal soils derived from alkaline rocks in the northeast of Portugal. It is found in sandy soils in the northern Iberian mountains. The habitat is decreasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species are modification of cultivation practices, urbanisation, garbage disposal, and motorised vehicles (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Alyssum pintodasilvae is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. Its taxonomic status needs clarification.


taxonomicNotes:
There are several synonyms for this species such as Hormatophylla pyrenaica (Lapeyr.) Dudley and Cullen or Ptilotrichum pyrenaicum (Lapeyr.) Boiss. and Alyssum pyrenaicum might not be the valid name.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found at one single locality with 1,000 individuals counted in 2006. The population trend is unknown. A potential threat is the collection of the species. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
A. pyrenaicum occurs in the southern Pyrenees in France.

population:
There was one locality of 1,000 individuals in 2006. As this was the first count of the number of individuals, the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This woody plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat to this species is its collection in accessible parts of the population.

conservationAction:
Alyssum pyrenaicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at national level in France and the locality is in a nature reserve, although no particular conservation actions are in place.

useAndTrade:
This plant is collected but the purpose is not known.


redListCategoryRationale:
The area and quality of the habitat of this species is in decline, the number of plants fluctuate widely in number, and the remaining tiny population is very fragmented. Together the three known subpopulations only encompass about 100 individuals and cover an area of less than 2 km².

range:
This plant grows from 900-1,350 m altitude on the island of Cyprus on the Tripylos Mountain in the Troodos range.

population:
The three known subpopulations only encompass about 100 individuals.

habitat:
This annual or biennial herb colonizes rocky slopes. The species is found in semi-shaded, rocky streamside areas dominated by Golden Oak (Quercus alnifolia) and Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia).

It probably depends on the weather conditions whether this plant lives one or two years. In wetter years the plant can survive the summer drought period. The seeds are dispersed either by wind or by floating along water currents. Since this species is annual or sometimes biennial, the number of individuals fluctuates widely from year to year depending on environmental and climatic conditions. These fluctuations make population monitoring difficult.

threats:
One of the subpopulations is subject to human pressures resulting in habitat destruction. A picnic site is located near this site and military exercises often take place within and around this area.  A. kennedyae is potentially threatened by road construction or widening. Forest fires are also a threat. Contrary to other annual species in this habitat, its seeds are neither hard-shelled nor heat resistant, so fire could negatively affect the soil seedbank.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is protected by the Bern Convention where it is listed in Appendix I. Based on the results of a Life Third Countries Project, Arabis kennedyae has also been included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. Moreover, it is included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, to be published by the Government of Cyprus in 2005.  In situ: The entire population of this species occurs in Troodos National Forest Park and Pafos State Forest, which have been proposed by the Life Third Countries project as Sites of Community Interest (SCI) and Special Protection Areas (SPA) in the Natura 2000 Network. Any future construction projects or military exercises will have to consider the presence of this species. Tripylos Mountain, where one subpopulation occurs, is already a Nature Reserve where species protection laws are enforced.  Ex situ: Seeds were collected from cultivated plants at the University of Athens in 1994. They are stored in the seed bank of the Department of Botany at the University of Athens.  Actions Needed Although the entire population occurs within the Troodos National Forest Park, only one subpopulation grows in a Nature Reserve. The areas where the two other subpopulations occur need to be declared as Nature Reserves by the Cyprus Council of Ministers. According to Cyprus Forest Law, flora and fauna is totally protected within a Nature Reserve. Complementing the current legal protection of this species by Forest Law would help because A. kennedyae would then be prioritized in forest management plans.


redListCategoryRationale:
Arabis sadina is endemic to the centre-west of Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 3,596 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 1,300 km². The number of sites is not known, neither whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented, or the population trend. The main threats to the populations are the installing and maintenance of antennas and afforestation. As there is not enough information to assess the threat status of this plant it is classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Arabis sadina is endemic to the centre-west of Portugal, occurring in the regions Beira Litoral, Estremadura, and Ribatejo (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 3,596 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 1,300 km².

population:
The population size and trend are unknown. The flora of the centre-west was investigated between 1994-1996, and Arabis planisiliqua was frequently observed whereas A. sadina was hardly even located in the places it was reported from earlier (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This perennial plant is found in rocky habitats, borders and open areas of oak stands. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests

threats:
Those populations situated in the mountains of Aires and Candeeiros have a moderate conservation status, but are affected at the top of Serra de Aires by the installing of antennas. In the mountains of Montejunto and of Candeeiros, its sites are subject to afforestation plans (ICN 2006). Recreational activities such as rock climbing and gliding, or natural fires can furthermore affect the populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Arabis sadina is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This plant is legally protected in Portugal.More information about the current population size and trend of the species and the taxonomic relation to Arabis planisilqua is recommended. Appropriate management of the sites where the species occurs is needed, especially where it is threatened with afforestation projects and antennas (ICN 2006).


range:
This is an endemic species of the Dinaric Alps where it occurs in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Serbia. It does not reach the Italian border (Pignatti 1982). The plant grows up to 2,200 m. The extent of occurrence in Slovenia is 225 km². In Bosnia, it occurs in the mountains Osječenica, Klekovača, Dinara, Jedovnik, Kamešnica, Prolog, Šator, Plazenica, Vlašić (Smajdin skok, Crni vrh), Vranica (Ločike, Krstac), Bjelašnica (Vlahinja, Veliki kotao), Maglić, and Volujak. In Herzegovina, it is found in the mountains Prenj (Lupoglav), Plasa (Glavica Šišno), Trinača, Čvrsnica, Vran, Čabulja, and Čvrsnica (Pločno, Veliki Vilinac).

population:
There are no population data available. In Slovenia, there are at least five localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is classed as a Rare species (Šilić 1996).

habitat:
This species occurs in rocky grasslands, rock crevices and gravel, in the subalpine belt. It is found in pastures on limestone rock crevices.

threats:
The main threat for this species is mountaineering and rock climbing. Abandonment of traditional pastoral system leads to the closing of the vegetation and the appearance of Pinus mugo.

conservationAction:
Arabis scopoliana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Serbia, it is classed as Data Deficient and in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is considered as Rare. Several subpopulations are included in Natura 2000 sites. Some populations are situated within protected area Blidinje Nature Park in Herzegovina. Restricting access of the hikers in the sites of occurrence of this  species would help protecting it.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Armoracia macrocarpa is recorded in several countries as rare or very rare and is nationally threatened or Near Threatened throughout its range. There has been a decrease in the number of known localities and its distribution is severely fragmented. It is naturally vulnerable due to habitat specialization and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat—a trend which is expected to continue. However, further research is needed to determine the extent of  occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and size and trend of the  global population in order to evaluate this species against the Red List criteria. It is therefore currently assessed as Data Deficient.It is reported to occur within three Natura 2000 sites; population monitoring and management at these sites is an urgent priority, as is collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from all subpopulations.

range:
A. macrocarpa is native to the central Danube basin (Tutin et al. 1964). According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), it is native to Croatia, Former Czechoslovakia, Former Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia. It is a Pannonian endemic.In Slovakia, this species is restricted to the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland in the southeast of the country. The number of localities was recorded as c. 20 by Michalková and Marhold (2002); however, only two localities are now known (Balla pers. comm. 2010). In Hungary it occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Mátra margins), Great Hungarian Plain (Danube  region, Danube-Tisza köze region and Tiszántúl region) and South  Transdanubia (Somogy and Szekszárd). It has a fragmented distribution, especially in northeastern parts of the country   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In Serbia it has a scattered distribution in Vojvodina and in the north of the country. It is extinct from a few localities in the surroundings of Belgrade (former Makiš wetland) and Požarevac. In addition, the species has not been rediscovered since the second half of the last century in Fruška Gora and Deliblatska sands. Additional field investigations are needed as its distribution in Serbia is not well known.In Romania it is only found at one locality in the southwest.

habitat:
In Hungary it grows in reeds (Scirpo-Phragmitetum austro-orientale), wet meadows (Phalaridetum arundinaceae) and salt meadows (Agrosti (o)- Alopecuretum pratensis) and favours alkaline soils, salt tolerant, wet or water covered adherent  loam-, clay-, salt soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In Romania it grows in wet pastures and in seasonally flooded pastures in the wet period. The maximum altitude in Romania is 100 m asl. There is no detailed information on the specific habitat of this species in Serbia except that it grows in wet meadows.

threats:
A. macrocarpa is a naturally rare species due to its specialized habitat preference, which makes it more vulnerable to threats.  Drainage of wet meadows to grow crops could be playing a major role in the decline of the population. In addition, the transformation of salt marshes into fish ponds across the Pannonian plain could have a negative impact. In Slovakia it is threatened by a decrease in suitable habitat due to   abandonment of livestock grazing on  pastures leading to secondary   succession, while in Romania, wet pastures are naturally flooded by the River  Danube which can be polluted, affecting the species' habitat.

conservationAction:
The genus Armoracia is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex and A. macrocarpa is listed in Annex I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention).Its national threat and conservation status has been recorded as follows:Slovakia: Endangered (EN) (Michalková and Marhold 2002).Hungary: Near threatened (NT) (Király 2007). It is protected according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant  and animal species and the Government decree on the Natura 2000 sites  for the restoration of natural habitats and the maintenance of viable  populations of protected species. Croatia: Near Threatened (NT) (Nikolić and Topić 2005).Romania: Endangered (EN) (Dihoru and Negrean 2009). It is conserved ex situ in botanical gardens.Serbia (Stevanović pers. comm. 2010): It is very rare and extinct from the majority of known localities. It has been estimated as Endangered (EN) (Stevanović 2000) but it is now thought that it could be Critically Endangered (CR) because it has not been found since the second half of the last century at localities cited in literature. New field investigations are needed for re-evaluation.It occurs in the following Natura 2000 sites (European Environment Agency 2010): Kesznyéten (Hungary).Munţii Maramureşului and Porţile de Fier (Romania).Kalimok - Brashlen (Bulgaria).EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. macrocarpa held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. macrocarpa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to horseradish, A. rusticana.

redListAssessors:
Stevanović, V., Vörösváry, G., Eliáš, P. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. is a wild relative of cultivated horseradish, A. rusticana.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Armoracia rusticana is widely distributed and the population is stable to increasing. It often occurs as a ruderal plant in anthropogenic habitats and faces no major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. rusticana occurs in Latvia; Lithuania; Estonia; Kaliningrad; east, north, northwest, south and central European Russia; Belarus; Moldova; and Ukraine (including Crimea) (Smekalova 2008).

population:
Common throughout its range with stable to increasing populations.

habitat:
It grows along riverbanks and in other damp places. Ruderal plants are mainly confined to secondary anthropogenic habitats; for example, near arable land, in urban areas and in rural gardens.

conservationAction:
The genus Armoracia is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the Brassica complex. EURISCO reports 102 germplasm accessions of A. rusticana held by European genebanks; however, only four of these are recorded as of wild or weedy origin. These wild accessions originate from Croatia (one), Denmark (two) and Ukraine (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is needed to ensure that wild germplasm is available for use in plant breeding programmes.

useAndTrade:
The species is a very popular spice known as horseradish and is widely cultivated. Wild populations are potential gene donors to the cultivated form.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this species in European Turkey. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27 region (Bulgaria), the species is listed as Endangered as it has an extent of occurrence of less than 1,200 km², an area of occupancy of less than 20 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. It is experiencing a decline in the population size, the quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations the extent of habitat and area of occupancy. The causes for the decline of this coastal species are expansion of tourism and recreational activities, urban and infrastructure development.

range:
This western Black Sea Coast endemic is found in Bulgaria and in Turkey (European and Asian part). In Bulgaria, it has an extent of occurrence of less than 1,200 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 20 km².

population:
In Bulgaria, the populations have been declining by possibly more than 50% during the past 100 years. Only locally some populations show good density of up to 25 individuals per m² but the regeneration of the populations is low. It is known from approximately ten localities and is severely fragmented in Bulgaria.There is no information for Turkey available.

habitat:
This perennial herb is found in coastal sands, fixed sand dunes and inland dunes.

threats:
The expansion of tourism and recreational activities such as walking or the cleaning of beaches, urban development and infrastructural activities associated with tourism and other development in the coastal area (ports etc.) are the main threats to this taxon.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria, it is classed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(ii,iv,v) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)  and protected and there are localities in two protected areas.Conservation measures needed are the protection of existing dune vegetation, monitoring of the populations and ex situ conservation of seeds.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea balcana Pančić is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Barbarea balcana is restricted to high mountain areas of the central Balkans above 1,500 m. In Serbia, one subpopulation is threatened by the planned construction of artificial ski slopes; however, there are no other immediate major threats reported to the rest of the subpopulations across its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Research is however needed into the species' overall distribution and population trend and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required. As this species is restricted to high altitudes, it could be particularly threatened by climate change; therefore, climate change modelling is recommended.

range:
This species is recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia. However,     V. Stevanović (pers. comm. 2010) believes that its presence in Greece is doubtful. It has a scattered distribution in high mountain areas of the central Balkans above 1,500 m. Its distribution is of a mountain insular type characterized by micro-disjunctions. The main range of this species is in Bulgaria. The following localities have been recorded (Stevanović et al. 2010):Central Bosnia: Mt. Vranica. A single locality which is very distant from the closest ones which are in the bordering mountains between Montenegro and Albania (Mt. Prokletije—Bjesket e Nemuna).Serbia: Kosovo and Metochia province (Mt. Prokletije, Mt. Šarplanina); east Serbia (Mt. Stara Planina).Montenegro: Mt. Prokletije.Albania: Mts Prokletije—Bjesket e Nemuna, Mj Jalica—Maje e Djalices, Mt. Korab.FYR Macedonia: Mts. Šarplanina, Rudoka, Vraca and Korab.Bulgaria: the west and central part of Mt. Stara Planina—Mt. Balkan, Mts. Rila and Pirin; west and central Rhodopes.Greece: Mts. Triklario and Varnous. These records are cited in the literature but specimens have not been seen; therefore, this locality requires confirmation. The localities in Greece are distant from neighbouring ones in FYR Macedonia and Albania.

population:
In Serbia, the subpopulations at Mt. Prokletije and Mt. Šarplanina are stable, but the subpopulation on Mt. Stara Planina is under severe threat due to the planned construction of an artificial ski slope. The overall population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in wet meadows and peat bogs along mountain rivers, streams, creeks and pond banks above (1,300-)1,500 m up to 2,200 m. It prefers silicious (acid) substrates.

threats:
In Serbia, one subpopulation on Mt. Stara Planina is under severe threat from planned construction work to create an artificial ski slope. However, there are no other immediate major threats reported to the rest of the subpopulations across its range. As this species is restricted to high altitudes, it could be particularly threatened by climate  change.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  It occurs in protected areas in Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia (Šarplanina National Park and Stara Planina Nature Park); however, it is not monitored or actively managed. Research is needed on the distribution and population trends of this species and a monitoring programme should be implemented.In Serbia it is evaluated as Lower Risk LRcd.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to land cress, B. verna and winter cress, B. vulgaris.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G., Stevanović, V. & Kell, S.P.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea bosniaca Murb. is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress). It is closely related to Barbarea sicula C. Presl. and B. intermedia Boreau.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Barbarea bosniaca is assessed as Data Deficient because there is currently insufficient knowledge of the population status (size, trend and threats) to make an informed decision. It has been classified as Rare at national level (Šilić 1996) but a fresh assessment is needed based on field investigations. It is not protected in situ and is inadequately conserved ex situ. A conservation action plan is urgently needed for this species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Bosnia-Herzegovina (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006) where it is only found at several localities in the surroundings of Travnik, Fojnica and Sarajevo (central Bosnia) (Stevanović et al. 2010).

population:
According to Beck (1903) this species was frequent around Sarajevo (Grbavica,  Kovačić, Mrković, Lukavica and Pale) in the first half of the 20th  century. However, it is now extinct from these localities. There is currently no information available about the remaining subpopulations.

habitat:
This species grows in wet meadows, on the edges of alluvial forests, along streams and rivers, in sunny or slightly shady sites between 650 and 1,300 m; it grows in wet and nutrient rich clay or sandy soils and flowers (April-) May–July (Šilić1984).

threats:
Extensive urbanization around Sarajevo is known to have caused the loss of some subpopulations in the past and probably continues to pose a serious threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of B. bosniaca held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  It is classified in Bosnia and Herzegovina as Rare (Šilić 1996); however, little is currently known about the threat status of this species—a survey is required to determine the current status of the remaining subpopulations.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to land cress, B. verna and winter cress, B. vulgaris.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea bracteosa Guss. is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Barbarea bracteosa is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend, habitat preferences and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
B. bracteosa is native to parts of southeast and southwest Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, this species occurs in three departments in the southeast: Savoie, Alps-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of B. bracteosa held in European genebanks; however, only one originates from within Europe. This accession originates from Italy and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Strid (1986) wrote that the status of Barbarea conferta Boiss. & Heldr. is uncertain. It was described from Mt. Killini and "differs from B. vulgaris in the raceme scarcely elongating in fruit, and pedicels 2–4 mm" (Strid 1986).If a valid taxon, it is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Barbarea conferta is assessed  as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information   available to evaluate this species. It was classified as  Rare in the  list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants in   Europe  (1982 edition)  (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of   Threatened  Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was  considered to be  at risk almost 30  years ago; however, the validity of this species has been questioned. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of this species. If  it is considered a valid taxon, information is needed on its exact  distribution and habitat type, the population size and trend, potential threats, and its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Barbarea conferta is native to Greece where it is described from Mount Killini (Strid 1986, Strid and Tan 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of B. conferta are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in    Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red   List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not   Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Further research is needed to confirm the validity of this species. If it is considered a valid taxon, information is needed on its exact distribution and habitat type, the population size and trend, potential threats, and its in situ and ex situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea intermedia Boreau is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Barbarea intermedia is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
B. intermedia is native to central, southwestern and southeastern Europe (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, France, Portugal and Spain), as well as northern Africa and western Asia (Turkey) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species has been introduced to other parts of Europe and Australasia where it has become naturalized (Rich 1991).In Portugal, it occurs in the centre to northeast of the country. It is widespread in France, occurring in the majority of departments throughout the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Iberia, this species grows along streamsides, in hilly areas, oak forests, pine forests and can survive in several substrates.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of B. intermedia held in European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe (Spain) and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea lepuznica Nyár. is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress). Its taxonomic position is not quite clear—it is ranked by some authors as a subspecies of Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., while others consider it to be closely related to the boreal-central European species Barbarea stricta Andrz.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) C2a(i)Barbarea lepuznica is assessed as Endangered D as the population comprises only 150 individuals and the largest subpopulation in Serbia is under threat from nitrification, road construction and tourism. It would also qualify for Vulnerable B1ab(iii,v) as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 7,500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat in the area of the largest subpopulation and in the number of mature individuals in Romania.It is assessed as Critically Endangered at EU level, where it is only present in Romania. Here, the population comprises around 50 mature individuals and is in decline, and there are less than 50 mature individuals in each subpopulation. It would also qualify for Endangered B2ab(v);D at EU level as its area of occupancy is no more than 250 km², the population is severely fragmented, comprises less than 250 individuals and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.

range:
B. lepuznica is endemic to Romania and Serbia. In Romania, it occurs on Retezat, Borascu and Piule  mountains in Hunedoara province, where the area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 250 km2, while in Serbia there is a single disjunct population close to the Romanian border on Mt. Vršačke above the city of Vršac (Banat region, Vojvodina province), c. 120 km west of the main area of the species' range in Romania.The  extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 7,500 km2.

population:
The population in Romania is extremely small (comprising about 50 mature individuals), and decreasing. In Serbia, the population is estimated to comprise c. 100 mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented as it occurs as isolated subpopulations in different mountainous areas.

habitat:
In Romania this species is found in sub-alpine Juniperus forests (Chrysosplenio-Cardaminetum association) with high relative humidity, often beside fast flowing water. In Serbia it grows at the edge of sessile oak–silver lime forests (Quercus petraea–Tilia tomentosa) and along roadside slopes that resemble siliceous scree (Diklić and Lakušić 1999).

threats:
In Serbia it is under threat from nitrification, road construction and tourism (including trampling) (Diklić and Lakušić 1999). There is no information available about threats to the Romanian population; however, this species is restricted to a very narrow ecological niche.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of B. lepuznica are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.In Serbia, the entire population is situated inside Vršačke Mountain Nature Park and in Romania the at least part of the population is known to occur inside protected areas (Retezat National Park); however, these populations not actively managed—a monitoring programme is needed.It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iv+v); C2ai) in Romania (Dihoru and Negrean 2009) and in Serbia (CR B1+2c; C2b) (Diklić and Lakušić 1999).

useAndTrade:
B. lepuznica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to land cress, B. verna and winter cress, B. vulgaris.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea longirostris Velen. is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment:  Data Deficient (DD)Barbarea longirostris # is  assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information  available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed  on its  precise  distribution, habitat preferences, population size,  trend and  potential threats, as well as  its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of B. longirostris are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
There is some uncertainty about the validity of Barbarea macrophylla (Halácsy) Halácsy. It was described in 1899 from Pilion in eastern Greece but according to Tutin et al. (1964) and Strid (1986) is probably only a variant of B. vulgaris.If a valid taxon, it is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
Barbarea macrophylla is  assessed  as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information   available to evaluate this species. Further research is needed to confirm  the validity of this taxon. If  it is considered to be valid,  information is needed on its exact  distribution and habitat type, the  population size and trend, potential threats, and its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
B. macrophylla is endemic to Greece (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). As the validity of this taxon is uncertain, the exact distribution is unknown.

population:
If it is a valid taxon, further research is needed to gather information about its population size and trend.

habitat:
Strid (1986) includes B. macrophylla in the description of B. vulgaris and describes it as growing on montane levels and occasionally in wet habitats on the timberline in northern Greece. If a valid taxon, further research is needed to gather information about its specific habitat.

threats:
If a valid taxon, further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of B. macrophylla are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Further research is needed to confirm the validity of this species. If  it is considered a valid taxon, information is needed on its exact  distribution and habitat type, the population size and trend, potential  threats, and its in situ and ex situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea rupicola Moris is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
Barbarea rupicola is assessed as Least Concern as it is fairly common and does not currently face any major threats. However, it has a restricted distribution, only occurring in Corsica and Sardinia. Further information is needed about its precise distribution, the extent and quality of its habitat, the population size and trend, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Barbarea rupicola is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Tutin et al. 1964, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

habitat:
It is a montane species which grows on cliffs, rocks and boulders in humid sand and sandy soils and can also be found near mountain streams.

threats:
There appear to be no current major threats to this species; however, it could potentially be threatened by pollution and habitat fragmentation in the future.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.    EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of B. rupicola held in European genebanks; however, it is not reported to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.    Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea sicula C. Presl is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
Barbarea sicula is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
B. sicula is native to Greece, mainland Italy, Sicily and Malta (Marhold 2011). It is confined to central and southern areas of Greece (Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009).

habitat:
In Greece, B. sicula is found in subalpine and montane habitats, in damp meadows and pastures. It can also be found on granite, silicate, serpentine or flysch outcrops, normally between 1,000–2,100 m asl, but it can also be found at lower altitudes (Strid and Tan 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of B. sicula are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea stricta Andrz. is a wild relative of the cultivated Barbarea species, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress), and B. vulgaris R. Br. (winter cress).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Barbarea stricta is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed throughout much of Europe and is reported to be widespread and common in Norway, common in Germany and stable in Slovakia.

range:
B. stricta is native to much of Europe and western Asia, and has been introduced to North America and Australasia (Rich 1991).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: scattered throughout the country (Peniašteková 2002).Hungary: occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Zemplén-mountain, Bükk-mountains: Eger), Trandanubia (Sopron, Somogy) and Great Hungarian Plain (Little Alföld region, Danube region, Tisza region)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Norway: widely distributed throughout all parts of the country.

population:
In Germany, it is common and widespread, with a scattered distribution. It is also common in Norway. The population trend is stable in Slovakia.

habitat:
It grows in plain and hill regions, eutrophic meadows and grassland, and ruderal sites. In Hungary, it grows on floodplains, in marshes, and in riverine shrublands and favours calcareous, nitrogen-enriched clay–loam soils (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.Knowledge of the national threat/conservation status of B. stricta is as follows:Denmark: classified as Least Concern (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Hungary: not protected   (Király 2007).Slovakia: listed as Lower Risk (Peniašteková 2002).EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of B. stricta held in European genebanks; however, only two originate from within Europe (Norway) and are stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Futhere germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. is a primary wild relative of cultivated B. verna (Mill.) Asch. (land cress) and a wild relative of winter cress, B. vulgaris R. Br.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Barbarea verna is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, habitat preferences, population size and trend # is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
B. verna is native to parts of central, southwest and southeast Europe (Marhold 2011). This species has been widely introduced to the rest of Europe where it has become naturalized (Rich 1991). The species is widespread in France, occurring in the majority of departments across the country with the exception of Lot-et-Garonne, Lot and Haute-Garonne to the south and 16 departments in the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species in its native range.

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of B. verna held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe—one from Austria and the other from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
B. verna is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated B. verna (land cress) and winter cress, B. vulgaris. An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is its pest resistance to pollen beetle (Warwick et al. 2009). Research has also shown that B. verna,   with winter hardiness, relatively large seeds and high seed yields,  has the potential to become  a new oilseed crop (Andersson et al.  1999).


taxonomicNotes:
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. is a primary wild relative of cultivated B. vulgaris (winter cress) and a wild relative of land cress, B. verna (Mill.) Asch. Three subspecies are native to Europe: B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata (Opiz) Hayek, B. vulgaris ssp. rivularis (Martrin-Donos) Rothm. and B. vulgaris R.Br. ssp. vulgaris (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Barbarea vulgaris is native to north, central, east, southwestern and southeastern Europe and is widespread throughout much of its range. As it is able to grow in a wide variety of habitats, including disturbed anthropogenic sites, and there is a lack of major threats to this species, therefore it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
B. vulgaris is native to much of Europe, as well as parts of temperate Asia and north Africa (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). This species is known to be widespread throughout Slovakia, Romania, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Serbia, France and the UK. According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata is present in Norway, but its status is unknown. However, Atlas Florae Europaeae (Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History 1999) records B. vulgaris as introduced to Norway. It is an archeophyte in Estonia, Latvia and  Lithuania (J. Labokas pers. comm. 2010).

population:
B. vulgaris is widespread and commonly found throughout its range. It is the most common species of the genus in Britain, and noted as locally abundant where it occurs (Rich 1991). This species has shown no particular change in its distribution in the UK since 1962 (Preston et al. 2002). In Slovakia it is widespread and common (Peniašteková 2002), with a stable population trend.

habitat:
This species occurs in many habitats in Europe, often in damp ground and lowland areas including riverbanks, meadows, shingle and ditches, to more disrupted habitats such as roadside verges, arable land, wasteland and docklands (Polunin 1969, Rich 1991, Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009). It is found in siliceous, calcareous, sandy, alluvial and clay soils, avoiding highly acidic sites.  It is known to require a degree of disturbance and therefore is # found in roadsides, hedges, ditches and waste  places (Preston et al. 2002). In the Caucasus this species can be is found up to 2,500 m (Shetekauri and Jacoby 2009) and in Greece to 2,000 m (Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Barbarea is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.B. vulgaris ssp. lepuznica is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Serbia (Stevanović 1999).As it is a widespread species it occurs in protected areas all over Europe.  It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 47 germplasm accessions of B. vulgaris held in European genebanks, 32 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 21 originate from within Europe. The majority of European accessions originate from Germany (16) and the five other wild accessions originate from Austria (one), Belgium (one), Norway (one), Spain (one) and the UK (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
B. vulgaris is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated B. vulgaris (winter cress) and B. verna (land cress). Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high linoleic and/or linolenic acid content, potential for cold tolerance and disease and insect resistance (Warwick et al. 2009). Research has also shown that B. vulgaris, with winter hardiness and high seed yields, has the potential to become a new oilseed crop (Andersson et al. 1999). The leaves of this species are used for salad and are known to have high vitamin C content. In the past, it was harvested from the wild all over Europe and wild harvesting still occurs in Romania. B. vulgaris is also an important species for pollinators.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Bulińska, Z., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T., Eliáš, P. & Tavares, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found at six localities with a total of 3,200 individuals. Its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km². The main threat is habitat closure. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Biscutella neustriaca is endemic to the north of France (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). Its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km².

population:
There are six localities in four communes and 3,200 mature individuals were counted in 2008. The number in each subpopulation is not known. Several localities have not been seen during the last investigations (Life+ project).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedio albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8160 Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels

threats:
The main threats are eutrophication and mowing of roadside vegetation as well as vegetation closure.

conservationAction:
Biscutella neustriaca is listed as a priority species in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  It is protected at national level in France and listed as Vulnerable on the French red list (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). Three localities are about to receive a protection status (as Réserve Naturelle or Arreté de Protection de Biotope). Several hectares of habitats (hills above Seine river) are maintained open by cattle grazing.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is   endemic to the coast of Alentejo in southwest Portugal where it has a restricted area of occupancy of less than 20 km². There are various subpopulations that have undergone a decline,  some of them hosting less than 50 individuals. The main threats are posed by urbanisation and infrastructure development for tourism. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under D2 but could also fulfil Criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii,v) if information on the number of locations, or whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented, becomes available.

range:
This species is   endemic to southwest Portugal where it occurs at the coast of Alentejo in the dunes south of Cabo de Sines    (ICN 2006). The area of occupancy is less than 20 km² measured by the available habitat and its range is decreasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are various subpopulations with different distances to each other, some of them hosting less than 50 individuals. A decline in the number of individuals within the subpopulations has been noted (ICN 2006).

habitat:
It occurs in sandy and sandy soils along the coast (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 5140 "Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats are an increasing development of urbanised areas for tourism and human habitation and construction of leisure and sports facilities. Illegal quarrying of sand could pose a threat as it reduces the quantity and quality of the habitat, especially in the Sagres area   (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Biscutella vincentina is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Legally protected in Portugal. It is necessary to protect those populations that are still abundant and from where recolonisation of other sites could take place. The urban spread should be controlled.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is within the genus Vella according to recent genetic research (Crespo et al. 2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
Boleum asperum is listed as Least Concern because its degree of threat is now considered much lower after field work developed in Aragón. The species is abundant and no regressive trend has been reported for its distribution or population size.

range:
Boleum asperum is endemic to the northeast of Spain, mainly Aragón and Cataluña (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Aragón its area of occupancy is estimated in 24 grid cells of 10x10 km (Alcántara et al. 2007).

population:
The population in Aragón has been estimated in 3,123,350 individuals and the population trend is increasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It grows in two different habitats: The first one is a non disturbed environment covered by different types of shrubs, with Pistacia lentiscus and Pinus halepensis, # Juniperus oxicedrus and J. phoenicea. The second habitat is natural and artificial disturbed land (erosion or ravines) like afforestations, neglected crops or slopes    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Threats to this species are restructuring agricultural land holding and roads and motorways (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Boleum asperum is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  It is included as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of protected species of Aragón and as "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue for Cataluña.Seeds are stored in germplasm banks and technique for ex situ cultivation has been developed. Part of its subpopulations occur within Natura 2000 Network sites (Alcántara et al. 2007).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica balearica Pers. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B. oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea  var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea  var. viridis L., swede,  B. napus L. var. napobrassica  (L.) Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa, and oilseed rape, B. napus L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica balearica is assessed as Least Concern because it is a locally common species which does not currently face any major threats and the population is not reported to be in decline.

range:
B. balearica is endemic to Mallorca in the Balearic Islands (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

habitat:
It grows on inland cliffs, in limestone areas and in oak forests.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species; however, forest degradation and livestock grazing may have a detrimental effect.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.  B. balearica occurs in protected areas and in SCIs.EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of B. balearica stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
B. balearica is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica barrelieri (L.) Janka is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group;  including broccoli, B. oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea   var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea   var. viridis L., swede,  B. napus L. var. napobrassica   (L.) Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa, and oilseed rape, B.  napus L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Brassica barrelieri is assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution as a ruderal species in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed overall large population, because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category, and it is not subject to any major threats.

range:
B. barrelieri # is native to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and north Africa (Algeria and Morocco) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It is a ruderal species found in wastelands, grasslands, on riverbanks and in sandy soil.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, although livestock grazing could pose a threat to some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports 21 germplasm accessions of B. barrelieri stored in European genebanks, of which 17 are recorded as wild collected material. The majority of these accessions (16) were collected within Europe (in Spain) and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). This species occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape. It is harvested for food.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica cadmea O.E. Schulz  is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group;  including broccoli, B. oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea    var. viridis L., swede,  B. napus L. var. napobrassica    (L.) Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa, and oilseed rape, B.  napus L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica cadmea is  assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information  available to evaluate this species. It was classified as   Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants in   Europe   (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of    Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was   considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information about the  precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
B. cadmea is Endemic to Greece (Tutin et al. 1964, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where it has been found near Thivai (Tutin et al. 1964).

habitat:
It grows on clayey hills (Tutin et al. 1964). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).  No germplasm accessions of B. cadmea are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.  Information about its precise distribution, and the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica cossoniana Boiss. & Reut.   is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group;   including broccoli, B. oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea  L. var. gemmifera (DC.)  Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea  var. botrytis L., kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus L. var. napobrassica    (L.) Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.  napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Brassica cossoniana is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
B. cossoniana is native to south Spain, Algeria and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It is found in grasslands, at the base of cliffs and in ruderal places.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. No germplasm accessions of B. cossoniana are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
B. cossoniana is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica cretica Lam.   is a wild relative of a number of crops in the  brassica group;   including broccoli, B.  oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea   L. var. gemmifera (DC.)   Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea   var. botrytis L.,  kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus  L. var. napobrassica    (L.)  Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.   napus  L.  var. napus. Three subspecies are native to Europe: B. cretica ssp. aegaea (Heldr. & Halácsy) Snogerup, M.A.Gust. & Bothmer, B. cretica Lam. ssp. cretica, and B. cretica ssp. laconica M.A.Gust. & Snogerup (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Brassica cretica is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively common throughout its range, the population is thought to be increasing and it is not facing any major threats.

range:
Native to Greece (mainland and Crete), Turkey and Lebanon (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), as well as the East Aegean Islands (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). B. cretica ssp. aegaea is also found at one locality in Israel, while B. cretica ssp. cretica is probably introduced in Lebanon (Snogerup et al. 1990).

population:
This is a common species and the population is thought to be increasing.

habitat:
B. cretica ssp. cretica grows on limestone cliffs or in gorges, as well as small ravines and limestone pavement. B. cretica ssp. aegaea is found on limestone islets, which usually have sparse vegetation and little soil, and is sometimes found growing in rocky areas near cliffs. This subspecies can be found from sea level to 1,050 m. B. cretica ssp. laconica is usually found growing in open, almost vertical surfaces of limestone cliffs from 150–650 m (Snogerup et al. 1990).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species as it mainly grows on inaccessible cliffs (Snogerup et al. 1990).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.  EURISCO reports 105 germplasm accessions of B. cretica held in European genebanks, 101 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Ninety-one of these accessions are reported to originate from Greece and these are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (48) and the Greek Genebank, Agricultural Research Centre of Macedonia and Thrace, National Agricultural Research Foundation (43) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica elongata Ehrh.   is a wild relative of a number of crops in the  brassica group;   including broccoli, B.  oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea    L. var. gemmifera (DC.)    Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea    var. botrytis L.,  kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus   L. var. napobrassica    (L.)   Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.   napus  L.  var. napus. Three subspecies are native to Europe: B. elongata Ehrh. ssp. elongata, B. elongata ssp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr., and B. elongata ssp. pinnatifida (Schmalh.) Greuter & Burdet (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Brassica elongata is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It is relatively widely distributed in parts of middle, east and southeastern Europe but is thought to be extinct in Slovakia and has been listed as Near Threatened in Hungary. Further information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats from throughout its range in order to carry out a re-evaluation. A review of its in situ conservation status is also needed.

range:
B. elongata is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, the Caucasus, Siberia, middle Asia and China (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Slovakia, B. elongata ssp. elongata was historically recorded at two localities in the southwest: 1) Nána and 2) Kamenica nad Hronom (Baranec and Šípošová 2002). Both localities were found in the first half of the 20th century and have not recently been found (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). B. elongata ssp. integrifolia is a casual alien in Slovakia (Baranec and Šípošová 2002).In Hungary, # B. elongata occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Gödöllöi-hills), Transdanubian Mountains (Vác, Visegrád mountains, Pilis, Buda-mountain, Vértes, Bakony, Balaton region), South Transdanubia (Baranya), Little-Alföld and Great Hungarian Plain (Danube region, Danube-Tisza köze region, southern part of Tiszántúl region)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Hungary, this species favours calcareous soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals, loess, clay, loam soils. It grows in loess walls (Agropyro–Kochietum prostratae), loess steppe grasslands (Salvio (nutanti–nemorosae)–Festucetum rupicolae, Festuco–Agropyretum intermedii) and embankments   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.In Slovakia is B. elongata ssp. elongata listed as Critically Endangered (Baranec and Šípošová 2002); however, some authors believe that it should be re-classified nationally as Extinct (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). In Hungary, it is listed as Near Threatened but it is not protected   (Király 2007).EURISCO reports 24 germplasm accessions of B. elongata held in European genebanks, 22 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However none of the wild accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo.   is a wild relative of a number of crops in the  brassica group;   including broccoli, B.  oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea     L. var. gemmifera (DC.)     Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea     var. botrytis L.,  kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus    L. var. napobrassica    (L.)    Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.   napus  L.  var. napus. One subspecies is native to Europe: B. fruticulosa Cirillo ssp. fruticulosa (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  As Brassica fruticulosa is a widespread and relatively common species, and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category; it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.   #

range:
B. fruticulosa is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe (south Croatia, Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily, south-central France, east and south Spain), as well as northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
It is widespread and common in both in Italy and Spain, with stable subpopulations in these countries. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
B. fruticulosa is found in sunny, dry areas with scarce vegetation in coastal regions, and is also found in sandy soils.

threats:
This species is threatened by the use of herbicides where it occurs in vineyards.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. fruticulosa ssp. djafarensis is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the 2000 Red List of the Spanish Vascular Flora (Dominguez Lozano 2000).Some subpopulations of B. fruticulosa occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 59 germplasm accessions of B. fruticulosa held in European genebanks, 42 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 23 originate from within Europe of which 10 originate from Italy and 13 from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Donnini, D., Draper, D., Branca, F., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Duarte, M.C. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica glabrescens Poldini is a wild relative of a number of crops in the  brassica group;   including broccoli, B.  oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea      L. var. gemmifera (DC.)      Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea      var. botrytis L.,  kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus     L. var. napobrassica    (L.)     Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.   napus  L.  var. napus. The taxon is only recognized at subspecific level as B. repanda ssp. glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez Campo in some taxonomic treatments.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica glabrescens is assessed as Vulnerable because less than 1,000 mature individuals are known and its habitat is highly threatened by anthropogenic pressures.

range:
B. glabrescens is endemic to northeast Italy (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where it is found in a small region between the torrents of Cellina and Meduna in Fiuli (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006). It is present at six localities; its extent of occurrence (EOO) was recorded as 128 km2 in 2006 and was reported to have decreased during the period 1972–2006 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population trend was reported to be decreasing during the period 1972–2006 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Less than 1,000 individuals are known (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest  2006).

habitat:
It is a component of pioneer vegetation on gravel between 100 and 200 m asl (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest  2006). The habitat type according to the Commission of the European Communities (2009) is alpine rivers and herbaceous vegetation along their banks.

threats:
The Museum  National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (2006) reported that this species is highly threatened by anthropogenic pressures and that its "locus classicus" was destroyed by the establishment of vineyards. The Commission of the European Communities (2009) reports that the main threats are changes in structures of inland water courses and pollution.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and B. glabrescens is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and Annex I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and  natural habitats (Bern Convention).It is listed in the Libro rosso delle piante d'Italia (Conti et al. 1992) and occurs in two Natura 2000 sites: Magredi del Cellina and Magredi di Pordenone (European Environment Agency 2010).EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of B. glabrescens held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.

redListAssessors:
Dulloo, M.E., Branca, F., Donnini, D. & Kell, S.P.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica gravinae Ten. is  a wild relative of a number of crops in the  brassica  group;   including broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea       L. var. gemmifera (DC.)       Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea       var. botrytis L.,   kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus      L. var. napobrassica    (L.)      Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.    napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Brassica gravinae is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. #It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30 years ago. Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
B. gravinae is native to central and south Italy, and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It occurs in six regions in Italy.

habitat:
It grows in rocky and stony places (Tutin et al. 1964).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.In Italy this species is considered to be at a low level of risk of extinction and in one of the regions it is assessed as Vulnerable. It was classified as Rare (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983).EURISCO reports 13 germplasm accessions of B. gravinae held in European genebanks; however, only one is reported to originate from Italy (stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica hilarionis Post is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea        L. var. gemmifera (DC.)        Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea        var. botrytis L.,    kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus       L. var. napobrassica    (L.)       Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.     napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica hilarionis has a restricted distribution in northern Cyprus where its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 350 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km². The population is estimated to comprise no more than 600 individuals which are found at seven localities and there are less than 250 individuals in each subpopulation. It is severely fragmented due to ongoing degradation of suitable habitat caused by overgrazing # and the number of mature individuals is decreasing. The genetic health of the population is thought to be suffering due to inbreeding depression and it is also potentially threatened by hybridization with cultivated cabbage. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
B. hilarionis is endemic to Cyprus where it is restricted to the west part of Pentadaktylos range. It is known from seven localities, most of which are in state forest land from Kornos peak in the west to Giailas in the east (Tsintides et al. 2007). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 350 km2 and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2.

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded three subpopulations of this species. The overall population is estimated to be 600 plants (Tsintides et al. 2007), there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and there are less than 250 mature individuals in each subpopulation.

habitat:
It is found on limestone cliffs at altitudes of 400–850 m (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
It is threatened by overgrazing, potentially also by hybridization with cultivated cabbage and due to small population size, by stochastic environmental events (Tsintides et al. 2007). Inbreeding depression is also likely to be taking place (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. B. hilarionis is listed in Annex I of the Bern Convention and in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classified as Endangered in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus  (Tsintides et al. 2007).EURISCO reports only four germplasm accessions of B. hilarionis held in European genebanks. One is stored in the National Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus and another in Warwick HRI Genetic Resources Unit, United Kingdom (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The location of the other two accessions is not provided. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  The inaccessibility of the habitat of this species provides some protection (Tsintides et al. 2007). It also occurs in one National Forest Park. However, due to the small population size and decline, measures need to be put in place to monitor this species.

useAndTrade:
B. hilarionis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, #cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rape, swede and turnip.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica incana Ten. is a  secondary wild relative of kale, B. oleracea    var. viridis   L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea         L. var. gemmifera (DC.)         Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea         var. botrytis L., swede,  B. napus        L. var. napobrassica    (L.)        Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.     napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Brassica incana is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Research is needed to determine the current demographic status of the subpopulations (number of mature individuals, reproductive health and recruitment), as well as a review of which subpopulations remain extant. An in situ gap analysis is also needed, as well as further research to determine the effect of introgression of foreign alleles from cultivated B. oleracea populations. It has been listed as Critically Endangered in Albania.

range:
It is native to native to east and southeastern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010, Marhold 2011).

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded 22 subpopulations ranging in size between 1–10 and >1,000 plants. Most comprised 51–100 or 101–1,000 individuals. The authors reported that some previously known subpopulations had gone extinct.

habitat:
It grows on limestone cliffs, among rocks and stones below the cliffs, rocky slopes with maquis vegetation and in disturbed vegetation in towns and on roadsides (Snogerup et al. 1990).

threats:
It is threatened by road construction and building works, fires, invasive species (e.g., Opuntia spp.), genetic pollution from cultivated B. oleracea, coastal development, and recreation and tourism (Snogerup et al. 1990).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 39 germplasm accessions of B. incana held in European genebanks, 30 of which are reported to have originated from Italy. The majority of these accessions are stored in Spain (27) with two stored in Germany and one stored in the UK (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection from the other countries of its range is recommended.It has been listed as Vulnerable in Albania (Vangjeli et al. 1995).A review of its in situ conservation status is needed, as well as further research into the effect of hybridization on the genetic diversity of the subpopulations.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to kale, and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of  other crops in the    brassica group;  including broccoli,    Brussels  sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, swede, turnip and    oilseed  rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica insularis Moris is a  wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea          L. var. gemmifera (DC.)          Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea          var. botrytis L.,    kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus         L. var. napobrassica    (L.)         Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.     napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Brassica insularis occurs in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (on the island of Pantelleria) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore greater than 20,000 km2. The population trend is reported to be stable in Corsica and Sardinia (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but thought to be decreasing in Sicily. This species grows mainly in inaccessible places, such as on limestone cliffs, although it is reported to be threatened by livestock grazing and pressure from tourism in some places. It is relatively widespread in Corsica and Sardinia and occurs in a number of Natura 2000 sites. The Commission of the European Communities (2009) record the habitat trend in Corsica as increasing. It  was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe  (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) as Vulnerable (V) in Corsica and  Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) in Sardinia, which means it was considered to be threatened almost 30 years ago. More recently, it has been classified as Endangered in Italy (Conti et al. 1997) and it is a priority species listed in the Livre Rouge de la Flore Menacée de France (Olivier et al. 1995). On the basis of the currently available information, and as a precautionary measure, it is regionally assessed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is relatively small and major threats have been noted, as well as a number of additional possible threats. Further  information is needed to re-evaluate this species at regional level;  notably, the area of occupancy and population size, as well as the  habitat trend in Sardinia.

range:
B. insularis is native to Sardinia (14 localities), Corsica (eight localities), Pantelleria, Sicily (one locality), Algeria and Tunisia (Snogerup et al. 1990). According to Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010) it is also found in the mainland department of   Bouches-du-Rhône. However, it may be introduced here.The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Corsica was reported to be 1,213 km2 in 2006 and the range trend increased during the period 1990–2006, while in Sardinia, the EOO was reported to be 24,211 km2 in 2006 and the range trend was stable during the period 1960–2006 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It can be found from sea level to 1,200 m asl and along a great part of Sardinia's coastline   (Pignatti et al. 2001).

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded 17 subpopulations of this species—the population size varied between 1–10 plants (two subpopulations) and >1000 plants (three subpopulations). The population trend is stable in Sardinia and it is considered to have good prospects (the species is expected to survive and prosper) in both Corsica and Sardinia (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Sicily it is very rare and the population is believed to be decreasing. Overall, the population trend is stable.

habitat:
Snogerup et al. (1990) note that this species grows on limestone cliffs and rarely on porphyr or basaltic rock, usually in open, sunny places. The authors also note that individuals can sometimes be found growing below the cliffs and that it occurs on rocky limestone islets off the coast of Sardinia in open vegetation. The habitat trend in Corsica has been reported to be increasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Sicily, grazing is thought to be the major threat. Snogerup et al. (1990) noted grazing and pressure from tourism to be threats in Sardinia. However, many of the sites where the species grows are inaccessible.The Commission of the European Communities (2009) reported the following threats in Corsica:Main threatsAbandonment of pastoral systems.Roads, motorways.Mountaineering, rock climbing, speleology.Other threatsOther leisure and tourism impacts not referred to above.Trampling, overuse.Modification of hydrographic functioning.Erosion.Fire (natural).Genetic pollution.

conservationAction:
B. insularis is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.The national threat and conservation status of B. insularis has been recorded as follows:It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) as Vulnerable (V) in Corsica and Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) in Sardinia.Italy: Endangered (Conti et al. 1997).Listed in Annex 1 of the Protection Nationale Française statute   (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Listed in Annex I.1 (priority species) of the Livre Rouge de la Flore Menacée de France (Olivier et al. 1995).The Commission of the European Communities (2009) list five Natura 2000 sites in France and 23 in Italy in which this species occurs.EURISCO reports 33 germplasm accessions of B. insularis held in European genebanks, 20 of which originate from within Europe (nine from France and 11 from Italy) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica macrocarpa Guss. is a  wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B. oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea           var. botrytis L.,    kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus          L. var. napobrassica    (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.  rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.     napus  L.  var. napus. It is most closely related to and interfertile with B. oleracea (Branca et al. 2008, 2010; Qiu et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica macrocarpa is assessed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km², it is severely fragmented as it occurs in only two isolated subpopulations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to grazing pressure, reforestation, construction of holiday resorts and associated improvements to the road infrastructure, as well as recreational activities and fires. The population occurs in two locations which are threatened by reforestation and building works. It also qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D2.

range:
B. macrocarpa is restricted to two small islands in the Egadi archipelago (Favignana and Marettimo), located off the west coast of Sicily (Snogerup et al. 1990, Pignatti et al. 2001). At the beginning of the last century it was also present on Levanzo but it has now disappeared from this island (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).Its extent of occurrence (EOO0 is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded three subpopulations ranging in size between 101–500 and >1,000 individuals. According to the Museum National d’Histoire  Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological  Diversity and  Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest  (2006), the subpopulation on Favignana comprises 750 individuals, while on Marettimo it occurs at three localities and the subpopulation comprises less than 500 individuals. The subpopulation on the island of Levanzo is now extinct but the remaining two subpopulations were reported to be stable in the period 2004–2005 (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and are currently stable though at risk of fragmentation. Grazing pressure is causing a decrease in the number of new recruitments to the population.

habitat:
It grows on limestone cliffs and rocky slopes close to the sea (Snogerup et al. 1990, Pignatti et al. 2001). The altitudinal range is 0–300 m asl (Museum National d’Histoire  Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological  Diversity and  Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest  2006).

threats:
The main threats are grazing (which is causing a reduction in the number of new recruitments to the population each year), reforestation, construction of holiday resorts and associated improvements to the road infrastructure. Trampling due to improved access to the sites was also reported by Pignatti et al. (2001) and the Commission of the European Communities (2009). Reforestation activities undertaken 20 years ago have also impacted negatively on the habitat of this species. Fire is a further threat reported by the Museum National d’Histoire  Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological  Diversity and  Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest  (2006).

conservationAction:
B. macrocarpa is listed as a priority species in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and in Annex I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and  natural habitats (Bern Convention). The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.It has been assessed as Critically Endangered at national level   (Pignatti et al. 2001) and was reported by the Commission of the European Communities (2009) to have poor prospects (the species is likely to struggle unless conditions change).It occurs in three Natura 2000 sites: Isola di Marettimo, Isola di Favignana and Arcipelago delle Egadi – area marina e terrestre (European Environment Agency 2010). Genetic analysis using SSRs from both populations is being carried out to plan for the establishment of a genetic reserve.EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of B. macrocarpa held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A full review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
B. macrocarpa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of  crops in the     brassica group;  including broccoli,    Brussels  sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale,  swede, turnip and     oilseed  rape. This species is of great interest for breeding purposes, as it confers an increase in antioxidant compounds in brassica crops. Furthermore, from an agronomical point of view, the dry leaves can be used as an effective biological control of root-knot nematodes in a number of vegetable crops.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica montana Pourr. is a  wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica  Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea            var. botrytis L.,     kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus           L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica montana is assessed as Least Concern # because it is relatively widely distributed in three countries, and although a number of threats have been identified, the population in general is thought to be stable. National level monitoring is however recommended because of the identified threats, the fact that it has been classified as Vulnerable in one region of Italy, and in Spain the subpopulation is small and scattered. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
B. montana is native to northwest Italy, south France and northeast Spain (Snogerup et al. 1990). In France it occurs in the five departments of   Pyrénées Orientales,   Drôme,   Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and   Alpes-Maritimes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded 25 subpopulations, ranging in size from 11–50 plants to >1,000 plants; however, the majority of subpopulations comprised 101–500 plants. The subpopulation in Spain is small and the plants are scattered.

habitat:
It grows on or below limestone cliffs and on rocks and walls, often in disturbed ground and maquis (Snogerup et al. 1990). The authors note that several localities are within towns, two are on rocky islets and although it is usually a coastal species, it can also occur in Alpi Apuanae up to 1,000 m asl.

threats:
Snogerup et al. (1990) note that many subpopulations along the French and Italian Riviera are located in or near towns and settlements and are therefore permanently at risk of extinction or genetic pollution from culitvars grown in gardens. The authors also cite human activities, building work, stone quarrying, competition from forest vegetation and closing maquis vegetation as threats to some subpopulations. Soil erosion and grazing are additional threats.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. montana occurs in several protected areas, including SCIs. It is considered Low Risk in two regions in Italy and Vulnerable in another (Conti et al. 1997). In France, it is protected in the regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Association Tela  Botanica # 2000–2010).EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of B. montana held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
B. montana is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch is a secondary wild relative of oilseed rape, B. napus L. var. napus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). The species is also a wild relative of a number of other crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck, Brussels sprouts, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea var. capitata L., cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea var. viridis L., swede, B. napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., and turnip, B. rapa L. ssp. rapa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Brassica nigra is widely distributed in north, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, with stable populations. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
B. nigra is thought to be native to many parts of Europe, as well as temperate Asia, northern and northeast tropical Africa and the Indian Subcontinent; however, it is widely naturalized and its exact native range is obscure (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread in France, Romania and Portugal, forming persistent subpopulations in the UK and exists in scattered, isolated subpopulations in Spain. It is thought to have a stable population trend across Europe. Currently the species is known to occur in 3,001–10,000 km2 in the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003).

habitat:
B. nigra is found as a ruderal across Europe, occurring on riverbanks, modified farmland and roadside verges. According to Preston et al. (2002), this is a lowland species in the UK, present by rivers, on sea-cliffs, by roadsides, on waste ground and also at the edges of arable fields. In the Netherlands occurs in pioneer and ruderal vegetation on fertile and humid soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.       EURISCO reports 352 germplasm accessions of B. nigra held in European genebanks, 66 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 36 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
B. nigra is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oilseed rape. The species is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, #cabbage, cauliflower, kale, swede and turnip. It is widely cultivated as a food additive (black mustard) and is known for its use as a soil improver and for medicinal purposes (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species is also important for bee pollinators.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica nivalis Boiss. & Heldr. is a   wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica   Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea             var. botrytis L.,      kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus            L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus. Two subspecies are native to Europe: B. nivalis ssp. jordanoffii (O.E. Schulz) Akeroyd & Leadlay and B. nivalis Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. nivalis (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica nivalis is relatively widespread, occurs in protected areas and is not facing major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
B. nivalis is native to southwest Bulgaria and northern Greece (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It is a montane species, found in grasslands and forests.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.No germplasm accessions of B. nivalis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  B. nivalis ssp. jordanoffii is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii);С2a(i) in the Red List of Bulgarian vascular plants (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).It occurs in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica oleracea L. is a   wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica    Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea              var. botrytis L.,       kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus             L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus. Two subspecies are native to Europe: B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui (Webb) Gladis & K. Hammer and B. oleracea L. ssp. oleracea (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui is recognized at specific level as B.  bourgeaui (Webb) O. Kuntze in some taxonomic treatments.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica oleracea is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise range and current population size and trend is needed in order to make an informed decision.

range:
B. oleracea is native to northern, middle and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where # it occurs along the coasts of the United Kingdom, Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, the west and north coasts of France and the north coast of Spain. B. oleracea ssp. oleracea grows on the coasts of northern Spain, western and northern France, the British Isles and Helgoland; however, many occurrences have been regarded by various authors as introductions (Snogerup et al. 1990). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui is endemic to the Canary Islands, where Izquierdo et al. (2004) record it as occurring on Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife. However, Snogerup et al. (1990) noted that the taxon (which they refer to as B. bourgeaui) probably only exists as a single small population on La Palma.In Germany, this species is only found at one locality, while in France, it occurs in 12 departments in the north, northeast and northwest and 30 departments in the southern half of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It has a patchy distribution throughout England, Wales and parts of Scotland, and has only be recorded in 10 localities in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002). However, according to same authors, it is only native in a few localities in the west  and on the south coast (mainly Cornwall and Wales), five localities in the northeast and eight localities in Scotland—the rest of the occurrences are considered to be alien.

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded subpopulation sizes of B. oleracea ssp. oleracea ranging from 1–10 to >1000 plants. In Germany, the taxon is only known from one locality and this subpopulation is decreasing. B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui probably only occurs as a single small population on La Palma (Snogerup et al. 1990).

habitat:
B. oleracea ssp. oleracea usually grows on limestone and chalk cliffs (as well as sometimes below cliffs among shrubs), in scree, and sometimes on steep, grassy slopes (Snogerup et al. 1990). The same authors note that In Helgoland, it grows in open, rocky places. It is also known to occur in maritime grassland, inland quarries, waste places and on roadsides (Preston et al. 2002). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui grows on cliffs and rocks in shady places of the barrancos (Snogerup et al. 1990).

threats:
In Germany, intensive sheep grazing has caused a severe decline in the subpopulation of B. oleracea ssp. oleracea. Snogerup et al. (1990) note that some localities are threatened by quarrying and introgression from cultivated forms.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.In Germany, the locality in which this species occurs is protected under national law. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the regional Red List for north of country (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In France, it is protected in the regions of Basse-Normandie and Poitou-Charentes in the west of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports 8,007 germplasm accessions of B. oleracea held in European genebanks, 252 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 163 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica oxyrrhina (Coss.) Willk. is a   tertiary wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica     Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea               var. botrytis L.,        kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus              L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Brassica oxyrrhina is assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It occurs in a number of protected areas and is not subject to any major threats.

range:
B. oxyrrhina is native to Portugal, south and central Spain, and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
Populations are clustered across the Iberian Peninsula, but it is locally common.

habitat:
It is found in sub-littoral sands or inland sandy soils.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports 15 germplasm accessions of B. oxyrrhina stored in European genebanks, 11 of which originate from within Europe. Nine of these originate in Spain (stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) and two in Portugal (one stored in Madrid and the other in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).This species occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica rapa L. is only found in its wild form in Europe as B. rapa ssp. campestris (L.) A.R. Clapham (syn. B. campestris L.; B. rapa ssp. sylvestris  (L.) Janch.)., which is a primary wild relative of&#turnip, B. rapa L. ssp. rapa, and a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck, Brussels sprouts, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea var. capitata L., cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea var. viridis L., rape, B. napus L. var. napus, and swede, B. napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The native range of Brassica rapa has been obscured by its widespread cultivation and naturalization throughout much of Europe. It is therefore not possible to evaluate the species as the exact range, population size and trend of the wild subpopulation is not known. Therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
The exact native range of the species is obscure as it is widely naturalized. However, it is reported to be native to many countries throughout Europe.Knowledge of the national distribution of the species in Europe is as follows:France: widespread across the majority of the country, although largely absent from the departments to the northeast and far west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom:   widespread throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland with a patchy distribution throughout Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland:   widespread throughout the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species in the wild.

habitat:
In the United Kingdom, it grows on riverbanks, roadsides, in arable fields and on rubbish tips (Preston et al. 2002). Further research is needed to gather information about the full range of habitat preferences of this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. rapa ssp. campestris is listed as Vulnerable in the Red List of Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).EURISCO reports 3,039 germplasm accessions of B. rapa held in European genebanks, 135 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 17 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Research is needed to distinguish the wild subpopulations of this species to inform conservation planning. In a study by Andersen et al. (2009), "the overall pattern of genetic variation and structure in B. rapa showed that cultivated and wild B. rapa accessions formed two almost separated clusters". This study concluded that many processes—including naturalization, spontaneous introgression, breeding and agricultural practices—affected the genetic structure of wild and cultivated B. rapa populations.

useAndTrade:
B. rapa ssp. campestris is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to turnip and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the brassica group; including # broccoli, Brussels sprout,&#cabbage, cauliflower,&#kale,&#rape and swede. A number of subspecies of B. rapa are cultivated in Europe: ssp. rapa (turnip), ssp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage), ssp. oleifera (canola) and spp. pekinensis (Peking cabbage).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica repanda (Willd.) DC. is a   wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica      Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea                var. botrytis L.,         kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus               L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus. Sixteen subspecies are native to Europe: B. repanda ssp. africana (Maire) Greuter & Burdet, B. repanda ssp. almeriensis Gómez-Campo, B. repanda ssp. blancoana (Boiss.) Heywood, B.  repanda ssp. cadevallii (Font Quer) Heywood, B. repanda ssp. cantabrica (Font Quer) Heywood, B. repanda ssp. confusa (Emb. & Maire) Heywood, B.  repanda ssp. dertosensis Molero & Rovira, B. repanda ssp. galissieri (Giraudias) Heywood, B. repanda ssp. glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez Campo, B.  repanda ssp. gypsicola Gómez-Campo, B. repanda ssp. humilis (DC.) O.Bolòs & Vigo, B. repanda ssp. latisiliqua (Boiss. & Reut.) Heywood, B. repanda ssp. maritima (Rouy) Heywood, B. repanda (Willd.) DC. ssp. repanda, B. repanda ssp. saxatilis (DC.) Heywood, and B. repanda ssp. turbonis (P. Monts.) J. M. Monts.-Marti & Romo (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). B. repanda ssp. glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez Campo is recognized at specific level as B. glabrescens Poldini in some taxonomic treatments.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Although Brassica repanda has a disjunct distribution, it is locally common. While it is potentially threatened by climate change and hybridization, these threats are not likely to cause a significant population decline in the near future. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Native to southeastern and southwestern Europe (northwest Italy, south France and Spain), and northern Africa (Algeria and Morocco) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources program 2010). In France it occurs in the south and southeast departments of   Ariège,   Hérault,   Lozère, Gard,   Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse,   Drôme,   Isère, Savoie, Hautes-Alps, Alps-de-Haute-Provence, Var and Alpes-maritimes (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

population:
The population has a disjunct distribution but locally common.

habitat:
It is found on mountain summits in rocky areas and forest clearings.

threats:
As a high altitude species, it is likely to be affected by climate change. It is also threatened by hybridization.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. repanda has been nationally assessed as Vulnerable in Italy (Conti et al. 1997) and it is protected in several regions of the country (e.g., Murcia, Catalonia and Aragon). It occurs in protected areas in Spain, while in France it is protected in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon in the south (Association Tela Botanica 2010). It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 40 germplasm accessions of B. repanda held in European genebanks, 39 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these, 36 originate from within Europe. Three originate from France (two of which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, and one of which is stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and 33 originate from Spain (stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).According to experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, most of the subspecies already have been collected and stored in genebanks.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica rupestris Raf. is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck, Brussels sprout, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea var. capitata L., cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea var. viridis L., swede, B. napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., turnip, B. rapa L. ssp. rapa, and oilseed rape, B. napus L. var. napus.This assessment refers to B. rupestris sensu lato.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica rupestris is assessed as Near Threatened because it has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining due to grazing pressure, building work, genetic pollution from crops, and human intrusion. The actual AOO needs to be calculated and further information is needed about the distribution pattern of the species (i.e., whether it is fragmented) in order to carry out a re-evaluation.

range:
The native range of B. rupestris is unclear. According to Tutin et al. (1964), it is native to Sicily and southern Italy. However, Snogerup et al. (1990) record it as endemic to west Sicily (mainly in coastal localities), noting that occurrences reported in the 1930s from Campania near Napoli and from Sorrentino have not been found and no voucher material seen, and that these reports were probably based on escaped garden material of B. oleracea. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) also record it as endemic to Sicily. However, the assessors believe it to be native to Sicily and Calabria.

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded 10 subpopulations ranging in size between 11–50 (one subpopulation) and >1,000 (two subpopulations) individuals. Several of the subpopulations interact with other wild and cultivated Brassica species (e.g., B. villosa, B. incana and B. oleracea).

habitat:
It grows on limestone (or occasionally sandstone) cliffs in sheltered positions usually of north aspect from sea level to 1,100 m asl (Snogerup et al. 1990).

threats:
Snogerup et al. (1990) report livestock grazing (by goats and sheep) as a major threat to this species. The authors also note that it is threatened by building work, genetic pollution from crops and "human activities". Fires pose an additional threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. rupestris ssp. hispida is listed as Endangered in Italy (Conti et al. 1997). B. rupestris is reported by the European Environment Agency (2010) to occur in 31 Natura 2000 sites.EURISCO reports 20 germplasm accessions of B. rupestris held in European genebanks, 19 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; of the wild accessions, 17 originate from Italy, 15 of which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain and two of which are stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica souliei (Batt.) Batt.  is a   wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica        Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea                  var. botrytis L.,           kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus                 L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus. One subspecies is native to Europe: B. souliei ssp. amplexicaulis (Desf.) Greuter & Burdet (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Brassica souliei is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
B. souliei is native to Sicily and northwest Africa (Tutin et al. 1964, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
In grows in dry places and arable land (Tutin et al. 1964).

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of B. souliei held in European genebanks, six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, none of the wild accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica tournefortii Gouan  is a   wild relative of a number of  crops in the brassica group; including  broccoli, B.   oleracea  L. var. italica         Plenck,  Brussels sprout, B.  oleracea           L. var. gemmifera (DC.)           Zenker,  cabbage, B. oleracea    var. capitata L.,  cauliflower, B. oleracea                   var. botrytis L.,            kale,  B. oleracea    var. viridis  L., swede,  B. napus                  L. var. napobrassica     (L.)          Rchb., turnip, B.   rapa L. ssp. rapa,  and oilseed rape, B.      napus  L.  var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Brassica tournefortii is common and locally abundant in parts of its European range, and although some subpopulations are threatened by development for tourism and fires, the population is reported to be stable. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
B. tournefortii is native to Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), east and south Spain, western Asia (including Cyprus), northern Africa, central Asia, Caucasus, Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is known to be common in Cyprus and Greece, and locally abundant in sandy areas in Spain. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species can be found in rocky and sandy areas, mainly close to the sea.

threats:
As this is a coastal species it is known to be affected by increasing levels of tourism. It is also threatened by fires in Italy.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. tournefortii is classified as Low Risk in one region in Italy (Basilicata) according to the Conti et al. (1997). Some subpopulations of B. tournefortii occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.      EURISCO reports 58 germplasm accessions of B. tournefortii held in European genebanks, 31 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, seven originate from within Europe (six from Spain and one from the UK). All seven wild accessions are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, #cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape.

redListAssessors:
Draper, D., Kyratzis, A., Economou, G., Branca, F. & Donnini, D.


taxonomicNotes:
Brassica villosa Biv. is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck, Brussels sprout, B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B. oleracea var. capitata L., cauliflower, B. oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B. oleracea var. viridis L., swede, B. napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., turnip, B. rapa L. ssp. rapa, and oilseed rape, B. napus L. var. napus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Brassica villosa is assessed as Near Threatened because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is probably less than 2,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is also small (though currently not quantifiable). Despite the current population trend appearing to be stable, only nine subpopulations were recorded by Snogerup et al. (1990) and there is evidence of potential threats that could make the species decline quickly. Population monitoring and management within the protected areas in which it occurs is recommended as well as re-evaluation with fresh data in the near future.

range:
B. villosa is endemic to northwest and central Sicily (Snogerup et al. 1990).

population:
Snogerup et al. (1990) recorded nine subpopulations—the maximum population size was >1,000 plants (one subpopulation) and the minimum 11–50 plants (two subpopulations). The authors noted a decline in subpopulation size (of up to 50%) at some localities between 1973 and 1984. However, it is thought that the current population trend is stable. There are several subpopulations which show morphological variances.

habitat:
It grows on limestone (rarely sandstone) cliffs, usually of north aspect or in other shady places, from near sea level to 1,000 m (Snogerup et al. 1990). #

threats:
Livestock grazing (mainly goats and sheep) is a major threat to this species. Snogerup et al. (1990) also noted that quarrying, burning of slopes and introgression from cultivated B. oleacea were threatening some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. villosa was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).  EURISCO reports 20 germplasm accessions of B. villosa held in European genebanks, 18 of which are reported to originate from within Europe; 16 are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain and two in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).It occurs in several protected areas, including Natura 2000 sites, Rocche di Entella (European Environment Agency 2010). Population and monitoring and management is needed at these sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)c(iv) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ac(iv)Braya linearis is found in Norway and Sweden. In Sweden, the area of occupancy is  40 km² and it is  less than 500 km² in Norway. It is found at 11  localities in Sweden and the populations are severely fragmented as the habitat where the species can  exist is rare. The Swedish populations are stable whereas the Norwegian populations have been declining. Extreme  fluctuations in the number of mature individuals has been observed in both countries. The reason for the decline might be  overgrowing of its habitat as a result of grazing abandonment. There are no major threats to the habitat in Sweden. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.In the EU 27, Sweden is the only member state to host this species. The area of occupancy is 40 km² and the extent of occurrence is 5,000 km². It is found at 11 localities and the population size has been estimated as 3,000 mature  individuals. The population trend is very stable, but extreme  fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been observed. The  localities are severely fragmented as the habitat where the species can  exist is rare. It is found in areas with no human settlement or other  pressures and there are no major threats to the species in Sweden. It is consequently assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ac(iv).

range:
Braya linearis is endemic to Scandinavia and Greenland. In Europe, it is found in Norway and Sweden It is more common in Norway which holds over 50% of the European populations.In Sweden, the area of occupancy is 40 km² and the extent of occurrence is 5,000 km². It is found at 11 localities (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² and it is restricted to two municipalities in southern Norway (in Op Vågå and Lom) and a larger area in the north extending from Helgeland to North Cape (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
Population size has been counted for Sweden as 3,000 mature individuals. The population trend is very stable, but extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been observed. The localities are severely fragmented as the habitat where the species can exist is rare (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Norway, the species has only been recorded in 40% of previously known localities since the 1990s and a declining trend is therefore assumed. The species is rarely found in northern Norway. However, the largest population in southern Norway, in Høyrokampen in Lom, varies greatly in the number of individuals from year to year. The reason for the decline and the fluctuations might be overgrowing of its habitat (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Braya linearis grows on stable ground screes and on limestone rocks. It can be found on temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes and sometimes in calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland.

threats:
The species is found in areas with no human settlement or other pressures and there are no major threats to the species in Sweden. In Norway, the abandonment of grazing activities that helped keeping the habitat open, is now leading to succession and competition for Braya linearis.

conservationAction:
Braya linearis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It is classed as Vulnerable B2ac(iv) on the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected by national law. In Norway, it is classed as Endangered B2b(iii)c(v) (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This arctic species is found in mainland Norway, Svalbard and Russia. In mainland Norway, it occurs at only one location in an area of 14 x 4 km and the population is under pressure from grazing by deer. There is no information available for the Russian populations. However, it is common on Svalbard and the plant is therefore assessed as Least Concern. #It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species is found in Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, North European Russia and Novaya Zemlya. It extends into Siberia, the arctic part of Russia.In mainland Norway, it is found at only one locality at the North Cape - Nordkapp (Mager Öye) at an area of 14 x 4 km (Artsdatabanken 2010). It is quite common on Svalbard   (Lid and Lid 2005).

population:
A population decline in Norway has not been observed but that is due to lack of monitoring data.

habitat:
Braya purpurascens is a perennial plant that grows in base-rich gravel and open silty soil – a very common habitat all the way up to the polar desert.

threats:
In Norway, the populations are subjected to overgrazing by deer as its area lies close to the road to the North Cape. This makes it also vulnerable to any collection. The biggest threat is likely to be an increase in temperature which this species will be very sensitive to.The species occurrences further north are unlikely to be threatened as they grow in very remote areas.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).    It is categorized as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Norway, the species is protected under national law and is included in the national red list under the synonym Braya glabella purpurascens. It is classed as Vulnerable B1a(ii)b(iii)+2a(ii)b(iii); D2 in mainland Norway and as Least Concern in Svalbard (Artsdatabanken 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. is a wild relative of false flax, C. sativa (L.) Crantz. Two subspecies are native to Europe: C. alyssum (Mill.) Thell. ssp. alyssum and C. alyssum ssp. integerrima (Čelak.) Smejkal.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Camelina alyssum has gone extinct in several European countries and is known to be very rare in others. Its status in the wild is not clear—it has been reported that that it may only survive in cultivation in some localities. Further data are needed from the range of this species in order to  assess its threat status; therefore, it is currently regionally assessed  as Data Deficient.

range:
C. alyssum is native to Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), as well as to much of Russia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) records the species as "widespread"; however, the status of this species in the wild is uncertain and it is thought that it may only survive in cultivation in some localities, but that even in cultivation it is not common (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006). Knowledge of the national distribution of this species in Europe is as follows:Hungary: Great Hungarian Plain (Tiszántúl region: Mezőtúr)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: sporadic distribution, occurring in the departments of Somme and Oise to the north, Aube and Bas-Rhin to the northeast, Haute-Savoie in the east,   Bouches-du-Rhône and   Pyrénées Orientales in the south,   Pyrénées-Atlantiques in the southwest,   the central departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Aveyron and the western departments of   Côtes d'Armor,   Ille-et-Vilaine and   Loire-Atlantique (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Both ssp. alyssum and ssp. integerrima are extinct in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Eliáš Jr. 2002). The species is also extinct in Germany and Austria—probably since the 1950s (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

population:
This species is # very rare in Hungary (Soó 1966, Simon 1992), as well as in Belarus. It is not endangered in Bulgaria (K. Uzundzhalieva pers. comm. 2010). It is extinct in Albania, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Moldova and Slovakia.

habitat:
This annual species is a specific weed of flax and linseed fields; therefore, it is dependent on the continued cultivation of these crops.

threats:
It is threatened by changes in agricultural practices—new methods have almost eliminated the associated weed flora (e.g., Cuscuta epilinum, Lolium remotum and Silene linicola) (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on  Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006). The use of pesticides and herbicides and changes in land use has led to the extinctions in middle Europe. The seeds have a similar shape to flax seeds and the species was distributed with flax sowing, but changes in seed cleaning methods now stop C. alyssum seeds from spreading.

conservationAction:
The genus Camelina is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. alyssum was recorded as Critically Endangered in Europe by the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on   Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (2006); however, no Red List criteria are provided for this assessment.   EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of C. alyssum held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the remaining European subpopulations is an urgent priority for this species.  In Hungary, this species is listed as Extinct in the Wild (EW)   (Király 2007). In Slovakia, C. alyssum is listed as Extinct (EX) (  Eliáš et al. 2007).

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oilseed and fodder crop, false flax, C. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Camelina microcarpa DC. is a wild relative of the cultivated  Camelina, C.  sativa (L.) Crantz. Three subspecies are native to Europe: C. microcarpa DC. ssp. microcarpa, C. microcarpa ssp. pilosa (DC.) Hiit. and C. microcarpa ssp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Camelina microcarpa is widely distributed in central, northern, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is naturalized elsewhere. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
C. microcarpa is native to central, east, southeastern, southwestern and north Europe, temperate Asia and north Africa and is naturalised elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Slovakia this species is widespread with C. microcarpa ssp. microcarpa occurring particularly in the west and southwest of the country, and C. microcarpa ssp. sylvestris distributed throughout (Eliáš 2002).

population:
This species is widespread, with stable subpopulations throughout its European range.

habitat:
C. microcarpa prefers disturbed habitats including ruderal, dry rocky places, roadside ditches, weedy areas and meadows.

conservationAction:
The genus Camelina is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. EURISCO reports 20 germplasm accessions of C. microcarpa held in European genebanks, 13 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 10 originate from within Europe; one from Italy (stored in Banco de Germoplasma, Spain), eight originating from Spain (stored in Banco de Germoplasma, Spain) and one originating from Ukraine (stored in the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
C. microcarpa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated C. sativa. This species has been noted as being resistant to certain herbicides (Hanson et al. 2004).


taxonomicNotes:
Camelina rumelica Velen. is a wild relative of the cultivated Camelina, C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Camelina rumelica is widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is rare in some countries (e.g., Hungary, Romania and Slovakia) and there is evidence of population decline in Slovakia; therefore, national level monitoring is needed. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
C. rumelica is native to central, eastern and southeastern Europe, as well as parts of temperate and tropical Asia and north Africa. It has been introduced to other parts of Europe and North America where it has become naturalized (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Slovakia, C. rumelica was known from around five native and five secondary sites, especially in the west and southwest. However, only two localities still exist: the first in Kamenica and Hronom (northern margin of the village) and the second in Bajtava, along the road to Salka (Eliáš 2002, Eliáš unpublished data).

population:
This is a rare species in Hungary and Romania. In Slovakia, the number of localities has decreased over the last ten years, but the subpopulations at the two remaining sites are stable.

habitat:
This species is found on sandy soils in cultivated land and on roadsides.

threats:
In Slovakia, one locality at Vŕšok Nature Reserve near Nána village was lost due to succession of native grassland vegetation at the end of the 20th century (Eliáš unpublished data). The use of herbicides might impact this species in part of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Camelina is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of C. rumelica held in European genebanks; however, none of these accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm was collected in Slovakia (from Kamenica nad Hronom) by P. Eliáš, Jr. in 2009 and is stored in the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, United Kingdom and in the Slovak National Gene Bank in Piešťany.  Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage from the rest of this species' range is a priority.  In Slovakia, C. rumelica is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Eliáš et al. 2007) and in Hungary, it is classified as Data Deficient (DD) (Király 2007).  Research on the distribution and population trends is needed and a monitoring programme should be implemented.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated C. sativa.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G., Strajeru, S. & Eliáš, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is a wild relative of cultivated C.  sativa. C. sativa is a secondary wild   relative of some vegetable crops such as cabbage, broccoli and   cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)  (Hansen 1998).Five subspecies are native to Europe: C. sativa ssp. dentata (Pers.) Arcang., C. sativa ssp. macrocarpa (Wierzb.) Soó, C. sativa ssp. microcarpa (DC.) Thell., C. sativa ssp. pilosa (DC.) N.W.Zinger and C. sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. sativa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Camelina sativa is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is a lack of information from many countries throughout its European range and its exact native range is uncertain. However, the information available shows that the subpopulations are scattered and that there is a continuing decline in viable habitat. It has already gone extinct in three countries due to abandonment of the cultivation of oil-producing crops and the use of pesticides, and this trend is likely to continue in other countries unless special measures are introduced. It is possibly close to qualifying under Criterion B, but insufficient information is available.

range:
C. sativa is native to most of Europe and temperate Asia, as well as being widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, the species is present in 49 of the 100 departments in the country; it's distribution ranges from north/northeast, central and south/southeastern parts; it is absent in some central and far western departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It is Extinct in the Wild in Slovakia (Eliáš Jr. 2002), the Czech Republic (V. Holubec pers. comm. 2010) and Hungary (G. Vörösváry pers. comm. 2010).

population:
In eastern Europe, this species is close to disappearing. In Poland, there is a maximum of 100 fragmented subpopulations. The number of subpopulations and the subpopulation size in Poland and Ukraine is decreasing. In Romania and Serbia there are scattered subpopulations.

habitat:
In eastern Europe, this species is a specialized weed of oil-producing crops; especially flaxseed.

threats:
The cessation of cultivation of oil-producing crops (especially flaxseed) in the late 20th century has led to a rapid decline in the number and size of the subpopulations. Pesticide application is an ongoing threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Camelina is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. sativa is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and is extinct in Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary.Conservation efforts should focus on the promotion of the cultivation of oil-producing crops to provide this species' preferred habitat.EURISCO reports 773 germplasm accessions of C. sativa held in European genebanks, 61 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 39 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Wild C. sativa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated C. sativa. C. sativa is a secondary wild  relative of some vegetable crops such as cabbage, broccoli and  cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) (Maxted et al. in prep.). Due to its pathogen resistance, drought and cold tolerance, this species is noted as containing traits of use for B. oleracea improvement (Hansen 1998). It has also been highlighted as a potential new oil producing crop and is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. It may also be used for soap and dye production as well as in veterinary medicine.


taxonomicNotes:
Whilst the distribution and taxonomy of C. amara appears to have been well clarified, a number of studies in the Balkans have shown that as previously recognised, the taxon included a complex of species.

range:
C. amara is a predominantly European species, extending east into Siberia and Asia Minor. In Europe, it is widespread throughout the centre, from the UK north into southern Scandinavia, east into European Russia and south to Italy and the Balkans. It is absent from the Iberian Peninsula and much of the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
C. amara appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
C. amara typically grows on the margins of rivers and streams, in marshes and wet grassland, as well as in disused canals, often associated with woodland.

useAndTrade:
C. amara can apparently be eaten but this does not seem to be widely practiced.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of C. pratensis is complex, such that the Atlas Florae Europaeae lists C. pratensis ss and "C. pratensis group".

range:
C. pratensis occurs throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, from the Iberian Peninsula north to Iceland and Svalbard and east through Siberia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan to Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula. It is also widespread in North America. In Europe it is widespread more less throughout the north an centre but is scarce or absent through much of the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
C. pratensis appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
C. pratensis is most characteristic of wet meadows from which it extends onto the margins of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. It will also occur in pools and seasonally inundated hollows in river floodplains.

useAndTrade:
C. pratensis can apparently be eaten but this does not seem to be widely practised.


taxonomicNotes:
Recent molecular studies (Cieślak et al. 2010) show the Cochlearia polonica is a narrow endemic taxon to southern Poland, genetically different from other Cochlearia species. The population from Ukraine, regarded as C. polonica, represents diploid C. pyrenaica and not C. polonica. However, in this assessment C. polonica is considered to be present in both countries.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)This species is only found in a very small area in Poland and in the Ukraine. There is one locality with 400 individuals in an area smaller than 4 km² in the Ukraine. This population is in a protected area and the population trend is stable. In Poland, it has gone extinct at its original sites but was successfully introduced into three sites where it has established a successful population, however the population trend is declining. It is still considered as Extinct in the Wild in the Red List of Poland and new research assigns the occurrence in Ukraine to a different species. In this assessment, the Polish and Ukraine populations have been considered and it is therefore assessed as Endangered. It would also qualify as Vulnerable under Criterion D2 as the number of sites and its range are very restricted.

range:
Cochlearia polonica is native to Poland and the Ukraine.In Poland, it was known from one natural locality (locus classicus) in the river head of the Biała Przemsza River in Pustynia Błędowska around Olkusz in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland, which is now extinct. The species has been subject to benign introductions of which the most successful is at one locality at the river head of the Centuria river. There are two more localities with weak secondary populations: one at the source of the Wiercica River and one at the source of the Rajecznica River (tributary to Żebrówka) between Prądle and Szczekociny (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In the Ukraine, it is also found at a single locality near the villages Kaltiv and Verchobuz, Zolochivskij district, Lviv region at the river head of the Western Bug river. This locality is smaller than 4 km².The total area of occupancy is likely to be less than 20 km².

population:
In the first half of the 20th century, the Polish population had 0.5 million adult individuals in an area of 4 km². In 1960, drainage and melioration caused the near extinction of the species in Poland. In 1970, a few individuals were transferred from its natural habitat to similar conditions at the river head of the Centuria river. Now, in an area of 0.002 km², about 30,000 adult individuals are surviving. The populations have a declining trend.In Ukraine, the single locality does not hold more than 400 mature individuals. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
The plant inhabits springs and small shadowed brooks on sandy substratum or emergent patches of wet sand in sun-lit places, with very clean water of neutral pH. In Poland, it created its own association Cochlearictum polonicae at the Cardamino-Montion alliance. In Ukraine, it is a component of Magnocaricion plant alliances.This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 7220 "Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Poland, mines and drainage have been described as main threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Changes to the hydrological regime of the species habitat are a major threat in the Ukraine.

conservationAction:
Cochlearia polonica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is included in the Red List (Mirek et al. 2006) and Red Data Book of Poland (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) as Extinct in the Wild and in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Endangered. In the Ukraine, it is furthermore protected in the landscape reserve Verchnobuzski Bolota. There is very good experience with ex situ conservation of Cochlearia polonica in Poland in the wild and in botanic gardens. It is also strictly protected at national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Cochlearia tatrae is endemic to the Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia  and has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 700 km². In  Poland it is restricted to 12  sites and in Slovakia, it is known from at least 30 localities. The populations are stable in both countries but severely fragmented. The main threats are posed by recreational activities, grazing animals, and natural disasters such as avalanches and erosion. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Cochlearia tatrae is endemic to the Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia and has an AOO of 700 km². In Poland, this species is restricted to a very small area in the high Tatras, between 1,595 and 2,390 m asl. The species is scattered in 12 sites in the environs of the Morskie Oko Lake. It occurs predominantly in alpine and subnival belts (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Slovakia, it is known from at least 30 localities in the Západné,  Vysoké and Belianske Tatra Mts. It is found at altitudes of 2,605 m asl. In 1926 it was observed also in the  surroundings of Liptovská Teplička in the Nízke Tatry Mts, however, the  locality was not confirmed later (Mereďa and  Hodálová 2011).

population:
The population in Poland has been estimated at 600 individuals and is believed to be stable   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). # The sites are severely fragmented (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Slovakia it is present in at least 30 localities and the populations are stable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
Cochlearia tatrae, which flowers from April to September, is found in moist crevices and scree of mylonite and granite rocks, around mountain springs, streams and tarn banks (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8110 "Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Erosion, grazing by animals and damaging activities by tourists are the main threats (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Avalanches have been noted as an additional threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Cochlearia tatrae is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Endangered in Slovakia and all of its localities are included in a protected area. In 1968 the species was artificially sown on various sites in the central part of the Nízke Tatry Mts in Slovakia, but without success (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland it is listed as Vulnerable in the Red List (Mirek et al. 2006) and in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). The species is also legally protected (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006) and all Polish populations are situated in the area of the Tatra National Park.

redListAssessors:
Ferakova, V., Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Mereďa, P., Hodálová, I. & Eliáš, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies considered: Coincya rupestris ssp. leptocarpa (Gonz.-Albo) Leadlay and Coincya rupestris Porta & Rigo ex Rouy ssp. rupestris.

redListCategoryRationale:
Coincya rupestris is listed as Endangered because of its restricted area of occupancy, of 25 km². It is distributed into nine locations, regressive patterns have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat and extreme fluctuations in population size have been reported. Grazing and tourism limit the expansion of the taxon. #

range:
Coincya rupestris is present in south-central Spain. Two subspecies have been considered.Coincya rupestris ssp. leptocarpa is endemic to Campo de Montiel and Campo de Calatrava, in the provinces of Albacete and Ciudad Real, Spain (Copete et al. 2008). It is distributed into five locations, comprising 12 subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 19 km².Coincya rupestris ssp. rupestris is endemic to the provinces of Albacete and Ciudad Real, Spain (Copete et al. 2004). It is distributed into four locations: Alcaraz, Salobre, Moral de Calatrava and Torre de Juan Abad. It area of occupancy has been reported to be 6 km².

population:
Total population size for Coincya rupestris ssp. leptocarpa has been estimated in 10,391 individuals (Copete et al. 2008). It seems to present a good population structure in terms of age classes.Population of Coincya rupestris ssp. rupestris has been reported to be 3,750 individuals (Copete et al. 2004). High interannual variability in population size has been observed.

habitat:
Coincya rupestris ssp. leptocarpa grows within rupicolous communities in two typical ecological situations: in crags and cracks, along with Umbilicus rupestris, Sedum brevifolium, Linaria saxatilis, Digitalis purpurea ssp. mariana, Dianthus lusitanus, Ceterach officinarum and Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens; or on fallen materials at the foot of the crags, along with Rumex induratus, Phagnalon saxatile, Lamarckia aurea and Mercurialis annua (Copete et al. 2008). When pressure by grazing is low the species can also be found in grasslands. Coincya rupestris ssp. rupestris grows in rocks, including fissures and escarpment edges (Copete et al. 2004). Under limited grazing pressures it can colonize nearby grasslands and shrublands. Some subpopulations grow in limestone shaded rocks coexisting with Sisymbrium arundanum, Umbilicus rupestres, Jaasonia glutinosa, Linaria anticaria. The species can also be found in quartz shaded rocks associated to Dianthus lusitanicus, Pasiones mariana, Linaria saxatilis and Rumex induratus.During the summer half of the seedlings die, with sufficient survivors to ensure continuity of populations in the absence of external disturbances. Both subspecies show good germination percentages in laboratory and form viable seedbanks (J.M. Herranz pers. comm. 2011).

threats:
Main threat to this species is grazing, which leads to low reproductive success (Copete et al. 2004, 2008). Tourism has been also reported as a threat for Coincya rupestris ssp. rupestris, for it occurs in areas with high value as landscape.Herranz et al. (2004) report that anthropogenic pressures on the subspecies leptocarpa are not very important because of the ecology of the plant, although overgrazing has been observed.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Coincya rupestris ssp. leptocarpa is included as "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Castilla-La Mancha. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Eight subpopulations of Campo de Montiel occur within the protected area SCI Sierra del Relumbrar y estribaciones de Alcaraz". Grazing activities should be controlled and the use of insecticides in the surrounding areas should be regulated, for it may affect pollinators.Coincya rupestris ssp. rupestris is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of threatened species of Spain and in the regional catalogue of Castilla-La Mancha. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ac(iv) in the Spanish Red List. The two biggest populations are included in a SCI Estrecho de Hocino y la Molata. A recovery plan is in place and the area has been declared a micro-reserve. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz, Córdoba, and ETSIA, Madrid. Reintroduction actions have not been successful. #During flowering, grazing species access and insecticide and pesticide use should be avoided.

redListAssessors:
Copete Carreño, M.A., Herranz Sanz, J.M., Ferrandis Gotor, P. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.


redListCategoryRationale:
Coronopus navasii is listed as Critically Endangered because of its restricted distribution; its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km²,  and all individuals are in six distinctive subpopulations widely separated. There is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and subpopulations. Their habitat often suffers from strong natural and anthropogenic disturbances, which results in the populations fluctuating widely.

range:
This species is endemic to Sierra de Gádor, Almeria, Spain (Bañares et al. 2004). Its presence has been reported in six scattered and isolated subpopulations. A new subpopulation has been recently discovered in the Guadalajara province (López Jiménez and García Muñoz 2006), consisting of only 50 individuals. It might be the result of a recent introduction, maybe with scanty genetic variability for founding effect, which will have to be studied suitably.Its AOO is 6 km² and the EOO is 35 km² (not taking the new subpopulation into account).

population:
There are six distinctive and widely separated subpopulations. Of the six subpopulations, only two are significant. Of the remaining four, one is the result of an effective introduction programme completed only a few years ago, where four individuals have since been recorded; the subpopulation of the plains of Balsanueva has been regarded as extinct in recent years, and there are no examples in la Estrella; however recently 13 specimens were found in a locality located at 2,150 m. Due to its specific habitat requirements the actual AOO for this species does not exceed 0,06 km². The majority of the individuals are reproducing adults and only between 2-6% correspond with individuals in a vegetative state. In good years, the number of seedlings is remarkable, so it is possible that previous estimates of the number of individuals may be exaggerated. Subpopulations can fluctuate greatly, to the point that in two consecutive years the number of recordings may vary by more than 40%. Finally, these oscillations may be the cause why the subpopulations at two small sites are on the brink of extinction.

habitat:
This plant is a hemicryptophyte and grows up to 30 cm. These  species are mainly pollinated by wasps and hoverflies with extremely good rates of fruit production. The primary means of dispersal is through passive dehiscence; probably accompanied by dispersion through high wind and exozoocoria, when the seeds, mixed with mud, stick to the hooves of cattle. There are some adult specimens, in which a high mortality rate has been observed, due to a growth anomaly.  It is found in clayey depressions, often man-made to favour seasonal flooding, that are much frequented by herds. It can withstand trampling by livestock, high levels of nitrification and even the freezing of surface water. All these disturbances ensure avoidance of competition with other invasive species. It is a characteristic species of the association  Lepidioni-Coronopodetum navasii, typical of the areas of Sierra de Gador. It shares its habitat with Polygonum aviculare, Convolvulus althaeoides, Herniaria glabra, Ceratocephala falcata and Aegilops geniculata.

threats:
The subpopulations are under severe anthropogenic threats, including land reclamation, reforestation and overgrazing. It is suspected that one subpopulation has disappeared and another one is in critical state due to these threats. Although grazing seems essential for the survival of this species due to its ability to distribute seeds, it is necessary to alter the intensity of grazing to ensure the sustainable management of this species, as it has been observed for some years that livestock consumes practically all the fruit. Fences may be of assistance but these need to be evaluated for negative effects first.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Critically Endangered B1b(iv,v)c(iv)+2b(iv,v)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).  This species  has established a new population with only four individuals in an area of the Sierra de Gador, where there were no previous references about the presence of this species. There are seeds in the Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz. The Site of Community Importance (SCI) proposal for  Sierras de Gador and Enix should contribute to the conservation of this species.

redListAssessors:
Mota Poveda, J., Aguilera, A.M., Garrido, J.A., Giménez, E., Jiménez Sánchez, M.L., Pérez García, F.J., Posadas, L., Rodríguez-Tamayo, M., Sola, A.J. & Soria, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe arborea&#Webb ex Christ is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.). Two varieties are native to Europe: C. arborea var. arborea and C. arborea var. indivisa Svent. (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe arborea is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 3 km² and the number of locations is three. The population is stable and all sites are in protected areas. However, there are potential threats from landslides, which are frequent in the area, prolonged periods of drought and plant competition.

range:
Crambe arborea is endemic to the southeastern part of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 300 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and  its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 3 km². This species is located in several canyons and cliffs of the municipalities of Candelaria and Güímar, with two main localities at Bco. of Chacorche and Ladera of Güímar, and a third minor locality  at Bco. del Madroño.

population:
The population has been estimated to comprise 4,027 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).It has two main subpopulations of more than 2,500 individuals each, separated by about 10 km by various towns and agricultural lands. However, there may be individuals scattered between the two although this has not been observed yet. The third subpopulation comprises 250 individuals. It occupies twelve 500 x 500 m grid squares and the population has been stable  in the last decade (Bañares et al. 2008).

habitat:
C. arborea grows in crags and old basaltic cliffs with a certain degree of shade and which are north-facing, from 300 to 850 m above sea level. A characteristic association of this species is Pericallido lanatae-Sonchetum gummifer.It belongs to the semi-arid, thermo-Mediterranean association characterized by Sonchus gummifer and Pericallis lanata, and other local endemics such as Crambe arborea and Monanthes minima.  They usually grow on cliffs and foothills, accompanying other species from the class  Greenovio-class Aeonietea in addition to Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum, Hypericum reflexum, Micromeria teneriffae, Parietaria filamentosa, Sonchus acaulis, Tinguarra cervariaefolia, etc. This plant can also flourish on anthropogenic slopes and in the beds of gullies, often accompanied by Bituminaria bituminous, Carlina salicifolia, Cistus monspeliensis, Euphorbia lamarckii, Kleinia neriifolia, Rumex Lunaria and Opuntia maxima, among others. C. arborea is a hermaphrodite plant with insect pollination.

threats:
There are no anthropogenic threats to this species. Grazing abandonment in the area has notably improved the conservation status of populations   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).Landslides, common in the ravines and hillsides where the species grows and prolonged drought are significant natural threats. Plant competition, both with alien and native species is a large problem.

conservationAction:
Crambe arborea is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and as a priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It is classed as Vulnerable D2 on the Spanish red list (Moreno 2008). The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International   Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of   the brassica complex. The conservation status for the three populations is good. All are within the Parque Nacional de la Corona Forestal, an in the SCI with the same name.    EURISCO reports only six germplasm accessions of C. arborea held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops.

redListAssessors:
García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Rodríguez Delgado, O.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe aspera M. Bieb. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Crambe aspera is rare and the overall population is suspected to be decreasing; however, there is no information available on the population size. It is confined to calcareous soils on slopes and outcrops of steppe and river flats—a special habitat that is under protection in parts of its distribution. However, in the southern part of its range it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as agricultural expansion and urbanization.  The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than than 2,000 km2, the population is severely fragmented, it is included in several regional Red Lists of the Russian Federation and is listed as Vulnerable in Ukraine. It is therefore regionally assessed as Vulnerable.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to Ukraine and southwest Russian Federation (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It is found in the northeastern and central part of European Russian Federation, in the lower Don and lower Volga basins.  There are two disjunct distributions: in the northeast it only occurs in the Dvina-Pechora region, while in Central European Russia, it is found in the regions Volgogradskaya, Voroneshkaya, Kalmykia, Rostovskaya, Saratovskaya and Astrachanskaya.In Ukraine, C. aspera grows in the lesostepe (forest steppe) and steppe zone, including on the Crimean peninsula. It is found in Donecka, Dnipropetrovska, Charkivska, Chersonska, Odeska, Vinnicka regions and in Crimea.The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species is rare and the population trend is suspected to be decreasing. As the species is confined to special habitat types, it only occurs in isolated patches and can therefore be classed as severely fragmented.

habitat:
It is confined to calcareous soils on slopes or outcrops of steppe and in river flats (Warwick et al. 2009). It is a component of Festuco–Bromelea and Sedo–Scleronthetea communities. It flowers from May to June. #

threats:
In the southern part of its range, it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as agricultural expansion and urbanization.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. C. aspera is included in the regional Red Lists of Astrachanskaya,   Volgogradskaya and Rostovskaya (Russian Federation) (Red Data Book   Laboratory 2005). The habitat of this species (calcareous soils) is   under special protection in these regions. It is included in Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It occurs in the Ukrainian natural steppe reserve (in department Chomutovskij steppe) in Donecka region.  No germplasm accessions of C. aspera are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe feuillei A. Santos is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).The species was previously classified as C. strigosa but was re-classified in a revision of the genus published in 2008 (Prina and Martinez-Laborde 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
C. feuillei is assessed as Critically Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2. The population is severely fragmented as it comprises two subpopulations isolated by a distance of at least 5 km, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals at one of the two localities due to road verge maintenance. Both subpopulations may also be severely affected by landslides.

range:
Endemic to Hierro (the Canary Islands) where it is only found in the north of the island at two localities. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
The population is only found at two localities, isolated by a distance of at least 5 km and each with few individuals.

habitat:
It is a perennial species which grows on cliffs in laurisilva forest.

threats:
One of the two subpopulations is threatened by maintenance of the road verges (cutting). The species is also threatened by possible landslides.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. feuillei occurs within a protected area; however, it is not actively monitored or managed. The ex situ conservation status of this species requires clarification. No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010); however, collections could have been made and recorded under the name C. strigosa (A. Santos Guerra pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe filiformis Jacq. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Although the precise population size and trend of the European population of Crambe filiformis is unknown, it has a relatively wide distribution in southern Spain where it occurs in a range of habitat types, and it does not currently face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
C. filiformis is native to southern Spain and north Africa (Algeria and Morocco). It has been introduced to South Africa where it has become naturalized (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
This species grows in semi-arid hills and montane habitats (up to 2,200 m). It can be found in high valleys, riparian areas, on rocks, in crevices, gullies, rubble, pastures, meadows, open woodlands and brush, fields and hedges. It occurs on calcareous rock (Warwick et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. IIt occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.    EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of C. filiformis held in European genebanks, 10 of which originate from Spain. Seven are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, and three in the External Branch North of the Department Genebank, IPK, Oil Plants and Fodder Crops in Malchow, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe fruticosa L.f. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe fruticosa has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km2 and the number of mature individuals is probably less than 10,000 individuals. Although it does not currently face any major threats, urbanization and road construction could threaten some subpopulations in the future. It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30 years ago. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
According to Prina and Martínez-Laborde (2008), C. fruticosa is endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo; however, Press and Short (1994), Francisco-Ortega et al. (2002) and Borges et al. (2008) suggest that it is also found on the nearby island of Desertas. In Madeira this species is found in the west, near the coast, and in Porto Santo it is found on the peaks of Ana Ferreira, Branco and Castelo.The area of occupancy (AOO) is  less than 500 km2.

population:
It occurs at several sites, with several individuals at each site. The population is thought to comprise less than 10,000 individuals and is currently stable.

habitat:
C. fruticosa is found in dry, sunny lowland scrub, and coastal rocks and hills # (Francisco-Ortega et al. 2002, Prina and Martínez-Laborde 2008, Warwick et al. 2009). Press and Short (1994) describe this species  from ravines and cliff habitats on Madeira.

threats:
There are no immediate major threats to this species, although urbanization and road construction are possible threats.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of C. fruticosa which originates from # Portugal and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in    Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red   List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not   Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Some subpopulations occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe gomerae H. Christ is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).According to the last revision of the genus (Prina and Martinez-Laborde 2008), two subspecies have been recognized: ssp. gomerae and ssp. hirsuta Prina.

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe gomerae is restricted to the island of La Gomera where its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km2. Few individuals are found at each of the scattered localities across its range and some localities are affected by grazing and by small, local landslides. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
C. gomerae is endemic to La Gomera in the Canary Islands where it is mainly found in the central, east and south of the island.

population:
It is scattered in several localities, each with few individuals. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km2.

habitat:
C. gomerae is a perennial species found in open areas on the borders of laurisilva forest, and at lower elevations in open, steep, rocky areas.

threats:
Some localities are affected by grazing. It may also be affected by small, local landslides.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.C. gomerae was assessed as Vulnerable (VU, D2) in the 2008 Red List of the Vascular Flora of Spain (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the border of the Garajonay National Park and probably occurs within other protected areas. EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions held in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). It is probably also cultivated in the botanic garden on Gran Canaria (A. Santos Guerra pers. comm. 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe grandiflora DC. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Crambe grandiflora is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to undertake a global evaluation of this species. It is listed as Vulnerable in Ukraine and as Endangered in one region of European Russia. Subpopulations are small and restricted and they are threatened by agricultural expansion and wild harvesting. However, further information is needed on the taxon's precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status in Russia to make an informed decision about its global threat status. It does not occur within the EU 27 level.

range:
C. grandiflora is native to Ukraine and the European part of the Russian Federation. In Ukraine, it occurs in the Crimean Peninsula, mainly in Kerczenskij Peninsula. In the Russian Federation, it is found in the Taman Peninsula, the Kuban River estuary (Krasnodar), and Dagestan, but has now also spread south into Turkey and Iran (Prina 2009).

population:
The subpopulations of this species are spatially small and comprise few individuals.

habitat:
It is found in coastal areas, plains and foothills, in river valleys and grassy steppe (Warwick et al. 2009) in communities of class Festuco–Brometea.

threats:
It is threatened by agricultural expansion in steppe ecosystems, as well as wild harvesting.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. C. grandiflora is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable and as Endangered in the regional Red List of Stavropolski, Russian Federation  (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). It occurs in the Kazantip reserve in the Crimean Peninsula. No germplasm accessions of C. grandiflora are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe hispanica L. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Crambe hispanica is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it occurs in several countries in southwest and southeast Europe and it is reported to be common in the western part of its range. However, it is rare and nationally threatened in some countries and is threatened by development for tourism; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
C. hispanica is native to southeast and southwest Europe, as well as north Africa and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
It is common in the western part of its range and rare in the east. For example in Spain it is relatively widespread, whereas it is scarce in Greece and only known from two localities in Cyprus.

habitat:
This species is found in non-arid to semi-arid coastal plains, rocky and hill habitats (up to 1,200 m), and tropical montane habitats (Abyssinian Highlands) to 2,000 m (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004, Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009, Warwick et al. 2009). It can be found on beaches, shaded rocks and crevices, grassy steppes and slopes, rubble, arable land, olive groves and brush (Warwick et al. 2009), and is known in Portugal to occur in humid areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat fragmentation and development for tourism.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. hispanica is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in one region of Italy, Vulnerable (VU) in Sicily (Conti et al. 1997), and as Endangered (EN) (D1) in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).    EURISCO reports 24 germplasm accessions of C. hispanica held in European genebanks, eight of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, three originate from within Europe (Spain), two of which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, and one of which is stored in External Branch North of the Department Genebank, IPK, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.A review of the in situ conservation status of this species is required.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops. It is also used as food and in traditional medicines (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, 2010).Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high erucic acid content and insect resistance (flea beetles). It has also been suggested as a candidate for future diversification of industrial oil crops (Warwick et al. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Draper, D., Branca, F., Donnini, D. & Tavares, M.


taxonomicNotes:
There is some dispute about the taxonomic status of Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch. Kotov (1979) proposed that C. koktebelica is a species with a Crimean–Caucasian distribution and that C. mitridatis is endemic to Crimea. However, the authors of the second and third editions of the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Schelag-Soconko 1996, Diduch 2009) consider C. koktebelica as endemic to Crimea, while C. mitridatis is a Crimean–Caucasian species. Chalilov (1993) regarded C. koktebelica and C. mitridatis as a single species and published C. koktebelica as a valid species with C. mitridatis as a synonym. The species is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not evaluated (NE)Crambe koktebelica  is a very rare species which is threatened by development for tourism and urbanization—the population trend is suspected to be decreasing. It is listed as Vulnerable in Ukraine and has been assessed as threatened in several regions of Russia. However, there is currently insufficient information available to carry out a global evaluation of this species as information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, structure and trend. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.    It does not occur within the  EU 27.

range:
C. koktebelica is native to the Russian Federation (north Caucasus and the lower Volga region) and to Ukraine (Crimean Peninsula). In Crimea it occurs in the Karadagh mountains massif, on the Black Sea coast near Koktebele town, in Tarchankutskij and Kerczenskij Peninsulas.

population:
This is a very rare species. The subpopulations are small in size (no more than 100 m2) and in the number of individuals. In cap Kazantip Kerczenskij Peninsulas and landscape unit, Djangule in Tarchankutskij peninsula, the density of populations are high (20–30 adult individuals /10 m2). However, in other subpopulations, especially on the Black Sea coast near Koktebel town, population density is low. The population trend is suspected to be decreasing.

habitat:
In Ukraine, it grows on clay and limestone slopes in coastal areas in Sedo–Seleran–thetea, Alysso–Sedetalia and Onosmo polyphyllae–Rtlostemetalia communities (Diduch 2009).

threats:
In Crimea, the main threat to this species is development for tourism, especially around Koktebel which is one of the most popular tourist destinations of the peninsula. In the Russian Federation, urbanization is leading to habitat degradation. Moreover, the effect of habitats getting drier has been observed in recent years—this is suspected to be as a result of climate change.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International   Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of   the brassica complex and C. koktebelica is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the regional Red Lists of Krasnodarskaya (Rare), Stavropolskaya (Endangered) and Rostovskaya (Endangered and Possibly Extinct)   (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005) and in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It occurs in Karadagh and Kazantipand Opuk reserves. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of C. koktebelica stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; however, none are reported to originate from Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). For the three accessions held, collection location is not provided but all three accessions were collected in the early 1960s. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe laevigata&#DC. ex Christ is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe laevigata is assessed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 100 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 0.003 km², all individuals are found at three locations, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, as is the number of mature individuals.

range:
Crambe laevigata is endemic to Tenerife (Macizo de Teno), one of # the Spanish Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are three subpopulations located in one municipality northwest of the island and they each occupy between 500 and 1,500 m². The total area of occupancy (AOO) is 0.003 km².

population:
The population has been determined in three different localities within the same municipality and has been estimated at 700 individuals.

habitat:
This plant has a woody base and grows to 170 cm. It exists within communities of Aeonietum canariensis and Vieraeo-Polycarpaeetum carnosae. It can be found on north-facing basaltic cliffs which are frequently humid due to the influence of trade winds. It is also possible to find it in Echio-Retametum rhodorhizoidis (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It seeks shelter in almost vertical deep ravines in west Tenerife. There is a high competition for the scarce soil on the narrow platforms where it is located, which limits the survival of seedlings.

threats:
The main threats are grazing (in the Parque Rural de Teno), tourist paths and routes and the occasional natural events like landslides.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International   Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of   the brassica complex. It is included in the Rural Park Teno and in the SCI with the same name. For its conservation, the control of livestock and measures to avoid the possible hybridization with other species of the same genus are required. It is recommended that the status of the species is clarified with regards to the species C. scaberrima, a species also endemic to southwest Tenerife.EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of C. laevigata which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

redListAssessors:
Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Rodríguez Delgado, O. & García Gallo, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe maritima L. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Crambe maritima occurs in #many countries in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is reported to be very rare in Romania and Latvia, is thought to be extinct in Lithuania and has declined in some parts of its range in the British Isles. It is thought to be threatened by sea defence works in the British Isles but elsewhere the threats are unknown. Subpopulation and habitat monitoring is therefore needed—in particular, to detect a potential decrease or deterioration in suitable habitat.

range:
C. maritima is native to Europe, western Asia and the Causcasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It is found in coastal areas of Europe—although with a disjunct distribution—on the coasts of the northern and Baltic seas from France to Finland, extending towards eastern Europe as well as on the coasts of the Black Sea (Prina 2009).Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Estonia: western islands and the coast of mainland.Latvia: very rare, only sterile specimens found. Lithuania: only found in the past.UK: occurring particularly on the southern coast of England, northern coast of Wales and the northwestern coast of England. It can also be found in 10 localities in Scotland but is limited to only three localities in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).    Ireland: found predominantly along the southern coast but also found in four localities along the east coast and five localities on the west coast (Preston et al. 2002).  France: confined to nine departments in the northwest:   Finistère,   Côtes d'Armor, Morbihan,   Ille-et-Vilaine, Manche, Calvados,   Seine-Maritime, Somme and   Pas-de-Calais (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is described as common on the south coast of Finland and "not rare" in Estonia, but it is reported to be very rare in Romania and Latvia. According to Preston et al. (2002) it has declined in parts of its British range but has increased elsewhere, and has increased in occurrence in Ireland. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is found in maritime habitats in sands, dunes and shingle along the coasts of Europe, on the shores of the Atlantic, Baltic, Black and Azov Seas (Polunin 1969, Warwick et al. 2009). It can rarely be found on on sea cliffs, and as it is occasionally cultivated it can be found as a weedy escape (Warwick et al. 2009).   In the UK this lowland species prefers shingle and boulder beaches  and can occasionally be found on dunes and cliffs (Preston et al. 2002).

threats:
The decline in parts of its range in the UK is probably due to sea defence works which have destroyed its shingle habitat; however, it has increased in numbers elsewhere in the UK. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout its European range.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.It occurs in many protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites. EURISCO reports 39 germplasm accessions of C. maritima  held in European genebanks, 23 of which are reported to be of wild or  weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 10 originate from within Europe  (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).       Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:  Romania: classified as Endangered (EN) (Dihoru and Negrean 2009).France: protected at a national level (Protection Nationale Française Annexe 1) (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Denmark: classified as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).

useAndTrade:
C. maritima is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops. An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is salt tolerance (Warwick et al. 2009).This species has historically been used as a vegetable (USDA,  ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, 2010) and  is also an important plant for bee pollinators as well as being foraged by animals.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe microcarpa A. Santos is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe microcarpa is assessed as Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km². The population is severely fragmented as it is found in isolated patches and the threat of grazing is causing further isolation through habitat degradation. There is also a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals.

range:
C. microcarpa is endemic to La Palma in the Canary Islands where it is found in the north half of the island. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km².

population:
The population comprises few individuals scattered in many locations. It is found in isolated patches and the threat of grazing is causing further isolation through habitat degradation.

habitat:
This perennial species is mainly found on cliffs in pine forest or on cliffs and other open areas in laurisilva forest.

threats:
C. microcarpa is threatened by grazing by goats and the more recently introduced species, Arrui which has expanded significantly since being introduced in the 1970s. This exotic species is causing general degradation of the habitat as well as grazing on this species itself. These animals were originally introduced to the National Park for recreational hunting but they have naturalized and expanded into other areas, including the Natural Park.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.C. microcarpa does occur within protected areas but the Arrui have expanded and moved into these areas. According to national law, this exotic species should be eradicated; however, no  action has taken place apart from some level of control through culling.  EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of C. microcarpa stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe pritzelii Bolle is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe pritzelii is assessed as Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2. The population is severely fragmented as it is found in isolated patches and the threats caused by invasive species and expanding human habitations is causing further isolation through habitat degradation and fragmentation. There is therefore a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
C. pritzelii is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it is found in the lowlands of the north and east. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
The population comprises small isolated groups of individual plants scattered throughout its range. The impact of invasive species and expansion of human habitations is causing increased fragmentation of the population.

habitat:
This perennial species is found in lowland scrub and in Juniperus, Olea and laurisilva forests. It also grows outside the forests in steep, rocky areas.

threats:
It is threatened by invasive plant species such as Agave spp., Opuntia spp., Pelargonium spp. and Pennisetum spp., as well as human disturbance due to the close proximity of subpopulations to human habitations.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. pritzelii is listed as Vulnerable (VU), C2a(i)) in the 2008 Red List of Vascular Plants of Spain (Moreno 2008).Some subpopulations are found within protected areas, but these areas are affected by invasive species and there is no active management of the species. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of C. pritzelii which is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior  de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe gigantea Bramwell is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).This species was originally classified as C. strigosa var. gigantea. This variety was later published as C. gigantea but the name was not valid because it was a homonym of another taxon. The taxon was therefore renamed by Bramwell as C. santosii (A. Santos Guerra pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the area of occupancy (AOO) of Crambe santosii is less than 20 km2, the population  is considered to have increased over a period of 40–50 years due to protection of the forests and it is not currently thought to face any significant threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern with a recommendation to monitor the population and habitat.

range:
C. santosii occurs on La Palma where it is found in the north and northeast of the island in the region dominated by laurisilva forest. Reported findings in La Gomera could be confused with C. strigosa. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km2.

population:
There are scattered subpopulations throughout its range and it tends to occur in small groups of individual plants.

habitat:
C. santosii is a perennial species which occurs in damp and shaded habitats in laurisilva forests (Prina and Martínez-Laborde 2008). It is more common in open areas within the forest where the germination rate is higher. There is an endemic butterfly species which is dependent on the species as a food source.

threats:
The species was threatened in the past through forest clearance; however, this practice was discontinued. It may be affected by storm damage to trees which creates discontinuities in the forest; however, this is not considered to be a significant threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. santosii is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) in the 2008 Red List of the Vascular Flora of Spain (Moreno 2008). The taxon occurs within the Natural Parks on La Palma.No germplasm accessions of C. santosii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe scaberrima Bramwell is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Crambe scaberrima is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2. Although locally abundant at present, the population is severely fragmented as it occurs in isolated patches, often on cliffs, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to the effects of past deforestation and the ongoing threat from overgrazing and expanding agriculture. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
C. scaberrima is endemic to Tenerife, where is it found in the west and south of the island. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Crambe scaberrima is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
The population consists of scattered, isolated subpopulations but it is usually locally abundant.

habitat:
This perennial species is found in lowland scrub habitats and on basalt cliffs. It is also associated with Juniperus, Olea and dry, pine forests, which are now infrequent on the island.

threats:
It is threatened by loss of suitable habitat through forest clearance for timber extraction and agriculture, and by overgrazing.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. scaberrima occurs within some existing protected areas; however, these areas are under threat from grazing. EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of C. scaberrima which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior  de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe scoparia Svent. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe scoparia is assessed as Endangered because although its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small, all the individuals are in five locations. However, there is a continuing decline in both the AOO and the quality and extent of the habitat.

range:
C. scoparia is endemic to Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. It is endemic to the central-eastern area of the island, with five subpopulations in the municipalities of Tejeda and San Nicolás de Tolentino. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is 2.75 km².

population:
There are five subpopulations formed by young individuals and adults totalling 1,886 individuals. Although the viability of seeds is high, significant recruitment has not been observed.

habitat:
C. scoparia is part of rupicolous communities in thermophilous environments. It has a preference for the bottom of cliffs and ledges with little accumulation of soil, although it has also been observed on slopes with more developed soils. It is commonly found among Aeonium manriqueorum, Leptocephalus Sonchus, Echium decasnei, Carlina canariensis, Descurainia preauxiana, Rubia fruticosa, Bupleurum salicifolium ssp. aciphyllum, Echium onosmifolium, Cheirolophus arbutifolius, Allagopappus viscosisimus and Dendriopoterium pulidoi.

threats:
The main threat to this species are herbivores, as the subpopulations are located in prominent areas of traditional grazing. Some of them now have # extremely small numbers of individuals, while others remain vulnerable to damage by both domestic livestock and wild herbivores.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. All of the subpopulations are included in the Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI), except the subpopulation at Hogarzales, which is included in the Reserva Natural Especial de Güigüí (SCI). Its habitat is protected in the EU Habitats Directive. The control of traditional grazing by livestock at these sites is necessary.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of C. scoparia (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It has great value as forage food, so it is highly desired by livestock. It is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe steveniana Rupr. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Crambe steveniana is a rare species, the European subpopulations are small, and it is threatened by agricultural expansion and overgrazing. It is listed in Ukraine as Vulnerable, in the Russian Federation as Rare and is also threatened in two regions of Russia. However, there is currently insufficient information available to undertake a regional evaluation of this species; therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status in European Russia.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to Ukraine, the southwest Russian Federation and in the Caucasus. In European Russia, it is found in Krasnodarkij and Stavropolskij regions. In Ukraine, it grows in the foothills of the Crimean Mountains.

population:
It is a rare species and the subpopulations are small.

habitat:
It is found on coastal plains, foothills and grassy steppe habitats in the Caucasus (Prina 2009, Warwick et al. 2009). It prefers dry and sandy soils. In the Crimean mountains, it grows in steppe on chalk and marl rocks in ordo Alysso–Sedatialia communities.

threats:
It is threatened by agricultural expansion and overgrazing # in steppe ecosystems.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International   Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of   the brassica complex.   C. steveniana is listed in the Red Data Book of the USSR as Rare and in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It is also listed in the regional Red Lists of Stavropolski and Krasnodarski (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005).It occurs in Zakaznik Ak-Kaja in Crimea.No germplasm accessions of C. steveniana are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  However, samples are conserved in Donezkij botanical garden (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe strigosa L'Her. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Crambe strigosa is less than 5,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km2. Some subpopulations have been affected by landslides and face ongoing threats such as habitat disturbance though grazing and collection of wood from the forests. However, the overall population is considered to be stable; therefore, it is currently assessed as Least Concern.

range:
C. strigosa is endemic to the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera (Prina and Martínez-Laborde 2008). It is found mostly in the north and east of the island where it is associated with humid laurel forests (A. Santos Guerra pers. comm. 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Crambe strigosa is less than 5,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km2.

population:
This species is locally frequent where found.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows on cliffs and banks in laurisilva forest, and occasionally in lowland areas (Prina and Martínez-Laborde 2008).

threats:
Although the laurel forests are protected, the forest edges are affected by human disturbances, including grazing, agriculture, collection of wood for forage and fuel. Abandoned crops within the forests are also now sometimes being reinstated. The habitats have also been affected by landslides.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. strigosa is found within protected areas; for example, Teno and Anaga Natural and Rural Parks, Tenerife, and Garajonay National Park, La Gomera; however, these locations are affected by a number of threats, particularly on Tenerife where the populations occur in protected areas with less strict protection measures. EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of C. strigosa, three of which are reported to be stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe sventenii&#Pettersson ex Bramwell & Sunding is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe sventenii is assessed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat as well as in the number of subpopulations due to livestock grazing, landslides and droughts.

range:
C. sventenii is endemic to Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands archipielago, with six relatively small subpopulations distributed in three southern municipalities of the island. The subpopulations occupy between 5 and 500 m². The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  400 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is between 1,850 m² and 9 km².

population:
There are 476 individuals in total in the population and the number is declining.

habitat:
This species grows between 0.5 and 1 m high and is found in Lycio intricati-Euphorbietum balsamiferae communities ("Tabaibales dulces") which are very degraded and impoverished as a result of intense grazing on the island. It settles on slopes  which suffer long dry periods. Accompanying species include Lycium intricatum, Euphorbia balsamifera, Euphorbia regisjubae, Kleinia neriifolia, Periploca laevigata, Salvia herbanica and Coronilla viminalis.The seeds need a minimum water supply for germination and possibly see it less inhibited, at least in part, by high temperatures. A third of the specimens observed are in poor condition, rarely surviving yearly droughts.

threats:
Grazing stock pressure has been defined as a main threat to this species. Landslides and long periods of drought are also regarded as threats. One subpopulation is located near a paved road.

conservationAction:
This species is listed listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and as a priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008).C. sventenii subpopulations are included in the natural monuments of Montaña Cardón and Cuchillos de Vigán. It is recommended to control the grazing by livestock and to place fences for its conservation.No germplasm accessions of C. sventenii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, seeds are known to be preserved in a genebank. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

redListAssessors:
García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Rodríguez Delgado, O. & Scholz, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe tamadabensis Prina & Marrero Rodr. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).The species was previously classified as C. pritzelii but was re-classified by Prina and Marrero (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Crambe tamadabensis is assessed as Critically Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 0.5 km2. Although the population is more or less stable at present, it is severely fragmented as the three subpopulations are separated by a distance of 3–5 km. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to the impact of invasive species.

range:
C. tamadabensis is endemic to Gran Canaria where it is found in the northwest of the island. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 0.5 km2.

population:
The population consists of three subpopulations separated by a distance of 3–5 km. In the 2008 national Red List assessment (Marrero and Navarro 2008), it was reported that there were 4,226, 880 and 643 individuals counted in each of the three subpopulations. These subpopulations are found within four 1x1 km grid squares. The authors reported that the population is more or less stable, largely because the plants occur in the refuge of cliff faces.

habitat:
This perennial species is only found on cliffs.

threats:
It may be affected by overgrazing and occasional small landslides. Invasion by Pennisetum setaceum has caused habitat degradation over a period of 50–60 years.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. tamadabensis occurs within the Natural Park of Tamadaba and the Monumento Natural de Amagro. Seed samples have been collected and conserved in the seedbank of the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo (A. Santos Guerra pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe tataria Sebeok is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Crambe tataria is regionally assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution in middle, east and southeast Europe. However, the species face a number of major threats and is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, the subpopulations need to be monitored and active conservation management should be implemented where necessary.

range:
C. tataria is a native to middle, east and southeast Europe, as well as to parts of temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010, Marhold 2011).The Commission of the European Communities (2009) provides geographic range information for four countries:Italy: 110 km2Czech Republic: 873 km2Hungary: 478 km2Slovakia: 5 km2In Slovakia, three subpopulations were recently found in the southwest of the country (P. Eliáš pers. comm. 2010):Starý vrch Hill near the Belá village (Belianske kopce Hills)Dankov vrch Hill near the Nána village (Belianske kopce Hills)The Sovie vinohrady Nature Reserve near the Salka village
The population trend is stable in Slovakia but large fluctuations in the number of flowering/mature individuals has been recorded (P. Eliáš pers. comm. 2010). Seeds from locality no. 1 were collected in 2009 and they are stored in the Slovak Gene Bank in Piešt'any and in the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew.In Hungary, C. tataria occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains at the following localities    (Soó 1966, Simon 1992): Szerencs mountain: Szentistvánbaksa, MegyaszóSouth Cserhát: RádDanube region: BölcskeGreat Hungarian Plain: Mezőföld Plain and surroundingsDunaföldvár and Transdanubia: SeregélyesBalaton region: BalatonkeneseVárpalota region: Berhida

population:
Population data are reported by The Commission of the European Communities (2009) for the following countries:Italy: seven localitiesCzech Republic: 10,000–15,000 individualsHungary: 2,500–3,000 individualsSlovakia: 500–1,400 individualsHowever, according to P. Eliáš (pers. comm. 2010), there are three subpopulations in Slovakia, in total comprising more than 2,000 individuals:Starý vrch Hill near the Belá village (Belianske kopce Hills): the subpopulation comprises more than two thousand individualsDankov vrch Hill near the Nána village (Belianske kopce Hills): the subpopulation comprises c. 500 individualsThe Sovie vinohrady Nature Reserve near the Salka village: the subpopulation comprises c. 250 individuals.

habitat:
C. tataria grows in narrow-leaved dry grasslands (Festucion valesiacae), broad-leaved dry grasslands (Bromion erecti), as well as in vineyards and gardens.In Hungary, this species prefers calcareous, warm, dry, loose soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals, poor in humus, and loess (clay, marl) soils. Here, it is a postglacial steppe relict species which grows in loess grassland steppes (Crambo-Tussilaginetum, Salvio-Festucetum sulcatae), loess walls (Agropyro-Kochiaetum prostratae), loess steppe oak woodlands, and Agropyro-Kochion and Festucion rupicolae species   communities (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
The Commission of the European Communities (2009) reports the following main threats to this species: Sand and gravel extraction   Modification of hydrographic functioning Use of fertilizers and accumulation of organic materialMowing / cuttingGrazingInvasive speciesFires  Abandonment of pastoral systems  Artificial planting  Agriculture and forestry activitiesRecreational activities

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex and C. tataria is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It's national threat and conservation status has been reported for the following countries:Slovakia: Critically Endangered (CR) (Feráková et al. 2001).Hungary: Endangered (EN). It has been a strictly protected species since 1982 according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant  and animal species and the Goverment decree on the Natura 2000 sites  for the restoration of natual habitats and the maintenance of viable  populations of protected species. It has been propagated and reintroduced in Tiszafüred, Kisújszállás (Harka and Tóth 1989) and Rád (Kereszty and Galántai 2001).Serbia: Critically Endangered (Stevanović 1999).EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of C. tataria held in European genebanks, nine of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe: one from Hungary (stored in Institute for Agrobotany, Hungary) and one from Romania (stored in External Branch North of the Department Genebank, IPK, Oil Plants and Fodder Crops in Malchow, Germany) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
C. tataria is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops. It is also used as a vegetable (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Crambe wildpretii Prina & Bramwell is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R. E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxted et al. in prep.).The species was recently described and it is possible that earlier records of C. gomerae relate to C. wildpretii.

redListCategoryRationale:
Naranjo et al. (2008) recorded only 34 individuals of Crambe wildpretii, with 24 in one subpopulation and 10 in the other. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to a decrease in the quality of the habitat caused by invasive species. It is also a very small and restricted population comprising less than 50 mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
C. wildpretii is endemic to La Gomera where it is found in the northwest of the island. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 0.5 km2.

population:
There are two subpopulations comprising 34 individuals (24 in one and 10 in the other) which are found within two 1x1 km grid squares (Naranjo et al. 2008).

habitat:
This perennial species grows on basaltic cliffs associated with the Erica and Myrica forest and dry scrubland.

threats:
It is threatened by grazing, local landslides, invasive species, such as Agave spp. and Opuntia spp., and in the past it has been affected by reafforestation with Pinus radiata.

conservationAction:
The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. C. wildpretii occurs within the Monumento Natural Lomo del Carretón (Naranjo et al. 2008). No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) and it is not known whether the species has been collected and conserved ex situ in the Canary Islands (A. Santo Guerra pers. comm. 2010). A review of its ex situ conservation status is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica, as well as being related to other brassica crops. This species is also used as a vegetable (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis catholica (L.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.&#Three subspecies are native to Europe: D. catholica (L.) DC. ssp. catholica, D. catholica ssp. ibicensis (Pau) Font Quer and D. catholica ssp. siifolia (Kunze) Maire.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Dipliotaxis catholica is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed large overall population, because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category, and because it is not subject to any major threats. It is recommended that further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ  storage from the full ecogeographic range of this species is undertaken;  particularly because it has been highlighted as a potential donor of  traits for high photosynthetic rate and disease resistance.

range:
D. catholica is native to Portugal and Spain, as well as Morocco (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Its origin in the Canary Islands is uncertain (Izquierdo et al. 2004, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Izquierdo et al. (2004) only record it from Gran Canaria.

habitat:
This species is found in non-arid to semi-arid coastal, plain and hilly habitats, as well as on beaches, sandy plains and  cliffs, dry pastures and brush, and on riverbanks. It can also be found as a weedy species on roadsides and in waste places and  fields (Warwick et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 16 germplasm accessions of D. catholica stored in European genebanks. Twelve of these originate in Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (11 accessions) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (one accession). Four accessions originate in Morocco and no accessions are reported to have been collected in Portugal (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage from the full ecogeographic range of this species is required; particularly because it has been highlighted as a potential donor of traits for high photosynthetic rate and disease resistance.It is known to occur in protected areas but is probably not monitored and actively managed.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high photosynthetic rate and disease resistance (Warwick et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis cretacea Kotov is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Diplotaxis cretacea is a rare  species and although the European subpopulation is threatened by  overgrazing and silviculture, it is thought to be stable. It is listed in Ukraine as  Vulnerable and is threatened in three regions of Russia; however, there is currently insufficient  information available to undertake a regional evaluation of this  species and it is therefore regionally assessed as Data Deficient.  Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size and structure, as well as its in situ conservation status in European Russia.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
D. cretacea is endemic to the eastern European (Russian) plain (Ukraine, Russia and Moldova). In European Russia it occurs in Belgorodskaya, Volgogradskaya, Voronezskaya, Kurskaya, Moskowskaya, Rostovskaya and Saratovskaya regions (Dorofeyev 2002). In Ukraine, it occurs in Siversky Donez river basin in Charkivska, Donezka and Luganska regions. In Moldova, it grows on limestone slopes of the left bank of Dnister (Gejdeman 1986).

habitat:
It grows on dry calcareous slopes in compositions of ordo Thymo cretacei Hyssopetalia cretaceae (class Helianthemo–Thymetea). It can also be found along railway embankments.

threats:
The main threats are overgrazing and silviculture. As this species occurs close to very big cities, urbanization may also pose a threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. D. cretacea is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable #and is listed in the regional Red Lists of Belgorodskaya, Kurskaya and Rostovskaya (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005).In Ukraine, it occurs in Ukrainian Steppe natural reserve (department Krejdjana flora), in Svjati Gory National Park, and in the State nature monument, Balka Girka.   EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of D. cretacea stored in the genebank of the  Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad  Politécnica de Madrid; however, none of these originate from within Europe and the collection location is not reported (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection  and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, structure and trend of this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops as well as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. One subspecies is native to Europe: D. erucoides (L.) DC. ssp. erucoides.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      As Diplotaxis erucoides is widely distributed, with a large population, and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category; it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
D. erucoides is native to southern Europe as well as to parts of temperate Asia and north Africa, and has become naturalised in other parts of Europe (Croatia, Hungary, Norway and Slovenia) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species is widespread in the southern departments of France and Corsica. Also occurs in the departments of Manche, Morbihan,   Loire-Atlantique,   Deux-Sèvres,   Charente-Maritime, Charente and Gironde to the west, in the departments of Somme and Val-de-Marne to the north and in the departments of   Côte d'Or and Haut-Rhin to the east (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is known to be widespread in Greece and common in Italy and Spain. However, according to experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop, it is rare in Portugal.

habitat:
This annual species is found in non-arid to semi-arid plains, plateau and hill habitats (up to 2,900 m). It can be found in dry pastures,  dry stream beds and as a weedy species in roadsides and waste places, rough and cultivated land in Europe (Polunin 1969, Davies and Gibbons 1993, Warwick et al. 2009).

threats:
D. erucoides is threatened by the use of herbicides in some areas. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex and this species is classified as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). Some subpopulations of D. erucoides occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.EURISCO reports 38 germplasm accessions of D. erucoides held in European genebanks, 30 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 13 originate from within Europe; three from Italy and 10 from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well  as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. # An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is its anti-microbial properties (Warwick et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis gomez-campoi Mart.-Laborde is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
Diplotaxis gomez-campoi is assessed as Least Concern as it is a common species within its restricted range and it does not currently face any major threats.

range:
D. gomez-campoi is native to Spain (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Its occurrence in Portugal is doubtful (Martínez Laborde 1996).

population:
It is a widespread species which is common in gypsum soils.

habitat:
It behaves as a ruderal species in dry environments and favours gypsum soils.

threats:
There currently appear to be no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.D. gomez-campoi occurs in protected areas and military zones. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of D. gomez-campoi held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Three subspecies are native to Europe: D. harra ssp. crassifolia (Raf.) Maire, D. harra ssp. intricata (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo and D. harra ssp. lagascana (DC.) O.Bolòs & Vigo.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although the European population of Diplotaxis harra is restricted to Sicily and southeast Spain, it is thought to be relatively widespread within its range, and occurs in a range of different habitats. The threats posed by fires and mining are not thought to be significant in terms of the stability of the European population as a whole. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, conservation of the population in northern Africa should be enacted to ensure the adequate conservation of the global population.

range:
D. harra is native to Sicily and southeastern Spain, as well as to parts of temperate and tropical Asia and Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
There is no detailed information available about the population size or trend of this species. However, it is thought to be relatively widespread where found.

habitat:
This species is found in desert to semi-arid habitats, on hills, plateaus, coastal rocks and in montane habitats (up to 2,200 m). It can also be found on  rocks and cliffs, in damp crevices, rubble, dry stream beds and desert  wastelands, often on chalky soils and lava rock (Warwick et al. 2009a). It is also found in gypsum soil.

threats:
It is threatened by fires. The extraction of gypsum is also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.It occurs in several protected areas and SCIs.EURISCO reports 33 germplasm accessions of D. harra held in European genebanks, 30 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 14 originate from within Europe—two from Italy and 12 from Spain. All 14 of these accessions are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage would be beneficial.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well  as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. # Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high linoleic and/or linolenic acid content and drought tolerance (Warwick et al. 2009b).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis ibicensis&#(Pau) Gómez-Campo is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
Diplotaxis ibicensis occurs in the Balearic Islands and Alicante. It is listed as Least Concern as its population trend is stable and it is unlikely to become threatened in the near future.

range:
Diplotaxis ibicensis is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, being found in Cabrera, Formentera, Ibiza and Mallorca, and at two localities on the coast of Alicante. It has been estimated that the geographical range for this species is around 550 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no information available on the size of populations or on the number of individuals. However, the population trend is stated as being stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in shrublands and grasslands on limestone or sandy substrates, generally in disturbed soils affected by nitrification in communities of Erico multiflorae-Lavanduletum dentatae. It also grows in communities of rocky marine cliffs with Crithmo-Limonietum rigualii   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species are the use of pesticides, urbanization and communication networks (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of D. ibicensis which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
D. ibicensis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops as well as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis ilorcitana (Sennen) Aedo, Mart.-Laborde & Muñoz Garm. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
Diplotaxis ilorcitana is assessed as Least Concern because it is locally common within its range, it currently faces no significant threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Its status in Portugal requires clarification and further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is recommended.

range:
D. ilorcitana is native to eastern Spain (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Warwick et al. 2009). Its presence in Portugal and southern Spain is uncertain.

population:
It is locally common but on particular soils (gypsum).

habitat:
Found on coastal to inland hills, dry, sandy or stony fields, and pastures (Warwick et al. 2009). It grows in gypsum soils.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However, there are some localized threats, such as tourism activities.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.Four germplasm accessions of D. ilorcitana are reported by EURISCO—these were collected in Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is recommended.It is known to occur in protected areas but is probably not monitored or  actively managed. Its status in Portugal needs to be clarified.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. One subspecies is native to Europe: D. muralis (L.) DC. ssp. muralis (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Diplotaxis muralis is widely distributed in central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
D. muralis is native to central, eastern, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as parts of temperate Asia and north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
Information on the population size and trend of D. muralis is available for the following countries:   Portugal: rare, occurs only in one region.Slovakia: common  in lowland areas and hills, and scattered in mountain regions of  the  country (Eliáš Sen. and Eliáš Jr. 2002), with a stable population trend.Spain: not frequent in the centre and north of the country.Romania: common.France:  widespread throughout the country, with the exceptions of    Hautes-Pyrénées and   Haute-Garonne to the southwest, Indre in central  France and nine departments to the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
D. muralis occurs in non-arid to semi-arid low valleys and plateaus, and rarely in hills. It can be found in pastures,  open woodlands and brush, as well as occurring as a weedy species in ruderal sites, roadsides and waste places, fields,  crops, vineyards, gardens, oases, dunes and railway ballast, spreading along railway banks. This species grows on clay, sandy,  peaty and chalky soils (Warwick et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur naturally in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.EURISCO reports 22 germplasm accessions of D. muralis held in European genebanks, 21 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, six originate from within Europe. One originates from France, two from Germany, two from Italy and one from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well  as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. # An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is disease resistance (Warwick et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis parvula Schrenk is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. It is recorded as a preliminary accepted species and as a basionym for Arabidopsis parvula (Schrenk) O.E.  Schulz. in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Diplotaxis parvula is assessed as Data Deficient as it is recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to Romania but is not included in Romanian floristic works. It is recorded as a preliminary accepted species and as a basionym for Arabidopsis parvula in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006). The taxonomic status and distribution of this species therefore requires verification.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), D. parvula is native to Romania; however, according to experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in Portugal, April 2010, it is not included in the Flora of Romania. It is not known whether the species is endemic to Europe.

population:
There is no population information available for this species. It is not included in the Flora of Romania.

habitat:
There is no habitat and ecology information available for this species. It is not included in the Flora of Romania.

threats:
There is no information available about the threats to this species. It is not included in the Flora of Romania.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of D. parvula are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status and distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis siettiana Maire is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
Diplotaxis siettiana is assessed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 0.0712 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2 km². All the populations occur in one location and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of is habitat and in the number of subpopulations. This species has been reintroduced into the island after observing a  90% population reduction in the 1980s.The plant grows in a very small area and population numbers fluctuate greatly (principally due to human causes). Irrigation of the area with sea water where the plant was originally found, in order to reduce dust for helicopter landings, was the direct cause of extinction of this species. The island's fragile habitat has been largely modified by humans who recently introduced some domestic animals, causing further soil erosion and nitrification. Germination, flowering and fruiting are dependent on rainfall. An observation in 1970 referred to possibly hundreds of adult individuals, although only 150 were recorded in 1974, and none afterwards. In 1999, 48 plants were re-introduced but scientists are not sure that the population is self-sustaining. No dispersal to other parts of the island has taken place.

range:
Diplotaxis siettiana is endemic to the Spanish island of Alborán (Almeria). This species was last seen in 1974, when seeds were fortunately collected before the species disappeared from the island. A reintroduction in 1999 appears to have been successful, although given extreme population fluctuations each year, more time is needed to ensure that the reintroduced population is self-sustaining. For the moment, it is believed to be possibly extinct in the wild. Alborán is the top of a volcanic platform situated between Spain and Morocco, around 50 km from the nearest continent. This small island (600 m x 200 m) resembles an aircraft carrier due to its flat surface, reaching 10 m above sea level and surrounded by steep, almost vertical cliffs. The island has a lighthouse and is now used as a military base. In 1974 the plant was found growing in a tiny area around the helicopter platform. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 0.0712 km² which is the size of the island.

population:
The number of individuals observed has varied from year to year, but it has never been less than 300. In 2000 there were more than 1,200 individuals and in 2003 there were 600. Those observations are the result of reintroductions of the species in 1999. The area of real occupation is less than 0.003 km².

habitat:
The weedy nature of D. siettiana (it is an annual herb) makes it fairly tolerant to human disturbance. In fact it does grow in the more stable vegetation dominated by Frankenia pulverulenta and Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, both apparently tolerant to high concentrations of salt and/or nitrogen. Rainfall is very low, with less than 100 mm per year.  This species is the only representative of the mustard family in the poor flora of Alborán (10 species). The island has long been inhabited, first by lighthouse keepers and later by the military which built the helicopter platform, widened the former small harbour, and constructed some temporary dwellings near the lighthouse.  The island is also of global importance as one of the few breeding sites for the threatened Audouin's Gull.

threats:
The island's very fragile habitat has been completely modified by humans, who introduced domestic cattle to the island, causing soil erosion and nitrification, and even irrigated the area in which the plant was found with salt water to reduce dust to facilitate the landing of helicopters (which may have been a direct cause for the extinction of this species). The construction of a new harbour can destroy the natural ecosystem of the island.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the regional and European level. It is listed as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered A1abc; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008). The genus Diplotaxis is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.The islet has been declared a Maritime-Terrestrial Reserve and Natural Place Paraje Natural by the Andalusian government, and has been nominated for the European Natura 2000 Network as SCI. Various reintroduction and re-enforcement campaigns were carried out in 1988 and 1999 to present.   Fortunately, before its extinction, some seeds had been collected and multiplied at the seed bank of the Agronomists College (Escuela de Agrónomos) of Madrid. When cultivated in botanic gardens (Jardín Botánico de Córdoba, Conservatoire Botanique de Brest), high germination rates can be achieved. EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of D. siettiana held in European genebanks; however, only one originates from within Europe (Spain). This accession is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  This species should be added to the Spanish National Catalogue of Threatened Species, listed in the highest category (Endangered). Ideally the island should be designated as a strict Nature Reserve. If this is impossible, habitat restoration and on-going management still needs to be carried out indefinitely, including alien species eradication, monitoring, and no new construction of infrastructure. Periodic reinforcement campaigns in order to maintain the population might be necessary. The fact that D. siettiana seems to prefer semi-disturbed habitat and competes poorly with dominant species must always be taken into account.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops as well as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia.

redListAssessors:
Pérez Latorre, A.V., Cabezudo, B., Mota Poveda, J., Peñas, J. & Navas, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Two subspecies have been recognized—D. siifolia Kunze ssp. siifolia and D. siifolia ssp. vicentina (Samp.) Mart.-Laborde (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006)—however, some taxonomists consider D. siifolia ssp. vicentina to have species status as D. vicentina and this species is recorded as 'preliminary accepted' by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006). This assessment therefore relates only to D. siifolia ssp. siifolia.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Diplotaxis siifolia is regionally assessed as Near Threatened because the species is close to qualifying for Vulnerable under criterion B2a. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably not much more than 2,000 km2, the population in Portugal is rare, and the species is seriously threatened by tourism and urbanization.

range:
D. siifolia is native to Portugal and Spain, as well as Algeria and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It # occurs in the south of Spain and southwest Portugal (Martínez Laborde 1996). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably not much more than 2,000 km2.

population:
In Portugal this species is rare. In Spain, it has a restricted distribution but it is common in suitable habitat.

habitat:
It is found in coastal habitats, such as sandy plains and dry stream beds, and occurs as a weedy species on roadsides and in waste places, fields, vineyards, walls and roof crevices (Warwick et al. 2009).

threats:
It is threatened by urbanization, tourism and road improvement.

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.  EURISCO reports 25 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, eight of which originate from within Europe—three from Portugal and five from Spain. All of these accessions are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Further germplasm collection and storage of this species is recommended.It is found within existing  protected areas; however, it is not  monitored or actively managed. It  is recommended that it is incorporated  into the existing protected area  management plans.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well  as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. It has been indicated to have potential for cytoplasmic male sterility in mustard and oilseed rape (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops. Wild populations of D. tenuifolia are closely related to the cultivated form, perennial wall rocket.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Diplotaxis tenuifolia is widely distributed in central and southern Europe, and is able to grow in a number of habitat types, including disturbed anthropogenic sites. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
D. tenuifolia is native to most of central and southern Europe and temperate Asia. It has become naturalised in northern Europe, north Africa, Australasia and east Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
D. tenuifolia is mostly common throughout Europe where it is found. For example this species is common in west and southwestern Slovakia, but scattered or rare in other areas, with a stable population trend through the country (Eliáš Sen. and Eliáš Jr. 2002). In Spain it is known to be widespread but infrequent, and in the Czech Republic it has a scattered distribution. It is widespread in France, occurring in all departments with the exceptions of  Charente, Haute-Vienne, Creuse and Indre in central/western France,    Haute-Saône and   Territoire de Belfort in the northeast and Aveyron and    Ariège to the south (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
This perennial species is found in coastal, plains and  montane habitats (up to 1,100 m), such as beaches, dunes, chalk hills,  rocky and chalky slopes and crevices in rocks. It can also  occur as a weedy species in roadsides and waste places, arable land and  crevices in walls. This species can be found on sandy and chalky soils (Polunin 1969, Warwick et al.  2009). In the UK it occurs in docks and wastelands and stone walls in Britain (Rich 1991).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is  listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.    EURISCO reports 29 germplasm accessions of D. tenuifolia held in European genebanks, 23 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 12 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
D. tenuifolia is a wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well as being a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia. Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include herbicide and disease resistance (Warwick et al. 2009). It is also a bee plant and is sometimes collected from the wild for salads and medicinal purposes.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis vicentina (Cout.) Rothm. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Some taxonomists consider D. vicentina to have only subspecific status as D. siifolia ssp. vicentina (Samp.) Mart.-Laborde. The taxon was recorded as 'preliminary accepted' in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family. However, in a recent update of Euro+Med PlantBase, Marhold (2011) reduced the taxon to subspecific level. This assessment therefore relates to the subspecies, D. siifolia ssp. vicentina but since the taxon is recognized at species level in the EU Habitats Directive, the assessment is valid for publication in the European Red List.

redListCategoryRationale:
Diplotaxis vicentina is assessed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 1 km², there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat due to urban expansion and development for tourism, and the population is severely fragmented. It was reported by the Commission of the European Communities (2009) to have "poor prospects" and "likely to struggle unless conditions change". Based on the observed decrease in the species' range between 1968 and 1995 (Commission of the European Communities 2009), we can infer that the population size has also reduced and may not be able to recover due to loss of habitat.It would also qualify for Vulnerable under criterion D2 as its AOO is no more than 1 km². It is not known by what percentage the population has reduced, but it is also likely that the species would qualify for Vulnerable under criterion A2b.

range:
D. vicentina is endemic to the southwest of Portugal where its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) was 374 km2 in the period 1994–1995 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, according to M.J. Pinto (pers. comm. 2010), the EOO is less than 100 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 1 km2. The species occurs along the southwest coast, south of Cabo de Sines to Sagres. Its distribution is very fragmented and the populations are isolated from each other by tens of kilometres   (Ministério do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional 2006).

population:
This is considered to be a rare species but it is locally relatively abundant. The  total number of plants is difficult to determine since it is an annual  species and therefore possesses an important seed bank. The annual recruitment of individuals is variable and dependent on the year (M.J. Pinto pers. comm. 2010). Nevertheless,  it has been estimated that in Sagres the subpopulation comprises many individuals (Ministério   do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional   2006), the subpopulation occurring in Cabo de São Vicente has some tens of individuals (M.J. Pinto pers. comm. 2010) and that the  other  subpopulations comprise less than 25 individuals each. Further, all the subpopulations are isolated  from each other by tens of kilometres (Ministério   do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional   2006). It was reported by the Commission of the European Communities (2009) that the overall population decreased in range from 1968–1995 and that it is still decreasing; however, M.J. Pinto (pers. comm. 2010) suggests that the overall population is probably not declining, although there are no studies supporting this. There is however an indication that the number of individuals might have decreased in recent years since one of the populations was probably affected by the restoration of an old house as well as an increase in the size of its gardens (M.J. Pinto pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species usually occurs on stable sand dunes and maritime rocky cliffs, in sandy soils, and in waste places (Ministério do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional 2006). It also occurs along footpaths when the core of the subpopulation is nearby; however, the species is not dependent on the dispersal agents that move on these paths (M.J. Pinto pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
It is threatened by  urbanization, development for sport and leisure facilities, tourism, and road improvement. Disturbances resulting from ongoing construction work in areas of urban expansion are partially affecting the habitat of the subpopulation at Aljezur, leading to considerable losses. In the area of the Zambujeira do Mar, the improvement of paths is also a serious threat (Ministério do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional 2006). A potential increase in seagull nesting and residence and consequent increase of nitrification (increase of nitrogen in the soil) can negatively affect the species' survival (M.J. Pinto pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is  listed  in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for  Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex and D. vicentina is listed in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. The taxon has been previously assessed as Rare (Dray 1985) and Vulnerable (Ramos Lopes and Carvalho 1990).EURISCO reports two accessions of D. vicentina held in the genebank  of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (recorded as D.  siifolia ssp. vicentina). It is one of the target species for collecting by the Banco de Sementes A.L. Belo Correia of the Natural History Museum of Portugal and accessions will be collected during 2011. It is found within existing  protected areas;  however, it is not monitored or actively managed and  it is  recommended that it is incorporated into the existing protected  area  management plans.

redListAssessors:
Magos Brehm, J., Duarte, M.C. & Tavares, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis viminea (L.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops, as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Diplotaxis viminea is widely distributed in  east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and its population is stable. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, this species is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
D. viminea is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as north Africa and parts of temperate Asia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is generally common and widespread throughout its native range in Europe, however it is known to be rare in Romania.

habitat:
D. viminea is found in coastal, plain  and hill habitats, such as dry plains and rubble. It can also  be found as a weedy species in roadsides and waste  places, arable land, gardens and vineyards. This species occurs on sandy, chalky, often  damp,  rich soil (Warwick et al.  2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is   listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of D. viminea held in European genebanks,  both of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild  accessions, only one originates from within Europe. This accession  originates from Spain and is stored in the Banco de Germoplasma, Madrid  (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ  storage is a priority for this species to ensure that material is  available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and  potential gene donor to brassica crops as   well  as being a potential gene donor to cultivated perennial wall rocket,  D. tenuifolia. # An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is its high photosynthetic rate (Warwick et al. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Bulińska, Z., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Tavares, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Diplotaxis virgata (Cav.) DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops as well as being related to cultivated perennial wall rocket, D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. One subspecies is native to Europe: D. virgata (Cav.) DC. ssp. virgata (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Diplotaxis virgata is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is a common and widespread species in the Iberian Peninsula which can occur in a wide range of habitats, including disturbed anthropogenic habitats, and is not subject to any major threats.

range:
D. virgata is native to southwestern Europe (Spain and Portugal) as well as to north Africa (Martínez Laborde 1996, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006) .

population:
It is a common and widespread species in the Iberian Peninsula.

habitat:
It is found in arid to semi-arid coastal and desert plains and hill habitats; such as beaches, sandy  plains, dry pastures, rocks and rubble, and brush. It can also occur as a weedy species on roadsides, in waste places, and in cultivated fields. It occurs on loam, sandy, or gypsaceous soils (Warwick et al.  2009).

conservationAction:
The genus Diplotaxis is listed  in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 68 germplasm accessions of D. virgata stored in European genebanks. Twenty-nine of these accessions originate from Spain and one from Portugal (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection from Portugal is recommended.It occurs in protected areas but is probably not monitored or actively managed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D1Draba cacuminum is endemic to Norway and Sweden. The Swedish population is small with less than 1,000 mature individuals but there are no major threats as it is found in remote areas. In Norway, the species is listed as Endangered in the national red list under Criterion B but there is no information on the population size available or whether there is a continuing decline. It is therefore assessed ad Data Deficient for the moment, but could be at least Vulnerable. In the EU 27, the species is only found in Sweden, where the number of mature individuals is likely to be less than 1,000 mature individuals. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable. No rescue effect from the Norwegian populations is to be expected.

range:
Draba cacuminum is endemic to Sweden and Norway. In Sweden, the extent of occurrence is 4,500 km² and the area of occupancy is 48 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
The population has been estimated in 300 mature individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) but this number might be widely underestimated (S. Ericsson pers. comm. 2010). The species is found in a few patches only and is very rare. The population trend is stable.It is found in six isolated areas over its range and is severely fragmented in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Draba cacuminum is a small (1-8 cm height), extremely slow growing, perennial plant. This species grows in basic and ultra-basic inland cliffs, almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements, weathered rocks and outcrop habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is thought to be a top specialist growing on the tops of mountains, but not exclusively. It prefers very barren habitat.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species as it is found in areas with no human pressure.

conservationAction:
Draba cacuminum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Sweden it is classed as Vulnerable D1 on the national Red List and is protected under national law (Gärdenfors 2010). In Norway, it is classed as Endangered B2a(i)b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv,v) on the national red list (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D1In Europe, the species is of Least Concern in Russia which indicates that it is unlikely to go extinct in the whole region in the near future. However, the populations in Finland and Norway are small and vulnerable and therefore deserve conservation attention.Finland is the only one of the EU member states to host this species. The area of occupancy is 76 km². The population has 875 flowering individuals. The populations might be threatened by trampling and overgrowing but are generally in a good state and protected. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D1.

range:
Draba cinerea has a wide boreal to arctic circumpolar distribution, but with very few occurrences in Europe. There it is found in Finland, Norway, and the Russian Federation. Reports from Svalbard were based on misidentification and the species is not present there. The Norwegian occurrences are isolated from occurrences in northeast Finland (Kuusamo area). They themselves form an even more isolated group far from the next occurrences in northeast Russia and Greenland. The species is also widespread in northern Siberia and northern North America (Artsdatabanken 2010).The geographic range for Finland is 878 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The area of occupancy is 76 km². In Norway, the species is restricted to Finnmark region, where it is found in Alta, Kautokeino and Finnmark. The area of occupancy is less than 500 km² and there are less than ten locations (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
It is rare in Norway and Finland, but the species is very little known. The population in Finland counts 2,100 individuals with a stable trend   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Finland, 875 flowering individuals have been counted (Rassi et al. 2010).The species has been known in Norway from around 30 occurrences of which approximately 20 were discovered in the early 1980s during pilot studies for the regulation of the Alta/Kautokeino watercourse. This watercourse was shortly after dammed, and it was thought that most of the populations had been lost. In 2009 however, the species was found with solid and viable populations along the reservoir in the same watercourse. The populations in Finnmark are all small, with few individuals, and low reproduction rates (Artsdatabanken 2010).In Russia, there is no information on the population trend but it is believed to be Least Concern.

habitat:
Draba cinerea is a perennial plant that grows on dry rocks, rocky slopes, crevices, screes, and grassland. It only occurs on limestone and dolomite (Lid and Lid 2005). In Finland the habitats are calcareous rock outcrops along riversides.

threats:
Collection of the species is a potential threat. The construction of a dam caused the Norwegian populations to decline in the past. In Finland random factors were assessed as threats for small populations (Rassi et al. 2010). Also trampling and overgrowing may threaten populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, the conservation status of the species was assessed as favourable in Finland (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Draba cinerea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Norway, it is classed as Vulnerable B1a(ii)b(iv,v)+2a(ii)b(iv,v) on the national red list (Artsdatabanken 2010).It is not protected in Norway or Russia.In Finland, the species is classed as Vulnerable D1 (Rassi et al. 2010). It is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005) and nearly all the known sites are in Oulanka National Park.

useAndTrade:
No information on the use is available but the species could be looked for by people who want to plant them in rock gardens. However, cultivation of the species in southern areas is difficult.


range:
Draba dorneri is found in Muntii Retezatului in Romania (Witkowski et al. 2003)

conservationAction:
Draba dorneri is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003).


taxonomicNotes:
Eruca pinnatifida (Desf.) Pomel is included as an accepted taxon in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family and is accepted by Warwick et al. (2009a). However, Euro+Med PlantBase has recently been  updated for the Brassicaceae family and the taxon is now considered to  be a synonym of E. vesicaria (L.) Cav. (Marhold 2011) (although the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean has not yet been updated in line with this change). The Plant List (2010) (based on data derived from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families in review) also records the taxon as a synonym of E. vesicaria and according to Spanish experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in April 2010, the taxon is included in E. vesicaria. The taxon is a close wild relative of rocket, E. vesicaria ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. It is within the tribe Brassiceae and is therefore also a tertiary   wild relative of brassica crops   (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Eruca pinnatifida is regionally assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated in line with the recently revised data in Euro+Med PlantBase for the Brassicaceae family.

range:
The taxon is native to Spain, as well as to north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where it is recorded from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia (Warwick et al. 2009a).

population:
There is no information available about the population size or trend of this species as it is considered in Spain to be within the taxon, E. vesicaria.

habitat:
This annual taxon is found in semi-arid to desert habitats in stony and sandy areas, in foothills and on plateaus (Warwick et al. 2009a).

threats:
There is no information available about the potential threats to this species as it is considered in Spain to be within the taxon, E. vesicaria.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of E. pinnatifida held in European genebanks; however, none are reported to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
It is a close wild relative of and potential gene donor to rocket, E.  vesicaria ssp. sativa. The taxon is within the tribe Brassiceae and is therefore also a tertiary     wild relative of brassica  crops    (Maxted et al. in prep.). An example of a trait of possible use for future breeding programs is its resistance to the disease, Blackleg (Warwick et al. 2009b).


taxonomicNotes:
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. is a primary wild relative of brassica crops and rocket, E. vesicaria ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. Two subspecies are native to Europe: E. vesicaria ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. and E. vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. vesicaria (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Eruca vesicaria is native to central, southeastern and southwestern parts of Europe, and is widely naturalized in elsewhere. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
E. vesicaria is native to central, southeastern and southwestern parts of Europe, as well as to tropical and temperate Asia and north Africa (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However Rich (1991) notes that the native range of this species is not clear due to widespread cultivation.In France this species occurs in the departments of   Côtes d'Armor,   Indre-et-Loire,    Charente-Maritime and Gironde to the west, Val-de-Marne in Région  Parisienne, Ain to the east,   Bouches-du-Rhône and    Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the southeast and Corsica (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is thought to be widespread throughout southern Europe and common where it occurs. In Romania it is known to be scattered in the southern part of the country.

habitat:
E. vesicaria is widespread in cultivated and waste land in Europe (Polunin 1969, Davies and Gibbons 1993), favouring disturbed land and coastal open habitats across the Mediterranean region (Fletcher 2007, Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009). # Across Europe this species is found in coastal, plateau, and montane areas up to 2,600 m. It can be found on beaches, steppes, dry pastures and grasslands, dry stream beds, rubble, as well as occurring as a weedy  species in roadsides and waste places, fields, crops and olive  groves (Warwick et al. 2009).E. vesicaria ssp. sativa is found in Britain and Ireland in corn fields, wastelands and chicken runs, as it is likely dispersed through foreign grain and bird seed, in addition to escapes from cultivation (Rich 1991).

conservationAction:
The genus Eruca is listed   in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 166 germplasm accessions of E. vesicaria held in European genebanks, 133 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 101 originate from within Europe. These accessions originate from Spain (95), Croatia (one), Cyprus (one), Greece (three) and Italy (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
E. vesicaria is a primary wild  relative of and potential gene donor to rocket, E.  vesicaria ssp. sativa. # This species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary    wild relative of Brassica crops    (Maxted et al. in prep.). Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high erucic acid content, drought tolerance, disease resistance (white rust) and pest resistance. It has also been suggested as a candidate for future diversification of cover crops (Warwick et al. 2009). It is cultivated for technical oil usage in southern Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from one site in Italy, where the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are tiny, any remnant populations are likely to be very small and severely fragmented. The species habitat is declining due to groundwater extraction and changes in native species dynamics. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to northeast Italy. It occurs now at a single site but previously it was more widely distributed. Its range has been reduced from 375 hectares in the 1960s to 140 ha in 1987 and down to just 30 ha currently.

population:
This species is rare and declining. The population size has been estimated at 1,061 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are ten small subpopulations which are severely fragmented.

habitat:
This perennial herb (Hemicrytophyte) occurs in peat bogs. It is found in meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) and alkaline fens (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The species is threatened by groundwater extraction, changes in the native species dynamics and intrinsic factors such as the species low density.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It had been assessed as Critically Endangered on the Italian Red List in 2001 (Pignatti et al. 2001). #The single remaining population is recognised as an important site and included in the Natura 2000 network. There is an EU-LIFE project focussing on the species' habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Erysimum pieninicum is endemic to the Pieniny Mountains in Poland and is very rare. The population has been estimated at 5,000 individuals. It is known only from a few localities and has an area of occupancy that is smaller than 20 km². The species is threatened by mowing and cutting and also by natural  processes of succession, leading to the overgrowth of rocks.

range:
Erysimum pieninicum is native to Poland with a geographic range of 200 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is a narrow endemic, restricted to the Pieniny Mountains and found at elevations between 500 and 790 m asl (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). The area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km² (Z.Mirek pers. comm. 2010).

population:
It is a very rare plant in Poland, known only from a few localities in the Pieniny mountains. The population has been estimated at 5,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Erysimum pieninicum flowers in June and July. Sometimes it occurs in sites disturbed by human activity. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)"  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The species is threatened by mowing and cutting and also by natural processes of succession, leading to the overgrowth of rocks.

conservationAction:
Erysimum pieninicum is listed as priority species in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The species is listed as Rare in the Polish Red List of Plants and Fungi (Mirek et al. 2006); as Vulnerable in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001), and in the Red Data Book of Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). It is also included in the Atlas of Polish Endemics (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa in prep.) and strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). Most of the population of E. pieninicum occurs in the Pieniny National Park.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal and ranges from the centre-west to the centre-south to Serra da Boa Viagem. The area of occupancy is 3,400 km² but the extent of occurrence is probably below 20,000 km². Population size and trend are not known. The main threats are trampling, tourism, soil extraction, and infrastructure development. It is classed as Data Deficient as no information on the populations or their trend is available and it is not known how the threats described affect the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal and ranges from the centre-west to the centre-south to Serra da Boa Viagem (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 3,400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and the extent of occurrence is probably below 20,000 km².

population:
Population size and trend are not known and the populations show different stages of abundance throughout their range. This might be related to the species being mainly present in the early stages of vegetation dynamics (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This woody chamaephyte flowers from late spring to late summer and occurs on coastal slopes, in or at the edges of shrubland from 50 to 400 m altitude (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
The main threats are posed by trampling and different forms of tourism. Extraction of soil and infrastructure development are furthermore affecting the habitat of this plant (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Iberis procumbens ssp. microcarpa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Recommended conservation measures are to study the habitat requirements and population dynamics, to regulate forestry practices, and to control invasive species (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered Vulnerable. The single cliff where this  species occurs is not threatened at present, but all Greek limestone  cliffs should be regarded as potentially at risk, for as long as they remain  unprotected against stone quarrying. Although the single site is within a protected area, a rock slide or other natural event is likely to wipe out this species. Only a handful of individuals have  been observed and thus the actual population size is not known.

range:
This taxon is endemic to the Greek East Aegean Islands of Ikaria. There is one subpopulation, at one location in the west part of Atheras Mt (Pounta cliff system south of Papa Filippou Kampia 2-3 km north of Plagia). The plant occurs on a single cliff at approximately 200 m up and 2 km long (Snogerup 1995), providing an extent of occurence of about 0.4 km2.

population:
The size of the population of the plant is not known since it is very difficult to access any part of the cliff system and only few plants have ever been seen. According to Snogerup (1995): “only a handful of specimens were observed”.

habitat:
It grows on a single south-facing limestone cliff at 600-800 m altitude (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The cliff system where the plant grows is highly inaccessible and there are no human activities, not even grazing. The possibility of road construction or quarry establishment at this cliff is scant.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Iberis arbuscula. It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR4120004 and it was included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995).

useAndTrade:
No information is available regarding its possible use or trade.


taxonomicNotes:
Flora Europea writes it as Jonopsidium acaule.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Least Concern, as, despite its restricted extent of occurrence, it has stable populations, its range is increasing and part of its range is within a protected area.

range:
This species is endemic to the southwest of Portugal (Algarve, Estremadura and Alentejo), where its extent of occurrence is increasing. It is introduced in the southwest of France and in northeast Italy.

habitat:
It occurs on sandy wet soils, in sand dunes, in forest clearings and it apparently disappears when the forest encroaches (ICNB 2006). It is sometimes found as a semi-ruderal species along road sides. This species can withstand moderate trampling.

threats:
The main threats are urbanisation, sport and leisure infrastructure, such as golf courses for example.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is also protected under national law in Portugal (ICNB 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Flora Europe writes it as Jonopsidium savianum.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Near Threatened, for the criterion B2, as it has an area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km², its distribution is disjunct between Spain and Italy, it is relatively rare and facing decline of the quality of its habitat.

range:
This European endemic is present in central Italy and in the north of Spain (La Rioja). The extent of occurrence in Italy is about 4,000 km² and its area of occupancy in Spain is slightly more than 20 km². The total area of occupancy is suspected to be less than 2,000 km².

population:
In Italy, there are three subpopulations in Tuscany, it is more frequent in Umbria and present with a lower frequency in Latium. In Spain, there is no information about the subpopulations.

habitat:
This is a forest species and mainly grows on acid and calcareous soils.

threats:
The main threat is an increase in forest density due to changes in forest management.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classified as Vulnerable in the Italian Red List and as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List. More sustainable practices in forest management are required to ensure the future of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis allionii P.W. Ball is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L. Conti et al. (2005) recognize this species as Isatis apennina Grande.

redListCategoryRationale:
The population of Isatis allionii in Italy is Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km2, there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. However, data are needed for the subpopulation in France in order to evaluate this species at regional level. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient and should be re-evaluated after the necessary data are collated.

range:
I. allionii is native to France and Italy (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006) where it occurs in # the southwest Alps and north and central Appennini (Tutin et al. 1964). In France, this taxon (recorded as Isatis alpina Vill.) is found only in the department of   Hautes-Alpes in the southeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). In Italy it occurs in two regions in the northwest and four regions in the centre. Isatis allionii in Italy has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km2.

population:
It is not a common species and is known only from small populations. Overall, the population seems to be stable; however, due to the very unstable nature of the habitat, the number of mature individuals can fluctuate significantly.

habitat:
This species is mainly found on screes and in sandy soils. In Italy, there is a continuing decline in the quality of this habitat.

threats:
Tourist activity (in particular, climbers) is a major threat to this species. The northern population is indirectly threatened by changes in the grazing regime causing succession and competition, and the natural movement of the soil substrate poses an additional threat to the species.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. In France, I. alpina is a nationally protected species (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It is listed as Vulnerable in the north of Italy and Low Risk in central Italy.Part of the species' range lies within protected areas. Population monitoring and management at these sites is recommended.No germplasm accessions of I. allionii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis arenaria Azn. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Isatis arenaria is  assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed  on its precise  distribution, habitat preferences, population size,  trend and potential threats, as well as  its in situ and ex situ conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Turkey in Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of I. arenaria are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis arnoldiana N. Busch is a wild relative of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional  assessment: Not Applicable (NA)According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. arnoldiana  is native to Romania. However, according to S. Strajeru  (pers. comm. 2010), this species is not included in any published works  on the flora of Romania. It is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. arnoldiana is native to Armenia and Romania. However, according to S. Strajeru (pers. comm. 2010), this species is not included in any published works on the flora of Romania.

population:
According to S. Strajeru (pers. comm. 2010), this species does not occur in Romania.

habitat:
According to S. Strajeru (pers. comm. 2010), this species does not occur in Romania; therefore, the habitat and ecology has not been researched.

threats:
According to S. Strajeru (pers. comm. 2010), this species does not occur in Romania; therefore, there are no threats to record.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.As it is thought that this species not native to Europe, no conservation actions are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
I. arnoldiana is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis campestris DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Isatis campestris is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to undertake a regional evaluation of this species. It is assessed as Endangered in Slovakia and faces a number of major threats throughout its range. However, while the population trend is reported to be decreasing in some countries, it is stable in Ukraine. Information about the overall population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.The species is listed as Endangered (EN A2ac; B1ab(iii)c(iv); C2b) in Slovakia; however, the data used for this assessment were not available for the current project. It is therefore regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the EU 27. Information about the precise distribution, population size and trend in Slovakia, as well as the current threats that it faces is needed to  review this assessment.

range:
I. campestris is native to central and south Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (Feráková 1999,   Goliašová et al. 2002). In southwest Slovakia, this species was recently found growing on the Dankov vrch Hill and below the southern slopes of the Starý vrch Hill (Belianske kopce Hills). In the Russian Federation, it is found in Moscowskaya, Leningradskaya and Rostovskaya regions (Dorofeyev 2002). It is also found in the southern territory of Ukraine and in the south of the Crimean Peninsula. Its main distribution in Ukraine is in lesosteppe (forest-steppe) and steppe zones. In Crimea it is found only in one site in Tarchankutskij Peninsula.

population:
In Slovakia, two micro-populations are found: Dankov vrch Hill where c. 3,000 individuals were recorded in 2008 and c. 1,000 in 2010, and the foothills of the Starý vrch Hill where c.150 individuals were recorded in 2009. The population trend is decreasing in Slovakia and Russia, and stable in Ukraine.

habitat:
In the Caucasus, Russia and Ukraine, this species is found on sandy slopes and rocky outcrops (Fedorov 2001) in communities of Festuco–Brometea, Festucetalia valesiaca, Agropyretea repentis and Artemisieta vulgaris (Diduch 2007).   In Slovakia, the species is found on loess soil in xerothermic vegetation of the Festucion valesiaceae alliance (Corine biotope No. 6250 – Pannonic loess steppic grasslands).

threats:
Urbanization is a threat in Russia as there are three disjunct subpopulations near to large cities.   At both localities in Slovakia, the species is threatened by secondary succession of grasslands by both native (e.g., Prunus spinosa, Swida sangiunea, Ligustrum vulgare) and alien (e.g., Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima) tree and shrub species—some individuals have also been destroyed by vineyard management practices (herbicide application and hoeing). In Ukraine, the main threat is recreation and tourism.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. # The species is listed as Endangered (A2ac; B1ab(iii)c(iv); C2b) in Slovakia (Feráková et al. 2001).EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of I. campestris held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The sample  originated in Slovakia and was collected at   Dankov vrch Hill (P. Eliáš pers. comm. 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.There is no information about the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis costata C.A. Mey. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Isatis costata is regionally assessed as Least Concern due to its relatively widespread distribution and overall stable population trend.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
I. costata is native to European Russia, Ukraine with Crimea, as well as to parts of temperate Asia and to northeast Pakistan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It is found in around 20 regions in northern and central Russia (Dorofeyev 2002). In Ukraine, it is found in Donezka lesosteppe (forest steppe) in Donezka and Luganska regions, and one locality in the Crimean Mountains southeast of Simpheropol.

population:
The subpopulations are isolated and localized. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
In Ukraine, including Crimea, it is found in steppe, dry areas, limestone and chalk slopes in the mountains and sandy, rocky places (Komarov 1970) in Festuco–Brometea, Festucetalia–valesiacae and Sedo–Scleranthetea communities (Diduch 2007).

threats:
It is threatened by silviculture on steppe slopes.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. I. costata is listed in the regional Red List of Tatarstan   (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). It occurs in Luganski steppe reserve (department Provalskij steppe), and in the Ukrainian steppe reserve (department Kreidjana flora).EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of I. costata held in European genebanks, one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin and originates from Kyrgyzstan (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). One accession is stored in the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic  Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place and the other in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis littoralis DC. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L. Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) notes that this is a doubtful species, close to I. tinctoria; it is therefore a preliminary accepted species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Isatis littoralis is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status. In particular, further data are needed for the subpopulation in European Russia.      It does not occur within the  EU 27.

range:
I. littoralis is an eastern European species native to Ukraine with Crimea, as well as to southwest Russian Federation (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). In Ukraine, it grows mainly on the Black Sea coast at the foot of the Crimean # mountains. One locality was found near Odessa city in the 19th century. There are no distribution data available for Russia.

population:
In Ukraine, the subpopulations are small and isolated. The subpopulation in the vicinity of Odessa is probably is extinct (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
It is found along the Black Sea coast and along riverbanks (Fedorov 2001) on rocky slopes in communities of Thlaspietea rotundifolii.

threats:
In Ukraine, it is threatened by infrastructure and tourism development.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. I. littoralis is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It occurs in Karadagh reserve.No germplasm accessions of I. littoralis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
I. littoralis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis lusitanica L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Barbarea longirostris # is   regionally assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient   information  available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed   on its  precise  distribution, population size,   trend and  potential threats, as well as  its in situ conservation status.

range:
Native to Greece (including Crete and the East Aegean Islands), as well as to north Africa and temperate Asia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
In Crete (north Karpathos) this species is cultivated and found in fallow terraces at around 300 m (Turland et al. 1993).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of I. lusitanica of wild origin stored in European genebanks; however, these accessions are not of European origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis maeotica DC. is a wild relative of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. maeotica is native to Slovakia; however, according to Goliašová et al. (2002), this record is an error. This species is confirmed as having been introduced to Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. maeotica is native to Slovakia. However, according to Goliašová et al. (2002) this record is an error. The species is introduced in Europe.

population:
Subpopulations of this species in Europe are introduced.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown and not researched as it is introduced to Europe.

threats:
As this species is introduced to Europe, there are no threats to record.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. As I. maeotica is introduced in Europe, no conservation actions are known to be in place and conservation action is not a priority.

useAndTrade:
I. maeotica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis platyloba Steud. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Isatis platyloba is assessed as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2, its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2,   its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals.

range:
According to Tutin et al. (1964), I. platyloba is endemic to Miranda do Douro in northeast Portugal. However, its presence as a native species is also confirmed in Spain (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Marhold 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
There are five isolated subpopulations confirmed in Spain and one in Portugal. The population is limited by narrow ecological requirements. Subpopulations in Spain are isolated from one another.

habitat:
It grows in herbaceous communities between acid or basaltic #rocks, and on sunny slopes.

threats:
In Spain it is threatened by occasional trampling. In Portugal, the site where the species occurs is not accessible to humans.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. It is listed as Vulnerable B2ac(iv);C2b in the Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España (Bañares et al. 2004) and the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008). It occurs in protected areas but is probably not monitored or actively  managed. Population dynamics should be monitored and the sites should be  managed to ensure a good quality of habitat.No germplasm accessions of I. platyloba are reported by EURISCO to be stored in European   genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis praecox Tratt. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.&# One subspecies is native to Europe: I. praecox ssp. transsilvanica (Simonk.) Simonk.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Isatis praecox is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size and trend, habitat preferences and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status. It is nationally assessed as Endangered in Slovakia.

range:
I. praecox is native to east and southeast Europe, as well as to Morocco (Marhold 2011).In Slovakia, this species is distributed in the south an southeast—20 localities are known in total (Goliašová et al. 2002). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
The species is rare in Slovakia but the population trend is stable.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.In Slovakia, I. praecox is evaluated as Endangered (EN) (Goliašová et al. 2002).EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of I. praecox held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, neither of these originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
I. praecox is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis sevangensis N. Busch is a wild relative of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. sevangensis is native to Romania. However, according to S. Strajeru  (pers. comm.  2010), this species is not included in any published works  on the flora  of Romania. It is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), I. sevangensis is native to Armenia and Romania. However, according to S. Strajeru (pers. comm. 2010), this species is not included in any published works on the flora of Romania.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.As it is thought that this species not native to Europe, no conservation actions are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
I. sevangensis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis steveniana Trautv. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional  assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Isatis steveniana is regionally assessed  as Data Deficient as it is recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as  native to Romania but is not included in Romanian floristic works. Research is needed to clarify the distribution of this species.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), this species is native to Romania and Armenia; however, it is not included in the Flora of Romania (S. Strajeru pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of I. steveniana—this material originated in Iran (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Research is needed to clarify the distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis tinctoria L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and a primary wild relative cultivated dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L. Six subspecies are native to Europe: I. tinctoria ssp. athoa (Boiss.) Papan., I. tinctoria ssp. canescens (DC.) Malag., I. tinctoria ssp. corymbosa (Boiss.) P.H.Davis, I. tinctoria ssp. praecox (Kit.) Dom. & Podp., I. tinctoria L. ssp. tinctoria and I. tinctoria ssp. tomentella (Boiss.) P. H. Davis (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Isatis tinctoria is widespread and fairly common throughout its native distribution in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
I. tinctoria is native to large parts of Europe, as well as north Africa and temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:Portugal: presence is uncertain, but if present it is only found in the northeast part of the country.Hungary: I. tinctoria ssp.praecox occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Bükk-mountain: Szarvaskő, Buda-mountain: Csíki-mountains, Üllő), Hajdúszoboszló and Debrecen (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: widespread to the east, occurring in few departments to the west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).UK: this species has a patchy distribution throughout England, occurring more often in the southern half of the country. In Wales it occurs in only one locality on the northern coast. In Scotland it occurs in only five localities on the eastern coast and in Northern Ireland it is only recorded to occur in one locality (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
I. tinctoria is widespread throughout its native distribution in Europe, but rare at the periphery of its range. In Denmark the distribution of this species is recorded as increasing (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species is widespread in disturbed habitats such as wasteland, embankments, roadsides and cliff tops (Polunin 1969, Davies and Gibbons 1993, Fletcher 2007). It can also be found in grassy meadows and dry rocky sites up to an altitude of 2,000 m in some areas of the Mediterranean (Fletcher 2007). In this UK this is a lowland species, found only in ruderal habitats such as  quarries, bare cliffs, arable fields, docks and waste areas (Preston et al. 2002).In Hungary I. tinctoria ssp. praecox prefers calcareous soils, dry, warm loam, loess and sandy soils, rich in nutrients. This subspecies is found in rocky grasslands (Seslerio-Festucetum pallentis, Minuartio-Festucetum pseudodalmatiae), slope steppes on stony ground, # loess walls, karst scrub forests, and with Onopordetalia species   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.It is currently classified as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg (Colling 2005), but as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010). In Hungary, I .tinctoria L. ssp. praecox is protected according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant  and animal species, and the Government decree on the Natura 2000 sites  for the restoration of natural habitats and the maintenance of viable  populations of protected species. It is classified in this country as Near Threatened (NT)   (Király 2007).    EURISCO reports 88 germplasm accessions of I. tinctoria held in European genebanks, 36 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 23 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
#This species is a wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, brassica crops, and is cultivated for pigment (indigo dye).


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis tomentella Boiss. & Balansa is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Isatis tomentella is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about the precise distribution, habitat, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
I. tomentella is native to Greece, Moldova and Ukraine with Crimea (Marhold 2011).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of I. tomentella are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
I. tomentella is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and dyer's woad, I. tinctoria.


taxonomicNotes:
Isatis vermia Papan. is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L. Strid (1986) notes that I. vermia is related to the widespread and variable species, I. tinctoria, but differs in the flowering period and a combination of morphological characters. This is reflected by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), who note that this is a doubtful species, close to I. tinctoria, and is therefore a preliminary accepted species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)I. vermia is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It has been assessed as  Critically Endangered (CR) (Museum National d'Histoire  Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and  Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006); however, the data needed to justify this threat category were not available for this assessment. Research on the population size,  trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status is needed in order to evaluate this species. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a  priority and its taxonomic status requires clarification.

range:
I. vermia is endemic to Mount Vermion in Greece (Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in sub-alpine grassland, at around 1,600 m (Strid and Tan 2002, Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009). Strid (1986) noted that it was found between c. 900 and 1,600 m.

threats:
This species is threatened due to its restricted range and limited dispersal ability (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. I. vermia has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).The Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (2006) reported that no conservation action has been implemented. No germplasm accessions of I. vermia are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species, as well as research on the population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status. Its taxonomic status also requires clarification.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family, I. villarsii is an accepted species. However, in a recent revision of Euro+Med PlantBase, Marhold (2011) lists the taxon as a synonym of I. tinctoria. In this assessment, data are provided for subpopulations of the taxon which is recognized as I. villarsii in Ukraine.The taxon is a wild relative of brassica crops and of dyer's woad, I. tinctoria L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Although Isatis villarsii is a recognized species in Ukraine, in a recent revision of Euro+Med PlantBase, the taxon is listed as a synonym of I. tinctoria. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient and should be re-evaluated once the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated with the most recent Euro+Med PlantBase data.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
I. villarsii is a central European species which is near the eastern limit of its range in Ukraine where it is occurs on the Black Sea coast in Odessa and Mykolaiv regions. The range of the taxon outside of Ukraine is not known but if considered as a synonym of I. tinctoria, it is widely distributed in Europe.

population:
Small subpopulations are known from the vicinity of Odessa, Mykolaiv and Varvarivka village in Mykolaiv region.

habitat:
It is found in coastal areas, often on limestone rocks (Kotov 1979) in Chenopodiaea, Artemisietea vulgaris and Thlapsietea rotundifolii communities.

threats:
In Ukraine, it is threatened by silvicultural, tourism and recreation.

conservationAction:
The genus Isatis is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of I. villarsii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


