# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations, renewable habitat of conifers and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment:  classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations, renewable habitat of conifers and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across central and eastern Europe reaching some countries in western Europe. 

In Ukraine it is only found in the Carpathians, at the fringe of its regional distribution. In Hungary it is found only in the westernmost parts of the country, which are the foothills of the Alps (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it occurs mainly the eastern Carpathians, in native spruce forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is present in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Bayern, Baden-Württemberg.

population:
Although widespread in Europe, this species appears to have a very restricted distribution in many countries. Nevertheless there is no evidence to suggest that the populations are anything other than stable at present. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary, but the species is regarded as rare (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine and Romania this species is considered rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under bark and in the wood of recently dead or sick stems of large diameter (mature but not old) conifers (especially in Picea, rarely in AbiesorPinus). The life cycle is normally one year, rarely two years, with pupation in V and VI in the wood. Adults emerge in June - September, and are found on host -plants, where they feed on twigs and needles. In Hungary it lives in indigenous spruce forests, which are rare in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the habitat of this species, old spruce forest has largely been lost and continues to decline; many adults have been observed on old trunks of spruces which were recently cut from the forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).  In Germany it lives in montane spruce forests.

threats:
The species is not threatened (e.g. Germany, Hungary, Romania). Its population may have declined in the past when large areas of forest in its range were cut following the second World War. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures needed for this species. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors, and this species in particular is commonly traded for tropical beetles that are more dramatic in form or colour.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout much of Europe, from the Pyrenees across the Alps in central and eastern Europe and Fennoscandia (Bense 1995). It is a boreal-alpine species but is occasionally imported into other areas with timber.

In Spain it is only in the Pyrenees, where it is widespread (Vives 2001). In Hungary this species is found only in the western-most parts of thecountry, which are the foothills of the Alps (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in the Carpathians, mostly in the southern part. 

In Denmark it has occasionally been imported with timber from other European countries; no reproductive population in the country (Thomsen 2007). This is also the case with the UK.

population:
Very common in at least parts of its range (e.g. Fennoscandia). The population trend appears to be stable. In Ukraine it is a common species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rare (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the species is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark and in the dead dry wood of conifers (Picea, Pinus). The life cycle is normally one year, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-IX, found on the wood of the host-plants and on brushwood, where they feed on green bark and on needles. Pupation takes about two or three weeks.  In Hungary it lives in indigenous spruce forests, which are rare in Hungary (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it lives only in native pine spruce, and sometimes it was recorded fromPinus cembra (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in montane spruce forests. In Siberia this species is a serious pest.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it is not certain whether this species is native to Europe or not. More research on its origin is recommended. In the case of the species being native to Europe it is very likely to be of Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and no major threats.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it is not certain whether this species is native to Europe or not. More research on its origin is recommended. In the case of the species being native to Europe it is very likely to be of Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species occurs throughout all Europe. Native wild populations of this species are, however, likely only to be found in southern Europe; the species has been imported into central and northern Europe with movements of woven baskets and other wood products (Bense 1995). It is questionable whether this species is native to Europe as the larvae might have been introduced through commercial transport. 

In Ukraine it is only found in Crimea. In Spain it is widespread although records are localised (Vives 2001), othersources suggest only introduced populations in Tenerife and Azores (Gonzáles Peñaet.al.2007). In Portugal it has only been recorded from one area in the centre (Carvalho 1947); additional sites mentioned by Vives (1984) derive from erroneous literature citations. In Germany it is present in almost all states but it has been introduced. This species was formerly widespread in Hungary, but very few new records are known (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  It has been reported from Istanbul in European Turkey (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953). In Cyprus it is widespread. It is also found in all Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Iran, northern  Africa, Japan.

population:
It is a cosmopolitan species and its population in Europe is stable.

In Ukraine it is rare. In Hungary, Turkey and Cyprus the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is rare in its localities in Hungary but not rare in Cyprus. In the UK and many other northern countries it is a rare naturalised introduction. In Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia it is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead branches and twigs of willowsSalix in particular, more rarely oakQuercus, beechFagus, nut-tree, crest-tree and some other broad-leaved tree species; in Cyprus it has been reared from dead twigs of Pistacia lentiscus and Ceratonia siliqua; very rarely reported from conifers. The adult is active in VI-VIII. The known localities in Hungary are mainly in riverine willow galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it has been reported from maquis, garigue and old plantations with Ceratonia siliqua. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey. In Germany it was introduced with weaved baskets (willow and other substratum).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species at a continent level. In Hungary the riverine galleries are seriously threatened by invasive trees (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Research on the origin of this species is needed to establish whether it is native to Europe or not.

In Hungary as very few extant populations are known, it is difficult to do anything about conservation. Protection of riverine galleries is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

Necydalis major is widespread in Europe and Russia, less rare in the northern part but very localised in the south. It is probably overlooked to some extent because of its special habits and biology. It develops in dead trunks and branches of larger diameter. It never develops in hollows of living trees. The host tree list is driven by the biology of the fungal hostInonotus radiatus, which prefers alder trees but is capable of decaying the heartwood of several broadleaf tree species and much more rarely conifers. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range and the population trend is stable. At the EU 28 level, the area of occupancy (AOO) may be higher than 2,000 km²,notwithstandingits rarity in many areas and the probable local extinctions due to the rarefaction of alder, its principal host tree. The species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large spectrum of host trees and a large distribution. The real population trend should be studied in the EU 28, especially in southern Europe.

range:
Necydalis major is a widespread species found from Europe, east to the Korean Peninsula and Sakhalin (Sama 2002, Berger 2012). In Europe, it is more abundant in the north and the central parts of the continent. In Finland, it occurs largely in the southern half of the country where it may be more common than the few known observations suggest (Heliövaara et al. 2004). It is found regularly in the Baltic states, the Oblast of Kaliningrad and Belarus (Alekseev 2007, Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). In European Russia, it is widespread and present from the northern regions (Leningrad, Karelia, Komi) (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014), toward the extreme south (Rostov, Volgograd), and east to the Ural mountains where it is common in the Middle Volga and the Orenburg region (Шаповалов 2012). In Ukraine, it occurs in the western mountains, Crimea and in the central and eastern floodplains (Мартынов and Писаренко 2004, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Zamoroka et al. 2012). In southwestern Europe, it is known only from northern Spain and northern Italy. In France, it is less rare in the north but is very rarely observed and only a few recent observations are reported by Berger (2012). In Switzerland, there are very few recent records partly, it is believed, because the species resembles an ichneumonid wasp, especially when flying. It may therefore have been overlooked by coleopterologists (Y. Chittaro, pers. comm. 2016). In the Balkans, this species is rare and very localised in the western part, along the Mediterranean sea (Serbia, Greece), and in Hungary (Hegyessy and Kovacs 1997), Romania, Moldova and the southern mountains of Bulgaria (Bense 1995, Georgiev et al. 2006, Danilevsky 2014, De Jong et al. 2014).

population:
This species is rarely but regularly found. It is relatively common in the north of its distribution range. It is widespread and probably less rare than expected  because its morphology and habits are very similar to the large  ichneumonid waspswith which it canbeeasilyconfused when flying. The population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is associated with deciduous forests and prefers even half-open areas. In contrast to Necydalis ulmi, this species develops in dead trunks and branches of larger diameter. It never uses hollows of living trees (Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). The host trees are diverse. The larvae occur mainly in dead wood of Salix, Populus, Betula and Alnus. Other host trees reported include Quercus, Carpinus, Tilia, Fraxinus,  Prunus, Pyrus (Švácha and Danilevsky 1987, Cherepanov 1990, Sama 2002), and Picea (Palm 1959).Detailed observations about the biology of this species in theCzech Republic have been made by Rejzek and Rébl (1999). According toCherepanov (1990), about 50 eggs are laid by each female in crevices in dead wood. Theirdevelopment is completed within three weeks. Larvae feed in the external surface of the wood. Theypreferlower and moist parts of the trunks and sometimes occur even in highly  decayed trunks.The  larvae are often associated with the fungus Inonotus radiatus, which decays the wood surrounding the larval  gallery as well as the wood where the larvae occurs (the mycelium is not distinct). I. radiatus is a common heartwood-decay species colonising dead stems of various broadleaf trees (the same list as N. major's hosts, including, rarely, conifers) but strongly prefers Alnus (B. Rivoire, pers. comm. 2016). The larva tunnels deep (15 cm) into the inner wood  to pupate. The larval development takes three years (Der Dunk 2008).Adults have a hidden life during the months of June and July, avoiding the sunlight and staying close to the host tree.

threats:
This species is seen as an opportunist, able to change substrate easily. Moreover, it is associated with a common saproxylic fungus using several host trees, especially alder. It can reproduce in managed forests and somewhat modified forest stands(Der Dunk 2008). No significant threats are specifically reported, but land management locally can have a negative effect by removing alders, which are decreasing from large areas of southern Europe - for example in the southeast of France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Switzerland, Hungary  and Latvia where it is also included in the list of indicators of natural forest habitats (Telnov 2004).  It is also legally protected in Hungary; in this country, it is present in the Moricsala Strict Nature Reserve (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013). In Germany, successive evaluations for red-listing the species have downgraded this beetle to less endangered categories (Der Dunk 2008). The life history is well known, but interesting advances could be made in studying closely the association between the longhorn larva and the wood-decay fungus Inonotus radiatus. Research is needed into its distribution range and population dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Necydalis ulmi is known from central Europe and has a very fragmented distribution. Many localities remain unconfirmed after 50 to 100 years, so the population is suspected to have strongly reduced during this period. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 550 km² in Europe and 480 km² in EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of locations. This decline is also projected for the near future, since it is not expected to cease. This species is seriously threatened by the disappearance of the old trees in which it develops. This is mostly due to human activities, namely forestry, hedgerow removal and urbanisation. As the host trees are hollowed, they may break during storms and become unsuitable. The larvae of this species can only survive up to four years in the remnant of a tree after collapse. However, since this beetle resembles large ichneumonid wasps with which it can be easily confused when flying, the species may have been overlooked. Further research is therefore recommended into the distribution and population size of this species. The conservation of old trees should be promoted in the localities where the species is known to occur, both in forested areas and in the bocage landscapes.

range:
Necydalis ulmi is known from Europe, the Caucasus and Transcaucasus (Sama 2002). In Europe, it is mainly a central European species, rare everywhere but more present in the southern countries. In Belarus, it occurs in the western side (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), but is given with doubt from Białowieża (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), while in western Ukraine old records need to be confirmed (Загайкевич 1961, Danilevsky 2014). In western Europe, it is regularly found in France, but most probably it has declined from several localities (Berger 2012). It is scarcely present in the north of Spain (Gonzáles Peña et al. 2007), in Italy (Sama 1988), and in Hungary (Merkl et al. 1996). In the Balkans, it reaches the north of Greece (Berger 2005), Bulgaria, Romania and European Turkey (Sama 2002, Özdikmen 2014). In 2010, it was confirmed in Poland after a century without any observations (Domian et al. 2010). In Latvia and Switzerland no records are available for the last century, and this longhorn may be extinct in those countries (Telnov 2004, Monnerat et al. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be close to but larger than 550 km2 in Europe, and 480 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The species is rare everywhere, has cryptic habits and remains hidden most of the time. Moreover, it resembles large  ichneumonid waspswith which it canbeeasilyconfused when flying. As a consequence, the species might have been overlooked, and window trapping is now revealing new localities (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). Since the larval development needs broadleaf trees with hollows created by a specific Inonotus sp. fungus, and these large trees are disappearing in many countries, the population trend is assumed to be decreasing at the European level. At the borders of its distribution range, entomologists report possible  local or national extinctions. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species is found in deciduous temperate and thermophilous  forests. Its biology has been investigated by Rejzek and Vlásak (2000),  while the larva was described by Švácha and  Danilevsky (1987). The  species is specialised and dependent on living trees which have been hollowed by the heartwood-decay fungus Inonotus cuticularis (Rejzek and Vlásak 2000, Domian et al. 2010).  Inonotus obliquus has also detected with the larvae of this beetle. However, I. obliquus is a very rare fungus, living nearly exclusively on live birch trees of which it is a parasite. It does not cause hollow or heart-rot, andfructifiesand disappearsas soon as the tree dies. Moreover, I. cuticularis  is widespread, lives for decades in the heart-wood of many live broadleaf trees (mainly beech) and creates hollows and cracks in the trunks(B. Rivoire, pers. comm. 2016). For those reasons, Necydalis ulmi seems more probably associated with I. cuticularis. Clearly in connection withI. cuticularis' biology and preferences, the host tree is always a broadleaf, with a preference for European Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Many others hosts are reported in the literature however, such as Ulmus, Fagus, Carpinus, Quercus and Celtis australis. Populus,  Fraxinus, Salix, and Juglans spp. are also indicated as possible hosts. The larvae live in tree cavities and large  hollows. They tunnel into red-brown rotten wood created by fungi living together with Inonotus (since Inonotus are white-rot fungi). The larval development takes on average three to four years. Pupation takes place in the wood during spring. Then, the adults are found in hollows, on trunks, or flying around the leaves or branches of the  host plants in June and July.

threats:
This species is seriously threatened by the disappearance of the old trees in which it develops. This is mostly due to human activities, namely forestry, hedgerow removal and urbanisation. As the host trees are hollowed, they may break during storms and become unsuitable. Rejzek and Vlásak (2000) calculated that the larvae of this species can only survive up to four years in the remnant of a tree after collapse. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat.

conservationAction:
This species probably occurs in many protected forests. In France, it was found it in the forest of Saoû (now protected) and in the Nature Reserve of the Gorges de la Loire, both in the Rhône-Alpes region (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). This beetle is considered a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005). It is protected by law in Switzerland and in Hungary. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005) and as Endangered in Slovakia (Holecová and Franc 2001).The conservation of old trees should be promoted in the localities where the species is known to occur, both in forested areas and in the bocage landscapes. Further research is recommended into the distribution and population size of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Neopiciella sicula is endemic to Sicily. This species has a very small distribution area with an extant of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 1,000 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km², split into three isolated subpopulations. Neopiciella sicula is very rare and difficult to detect in the field. It lives in dead branches attached to broadleaf trees, mostly veteran trees.Any of the subpopulations can be affected by forestry activities, human construction and wildfires which could drive the taxon to Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. As no ongoing threat can be identified, the species does not qualify for a threatened category under Criterion B. The species is therefore precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable under D2. Further research is needed into the population size and detailed biology of this species. Conservation recommendations are difficult to establish since the biology is insufficiently understood. Site based management may be useful to preserve traditional pruning of broadleaf trees and increase the life of veteran trees in which the species develops.

range:
Neopiciella sicula is endemic to Sicily. It is a very rare species, hard to find even with attractive traps (Sparacio 1999, La Mantia et al. 2010, Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). It occurs in the mountains of the north of Sicily: the Ficuzza wood, the Nebrodi mounts and the Madonie mounts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 950 km², and it known area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
This species is rare but specific searches have confirmed its presence in Ficuzza and extended its distribution range to two other mounts in the north of Sicily. The species may bevery difficult to detect. The current population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean broadleaf forest. The larvae live in dead branches of Field Maple (Acer campestre), European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and probably also in oak trees (Quercus spp.) (Bense 1995, Sparacio 1999). It develops in dead, decaying parts of living stems, especially in old wound scars and at the bases of dead branches. The dead wood must be in contact with living tissues (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006).  Larval growth probably takes two to three years (Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). Adults are found directly on the host tree, rarely on flowers. They are attracted tosugarysubstances underfermentation. It is found at elevations between 600 m and 1,600 m Asl.

threats:
No threats have been reported for this species. However, as it develops in living, but wounded deciduous trees - veteran trees - it could be threatened by forestry activities, firewood collection and large wildfires. This species is split into three subpopulations, relatively apart geographically. In the long term, each of them could face a genetic bottleneckproblem, due to the small size of the subpopulations. It is here considered that forestry activities and large wildfires are plausible future threats which could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered very rapidly. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of forestry or wildfire, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.

conservationAction:
All the mountains known to host this species are protected areas, protected for their biodiversity, geology and landscape values. Traditional activities are ongoing as well as tourism. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015).Further research is needed into the population size and detailed biology of this species. Conservation recommendations are difficult to establish since the biology is insufficiently understood. Site based management may be useful to preserve traditional pruning of broadleaf trees and increase the life of veteran trees in which the species develops.


taxonomicNotes:
Described from the Altai mounts in Russia by Gebler (in 1833 and again in 1841, see Danilevsky 2016), Nivellia extensa was, after Mulsant (1863) and again Kraatz (1878), considered just as a black variety of N. sanguinosa. However, Mulsant himself has claimed not to know N. extensa and has assumed that classification in variety was just a possibility and was done only after the original description (p. 565). This "variety" opinion has been followed by some authors until recently. Cherepanov (1990), Sama (2002), and then Heliövaara et al. (2004) gave strong reminders about the correct specific status of N. extensa. The last authors, reported the very good analysis of the Nivellia species made by Krogerus (1936), showing the male genitalia differences and therefore confirming the specific identity of  N. extensa, even if N. sanguinosa can show, rarely, blackish forms resembling to N. extensa (Krogerus 1936).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Nivellia extensa is distributed mainly in Siberia, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. In Europe, it is known from northeastern European Russia, the Karelian region and possibly Finland. In Europe, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km²), it occurs at only five locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to forestry activities. Forestry activities are the major threat to this species since they remove the small dying conifers of the undergrowth where this longhorn lives. Intensive removal of dead trees can significantly reduce the possibility of reproduction and lead to its disappearance. Only fiverecent localities are currently known, all from north European Russia. Historical localities are scarce but the species formerly occurred in Karelia. The larval development requires slow-grown and standing dead undergrowth conifers, and consequently a nature-oriented forestry or old-growth forests. It is not known if the species can survive in managed forests.


In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Even though the species was recorded in Finland in the 1930s, the political borders of the country have changed since then, and those areas now belong to Russia. As a result the species has not been reported from present-day Finland. Still, its presence in Finland is very likely and is probably close to the Karelia border. A long-standingconfusion with the close relative N. sanguinosa may have led to this species being overlooked. New data are needed to get a better understanding of its distribution and to determine its population trend. Fieldwork in Finland is needed to determine whether the species occurs there, and to determine its status.

range:
Nivellia extensa  is distributed mainly in Siberia, the Korean Peninsula and Japan where it  is represented by two subspecies (Shimomura and Toyoshima 1988,Danilevsky 2014). In  Europe, it is known from northeastern European Russia, the  Karelia region (Silfverberg 2004) and Finland, where the species wasformerly cited from Kuusamo and Salla Paanajarvi Holy Kuru in the 1930s (Heliövaara et al. 2004). However the political borders of Finland and Russia have changed since then, and as a result the species has not been reported from what it considered present-day Finland. Still, the species is considered very likely to occur in Finland close to the border with Russia (R. Pettersson pers. comm. 2016). In the north of European Russia, recent finds are reported from Karelia, Vologda and the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014, Danilevsky 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 28 km2.

population:
This species is very rare in Europe and was confused with N. sanguinosa in the majority of the longhorn faunas (Bense 1995) or not considered (Bilý and Mehl 1989). However, Krogerus (1936) showed thatNivellia extensa differs from N. sanguinosa both in external morphology and male genitalia (see taxonomic note). The absence of new data mayresult directly from this difficulty of identification until recently, but also from a real decline in Russian Karelia. The situation remains unclear and new research is needed to update the distribution map and establish a population trend.

habitat:
The discoveries made in Russia show that this species inhabits boreal coniferous forests. Cherepanov (1990) described the larva and gave biological information, reported by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Hosts are coniferous trees, namely fir (Abies spp.) and larch (Larix spp.). The larva usually lives in the lower parts of thin (10 cm of diameter) dead stems of undergrowth. It has a two-year development period. Adults are found on host trees and rarely on flowers.

threats:
Forestry activities are the major threat to this species since they remove the small dying conifers of theundergrowth where this longhorn lives. Intensive  removal of dead  trees can significantly reduce the  possibility of  reproduction and lead  to its disappearance. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of forestry activities and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at only five locations.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. Its distribution needs to be better studied, especially with a large revision of possibly misidentified specimens of Nivellia collected in Finland and Karelia.Restoration of the natural forest processes is needed for the conservation of this species, and the presence of slow growing undergrowth conifers is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

Nivellia sanguinosa is widely distributed from eastern Europe to Japan. It lives in the dead wood of various broadleaf trees in mountains and in boreal zones, but it is probably restricted to specific mature and over-mature phases of the forest cycle. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km² in Europe and116 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. This beetle is mainly threatened by forestry activities which favour conifers over broadleaf trees and through exploitation of old growth or previously unmanaged stands. The species is rare everywhere and for many countries only old records are reported. It appears to have become regionally extinct in Sweden and to be declining in Finland.The biology of this species needs to be better studied, in order to determine whether the species can survive in managed forests or if it is restricted to old-growth forests and over-mature phases of the forest cycle. Its distribution in Finland and Sweden should be investigated through field research. The conservation of the species may involve the restoration of natural forest processes.

range:
Nivellia sanguinosa is found from eastern Europe to Siberia, Sakhalin and Hokkaido (Danilevsky 2016b). The species is rare everywhere and very localised in mountains and boreal forests. In Europe, its geographic range goes from the northern Balkans to Fennoscandia (Sama 2002). In Sweden, the last observation was made before 1950 (Lindhe et al. 2010) and thereafter, this species has been evaluated as Regionally Extinct (Artdatabanken 2016). It is very rarely observed in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004), and may have gone extinct from most of the country. The same situation occurs in Norway (Bílý and Mehl 1989). Danilevsky (2014), cited the Baltic republics, where Telnov et al. (2016) added a new record at Kurzeme, in the Dundaga district (Latvia). In the northern and central parts of European Russia, recent discoveries are reported by Isaev et al. (2004 in Danilevsky 2016a), in the Middle Volga, Chuvashia and Ulianovsk regions. The species is largely present in Belarus(Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), and in the western mountains of Ukraine (Zamoroka et al. 2012, Danilevsky 2014). It is also present in the eastern Alps, the Czech Republic (Moravec and Rébl 2012), and Poland (KSIB 2016). In the south of Europe, the species is considered absent from Serbia (Ilić and Ćurčić 2015), but still occurs in Romania (Serafim 2004, Săpânţa, Merkl 2008) and Hungary (Hegyessy and Kovacs 1997). Hoskovec and Rejzek (2016) photographed a specimen in Central Bohemia (Czech Republic). Its area of occupancy (AOO)is 216 km² in Europe and 116 km²in the EU 28.

population:
This species isvery localised and very rare in each of its countries of occurrence. Mostly old (<1980) or historical (<1930) records are available. Recent observations have been made in the southeast of Finland, inCentral Russia and inRomania. In the Czech Republic and the south of Poland the subpopulations seem to be stable, but in the Nordic countries, reports of serious decline exist: in Norway, in Sweden - where the species has been classified as Regionally Extinct since 2000 (Artdatabanken 2016) - and in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004). The global population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in deciduous and mixed forests and its hosts are broadleaf trees exclusively. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) cited specimens reared from Siberia from Padus,  Betula and Populus tremula. Cherepanov (1990) added Salix, Alnus, Corylus, Acer, Carpinus,  Rhododendron, and Sorbus. Larval development takes place in rather dry dead stems and branches of quite small dimensions. Females lay some 35 eggs. Larvae live at first under bark and then tunnel longitudinally into the wood. Larval development extends over at least two years with pupation in the wood during spring. Adults appear at flowers from mid-June toearly July.

threats:
This species is declining, probably in response to reductions in the presence of broadleaf trees in managed conifer forests. Possibly, the species is primarily tied to the older phases of the forest cycle where self-thinning trees are abundant among various hardwoods (Artdatabanken 2016). Increasing the timber extraction in forest environments can be harmful to the species. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is considered Regionally Extinct in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016), and Endangered in Finland and in the Czech Republic (Heliövaara et al. 2004, Rejzek 2005). It occurs in the forest ofBialowieza (Polish part) (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), in the Bieszczady National Park (Holly 2007), and probably also in the Tatra National Park in Poland (KSIB 2016). In Romania, it occurs in the protected area of the Maramureş Mountains Nature Park and was proposed to be included on the list of legally protectedspecies (Serafim 2008). It is considered as a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005).
The biology of this species needs to be better studied, in order to determine whether the species can survive in managed forests or if it is restricted to old-growth forests and over-mature phases of the forest cycle. Its distribution in Finland and Sweden should be investigated through field research.
 The conservation of the species may involve the restoration of natural forest processes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Nothorhina muricata is a rare, sparsely distributed species but it is present all across Europe and the Palaearctic region. In Russia, Belarus and Ukraine it is thought to be more widespread still but under severe threat from felling of its host trees. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km² in Europe and ca 640 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is suspected to be disappearing rapidly from many areas in Europe, along with its habitat. Specifically, it is suspected of having gone extinct in the south of Norway, north of Sweden, and north and centre of France.This beetle develops in live, old and large pines, especially in sun-exposed trees. These trees are extensively removed for timber production or for public safety reasons. The threat is ongoing and will not stop in the near future. Another major problem for the near future is that suitable trees for the species are no longer developing in European forests. Moreover, the absence of recent observations points to recent local extinctions. As the biology is well known, it is most important to understand the real trend in the host trees at national levels and the true population trend of the species. The main question is whether it is truly decreasing or if the apparent decline is only an observational artifact since the species is difficult to find. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended.

range:
Nothorhina muricata is a rare, sparsely distributed species, occurring from western Europe to Siberia, the Middle East and Japan (Sama 2002, Heliövaara et al. 2004). In Europe, it is widespread but absent from large areas (Danilevsky 2014). It is reported from Scandinavia, Latvia (Barševskis 2001), Estonia (Süda and Miländer 1998), and the mountains of central and eastern Europe, including European Russia towards the Middle Volga (Егоров 2005, Дедюхин 2005, Danilevsky 2014). In the south of Europe, known localities are isolated in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and the Balkans towards Greece (Sama 2002). The species is also present in Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012) and Crimea in Ukraine (Лямцевa 1976, misinterpretation of the larvae of N. muricata with those of Alocerus moesiacus after Danilevsky (2014)). In France, recent observations come only from the Mediterranean zone (Berger 2012). In Italy, recent captures have confirmed the presence of N. muricata in Sicily (Baviera 2006, Rapuzzi and Sama 2006) and Calabria (Sama 1999). From Spain, González Peña et al. (2007) mostly reports ancient records with a few exceptional recent observations (Lencina Gutiérrez et al. 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7.3 million km² in Europe, and 4.3 million km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km² in Europe, and ca 640 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
This species is rare and extremely localised throughout its geographical range. In large areas, the absence of recent observations leads one to suspect local extinctions of the species. In France, the difference between recent and ancient records points to extensive disappearance from less suitable areas (northern half of the country), and a persistence of the subpopulations located in the most favourable areas (Berger 2012). Its specific habitat is largely reduced by human activities and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in pine forest and in solitary pines. It chooses sun-exposed, old and very large living pines (40-80 cm of diameter after Cherepanov 1990), of various species (P. sylvestis, P. maritima, P. uncinata) (Berger 2012). Eggs are laid at the base of the trunk. The larvae develop in the bark for one to two years, before pupating in the bark. The occupied trees are recognized by the resin flow. Sometimes, the larvae goes through the cambial zone and can affect the survival of the tree (Berger 2012). Adults are active from June to August and are mostly crepuscular and nocturnal. Very active, they are difficult to find and even to see when they hide in the bark crevices. They are attracted to UV lights (Allemand et al. 2009).

threats:
This species lives in old and very large pines, especially in solitary trees.The majorthreatconsists of the felling and disappearance of its host trees. The causes aretheveryhighvalue of the timberof suchslow-growingpines or the danger they represent to human safety when they grow close to paths or houses. Forest modification to a more shaded standresults in thetrunksbecoming unfavourablefor the species.Amajor threatfor the futureis thatsuitable trees arehardly everdeveloping in ourforests (Artdatabanken 2016). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat in Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Latvia where it is also included in the list of indicators of natural forest habitats (Telnov 2004). It is considered as a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005). In the many existing European Red Lists, the species is classified at different levels of threats, depending on the location: from initially Least Concern in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004) but then reassessed as Near Threatened in 2010 (Syrjänen et al. 2010);  Near Threatened in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016); Vulnerablein Slovakia (Holecová and Franc 2001); Endangered in Poland (J.M. Gutowski in Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016); and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005).

Recent observations confirm its presence in the Bialowieza forest, on the Belorussian side (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). It occurs in several protected areas in Latvia since its distribution range is large (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). As the biology is well known, it is most important to understand the real trend in the host trees at national levels and the true population trend of the species. The main question is whether it is truly decreasing or if the apparent decline is only an observational artifact since the species is difficult to find. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Nustera distigma is a western Mediterranean species which is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula and  localised in the extreme southeast of France. It is also found in North Africa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population trend is stable. However, its ecology and potential threats are poorly known and further research is recommended into these aspects.

range:
Nustera distigma has a western Mediterranean distribution, occurring in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), present all over the Iberian Peninsula and localised in France in the extreme southeast (Berger 2012, MNHN 2016). In Spain and Portugal, the species is widespread and relatively common. Many localities are reported by the Spanish authors such as Vives (1984), González Peña et al. (2007) and Hidalgo-Fontiveros (2010).

population:
All over its European distribution range, the species is regularly found and the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species lives in mixed Mediterranean forests, more or less degraded into shrub formations. The larva was described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). These authors report the rearing, by M. Sláma, of larvae from Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) collected in France. Oaks (Quercus spp.) are also considered as host trees by Spanish authors (Verdugo Páez 2004). Larval development may take two years (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Adults are easy to find on flowers from mid-April to September.

threats:
The threats are unclear since its biology is poorly known: host trees may be diverse (broadleaf trees as well as conifers) and the preferred type(s) of wood have not been published. Wildfires may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species has been found in the protected forest of La Sainte Baume, in France (Iablokoff 1954). More research is needed into the ecology of this species, as well as into potential threats.

useAndTrade:
Spanish specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, appears not to be under threat, it occurs in a number and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
   EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, appears not to be under threat, it occurs in a number and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, throughout much of central and eastern Europe, westwards to western Europe, and reaching northern countries. This species is also found in the Caucasus, Armenia, Iran and north-eastern Turkey.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions of the country, wherever indigenous or planted spruce forests occur. In Romania it is widespread in the Carpathian Mountains. In Denmark it is distributed in the south and spreading (Thomsen 2007) and in Switzerland it is widespread. It is present in all German States. In Spain this species is restricted to the Pyrenees (Vives 2001).

population:
A widespread species with a stable population in Europe.

In Hungary and Romania the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. It is common in Switzerland, France, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. In Sweden and Ukraine it is rare. In the UK it is a naturalised introduction which is widespread in southern and south-eastern England.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. 

It develops in conifers (Abies, Picea Pinus, Larix). Larvae develop first in and later under the dry bark of dead, sun exposed branches and stems (often of 15-30 cm diameter). The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in spring deep in the wood or in the thick bark. Adults emerge in V-VIII, found on the host plants and flowers. 

In Hungary it lives in indigenous and planted spruce forests. In Romania it has been reported from native and planted spruce forest; the beetles have been found in the hilly and mountain areas.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A.,  Mannerkoski, I., Tezcan, S., Horák, J. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, throughout much of central, eastern and western Europe, as far west as England (although Extinct there) and Spain and north into northern countries including some of the Baltic States (Bense 1995). 

It is also found in all Caucasus, Kazakhstan and north-eastern Turkey.

In Hungary it is widespread in the lowland poplar forests and also in hilly and lower mountainous areas. In Romania it only occurs in the hilly areas. It is present in all German States except Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In Britain it formerly occurred in a small number of sites across southern England but the species is now Extinct.

population:
A widespread species common in much of its European range, although it has been lost from outlying regions such as England and is rare in other states.

In Sweden and Finland is not uncommon. In Ukraine it is a common species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but thespecies is regarded as rather rare. In Romania the populations are small and there are only few and old reports. In France it is difficult to find but it is not rare. It is not rare in northern Italy but there are only three records in southern and central Italy.

It was known from south-eastern England in 19th century and up until 1905; also isolated reports from Devon in 1928/9 and the Bristol area, in the south-west (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop first in and later under the dry bark of dead, sun exposed branches and stems (often of 15-30 cm diameter). The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in spring deep in the wood or in the thick bark. Adults emerge in IV-VIII, and are found on the host plants and (rarely) at flowers. The adults hardly ever visit flowers and remain on their host tree for most of their short lives. The host is mainly aspenPopulus tremula; the larva develops in recently dead wood (from twigs to branches of a large diameter) which is always quite dry. The phloem needs to be free from fungal development (Rejzek 2006). Develops in broad-leaved trees (especially Populus, also in Salix, Rosa, Quercus, Betula). In Romania adults have been observed in the evening onCrataegus flowers.
In Finland it lives on aspen both in sunny and shaded habitats. In Hungary it lives in lowland poplar forests, mainly on white poplar (Populus alba), and also in the hills and mountains where aspen (Populustremula) grows. In Germany it can live in different broad-leaved forests. UK sites included old orchards (Malus) as well as ancient forest.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species at European level. It is unclear why it became Extinct in England.

conservationAction:
In the UK this species is considered Extinct.

In Hungary some of the localities are in protected areas but riverine and lowland poplar stands andslope forests should be left undisturbed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Oedecnema gebleri is a species mostly distributed in European Russia and reaching northeast Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, found in many localities and able to develop in several trees species. In addition, the population trend is stable. Since the species does not occur in the EU 28, it is assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic scale.

range:
Oedecnema gebleri is an Euro-Siberian species, found in Japan, the Russian Far-East, Siberia, Kamchatka, the north of China and in the Altai mountains. It reaches the Ural mountains and central European Russia (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, the Chernigov region of Ukraine (Шешурак and Садовничa 2002, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011) and Moscow, represent its westernmost localities, and the species is very rare in those areas. However, it is more abundant in the east of European Russia - in central, and east European Russia, in the regions of Izhevsk, Udmurtia, Kirov, Bryansk, Tula, and Orenburg (Дедюхин 2005, Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014, Georgi 2016).

population:
The population trend of this species is considered stable since the species is mostly reported to be common within its Russian distribution range.

habitat:
This species is found in deciduous and semi-boreal forests. Its larva was described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990). The larva can develop in the dead wood of several tree species, mainly in broadleaf trees but also in conifers: Quercus, Betula, Tilia, Salix, Padus, Abies and Pinus. Eggs are laid at the base of dead trees and stumps. Larvae initially feed under bark and later tunnel into the wood of the roots and stem bases. Larval growth takes two or three years. Pupation occurs in the dead wood if the tree is uprooted, but if the tree has underground parts, the larvae leave the wood before the final overwintering and pupation occurs in the soil. The adults are active at flowers from late May to early August.

threats:
This species can be threatened by forestry activities, especially forest overexploitation which is capable of reducing the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
It was not possible to find any indication of presence in protected areas but it is very likely that this species occurs in such areas in European Russia since it is common there. No conservation research or action needed.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R., Schlaghamersky, J. & Telnov, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oxymirus cursor has a large distribution range covering most parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and even though it is uncommon, it is regularly found. In addition, the current population trend is stable. Its development does not require specific host trees (but conifers are preferred), nor wood types, but it needs shady conditions and moisture - lying wood or underground roots.

range:
Oxymirus cursor is found from central Europe to Siberia and the Altai mountains (Sama 2002). Southwards, it reaches the middle of central and east European Russia. The indication of northeast Turkey (Turgut et al. 2010) needs to be confirmed, since only the close relative Neoxymirus mirabilis is reported from this area and from the Caucasus (Абдурахманов 2012, Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, this species occurs from Scandinavia to the French and Spanish Pyrenees and from nearly the entire northern regions of European Russia, eastward to the Komi Republic and the Ural mountains (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014); southwards, it reaches the north of Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). In Italy, it is sporadic in the Alps and the Apennines, reaching southward to Latium, where it is localized in relict stands of Silver Fir (Abies alba). In the Balkans, its distribution range goes from Albania(Rapuzzi and Sama 2012), and Slovenia to Bulgaria and Romania. In the east, it reaches the south of European Russia (Georgi 2016). Toxotus Lacordairii Pascoe, 1867 [=O. cursor] was described from Greece (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012), but no new data is available on this species in this country (Sama 2002).

population:
This species is relatively abundant in many countries. In Sweden, the study of Jeppsson et al. (2010) of museum specimens has shown that - during the last century - the population of this species has been stable in the country. In the French Alps, it is regularly found (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is considered to be stable and the population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in mountain and sub-montane forests, from deciduous to boreal woodlands. For larval development it prefers shady situations. The biology is described by many authors. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) reported various host trees: Picea, Pinus, Abies, Larix, Fagus and Alnus. Bense (1995) added Corylus, Sorbus, Betula, Salix to this list. However, a clear preference for spruce is noticeable. In the French Pyrenees, it was found in the forest of Orlu, where conifers have historically been replaced by beech, in which the longhorn now develops(Brustel et al. 2005). The larvae are found in various woody pieces, preferentially moist and lying on the ground, or in roots. They feed upon the white-rotten wood at the edge of a red rot. While the adults are difficult to see, the larvae are easy to recognize. They feed in the wood for three or more years (Palm 1959) and then go into the soil for overwintering and pupate in earthen cocoons during the spring (Cherepanov 1990). Adults are visible  on the host wood or, rarely, on flowers, from late April to August. They can be caught by window traps placed in the forest. The nocturnal activities reported by some authors are not confirmed by several observations from France and Italy.

threats:
This species is polyphagous on different types of dead wood. The main requirement for its development is shady conditions and moist wood or semi-buried wood. Forestry activities can reduce the quantity of its breeding material, and opening of the canopy is a major disturbance since it disrupts the micro-climatic conditions in the forest, making them unsuitable for this beetle species.

conservationAction:
This species is present in many protected areas, at least in France, in the Vanoise National Park and several protected areas in the French Alps (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016), as well as in Orlu National Reserve and the Pyrenees National Park (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). It is also found in the Białowieża forest, in Poland (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), and in the Ķemeri national park in Latvia (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013). Its has been assessed as Least Concern in many European countries.

useAndTrade:
The species is searched for collection because of its supposed rarity and its large size.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oxypleurus nodieri is a  rare and localised species but widely distributed in the Mediterranean part of Europe. The species may be hard to find because of its nocturnal habits and a maximum of activity during fall. This species is assessed as Least Concern since no major threats have been reported and suitable habitats - various types of wood from coniferous trees - are available throughout its distribution range. It is sometimes imported worldwide with timber.

range:
Oxypleurus nodieri is a circum-Mediterranean species, rare and strongly localised, but widely distributed all around the Mediterranean coast. It is found in southern Europe, southern Turkey and North Africa. It has been accidentally imported into South Africa (Sama 2002). In Europe, it occurs in the southernmost countries and in the Canary Islands, Madeira, Sicily (confirmed by the recent discoveries of Rapuzzi and Sama 2006) and Cyprus (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). It is not rare on the southern coast of Crimea, in Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Danilevsky 2014). It can be punctually introduced in more northern countries like Britain (Heal 2006).

population:
The species is widespread and sometimes imported into foreign countries. It uses the dead wood of various coniferous tree species without any preference for the diameter or wood characteristics. On the other hand, it is always presented as a species rare or very rare, and is strongly localised. It is very difficult to estimate the current population trend.

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean coniferous forests. Many authors have described its larval habits. It uses the dead wood of various Pinus tree species: P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinaster,  P. pinea, P. canariensis, P. salzmanni. It has been reared from Abies alba and an adult has been found inside a rotten branch of Acer pseudoplatanus (Armand 2006). It does not show preference for a special kind of wood but is sometimes attracted by burned trees or branches. It can live in dry or rotten dead wood, or in dead parts of a living tree, feeding only insapwood. The development lasts two years but varies depending of the locality and the wood quality (Berger 2012).After Sturani (1981), adults overwinter in pupal cells and emerge in spring. This is confirmed by several observations.Adults are crepuscular or nocturnal, and can be observed from August to April, but are more abundant in October and November. They are hardly attracted to lights.

threats:
Even if the species is seen as rare and localised, no clear threats have been reported. Suitable habitats exist all over its range and it is not strictly related to a special tree or wood type. The larvae have been reported in branches abandoned afterthinning alongroads and paths.Since burned trees are attractive for O. nodieri, the longhorn can be favoured by occasional and limited wildfires. In conclusion, the species seems not to suffer from any major threats at present.

conservationAction:
Because it has a very large distribution range all over the Mediterranean region, this species certainly occurs in protected areas. In Cyprus and Greece it has been found in Natura 2000 sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pachyta lamed is a Holarctic species occurring from Europe to Japan. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km² if only non-historical records are considered - post 1950), and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations as well as number of mature individuals due to forestry activities. In EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is estimated to be smaller than 500 km² if only non-historical records are considered - post 1950), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations as well as number of mature individuals due to forestry activities.

This longhorn is rare or very rare in every country, even where some authors report local high abundances. Its presence needs to be confirmed in many countries since no records have been known for decades. The global tendency for the population of P. lamed is most probably decreasing. Especially in the south of Europe, the subpopulations are extremely fragmented. This species inhabits unmanaged native coniferous forests. It lives in roots of standing dead or dying trees, mainly spruce, in humus-rich forests. Most of the literature on P. lamed agrees that there is a strong reduction in the population and several local extinctions, with the exception of a few areas of central Europe and central Alps.A well-documented example comes from Sweden, where a continuous population reduction of 50% from 1920 to 2000 has been demonstrated.Spruce forest exploitation is the main threat for this species. The AOO and habitat quality have declined and are expected to continue to decline due to pressures from forestry. Specific measures for conservation are needed. The situation in European Russia is believed to be comparable but less severe. The trends need to be better understood and some specific measures of protection are undoubtedly needed for this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. An area-based management plan may be needed to prevent further population declines.

range:
Pachyta lamed is a Holarctic species occurring from Europe to Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, North Korea, Sakhalin and Japan (Sama 2002), and is represented in North America by a separate subspecies, P. lamed liturata. In Europe, this species is rare or very rare in every country, but can be locally common for example in Sweden, in the Tatra mountains (Sláma 1998) and Austrian Tyrol (Demelt 1948), where it has been found again recently (Hellrigl 2010). More generally, it has a patchy distribution in the Alps and in the boreal zone. In Germany, records exist from the Black Forest, the Bavarian Forest, the Alps, the Thuringian Forest and the Eastern Ore Mountains while no recent records are known from Thuringia (after 1950) (Bleich et al. 2016). Southwards, P. lamed reaches Bulgaria where no recent finds have been published (Georgiev et al. 2006). Its presence is doubtful in Hungary (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). In Romania, only one century-old record was published by Tăuşan and Bucşa (2010), while the last specimen was observed in 1978 from the Călimani mountains (Serafim and Maican 2011). In Ukraine, it is known only from the Carpathiansand the surroundings of Kremenets (Загайкевич 1961, Danilevsky 2014). InBelarus it was reported from a singlenorthern locality (Alexandrovitch et al, 1996). In France, it is restricted to the Alpswith the most recent record from Savoy in 1984 (Berger 2012). Nevertheless, the species has been found close to the French border in Switzerland, where it is regularly observed (Monnerat et al. 2015, CSCF 2016), and also in the Valle d'Aosta, in the Italian northwestern Alps (Focarile 1974). This species could be present in the north of the French Alps.In north Europe, it is distributed all over Finland but it is rather rare and hard-to-find everywhere (J. Siitonen, pers. comm. 2002). It is very rare in Latvia (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016). In the Komi Republic and the Moscow region, recent observations have been published (Татаринова et al. 2007, Nikitsky 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.6 million km² in Europe, and ca 2.7 million km² in EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is most probably between 2,000 and 3,000 km² in Europe and 500 to 1,000 km² in EU 28. However, this includes many historical records from areas which may no longer be suitable for the species. If only relatively recent records are considered (post 1950), the AOO in Europe is smaller than 2,000 km² and smaller than 500 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In Fennoscandia, Bílý and Mehl (1989) report a locally common species, whereas J. Siitonen (pers. comm. 2002) considers Pachyta lamed as a rare species in those countries. Jeppsson et al. (2010) have demonstrated a strong (50%) and continuous population reduction from 1920 to 2000 for this species in Sweden (see also, Lindhe et al. 2010). In west and south Europe - in most of the countries of occurrence - only old (40 to 50 years) or very old (100 years) records are available,except in Switzerland (CSCF 2016), andperhaps in Austria (Hellrigl 2010). Local abundances are reported from the Slovakian Tatra mountains by Sláma (1998) but these authors estimate that the species is Critically Endangered in Slovakia and outside all unmanaged forests.The current population trend is most probably decreasing. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is restricted to very specific habitats.

habitat:
This species lives in coniferous forests. It is reported only from unmanaged forests (Palm 1957, Sláma 1998), but can be found in recent clear cuts (Demelt 1948). It strongly prefers the dead wood of spruce (Picea spp.) but is also reported from pine (Pinus spp.) (Bílý and Mehl 1989) and larch (Larix spp.) (Cherepanov 1990). Its biology and larvae have been described in detail by Palm (1957), Demelt (1966), Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990). Each female may lay from 50 to 100 eggs. It chooses a standing dead spruce. The tree must have died suddenly and have a diameter greater than 20 cm. The quality of the humus layer seems to be very important: it must be thick, dark, moist and comprise mostly mosses. The larva lives under the bark where it feeds on theunderside of the bark and the surface of the outer sapwood. Ten percent of suitable trees are colonised, and when other longhorns occur - like Tetropium spp. - this species is absent. The larva develops in dead roots down to 3-4 cm in diameter. Roots must be on the surface of the humus layer. Larval development takes three years or more, depending on the wood quality, temperature and humidity. Aged larvae migrate (at most 1 m measured) through the upper layers of the humus and search for zones with relatively high temperature and less humidity for pupation. The pupation is very fast and takes only two weeks. Adults are active in the summer and are seen on the host trees. The males are sometimes observed visiting flowers. The species can be easily caught by window-flight traps.

threats:
This species requires large thick roots within moist mossy ground. Some authors reported it to be common in recently cut forests, for example in Austrian Tyrol (Demelt 1948), oraround sawmills andwoodcutting areas, as stated by some of the oldest records in France (Gacogne 1850-1852). This may be due to a windfall effect - an ecological trap - able to attract and gather many individuals.However, in the long term this is unfavourable, especially since forestry dramatically reduces the number of spruce which die standing, and dries the ground layer which becomes unsuitable for this beetle species. Forestry activities are clearly a major threat against this species. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals due to forestry activities. It is favoured by forest fires and suppression of fires is also considered a threat.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas, for example in the Národný park Veľká Fatra in Slovakia (Franc 2002) or in the Swiss national park. It is protected by law in Switzerland. It is assessed as Vulnerable in Slovakia by Holecová and Franc (2001), Endangered in the Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005) and in the Carpathians (Pawłowski 2003), but reported as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. More research is needed to confirm the presence of this longhorn in the French Alps. The trends need to be better understood and some specific measures of protection are undoubtedly needed for this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. An area-based management plan may be needed to prevent further population declines.

useAndTrade:
Many specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pachyta quadrimaculata is widely distributed in the mountains of central and boreal Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, except in the margins of its distribution range, it is a common species, easy to observe on flowers. It develops in the dead roots of pine and spruce, and occurs both in managed forests and unmanaged areas. The population trend is considered to be stable.

range:
Pachyta quadrimaculata is a Palaearctic species distributed from Europe across to northern China (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, it has a boreo-alpine distribution, limited in the southwest to the Pyrenees (very rare after Berger 2012), and in the southeast to the Balkans (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania) (Sama 2002). It is present in all of Belarus and in western Ukraine (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Zamoroka et al. 2012). In the north, it is known from Denmark (very rare and localised after Bílý and Mehl 1989),Sweden, Finland, Poland, the Baltic Republics and Kaliningrad (Alekseev 2007), as well as the northern half of European Russia (Danilevsky 2014).

population:
Except in the margins of its distribution range, it is a common species, easy to observe on flowers. The current population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in boreal-alpine coniferous forests. According to Cherepanov (1990), the development takes place principally in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Females can lay up to 400 eggs. Larvae feed in the dead and dry roots, as well as the tree's collar for over two years, and overwinter in the wood. Pupation occurs in the soil up to 3 m away from the root. Adults are often seen visiting flowers from June to August. Spruce (Picea spp.) is also given as host tree (Bense 1995); this was confirmed by rearing (Hellrigl 2010). Birch trees (Betula spp.) are also reported to be hosts (A. Pfeffer in Sláma 1998).

threats:
This species is found in a wide variety of situations and is rather common. Threats are related to forest exploitation, since tree removal can reduce the quantity of breeding material. Since this longhorn is observed in managed forests, the impact of forestry may be limited.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe. Some research is needed to better understand its ecology and host trees.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Europe is the main area of occurrence forPachytodes cerambyciformis, which is also present in the Caucasus and Anatolian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather common in most of its geographic range, except in the north of Europe and European Russia, and the current population trend is considered to be stable. It inhabits temperate and sub-boreal forests and breeds in freshly dead roots of a wide variety of tree species. The longhorn is known from managed forests and is considered able to tolerate the  impact of forestry.

range:
Pachytodes cerambyciformis is distributed across Europe, and is also found in the Caucasus and Anatolian Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). In Europe,  its northern limit corresponds to the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Baltic Republics, where it is very rare in Latvia (Telnov 2004) and probably absent from Estonia (Süda and Miländer 1998), while in the Kaliningrad region it is reported everywhere (Alekseev 2007). Its presence in Sweden is not confirmed by Silfverberg (2004) or Danilevsky (2016). In the east, it occupies a large part of Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), western and northern Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Zamoroka et al. 2012), Moldova and European Russia, along the Oka and Volga valleystoward Volgograd (Danilevsky 2014). Southwards, its distribution range covers northern Spain, the north of Portugal (Grosso-Silva 2005), all France (Berger 2012), the Alps, and the mountains of the eastern  Balkans (Sama 2002). It has been found in Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996), but not in European Turkey.

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its range. The population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate and sub-boreal forests. It is a xylophagous species, able to feed on dead roots of a wide variety of host trees. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, it has been reported from Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, and Pinus trees (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989), and in Great Britain from  Quercus, Betula, and Castanea trees (Duffy 1953). The larva feeds in freshly dead roots, especially on uprooted trees. It prefers the moister parts of  roots with adhering soil, and seems to be  able to move through the soil  by tunneling. Pupation occurs in general in the soil. Adults are often to be seen on flowers  from May to July (Sama 2002).

threats:
Threats to this species are related  to forest exploitation, since removal of trees can reduce the quantity  of its breeding material. This longhorn is observed in managed forests and can develop in such a number of different host trees that the  impact of forestry may be limited.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several protected areas across its distribution range.

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes sold on generalist web-markets.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pachytodes erraticus is found from Europe to Turkey, Iran and south Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in most of its distribution area. In addition, the population trend is stable and no major threats have been identified, since this species has been observed in managed forests and can develop in various host trees.

range:
Pachytodes erraticus occurs in Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Iran, western Siberia, and is sporadic in northern Asia (Cherepanov  1990). In Europe, it is present from France to Belarus, in most of Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011) and Moldova (Danilevsky 2014). It is more common in the south, especially widespread  and common from the Balkans to Greece and Turkey (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Sama 2002, Özdikmen 2014).It may be absent from Switzerland, or very localised in the Alps, close to the French border(Monnerat et al. 2015). In European Russia, it is almost everywhere in the southern half, from the Rostov region (rare) to Orenburg region (common) and along the Volga (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its distribution range. The population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in deciduous forests under xerothermic conditions (Sama 2002, Berger 2012). The larva is highly polyphagous on the dead wood of broadleaf trees. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) report Quercus, Acer campestre, Betula, Corylus, Crataegus and Prunus trees as hosts. In Italy and France, it is reported from Castanea sativa (Hervé 1947, Sama 2002). The larva feeds in underground dead roots of large trees, 50 cm away from the stump. The entire diameter of the root is colonised and transformed into frass. Pupation occurs in spring in the soil. The development takes two years and females can lay 100 eggs (Cherepanov 1990). Adults are often to be seen on flowers from May to September.

threats:
This species may be threatened by overexploitation of thermophilous forests, since tree removal can reduce the quantity  of breeding  material. However, this longhorn beetle is observed in managed forests and can develop  in various host trees, so the  impact of forestry may be limited.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected forests in France such as the massif de la Sainte-Beaume (Berger 2012). It may also be present in other protected areas in the rest of its distribution range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Paracorymbia fulva is distributed in the west and south of Europe, Turkey, and the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and mostly common within its range, and is found in various forests types as well as open grasslands. The biology is poorly known but the species has been reported as using several broadleaf and coniferous trees for its larval development. However, observations made outside forests suggest that it may be a facultative user of rotten wood, able to develop in the soil's organic matter, perhaps with soil fungi. No major threats have been identified to this species.

range:
Paracorymbia fulva is distributed over much of Europe and Asia Minor. In Europe, it is known from the UK, where it is concentrated around the Solent Basin in southern England (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016) and France, where it is common in the entire country (Berger 2012). Its range extends eastwards to Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), where its presence was uncertain according to many authors, as well as in Poland, Lithuania (Tamutis et al. 2011), and the Czech Republic, a country where the species may have gone extinct (Sláma 1998). It is also found in Ukraine (Kiev and Kharkov surroundings) where it is very rare (Zamoroka and Panin 2011), and south European Russia (Rostov region) (Danilevsky 2014). Southwards, it occurs from Portugal and Spain to southern Italy, including the mountains of Sicily (Sparacio 1999), Greece, including the island of Samos (Dauber 2004), and European Turkey (Villanueva et al. 2007, Sama, 2002, Özdikmen 2014).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its distribution range. The overall population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in various types of forest, from lowlands to the mountains and xerophilous Mediterranean forests, but also open semi-natural grasslands with no trees or shrubs. M. Rejzek (in lit. to Wright 2011) commented that this longhorn is one of the last European species with entirely unknown host plant, larval morphology and life history. The reason for this is probably the fact that the beetle does not develop exclusively in timber. It may for example develop in subterranean parts of trees or shrubs or the larvae might even move freely in the soil, feeding for example on fungi (Wright 2011).M. Darby (in Wright 2011) provides supporting information as this beetle is common in the county of Wiltshire (England) but invariably on chalk grassland sites where there is no dead timber and not in woodland - he has found no sign of them breeding in fence posts either. His own suspicion is that they breed underground perhaps on fungi or plant roots.  Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) described the larva with doubt, on specimens collected in a oak stump by M. Sláma in France. Bense (1995) includes the following trees as hosts: European Aspen (Populus tremula) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), from which adults were reared by Papi and Ceccolini (2014). Those authors succeeded also in twice rearing adults from very rotten pine (Pinus sp.). Sama (2002) reported  a rearing from Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) (Saltini and Malmusi in litt.). Sparacio (1999) added willow (Salix spp.), mapple (Acer spp.) and Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) as host trees. Adults are seen on flowers from May to August.

threats:
Threats are difficult to assess since knowledge of its ecology is limited. This species may be threatened by forest exploitation, since tree removal potentially reduces the quantity  of  its breeding material. This longhorn is observed in managed forests and is reported to develop in various host trees, and the  impact of forestry may therefore be  limited.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas in France in the north and south Alps (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016), as well as in Italy, for example in the national park of Foreste Casentinesi (Cecchi and Bartolozzi 1997). In England, it is a feature of many chalk grassland nature reserves (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). Research is needed into the larval ecology to clarify its habitat requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Paracorymbia hybrida is endemic to the mountains of western Europe, from northern Spain, France and Italy to Switzerland. Its biology is poorly known but is probably related to the dead wood of conifers. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common in most of its distribution range and no serious threats have been identified.

range:
Paracorymbia hybrida is endemic to Europe, localised in the north of Spain (González Peña et al. 2007) and in the mountains of France, Switzerland and Italy (Sama 1988). Its presence in Austria is unrecorded but remains possible as some localities occur close to the borders with this country (Hellrigl et al. 2012, CSCF 2016).

population:
The current population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common across most of its distribution range.

habitat:
This species is found in mountain forests. Its biology and larval  morphology are unknown, but conifers are reported to be the principal host trees: Picea, Pinus, Abies, and Larix (Villiers 1978, Bense 1995, Sama 2002). Berger (2012) also gives Fagus, Quercus and Alnus as potential host trees. Adults are found on flowers.

threats:
This species is common all over its distribution range and is found in managed forests. Its biology is unclear but it probably lives in conifers and may be locally threatened by intensive forestry management.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas in France such as north of the Alps (Allemand et al. 2009, B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). Research needs to focus as a priority on the larval biology by means of rearing.


taxonomicNotes:
The correct classification of three taxa: Paracorymbia maculicornis (DeGeer, 1775), P. simplonica (Fairmaire, 1885) and P. ondreji (Sláma, 1993), has been the subject of endless discussions and publications. Danilevsky (2015) gave the final chapter on this problem: "I prefer now to regard all three taxa as subspecies: S. m. maculicornis, S. m. ondreji, S. m. simplonica". With his concluding remark, he joined the opinion of the French specialists (Berger 2012, Brustel et al. 2002) and also the original opinions of the descriptors.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Paracorymbia maculicornis is common throughout its European range, into European Russia and northwestern Caucasus. It occurs in different types of forests, including managed forests. The host trees are diverse and rotten wood of small diameter is preferred. This species may be threatened by forestry  activities but only a weak impact is expected. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Paracorymbia maculicornis is a common species distributed from west and central Europe to the northwest of the Caucasus (Sama 2002). In Europe, it occurs mainly in the central area, from Scandinavia, France (Berger 2012), to the north of Spain (González Peña et al. 2007), the Pyrenees and the Alps. It is also present in Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), the Baltic states including Kaliningrad (Alekseev 2007), and western Ukraine (Кравченко and Кравченко 2009, Zamoroka et al. 2012). In southeastern Europe, it reaches Romania (Gurău 2009), Bulgaria and Greece while in the east it occurs in most of northern European Russia (Danilevsky 2014). In the literature, there is conflicting information about the presence of this species in Moldova, and its presence there is considered uncertain.

population:
The current population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common across most of its range. However, in Sweden, the species' observations decreased by 43 % from 1920 to 2000 (Jeppsson et al. 2010). On the other hand, the species is presented as one of the most common among longhorns in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Its overall population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in montane and boreal forests. Its biology and larval  morphology have been studied by Palm (1951, 1959), Kangas (1952) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The larva occurs in dead wood of small diameter (< 20 cm), lying on the ground or still attached to a tree. Palm (1959) reared several specimens from pine (Pinus spp.) and birch (Betula spp.) buried in sandy soils or in bogs.  Kangas (1952) reared  the species from decomposed and buriedrottenfences of spruce. The wood does not need to be strongly decomposed since sun-exposed wood is also colonised (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Other host trees reported are Fagus, Quercus, Picea and Abies trees. The larval development takes two years and pupation occurs in the dead wood in spring. The adults are common on flowers from  June to September.

threats:
This species is common throughout its distribution range  and is also found in managed forests. The host trees are diverse and small diameter dead wood is preferred. This species may be threatened by forestry  activities but only a weak impact is expected.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas, from the French Alps (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016) to the forest of Białowieża (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001) and the Parc national Cheile Bicazului-Hăşmaş in Romania (Gurău 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Paracorymbia pallens is endemic to the Balkans, Greece and Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common species in the Mediterranean broadleaf forests, it has a large population size and the population trend is thought to be stable. The larval biology is unknown but the species is assumed to be associated with broadleaf trees, and may be threatened by forestry activities and repeated wildfires.

range:
Paracorymbia pallens is endemic to the Balkans, Greece (Bense 1995, Hrbek 2014) and Turkey (European and Anatolian parts) (Özdikmen 2014, Danilevsky 2016). Plewa et al. (2015) report recent records from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, but the species is rare in Serbia (Ilić and Ćurčić 2015).

population:
This species is probably common since most of the authors report many captures in shortsurvey periods (Berger 2008, Dascălu et al. 2012, Hrbek 2014, Plewa et al. 2015). The population trend is thought to be stable and the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean broadleaf forests, with relatively open canopies. The larval biology is unknown, but the species is said to beassociatedwith deciduoustrees and shrubs (Topalov et al. 2014). The adults are found on flowers and can be trapped with window traps.

threats:
The biology of this species is unknown. The host could be one or more broadleaf trees or shrubs but no data are available; open forest may be important. The longhorn could be threatened by forestry  activities or repeated wildfires.

conservationAction:
This species may occur in at least one protected area because of its large distribution range. Some localities in Greece and Bulgaria are close to protected areas. Research is needed first on the larval biology, and then on threats and on the populations trend.

useAndTrade:
Some specimens are offered for sale on internet websites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paracorymbia picticornis is endemic to Greece, but it is unclear whether it occurs only in Crete or is also present in mainland Greece. There may have been a confusion with P. pallens since no records have been published from outside of Crete after the original description. If necessary, a taxonomic revision will be needed todesignate a new type specimen from Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the population trend is stable, and the habitat does not appear to be threatened.

range:
Paracorymbia picticornis is endemic to Greece, and known from the Attica region (type locality only) and the western part of Crete, from where observations are mostly reported: in the west and north of the White Mountains - Samaria (Berger 1987, Bense 1995, Sláma and Slámová 1996, Schedl 2013, Danilevsky 2016). Since no recent records have been published from the Attica region, this locality may refer to another Paracorymbia  species, perhaps P. pallens, which is very closely related and is common in continental Greece. In that case, the taxonomy should be reviewed with a new type designation using a specimen from Crete. If only the localities from Crete are counted, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km². If Attica is added, the EOO reaches 5,700 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
In 1886, Oertzen presented the species as relatively common around the village of Elos. Even if only a few records have been published since, the species seems to be quite common in the field (Hrbek 2014) and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean open forest of broadleaf trees. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) reported oak (Quercus spp.) and maple (Acer spp.) as host trees. The larva develops in dead and dry wood of twigs and thin branches (4-5 cm of diameter) from the crown of large living trees. The life cycle probably takes two years, and adults are active on various flowers in May and June.

threats:
This species has been reared from small branches in living oaks and may be threatened by forestry  activities if large clear-cuts are made. However, this does not appear to be the case (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016). Important impacts could come from forest fires since Crete undergoes fires annually (Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit 2011). Fires are mostly of small size (< 1 ha) and the wooded area burnt annually is comprised of between 100 ha and 320 ha. Forest fires can therefore impact the subpopulations of this species at a local scale.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in the protected forests of the White Mountains - Samaria (Berger 1987). Research is needed to establish if it is present in continental Greece or if it is a true endemic from Crete. More research is needed into its ecology and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paracorymbia stragulata is endemic to Spain, Portugal and the southwest of France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, and the population trend is stable. The larva feeds in recently dead trees, and can be threatened by forestry activities and forest fires that lead to the reduction of dead and dying trees in the landscape. On the other hand, the species is sometimes viewed as a pest for forestry since it is claimed that itcan acceleratethe death ofweakened trees.

range:
Paracorymbia stragulata is endemic to Spain, westward to the Cáceres region (Villanueva et al. 2007), Portugal and the southwest of France. In southeastern Spain, it is replaced by Stictoleptura otini described from Morocco (Sama 2002).

population:
This species is common over most of its distribution range (Berger 2012, González Peña et al. 2007). The current population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean pine and fir forests. The larva was described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Iglesias et al. (1990). The host trees are Pinus pinaster (de Viedma et al. 1985), P. sylvestris (Notario et al. 1993), P. nigra (Iglesias et al. 1990), Abies (Villiers 1978) and Quercus (Iglesias et al. 1990). The larva feeds in stumps and other dead wood material. Eggs are laid on moribund or freshly dead trees. The life cycle probably takes two years. Adults are active on flowers from March to August.

threats:
This species is associated with pine and other trees. All activities involving removal of dead wood can pose a threat to the species. However, the species is claimed to be an accelerator of the death of moribund pines and considered as a forestry pest (Notario et al. 1993). Forest fires can, if they are too frequent, reduce the surface of pine forests and thus the potential distribution area for this beetle.

conservationAction:
This species may occur in at least one protected area because of its frequency across its distribution range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

Paracorymbia tesserula is distributed from central and eastern Europe to the Caucasus and Iran. In Europe, it is a very rare species and its biology is poorly known. The larvae are thought to use buried and white-rotten wood of beech, and the local microclimate seems to be important for its survival. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, and number of subpopulations. This species is restricted to old-growth and unmanaged broadleaf forests, a fragmented habitat at the landscape scale. The main threats for this beetle are the exploitation of broadleaf (beech) forests and the loss of habitat due to forest conversion to coniferous stands, or the drainage of forests. Research is needed into the ecology of the species and on required local conditions for its development. Local conservation action, based on old-growth forest preservation may be needed.

range:
Paracorymbia tesserula is distributed from central and eastern Europe to the Caucasus (Tăuşan and Bucşa 2010), Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran, where recent observations have been made (Zamoroka and Panin 2011, Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, it is a very rare species,  known from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Sláma 1998), southern Poland (Holly 2006), the Carpathians of western Ukraine (Zamoroka and Panin 2011, Danilevsky 2014), Bulgaria and the north of Romania (Serafim 2004). The Hungarian record given by Sama (2002), actually refers to a site now in Romania. It was recently confirmed from the centre of Serbia (Ilić and Ćurčić 2015), while its presence in Albania remains doubtful (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012, Danilevsky 2016). According to Bense (1995), this species has also been recorded from Greece but no supporting data could be found. In Bohemia, the species is quite common at the edges of natural forests (Mertlik 2009). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 650,000 km², and nearly the same in the EU 28 (600,000 km²). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 268 km² in Europe and 232 km² in the EU 28 - and certainly smaller than 500 km². However, if the species is not present in Albania and Greece, the EOO and AOO values would be slightly lower - EOO in Europe would be 407,000 km², and 360,000 km² in the EU 28. The AOO would be 256 km² in Europe and 228 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is rare in most of the European countries from where it is known, but regular and recent observations have been made. In the Bieszczadzki National Park (Poland),fluctuations of the population size have been reported by Holly (2006): after the first and rare observations from 1958 to 1963, hundreds of specimens have been reported from 1964 to 1968. Thereafter, no records occurred until the year 2001,during which 40 specimens have been found after careful and specific research.Holly (2006) associated the sudden abundanceto a significant andconcomitant exploitation of the beech forests. In Bohemia, the study of Mertlik (2009) established the absence of the species around exploited forests, so it seems to be restricted to unmanaged forests. This is supported by the observation of Zamoroka and Palin (2011) inthe Carpathians ofUkraine. Since unexploited forests are disappearing from Europe, the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Even though the species is a good flyer (may be able to disperse around 10 km per year), the level of fragmentation of its habitat in Europe makes it unlikely for individuals to reach other subpopulations in suitable areas when attempting to disperse. Since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Very little information is available on the exact biology of this species (Rejzek 2005). The adults are found in ancient beech forests (Zamoroka and Panin 2011) and in natural woods on waterlogged soils (Mertlik 2009). Special local conditions seem to be important but are not fully understood. The host tree is most probably beech (Fagus spp.), with the possibility of living in the dead wood of other broadleaf trees. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) described the larvae arising fromreproduction of adults in thelaboratoryand growth of the larvae in white-rotten wood of beech. They envisaged the development of the larvae in buried decaying wood. The use of beech under natural conditionsremains to be demonstrated. The life cycle is probably shorter than two years. The adults are often active on flowers in meadows and forest edges, from June to September.

threats:
The testimonies of almost all consulted authors indicate a high propensity of this species to live in old-growth or largely unmanaged forests (Sláma 1998, Holly 2006, Mertlik 2009, Zamoroka and Panin 2011). The sudden abundance reported by Holly (2006) after heavy felling of beech forests, preceding thirty years without any observations most probably results from a short windfall before the disappearance of the favourable breeding sites. The main threats for this beetle are the exploitation of broadleaf (beech) forests and the loss of habitat due to forest conversion to coniferous stands, or the drainage of forests (Mertlik 2009). There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in some protected areas like the national parks of the Tatra and Bieszczady mountains, both in Poland and in Slovakia (Sláma 1998, Holly 2006), and in the Ţibleş Mountains of Romania (Serafim 2004). In Ukraine, it was recently found in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Zamoroka and Panin 2011). In the Czech Republic, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Rejzek 2005). Research is needed into the ecology of the species and on required local conditions for its development. Local conservation action, based on old-growth forest preservation may be needed.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Schlaghamersky, J. & Telnov, D.


taxonomicNotes:
Pedostrangalia adaliae was described as a variety of P. verticalis (Germar, 1822), from Anatolian Turkey (Reitter 1885). The true taxonomic position is controversial, because of the convergence of constant characters and geographical coherence but also an adeagus (sexual organ) identical to P. verticalis after Daniel (1904). However, for Sama (1992), it represents a good species, localised in the Antalya bay and Cyprus (Adlbauer 1988).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Pedostrangalia adaliae was described as a variety of P. verticalis from Anatolian Turkey. Then, it was proposed as a good species by some authors and found in Cyprus, its unique area of occurrence in Europe. However, there is another Pedostrangalia on this island, P. raggii, to which old records may refer and the true presence of P. adaliae there is therefore unclear. The situation is confused both for the taxonomy and for the distribution of the species. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.

range:
In Europe, Pedostrangalia adaliae is known only from Cyprus (Löbl and Smetana 2010, Danilevsky 2015). On this island, the occurrence of P. raggii, leads to significant confusion in old publications, like the one of Villiers (1967) that refers to P. verticalis adaliae in the mountains, while Sama (1994) proposed that only P. raggii exists in mountains and P. adaliae lives in the plain. Sama (1994) identifies, with doubt, to P. adaliae, three specimens collected in 1930 and 1947 in Nicosia. Özdikmen (2004) did not refer to Cyprus and did not know specimens from the island (H. Özdikmen, pers. comm. 2016). Outside of Europe, this species is known in Anatolian Turkey.

population:
Very few records have been published and there exists a possibility of confusion with P. raggii from old records. The population size and trend are impossible to estimate.

habitat:
There is no information available on the ecology of this species. It is assumed to live, like other Pedostrangalia, in dead and rotten parts of living deciduous trees.

threats:
Too little information is available to determine the threats to this species. If it lives similarly to the other Pedostrangalia, it might be threatened by landscape change and tree removal in all contexts (urban, farmland, open forests).

conservationAction:
Much research is needed. First on a large taxonomic revision of all Pedostrangalia species occurring in southeast Europe and in Asia Minor. Second, the true distribution of this species must be studied, as well as its ecology and consequently potential threats it may be exposed to. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pedostrangalia ariadne is endemic to central and southwestern Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²) and the rapid decline of its only known host tree could lead the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. The only known host tree is Platanus orientalis, and this tree occurs along roads and in small villages where it has been planted. The development of P. ariadne takes three years in the decayed parts of living trees - veteran trees. The removal, and non-replacement of old trees for safety reasons, is a major threat to this longhorn. The extent and quality of its habitat is expected to decrease in the near future, causing the local extinction of some subpopulations. In addition, the plane tree disease (Ceratocystis platani) could lead to rapid declines in the host trees in the future. So far, it is not reported from Crete, but occurs in Sicily, Corsica and mainland Greece. The only current solution against this fungal attack has been to fell the trees and to replant with other kinds of tree. It is uncertain whetherP. ariadne has other host trees and further research into its ecology is needed. Monitoring of the population size and trend are recommended, and an area-based management plan might be needed to prevent abrupt population declines.

range:
Pedostrangalia ariadne is endemic to Crete (Daniel 1904, Berger 1987, Bense 1995). After its description (Daniel 1904), no more specimens seem to have been collected since the entomological expedition of Berger and Sláma in 1981 (Berger 1987). The type specimens come from the eastern part of the island (Assitaes). Berger (1987) and then Sláma and Slámová (1996) added new localities from the centre and the western parts of the island. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 650 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
Few, geographically distant, recent records are available to establish a population trend. Before the research of Berger and Sláma, this species was amongst the rarest known longhorn beetles (Sláma and Slámová 1996). It is now admitted that it can be locally abundant, but it seems that the species is hard to find because of its peculiar biology, using dead parts of living trees. The population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
The adult beetles have been found at flowers and in Oriental Plane-trees (Platanus orientalis) that have been planted along roads; those trees are the only place where the species has been found. The larva has not been morphologically described but precise observations have been made about its biology (Berger 1987, Sláma and Slámová 1996). The larva lives in rotten heartwood inside living trees: in barkless scars on the trunk or at the base of dead branches. The larva feeds at the boundary of living and dead tissues with high moisture. It can go to different depths in the wood, sometimes up to 12 cm deep. The development takes three years. The pupation occurs behind 0.5 to 4 cm of very hard exterior wood of ancient wounds of the tree. Those features are shared by most other Pedostrangalia species. The fungus that causes the heartwood decay in the trees has not been identified yet. The adults are active on flowers of chestnut or umbellifers in the second half of June and in July.

threats:
The biology - especially the range of host trees, the types of situation, and the decay fungus - need to be investigated in order to determine the potential threats. The occupied veteran Platanus trees are dying through natural processes and no replacements with new Platanus trees has been carried out. As a consequence, there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat. Moreover, the removal of the Platanus trees might occur suddenly because they are even-aged and in declining condition, and there is a risk ofCeratocystis platani disease. The only current solution against this fungal attack has been to fell the trees and to replant with other kinds of tree. The disease is not reported fromCrete but occurs in Sicily, Corsica and mainland Greece. The abilities of Pedostrangalia ariadne to use another host tree, and relatively young and small trees are unknown, but the requirement for heartwood decay means that trees need to be at least mature before they become suitable.

conservationAction:
This species is found in protected areas, but is also found in degraded habitats. More research is needed to understand its biology, to understand whether there are other host trees, or if the species is strictly dependent on Platanus orientalis. Research is also needed into its ecology (natural and native habitat) and distribution on the island. Monitoring of the population size and trend are recommended, and an area-based management plan might be needed to prevent abrupt population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Pedostrangalia emmipoda has been observed several times from southwest Turkey and occurs in Syria and Lebanon. In Europe, it is only reported from two localities: Rhodes Island (Greece) and the Monastery of Bachkovo (Bulgaria). Although thesestationshave credibility and are geographically coherent, no precise data have been foundto consolidate those assertions. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. More research is needed to validate the species' presence in Europe, which is considered to be possible as suitable habitats occurs in Greece, European Turkey and Bulgaria, and subpopulations of P. emmipoda in Anatolian Turkey are relatively close.

range:
Pedostrangalia emmipoda was described from Turkey by Mulsant (1863) and has subsequently been reported from a large area including the Caucasus, Armenia, Georgia and Iran (Daniel 1904, Villiers 1967). However, all of those records probably belong to a recently described species: P. kurda Sama, 1996 (Miroshnikov 2011, Danilevsky 2014, Danilevsky 2016). Elsewhere, P. emmipoda occurs only in southeast Europe, Syria, Lebanon (Sama and Rapuzzi, 2000, Sama et al. 2010), and mostly in the southwest of Anatolian Turkey, where numerous localities are known (Adlbauer 1988, Özdikmen 2004, Özdikmen 2008, Özdikmen 2014). In Europe, this species is reported from Bulgaria and the Dodecanese islands in Greece (De Jong et al. 2014). In Bulgaria it is known from a single locality, the Bachkovo Monastery, after Angelov (1995 in Georgiev et al. 2006). In Greece, there is one locality in the island of Rhodes. The original data for Rhodes is impossible to trace but may be before Ganglbauer (1882). Sama et al. (2010) indicated that he had seen a specimen from Rhodes "Grèce (Rhodes, !)" but did not give more details. Sama pointed out the incredible site mapped near Athens by Bense (1995). Moreover, they give no data from Bulgaria.

population:
Only two records - without strong background information - are known for the European distribution range of this species. The population trend is impossible to determine. In Anatolian Turkey, the subpopulations seem to be stable, based on the wide distribution and the regular reports.

habitat:
This species lives in open forests (Sama et al. 2010), and along forested riversides (Ancey 1868). Two host trees have been confirmed by rearing: Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) (Sama 1996) and Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) (Sama et al. 2010). Adults are found on various flowers and low vegetation in May and June.

threats:
The biology is not known sufficiently well to determine potential threats. In particular, it is unknown whether the species develops in dead parts of living trees as other Pedostrangalia species do. It is possible that human activities of forestry and removal of broadleaf trees pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The Bulgarian locality given for this species is not in a protected area. In Rhodes, the exact locality is unknown. Research is needed to confirm the presence of this species in Europe and to re-locate the specimens on which the two available published records are based. The biology needs to be studied to determine potential threats and specific ecological requirements.

useAndTrade:
Specimens are sold by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Pedostrangalia pubescens occurs in mountains and in the southern boreal area of Europe. Its distribution is patchy but very wide, covering many countries. It is sometimes reported in abundance (France, Latvia, Spain) or rare and declining (Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria). Its life cycle takes three years in coarse woody debris of pine and several generations can use the same piece of wood. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range and the population trend is stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 640 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The habitat is threatened by forestry, and while the decline is not proven in all of its distribution range, it is thought to occurs in many areas. In Finland and Sweden, for example, a decline has been reported. Protection of old and large pines is recommended, as well as conservation of large pine deadwood in the landscape.

range:
Pedostrangalia pubescens is known from Europe and Anatolian Turkey. Records from Georgia and the Caucasus are considered doubtful by Danilevsky (2016). In Europe, it is mostly distributed in a large area including Norway (Bílý and Mehl 1989), the Karelia and the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine (Загайкевич 1960, Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Barševskis 2001, Sama 2002). It is also present in the north of European Russia towards the Middle Volga area (Danilevsky 2014) and the Chuvash region (Егоров 2005). In the west, it reaches the mountains of northern Spain (Lencina Gutiérrez et al. 2004), the Pyrenees and the southeast Alps (Bense 1995). In the European southeast, it is present in the Balkans, reaching southwards to southern Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996) and Bulgaria (Doychev and Georgiev 2004, Georgiev et al. 2006). In Romania, one old locality is reported together with regular finds in another site: Băile Herculane (P. Istrate, pers. comm. 2016). P. pubescens is also present in Hungary (Nagy and Vig 2008). All of the south European subpopulations are seen by Sama (2002) as discontinuous relicts. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is close to 5 million km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is certainly larger than 2,000 km². In the EU 28, the EOO is ca 2.8 million km², and the AOO is close to 640 km².

population:
At the European scale, the population trend is considered to be stable since the species has a wide distribution area and is regularly reported. In the EU 28, the species is mostly found in small subpopulations, which are widely spaced from one another and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28. In Finland, Heliövaara et al. (2004) reported a decline for this species while in Sweden, Jeppsson et al. (2010) showedthat the number of localities has increased by 19% between 1921 and 2000, but with a decline during the thirty most recent years. It is not common in the eastern part of Latvia (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in open thermophilic pine forests and usually occurs in old pine stands on rocky ground or in sandy areas near the coast (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). The species is exclusively associated with pine trees (Pinus spp.), and all records from deciduous trees (Quercus, Fagus and  Populus after Allenspach 1973) must therefore refer to other species (Sama 2002, Heliövaara et al. 2004, Berger 2012). Palm (1954), and then Švácha and Danilevsky (1989), described the larva and detailed its biology. Larval development takes place in old dead pine wood with high moisture content and moderate decay. Trunks, stumps or bigger branches are used. The same piece of wood may be used by several generations of this beetle. Larval development extends over three years. Pupation occurs in the wood and adults are active on flowers during the summer.

threats:
This species lives in the dead wood of pine in thermophilous forests. The majorthreatto this species is the felling and loss of its host trees and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat in certain parts of the species' range. Small forest fires have littleimpact on the large rotten woody debris that are required by this beetle.

conservationAction:
This species is assessed as Endangered in Finland and in the Czech Republic (Heliövaara et al. 2004,Rejzek 2005). In Germany it is classified as Vulnerable (Schmidl and Büche in press). In France it occurs in localities close to protected areas in which its presence is probable. In Bulgaria, it was recently found in the Chervenata stena Reserve (Doychev and Georgiev 2004). Protection of old and large pines is recommended, as well as conservation of large pine deadwood in the landscape.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pedostrangalia raggii has recently been described as new to science. This longhorn beetle is endemic to the mountains of Troödos in Cyprus. Its biology is well understood and it has been reared from small living branches of Quercus and Platanus trees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, and its habitat appears not to be threatened at present. Nevertheless, this longhorn is only known from 14 localities and has a restricted geographic range. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as potential threats.

range:
Pedostrangalia raggii was described from Cyprus,where itis endemic (Sama 1992, Sama 1994,Ambrus et al. 2014). The species is known especially from the type locality (Cedar Valley) and immediate surroundings, and to the south and east, but only in the Troödos mountains. One old record from Villiers (1967), given as P. verticalis adaliae collected in theTroödos mountains, most probably belongs to this species and is included here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 680 km2and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
The species is easy to find, and is known from many localities (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). Ambrus et al. (2014) have easily succeeded in finding specimens, and the species is therefore considered to be relatively common and to have a stable population trend.

habitat:
This species is found in open broadleaf forests. It has been reared from living wood of Golden Oak (Quercus alnifolia) and Oriental Plane-tree (Platanus orientalis)bySama (1994), andAmbrus et al. (2014).It has also been found in Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera) and Aleppo Oak (Q. infectoria) (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). The larva lives in small branches of living trees (diameter of 2.5 to 3 cm). Their development takes one to two years with pupation during winter in the wood. The adults are active on the host tree or on flowers in May and June. The species is easy to rear from living branches. This microhabitat is peculiar among the Pedostrangalia. It is found at elevations between 800 and 1,200 m Asl.

threats:
This species lives in small living branches of broadleaf trees. It is unknown whether forest fires may affect these particular forests of Quercus and Platanus trees.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas. The type locality, Cedar Valley, is included in a nature forest reserve. As the life history is well known, the main research needed concerns the distribution, population trend, and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Pedostrangalia revestita is endemic to central Europe. Rare and in general localised, it inhabits open forests, farmland and urban areas. Its development takes place in various broadleaf trees but mainly in Ulmus, Quercus and Populus trees. The larvae feed in decayed wood in living veteran trees and take two or three years to develop. The species depends on its host for several years. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28, since it is projected that it is very likely that there will be a population reduction of at least 30% in the next ten years based on the decline in area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, as well as the effects of pathogens. The overall population size is suspected to already have decreased bymore than 30% since 1960, partly because of the Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi), together with the removal of suitable veteran trees. This species has declined as a result of the reduction in complexity/diversity of the landscape resulting in loss of old and veteran trees from otherwise suitable open forests, farmland and urbanised areas. This conversion has not only resulted in fewer suitable habitats, but also in longer distances between the remaining favourable stands of old trees.Large old trees are well-documented as disappearing from landscapes globally, largely due to the many and complex influences of people. This decline is expected to continue in the future, unless remedial measures are taken. Protection of veteran trees is necessary for the conservation of this species, and population and habitat trend monitoring are recommend.

range:
Pedostrangalia revestita is endemic to Europe. Records from the Caucasus reported by Plavilstshikov (1936), and from Turkey (many authors), certainly belong to different species, and were notretained by Sama (2002) nor Danilevsky (2015, 2016). Its distribution range covers the Iberian Peninsula; France (Berger 2012) where it is localised and known both from semi-natural landscapes and in citycentres such as Paris (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016); UK(Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988),scattered across the Thames and Solent basins (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016); the south of Sweden; Belarus, although only in the forestof Bialowieza (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001); and, in the southeast of Europe: Italy, Hungary (Hegyessy and Kovacs 1997), and the Balkans, including the north of Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Berger 2008),Bulgaria(Sama 2002)  and Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). It is unclear whether it is present in European Turkey. In Ukraine, it occurs along the Carpathian mountains, towards Odessa, including Moldova (Zamoroka et al. 2012, Danilevsky 2014). The species has a wide distribution but appears very localised and rare.

population:
The overall current population trend is considered to be stable since the species has a wide distribution area and is regularly found. It is hard to find because of its peculiar biology, being found in dead parts of living trees, and the real population size might be larger than currently estimated. However, local declines have been reported: in Germany there is a long-term decreasing population trend (Schmidl and Büche in press). In the UK, there are many more old records than modern ones, and it has not been reported from key sites such as the New Forest since 1917 and Windsor Forest & Great Park for nearly 150 years, despite periodically intensive survey efforts (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). Similarly, Lindhe et al. (2010) state that the future for this species in Sweden looks bleak.

habitat:
This species is found in large old broadleaf trees - veteran trees - in forest areas, urban areas and rows of trees in agricultural landscapes. The larval biology was independently detailed by Hellrigl (1986) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The species uses broadleaf trees of several species but strongly prefers Ulmus, Quercus and Populus (Sama 2002, Berger 2012). It is also reported from Acer,  Carpinus, Fagus, Prunus, Castanea, Junglans, Betula (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Bense 1995, Kovács 1997, Kovács et al. 1998-99, Kovács and Hegyessy 2000). The larvae develop in decayed wood in living trees, in contact with living tissue (dead barkless wounded areas, stubs of dead branches, etc.). They feed inside a dark-brown type of rotten wood, usually with a high moisture content. Development takes place in the border zone between the decayed and the fresh wood at the sawn-off/broken branches and around cavities (Malmqvist and Franc 2014). Pupation occurs in the dead wood after two or three years of development. Adults are said to visit flowers and are attracted to fermenting substances. Taking into account that the generation length of this species is probably around two or three years, three generations are considered to be around eight to ten years.

threats:
In Sweden - and this is thought to have taken place all over Europe - this species has declined as a result of the reduction in complexity/diversity of the landscape (Malmqvist and Franc 2014) - resulting in loss of old and veteran trees from otherwise suitable open forests, farmland and urbanised areas. This conversion has not only resulted in fewer suitable habitats, but also in longer distances between the remaining favourable stands of old trees. Another serious threat came with Dutch elm disease (caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi); during the initial stage of thisepidemic, the increased numbers of weakened and dying trees may possibly have benefited P. revestita, but the species’ future in Sweden is probably strongly linked to its ability to exploit species other than the elm (Malmqvist and Franc 2014). Berger (2012)denotesthe fragilesustainability of the speciesfacingitsdependence onhost trees. Large old trees are well-documented as disappearing from landscapes globally, largely due to the many and complex influences of people (Lindenmayer and Laurance, 2016). There is therefore a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, as well as in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. This decline is expected to continue in the future, unless remedial measures are taken.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Switzerland and has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016), the Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005) and the UK (Alexander, K.N.A., pers. comm. 2016); and as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Holecová and Franc 2001) and Germany (Schmidl and Büche in press). The species occurs in many protected areas throughout Europe, for example in Białowieża, in Poland and the Belarussian side (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). A poor understanding of land management which conserves or even favours the species is leading to its extinction even in protected sites, e.g., in the UK (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). More research is needed into the trend of the species. Protection of veteran trees is necessary for the conservation of this species, and population and habitat trend monitoring are recommend.


taxonomicNotes:
The true taxonomic position of Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822) versus P. adaliae (Reitter 1885) is controversial, because of the convergence of constant characters and geographical coherence but also an adeagus (sexual organ) identical after Daniel (1904). However, for Sama (1992), P. verticalis is a good species located in the Blakans.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pedostrangalia verticalis is mostly present in the Balkans. It is also present in Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not reported as a rare species and seems to be rather easy to find. In addition, the population trend is stable. Its ecology is partly unknown but may depend on broadleaf trees. More research is needed into the ecology of this species, as well as into any ongoing threats.

range:
Pedostrangalia verticalis is mostly present in the Balkans  (Bense 1995). It is also present in Asian Turkey but some localities of the west coast remain unclear due to historical confusion with P. adaliae. In Europe, the species occurs from Greece (Hrbek 2014), and European Turkey (Bringmann 1996) to Romania, Croatia (Georgiev et al. 2002) and southeastern Italy (Sama and Rapuzzi 2011). It is present in northeastern Romania, and its presence is rather probable in Moldova and in southwestern Ukraine (Danilevsky 2016). The record from Cyprus under Sphenalia verticalis adaliae by Villiers (1967) probably refers to P. raggii.

population:
This species is regularly reported from countries within its range and is not thought to be a rare species (Bringmann 1996). It is considered to have a stable population trend.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests (Rapuzzi and Georgiev 2007), but has a completely unknown development (Bense 1995). Its biology is probably similar to other Pedostrangalia species (i.e., a larval development in living branches or in dead parts of living trees). Adults are found visiting flowers from May to July.

threats:
The ecology of this species is partly unknown, but this longhorn is suspected to depend on broadleaf trees. Therefore,  it may be threatened by forestry activities.

conservationAction:
This species is reported from theMunții Măcin National Park in Romania (Maican and Serafim 2012). In Albania, it occurs in the Prespa-Nationalpark (Siering 2013). More research is needed into the ecology of this species, as well as into any ongoing threats. A taxonomic clarification would be very useful between Pedostrangalia verticalis and P. adaliae in western Turkey.

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes for sale on generalist websites. Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe,Pedostrangalia verticenigra is only known from the island of Samos in Greece. The species is also well known in Anatolian Turkey. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its larval biology is unknown but supposed to depend on broadleaf trees. The adults have been reported to be locally common and easy to find on flowers. Threats are assumed to come from forestry activities and landscape changes but further research is needed in order to determine the extinction risk of this beetle.

range:
Pedostrangalia verticenigra was described from Turkey (Pic 1892, Daniel 1904) and historically seen as endemic to Turkey (Özdikmen 2004, Özdikmen and Demirel 2005). However, one record may refer to Iran (Danilevsky 2014). Dauber (2004) is the only author who cites this species in Europe, after he collected several specimens on Samos island, in the valley of the nightingales (Greece). This observation was thereafter cited by Löbl and Smetana (2010) and Danilevsky (2015).

population:
Dauber (2004) refers to "rather numerous" specimens, but more information is needed to determine the current population trend, which is unknown. The population size is also unknown.

habitat:
There is no available information on the biology of this species. Its ecology is assumed to be linked with broadleaf trees, similarly to other Pedostrangalia species (i.e., a larval development in living branches or in dead parts of living trees). Adults visit flowers from May to July.

threats:
The ecology of this species is unknown, but the species is suspected to depend on broadleaf trees. The threats are unknown, but this beetle may be threatened by forestry activities or landscape changes.

conservationAction:
In Europe, this species is known from at least one protected area.Little is known about its biology and any ongoing threats and further research is needed into these aspects.


range:
This species occurs throughout much of Europe, from southern Europe and Circum-Mediterranean, extending northwards into central and western Europe. It is widespread in Spain (Verdugo 2004, Gonzáleset al. 2007), Cyprus and Italy, but in Portugal it is only present in the south, in particular there are only three localities known (Serrano 1981, Zuzarte 1983). In Ukraine it is only found in Crimea. It has been reported from the European part of Turkey without exact locality documented (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997). It is also found in all Caucasus, Minor Asia, Iran and northern Africa.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species.
  It seems to be common in Cyprus and Italy while in Ukraine it is relatively rare. In Portugal there are only three localities known (Serrano 1981, Zuzarte 1983).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead wood of a wide variety of tree and shrub species, includingQuercus, Cytisus, Pistacea, Ceratonia,rarely somePinus; in Cyprus it has been reared from dead branches of Ceratonia siliqua, Prunus dulcis and Quercus infectoria ssp veneris. . The adults are active in V-VIII (and in VII as the latest). It lives in temperate forests and shrub-lands, and is common in pre-littoral areas. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey. In Cyprus it is found in   orchards, maquis, garigue and forests. It is very common in old plantations with Ceratonia siliqua.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, its habitat is rather common, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 

EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, its habitat is rather common, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, absent only from the far north and west (Bense 1995).

In Germany it is present in all German States. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas;rarer in forested areas of the lowlands. In Romania it is widespread in the plain, hilly and mountainous areas, and in European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Oymen 1987). It is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula (Verdugo 2004, Gonzáleset al. 2007) and it is also widespread in Cyprus. It has a scattered distribution across lowland England and Wales, there is one isolated record in southern Scotland; but is unknown from Ireland.

population:
This species is relatively common and widespread over much of its European range and there are no indications of any declines.

It is widespread across central and south-eastern England, extending as far north as Yorkshire, and west into Devon and parts of Wales; isolated population at Dalkeith Old Oakwood in southern Scotland; locally distributed but has increased in abundance in recent decades following oak dieback disease (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009)

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as one of  the most common longicorns in the oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania this species is common and well represented. In Cyprus it is locally common. Population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.
It is considered a potential pest in the Czech Republic.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in and under the bark of freshly dead or dying branches and trunks of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees; mature and veteran trees are colonized. The life cycle is two years, with pupation in spring in the wood, occasionally under bark. Adults emerge in V-VIII, and are found on the host-plants. It is crepuscular and nocturnal. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea, Ulmus,  Corylus, Salix, Fraxinus, fruit-trees). In European Turkey larvae develop inQuercus and adults are active in IV-V (Schimitschek 1953). It has been reared from dead branches of Quercus infectoria ssp veneris and Prunus dulcis in Cyprus. In Germany it lives in various broad-leaved tree species. Also in almond trees.

In the UK it mostly lives in oakQuercus; preferring open-grown trees or at least trees with well sun-lit trunks; in parklands, hedgerows, and woodlands. occasionally reported from old appleMalusorchards (Alexander 2002). This species occurs in various deciduous forest types (mainly in oak and beech) in Hungary. It is reported mainly from old oak trees in Romania. In Cyprus it is found in orchards and forests.

threats:
The species does not face major threats. 

In the UK, habitat loss, insensitive land management, clearance of dead and dying trees, for reasons of tidiness and (unjustifiable) forest hygiene as well as canopy closure in woodlands, causing increased shade on trunks and larger boughs are threatening this species. It is nonetheless increasing in abundance.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary, Romania).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A., Mannerkoski, I., Tezcan, S., Horák, J. & Méndez, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Fabricius’ Entomologia systematica dedicated to Cerambycidae (first tome), was published in two parts with the date 1792 indicated on the title page of the first part. The second part was published in 1793 (Gaedike et al. 2012), not in 1792 as listed by authors. The correct name is Pidonia lurida (Fabricius, 1793: 343) (Danilevsky 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pidonia lurida is endemic to central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is reported to be common in many countries and the population trend is stable. In addition, no serious threats have been reported.

range:
Pidonia lurida is endemic to central Europe (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2016). The genus Pidonia is highly diversified in Asia, with several species in Japan and eastern Asia, but only one species is present in Europe. This species in not common. In the west of Europe, it only occurs in the Alps and Jura - it is very rare in the Vosges massif in France (Robert 1997). The record from southern Italy (Puglia, visible on the map published by Bense 1995) is the result of a misidentification (Sama 1988). In the southeast, the species is widespread in the Balkans, southwards to northwest Greece (Sama 2002), and the Rhodope Mountains (Ganev 1985). In the east, it is reported from northwestern Ukraine (Загайкевич 1960, Zamoroka et al. 2012), central Lithuania and Latvia (Telnov 2004, Alekseev 2007), but it is absent from Estonia, Belarus and - contrary to the opinion of De Jong et al. (2014) - European Russia (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The species is regularly observed in France (Berger 2012, B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016) and is reported to be common in many countries (Sláma 1998). The current population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in montane forests in cold and humid contexts. Locally, it has been found in more dry and thermophilous places in France (Robert 1997) but this is most probably marginal habit. The larvae have been described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) who confirmed spruce (Picea spp.) and beech (Fagus spp.) as host trees, suggesting polyphagy. Teppner (1965) observed the larva at few centimetres deep in the humus, 5 to 8 cm next to superficial roots of Grey Alder (Alnus incana),whichshowed signs of Cerambycidae larval activity. Thus, Alnus sp. probably belongs among the host trees. The larva lives under the bark of dead roots, close to the soil surface, and rarely  under the bark of large fallen stems. Its development probably takes two years, overwintering in the soil, where pupation occurs. The soil needs to be very moist, with a humus depth of 5 to 10 cm. The adults are often reported on white flowers from May to August.

threats:
This species may be threatened by the removal  ofdead and dying trees which can reduce the quantity  of its breeding  material (dead roots).  This longhorn is observed in managed forests and can develop  in various  host trees, and the  impact of forestry may therefore be limited.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas in the French Alps (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016) and certainly in other countries as well. More research is needed to know which trees host the species, and if special features are needed (moisture range, soil thickness, etc.).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout most of Europe, but not the far north, far south, or Britain and Ireland (Bense 1995). 

It is widespread in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula (Vives 2001), but it seems to be also present in Andalusia (Cadiz, Granada, Huelva) (Verdugo 2004). In Portugal most records are 100 years old or more. It is present in all German states. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas;rarer in forested areas of the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in the hilly areas, at the foothills of the Carpathians and sometimes has been reported from the lowlands. The species has also been  reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953, Erdem and Canakcıoglu 1977, Oymen 1987, Canakcıoglu 1993).

It is also found in Armenia, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, northern Iran, north-western Africa and Asia Minor.

population:
In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common on its localities (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Denmark the species is common; it used to be somewhat rare but is probably becoming more widely distributed in recent years (Thomsen 2007). It is considered a common species in the Transylvanian oak forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a common species.In Finland it is rare (edge of distribution). It is widespread across much of France (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey thepopulation size and trend have not been quantified. In Britain it is thought to have been native in south-eastern England until the19th century; established populations formerly in Epping and Hainault Forests; also non-established introductions (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (especially Quercus, also in Castanea, Carpinus, Betula, Fagus, Salix, Prunus, Robinia). Larvae develop under the bark of sun-exposed standing and dead fallen trunks and thick branches. Life cycle between one or two years, with pupation in spring in the wood or sometimes in the thick bark. Adults emerge in V-VII, on host plant. Pupation 20-30 days.

In Hungary it occurs in various deciduous forest types, mainly in oak, beech and hornbeam (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is present in old oak forests, with clearance inside (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the UK this species inhabited ancient forests (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
In general human activity favours the species by creating sunny areas within the forest, and the main threats are conversion of native forest into plantations and minimum intervention management. The species is safe as soon as there are oaks and freshly dead wood in open sunny situations.

In particular this species is not threatened in Hungary because host plants are available all over its range (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, it is not threatened in Transylvania, but the southern populations may be negatively affected by habitat loss (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the UK the reason for extinction is not known, but probably fragmentation and isolation of populations (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Hungary the species occurs in several  protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is also present in several protected areas in Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). The species is considered Near Threatened in the German Red List (2009). FSC Guidelines should favour the survival of the species.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Mannerkoski, I., Tykarski, P., Mason, F., Dodelin, B. & Tezcan, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout most of Europe, except the far north, far south, and Britain and Ireland (Bense 1995). It is also found in Kazakhstan, northern Iran, Syria, Asia Minor and northern Africa.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas;rarer in forested areas of the lowlands. In Romania it is widespread in the hilly areas, at the foothills of the Carpathians and sometimes has been reported from the lowlands; it is very common in Transylvania. In Portugal it is known from four sites in the north, most of which are old records. In Germany it is present in all German States. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943). In Denmark it is Extinct (2005); not found naturally in more than 100 years.

population:
A widespread species that is relatively common over much of its European range.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common on its localities. In Romania it is common in the Transylvanian oak forests. In Ukraine it is common.  In France it is expanding its range from the east and the north to the rest of France. In the Czech Republic it is very common and it is considered a pest. In Spain there are 64 localities. The population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey.
In Italy there are 12 subpopulations and it is rare. In Sweden it is rare. It is Extinct in Denmark.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in dead broad-leaved trees (especially Quercus, also in Carpinus, Fagus, Castanea, Betula). The larvae develop under the bark of sun-exposed standing and fallen dead trunks and thick branches. The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in spring in the wood or sometimes in thick bark. Adults emerge in V-VII (in UA VI-VII), and are found on the host plant. In European Turkey larvae develop in Quercus and Castanea; the adults are active in V-VII (Schimitschek 1953).

In Hungary this species occurs in thermophilous oak forests (mainly in turkey oak and white oak) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been found in the old oak forests, in association withPlagionotus arcuatus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in mature oak forests, and breeds in dying trunks.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species.
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Further studies on the distribution if the species in Italy could be useful. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Romania, Hungary). This species is listed as Near Threatened in Germany (2009) and as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is sometime use for exchange with tropical beetles.


taxonomicNotes:
In some works Poecilium is regarded as a subgenus of Phymatodes.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, abundance, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.


   EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, abundance, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, absent only from far north and west (Bense 1995) (nominative subspecies).It also occurs in all Caucasus, Kazakhstan, northern Iran and Egypt (subspeciesalnoides).

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; rarer in forested areas of the lowlands. In Romania it is widespread but not very common. It is present in all German States. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953).

In Portugal it is known from five scattered sites in the north and one in the far south. In Denmark it is rare, and most common and well-distributed in the south (Thomsen 2007). In Britain it was formerly widespread across lowland England, but it has become very rare in the past 50 years or so.

population:
A widespread species in Europe with a population that is stable overall but declining in the edges.

In Central Europe this species is common. In particular in Hungary thepopulation size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as one of  the most common longhorns in the oak forests. In Italy and Spain it is common. In Ukraine it is relatively common. In Finland there is only one locality. The population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.

In the UK it was formerly widespread, although localised, across much of central and south-eastern England; it appears to have undergone a dramatic decline in recent decades (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it seems to be declining in recent decades;the best known population is is south-western Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae feed under the bark of dry dead twigs and thin branches of broad-leaved trees and shrubs (especially in Quercus,also in Castanea, Carpinus, Ulmus, Alnus, Rosa, Fraxinus, Acer). The life cycle is one year, with pupation in spring in the wood. Pupation takes place at early spring. Stage of pupa is two weeks. Adults emerge in IV-VI, found on the host-plants. In Germany it lives in canopy branches, especially of old oak stands.

In Hungary this species occurs in various broad-leaved forest types (mainly in oak). In Romania it has been found in thick branches of thermophilous oaks at the beginning of May (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). UK sites include woodlands, wood pastures and parklands, as well as hedgerows, in the cultural landscape. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats. However in the UK clearance of fallen branches as well as canopy closure due to changing land management, result in heavily shaded fallen branches unsuitable for breeding  (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In the UK there has been poor appreciation of the dramatic decline in this species so no actions have been taken. Increase in woodland management for fuel wood may prove beneficial for the species as it can breed successfully in fuel wood stacked for seasoning. 

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). This species is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (2005) and Nationally Scarce in Britain - its British status merits revision to Vulnerable.


taxonomicNotes:
In some works this species is considered as being in subgenus Paraphymatodes, genus Phymatodes.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and has no known major threats. Its preferred habitat are vineyards, but it is also found on other species, and there is no indication for a significant decline of these habitats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and has no known major threats. Its preferred habitat are vineyards, but it is also found on other species, and there is no indication for a significant decline of these habitats.

range:
This species occurs in south-eastern and central Europe, extending to Italy and northern Spain. It is also present in the Near East.

In Hungary the species is widespread mainly in hilly regions where oldvineyards occur, and rarely also in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is not present in southern Italy and the islands, but common elsewhere. It is widespread in Slovakia. In Switzerland there are only historic records.

population:
In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in vineyards (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).
It is common in Italy. There is one record in Prague, introduced, and another record of an introduction. In Slovakia it is widespread in vineyards. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead wood of vineVitis, and is sometimes regarded as a pest species of this culture. It is also known to develop in deadwood ofQuercus, Populus, Salix andClematis. The adults emerge in V-VI. It is found in: temperate shrubland and macquis, riparian forest, and in vineyards. In Hungary it occurs mainly in old, traditionally managed, but also in more recently established vineyards (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species (e.g. Italy). In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range, as the European Union encourages removal of vineyards from culture. However, the species occurs in historical wine regions which are protected and sustained (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Research on the population trends and distribution is needed. Protection of old vineyards is recommended.

In Hungary as the species occurs in historical wine regions which areprotected and sustained, no specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider this species as a synonym of P. fasciatum but it is more widely accepted as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because the species is threatened in parts of its range as it depends on Juniper heathland, a habitat that is declining because of vanishing of traditional management systems such as grazing by large herbivores. Forestation is another cause for the disappearance of this habitat. Overall, the species has stable populations where the habitat is present and it is unlikely to decline fast enough in the near future to meet any of the threat categories. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern but local action is recommended.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because the species is threatened in parts of its range as it depends on Juniper heathland, a habitat that is declining because of vanishing of traditional management systems such as grazing by large herbivores. Forestation is another cause for the disappearance of this habitat. Overall, the species has stable populations where the habitat is present and it is unlikely to decline fast enough in the near future to meet any of the threat categories. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern but local action is recommended.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe extending from the Iberian Peninsula to Poland, Ukraine and the Balkans in the east, but is absent from Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland. 

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and lowland regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is Extinct from the Czech Republic and Switzerland. In Germany it is present in all German states except the very north. In Italy there are very few populations and in Spain it has anirregular distribution with local populations in the Basque Country and another few localities in the north (15 localities in total). In Ukraine it is considered rare. In Slovakia it is rare and in France it is common.

It is also found in the Caucasus and north-western Africa.

population:
The species status is very variable across its European range. It is regarded as common and widespread in France. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rather common on suitable localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In contrast, in Italy there are very few populations and in Spain it has an irregular distribution with local populations in the Basque Country and a few localities elsewhere in the north (15 localities in total). In Ukraine it is considered rare. In Slovakia it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of dead branches and thin trunks of Cupressaceae (especially inJuniperus, only occasionally in Cupressus, Thuja, Pinus). The species can also develop onQuercus spp. The life cycle is one year, with pupation in autumn in the wood. Adults emerge in III-VI, and are found on the host-plants. Its primary habitat is Mediterranean shrubland.

threats:
The species is threatened in parts of its range as it depends on Juniper heathland, a habitat that is declining along with the traditional management systems which support it, such as lack of grazing by large herbivores. Afforestation is another cause for the disappearance of this habitat.

In Hungary and Poland it is not threatened because suitable habitats are available all over the country.

conservationAction:
Where the species is highly dependent on Juniper heathland, this habitat should be maintained and managed. As the species lives in the branches, the avoidance of cutting those is recommended.

In Hungary as it is found in protected areas no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).
In Germany it is listed as Vulnerable (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as not much information about its distribution in Russia is available. It seems to be rare in most of its range without information on a population trend or the affects of potential threats. It has become Extinct from some countries.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as it is rare in most of the Member States with some potential threats but no information on a population trend. More research is needed to verify whether the species needs to be included in a higher threat category.

range:
This species occurs in southern Europe and partly in central Europe. In Italy it is widespread in western Italy, Sicily and Sardinia. 

It also occurs in northern Africa and all Caucasus, and has been introduced in North America.

population:
This is a rare species across most of its European range. The Ukraine is one of notably few countries where it is regarded at all common.

In Romania it is rare and very localized and the few records are old. It is also localized in Italy. It is rare in France and there are 20 localities in Spain. In the Czech Republic and Switzerland there is only one occurrence in each of the countries. In Austria, Germany and Slovakia it is Extinct.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dead wood beneath bark in branches, typically on living trees; oakQuercus, beechFagus, crest-trees and some other broad-leaved trees. Pupation occurs in spring. The adult is active in V-VII,  nocturnal, and is attracted to artificial light. The life cycle is one year.
In the Iberian Peninsula it is normally linked to oak forests but the distribution is very scattered.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The species is living on branches of oak trees, a habitat that is not rare, but the species still seems to be rare throughout its range.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors regard this as the same species as Poecilium fasciatum; the species was formerly placed within a different genus, as Phymatodes puncticolle. However, Sama (2002) is one of the leading European authorities on the family and treats them as separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on abundance, trends or threats or habitat of this species.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on abundance, trends or threats or habitat of this species.

range:
This species occurs throughout much of central and south-eastern Europe.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Where it is found it is very localised.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that lives in dead branches ofQuercusand other species in broad-leaved forest; also known from vineyards. The imago is active in IV-V.

threats:
Threats to this species are unknown at present.


taxonomicNotes:
P. pusillum and P. fasciatum are treated as separate species by Sama (2002) although some experts regard them as the same species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution although scattered, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution although scattered, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout central and southern Europe, from France to Bulgaria; rare in Spain (Bense 1995). In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are only few records, from Transylvania, in the hilly areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is present in all states except in the north. It has been reported from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953, Oymen 1987). It also occurs in the Caucasus.

population:
Not an abundant species at the European level. In northern Europe is rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as moderately common in the oak forests (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009).  In Romania it is a rare species, but this could  be due to the lack of field data (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is considered rare. In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop first under bark, later in the wood of dead twigs and branches still attached to standing  broad-leaved trees (especially inQuercus, also inCastanea); it is a canopy deadwood specialist. Life cycle one to two years, with pupation in autumn in the wood. Adults emerge in III-V, and are found on the host-plants. Pupation at early spring. In Hungary this species occurs in thermophilous oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in oak forests.

threats:
Habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and unsympathetic forest management; however, this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merk pers.comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is recommended that dead wood is not removed from the forests. Adoption of FSC Guidelines should help.

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Putchkov, A., Tykarski, P., Mason, F., Dodelin, B. & Tezcan, S.


range:
This species is distributed in southern and central Europe reaching westwards to northern Spain (Bense 1995). The species is widespread in the  the hilly and mountainous areas of Hungary and in the central part of Romania. In Germany it is present in all German states except the very north. 

It also occurs in Asia Minor.

population:
It is a usual species is Ukraine. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary and Romania, although the species is regarded as moderately common in the oak forests in Hungary and quite common in the hilly areas. In the Czech Republic it is rare and its populations are stable with recent records, while in Slovakia it is widespread but localised in southern parts. In Spain it has a scattered distribution and a total of 20 localities. In Italy it is rare with 12 populations only in mainland Italy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under bark and in wood in dying and dead, sun-exposed twigs and branches of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Crataegus, Prunus, Rubus, Quercus, Juglans, Corylus). Adults emerge in IV-VI, and are found on the host-plants or attracted to flowers for feeding, especially flowering shrubs. In Hungary this species occurs in thermophilous oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has also been found at the edge of forests, and adults have been found on nettleUrtica dioica plants (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in broad-leaved forests, prefers thermophilic situations, often on forest edges. In Italy it is restricted to mountains and natural habitats.

threats:
Habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present.

conservationAction:
More research and monitoring of the species is recommended. It is listed as Near Threatened in Germany (2009) and as Vulnerable in Italy (Sama 2006).
In Hungary the species occurs in several protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution and no known major threats. More research on the species population size and dynamics and its potential threats is needed.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution and no known major threats. More research on the species population size and dynamics and its potential threats is needed.

range:
This species is widespread across southern Europe occurring in the whole Mediterranean region. 

In Ukraine it is only present in Crimea. It has been reported from the European part of Turkey, from Canakkale (Gokceada) (Ozdikmen and Demir 2006).In Cyprus it is widespread in the lowlands, but absent from the higher elevations of Troodos  Mountains and the central plain (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

In France it is localized in Corsica and only in one continental department (Var) (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it is known from the southern half (a few sites, one recent) and from one locality in the northern part (an old record from the 19th century).

It is also found from northern Africa to Iran and in western Georgia and Minor Asia.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species.
  For Turkey and Cyprus the population size and trend have not been quantified but in Cyprus the species locally is not rare. It is not rare in Crimea.
In Italy its populations are very localized and rare. In Spain there are 40 localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in decayed wood of a wide variety of tree species, including oakQuercus, ashFraxinus, mulberryMorus, Pistaceaand cedar-treesCedrus, developing  under bark and in the wood itself; xylophagous. In France, larvae occur in evergreenQuercusof large diameter, probably associated with a special white-rot fungus (Allemandet al. 2009, Villiers 1978). The life cycle is two years. Adult beetles are active at night and they have been found in natural and semi-natural areas as well as plantations; sometimes they are attracted to light in villages and towns. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey. In Cyprus it is found in maquis and   orchards, and has been reared from dead wood of Olea europaea.

threats:
There is no information on the threats available. Fragmentation of the populations could be a threat.

conservationAction:
More research is needed regarding population trends and threats to this species. In Italy it is listed as Vulnerable on the National Red List (Sama 2006).


range:
This species is only found in the south of Russia.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly placed in a different genus, as Mesoprionus besikanus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because there is no information about the population and trends of the species.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Data Deficient because there is no information about the population and trends of the species.

range:
This species is widespread in south-eastern Europe. In Cyprus it is widespread in the lowlands but absent from the higher elevations of Troodos  Mountains (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It occurs also in Anatolia and it was reported from the European part of Turkey without giving exact locality (Ozdikmen et al. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Cyprus the species is locally common (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species with little information about its development, but it probably grows in the decaying roots of plane treesPlatanus(Bense 1995) and has been found in maquis and  dead wood ofCeratonia siliqua.

threats:
Clearance of dead and tree stumps from the old forests may be one of the threats (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
It is required in order to conserve this species to preserve the ancient broad-leaved forests from the Balkan Peninsula (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). The species occurs in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread and common species; although declines have been reported in some areas (e.g. UK) the species is not thought to be declining at a significant rate in Europe as a whole.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread and common species; although declines have been reportedin some areas (e.g. UK) the species is not thought to be declining at a significant rate in Europe as a whole.

range:
This species occurs throughout much of Europe, excepting parts of the south-west, and north and west (Bense 1995). 

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania and France it is also widespread. In Portugal it is widespread in the north, also recorded from one coastal site in the centre (an old record). In European Turkey it was reported from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen and Caglar 2004). In Finland it has a very restricted distribution in the south-western part of the country. In Denmark it is somewhat rare, but distributed in the east of the country (Thomsen 2007). In Germany it is present in all German States. In the UK it is very localized within its range, which occupies much ofthe southern half of Britain (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

population:
A widespread and common species in at least parts of its range; although declines have been reported in some areas this species is not thought to be declining at a high rate across Europe as a whole.

In the UK it is very localized within its range, and it appears to have declined in abundance in recent decades; it appears Extinct across the west Midlands (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a common species. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its habitat. In central Romania, there are large populations but during the last 30 years a small decline has been observed.(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  Larvae develop in dead, rotten wood, especially at the base of dying or dead stems, in stumps and roots. Polyphagous in conifers (Pinus, Picea, Abies) and broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Fagus, Alnus, Castanea, Malus, Salix, Fraxinus, Betula, Ulmus, Corylus).  The life cycle is at least three years (sometimes four). Mature larvae leave the wood and pupate in early summer in the soil in a cocoon constructed from soil and wood particles. Adults emerge in VII – VIII; they are crepuscular and nocturnal (attracted by light), and remain hidden in the daytime. 


In the UK it favours mature and old oaksQuercus, open-grown, in permanently damp soils, and so tends to be found through the floodplains as well as in historic parklands and wood pastures (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly in oakQuercusand hornbeamCarpinus. In Romania it occurs in both deciduous and coniferous forests; large populations occur in oak and hornbeam in Transylvania; males have been found on the tree trunks, and females on the soil, during the beginning of July. In the Carpathians, the beetles are active during August (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Turkey larvae develop in conifers and broad-leaved trees (Schimitschek 1953); the life cycle is also three years (Canakcıoglu 1993). In Germany it lives on ground level-deadwood in broad-leaved forests, especially in roots and lower trunk parts. In Denmark it develops almost exclusively on roots of beechFagus.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. 

In the UK loss of old oaks through the floodplains, as a result of agricultural intensification and especially destruction of hedgerows are a threat to this species; clearance of dead and dying trees, for reasons of tidiness and spurious forest hygiene practices are also a  main factor having a negative impact on this species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In Hungary habitat loss and fragmentation are occurring in some parts ofthe range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the clearance of dead and tree-stump from old forests may be one of the threats.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary, France).


taxonomicNotes:
In some data sources, P. egregius is placed in a different genus, as Callimus egregius. Bense (1995) refers to the view of Aldbauer (1988) that Callimus egregius ssp. semicyaneus (Pic, 1905) is the subspecies which occurs in Greece and south-western Turkey. P. egregius and P. semicyaneus are treated as separate species in here.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on abundance, trends and threats to this species. The actual distribution is also uncertain asP. egregius is often considered a subspecies ofP. semicyaneus.

EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Not Evaluated, as this species is not present in the EU Member States.

range:
This species occurs in Crimea but is very poorly known. Records are given for Turkey, Greece and Crimea (BioLib.cz 2009) but the Greek and Turkish population is regarded as a separate species (or subspecies)semicyaneus.

population:
In Ukraine it is very rare and poorly known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Development unknown (Bense 1995). In Crimea adults are attracted to flowers for feeding; however the species is not well known. It is only known there from one or two specimens so there is uncertainty as to whether this is the same species.

conservationAction:
There is no information on any conservation action for this species but it is known that the species occurs in a protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
There may be taxonomic issues concerning this species and P. egregius; they have both been regarded as subspecies of P. egregius but are considered here as separate species until the situation is satisfactorily resolved otherwise.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficientinformation on its extent of occurrence, natural history, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but.there is little information available on the precise habitat requirements of this species.

conservationAction:
No information available.   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there is a big discrepancy of abundance in different countries although the species lives in the same habitat. More research is needed on the population size and dynamics as well as on potential threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there is a big discrepancy of abundance in different countries although the species lives in the same habitat. More research is needed on the population size and dynamics as well as on potential threats.

range:
This species is widespread across central and eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Hungary the species is known from two localities in the western-most part of the country, where only one specimen each were found in 1992 and 1996 (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is found in the Carpathian Mountains. In Germany it is present only in the southern German states: Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Thüringen, Sachsen.

population:
There is little information available on population size and trends. The Czech Republic and Poland are examples of the few areas where it is regarded as widespread and common. In Ukraine it is rare. In Romania there are five or six populations in the mountains forests, although they are old reports. In Hungary as this species is known from two specimens from two different localities, no information about its population is available (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Austria it has been found in two localities, once confirmed in 1952 and again in 1980. Probably more widespread than assumed but extremely hard to find (Steiner 1999). In Italy it is very rare, only three localities known in the north-east Alps. In Slovakia there are only a few localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under bark of dead pinePinusand spruce Picea.In Romania it was reported from thin branches ofPinus excelsa. The adults emerge in VI-VII and are generally found on the occupied branches, sometimes attracted to flowers for feeding, for exampleCarduus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).  In Hungary it has been found in indigenous spruce forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany and the Czech Republic it lives in spruce forests and plantations.

threats:
There is no information regarding the threats to this species. In Romania the replacement ofPicea excelsa forest areas with different conifer species poses a threat to this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Poland and the Czech Republic it is not threatened.

conservationAction:
As this species has a very irregular distribution in central Europe, more research on taxonomy, population size and dynamics as well as potential threat is needed.
In Hungary the two localities of the species are in a protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary; it is also inside some protected areas in the Carpathian Mountains. In Italy this species is listed as Rare on the National Red List (Sama 2006) and in Germany as Data Deficient (2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is used for collections and it is useful for exchange with different tropical beetles.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pseudogaurotina excellens is a very rare post-glacial relict species, endemic to the Carpathian mountains. The species is exclusively dependent on the woody stems of Lonicera spp. bushes. Open forests and wooded meadows are mostly preferred. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 260 km² in Europe, and ca 208 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and it is very likely that there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of subpopulations. Changes in land use, typically the abandonment of grazing by cattle, is a major threat for this species, together with hunting for beetle collecting, even in protected areas and countries where the species is protected by law. This longhorn is protected by law in Slovakia, Ukraine and Poland and is a priority species within the European Habitats Directive. Much more research is needed into the threats and the population trend. In particular, the forest dynamics and the interaction between Lonicera spp. and grazing are major concerns. Protected areas must take this species into account in their management policies.

range:
Pseudogaurotina excellens is a very rare post-glacial relict species, endemic to the Carpathian mountains of Slovakia (Kovács et al. 1998-99), Poland (Pawłowski 2008), western Ukraine and Romania (Плавильщиков 1955, Загайкевич 1961, Sama 2002, Бартенев 2004, Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). Many localities are known in the Lower Tatras, where the species is very rare (Podaný 1962, Sláma 1998). The indication from Hungary is a misinterpretation of the type locality "Thale Vratna", currently in the north of Slovakia, between the cities of Martin and Žilina  (Danilevsky 2016). Thus, the species does not occur in Hungary (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca135,000 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 260 km². In EU 28, the species has an EOO of ca 126,000 km² and an AOO of ca 208 km².

population:
The population trend is difficult to establish since the species is always reported as being very rare, even if numerous localities are published. It is probable that it occurs very sparsely in the landscape and its habits make it difficult to find. Podaný (1962) reports a serious decline for the species. This decrease is very probably at the global level and the current population trend may therefore still be decreasing. Known localities are far one from another, making it difficult for lost localities to be recolonised. Since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation, the populations is considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and in EU 28.

habitat:
This species is found in open montane forests and forested pastures and meadows.Despite one old report of development at the stem base of Juniperus (Плавильщиков 1955), the host trees seems to be exclusively Lonicera bushes: L. nigra (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Kovács et al. 1998-99) and Lonicera tatarica (Demelt 1966). The suitable host trees are not located in shaded forest. The species strongly prefers bushes occurring in meadows and at forest edges (Sláma 1998). The larva feeds under bark of living branches, protected only by a very thin outer bark. Galleries of the last instar of the larvae are deeply engraved in the wood surface while the larvae feed on the wood produced by the tree trying to occlude the wound (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Pupation occurs in spring after a two or three year development. The adults are visible in June and July, only on the host plant, never on flowers. They are probably poor flyers. Three natural parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) have been reported by Sláma (1998).

threats:
This species is threatened by modifications of the landscape and changes in landscape use. In Slovakia, a recent restriction on cattle grazing had a negative impact on this longhorn since grazing contributed to keep the forest open, which favours Lonicera (Sláma 1998). Collecting by entomologists is also a serious threat as the species is endemic, extremely rare and consequently seriously attractive for collectors. Franc (2002) reports collecting for commercial activities that destroy the species' habitat even in strict reserves. The development of ski stations in the Carpathians can also destroy local subpopulations. It is therefore very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the area of occupancy and number of subpopulations.

conservationAction:
This beetle is listed as a priority species in the annexes II and IV of the European Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Slovakia, Ukraine and Poland. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Holecová and Franc 2001). Strangely, it has been classified as Least Concern inPoland (Pawłowski et al. 2002, Pawłowski 2008) but appears as Critically Endangered for Poland in the Carpathian Red List (Pawłowski 2003). In Slovakia, it occurs in national parks: Veľká Fatra (Franc 2002), Nízke Tatry, etc. In Poland, it is present in the Babiogórski National Park (Sláma 1998). Much more research is needed into the threats and the population trend. In particular, the forest dynamics and the interaction between Lonicera spp. and grazing are major concerns. Protected areas must take this species into account in their management policies. In many localities, the species iscollected for commercial activities, including in protected areas (Franc 2002). This activity destroys both individuals of P. excellens of and the Lonicera bushes, the branches of which are cut for rearing.

useAndTrade:
Franc (2002) says: "Although [Pseudogaurotina excellens] is strictly protected in  Slovakia and the whole Europe, commercial “entomologists” still destroy  its habitat [...] this activity is carried out in strict reserves  mainly!". No such trade is visible on the internet but one specimen collected from Vysoké Tatry in Slovakia [the species is protected in Slovakia but no date was indicated on the specimen's label], was offered for sale by a professional retailer during an entomological convention (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudosphegesthes bergeri is endemic to the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 559 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation, charcoal production and grazing by goats. In addition, the removal of dead trees and wood and intensive forestry practices also reduce the extent of the habitat. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, and it is recommended that the areas where this species occurs become protected.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Bense 1995), and is recorded from Omalos in the western part of the island, in the Ida Mountains (Hrbek 2008); Amudarion, Hania and Elos (Schedl, 2013). Its EOO is 559 km² and its AOO is 16 km².

population:
There is little available information on the abundance of this species other than that it is rare and has a restricted distribution, although it occurs in a number of localities across its distribution range. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are likely to be small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, and it develops in the dead wood ofQuercus coccifera(kermes oak) (Bense 1995) mainly in the trunk. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat due to deforestation, intensive forestry practices and removal of dead trees and wood.

threats:
Deforestation and conversion of oaks is a major threat to this species, as well as charcoal production and grazing by goats. Furthermore,diminution of habitat quality due to the removal of dead trees and wood could pose a threat along with intensive forestry, which reduces the extent of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
This species does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, and it is recommended that the areas where this species occurs become protected.

redListAssessors:
Verdugo, A., Buse, J., Mendez, M., Bartolozzi, L. & Galante, E.


taxonomicNotes:
In some works it is referred to as P. cinereus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it is assumed that its rarity is connected to undersampling. Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it is assumed that its rarity is connected to undersampling. Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.

range:
This species is believed to be restricted mainly to France and Italy, extending into northern Spain (Bense 1995); in Germany there is one old record (before 1900) from Hessen and one record from Baden-Württemberg after 1950. It is also known from Crimea (Ukraine).

In France the species is sporadic in the north but more abundant in the south (Villiers 1978, Allemandet al. 2009). In mainland Italy it has scattered populations, plus one population in Sardinia and two in Sicily. In Spain there are 12 localities, mainly in the north-eastern and central part of Spain.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. This species is hard to find and might therefore be under sampled. In France the species is sporadic in the north but more abundant in the south; recent use of window traps permits the observation of more individuals (Villiers 1978, Allemandet al. 2009). In Germany there is one old record (before 1900) from Hessen and one record from Baden-Württemberg after 1950. In mainland Italy it is very rare, and one population in Sardinia, two in Sicily. In Spain there are 12 localities, mainly in the north-eastern and central part of Spain; it is considered rare. In Crimea it is very rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the dead wood of branches and trunks of oak speciesQuercus petraea, Q. ilex andQ. pyrenaica (Bense 1995), especially canopy branches.The adults are active in June - July.

conservationAction:
More research is needed, monitoring using window traps instead of direct sampling in order to get more information about population sizes. In Italy this species is assessed as Vulnerable (Sama 2006) and in Germany as Critically Endangered (2009).

redListAssessors:
Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Tezcan, S., Mico, E. & Dodelin, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in Europe in the south of Russia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, strong populations in western Europe and the Balkans and no major threats. However, the species needs conservation attention in the centre of its range where it is more rare and threatened.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, strong populations in western Europe and the Balkans and no major threats. However, the species needs conservation attention in the centre of its range where it is more rare and threatened.

range:
This species is distributed in the south of western, eastern and central Europe. 

Common and widely distributed in the Balkans, eastward to Crimea and southern part of European Russia (Sama 2002). In Hungary and the Czech Republic it is widespread in the hilly and lower mountain area. In Romania it has been recorded from the south but there are only few reports; there is also one record from western Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey it has been reported from Canakkale (Gokceada) (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009). 

In Italy, there are about10 localities concentrated in the Karsic region in the north-east, very old records (1940s). In Spain it is very common, except in the north-west and it is known from more than 100 localities. In Portugal it was recorded only once (in the 19th century) but  its presence requires confirmation.

This species occurs as well in Minor Asia, in eastern Iran and northern Africa.

population:
Common and widely distributed in the Balkans, eastward to Crimea and southern part of European Russia (Sama 2002). In Crimea it is very rare. 

In Hungary populations of this species have apparently been declining in the last 20 years (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are no data about the size and population trend, but few populations were reported 40-50 years ago (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is very rare; very old records (1940s).
In Spain it is very common, except in the north-west and it is known from more than 100 localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dead dry twigs and branches (Sama 2002) of a large diversity of broad-leaved trees, including Prunus, Quercus, Salix, Pistacia and Ulmus. The larvae gnaw very deep passages in the wood. Pupation takes place at the beginning of summer; adults emerge in V-VIII, attracted to flowers for feeding, including Centaurea scabiosa andCarduus in Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009)

In Hungary it is mainly found in old, traditionally cultivated orchards, also in thermophilous oak forests and suburbs. In Romania it has been recorded from the thermophilous oak forests spread on the lowlands near the Danube river in the south of Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is present in almost allQuercusand Mediterranean forest. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
Overall there are no threats to this species but it can face local threats. In particular the disappearance of old orchards in Hungary may be threatening, but the exact causes of the population decline are unknown (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania and Slovakia forest fragmentation and the replacement of native oaks with others species is a threat.

conservationAction:
Overall, there are no conservation measures needed but recommendations for national level: in Italy research is required in the Alpine arch in order to understand the gap of distribution between France and the Balkans; in Hungary old orchards should be protected and sustained; in Romania good management of the thermophilous forests from the south is recommended. The species is legally protected in Hungary. In Italy this species is listed as Vulnerable (Sama 2006).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species can be important for exchange with tropical beetles.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:    listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its extent of occurrence, ecological requirements, population trends, threats and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species is not present in any EU Member State. If the doubtful record for Bulgaria is accepted, the species should be seen as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is found in Ukraine and also believed to occur in the eastern Mediterranean (Sama 2002). This species also occurs in the Caucasus. There is a doubtful record for Bulgaria in Fauna Europaea.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, but where it is known - in Crimea - it is very rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Precise habitat associations unknown, although it is polyphagous in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although it may be common in Croatia, there is not enough information about the status in the other countries where the species occurs.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although it may be common in Croatia, there is not enough information about the status in the EU Member States.

range:
This species is distributed across south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In CyprusP. nicoclaes very close withP.dalmatinus (R. di Cialla pers. comm. 2009).It is also found in the Middle East up to southern Lebanon and Syria from the western side and from Iraq to Iran on the eastern side. In eastern Turkey, Iraq and Iran (Luristan, Kordestan) a close species or subspecies is found:P. tommasoi Sama, 2001.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout its range but it is suspected to be common in the coastal part of its range in Croatia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Development inadequately known, up to now only reported from oaks (Quercus coccifera,Q. conferta) and from fruit trees (Prunus). Larvae feed in dying wood in thin twigs (often only of one cm diameter) (Bense 1995). The species is thought to be in low mountains.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient due to lack of information on abundance, trends, or threats to this species.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient due to lack of information on abundance, trends, or threats to this species.

range:
This species occurs in Greece on the south-west Peloponnesan Peninsula and in northern Africa (Bense 1995); it is also found in Turkey. In Turkey, Greece and Middle East it is the subspeciesinhumeralis(R. di Cialla pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is no information available on the abundance or trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Development inadequately known, up to now only reared fromCeratonia(Bense 1995) although it is believed to be polyphagous. Larvae bore in dead branches of deciduous trees (R. di Cialla pers. comm. 2009). The adult lives on deciduous trees and visits shrub flowers to feed during daytime.


taxonomicNotes:
Regarded by some authors as the same species as P. kaehleri (Bense 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there is taxonomic confusion over its status. Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there is taxonomic confusion over its status. Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.

range:
This species is found in most of Europe, absent from the Mediterranean islands, extending from Spain to the Balkans, mainly in the Mediterranean area.

population:
In France it has been considered a myth, never collected, but it has been recently collected by window trapping which suggests that it is hard to find rather than rare; in total 66 specimen have been found in 20 years of search in the Rhone-Alps area. In Spain it is very rare and it is only known from seven localities. In Italy it is very rare and there are 11 scattered localities. In Slovakia and Hungary it is present in warmer areas. There is no information for the Balkans populations.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is broad-leaved trees, with preference forAcer andQuercus, distributed in the area ofQuercus pubescens. The precise ecology is unknown as it has mainly been found in window traps. It is assumed that the ecology is similar toP. kaehleri, being also present in small branches.

conservationAction:
More research is needed, particularly on the distribution, population dynamics and ecology and its habitat. The relationship between P. globulicollis andP. kaehleri should be verified by molecular techniques.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors, and this species in particular is important as it is used in exchange for tropical beetles that can be more dramatic in form or colour.


taxonomicNotes:
Described in 1993 as one of four species identified within a species complex (with P. budensis, P. caucasicus and other). Delimitation and distributional ranges are not yet clear.

redListCategoryRationale:
Purpuricenus graecus is only found in mainland Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,300 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), the population is not severely fragmented, and there are no major threats to this species or its habitat.

range:
This species is only found in mainland Greece (Sama and Löbl 2010). It is recorded from the Gerania Mountains near Luthraki, Athens, Taygetos Mountains near Trypi (Danilevsky 2007), Beozia, Tithorea, Parnassus Mountains and Mani Peninsula in the Peloponnesus (H. Brustel pers. com., 2015). Its EOO is 12,300 km², and its AOO is 28 km².

population:
This is a rare species, present at few localities. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, and it presumably lives in deciduous forests and trees, developing in small branches of Quercus coccifera (kermes oak). Adults can be found on flowers.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs at Gerania Mountains which is a protected area. Further research on the ecology, population size, life history and potential threats to this species is necessary.

redListAssessors:
Verdugo, A., Buse, J., Galante, E., Mendez, M. & Bartolozzi, L.


taxonomicNotes:
Close to P. globulicollis Mulsant, 1839, and not considered separate from that species by some authors, both being referred to under the name P. kaehleri (Bense 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:  classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, lives in a very common habitat and faces no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, lives in a very common habitat and faces no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, in central and south-eastern Europe as far west as France and parts of Spain and Portugal; not present in the north (Bense 1995). It is also found in Minor Caucasus and northern Iran. 

In Romania it is widespread, and in Hungary this species is distributed in the hilly and lower mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it has been recorded from only two sites in the north (one in the 19th century, the other in the early 1980s) (Oliveira 1893, Zuzarte 1983). In Germany there are only old records before 1900 or 1950 from southern, middle and eastern German states: Bayern, Hessen, Rheinland-Pflaz, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Sachsen, and one record after 1950 from Baden-Württemberg. In Switzerland it is only present in the south. It is Extinct in Poland. It has been reported from Istanbul (Oymen 1987) and Kırklareli, in European Turkey (Malmusi and Saltini 2005).

population:
This is a difficult species to find and study as it lives in the canopy level of trees. 

In France it is widespread, common in the south but declining in thenorth. In Italy it is widespread and common, on mainland and Sicily, not present in Sardinia. In Spain it is very localized, not abundant (30 localities). In the Czech Republic is very rare, nearly Extinct and recent records are reported from warmer areas. In Slovakia it is common. In Ukraine it is  local but relatively not rare. In Romania it is not rare. In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The female beetles lay eggs on the bark of thin dead dry branches (diameter 2-3 cm) attached to dead trees or on living trees, but not fallen branches. The larvae hatch after three or four days and develop in the dead wood. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Ulmus, Paliurus,  Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Castanea, Fagus, Populus, Prunus, Amygdalus). Pupation in spring in the wood, three weeks duration; the adults emerge in V-VIII, and are found on the host plants and feeding at flowers. The life cycle is two or three years.

In Hungary it lives in light thermophilous oak forests (Turkey oak and white oak). In Romania it has been reported from oak forests and also occurs in the plain forests, up to beech forest, also in old orchards withJuglans (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in thermophilic broadleaved forests and open stands. In Slovakia it has been found in orchards. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, it is using a common habitat. Habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management (e.g. Hungary). Also replacement of native oak forests with others species of trees poses a threat.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed, however an effective protection of the old oak stands is necessary. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). 

The species is legally protected in Hungary and it is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Purpuricenus niclocles is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,059 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), and there is a projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the increase of forest fires and urbanisation - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus and it has been reported from the south and west slopes of the Troodos  Mountains (300-1,200 m) in Cedar Valley, Orites Forest, Eledio, Kellaki, Odou (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Its EOO is 1,059 km², and its AOO is 20 km².

population:
This species is very rare and local (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is considered that the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This beetle is found in maquis shrubland with Quercus coccifera, also in Pinus brutia and Cedrus brevifolia forests with understory of Quercus alnifolia. The larvae develop in branches and twigs of Quercus coccifera and Quercus alnifolia. Adults found on the host plants. Its status as a saproxylic is in doubt as the larvae are thought to develop in live woody tissues rather than dead ones. This species occurs at elevations between 300 and 1,200 m ASL.

threats:
This species does not appear to be currently threatened because it develops in the twigs of a common maquis shrub. However, the increase of forests fires and urbanization may severely affect the population in the future.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Although the species occurs in a protected area, it does not appear to be affected by that protection. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance and hosting trees of this species in order adapt management measures to the requirements of the species.

redListAssessors:
Verdugo, A., Buse, J., Mendez, M., Galante, E. & Bartolozzi, L.

redListContributors:
Nieto, A., Petrakis, P., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J., Pettersson, R. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000km², its distribution is severely fragmented,   probably with all individuals in fewer than five locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat.
   EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)) , because its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000km², its distribution is severely fragmented,   probably with all individuals in fewer than five locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat.

range:
This species occurs in Turkey and Cyprus. The population in Turkey has a wider range. In Cyprus it has been reported from the south and west slopes of Troodos Mountains (500-1,200 m): Panagia, Chrysorrogiatissa, Vretsia, Platres, Foini, Pera Pedi (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
The population size and trend for this species in Cyprus has not been quantified (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
In Cyprus it is found in maquis, forests and orchards. The adults are attracted to ripe fruits and to sugar or wine baits, for feeding. Adults also feed at flowers on occasion, especially onEchinopsspinosissimus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
No information available. The major threat to this species is forest fires. Degradation of its habitat and decline in the extent of suitable habitat are additional threats.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the population trends of this species.  The species occurs in a protected area, but is not actually directly protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Purpuricenus renyvonae/caucasicus: this complex is diffuse from south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus, and the whole of Turkey and Crimea. It is divided into many species and subspecies but a revision of this complex must be prepared to understand well the situation. Some experts indicate that P. renyvonae and the subspecies of caucasicus recently described by Danilevsky from Crimea are absolutely the same. Th subspecies caucasicus lives in northern Turkey and in the Caucasus. In southern and south-eastern Turkey caucasicus is substituted from other species (cornifrons, longevittatus, nudicollis and so on). The biology of this group is not very clear. Some species live on live twigs of  deciduous trees (mainly Quercus and Prunus) and the larvae girdle the twigs to dry the wood (R. di Cialla pers. comm. 209.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:   listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements, threats, population size and trend and conservation status. 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements, threats, population size and trend and conservation status.

range:
This species is believed to be distributed in south-eastern Europe including Bulgaria, north-eastern Greece, Crete, and Macedonia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but the details of its ecology are not well understood.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across a band from Fennoscandia and Britain to south eastern Europe, through central and western Europe (Bense 1995). It is also found in northern Africa, Asia Minor, Caucasus, northern Iran.

In Germany is is present in all States. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas;rarer in forested areas of the lowlands. In Romania it has been reported mainly from the south-western part. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Oymen 1987).

In Portugal it has been recorded from four sites in the northernmost area, only one is recent (Soares-Vieira and Grosso-Silva 2003). In Britain it is primarily known from a restricted area in the England/Wales border counties.
In Finland it was recorded in Helsinki during 1917-1919 but only a temporary population in imported timber. Not considered as native species.

population:
A widespread and common species over much of Europe with some declining population at the edges of its distribution.

In central Europe it is a very common species. In particular in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as one of  the most common longicorns in the oak forests. In Romania it is not a common species. In Ukraine it is common, especially in forests and in the steppe-forest zones. The population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.

In Italy and Spain it is common and in France it is very common. In the UK it is confined to a small area of mid Wales and neighbouringEnglish counties, but there area strong population here and its range appears to be expanding, although possibly due to incidental translocation by people (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under the bark of dead branches and trunks of broad-leaved trees (especially inQuercus, also inCarpinus, Aesculus, Fagus, Castanea, Ulmus, Malus, Betula). The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in autumn or in spring in the wood, sometimes under the bark. Adults are active in V-VI, and are found on the host-plants. In Ukraine adults emerge in IV-VI and eggs are placed under bark and in cracks of wood. The adults are sun-loving beetles, basking in sheltered sunny situations, and active fliers when the air temperature is relatively warm and humid; it is not known to be attracted to blossom. 

In Hungary this species occurs in various types of oak forests, including managed forests. In Germany it lives in oak forests. In Romania it has been reported from old oaks forests; the occupied logs of trees transported between warehouses may favour the development and increase the number of this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). UK sites are mainly historic parklands and ancient wood pastures, but also it is known from a few woodlands. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology ofthis species for European Turkey.

threats:
Clearance of dead trees and fallen branches could be a threat, especially in range edge situations. Also canopy closure in woodlands, leading to loss of sheltered sunny places for the adults.

conservationAction:
The single and most important population for many decades in the UK is Moccas Park which is a protected site. It is also present in protected areas in Hungary, Romania, etc.

It is included in the British Red Data Book as Endangered although this is very out of date (1987).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A., Mannerkoski, I., Tezcan, S., Horák, J., Istrate, P., Alexander, K. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon dead and dry veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon dead and dry veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widely distributed in south-eastern Europe including some of the islands in the Mediterranean and extending to southern Russia, European part of Turkey and southern Anatolia. It  is widespread in Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009) and has been reported from Istanbul (Canakcıoglu 1993).

Also found in the Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan).

population:
There is little information about the abundance of this species. This species has a patchy distribution and is not common. Many different populations occur in southern Bulgaria, in particular in Veleka River, Rodopi and Pirin Mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). The population size has not been quantified but the trend is decreasing slowly but constantly, based on the continuing decline of the large, dead, dry trees that it inhabits. The last record of the species in the European part of Turkey was in 1997, records from Anatolia are more than 12 years old.

In Cyprus the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species locally is not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in large, dry dead trunks of broad-leaved trees such asQuercus sp., Platanus orientalis, Pinus,Liquidamber orientalis and Ficus carica. In Cyprus it is found in river valleys, forests and orchards. It requires sun-exposed trees and open forests. This species has only been reported in very large trees. The adult is crepuscular and nocturnal, VI-VIII (Canakcıoglu 1993), and attracted to light (P. Istrate pers.comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by removal of large trees, particularly replacement of the native oak andPlatanus orientalis old forests with other species. Modern forest management does not benefit this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Some of the well known populations in Bulgaria are inside preserved natural areas from Rodopi, Pirin Mountains, Veleka (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). However action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species has not high value for sell or exchange.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Rhagium bifasciatum is widely distributed in central Europe, northern Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common across Europe, except in the northern parts. It occurs in various forest types and develops in the decaying wood of several host tree species. No serious threats have been reported; it can be found in conifer plantations, as well as managed forests.

range:
Rhagium bifasciatum is widely distributed in central Europe, northern Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus (Sama 2002, Özdikmen 2014, Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, it is widespread and common from Ireland and the UK to western Ukraine (Бартенев 2004). Its presence is uncertain in Latvia (Telnov 2004), Lithuania (Alekseev 2007), and Estonia. It is absent from Sweden and Finland (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Heliövaara et al. 2004), and all the indications for European Russia are based on doubtful records that need to be confirmed (Danilevsky 2014). The species becomes rarer and is more localised in the mountains  of southern and southeastern Europe, from Portugal to Italy (including Sicily, Sparacio 1999),and the Balkans and to Bulgaria (Sama 2002).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its distribution range. Sláma (1998) reports an absence of effects on a subpopulation of Rhagium bifasciatum despite several dead individuals found in Scolytinae traps.

habitat:
This species is found in various forest types from plains to montane forests. The larva has been described many times and its biology detailed by many authors (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Bense 1995, Berger 2012). It is highly polyphagous, including deadwood of conifers (Picea, Abies, Pinus, Larix) and broadleaf trees (Fagus, Quercus, Castanea, Corylus, Sarothmnus, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Carpinus, Populus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, and more). However, it seems to prefer conifers. The larva develops in decayed wood of large woody debris, of various sizes, but always with high moisture content and in shady situations. It excavates long galleries which become filled with frass. The same wood piece can hostseveral generations (Sláma 1998). The life cycle takes two or three years, with pupation taking place in the breeding material. The adults overwinter in the  pupal cells and are active from April to July, mainly visible on the host trees, but also feeding at blossoms.

threats:
This species may be threatened by forestry activities since these activities lead to the removal of its breeding material. However, this longhorn is also able to exploit conifer plantations (Berger 2012) and commercially extracted forests. Thus, the threat from forestry is considered to be weak and to occur only at a local scale.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe and requires no special conservation measures.

useAndTrade:
Specimens were offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Rhagium inquisitor is widespread in Europe and in the Holarctic region. It lives in various coniferous forests and on many tree species including conifers and broadleaf trees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common throughout its range and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Rhagium inquisitor has a Holarctic distribution and occurs widely across Europe, Asia, North America (Canada) and southwards to Mexico (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). Sama (2002) reports relict subpopulations in North Africa. The species is widely distributed in Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). In Europe, this species is widespread and very common over most of the continent. In European Russia, it is widely present, reaching the Komi Republic in the north and the Orenburg region in the south (Татаринова et al. 2007, Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In Ukraine, it is present in most of the country, including the eastern part (Мартынов and Писаренко 2004). In the UK it is confined to the Scottish Highland pine forests, and is absent from Ireland (Alexander and Anderson 2012).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its distribution range. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in coniferous forests, from thermophilous places to the most boreal, north to the Polar Circle, up to the 70°N parallel (Heliövaara et al. 2004). It also lives in conifer plantations (Berger 2012). The larval morphology and biology have been published by many authors, especially Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990).  The larva lives exclusively under the bark on dead stems. The host trees are mostly coniferous (Pinus, Abies, Picea, Larix, Cedrus spp.) and occasionally Betula, Fagus and Quercus spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Various kinds of dead wood are used but the roots are avoided. Recently dead trees are preferred, but dry wood can be colonised  sometimes. The life cycle is very fast, taking only one year. The pupation occurs under the bark. Adults are visible from May to July on the host trees, and overwinter in the pupal cell beneath dead bark.

threats:
This species may be threatened by forestry activities  since these activities remove its breeding material. However, this longhorn also  lives in conifer plantations (Berger 2012) and in managed forests. Thus, the threat from forestry is considered to be weak and to occur only at a local  scale.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas throughout Europe. No research or conservation action is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Rhagium mordax  is widespread in Europe and lives in  various broadleaf and mixed forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is very common and no serious threats to it have been reported.

range:
Rhagium mordax is distributed across Europe and Siberia. In Europe, it is common and widespread in the north, but very rare, localised and confined to mountains towards the south (Spain, Balkans) (Sama 2002, González Peña et al. 2007, Berger 2012). It occurs in nearly all European Russia (Danilevsky 2014), the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007), and Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). In Ukraine, it is only present in the mountains of the western part and in the centre of the country, while in the southeast it needs to be confirmed (Мартынов and Писаренко 2004, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Zamoroka et al. 2012).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common across most of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in various forest types, mostly broadleaf but also mixed montane forests. It has a polyphagous diet, mainly based on deciduous trees. The larval biology was described many times and there are several publications on its biology. Host trees are mainly broadleaf: Fagus, Quercus, Castanea, Cerasus, Carpinus, Acer, Betula, Populus, Tilia, Alnus, Sorbus spp., but also conifers Abies, Picea, Pinus spp. (Duffy 1953, Cherepanov  1990, Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995, Kovács 1997, Kovács and Hegyessy 2000, Martínez-Porres Cáceres and Diego Barquín 2001). The larva lives exclusively in or under the bark of old stumps, moist fallen  stems or thick dead branches. The life cycle takes two to three years (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Pupation occurs under the bark in late summer and adults overwinter in the pupal cells. They are active on host trees and are attracted to flowers from May to July.

threats:
This species may be threatened by forestry activities  since these remove the breeding material it needs. However there is no sign of a serious adverse effect on the population at the moment.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas across Europe. No specific conservation action or research is needed.

useAndTrade:
Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B.  Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Rhagium sycophanta is widespread in Europe and lives in mature broadleaf forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and is very  common. In addition, no major threats have been reported to it.

range:
Rhagium sycophanta occurs in Europe, north Anatolian Turkey (Alkan and Erğolu 2001) and western Siberia. In Europe, it has a wide distribution centred in France, Poland, and Russia (Sama 2002). Inthe northern half of Europe, it is more common and reaches its northern limit in the Baltic Republics (Telnov 2004, Alekseev 2007), especially in Latvia where it is very rare (Telnov et al. 2006), Denmark and the south of Sweden (Bílý and Mehl 1989). Inthe southern half, it is rarer but cited from many countries: Portugal with one locality (González Peña et al. 2007),Spain, Italy and Sicily (Baviera and Sparacio 2004). It is also present in the Balkans, including the north of Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012), Greece and European Turkey (Georgiev et al. 2015). In Ukraine, it does not reachCrimea  and it is local in the southeast (Мартынов and Писаренко 2004, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). In European Russia, its eastern limit seems to be the Udmurtia and Ulyanovsk regions (Дедюхин 2005, Шаповалов 2012), while in the north, it reaches Leningrad and Estonia, and in the south the Volgograd and Rostov regions (Danilevsky 2014).

habitat:
This species is found in mature broadleaf forests as well as open wood pasture situations (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It prefers oak (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea spp.) trees (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989) but many other host trees have been reported, such as Betula, Alnus, Tilia and Fagus species. The larva feeds under the bark of stumps, fallen stems and thick dead branches. Both Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Palm (1959) found larvae and pupae under the soil surface, in buried wood or roots. However, this habit may depend on the local microclimate, especially humidity, as a high moisture content is needed for the breeding material. The life cycle takes two or three years with pupation occurring under the bark (Palm 1959). The adults overwinter in the  pupal cells.

threats:
This species may be threatened by forestry activities that remove its breeding material. It is linked to old growth oak forests which are in decline in central Europe (J. Buse, pers. comm. 2016). On the other hand, this longhorn is regularly reported from managed forests. Thus, forestry is not considered a major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in many protected areas across its European range. It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (Schmidl and Büche in press).

useAndTrade:
This species is offered for sale on the internet. Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B.  Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


taxonomicNotes:
Rhamnusium bicolor features a wide variety of colourings, which has led to the description of nine subspecies and a number of varieties and aberrations (Danilevsky 2016PAL). Here, the assessment follow the conclusions of  Danilevsky (2012, 2014, 2016EU), with only one species and five subspecies in Europe:  Rhamnusium bicolor bicolor (Schrank, 1781) in all of Europe; R.b. testaceipenne Pic, 1897 occurs in Crimea, along the Black sea coast in the Krasnodar region to Georgia and north-eastern Turkey; R.b. graecum Schaufuss, 1862 is from the Balkans; R.b. demaggii Tippmann, 1956 and R.b. italicum Müller, 1966 are localised in Italy; R.b. constans Danilevsky, 2012 occurs in the entire territory of European Russia; R.b. lenkoranum Danilevsky, 2012 is present from East Transcaucasia to the south of Armenia, Azerbaijan and northern Iran; virgo Voet, 1778 is a nomen nudum after Bílý and Mehl (1989).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU)

Rhamnusium bicolor is widely distributed in Europe. Its habitats are mainly rural gardens, pastureland and urban parks. It is rare everywhere but also hard to find. It lives in hollow and dead parts of living deciduous trees - veteran trees - mainly Aesculus, Populus, Platanus and Tilia. 

This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since a population reduction has occurred in the past ten years, and this reduction may approach the thresholds for a threatened category (30% reduction in the population size), even though an exact percentage is difficult to calculate. This is based on the ongoing decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality. In addition, the population reduction is expected to continue in the near future. Even though an exact percentage of reduction is hard to calculate, the available evidence points to a serious ongoing decline, and the species may qualify for a threatened category in the near future. 

This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is smaller than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. There is an ongoing disappearance of its host trees for various reasons such as urban development, public safety concerns, and fungal diseases.Research is needed into the population and habitat trends in order to document the decrease in distribution range. The regular renewal of potential host trees in the surroundings of ancient hosts is the key to keeping subpopulations viable.

range:
Rhamnusium bicolor is widely distributed across Europe, from the north of the Pyrenees to the Urals, including the Asian part of the Orenburg region, northwest Kazakhstan, along the Volga river valley. The species occurs in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, north Iran, the whole of Anatolia and Syria (Danilevsky 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, it is widely distributed from the north of Spain (González Peña et al. 2007) and France (Berger 2012) to Poland and Russia. In the Baltic Republics, it is reported from Estonia (Bílý and Mehl 1989) and Latvia (Telnov 2004). In Belarus, it is present in a large part of the territory (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), while in Finland, a single locality was known from 1966 to the 1980s (Heliövaara et al. 2004). It does not live in Russian Karelia, Norway or Denmark (Bílý and Mehl 1989). In the south of Europe, it occurs in Italy and Sicily (Sparacio 1999), the Balkans toward European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014), from Slovenia to Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996), and from Bulgaria to Ukraine (Sama 2002), including Crimea where it is more local toward Donetsk (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). In European Russia, the species is present everywhere from the latitude of Moscow to Ural and in the south, near Rostov and Volgograd (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 7.6 million km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,500 km². In the EU 28, the EOO is around 4.2 million km² and the AOO is larger than 1,500 km² (but probably lower than 2,000 km²).

population:
This species is reported to be rare and its special biology of breeding in solitary veteran trees makes it very vulnerable as a result of regulardisappearances of the host trees and - with them - the species. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing. In the EU 28, known localities are far from one another, making recolonisation of lost localities difficult. Most of the subpopulations and small and isolated, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28. Since it develops over one to three years or more, a period of three generations is considered to be around ten years.

habitat:
This species is found in solitary broadleaf trees. Those trees can be in open forests, pastureland, rural areas or in urban parks, as well as in cities - in the centre of Paris for example (Berger 2012). The host trees are mainly Aesculus, Populus, Platanus (Berger 2005) and Tilia, but also Ulmus, Acer, Fagus,   Juglans, Salix, Carpinus, Robinia and Liquidambar spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995, Sama 2002, Cebeci and Özdikmen 2010). The larva was described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990). It develops over one to three years or more, in hollows or behind ancient wounds of living trees (Berger 2012); veteran trees. The larva feeds in the dead woody parts in contact with living tissues. Pupation occurs in the wood and the adults generally emerge in the hollow and more rarely outside of the host tree. Adults are reported from April to September and are active at every time of the day, not only  crepuscular or nocturnal (Texier 2009). Rearing has shown a significant mortality among the larvae but also that the same tree can host many generations. One cubic meter of wood can host 40 specimens. The females can lay nearly 100 eggs (Texier 2009).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the destruction of its host trees. When the tree is cut, the species disappears within the year (Berger 2012). In rural gardens and cities, ancient living trees and hollowed trees are being removed for safety reasons or for urbanisation purposes. A fungal disease - Ceratocystis platani - leads to a fast death of infected trees, and the affected trees are being felled and removed for safety reasons. This is leading to massive removal of Platanus in the towns of southern Europe (for example in the Mediterranean part of France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). This threat, together with elm disease, is very serious and continuously ongoing throughout Europe, and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Latvia (Telnov 2004) and in Switzerland. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004) and as Vulnerable in Germany (Schmidl and Büche in press). It occurs in protected areas in Europe, e.g. in theBiałowieża forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). It is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016). Research is needed into the population and habitat trends in order to document the decrease in distribution range. The regular renewal of potential host trees in the surroundings of ancient hosts is the key to keeping subpopulations viable.

useAndTrade:
The species is traded among collectors. Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B.  Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


range:
This species is believed to be confined to European Russia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is polyphagous, but mostly lives in broad-leaved trees. Larvae develop in dry standing or fallen dead trees, feeding under the bark and later pupating within the wood below (Sama 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern because this species is rare in some parts of its range but common in others. There are no major threats and the species prefers a wide variety of host trees, it is also believed that the species is undersampled.

 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern because this species is rare in some parts of its range but common in others. There are no major threats and the species prefers a wide variety of host trees, it is also believed that the species is undersampled.

range:
This species is widespread across a central band of Europe, east to west; absent from Fennoscandia (Bense 1995).

In Germany this species is widespread but missing in three German states, in six states there are only oldrecords, recent records (after 1950) only in Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Niedersachsen. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; occurs also in riverine forests in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread especially in the hilly areas; some records are from the plain with forests, in the southern part of the country.
In Denmark it is Extinct (2005) and has not been found in the country in over 100 years. Also Extinct in Austria. It has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953, Erdem and Canakcıoglu1977, Oymen 1987) and from Edirne (Ozdikmen and Sahin 2006) in European Turkey.

It also occurs in northern Iran, Minor Asia, Caucasus and western Kazakhstan.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries.  In Ukraine and Romania it is a usual species. The population size and trend have not been quantified for Hungary and Turkey, although the species is regarded in Hungary as quite frequent in its localities. In France it is common. In Italy it is quite common with many records. In Greece there are many records. 

In contrast, it appears to be rare in other countries. In Germany this species is rare and declining. In the Czech Republic it is rare, once believed to be extinct but new records have been found. In Spain it is also rare, there are very old records, only one recent record and only three populations known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The eggs are laid on dry dead branches and thin tree trunks, and hatch after near two or three weeks. Polyphagous in a wide range of broad-leaved trees (Acer, Alnus, Castanea, Fagus, Quercus, Corylus, Salix, Malus, Prunus, Tilia, Rhamnus, Ulmus, Juglans, Paliurus, Pistacia, Populus). The larvae develop under the bark and pupate in the spring in the wood. The adults emerge in V-VIII, and are found on host-plants and feeding at flowers. The life cycle is two years. 

The species inhabits temperate forest and shrubland, vineyards and orchards. In Hungary it occurs in various deciduous forest types (mainly in oak and beech) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is especially found in the oak forests, where the larvae develop on the dead branches ofAcer tatarica. Sometimes adults have been found in association with another longhorn beetlePurpuricenus kaehleri (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey larvae develop in Quercus, Castanea, Salix, Vitis (Schimitschek 1953).

threats:
There are no major threats known and it is assumed that the species has been undersampled. 

In Hungary the species is not threatened, because host plants are available all over its range. In Romania the clearance of dead branches can be a threat, especially where there are low number of individuals (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No measures are needed. Monitoring and research on its distribution are recommended.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany (2009) and as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005).

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Tezcan, S., Mico, E., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe from France to south-eastern Europe; it is absent from much of the north and south (Bense 1995). In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it was reported from the hilly areas in Transylvania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It has also been reported from the European part of Turkey without giving exact locality (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997).

population:
The species is uncommon across its range. It is considered uncommon in Italy and in the Balkans (Sama 2002); also in Romania. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified but it is quite rare (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively rare.It is present in all German states, but for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein there are only old records.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Acer, Alnus, Castanea, Fagus, Quercus, Ostrya, Corylus, Prunus, Ulmus, Juglans, Rosa, Malus, Pyrus, Vitis) and shrubs (vineVitis, dog-roseRosa). Larvae develop under the bark of dead twigs and  branches. Life cycle takes two years, with pupation in spring, in the wood. Adults emerge in May - July, and are found on host- plants and feeding at flowers. In Hungary this species occurs in various deciduous forest types, mainly in thermophilous oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it lives in in oak and beech forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). This species only appears in early spring when entomologists are mostly not out in the field, and hence it tends to be under-recorded.

threats:
Habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  The major threat in Romania is the replacement of native oak forests with others species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas in Hungary, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it was reported from non protected areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). The species is not considered threatened in Germany. FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Mannerkoski, I., Putchkov, A., Tykarski, P., Mason, F., Dodelin, B. & Tezcan, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because the species is suspected to be endemic to Europe with a very scattered and rare distribution with many records now old. It seems to be declining in some parts of its distribution area although it is a polyphagous species with suitable habitat available. There is some local habitat decline. The species is assessed as Near Threatened as it could approach Criterion B2 and further research is necessary in order to define whether it belongs into a higher threat category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because the species is suspected to be endemic to Europe with a very scattered and rare distribution with many records now old. It seems to be declining in some parts of its distribution area although it is a polyphagous species with suitable habitat available. There is some local habitat decline. The species is assessed as Near Threatened as it could approach Criterion B2 and further research is necessary in order to define whether it belongs into a higher threat category.

range:
This species occurs in south-eastern Europe and on the French and Italian borders (Bense 1995). It is also found in central Europe. In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous regions and in Romania it has only been reported from the south, in the lowland area. In France it is localised in the south-eastern Alps (Bense 1995).

Also recorded from the Atlas mountains in northern Africa, but those could relate to a different species. In this case the species could be regarded as European endemic.

population:
This species is quite rare in Europe but its population trend is unknown. 

In Hungary it is very rare, although the population size and trend have not been quantified. In Romania it is also very rare - only one population was discovered 50 years ago (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France it is considered as a rare species but can be common locally in the south-eastern Alps (Allemandet al. 2009) and is the rarest of allRopalopusspecies occurring in France. In Italy there are ten populations, in Spain there are three populations in the south, and in Turkey one population in Istanbul (but it is an old record). In the former Yugoslavia there are several records. In Bulgaria at least two records. In Greece it is only present in the north and it is not rare. In Austria there are only historic and doubtful records. In Ukraine it is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Mostly a montane species; the larvae develop in damaged parts of living trees (big branches or trunks), feeding sub-cortically on dead or dying wood in contact with living tissue (but the young larvae feed on the sapwood under bark of healthy branches or trunks). The host trees are broad-leaves, especially inAcer,also in Ficus, Fraxinus, Alnus, Fagus. The larvae pupate in the wood and the adults emerge in June - August. The adults are active in the canopy of the host plants, although are sometimes found hidden amongst moss or in decayed parts of trunks and big branches (Sama 2002). It is suspected that the species needs a warm climate. It can also be found on road verges or inFicus plantations. In Hungary it is found in old undisturbed forests where old maples are found (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania larvae develop on Acer andPseudoplatanus, in old oak forests. In southern Europe, on Ficus carica(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Habitat loss is a main threat. Removal of maples from the forests is the main cause of the rarity of this species in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania forest fragmentation and replacement of native species with new introduced species of trees are affecting the species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Research on its habitat preferences and ecology as well as monitoring are necessary and an effective protection of the maple stands is necessary.

This species is present in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). The species is legally protected in Hungary. It is listed as Vulnerable in Italy (Sama 2006).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is used by beetle collectors in exchange for different large beetles.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Not Applicable, as this species has a marginal distribution in Europe. The species is mainly found in Asia and in Europe it is only present in Crimea, and southern Russia.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as this species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is believed to be found in Europe only on the Black Sea coast (Sama 2002). It also occurs in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Iran and Minor Asia.
In Ukraine it is only present in Crimea - this is therefore thought to be a marginal species to Europe.

population:
In Ukraine the species is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead branches and trunks of maplesAcerwhich are very rare in Crimea, the only part of its European range.Adults are active in VI-VIII.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is distributed in central and eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Austria there are only a few records in the eastern part, while in Switzerland there are only doubtful historical records. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943) and from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen 2008) in European Turkey. It also occurs in the Caucasus, northern Iran, Turkey and Minor Asia.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries.
  It is a usual species in Ukraine. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as moderately common in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is quite common in the hills and at the foot of the Carpathians (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is very rare but there are recent records; is it is only present in Bayern and Sachsen-Anhalt. In the Czech and Slovak Republics it is common, but only in warmer areas. In Poland there are no recent records. The population size and trend have not been quantified for Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under the bark of dead branches; mostly of broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Quercus, Juglans, Castanea, Rosaceae) and shrubs. It has also been found onAbies. The life cycle is two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in IV-VIII, and are found on the host-plants and attracted to flowers for feeding. 

The species mainly lives in natural habitats. In Hungary this species occurs in various deciduous forest types, mainly in thermophilous oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has generally been reported from deciduous forests, especially oak, but there are a few records from limeTilia and willowSalix. The reports from European Turkey are that larvae develop in Alnus, Quercus and Rosaceous plants (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953).

threats:
No major threats to this species are known. In Hungary habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the replacement of native habitat and some unusual forest management activities are threatening this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No measures are needed. Monitoring and research on its distribution are recommended.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Data Deficient in Germany (2009).

redListAssessors:
Alexander KNA, Horák, J., Tezcan, S., Mico, E., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. There are doubts over the extent of occurrence of this species - it is thought to be endemic to Sicily but there are doubtful records from Greece, Cyprus, European part of Turkey and northern Africa. In view of these uncertainties, and the absence of information on its population size and trendsthis species may be listed as Data Deficient. If the records of the species in other countries were dismissed, and the species were endemic to Sicily it would likely be Near Threatened (it was assessed as Vulnerable in Italy), so further research on its taxonomy, provenance, abundance and ecology are needed. 

EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km², it is severely fragmented, and its Area of Occupancy may be declining, thus making the species close to classifying for Vulnerable. In the EU the species is known from five localities in Italy and two in Greece and its presence in Cyprus is uncertain. More information is needed about the taxonomy, provenance, abundance and ecology of the species.

range:
It is believed to be endemic to Sicily (Bense 1995) where it is known from five localities. However, there are also two records in Greece (J. Schmidl pers. comm. 2009) and old records from the European part of  Turkey (exact locality unknown) (Winkler 1924-1932), but some experts believe that these may be mistaken records for other, related, species. It may be present in Cyprus and northern Africa (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The species is difficult to find in the wild so it is difficult to make estimates of its population abundance or trends.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Develops in mapleAcerspecies, the larvae feeding under the bark on dead sections of tree trunks (Bense 1995).

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Italian Red List. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Additional studies are required to determine the extent of occurrence of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because the species is highly dependent on oldAcer trees which have to be in open stands. Its distribution in Europe is very scattered and localised and it is rare everywhere. Its habitat is declining as the openAcer stands need management, and overshading and overgrowing are the biggest threats. It is assumed that the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)), because the species is highly dependent on oldAcer trees which have to be in open stands. Its distribution in Europe is very scattered and localised and it is rare everywhere. Its habitat is declining as the openAcer stands need management, and overshading and overgrowing are the biggest threats. It is assumed that the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

range:
This species is an Endemic species to Europe that is widespread across central and eastern Europe (Bense 1995).

In Hungary it is very rare in the hilly and lower mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it is largely distributed along the north-eastern border of the country (Alsace, Jura, Rhône-Alps); it is not overlapping the distribution ofR. insubricus (Bense 1995, Villiers 1978). In Germany the records are after 1950 from Baden-Württemberg, Bayern and Nordrhein-Westfalen, and old records from before 1950 from Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen and Sachsen. It is extinct in Switzerland.

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and has a very scattered distribution.

  In Ukraine it is relatively rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified but the species is very rare (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it is a rare species but with a large distribution. In Italy there are 30 localized populations in mainland Italy. In Romania there is only one record from before 1900.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of dying or dead branches and trunks of broad-leaved trees (especiallyAcer, rarely also inFicus, Fraxinus, Alnus, Fagus, Salix), and pupate in the wood; the species prefers thick and sturdy trees. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, and are found on the host-plants. The beetle prefers solitary trees or open stands of trees, at the edges of forests or coppices, and pollarded trees - the trees of the old cultural landscape are important rather than forest trees.

In Hungary it is found in old undisturbed forests where old maples are found. In the Czech Republic it lives in open stand trees, open canopy and does not like shade. In France larvae are xylophagous onAcer pseudoplatanus; they use trunks and large branches, also the exposed roots (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Shading of habitat and loss of traditional management systems are major threats to this species.

  In Hungary habitat loss is a main threat. Removal of maples from the forests is the main cause if the rarity of this species (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France habitat loss, especially of oldAcer in hedges of the agricultural landscape and forests.

conservationAction:
Protection of open stands with oldAcer, as the species prefers thick and sturdy trees, continuation of the stand management and pollarding of trees are conservation measures that should be promoted for the conservation of this species. 

In Hungary most of the known localities fall within protected areas; an effective protection of the maple stands isnecessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is listed as Vulnerable in Italy (Sama 2006) and in Germany (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
R. spinicornis (Abeille, 1869) is considered a synonym in Bense (1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because the species has a wide distribution although is rare throughout its range. It lives on the dead branches and twigs of living oaks, a habitat that is not declining.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because the species has a wide distribution although is rare throughout its range. It lives on the dead branches and twigs of living oaks, a habitat that is not declining.

range:
This species is widely distributed in south, central and eastern Europe (Bense 1995).

population:
It is widespread in central Europe but rare.

In Germany it is present in most German States and regions, but often only old records. Records after 1950: Bayern, Baden-Württemberg, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niedersachsen, Brandenburg and Thüringen -  might be under-sampled. In Spain it is widespread but with very scattered localities, less than 20 localities. In Italy there are 11 localities. In the Czech and Slovak Republics it is widespread but rare. In Ukraine it is very rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified but it is considered rare.

habitat:
It lives only onQuercus; records from different trees (e.g. fruit trees) must be regarded as incorrect. It prefers trees of small and medium size (commonly onQ, petraea in central Europe andQ. pubescens in southern Europe). The young larval instars interrupt the sap circulation by girdling the attacked living twig. The larvae then continue feeding subcortically on the dying part of the twig and later start consuming even the grain of the twig. Before pupation the larvae build a pupal cell in the living part of the twig (under the first girdle), turn back and cut off the dead part of the twig by girdling it again. Adults are found on the host plants and are attracted to sugar traps (Sama 2002). Adults are active in VI-VIII.As the larvae actually cause the death of the twigs in which they develop, this species is not strictly saproxylic.

In Hungary this species occurs in thermophilous oak forests and extensively cultivated old orchards; in the hilly and lower mountainous regions.

threats:
The threats to this species are mainly unknown but it is suspected that overall it is not threatened. Habitat loss and fragmentation are occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
An effective protection of the white oak stands and old orchards isnecessary. The species occurs in several protected areas in Hungary and it is legally protected in Hungary. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is considered Near Threatened and in Germany - listed asR. spinicornis (Abeille, 1869) - is considered as 'G', which means 'Presumably Endangered' (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. Although this species is threatened in several European countries, the overall wide distribution and high number of records, especially in western Europe, shows that the species is of Least Concern at European level. For those parts of its range where the populations and mainly its habitat is declining, national measures are urgently needed. This applies particularly in regard to the EU Habitats Directive.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. Although this species is threatened in several European countries, the overall wide distribution and high number of records, especially in western Europe, shows that the species is of Least Concern at European level. For those parts of its range where the populations and mainly its habitat is declining, national measures are urgently needed. This applies particularly in regard to the EU Habitats Directive.

range:
This species occurs across a central band of Europe, from east to west; absent in north and south west (Bense 1995). 

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas wherever extensive beechFagus sylvaticaforests occur (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in all Carpathians, where beech forests are present (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it only occurs in the Carpathians. In Italy it is recorded from most mainland regions and Sicily, absent in Sardinia (Sama 2006). Its distribution in France follows those of the beech forests, essentially (seems to be exclusively) among the mountain borders. One population is located at low altitude in the north-west (Charente-Maritime). This special population is not developing on beech as usual but uses alternative broad-leaved trees:Ulmus,Acer (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943) and Kırklareli (Oymen 1987, Malmusi and Saltini 2005). 

It is also found in northern Africa, Major and Minor Caucasus and Minor Asia.

population:
In Europe this species is relatively common over much of its range. In Hungary, Slovakia and probably also in Poland  the species is common or abundant in many localities where host-plants (old, sun-exposed beech trunks) are available. In Romania the size and trend of the population are stable, and the largest populations from Europe are spread in the south-western part of the country, Banat (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). 

In Germany there are records from alpine beech forest: Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, and from Erzgebirge (Sachsen). Other records from other German States are presumably introductions from transported logs. Its population trend is declining. In the Czech Republic there is only one large stable population; there are many historical records but these might be introduced with fuel wood (fallen from transport and collected).
There are many localities known in France but recent declines have been detected, as it is threatened by collection. The species forms small patchy populations in suitable habitats: logged places of large chablis where a big and stable population is hosted by large and old beech forests. The species is able to fly around at least at the distance of two km. Its population functioning is clearly a metapopulation model with a large and stable population as a source and small patchy sites as pits, colonised for three to ten years and then   abandoned (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2007). In Spain its population is stable; its distribution in the north of Spain followsFagus spp.,ca100 localities. In Italy there are 70 localities.

In Greece it is abundant in Rhodope Mountains, in beech forests in central Greece (Olympus Mountains) and there are several localities. In Ukraine it is a rare species. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae first develop on the dead wood of exposed stumps and standing or fallen trunks (but not in contact with the ground); the larvae stay two or three years in the wood. Polyphagous in broadleaved trees (Fagus, Ulmus, Carpinus, Tilia, Castanea, Fraxinus, Juglans, Quercus, Salix, Alnus, Crataegus), although beechFagusis the favoured tree over much of its range. The life cycle is at least two or three years, with pupation in spring or early summer in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, and are found on the host plants. 

The preferred habitats are large open montane beech forests or solitary trees, but also other tree species (see above) can be a habitat especially in southern Europe. In the Alps it prefers beech formations on limestone that are drier. The appropriate beech trees tend to be those that remain standing on remote slopes, where extraction is too laborious and so are not lost to firewood gathering.

In Hungary this species occurs in old, extensive beech forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it lives in old beech forests, sometimes in the south-western part of the country at low level, 200 m (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy and Spain it lives mainly in old beech forests. In Germany it lives in beech forests in the Alps and montane areas, mainly on calcareous stands; breeding in beech and sycamoreAcer pseudoplatanus, but also in wych elmUlmus glabra.
 In France it is found in broadleaved trees where beech is absent. In mountains, larvae are found inFagus sylvatica, it prefers trees that are big (diameter >30 cm) and sun exposed. Freshly dead trees are colonised. Not every beech forest is suitable. The species is located only in the mature forests (managed or not) with trees of more than 40 cm of diameter. The continuity of the deadwood recruitment is essential (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). 
There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
A typical species depending on pastured woodland, open beech forest almost in montane areas. Long decking and late timber hauling are a major threat as the larvae have a long development phase (two or three years). Another major threat is the stacking of extracted timber on the edge of forest as this attracts beetles lying eggs. As the larval cycle is two or three years, a significant part of the population can be removed and destroyed by the subsequent removal of this timber. Stored trunks at the forest border are very attractive forRosaliabut eggs do not have any chances of survival (Duelli and Wermelinger 2005). In France the major threat is the cleaning of the logged stands and the deadwood removal.  Habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of forest management (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2009).
Locally the collection of specimens might pose a threat (Spain, France and Italy).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

It is recommended that stacked timber at the forest edge is not usedbefore four years to enable all larvae (as eggs are laid only on fresh dead wood) to finish their development cycle and enable the beetles to re-establish populations in the forest.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania, France). In particular some stable and important populations occurs in protected areas in the Alps (Forest Biological Reserves) and in the National Park of the Cevennes.

This species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

In Germany, in Bayern and Baden-Württemberg there is a monitoring programme in place according to the EU Habitats Directive.

It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable in Germany (2009) and Least Concern in Spain (Galante and Verdú 2000). It is also included in the Red Book of Ukraine.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. Different aberrations of colour and spots from elitras are popular among colector and therefore it is used in trade for excahange with different tropical beetles.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Rutpela maculata is  widespread in Europe and occurs in deciduous forests where it develops in thin dead branches and stems of several broadleaf trees, conifers and bushes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most  common longhorns in Europe, the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Rutpela maculata is widely distributed from Europe to  Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Sama 2002). This species is one of the most common longhorn beetles in Europe. Its distribution range includes the south of Sweden and Norway (Bílý and Mehl 1989), the UK and Ireland, where it is common (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988), central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy towards Sicily (La Mantia et al. 2010), the Balkans and European Turkey (Danilevsky 2014, Özdikmen 2014). In Finland, it is quite rare, recorded mainly around the Lake Saimaa in the southeast of the country (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In Latvia,it is one of the rarest longhorn species (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013), but it occurs in central Lithuania and in the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007). It is also cited from the west of Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova, and most of European Russia, from the 65°N to the Orenburg and Volgograd regions (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its range and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in many forest types from lowlands to middle montane, as well as across agricultural landscapes wherever there are trees. The larva has been described by many authors and reported from many host trees. The deadwood of broadleaf trees are preferred such as Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea, Salix,  Alnus, Populus, Crataegus, Corylus, Betula, Euonymus, Sarothamnus spp. and  Sambucus nigra (Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 2000). Conifers have also been reported, namely Pinus, Picea, and Abies spp. (Kovács and Hegyessy 1995, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). The larva feeds in small dead branches and stems, down to 1 cm of diameter, in association with white-rot (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The life cycle takes two or three years. Pupation occurs in the wood. Adults are good flyers, very active and attracted to flowers from May to September.

threats:
There are no significant threats to this species, as it can develop in very thin dead wood of almost every woody plant, it survives in plantations and intensively managed forests and is therefore not threatened by forestry.

conservationAction:
This species is known from many protected areas. No research or conservation action is needed.

useAndTrade:
The species can be seen on many websites on nature-oriented photography. It is sometimes offered for sale (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:   listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 
     
 
 EU 27 regional assessment:   listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is distributed throughout much of Europe; in central Europe, from Pyrenees to the Black Sea (Bense 1995) including some of the Nordic and Scandinavian countries. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is present in the north and there is a record in Calabria (south). It has also been reported from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953). It also occurs in southern Russia and Caucasus (Major and Minor).

population:
In Ukraine this species is relatively rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as quite frequent in its habitats (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania there are small populations but it is widespread throughout the country. It is common in the Carpathian forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified. In Germany there are new records after 1950 only from Baden-Würtemberg, Bayern, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen and Brandenburg. In France it is not a rare species. AllSaperdaare hard to find but the use of the feeding signs of the adults inPopulusleaves have permitted numerous observations in Switzerland (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It prefers lime woodTilia for oviposition; reports regarding development in aspen Populus tremula and elmUlmusare probably incorrect. Larvae develop under bark on dead branches and pupate in the wood, under or in the bark. Adults are found on the foliage or branches, or flying nearby (Sama 2002). Life cycle two to three years. Adults emerge in V-VIII, found on leaves, branches and stems of the host plant; they feed on leaves and will eat aspen leaves as well as lime. In Hungary it lives in forests where various species of lime occur, especially in ravine and slope forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been founded on the very fresh cut trunks ofTiliain the south-western Carpathians. It is a nocturnal species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it has been also found in thermophylus forests.

threats:
The species is threatened due to the loss ofTiliatrees. In Hungary it is not threatened because its host plants are widely available, and the ravine and slope forest are usually removed from forest management (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania in the low mountainous areas, where there exist large deciduous forests,  this species is not threatened (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Hungary the species occurs in several protected areas so no specific measurements are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). This species is considered as Data Deficient in Poland and as Endangered in Germany (2009). FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as a decline in its Area of Occupancy has been noted in some parts of its range but it is not enough to meet any of the thresholds in the near future.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as a decline in its Area of Occupancy has been noted in some parts of its range but it is not enough to meet any of the thresholds in the near future.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe, especially in central and north-eastern Europe (Bense 1995) through Eurosiberian subregion and Nordic countries. It is missing in the south-western part and Britain and Ireland. In France and Italy it only occurs in the Alps. It also occurs in Caucasus and northern Africa.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly, mountainous and lowland areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it occurs from the steppe with high grass up to the mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey it is reported from Kırklareli (Sekendiz 1974). In Switzerland it is largely distributed but very localised in suitable places (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). 
In the Czech and Slovak Republics it has a scattered distribution. In Sweden and Finland it is widely distributed but localised.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is locally abundant in some countries. Overall the population trend is unknown, in some parts stable in others slightly declining.
  In Ukraine it is a relatively usual species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as quite frequent in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are only few reports and the population size is small (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified. In Germany there are new records from most states. In France it is not a rare species. AllSaperdaare hard to find but the use of the signs of the adults inPopulus leaves have permitted numerous observations in Switzerland (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The species is found mainly inPopulus, therefore in some parts of Europe it only occurs in flood plains whereas in northern Europe it is widespread following its host-plant. It is a nocturnal species. Larvae develop in and under the bark of sick and dying stems and branches of broad-leaved trees (especially inPopulus tremula, but can be found in other trees such asPopulus sp.,Betulaand inSalix, Pyrus, and beech), especially colonising the shady sides. Life cycle one to two years, with pupation in spring in the sapwood. Adults emerge in V-VIII, crepuscular, found on leaves, branches and stems of the host-plants, attracted by light. Stage of pupa two to three weeks.
In Hungary it lives in indigenous poplar forest and in other forest types where aspen occurs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in floodplain forests, coppice with standards forests.

threats:
Forest management, especial the removal ofPopulus sp., reduces the habitat of this species significantly. In Hungary the species is generally not threatened because its host plants are widely available. However, aspenPopulus tremula is commonly removed from the forest by forestry practice, which results in habitat loss (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany the loss of floodplain forests and breeding trees is a threat.

conservationAction:
Outside the boreal zone the protection of flood plain forests would be a necessary protection measure. 

The species does occur in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). In Germany this species is listed as Vulnerable (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because its preferred habitat is elm trees which are severely declining due to Dutch Elm Disease. The rate of loss of elm trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations).

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because its preferred habitat is elm trees which are severely declining due to Dutch Elm Disease. The rate of loss of elm trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations).

range:
This species is widespread across central, southern and south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995) and extends to some of the Baltic States and to Russia. 

In Hungary and Romania this species is widespread in the hilly, mountainous and lowland regions. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943) and from Kırklareli (S. Tezcanpers. comm. 2009). 

It also occurs in northern Africa and the Caucasus.

population:
It is a widespread, but sporadic species across Europe. There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in some countries but more typically rare and localised..
  In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as quite frequent in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).In the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland it is widespread but rare because it is dependent on elms. In France and Switzerland it is widely distributed but very localized in suitable places. In France, it is more abundant in the western and southern part of the country (Villiers 1978). In Romania the known populations are from the eastern and southern part of the country; it is not too frequent (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is not rare, it is known from a few locations from mainland Italy and two localities from Sicily. In Spain it is rare, there are 18 populations only in the north and north-eastern part; it is also present in the Balearic Islands.In Germany records after 1950 only from Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt and Sachsen. In Cyprus it is very rare and local; only one very old record (1939); it has not been found recently (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The population size and trend have not been quantified for Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of diseased and dying stems and branches of broad-leaved trees (predominantly elmUlmus, only occasionally in oakQuercus and limeTilia); they pupate in shallow cells in the sapwood in the spring (Sama 2002). The life cycle is one or two years. Adults emerge in V-VII, and are predominantly crepuscular and nocturnal; they are found on the leaves, branches and stems of the host-plant. 

In Hungary it lives in forests where various species of elm occur(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from elm forests andlime, also poplar Populus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It has been reported from Ulmus canescens in Cyprus and in France larvae are only known from elm. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
The species is threatened due to Dutch Elm Disease which affects its main host-plants. The removal of sick elms from the forests as well as the danger of elm trees declining are both affecting the species. It is able to go onto other host trees but they are not as appropriate as elms. Forest management such as cutting branches or logging are a further threat.

  The replacement of native forests where this species occurs is a threat to this species in Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the species is not threatened because its host plants are widely available (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The conservation measures are strongly linked to fighting Dutch Elm Disease. Revitalisation of floodplain forests and re-establishment of diverse (in  tree species) mesophilous or moist forest stands. Research on how the species can survive on other host plants is recommended.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). It is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
In Bense (1995), this species is included in Laminae subfamily.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because its population and habitat (twigs and branches of oak trees) appear to be stable and no major threats are known at present. More information is needed about the habitat and threats to the oak trees in the region.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Least Concern because its population and habitat (twigs and branches of oak trees) appear to be stable and no major threats are known at present. More information is needed about the habitat and threats to the oak trees in the region.

range:
This species is believed to be confined to the Balkans (Bense 1995) where it is widely distributed. Although it is described from Hungary this species probably does not occur in Hungary (Sama 2002). It has been reported from the European part of Turkey without giving exact locality (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, however its population may be inferred to be stable on the basis that it requires only oak branches and twigs which are a regularly renewed habitat. It is rare (Sama 2002) but widespread. Very few individuals have been found - the species may be difficult to find, as it lives in branches and twigs and do not require veteran trees.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Its development is inadequately known; the larvae are said to feed inQuercusdeadwood. Adults have been found feeding at thistle blossom (Bense 1995). This is a relic species (Schmidt 1961). In Greece it has been found onQuercus cocciferaandin Turkey on oak.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N.,  Istrate, P. & Putchkov, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, it is common, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 
   EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, it is common, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe except the extreme south west and west (Bense 1995). It also occurs in northern Africa, all Caucasus, Kazakhstan, northern Iran, northern China and Korea.


In Hungary the species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas. In Romania it is widespread in the areas with oak and beech forests. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943).
In Denmark it is common and distributed throughout most of the country (Thomsen 2007). It is present in all German States. In Britain it is best known in the mountainous areas of northern England and northern Scotland, but also occurs in the mountains of north Wales.

population:
A widespread and common species over much of its European range, with stable populations.

  In the Nordic countries this species is common with stable populations. In the UK it has a very localised distribution in parts of northern Britain, associated with hill districts of northern England, north Wales and Scotland. There is no evidence for any decline although some areas have no modern records.

In central Europe this species is common. In particular in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as quite frequent in its habitats. In Romania even if it is widespread nowadays it is quite difficult to find. In Ukraine it is common. In European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified. 
In Italy this species is common while in Spain it is localized but common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops under bark on dead branches and stems of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Alnus, Prunus, Juglans, Acer, Sorbus, Fagus, Quercus, Ulmus, Salix, Populus, Betula, Corylus, Ilex, Carpinus, fruit-trees). The life cycle is between one and three years. Pupation occurs in spring in or under bark or in the sapwood. Adults emerge in IV-VIII, and are found on the leaves, branches and stems of the host plant. It is a crepuscular species. The adults spend most of their lives high in the tree canopies where they feed on live leaves; they are not normally attracted to blossom; the females descend to oviposit into bark crevices of recently dead, mainly standing trunks of large diameter (Rejzek 2002).

It is an old growth species that lives mainly in woodlands and old forests. In Germany it lives in floodplain forests, orchards, and forests with at least some broad-leaved trees. In Hungary this species occurs mainly in old orchards where develops in cherry; sometimes in other forest types, especially in alder, or in oak-hornbeam forests where wild cherry is a typical tree. In Romania it has been reported from willow, elm, etc. in forests. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology ofthis species for European Turkey.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. 

In the UK clearance of dead trees and fallen branches are a threat. In Hungary the abandonment and removal of old orchards is a threat, although the species survives in wild cherry, which is widespread in the forests.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary, Romania). It has Nationally Scarce status in Britain.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Saphanus piceus is endemic to south and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been identified. It lives in broadleaf forests and prefers Common Hazel trees, but is highly polyphagous on small woody debris.

range:
Saphanus piceus is endemic to Europe, with a south and central distribution, from the French Alps to Poland, and western Ukraine (Загайкевич in Danilevsky 2014). It is largely present in the Balkans (Rapuzzi and Sama 1992).In "Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece", Sama and Rapuzzi (1993) recognised a particular subspecies (S. p. ganglbaueri) while S. p. bartolonii occurs in central and southern Greece (Sama 2002). S. p. ganglbaueri was recently reported in Bulgaria by Topalov et al. (2014). An old record from Anatolian Turkey comes from the collection of M. Pic (Danilevsky 2013). However, this record may be the result of mislabelling or misidentification, and cannot be considered sufficient to establish the presence of the species in Asia Minor, since it has not been found there since then, and it was not cited from there by Danilevsky (2016). It is therefore considered most likely that the species is endemic to Europe and this is therefore a global assessment.

population:
The species is rare or very rare and hard to find, but it is regularly found. The destruction ordisappearance of localities has not been reported. Thus, it is assumed that the current population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests at low altitude or middle range mountains. It prefers Common Hazer (Corylus avellana) but is highly polyphagous in various broadleaf trees and sometimes in conifers (Alnus, Fagus, Quercus, Carpinus, Betula, Salix, Prunus, Crataegus, Ostrya, Abies alba) (Švácha and Danilevsky 1987, Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995, Sama 2002, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). The larva develops in  moist and rotten woody debris of small diameter  (often 4-6 cm), mostly in the region just above or  under the ground. Development takes at least three years and rearing is easy. During spring, pupation takes place in the wood with pupal  cells located just above the ground. Adults occur from May to August, are nocturnal and hide during the day under various substrates (stones, woody debris). They are winged but do not fly very often, generally staying on the ground.

threats:
This species is widespread and no major threats have been reported. The species is rare but very polyphagous, meaning there is good potential for it to be relatively unaffected by host tree removal or destruction.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas, such as the Mercantour National Park in France (Berger 2012). No conservation research or action is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic position of the genus Schurmannia is unclear but is most probably a synonym of Alocerus, as Švácha and Danilevsky (1987) first confirmed the strong similarity between the larvae of A. moesiacus and S. sicula. Then Holzschuh (1995), proposed a new combination, Alocerus siculus, but this was not considered by subsequent authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
Schurmannia sicula is endemic to Sicily, localised on an unique mount within a regional park in the Madonie - Parco delle Madonie. It lives in dead branches of living maple and oak trees. The currently known range of this species is extremely restricted, and both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are only 8 km2. 

Forestry activities are not allowed in the regional park where the species is found. However, large wildfires have occurred in the past and are likely to return. These fires, depending on their size and intensity could potentially affect the entire area of the current distribution of the species. It is therefore precautionarily considered that the species may occur at only one location. Recurring fires could also indicate a sporadic continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, if the population is not able to recover between fire events. A continuing decline can therefore not be excluded. 

Even though the species could qualify for a range of categories from NT to CR depending on the level of risk tolerance, a precautionary approach is taken here and this extremely rare endemic species is assessed as Critically Endangered due to its restricted range, presence at one location and continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. This assessment is therefore in agreement with the opinion of Italian authors. Further research is urgently needed to better understand the situation of this species. More research is also needed into its taxonomy, ecology, threats and distribution. Fire prevention should be encouraged to prevent large fires which could cause rapid population reductions.

range:
Schurmannia sicula is endemic to Sicily, and was recently found by Rapuzzi and Sama (2006) after many years without any records (Sama 1988, Sparacio 1999). For the moment, it is known from a single locality in the Madonie, on one mount. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km². However, it is likely that the real EOO and AOO are larger than currently known. Still, the entire population of the species, as far as is known, is confined to the Parco delle Madonie with a reported area of around 400 km² (Protected Planet 2017). This regional natural park includes several villages and small towns and the area of suitable habitat is therefore significantly smaller. Assuming the species is endemic to this area, the maximum EOO and AOO values are certainly below the thresholds for a threatened category under criterion B.

population:
Too few records are available to establish a population trend, and the population size is unknown.

habitat:
This species was first described from adults reared from deadwood of maple trees (Acer spp.). The larvae were living in dead and rotten branches of living trees (Sama 1988). They feed at the contact between dead and living tissues. Development takes two to three years (Sama and Schurmann 1980). In 2006, individuals were reared from Field Maple (Acer campestre) and Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006). The larva has been described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1987), and, after Danilevsky (2014), it is nearly identical to those of Alocerus moesiacus. The species has been found at altitudes between 800 and 1,500 m Asl (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006).

threats:
This species seems to live in dead branches of living maple and oak trees. As forestry activities are not allowed in the regional park where the species is found, no threats have been reported. Traditional agricultural activities (collecting of ashes sap, chestnut fruits, etc.) do not strongly interfere with Schurmannia. However, large wildfires have occurred in the past and are likely to return. These fires, depending on their size could potentially affect the entire area of the current distribution of the species. It is therefore precautionarily considered that the species may occur at only one location. Recurring fires could also indicate a sporadic continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, if the population is not able to recover between fire events. A continuing decline can therefore not be excluded.

conservationAction:
The known localities of this species are found within the Parco delle Madonie, which can benefit from environmentally friendly policies. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy under criterion B, using IUCN Red List guidelines (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic relationship between the genus Schurmannia and the close relative Alocerus moesiacus (see Danilevsky 2014). More research is needed, especially using the rearing from dead branches collected in living deciduous trees, to increase our knowledge about its distribution range. Research is also recommended into the threats to this species, and fire prevention should be encouraged to prevent large fires which could cause rapid population reductions.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its habitat is very common and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its habitat is very common and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs in south-western Europe and northern Africa (Bense 1995); there is a distinct subspecies in Corsica and Sardinia,S. l. corsicus Croissandeau, 1890. In France it is widespread but very localised, with discontinuity between the stations (Villiers 1978).

This species also occurs in the north of Africa.

population:
Scattered in the Mediterranean climate zone. In France, known localities produce sightings regularly so the species does not seem to be declining. The adults emerge very early in the year (February to April) - this can explain the rarity of the observations (Allemandet al. 2009). In Italy it is considered rare.

The species is increasing due to the increased popularity of ornamental Cupressaceae in gardens.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops inJuniperus, occasionally inCupressus, the larvae feeding under the bark of weakened, although sometimes apparently healthy trees, often at ground level or underground (Sama 2002). Adults are found on the host-plants, and are nocturnal (Bense 1995).

In Spain its natural habitat is restricted to the pre-coastal Mediterranean area and it lives inJuniperus thurifera. Recently it has been reintroduced in the north-eastern part of Spain with the planting of Cupressaceae (Vives 2001).

threats:
No information available. This species appears not to be threatened.

conservationAction:
No information available.   There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in some protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.  
While this species is rare in Ukraine and Romania, and considered Vulnerable in Italy, it is locally commonin areas of Hungary and the trees it inhabits, juniper and cypress, are fairly widespread and common throughout Europe. Juniper is in decline (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009) but overall this habitat is thought to be stable and it is inferred that the population of the species is stable.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.  
 While this species is rare in Romania, and considered Vulnerable in Italy, it is locally common in areas of Hungary and the trees it inhabits, juniper and cypress, are fairly widespread and common throughout Europe and it is inferred that the population of the species is stable.

range:
This species is widely distributed across south-eastern Europe, from Italy to Turkey. It also occurs in the Caucasus, northern Africa and northern Iran. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and lowland regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). There are few records in lowlands areas of Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

population:
While this species is rare in Ukraine and Romania, it is locally common in areas of Hungary and the trees it inhabits - Juniper and Cyprus - are fairly widespread and common throughout Europe. Juniper is in decline (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009) but overall this habitat is thought to be stable and the experts infer that the population of the species is stable. In Ukraine, it was recorded in the Carpathian region 60 years ago and 20-30 years ago in Crimea (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is mostly found in coastal to hilly situations (up to about 1,000 m); in southern Turkey up to 2,000 m. Larvae develop onJuniperus, occasionally onCupressus, in Lebanon onCedrus, feeding under bark on weakened, sometimes apparently healthy trees, often at ground level or underground. Adults are active on host-plants after dark (Sama 2002). Juniper is absent in the lowlands in Ukraine (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). The life cycle is two years, with pupation in autumn in the wood. Adults overwinter in the pupal cells and emerge in III-VI.

.

threats:
In Hungary, this species is not threatened because suitable habitats are available all over the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

In Romania, it is threatened by the removal of host trees where it occurs (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
As it is found in protected areas  no specific measures are necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania was reported from non-protected areas. The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Italian Red List.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Putchkov, A. & Tezcan, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is a boreal-alpine species, common in forests in northern and Alpine regions (Bense 1995) and also the northern part of central and eastern Europe. In Hungary it is found only in the western-most part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from different parts of the Carpathian Mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France the species is resident in the mountains of the eastern border: Jura and Alps (Villiers 1978).

population:
Common in boreal forests; in southern and central Europe it is present only in montane areas. The population abundance might be underestimated as the species is hard to find as an adult. Overall the population trend is stable. 

In Ukraine it is present in the forest zone and it is relatively rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as frequent in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is not rare, but research on new populations is poor (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is only present in Bayern and Baden-Württemberg, in the alpine zone; records are after 1950. In France it is considered as very rare in the literature but the adults emerge very early in the year (January to April) and this may explain the rarity of the observations. In Rhône-Alps, the species is known from patchy populations distant of 50-150 km from each others (Allemand et al. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is rare but not considered as threatened in the latest Red List.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A boreo-montane species; associated with conifer trees, preferably onPicea. Larvae develop under bark on fresh-dead, fresh-cut, wind-fallen or standing dying stumps, trunks or branches, often on firewood stacks (Sama 2002). It prefers disturbed trees with abnormally slow growth, thick bark and resin. Adults active in IV-VI. Eggs laid in cracks in bark of various conifer trees. Egg stage near two weeks. Life cycle two or three years. In Hungary it lives in indigenous spruce forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania  it occurs in pine and fir forests; sometime it has been found in associations with another longhorn beetleAcanthocinus aedilis (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France, larvae are xylophagous inAbies alba andPicea abies (preference for spruce). Standing dead trees of small diameter are preferred (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Overall the species is not threatened (e.g. Hungary, Germany, Romania, France).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed. It is present in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Spondylis buprestoides is widely distributed across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, generally common and its population trend is increasing. In addition, there appear to be no major threats to this species.

range:
Spondylis buprestoides is widely distributed across Europe to Siberia and Japan (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). Its presence in Morocco needs confirmation (Sama 2002). In Europe, it occurs in most but not all countries. It is widely distributed in Spain and Portugal (González Peña et al. 2007), and known from France (Berger 2012), the Baltic Republics (including the Kaliningrad region, Alekseev 2007), all Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), throughout European Russia (Danilevsky 2014), and European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). In Italy, some relict subpopulations are separated from the main distribution area (Alps) in the south of the country, including Sicily (Sparacio 1999).

population:
This species is common in many countries and has been able to colonise conifer plantations (Berger 2012). The population trend is increasing and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in coniferous or mixed forests. Pines (Pinus spp.) are the most common host trees (Švácha and Danilevsky 1987, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995), but other conifers have been reported, namely Picea, Abies, Larix, Cryptomeria and Chamaecyparis spp. (Villiers 1978, Bense 1995). Development takes place in relatively large woody debris, roots, stumps and fallen stems. The larva has been described by many authors. It first feeds under the bark of dead stems and then in the dead wood below, completing development in a number of years. The larva overwinters before pupating in the wood. Adults are active on the host plants, mostly in the evening and at night (sometimes attracted to  lights) from May to August (Sama 2002).

threats:
This species is a vector of the tree disease nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Linit 1988, Robertson et al. 2008). No major threats are known to this species which is able to live in commercial plantations.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe. Research on this species focuses on its role as a vector of nematode diseases against trees.


taxonomicNotes:
Referred to as Obriopsis bicolor in (Bense 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because its habitat requirements are not very specific - it is a polyphagous species that lives in broad-leaved trees and therefore suitable habitat is fairly stable. Also it is locally common although there is no information on the abundance and trends of the species.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because its habitat requirements are not very specific - it is a polyphagous species that lives in broad-leaved trees and therefore suitable habitat is fairly stable. Also it is locally common although there is no information on the abundance and trends of the species.

range:
This species is distributed across south-eastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean (Bense 1995), including Turkey (exact location unknown). In Hungary it is sporadic found in the hilly and lower mountainous regions, mainly in the central and western parts of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as quite rare, although may be abundant in suitable localities (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Serbia and Montenegro the species is considered rare (Pil 2005).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a polyphagous species that lives on broad-leaved trees and shrubs (Rhamnus, Euonymus, Crataegus, Morus, Ficus, Juglans, Styrax, Quercus). The larvae develop in dead twigs. Adults are active in V-VI, and feed at flowers. In Hungary it occurs in light oak forests, mainly in places where spindle is abundant (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species, however habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and removal of shrub level (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas. No specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Tezcan, S. & Putchkov, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Stenocorus insitivus is widespread in Asia, but in Europe it is only known with certainty from the south of Crimea in Ukraine, where it is very rare. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size, population trend and threats. The larval biology is not described, but the species most probably lives in dead wood of broadleaf trees. The adults are typically found on flowers. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk in Europe. The species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The distribution range of Stenocorus insitivus is centred in the south of Russia, the Caucasus, north Iran and Asian Turkey. In Europe,it is only knownwith certainty from the south of Crimea in Ukraine (Villiers 1967, Бартенев 1986), where it is very rare (Загайкевич 1960). Bartenev and Terekhova (2011) also reported an observation of the species near the village of Lubny, in the Poltava region of Ukraine (after an observation by Baidak in 1993). However, according to Danilevsky (2014), this specimen probably belongs to S. meridianus,as well as for the data from Ivano-Frankivsk (Жиракet al. 2004). Reports from the south European territories of Russia (Löbl and Smetana 2010, Danilevsky 2016), most probably refer to the north of the Caucasus, an area not included in the European assessment boundaries, since no data are available north to the Kuma river (M.L.Danilevsky, pers. comm. 2016). Those records are therefore excluded here.

population:
Very few records are known from Europe, and the population trend cannot be determined. In its other countries of occurrence, outside of Europe, the species is common and easy to find.

habitat:
This species occurs in broadleaf forests and in more or less open forested steppe. Nothing is known about the larva, but Danilevsky (2014) supposed that it lives under the bark of dead roots of broadleaf trees. Pupation occurs in the soil in spring. Adults are active from May to August.

threats:
As this species is most probably associated with the dead wood of broadleaf trees, it may be threatened by forestry activities, but at the moment nothing is certain and the threats are considered unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not reported from a protected area but the locality of Gurzuf (Загайкевич 1960) is close to theRezerwat Jałtański Górsko-Leśny, so the species may occur there. Research is needed in order to to understand its biology, describe the larva and to identify potential threats. Further investigation could increase the number of localities in the south of the Russian territory and Ukraine.

useAndTrade:
Adults from the Caucasus have been found on beetles price lists (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stenocorus meridianus is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and mostly reported to be common. It becomes rare and localised in northern and southern Europe. It inhabits broadleaf forests and agricultural land. The larva feeds in small dead roots of broadleaf trees and may be threatened by forestry and agricultural activities, although no declines in the population have been documented so far.

range:
Stenocorus meridianus is distributed across Europe and Siberia, towards Lake Baikal (Sama 2002). In Crimea and the north of the Caucasus, it is replaced by S. insitivus (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe is is widespread and common in most countries from Spain (González Peña et al. 2007) and France (Berger 2012) to European Russia (Danilevsky 2014), and almost all of Ukraine(Мартынов and Писаренко 2004, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). In southern Europe, it is more localised and reported from Italy and Greece (Sama 2002), the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria (Ganev 1985), and European Turkey (Özdikmen et al. 2014). In the north, it is relatively common in the UK (in Great Britain), but reaches its northern limits in the south of Norway, the southern half of Sweden, a few localities in the Baltic Republics, the Kaliningrad region and Finland (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Heliövaara et al. 2004, Alekseev 2007).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its range. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests and agricultural landscapes. The larva has been described several times and the biology presented by many authors. The species is polyphagous on the dead wood of broadleaf trees such as Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Salix, Populus,  Pyrus, Malus, Fraxinus, Alnus, Betula spp. (Duffy 1953, Bílý and Mehl 1989, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995). The larva feeds in underground and superficial dead roots, with a preference for diameters of 0.5-2 cm. After starting in the thin parts, it tunnels toward thicker parts of the root (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). After two years, the full-grown larva leaves the root and pupates in the soil in an earthen cocoon alongside the roots. The females are highly fertile and can lay up to 282 eggs (Cherepanov 1990). Adults are active on  flowers from June to August and can be trapped with fermenting organic matters.

threats:
This species is associated with various broadleaf trees and may be threatened by forestry and agricultural activities that remove old, dying, or dead trees, especially the removal of the old root plates.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Latvia (Telnov 2004). In this country, it is present in the Slītere National Park Latvia (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013).It is present in many protected areas across Europe, especially in France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). No conservation research or action is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats. 
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

range:
This species is Circum-Mediterranean (Bense 1995); it is widespread from northern Africa to southern France and Italy; locally in central Europe (Slovakia) and Balkans southward to Peloponnese; old records from Hungary, Romania and Crimea never confirmed (Sama 2002).

population:
It is a widespread and common species across much of its European range.
In Spain and Italy it is common, with many localities. In Portugal it has been recorded from just four localities in the northern half (two old and two recent). It is rare in Crimea.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Extremely polyphagous on broad-leaved trees; larval development is in dead dry wood of branches of nearly all broad-leaved trees and shrubs (examples include Pistacia, Ceratonia, Ostrya, Carpinus, Ulmus, Robinia, Prunus, Acacia); adults emerge in VI-VIII and feed at various flowers (Sama 2002). It is also found in tree plantations and orchards.

In France it shows clear preference forPistacia (Villiers 1978).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km², its distribution is severely fragmented, with all individuals in fewer than ten locations, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat and it may be affected by climate change in the future.  

 EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km², its distribution is severely fragmented, with all individuals in fewer than ten locations, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat and it may be affected by climate change in the future.

range:
This species is found in mainland Greece, and also occurs in Turkey and Lebanon. Records are known from Taygetos mountains in Peloponnesus Peninsula and from Falakro area in north-eastern Greece (Thracia).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered to be rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a polyphagous species that lives in deadwood of deciduous tress.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality. Climate change may affect some subpopulations in the future.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in a protected area. Additional studies are needed into the abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stenopterus creticus is endemic to Crete. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 127 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus, the species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Overgrazing and conversion of natural habitats to arable land or urbanization can pose a threat to this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Sama 2002). There are records from the south-eastern coast, near Mirtos and Pefkos, and in the central-southern coast area near the town of Plakias (J. Hrbek pers. obs. 2008, Hrbek 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 127 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12km².

population:
This species is uncommon and has a limited distribution. The subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that lives in the deadwood of deciduous trees (Sama 2002, Sama and Löbl 2010).

threats:
Overgrazing and conversion of natural habitats to arable land or urbanization can pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this species.

redListContributors:
Petrakis, P., Schmidl, J., Pettersson, R. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern as it is widespread and suitable habitats are available in the hills and mountains throughout its range with no major threats known.
EU 27 regional assessment:classified as Least Concern as it is widespread and suitable habitats are available in the hills and mountains throughout its range with no major threats known.

range:
This species is found throughout much of south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). Old records from northern Africa, Iberian Peninsula and France are incorrect (Sama 2002). It is also reported from Jordan, Syria and Israel.

In Hungary this species is found in the hilly and lower mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm.). It was reported from the low hills in Transylvania and lowlands in the southern part of Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It was also reported from the European part of Turkey without giving exact locality (Althoffand Danilevsky 1997). It is known from only three localities in Greece.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rather common on suitable localities. About 30 years ago it was regarded as rare in Hungary; since then the known localities are rapidly increasing (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey  the population size and trend have not been quantified, and in Romania the size and trend also remain unknown (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs on xerothermic slopes and plateaus covered with sparse shrubs or light thermophilous forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is a polyphagous in broad-leaved trees:Celtis australis in Bulgaria,Gleditsia triacanthos in Romania, andCercis siliquastrum, Citrus sinensis, Cotoneaster franchettii, Pistacia atlantica in Israel. Development inadequately known - larvae develop in dry wood of dead branches. Biology probably similar to S. rufus. Adults are attracted to blossom for feeding (Sama 2002). The habitat of this species is strictly connected with the distribution of its host plants, listed above, which are usually in southern and south-eastern Europe (P. Tykarski pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. In Hungary, for instance, it is not threatened because suitable habitats are widely available in the hills and mountains (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).ROMANIA: Possible the replace of native species of trees in south part of country, which is unfortunately one process in progress, can affect the habitat of species. (P. Istrate, pers. comm. ).
ROMANIA:Possible the replace of native species of trees in south part of country, which is unfortunately one process in progress, can affect the habitat of species. (P. Istrate, pers. comm. ).

conservationAction:
It is present in several protected areas in Hungary no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania some old deciduous forests from the southern part of country are now protected areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. It is a common and widespread species in Spain. It is a habitat generalist and is not believed to face any major threats. 
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. It is a common and widespread species in Spain. It is a habitat generalist and is not believed to face any major threats.

range:
This species occurs in the western Mediterranean - southern Spain and Portugal hold the only European populations; but it also occurs in northern Africa (Bense 1995). It occurs throughout mainland Spain (with the exception of the far north-eastern part) and on the Balearic Islands.

population:
It is a common species in Spain, where it is widespread with a large number of recorded localities. In Portugal it has been recorded from the north (old records) and centre (in the 1980s).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Develops in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees and shrubs, such asPistacia, Cytisus, Prunus. Adults are attracted to blossom for feeding (Bense 1995). It is a relatively generalist species that is found in shrubland and in some artificial habitats (e.g. parks and gardens) as well as in deciduous woodland.

threats:
No information available. It is widespread in Spain and not thought to be under major threat.

conservationAction:
No specific measures are in place or needed. Probably occurs in many protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
In southern Europe, Austria, Hungary and Turkey - ssp. geniculatus Kraatz. In other regions - nominative subsp.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across south-eastern Europe, including France and northern Spain; absent from Scandinavia and Britain (Bense 1995).

In France and Romania it is widespread. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly, lower mountainous and lowland regions. It has also been reported from Kırklareli (Malmusi and Saltini 2005) in the European part of Turkey.

It also occurs in northern Africa, Iran, Irak and south-east of Turkmenia.

population:
This species is widespread and common throughout its range. In Portugal it has been recorded from scattered localities from all the country, but all records are old. In Crimea it is a relatively usual species. In Turkey and Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but in Hungary the species is regarded as common in its range. In Romania  there are good preserved populations in the central part of the country, where in June a lot of adults can be found on flowers (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In all German States there are new records and in France it is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  Larvae develop in dead, dry wood. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Castanea, Robinia, Juglans, Prunus, Salix, Paliurus, Pistacia, Ulmus, Ficus, Ostrya,Acacia).The life cycle is two years. Adults emerge in V-VIII, and feed at flowers. 

In Hungary it occurs in southern slopes and plateaus covered withsparse shrubs or light thermophilous forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it also lives in thermophilic broad-leaved tree stands (oakQuercus and orchard trees -Rosaceae, etc.). In Romania it is found on the sunny slopes with trees, shrubs, where adults are very attracted to flowers ofLeucanthemum vulgare.There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
It is not threatened because suitable habitats are available all over is range (e.g. Hungary, Romania, Germany).

conservationAction:
No measures needed. It is present in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Data Deficient because it is relatively widespread although not common, and more information is needed about its suitable habitats. It is suspected that its habitat might be fairly specific because, while the species is thought to have habitats similar toS. flavicornis, its Extent of Occurrence is significantly smaller, indicating a more specific niche which may be more threatened than known. More information is needed on the ecology and habitats for this species.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Data Deficient because it is relatively widespread although not common, and more information is needed about its suitable habitats. It is suspected that its habitat might be fairly specific because, while the species is thought to have habitats similar toS. flavicornis, its Extent of Occurrence is significantly smaller, indicating a more specific niche which may be more threatened than known. More information is needed on the ecology and habitats for this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balkans. In Greece it is found in Crete and Ikaria (Bense 1995).Records from Greece are for sub-species: in Ikaria (S. s. similatus) and Crete (S. s. mehli) (Sama 2002).This species is also present in Bulgaria and Romania. In Cyprus it is widespread (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout most of its range but it is not common. Trends are unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Cyprus it has been found in orchards, maquis, garrigue, and forests; adults feed at various flowers especially on white Umbelliferae (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Its larval development situation is unknown. Its precise habitat is suspected to be similar to that ofS. flavicornishowever its Extent of Occurrence  is smaller thanS. flavicornis so it is suspected that it may have more specific habitat requirements but these are not well known. More research is needed. Adults are active in May - June (Bense 1995).

threats:
No information available - more information on specific habitat of species is needed before threats can be understood.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas.   Further studies are needed into the specific habitat requirements, abundance, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stenurella approximansis endemic to Morocco, Spain and Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widely distributed in a large part of the Iberian Peninsula and, even though it is considered uncommon, it occurs in many open forests including degraded oak stands. In addition, the population trend is thought to be stable. The species is probably polyphagous in dead branches of broadleaf trees and pine. More research is needed to find the larva and identify the different host trees.

range:
Stenurella approximans occurs in Morocco, in the mountain of the Middle-Atlas and the south of theIberian Peninsula (Villiers 1946, Vives 1984). In Europe, it is only known from theIberian Peninsula, in Spain and Portugal, where its distribution range covers the southern half of the peninsula, and where the species is described as uncommon(Verdugo Páez 2004,González Peña et al. 2007, Villanueva et al. 2007, Hidalgo-Fontiveros 2010, Obregón and Luna Murillo 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 410,000 km2 and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 396 km2.

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is uncommon but not rare in most of its distribution range. The species is frequently collected in Spain although uncommon there.

habitat:
This species is found in open Mediterranean forests of broadleaf trees. Those forests may be somewhat degraded, with a predominance of bushes and isolated oaks (Hidalgo-Fontiveros 2010). The larval biology is unknown but could occur in the dead wood of oaks (Quercus spp.) (González Peña et al. 2007). Observations from branches of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) are reported by Verdugo Páez (2004), and from traps placed on Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) by García-López et al. (2013), thus the species is probably polyphagous on dead branches. Adults are active on flowers of Cistus spp. in May and June.

threats:
This species is assumed to live in dead branches and it may be threatened by all events that lead to the removal of trees and dead wood from the landscape: urbanisation, forestry and repeated wildfires.

conservationAction:
This species has been reported from the Odiel Marshes Nature Reserve (Huelva) (López-Pérez 2014), in the national park of Cabañeros (García-López et al. 2013), and may occur in other protected areas in Spain and Portugal. The larval biology of the species needs to be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stenurella bifasciata is common and widespread within its European range and is probably expanding its distribution range towards the north. The larva is highly polyphagous and no serious threats have been reported. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Stenurella bifasciata occurs across Europe, in Siberia towards Lake Baikal and Yakutia, the Caucasus, Turkey, and Lebanon (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, the species is widespread and rather common from European Russia, to the Baltic Republics and the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007), Belarus, Ukraine including Crimea (Danilevsky 2014), towards the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, including the islands (Sparacio 1999), and Greece (Sama 2002).

population:
This species is reported to be common throughout its range. The expansion of S. bifasciata towards the north of Europe has been noticed by Nordic authors (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013). The population trend is therefore considered to be increasing. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in various forest types and more open areas. Females have been observed laying eggs on pine (Pinus spp.) stem bases, and - under laboratory conditions - rearing has been successful with fir and birch (Abies and Betula spp.) (Cherepanov 1990). Other host trees have been reported, namely elm (Ulmus spp.) (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989), rose (Rosa spp.) (Bense 1995), English Oak (Quercus robur) and White Willow (Salix  alba)(Kovács and Hegyessy 1995). Sama (2002) added rearing from Dog-Rose (Rosa canina), Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum) and Common Fig (Ficus  carica). Vives (2000) added Holm Oak (Quercus ilex). The larva has been observed at the base of a small stump and underground roots. Pupation occurs in the breeding material. The larva can exceptionally  finish its development in decayed roots of annual herbaceous plants (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). The adults are very active on flowers from May to September.

threats:
Due to its high polyphagy and ability to use small woody debris, there are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe. Barševskis and Savenkov (2013) report it from the Ilgas Nature Reserve in Latvia and it is present in many protected areas in France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). No research or conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The correct year of description for S. hybridula is 1902. In the indicated publication of 1901, for example, as given in Löbl and Smetana (2010), Reitter did not mention this species. It was described by him in the volume two of the Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1901, published in January 1902 (Danilevsky 2012, Özdikmen 2013).

redListCategoryRationale:
Stenurella hybridula is endemic to Spain and Portugal. It occurs only in the western half of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is relatively common and the population trend is considered stable. In addition, it might be more common than currently known since it was for a long time considered as a variety of the common Stenurella melanura - it may therefore have been overlooked. The species inhabits open forested areas but its larval biology is unknown. It is probably dependent on small dead branches of broadleaf trees. The larval biology of the species needs to be studied.

range:
Stenurella hybridula is endemic to Spain and Portugal (González Peña et al. 2007). It occurs only in the western half of the Peninsula.

population:
This species was for a long time considered as a simple variety of the common Stenurella melanura (Vives 1984). Thus, it may have been overlooked and may be more widespread than currently known. The population trend is reported to be stable and the species is relatively common.

habitat:
Adults are found in open forested areas, but the larval biology is unknown. It is probably dependent on small dead branches of broadleaf trees like the species S. melanura. The adults are active on flowers from March to July (Vives 2001, Verdugo 2008).

threats:
No threats are known for this species as its biology is unrecorded.

conservationAction:
Stenurella hybridula is not explicitly reported from a protected area but may occur in some as its distribution range covers a large area.
The larval biology of the species needs to be studied.


taxonomicNotes:
Stenurella jaegeri was placed in synonymy with Strangalia emmipoda by Pic (1901) without Type examination. This was absolutely unfounded and false, as denounced by Daniel (1904), but resulted in a certain confusion around this species in Europe.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Stenurella jaegeri is very common in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. In the north of its distribution range, it was reported in three localities of European Russia and Crimea in Ukraine. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of information on its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Very little is known about its biology but the longhorn is assumed to feed in buried woody debris of various kinds. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic scale.

range:
Stenurella jaegeri is very common in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. In the south, records  from Iran (Villiers 1967a), Turkey (Villiers 1967b) and Syria (Бартенев 2004), need to be confirmed (Danilevsky 2014). In the north of the Caucasus, it is very localised and occurs in Bakhchysarai in Crimea (Байдак 1996), Borisoglebsk in the Voronezh region and in theMordovia reserve in central European Russia (Мозолевская et al. 1970 andАрзанов et al. 1993 cited in Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population trend is unknown in Europe. In the Caucasus, Danilevsky (2014), reports it as a locally abundant species.

habitat:
The habitats and ecology of this species are unknown (Бартенев 2004). Danilevsky (2014) assumed that the larvae could feed in soil on plant debris, since despite extensive searches, no larvae were found in dead wood. The adults are visible on flowers from May to August.

conservationAction:
If the data are confirmed, this species occurs in the Mordovia reserve in central European Russia (Мозолевская et al. 1970cited in Danilevsky 2014). More research is needed on this longhorn, specifically into its distribution in Europe, biology, threats and population trend in the north of its distribution range.


taxonomicNotes:
Stenurella melanura is a very common species, among and more than a dozen morphological variants have been published. Recently, two taxa, samai Rapuzzi, 1995 and sennii Sama, 2002, have been described from Europe. Immediately, they created an important debate, mostly because intermediate forms exist between them and S. melanura (see for example Neid (2004), for intermediate forms between melanura and sennii, or Özdikmen (2013) for status change of sennii to a subspecies of S. samai). For the moment, the situation is fixed by Danilevsky (2016) who considers the two taxa as subspecies of S. melanura. In France, sennii is not accepted as a subspecies since it is found in the field together with S. melanura, so it must be seen as a variety (B. Dodelin, A. Horellou, P. Berger and H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stenurella melanura is common and widespread across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range, the population trend is stable and the population size is very large. In addition, there are no major threats to this species.

range:
Stenurella melanura is very common and widespread, occurring across much of Europe, central Asia, China, Siberia and Japan (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2014, Danilevsky 2016). In Europe, it is present in a wide part of the continental area and in the UK (Great Britain); it is doubtful in Ireland (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988, Alexander and Anderson 2012, De Jong et al. 2014).

habitat:
This species is found in various landscapes with trees, from plains to the middle altitude montane areas. The larva has been described and studied by many authors since 1840 (Berger 2012). The larva feeds in the decayed, slender branches and in the roots of Quercus, Salix, Crataegus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Cytisus, Corylus, Fagus, Sambucus, Ulmus, Ficus carica, Rosa canina and also in Picea, Pinus,  Juniperus, Abies alba and Larix  spp. (Bense 1995, Kovács and Hegyessy 2000, Sama 2002, Berger 2012). The wood needs to be white  rotten and moist, always in contact with the soil and about 2-4 cm of diameter (Ehnström and  Axelsson 2002). The larval development takes two years with pupation occurring in spring or summer in the breeding material (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). The adults are active on flowers from June to September.

threats:
This species lives in small roots and branches lying on and in the ground. It is not threatened by forest exploitation. There are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas throughout Europe. The relationships between all the described varieties, subspecies and species related to the S. melanura group should be fixed  definitively by an extensive and strong taxonomic study, combining morphological  approaches, on several specimens coming from different Palearctic areas, with DNA-barcoding techniques. This will probably not change the taxonomy of this species in Europe, but will clarify the situation for taxa described in central Asia and eastwards.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stenurella nigra is  common in the thermophilous forests of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, can use a variety of host trees, the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it at the European scale.

range:
Stenurella nigra is widely distributed in Europe, northern Turkey, the Caucasus and northern Iran (Sama 2002). It is more or less common in central Europe, reaching its northern limits in the south of the UK (Great Britain) (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988), and the south of Scandinavia. Its southern limits are the Iberian Peninsula (Villanueva et al. 2007, Hidalgo-Fontiveros 2010), southern Italy and the Peloponnesus in Greece (Sama 2002). In the east of Europe, it occurs in western Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), the Baltic Republics and the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007), the west and northern parts of Ukraine and in Crimea (Кравченко and Кравченко 2009, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Zamoroka et al. 2012). In European Russia, the species is known from three small areas in central, south and east Russia, and is doubtful from the region of Moscow and northern regions from where only sparse and very old records are available (Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since this species is rather common in most of its range. In the UK, it has been reported as declining and is now regarded as very rare (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988), but this decline is only local and no other reports of that kind are known. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in thermophilous and deciduous forests, mainly in lowlands. It depends on broadleaf trees such as Quercus,  Carpinus, Ulmus, Frangula spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989), Betula, Corylus spp. (Bense 1995), Rosa canina, Robinia spp. (Sama 2002), Fagus sylvatica (Berger 2012) and Cytisus nigricans (Kovács 1997). The larva lives in white rotten and dry wood of  branches and thin stems (2-4 cm of diameter) not in contact with the soil (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). Their development takes two years with pupation in the wood. The adults are active on flowers from  April to July.

threats:
This species lives in small branches standing or attached to living trees. It is weakly threatened by forestry, and also from tree removal for safety reasons. Its decline in the UK may reflect the decline in active management of broadleaf woodlands through coppice cutting (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
Because of its large distribution, it is likely to occur in protected areas across Europe. In Latvia, it is found in the Slītere National Park Latvia (Barsevskis and Savenkov 2013). In France, it occurs in many protected areas (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). It is also present in the Białowieża forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). No conservation research or action is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The book of Fabricius, Entomologia systematica, considers Cerambycidae in the first tome, published in two parts with the date 1792 on the title page of the first part. Stenurella septempuncata is described in the second part, published in 1793 (Gaedike et al. 2012), not in 1792 as listed by authors (Danilevsky 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

Stenurella septempunctata is   common across a very large part of the Balkans, but rare in an important part of its distribution range (northern and western Europe). It occurs in broadleaf forests where it develops in dry and dead small branches of living broadleaf trees. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 2,000 km² in Europe and certainly smaller than 500 km² in the EU 28), and there is a  continuing decline in the geographic range - extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO - and number of mature individuals since the  species' range seems to be contracting towards the south. The causes of this decline remain unknown and further research is needed to determine what is driving the decline in the population. The subpopulation trends also need careful investigation in the north and western borders of the distribution range, especially in southeastern Germany, Austria and southern Poland.

range:
Stenurella septempunctata is distributed in southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and Turkey (Sama 2002). Despite many indications, the presence of this longhorn is very doubtful in Iran (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, the species is common in the Balkans and is also known from xerothermic localities in central Europe (Sama 2002), where it is very rare - for example in the Czech Republic (Sláma 1998). All data from Switzerland are unacceptable, and the species is therefore not confirmed in the country (Monnerat et al. 2015). Only old records are reported from Germany and Poland (Sama 2002). In Ukraine, the species is localized in the west and becomes rarer in the southwest (Бартенев 2004), but its presence in Crimea needs confirmation (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is most likely smaller than 2,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is certainly smaller than 500 km2.

population:
Inthe countries representingthe boundaries of thedistributionof this species, only old or incorrect observations have been reported: Switzerland(Monnerat et al.2015); Germany where the only true records, near Passau in  the 19th century, were validated by new records after 2000 (Bleich et al. 2016); Poland (Sama 2002); Czech Republic (Sláma 1998); and the Austrian Tirol (Hellrig et al. 2012). Since thespecies is easy to find on flowers, it is considered to have disappeared from many places at least fifty years ago and the current population trend is considered to still be decreasing. The species range seems to be contracting towards the south.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests. The larva has been studied by Demelt (1966) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). It lives in dead branches of Corylus and Carpinus spp. being decayed by white-rot fungi. The larval development probably takes two years. The adults are easy to observe on various flowers from May to  July.

threats:
This species lives in small dead branches standing or attached in living trees. It is weakly threatened by forest exploitation. There is a clear continuing decline in the geographic range of this species, but the causes of this decline remain unknown. Other factors other than forestry may be involved (i.e. climate change) but further research is needed to determine what is driving the decline in the population.

conservationAction:
The species is reported from many protected areas in the Balkans. In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia it was found in the Pelister National Park, and in Mavrovo National Park (Plewa et al. 2015). The population trend needs careful investigation in the north and western borders of the distribution range, especially in southeastern Germany, Austria and southern Poland. Research is also needed into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Stenurella vaucheri is endemic to the extreme north of Morocco and the province of Cádiz, in Spain, where it was rediscovered in 2012 after 38 years without any records. Only two localities and two specimens are known for the moment in Europe. The biology is poorly known but the most recent individual was reared from a dry branch of an old Quercus canariensis. The currently known range of this species is extremely restricted, and both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are only 8 km2. 

The only known host tree of this species, Quercus canariensis, is threatened by wildfires in Andalucía and has even been assessed as threatened. If only the locality from where the species was recorded in 2012 is still extant, then a large wildfire could potentially affect the entire population of this species. It is therefore precautionarily considered that this species occurs at only one location. In addition, repeated wildfires in the area may be responsible for a sporadic continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number if the species is not able to recover between fires. A continuing decline can therefore not be excluded. In addition, given the rarity of the species, it is possible that there are less than 50 mature individuals in Spain.

Even though the species could qualify for a range of categories from NT to CR depending on the level of risk tolerance, a very precautionary approach is taken here and this extremely rare species is assessed as Critically Endangered due to the potentially very low population size, its restricted range, presence at one location and continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals. Further research is urgently needed to better understand the situation of this species. Studies are needed to identify if other oaks are hosting the species, and to better understand its distribution and threats.

range:
Stenurella vaucheri was described from the extreme north of Morocco (Bedel 1900) and was known from only threeMoroccan specimens (Villiers 1946) before its discovery in the Spanish province ofCádiz: one specimen collected in 1979 by Ferrer and Vives (Vives 1984). This species was rediscovered in 2012 in the extreme south of theCádiz province with a single female (Urbano et al. 2013). The total number of specimens known for this species is two from Spain and three from Morocco. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km2.

population:
Only two specimens of Stenurella vaucheri, found 38 years apart, are known from Europe. The population trend is impossible to evaluate. Given the rarity of the species, the possibility that there are less than 50 mature individuals in Spain cannot be excluded.

habitat:
This species is found in oak forest. The larva has not been described but one female was reared from branches and small woody debris (5-6 cm of diameter) collected in December and January on an old Algerian Oak (Quercus canariensis) (Urbano et al. 2013). The wood was in an advanced degree of dryness and had external signs of the presence of larvae (mainly holes plugged with sawdust) of many other beetles that emerged from the wood together with S. vaucheri. Adults have been reported on flowers in June (Morocco).

threats:
Stenurella vaucheri is threatened by all activities that reduce the availability of its only known host tree, Quercus canariensis. Threats include forestry but also urbanisation and wildfires. The host tree has been assessed as Vulnerable due to wildfires in Andalucía, Spain (Blanca et al. 2000). Since there are only two records of this species in Spain (one from 1979 and another from 2012), it is uncertain whether the species is still present at the locality from which it was recorded 38 years ago. If only the locality from where the species was recorded in 2012 is still extant, then a large wildfire could potentially affect the entire population of this species. It is therefore precautionarily considered that this species occurs at only one location. In addition, repeated wildfires in the area may be responsible for a sporadic continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat if the species is not able to recover between fires. Even though there is hardly any data on this beetle species, a continuing decline should be considered since its only known host tree is clearly threatened by wildfires.

conservationAction:
The two localities in Spain are not surely in strictly protected areas. In Tarifa, the locality is very close to the Parque natural del Estrecho, a protected zone, while the national park of Alcornocales is located between the two Spanish localities and could conceivably host the species. There is an urgent need to study this species. First of all, it may be important to publicize the species, since it could have been overlooked and may be already present, but misidentified, in private collections. Its ecology needs more research, especially to determine if it lives in other oak species, and thereafter, to understand the threats and get a more complete distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stictoleptura cordigera is mainly present in the southern and Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population trend is stable. In addition, it occurs in managed forests and can use several trees species for its development.

range:
Stictoleptura cordigera is distributed across Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Libya and the Middle East (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In western and central Europe it is localised in xerothermic areas, while it is more common and widespread in southern and southeastern Europe, ranging from Spain and Italy to Greece (Sama 2002, Hrbek 2014, Özdikmen 2014), and Cyprus (Ambrus et al. 2014). Its presence is confirmed by many records in Corsica (Berger 2012), Crete (Berger 1987),Sardinia and Sicily where it is one of the most common Cerambycidae species (Sparacio 1999). Despite many repeated citations from Crimea, its presence there is not confirmed (Danilevsky 2014). Another doubtful indication from Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016) may come from a very recent accidental import. As no publication has been found about this locality, Sweden is not retained among the countries of occurrence.

population:
The population trend is assumed to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in various Mediterranean forests, mainly with broadleaf trees. The species is mostly related to various oak species: Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Q. pubescens (in France and Sicily), Q. ithaburensis and Q. calliprinos in Israel (Bytinski-Salz and Sternlicht,1967). In laboratorybreeding in Israel, it has been reared fromPinus brutia (= halepensis) (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989), a host tree confirmed in France by Paulian (in Berger 2012). Other hosts trees are published by Bense (1995),Sama (2002) and Berger (2012): Acacia dealbata, Alnus, Malus,Pistacia,Castanea sativa,Fagus, Prunus and Pyrus species. The larva lives in very rotten wood, in stumps and logs. Its development seems to take three years (Berger 2012). The adults are active on flowers from June to August.

threats:
This species is threatened by all activities that reduce the availability of its breeding material (host trees): forestry, urbanisation and wildfires. However, as the species is highly polyphagous and occurs in managed forests, it appears to be able to thrive even in the presence of these threats.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas in southern Europe. Research is needed into its larval biology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Stictoleptura erythroptera is widely distributed in the  centre and the south of Europe but with a very scattered distribution and - for some countries - only old records are available. Typically, it inhabits ancient broadleaf forest and agricultural landscapes with hedgerows and old pollarded trees. The larva lives mostly in red-rotten dry deadwood inside hollows in living trees. This kind of habitat is threatened by human activities and fungal diseases all over Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to ca 1,000 km² in Europe and ca 880 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of subpopulations. 

Since this species needs large veteran trees with cavities in larger branches or in the stem, it is dependent on the preservation of old trees. Its main threat is therefore the disappearance of ancient and large trees in hedgerows.More research is needed into the dispersal abilities of this species and on the current population and habitat trends.

range:
Stictoleptura erythroptera is found from Spain (González Peña et al. 2007) to central Europe, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Its presence in Turkey is possible but needs to be confirmed (Özdikmen 2014). In Europe, this species occurs in the centre and the south, with a very scattered distribution and - for some countries - only old records are available - for example for Italy (Sama 2002) and Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). Its presence in Portugal appears to be a mistake and requires confirmation. Recent observations have confirmed this species in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2015) and in western Ukraine, but not in Belarus, the Baltic states or Moldova (Danilevsky 2014). In Spain, it is regularly observed (see for example Pagola-Carte et al. 2007). This species is always considered rare (Berger 2012, Danilevsky 2014, Valladares et al. 2015). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,000 km² in Europe and around 880 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This is a very rare species, hard to find and linked with special host trees and microhabitats. In some countries it is considered as regionally extinct. Moreover, its habitat is declining is many European regions and the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented both in Europe and in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species is found in agricultural landscapes with old hedgerows and old pollarded trees, also ancient relatively open broadleaf forests (Valladares et al. 2015). The host trees are mostly beech (Fagus spp.) and oak (Quercus spp.). This beetle has also been reared from Acer, Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus, and Aesculus spp. (Bense 1995, González Peña et al. 2007, Valladares et al. 2015). The larva was described in detail by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). It lives in the inner-deadwood of old living trees. The woody material, branches, hollows or stems, must be dry, decomposed by a particular fungus which forms a dark-brown rot, 1-5 cm thick and in close contact with living tissues (Demelt 1966, Rejzek and Rébl 1999). The larval development takes at least three years. The adults are found in June and July on the host trees, very rarely on flowers.

threats:
Since this species needs large veteran trees with cavities in larger branches or in the stem, it is dependent on the preservation of old trees. Its main threat is therefore the disappearance of ancient and large trees in hedgerows (Valladares et al. 2015, Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). Another threat is the recent appearance of ash die-back disease: Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. It may result in large scale mortality among the trees and to the disappearance of a large amount of favourable habitat. In the 1970's another disease, Ophiostoma ulmi, hadcausedgreat lossesonelm so S. erythroptera will now suffer from both epidemics. It is therefore assumed that there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat and number of subpopulations throughout Europe.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas in Europe, at least in France (Berger 2012, Valladares et al. 2015). It is considered as a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005)and indicator of theforest quality in France(Brustel 2004). It is assessed as Critically Endangeredin the Czech Republic, Germany and Italy (Rejzek 2005, Schmidl and Büche in press, Carpaneto et al. 2015). More research is needed into the dispersal abilities of this species and on the current population and habitat trends.

useAndTrade:
This species can be found for sale on generalist merchant websites. Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B.  Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The species is keenly sought by many collectors. Moreover, the use of many traps can destroy a lot of non-target species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stictoleptura fontenayi is found in Portugal (including the Azores),  Spain and France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, lives in many host trees, both coniferous and deciduous, and uses various kinds of dead and decaying wood.

range:
Stictoleptura fontenayi is distributed in northwest Africa and in the extreme west of Europe, from France to Portugal. In Europe, its distribution is limited to Portugal (including the Azores),  Spain and France, where it is common (Lencina Gutiérrez et al. 2004, González Peña et al. 2007, Berger 2012).

population:
The population trend is considered stable since this species is common in most of its distribution range.

habitat:
This species is found in various forest types. The larva has been described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). It lives in many hosts, both coniferous and broadleaf trees; it is mostly reported in oak species (Quercus spp.) but is also known from Fagus, Ulmus, Salix, Ficus carica and Tilia spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Bense 1995, Berger 2012). The observations of development in Laurus sp. comes from the Azores, while in North Africa it is common in Cedrus atlantica, Acer obtusatum, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus mirbecki and Q. ilex (Sama 2002). The larva lives in dead wood of stumps and fallen trees. Afteradevelopment of at leastthreeyears, pupation takes place in the wood during May. Adults are on the wing from the end of May to July, and are rare at flowers.

threats:
This species is threatened by all activities that reduce the availability of its breeding material (host trees): forestry,  urbanisation and wildfires. However, as the species is highly polyphagous and  occurs in managed forests, these threats are likely to have only a slight impact on the population.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas in Spain  and France (González Peña et al. 2007, Berger 2012). No research or conservation actions are needed.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Jansson, N., Liberto, A., Makris, C. & Vazquez, X.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stictoleptura ivoroberti was only recently discovered and is only known from a single locality in continental Greece. Taxonomic uncertainty may explain the lack of data on this species. It is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. Its taxonomic status needs to be studied on a larger number of specimens coming from the three other related species and from various geographic areas.

range:
Stictoleptura ivoroberti was very recently described from Greece, with a series of 61 specimens all coming from a single locality (Paradisia). All were found from 2002 to 2010 (Sama 2010, Danilevsky 2016).

population:
This species is only known from one locality. It seems to be abundant there but this is not enough to estimate a population trend, and more localities would be helpful. The population size is also unknown.

habitat:
Nothing is known about the biology of this species. It is assumed to live in forest and to develop in dead wood.

conservationAction:
This species is not reported from any protected areas. Nothing is known about the biology of the species or about its distribution range. More research is needed into these aspects, as well as into potential threats to this beetle. The validity of the specific status of Stictoleptura ivoroberti is unclear, even though good characters have been presented to separate it from other relatives, especially S. rufa rufa, S. erythroptera and S. slamai. The real affinities among them should be investigated with a large DNA analysis and a morphological study of more specimens coming from a very large geographic area, in order to exclude individual/local variability.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

Stictoleptura oblongomaculata is confirmed in Europe only from the islands of Sardinia and Sicily.  It may be present in Corsica but new data are needed. This species is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (its reported area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and if the larvae are dependent on large oaks (which is very likely), there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. These large oak trees are threatened by forestry, urbanisation and wildfires. The larval ecology of this beetle species needs to be studied. Further research is also needed into its distribution and taxonomic affinities with the related North-African taxa.

range:
Stictoleptura oblongomaculata is distributed in North Africa - Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Villiers 1946) - and in the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia (Sama 1988), and Sicily (Sparacio 1999, Rapuzzi and Sama 2006). Its presence in Corsica (only old records, cf. Villiers 1974), is possible but needs to be confirmed by new data (Brustel et al. 2002). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 31,125 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
This species is very rare and scattered and few data has been published. The population trend is unknown. The population isconsidered as severely fragmented because the ten known localities are very far apart and without any possible exchanges of individuals. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a very reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests. Its larval biology is unknown. Villiers (1946) and then Sama and Schurmann (1980) suggested Quercus ilex and Q. suber as the host trees but no strong datahas confirmed this. The adults are often found on flowers in June and July and can be trapped by fermenting substances.

threats:
The larvae of this species are probably found in large oaks and thereafter potentially threatened by all activities that reduce the availability of  its breeding material - forestry,  urbanisation and wildfires. Since it is likely that the larvae are dependent on these trees, it is precautionarily considered that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Some of the Sicilian localities are included in the Parco delle Madonie, which may benefit from environmental friendly  politics. The species is assessed as Endangered under B2ab(iii) in Italy, following IUCN Red List guidelines (Carpaneto et al. 2015). The larval biology of the species needs to be studied. New investigations in Sardinia and the south of Corsica may increase our knowledge on the distribution and population trend of the species. The taxonomy remains somehow unclear between all the morphological forms described for S. oblongomaculata and those belonging to the North African S. tangeriana (Sama 1988).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe,Stictoleptura otini is only found in the south of Spain. It is found in damp coniferous forests and develops in pine, fir and cedar trees. The  larva is not known but is assumed to live in rotten wood. This habitat is potentially threatened by forestry activities and particularly wildfires, although so far there is no evidence of a decline in the population or habitat. The species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is assumed to be stable, and conifer forests are abundant in the species' geographic range. However, the species has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 500 km²), and further research is recommended into the population and habitat trends, as well as into the impacts of the potential threats.

range:
Stictoleptura otini was described from Morocco and, after a taxonomic clarification, was confirmed in Spain by Vives (1994). Following this publication, many data were published for Spain, in a relatively narrow area of the south and southeast, along the coast (González Peña et al. 2007). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 500 km².

population:
This species is regularly found and data published. It is found in conifer forests, which are abundant in the species' geographic range. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in damp coniferous forests (Lencina Gutiérrez et al. 2004). The larva has been cited from deadwood of Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in Morocco, while in Spain it is assumed to live in dead wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), and is also reported from Spanish Fir (Abies pinsapo) by Verdugo Páez and Pérez-López (2004). The adults visit flowers in May, June and July (Vives 1994).

threats:
This species is potentially threatened by forestry activities and wildfires which can remove or destroy coniferous trees. It is unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species probably occurs in protected areas in Spain. Its biology needs to be studied in order to understand the threats and their intensity. Its distribution seems to be well known.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stictoleptura palmi is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives in forests of laurel and pine trees between 500 m and 1,300 m Asl. It prefers shady and moist situations, and feeds on various kind of decayed wood and woody debris. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is very localised but common where present, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km² and area of occupancy (AOO)  is 200 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation and forestry. Habitat protection and appropriate management are recommended for this species.

range:
Stictoleptura palmi is endemic to the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It was described only very recently due to its cryptic habits (Demelt 1971). Although Demelt supposed the species to be rare, Palm (1977), showed that it is locally common in Tenerife in the cloud forest zone (on Laurus and Pinus spp. trees). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km².

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is locally common and larvae are easy to find in their habitats. Three subpopulations are reported.

habitat:
This species lives in the cloud forest of Canary Island Laurel (Laurus canariensis) and Canary Pine (Pinus canariensis) from 500 m to 1,300 m Asl. The biology was described by Demelt (1971) and then by Palm (1977), while the larva was described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The species inhabits shady, cool and moist sites like the Mercedes Forest at 700-800 m Asl and Aguamansa at 1,000-1,100 m Asl. The larva lives mostly in the old, rotten stumps and stems (sometimes in dead roots) of Laurus canariensis in contact with the ground. Pinus canariensis, Erica arborea, Myrica faya and Eucalyptus sp. have also been reported to host larvae (Palm 1977). The stems often have a diameter of 35-40 cm (Laurus) or 15-20 cm (Pinus), are usually protected externally by a hard wooden shell, while the inside is heavily decayed. The larvae are found at the border between the hard and the rotten wood, where they make irregular tunnels, clogged with woody debris. Many generations live in the same log and larval development takes two or more years. In mid-May, the larvae pupate in the harder wood layers, near the outer wall. In nature, the hatching of adults should occurs from late June to late July. Adults are not reported from flowers.

threats:
This species is potentially threatened by human activities that reduce the forest extent: deforestation for agriculture, infrastructure construction and forest exploitation. Since there is ongoing deforestation on the island of Tenerife, it is considered very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
According to the localities given by Palm (1977), this species occurs in the protected area and biosphere reserve of Anaga in the eastern part of Tenerife, and in the Teide National Park, but the protection afforded is weak. Other reserves could also host the species. Habitat protection and appropriate management are recommended for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stictoleptura rubra  is common in most of its European range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population trend is increasing and there are no major threats to it. It lives in coniferous forests, in rotten wood of conifers but also more rarely in deciduous trees. It has largely spread in the lowlands through expansion of plantations and also occurs in managed forests.

range:
Stictoleptura rubra is distributed in North Africa (Algeria), across Europe and Siberia, and eastwards to Lake Baikal (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, it is a very common species occurring mostly in the north and becoming more localised southwards (Sama 2002) and in the north of Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In the Balkans, the species is cited in each countries and very recently in Macedonia (Plewa et al. 2015) and Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). The species reaches European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014).  In European Russia, it is present in the northern parts from Karelia to Komi Republics (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014). In the Baltic Republics and the Kaliningrad region, Belarus and in Ukraine, it is present everywhere except in Crimea (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Alekseev 2007, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). Long known in the UK from the Breck area, it is generally assumed to have been introduced with the pine forestry established there (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
This species is very common across its European range. It continues to spread into new localities, being favoured by conifer plantations. The population trend is clearly increasing and the overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives in coniferous and mixed forests. The larva has been reported several times but is detailed by Cherepanov (1990) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Host trees include Pinus, Picea, Abies, and Larix spp. (Bense 1995, Berger 2012, Lim et al. 2014). Exceptional reports are known from deciduous trees such as Quercus, Fagus spp. and Betula pendula (Lundblad in litt. after Palm 1959, Heyrovský 1967, Kovács and  Hegyessy 1995, Sama 2002). The larva lives in moist, dead and decaying wood of old stumps and roots, fallen branches and stems of great diameter. The larval development takes  several years with pupation in early summer in the wood. The adults are active on host  plants or on flowers from June to September.

threats:
No threats are reported to this species, which can live in conifer plantations.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas throughout Europe. No research or conservation actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 

Stictoleptura rufa is rare and scattered across southeastern Europe (Italy and Balkan coast toward Greece and Romania). This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is thought to be between 500 and 2,000 km² in Europe and in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to forestry practices. Its habitat is related to the dead parts of living oaks and these old veteran trees are disappearing continuously throughout Europe, due to unsympathetic land management practices. Its biology and population trend need to be studied, as well as its habitat trend throughout its distribution range.

range:
Stictoleptura rufa is known from southeast Europe to Turkey, the north of Iran and Iraq, the Caucasus and Transcaucasus (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2016). In Europe, the species occurs in Italy (var. excelsa), west and south Balkans, towards Greece (Bense 1995) and the island of Samos (Dauber 2004), together with recent finds in the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria (Ganev 1985). This species is also present in Romania (Danilevsky 2014). It is a very rare species with a discontinuous distribution (Sama 1988). The very old records from France, Spain, and Italy, refer to another species: S. trisignata (see Vives 2000, and for Italy see Sama 1988). The specific status of S. ivoroberti, closely related to S. rufa and described and known from a single locality in continental Greece, is apparently accepted. That species is therefore assessed separately and not included here. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is between 500 and 2,000 km2.

population:
This is a rare species. The current population trend is difficult to establish, but is probably decreasing since the species lives in the dead part of living and old trees, which are threatened throughout Europe. The population is thought to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
Very little information is available about the biology of this species. It is reported from oak tress (Quercus spp.) as well as other broadleaf trees. The larvae develop in the wood of dead parts of living veteran trees, probably during three years to reach the adult stage. Pupation takes place in early summer in the wood. The adults are active from May through July, visiting flowers (Danilevsky 2014).

threats:
This species is potentially threatened by forestry activities and wildfires which destroy its breeding material. Changing land use is also a threat since old trees are often removed from the landscape. The loss of large old trees has been highlighted globally as a concern (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to these threats.

conservationAction:
This species is confirmed in at least one protected area in Greece - the Lake Kerkini National Park (Dascălu et al. 2012). It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Its biology and population trend need to be studied,as well as its habitat trend throughout its distribution range. Taxonomic relationships should also be investigated within the group rufa-trisignata-ivoroberti and other taxa fromcentral Asia. A study based on DNA and morphology, gathering several specimens, may be interesting if it covers a large geographic range andincludes types specimens.


taxonomicNotes:
Stictoleptura scutellata belongs to the subgenus Melanoleptura Miroshnikov, 1998 It is represented by three subspecies: - Stictoleptura scutellata ssp. scutellata (Fabricius, 1781)     = carbonaria (Scopoli, 1763) [nomen oblitum] - Stictoleptura scutellata ssp. maritima Sláma, 2015     Because of formal problems in the first publication in 2015, Sláma published again his new subspecies the same year.  - Stictoleptura scutellata ssp. melas (Lucas, 1847)     = melaena auct.     The publication of Lucas (1849) was in fact distributed between 1846 and 1849. The page 510, where melas is described, was released in the end of 1847 (Gaedike et al. 2012).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stictoleptura scutellata is not common but widely distributed in Europe. It lives in broadleaf forests, in large rotten  wood of broadleaf trees and exceptionally in conifers. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population trend is stable and no serious threats have been reported at the European scale. However, the range of this species is receding in the UK and forestry activities are likely to pose a threat in some parts of the species' range.

range:
Stictoleptura scutellata occurs across Europe and from Asia Minor and the Caucasus, towards Armenia and north Iran (Bílý and Mehl 1989). The subspecies S. scutellata melas is found in Algeria and Tunisia (Villiers 1946), as well as in Sicily (Sparacio 1999, Rapuzzi and Sama 2006). Reports of this subspecies from the extreme south of Spain and Portugal are under debate (Vives 2000, Sama 2002, Verdugo Páez 2004, González Peña et al. 2007). In Europe, the species is uncommon but widely distributed. It reaches a northern limit in the south of Sweden, Latvia - a single locality for the Baltic Republics (Barševskis 2001) - and in  the UK (scarce in SE England, and with a receding range) (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Barševskis and Savenkov 2013, K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm 2016). In southern Europe, it is fragmented into subspecies and varieties (see taxonomic note). It reaches European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014).In central Europe, it is present in the Polish and Belarus sides of the Bialowieza forest (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). In Ukraine, it is confirmed from the western mountains (Zamoroka et al. 2012), and around Kiev, while in Crimea (Ukraine) it is common (Danilevsky 2014). In European Russia, the species seems to be absent as most of the literature data are doubtful, like the record  from the region of Ulyanovsk which is a misidentification (Danilevsky 2014, Danilevsky 2016).

population:
This species is not common, but is regularly reported and observed. Its current population trend is considered to be stable across most of its range, although the range is contracting within the UK.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests. In central and northern Europe it prefers European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) as a host tree (Kovács and Hegyessy 2000, Papi and Ceccolini 2014), while in the south, oaks (Quercus spp.) are preferred (Sama 2002). The larva is polyphagous and several host trees have been reported, namely Carpinus, Alnus, Betula,  Castanea, and Corylus spp. (Palm 1959, Demelt 1966, Kovács and Hegyessy 1995, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). Exceptional records from conifers are also available: two larvae reared from rotten larch (Larix sp.) (Król and Skrzypczyńska 1974) and Spanish Fir (Abies pinsapo) (Vives 2000) - the latter tree species is possible but under debate (Verdugo Páez 2004). The larva has been described in detail by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). It lives in coarse woody debris decomposed by a white-rot fungus, feeding deep in the sapwood of sun-exposed stumps and branches, and also in the exposed deadwood of standing living trees. The development takes two or more years with pupation in spring in the  wood (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989,Danilevsky 2014). The adults are active from May to July. Flowers are mostly visited by males, while the females stay on the hosts trees (Berger 2012).

threats:
This species is assumed to be threatened by forestry activities but no threats have been explicitly reported within its main range. However, suitable wood has become increasingly scarce in parts of the UK range and this may explain the documented decline there (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas in Europe. In Latvia, it is present in theSlītere National Park (Telnov 2004), in France, in the Forest of Fontainebleau (Berger 2012) and in Poland in the Bieszczady National Park (Holly 2007). In the UK it is best known from Windsor Forest and Great Park, as well as the New Forest, but the level of habitat protection is week (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). A short taxonomic clarification at the subspecies level, may be useful for the south of the Iberian Peninsula.

useAndTrade:
Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers, during entomological conventions (B.  Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


taxonomicNotes:
In 1985, Sláma described Brachyleptura martini from Crete. However, the name was preoccupied by Leptura semirufula var. martini (Pic, 1945) described from Madrid, and thereafter synonym of Stictoleptura trisignata (Fairmaire, 1852). So, when Brachyleptura was included in the new genus Stictoleptura, the species of Sláma was changed to S. slamai Sama, 2010.

redListCategoryRationale:
Stictoleptura slamai is reported from just two localities in the western half of Crete, in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Stictoleptura slamai is endemic to Crete and only two localities are known, both in the western half of the Island (Sláma 1985, Schedl 2013).

population:
This species is reported from only the three specimens of the type series (Sláma 1985, Schedl 2013). The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
Nothing is known about the habitats and ecology of this species. The known specimens were found on flowers in June (Schedl 2013).

conservationAction:
The two localities are not known to belong to protected areas. Extensive research is needed into the distribution of this species, its population size and trend, ecology and threats - virtually nothing is known about it.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stictoleptura trisignata is more or less common but localised in the Iberian peninsula and the south of France. This saproxylic beetle depends mainly on Quercus suber, especially on old trees in open forests and in agricultural landscapes. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 520 km²), and there is an ongoing and continuing decline of old oaks in Europe (extent and quality of habitat). The disappearance of this habitat is not going to stop in near future. In just a few decades the situation may be worse if too many old trees continue to disappear. Its biology is not yet clearly known, and more research is needed into the threats. The larva needs to be described and the microhabitats better studied. In particular, it needs to be clarified whether the species only lives in old living trees or if it can develop in other kinds of wood. Protection of veteran trees is recommended, particularly old oaks.

range:
Stictoleptura trisignata is endemic to Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean zone of France (Vives 1984, González Peña et al. 2007, Villanueva et al. 2007, Berger 2012, Obregón and Luna Murillo 2012). Old records from Italy must be regarded as incorrect and refer to another species (Sama 2002). The species is more or less common in Spain and localised, but sometimes abundant in France. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 400,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 520 km2.

population:
The population trend is assumed to be stable since the species is rather common throughout its distribution range.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests and wood pastures. It has been reared from the dead wood of Cork Oak (Quercus suber) (Villiers 1978, Sturani 1981 Sama 1992), Sessile Oak (Q. petraea), as well as in Castanea, Ulmus (Hidalgo-Fontiveros 2010) and perhaps also in Tilia spp. (Berger 2012). The larval morphology has not been described. The larva lives in dead parts of living trees, in contact with living tissues - veteran trees with heartwood decay. The pupation occurs in the wood and adults are on the wing from May to July, often on flowers and on sap-runs. They can be easily trapped with fermenting substances (Berger 2012).

threats:
This species needs large and old deciduous trees with cavities and dead parts. The species is threatened by the disappearance of ancient and large trees in hedgerow and in open forests (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat in Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is present in the Cabaneros National Park in Spain (Quinto et al. 2015). Its biology is not clearly known, and more research is needed into the threats. The larva needs to be described and the microhabitats better studied. In particular, it needs to be clarified whether the species only lives in old living trees or if it can develop in other kinds of wood. Protection of veteran trees is needed, particularly old oaks.


