# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
Hoplitis cretaea is an endemic species to Crete (Greece) (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The nesting biology of Hoplitis cretaea is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Dipsacaceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis cristatula is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis cristatula is Mediterranean-centred species present in several southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa, northern and southwestern Asia (Wu 2006, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis cristatula possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (two to six centimetres deep) in horizontal or vertical hard soil with one to three  linearly arranged cells. The females sometimes also use pre-existing  insect burrows in the ground. The cells are entirely built of two to three layers of petals mainly from Malva, Althaea, Lavathera, and occasionally Ononis. The  partitions between adjacent cells and between the last cell and the  nest plug are three-layered: a layer of mud and small pebbles between  two walls made of chewed petals, these partitions sometimes also consist  of masticated petals intermixed with mud and small pebbles. The nest  burrow is closed immediately below the soil surface by a wall built in  the same way as the cell partitions, sometimes however larger pieces of  petals are used than for the cell partitions, this wall is eventually  hidden below earth crumbs. The space between the last cell partition and  the nest plug is loosely filled with crumpled petals (Ferton 1892, 1897, Benoist  1931, Grandi 1961). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Malvaceae (Ferton 1892).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis curtula is only known from France and Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis curtula is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis curvipes is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis curvipes is a Mediterranean-centred species present in several southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The nesting biology of Hoplitis curvipes is only known from two brood cells which had been built side by side on the ground under a stone. The brood cells consisted entirely of leaves and leaf fragments, which  were intricately glued together, forming a cone-like structure as in Hoplitis (Alcidamea) mitis (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Allium spp. (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


range:
Hoplitis cypriaca is a southwestern Asian species known from Cyprus, Israel, Syria and Jordan (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis cypriaca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard soil (four to five centimetres deep) with up to six ramifications containing one to three cells each. The cells are entirely constructed from flowers of Papaver spp. (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1954c). This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis dalmatica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis dalmatica is present in southern and central European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis dalmatica occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities as vertical or horizontal fissures of rocks or between stones. The cells, which are generally built side by side, are two-layered: the  outer layer is made of rather coarsely chewed leaf pieces (e.g., Helianthemum), and the inner layer consists of petals (e.g., Geranium, Linum, Lactuca) (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (Westrich 1989,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis fabrei is only known from Greece (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis fabrei possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small rock cavities containing in one case two brood cells. The cells are closed with mud (G. Le Goff pers. comm. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Echium (Boraginaceae), Campanulaceae and Fabaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis fasciculata is only known from Greece (mainland and Crete), Cyprus and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Müller 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Hoplitis fasciculata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard soil (Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (Mavromoustakis 1948c, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis fertoni is only known from Spain and Sicily (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis fertoni occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities lie empty snail shells (e.g., Eobania, Otala, Theba) with one to eight cells. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud, sometimes mixed with small  pebbles. After the shell is closed, the nest is neither transported to a  protected place nor is the shell opening turned towards the ground  (Ferton 1890, 1908, Le Goff 2003a, Sedivy et al. 2013a). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Le Goff 2003a, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis fulva is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis fulva is present in several eastern European countries but mainly occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis fulva possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. Nests are built in loose scarps within pre-existing cavities, as for example in burrows of other bees (Xylocopa  and others) or in natural cavities, the females sometimes excavate  their own cavities. The nests contain six to 15 cells, which are glued  together or arranged in a linear series. The brood cells are entirely built from chewed leaves of Sophora alopecuroides.  The passage running from the cell cavity towards the nest entrance is  filled with small packages of coarsely gnawed green leaves and closed by  a plug made of mud, sometimes this plug is lacking (Marikovskaya 1968, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Marikovskaya 1968, Warncke 1991h, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis furcula is known from Greece (mainland and Crete). This species also occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis furcula possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated short burrows in the ground with one cell (of one centimetre length) at the end at a depth of two centimetres. The cells are entirely built of seven to eight layers of petals of Geranium. The burrow leading to the cell is partly lined with two to three layers of Geranium petals (Marikovskaya 1995). This species has no known flower preferences.


range:
Hoplitis galbula is only known from Greece in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis galbula is currently unknown.


range:
Hoplitis graeca is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis graeca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities such as rock fissures or between stones. The cells,  which are built singly or in loose aggregations, are entirely  constructed from several layers of petals cemented together with sand or  mud. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Asteraceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis grandiscapa is a northern African species that might also occur in Sardinia (Italy) (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The ecology of Hoplitis grandiscapa is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


range:
Hoplitis grossepunctata is only known from Greece in Europe and in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis grossepunctata is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Allium spp. (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis grumi is only present in Spain and probably also in Portugal. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis grumi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in vertical loose scarps. The nest burrow enters more  or less horizontal (about five centimetres), then turns vertically. The vertical  portion contains two to three linearly arranged cells one above the other. The cells are entirely built from three to four layers of petals of Geranium. The  burrow in front of the cells is also lined with petals. A two millimetre thick  earth wall is constructed between the cap of one cell and the bottom of  the following one. The horizontal part of the burrow is loosely filled  with pieces of petals, often also with particles of earth up to the soil  surface. The nest entrance is usually open, but sometimes blocked with  mud (Marikovskaya 1968). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014) but it has also been recorded on Origanum, Salvia and Sophora (Marikovskaya 1968).


range:
Hoplitis haemi is known from Greece and Bulgaria in Europe and from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis haemi is currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (the females of the species have yet to be caught and described), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis hilbera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis hilbera is currently unknown. This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, and in this case within the Fabaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium) and Brassicaceae (Müller 2012a).


range:
Hoplitis holmboei is endemic to Greece and Cyprus (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis holmboei is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on the Boraginaceae (Onosma, Echium, Lithodora)  (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


range:
Hoplitis idaensis is only known from Crete (Greece) in Europe and from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis idaensis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis illyrica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis illyrica is known from several southeastern European countries and from southwestern Asia (Gogala 2009b, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis illyrica is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis insularis is known from Spain (mainland and the Balearic Islands) and Italy (Sardinia and Sicily). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis insularis is currently unknown. This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, primarily on Boraginaceae (Echium) and Fabaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis jakovlevi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis jakolevi has a widespread Palearctic distribution. In Europe it is known from France and Italy, but it also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis jakovlevi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  short burrows in horizontal or vertical hard soil with one to two linearly  arranged cells at the end. The females sometimes also use pre-existing  insect burrows in the ground, for example burrows of cicad larvae. The cells are entirely built of petals of Althaea. The petals  used to line the nest burrow in the beginning are used in the end to  close the cell. In long pre-existing insect burrows, a basal plug is  constructed consisting of Althaea petals (Gutbier 1915, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Malvaceae (Popov 1967a, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis jheringii is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis jheringii is known from several southern European countries and is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis jheringii is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae with a strong preference for Loteae (Ducke 1900, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Hoplitis laboriosa is a northern Asian species that extends to south European Russia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The habitat and ecology of Hoplitis laboriosa is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis laevifrons is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis laevifrons has a widespread distribution ranging from northern Africa and Europe to southwestern Asia with an extra-limital oriental distribution in India. In Europe, this species occurs in central and eastern countries (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis laevifrons is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Popov 1952b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis lepeletieri is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis lepeletieri is endemic to Europe and it is distributed from Spain to Russia in the east, and from Italy to Germany in the north (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis lepeletieri possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in  depressions, cracks or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls  where the brood cells are more or less exposed. The nests contain two to eight cells. The brood cells are made from  pebbles cemented together with mud. Exposed cells are finally covered by  a continuous layer of mud and small pebbles (Ferton 1901a, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Bonelli 1969, Gogala  1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Westrich 1989, Sedivy et al. 2013b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case only upon Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia lepeletieri (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis leucomelana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis leucomelana is widespread across Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis leucomelana occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems or twigs (e.g. Rubus, Rosa, Verbascum, Onopordum, Artemisia, Acer, Fraxinus, Corylus and others), or pre-existing cavities of deserted reed galls of Lipara flies. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated leaf material.  Occasionally, the space between the outermost cell and the nest plug is  filled with pebbles, sand grains, particles of pith and parts of dry  insects. This barricade is sometimes interrupted by one to two walls of leaf  pulp (Benoist 1931, Enslin 1933, Stoeckhert 1933, Malyshev 1937, Grünwaldt  1939, Grandi 1961, Danks 1970, Bonelli  1971, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Westrich 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae. The additional pollen sources for the bee include: Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae and Rosaceae  (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Quest 2009, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis limassolica is distributed from northern Africa to southwestern Asia and only occurs in Cyprus in Europe (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis limassolica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in dry stems of Asphodelus species. The cells are separated by double partitions (Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is possibly mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several families of plant species, primarily on Fabaceae and Boraginaceae (Echium, Anchusa)  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females possess long and  curved bristles on the tarsi of their forelegs, which serve to extract  pollen from the narrow-tubed flowers of Anchusa (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis lithodorae is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis lithodorae is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Lithodora  (Boraginaceae). The females are equipped with conspicuous hooked  bristles on the galeae of their proboscis. These specialized bristles  probably serve to scrape pollen out of the narrow-tubed flowers of Lithodora (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis loti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis loti is endemic to Europe and is widely distributed from Spain to Russia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis loti occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in  depressions, cracks or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls  where the brood cells are more or less exposed, sometimes in abandoned  cells of Hoplitis lepeletieri or in small rock cavities where the cells are hidden. The nests mostly contain three to four cells. The brood cells  and nest plug are made from pebbles cemented together with mud. The exposed  cells are finally covered by a continuous layer of mud and small  pebbles (Blüthgen  1920, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Micheli 1931, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Sedivy et al.  2013b). This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several families of plant species, and in this case upon Fabaceae, Crassulaceae and Boraginaceae (Echium) with a strong preference for Loteae (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al.  2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


range:
Hoplitis lysholmi is mainly distributed in southwestern Asia but is also present in Greek Aegean islands (Chios, Lesbos and Rhodos). This species has also been recorded in Spain, however this was probably by mistake (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. Three females were observed to close the entrance of nests of the masarid wasp species Ceramius palaestinensis with mud, indicating that pre-existing burrows in the ground serve as nesting site (Mauss et al. 2010). This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis manicata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis manicata has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in several southern European countries but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Hoplitis manicata occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in pre-existing cavities like hollow dry stems of Arundo. The nest  plug, the cell partitions and large parts of the cell walls, sometimes  entire cells, are made of mud without addition of pebbles. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis manuelae is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
The ecology of Hoplitis manuelae is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis marchali is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis marchali is only known from western Mediterranean countries including Spain, Portugal, Corsica (France) and Sicily (Italy) in Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis marchali possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small cavities in rocks with one to two brood cells. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Le Goff 2005b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed  as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the  population size, trends and threats to the species.  Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis maritima is only known from Ukraine. This species is also present in northern Asia (Romankova 1995).

habitat:
Hoplitis maritima occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves (Romankova 1985a, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Rosaceae (Fragaria, Potentilla) (Quest 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mazzuccoi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis mazzuccoi is present in eastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Gogala 2009b).

habitat:
Hoplitis mazzuccoi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and in dry stems of Rubus (Gogala 2009b). The flower preferences of this species are unknown. The females of H. mazzuccoi  possess a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  apically twisted bristles (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). Similar facial combs  occur in several unrelated bee taxa where they serve to remove pollen  from the nototribic anthers (structures used to deposit pollen on the back of  visiting insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b, Houston  2000, Thorp 2000). Therefore, the flowers of the Lamiaceae may be  important pollen sources for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mitis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis mitis is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis mitis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests below stones, in rock crevices, in grass tussocks, between dried leaves  or in old cells of other bees. One nest consisting of six loosely  attached cells was found in the angle of the lowest crotch of a 0.8 cm  tall pine tree. The brood cells, which are built singly or in small groups of up to 12, entirely consist of leaves or leaf fragments (e.g., Helianthemum, Potentilla, Hieracium, Sarothamnus, Fragaria, Cytisus,  grasses) intricately glued together, forming a cone-like structure. The  cell closure is made of leaf pulp (occasionally reinforced by sand  grains) and leave fragments (Maneval 1925, Benoist  1931, Koller and Hamann 1950, Westrich 1989, Marikovskaya 1995, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mocsaryi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis mocsaryi is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

habitat:
Hoplitis mocsaryi occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in excavated burrows in the ground (about five centimetres deep) with up to four ramifications containing one to two cells each. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals exclusively from Linum spp.. The burrows are lined with Linum spp.  petals as well, sometimes a thin wall of mud is built between adjacent  cells. The nest entrances are not closed by a nest plug, but remain  open (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, A. Müller pers. obs. 2009). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Linum spp. (Linaceae) but with flexibility  in its choice of pollen (Westrich  1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis mollis is only known from Bulgaria. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis mollis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Özbek 1979b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis monticola is only known from Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
Presumably the species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species forages upon Fabaceae (Müller 2012a) but no further information is known.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis moricei is only known from the Canary Islands (Spain). This species mainly occurs from northern Africa to southwestern Asia with an extra-limital oriental distribution in India (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis moricei is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Resedaceae (Reseda), Nitrariaceae (Peganum),  Zygophyllaceae and Fabaceae. The most important pollen sources are  Resedaceae in Morocco, Zygophyllaceae in Israel and Fabaceae on the  Canary Islands (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mucida is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis mucida has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in several southern European countries but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis mucida possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in cavities in rocks containing in one case a single cell. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Le Goff 2005b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Osmia mucida (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis nicolaei is only known from Greece (Müller 2012a). This species also occurs in southwestern Asia.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis nicolaei is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Convolvulaceae,  Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae (Carduoideae, Cichorioideae), Linaceae and  Lamiaceae (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Hoplitis nitidula is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis nitidula is found in European Russia but this species is mainly distributed in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis nitidula is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Peganum spp. (Nitrariaceae) (Popov 1952b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis obtusa is known from southern Europe (Albania, Greece and possibly Croatia), but it is mainly distributed in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis obtusa is currently unknown. This species is known to forage upon  Carduoideae and Cichorioideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis occidentalis has been found in France, Spain and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The nesting biology of Hoplitis occidentalis is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae, Cistaceae and Campanulaceae species (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ochraeicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis ochraceicornis is endemic to southern Europe, from Portugal to Italy (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis ochraceicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cavities in rocks and the cells are built from mud (Benoist 1931). The species is mesolectic, in that it collects pollen from several plant families, such as Echium (Boraginaceae), Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis pallicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis pallicornis is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis pallicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in holes in stones. The cells are built from mud and small pebbles (Gogala 1999). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It has a preference for Boraginaceae (mainly Echium), Fabaceae and Campanulaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis papaveris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis papaveris is widespread in Europe except in Great Britain and in Scandinavia. This species also occurs in northern and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis papaveris possibly occurs in temperate grasslands. It nests in excavated  burrows in hard or sometimes sandy ground (generally three to eight cm, sometimes  10-15 cm deep) with generally only one cell (occasionally two to several  cells) at the end of the burrow. The nests are usually excavated in  horizontal ground, occasionally also in vertical scarps. The females  sometimes also use pre-existing cavities, e.g., holes in stones and  abandoned cells and burrows of the own species or of Anthophora. This species sometimes nests in huge colonies. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals of Papaver (rarely also of Althaea, Centaurea, Malva, Genista or Helianthemum).  The nest burrow is lined with large pieces of petals, which are  eventually used to close the cell. Directly after this first cell  closure, a three millimetre thick mud plug is built and/or the entrance burrow is  filled with sand (Ferton 1908, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Pashina 1971, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and the pollen sources include Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Papaver (Papaveraceae), Echium (Boraginaceae) and Melilotus  (Fabaceae) (Benoist  1931, Pashina 1948, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic as Anthocopa papaveris (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Switzerland as Osmia papaveris (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis parnesica is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The ecology of Hoplitis parnesica is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


range:
Hoplitis peniculifera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis peniculifera is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The only pollen sample analysed so far contained pollen of Cistaceae species (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis perezi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis perezi is present in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis perezi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forest edges and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard and generally horizontal soil (about two to three centimetres deep) with one to three linearly arranged cells. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals of Convolvulus (occasionally Papaver). The petals of Convolvulus  are also used to build partitions between adjacent cells and to line  the entrance burrow. The nest entrance is filled with sand in the end (Ducke 1900; Ferton 1901, 1908; Benoist 1931, A.  Müller pers. obs. 2009). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Convolvulaceae (Ferton 1897, Ducke 1900, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis pici is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis pici is present in a few countries of southeastern Europe and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis pici possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in exposed nest on the surface of a large rock. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Muscari  (Hyacinthaceae) (Müller 2006, Sedivy et al. 2013a). The females are  equipped with conspicuous hooked bristles on the galeae of their  proboscis. These specialized bristles serve to scrape pollen out of the  urn-shaped Muscari flowers, which have a very small opening only (Müller 2006).


range:
Hoplitis pomarina is present in Greece and Macedonia but also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis pomarina is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. obs. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis praestans is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis praestans has a widespread distribution in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis praestans possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems. The cell partitions are made of leaf pulp (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (Ducke 1900, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis princeps is known from Hungary, Ukraine and southwestern Russia. This species extends its distribution through northern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis princeps is currently unknown. This species is probably  polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Warncke 1991h, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as there are difficulties in differentiating this species from Hoplitis dorni), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis pulchella is only known from Spain in Europe but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis pulchella is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae and Cichorioideae), Brassicaceae and Papaver (Papaveraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis quinquespinosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis quinquespinosa is only known from Spain in Europe but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis quinquespinosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  vertical burrow (c. 12 cm deep) in hard and horizontal soil with 22  brood cells closely grouped together at its end. The brood cells, which  are not placed at the end of side burrows but open directly into the  main burrow, are spirally arranged around the main burrow with their  longitudinal axis being oriented horizontally to 45 degrees downwards. In contrast to other Pentadentosmia  species, neither the main burrow nor the brood cells are lined with a  contiguous layer of chewed leaves. Instead, the walls of both main  burrow and brood cells appear to be constructed with a mixture of soil  and chewed leaves. The cell cap (c. 2 mm thick) consists of two adjacent  layers made of earth and small quantities of chewed leaves. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Reseda spp. and possibly other related genera of the Resedaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ravouxi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis ravouxi is endemic to Europe and has a large distribution from Portugal to Russia in the east and from Italy to the Netherlands in the north (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands.Hoplitis ravouxi nests in  depressions or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls where  the brood cells are more or less exposed, in small rock cavities where  the cells are hidden. Nests contain two to eight cells. The brood cells  and nest plug are made from pebbles cemented together with mud. Exposed  cells are finally covered by a continuous layer of mud and small  pebbles, in small stone or rock cavities. The orifice is closed with a  layer of mud (Blüthgen 1920, Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Sedivy et al. 2013b). This species is mesolectic, in that the species prefers to forage upon several plant families, within the Fabaceae, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) and Crassulaceae with a strong preference for Loteae  (Benoist 1931,   Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis robusta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis robusta is widely distributed in Europe and is also found throughout northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Canada and USA) (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis robusta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and drilled bore holes in dead wood. The nest  plug is made of masticated leaves, sometimes with small pieces of wood  embedded in the leaf matrix (Clement and Rust 1975). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Hurd and Michener 1955, Peters 1970, Clement and Rust 1975, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in National Red Lists of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis saundersi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis saundersi is only found in Portugal but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia, with an extra-limital distribution in India (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis saundersi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows in hard-packed and sandy soil. After two to three centimetres the entrance burrow  ramifies in five to six branches, each containing one single cell or two cells  separated one to two centimetres from each other at about six to eight centimetres below soil surface. Sometimes the nests contain only one cell at the end of the nest burrow. The cells are entirely built of several layers of small to large pieces of sterile flowers of Centaurea or of petals of Scabiosa, Convolvulus, Anthemis or Cistus (Cros 1927, A. Müller pers. obs. 2013). The species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (e.g., Centaurea) (Ferton 1890, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis saxialis is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis saxialis is currently unknown.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis serainae is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis serainae is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown and the only two pollen samples analysed so far contained pollen from Linaceae species (Müller 2012a).


range:
In Europe Hoplitis stellaris is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis stellaris is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown and the only pollen sample available so far consists of pollen from Allium (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis strymonia is only found in Bulgaria but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis strymonia is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The only two pollen samples available so far consist of pollen of Fabaceae (e.g., Trifolium) (unpublished, data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe Hoplitis subbutea is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis subbutea is currently  unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The  only pollen sample available so far consists of pollen of Campanulaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis submanicata is only found in Sicily, Italy. The species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis submanicata is currently unknown. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis tenuispina is endemic to France and Italy (Schwarz et al. 2005).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis tenuispina is currently unknown. The females  possess a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  apically twisted bristles (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). Similar facial combs  occur in several unrelated bee taxa where they serve to remove pollen  from the nototribic anthers (the structures in the flower that allow for the collection of pollen from insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae flowers (Müller 1996b, Houston  2000, Thorp 2000). Therefore, the flowers of the Lamiaceae may be  important pollen sources for this species.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis tigrina is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis tigrina is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Hoplitis tkalcuella is endemic to Spain (Le Goff 2003c).

habitat:
Hoplitis tkalcuella possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in rather hard soil. The entrance burrow ramifies  after a length of around one centimetre into four branches, each containing one to three linearly arranged cells separated from each other by a layer of mud. The cell partitions and nest plug are built from mud (Le Goff 2003c, 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Le Goff 2003c, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis tridentata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis tridentata is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis tridentata occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Ferula, Cirsium, Cynara, Verbascum, Onopordum, Dipsacus, Rubus, Artemisia and others). The females are able to enter the pithy core of the stems by biting a hole from the side through the wooden wall. The cell partitions are made of masticated leaves, sometimes mixed with  pith. The nest plug consists of several layers of leap pulp alone or of  leaf pulp mixed with pith. The emergence of the adults often takes  place through a holes chewed in the side of the stem (Enslin 1925, Benoist 1931, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Le Goff  1997, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and  Romasenko 2001). The  species is said to be a strict oligolege of Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al.  2004) but it might be  better classified as polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia tridentata (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis tuberculata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis tuberculata is widely distributed in central and northern Europe and extends its distribution through northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Hoplitis tuberculata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions  are made of mud, sometimes also of leaf pulp. The nest plug is made of small  stones, masticated leaves and pieces of rotten wood. The particles in  the end plug are not cemented together and pieces can easily fall  off (Friese 1923, Stoeckhert 1933, Grünwaldt 1939, Käpylä 1978, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae and additional pollen sources from Ranunculaceae (Westrich 1989, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Lithuania (Endangered; Rašomavičius 2007). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis villosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis villosa is endemic in Europe and is widely distributed across Europe except in Great Britain (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis villosa possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like fissures and holes in rocks, stones and cinder, between  stones, in abandoned nests of Megachile parietina and between pieces of  bark. The cells, which are built singly or in small groups, are entirely constructed from several layers of petals (Geranium, Helianthemum, Hieracium, Meconopsis, Rosa, Ranunculus, Papaver)  cemented together with sand or mud in varying quantities; the extremes  are pure petal cells on the one hand, and mud cells with petals only on  the outside on the other hand (Friese 1923, Benoist  1931, Stoeckhert 1933, Petit  1970, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case upon Asteraceae with a preference for Cichorioideae (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et  al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis yermasoyiae is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis yermasoyiae is present in southeastern Europe but also in several countries of southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis yermasoyiae possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows in the ground. One nest excavated in hard-packed horizontal  ground consisted of a single horizontally oriented brood cell at the end  of a short burrow of about one to two centimetres length. The cells are constructed from petals of Cistus and Papaver. The  nest burrow is also lined with petals. At the end, the nest entrance is  plugged with small stones and mud (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1954b; Standfuss et al. 2003). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae, Cichorioideae), Cistaceae, Papaver (Papaveraceae) and monocots (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1952, 1956a; unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis zaianorum is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species is also found in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis zaianorum is currently unknown. This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Book. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Hoplitis zandeni is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Teunissen and van Achterberg 1992).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis zandeni is currently unknown. This species has been found on the following flowers: Launaea arborescens, Phagnalon spp., Heliotropium ramosissimum and Ononis spp. (Hohmann et al. 1993).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2, the species range is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, as the species has probably disappeared from Sicily and Albania in the past 100 years.The species is threatened by modification in its habitats as it has very specific needs for nesting. Further research is needed to better understand threats to this species.

range:
In Europe, this species was collected in Albania, Italy (Sicily) and the Aegean part of Greece. Outside of Europe, it is known to occur in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Caucasus and Iran (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 190,988 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2 for Europe. Recent EOO and AOO will probably be much smaller, because the findings from Italy and Albania are more than eighty years old.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are both uncertain. However, there have only been a few individuals ever collected in Europe. There are only very old records from Albania and Sicily; the specimen from Sicily was collected in 1898 (Warncke 1980). Thus, the only recent records are from the population in the Greek islands of Milos and Naxos (Grace 2010). The populations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species inhabits open habitats of steppe and forest steppe character as well as pastureland. This species visits flowers from various plant families. However, Mueller (1996) lists this as an oligolectic species, specialising in Cardueae (Asteraceae) pollen.Female collect resin from pines (Pinus spp) to form free standing cells in old burrows made from various rodents or in cracks in loose soil and walls (J. Straka pers. obs. 2014). It is evident that this species has very specific resource needs that includes sufficient nectar and pollen sources, resin from trees and large burrows in the soil for nesting.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain. However, the species is probably threatened by modifications of its habitats as it has very specific needs for nesting and it is very sensitive to environmental conditions.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. However, traditional agriculture is probably highly positive to create specific suitable conditions for the species (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with monitoring of the population and habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species occurs in southern Spain and Cyprus in Europe. Outside Europe is the species widely distributed from Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia to Egypt, Israel, Syria, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula (Warncke 1980).

habitat:
This species occurs in open biotopes with desertic character. Muller (1996) reports that the species is polylectic, in that it will forage for pollen from a wide range of plant families.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and numerous localities known, especially in southern Europe. The populations seem to be stable. Further research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.

range:
This species is widespread in the whole Mediterranean region. It occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Croatia (Dalmatia), southern Greece, Bulgaria (southern coast of Black Sea), Crete, Cyprus and the Ukraine (Crimea). Outside of Europe, it occurs in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel (Warncke 1980). This species is known also from Malta, Slovenia, Armenia, Iran and Kyrgyzstan (Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 2,565,165 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) to 152 km2.

population:
Population trends of this species are uncertain, but it seems to be stable. The species is quite common at some southernmost localities in Europe.

habitat:
This species prefers steppe and forest-steppe biotopes. Icteranthidium grohmanni is a polylectic species, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of plant species (Muller 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However further research is needed into the population size and threats affecting the species.

range:
This species occurs in Portugal, Spain, Southern France, northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and European Russia. Outside Europe, the species is known from Morocco, Caucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Siberian Russia (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 3,036,986 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to 216 km2 in Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. Icteranthidium laterale seems to be locally abundant and relatively stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits open or sparsely forested sandy biotopes of steppe character. The species collects resin for building of brood cells in pre-existing cavities in sandy soil. It is oligolectic on Cardueae; however Mueller (1996) states that the species is polylectic with a distinct preference for Cardueae (Asteraceae).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any Red Data Books or National Red Lists. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Icteranthidium ovasi is assessed as Near Threatened because it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (34 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (12 km2) in Europe. Despite the fact that its population at the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria seems stable over several decades, the open coastal sandy biotopes where it inhabits are experiencing a continuing decline due to the development of tourism infrastructure. Protection of these biotopes is therefore very much needed. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
This species occurs only in Bulgaria (Black Sea coast) and Turkey (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 34 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 12 km2 for Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. Population trend seems to be relatively stable from 1960 to 1990, however the most recent data are missing.

habitat:
This species occurs at opened coastal sandy biotopes along the Black Sea. It is oligolectic on Fabaceae (Muller 1996).

threats:
This species occurs at open coastal sandy biotopes which can be influenced by inappropriate management, transition for holiday resorts, beaches and hotels. Protection of biotopes is needed.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended, because of possible decline when changes in its biotopes will occur. Conservation of the species' biotope is needed, together with research on the species' ecological requirements, population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
The species is distributed in the western Palearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to the Caucasus (Ornosa et al. 2007). It has been introduced to the USA (Roberts 1978) but it has probably disappeared there in recent times (Michener 2007).

population:
This species' population is stable as it is distributed across a large range and it is also found to be locally abundant.

habitat:
This species appears in mixed landscapes of sparse forests and shrubs, next to rivers and springs, and the borders of crops and roads. It flies from May to August. The species visits flowers of Fabaceae and Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Although, generally it may be threatened by shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern because it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, it is presumed to have large population and it is locally abundant. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
Lithurgus cornutus is spread throughout the Mediterranean basin and north to the Czech Republic and east towards Romania and European Russia. Outside of Europe, it reaches the Caucasus and Iran. The subspecies L. cornutus fuscipennis lives in the Mediterranean basin, whereas the nominative subspecies is found in northwestern Africa.

population:
This species occupies a large range and can be locally abundant. The population is probably stable.

habitat:
This species lives in a mosaic of forest, shrubland and open fields, as well as around crop and road borders. It prefers humid places, next to fountains and other watering systems. It flies from June to August. The species has been recorded visiting at least eight families of plants with the most important being Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Apiaceae. Stelis punctulatissima and Stelis simillima are thought to be kleptoparasitic upon this bee species (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential development for housing, herbicides and pesticides, and habitat shifting, alteration and droughts caused by climatic changes.

conservationAction:
The species is only listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because the population is distributed across most of the Mediterranean, it considered to be continuous and it lives in a wide range of habitats. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends.

range:
The species is distributed from Portugal and Spain towards Greece and Cyprus (Alfken 1927, Mavromoustakis 1958). Outside of Europe, it is found towards Turkmenistan and in the north of Africa.

population:
The population of this species appears in a continuous range from Portugal towards Pakistan. Although there are not records for all countries in the Mediterranean, the whole population appears to be connected naturally (F.J. Sanchez-Ortiz pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
It lives in open field, shrubs, Quercus forests, semi-deserts and rocky areas. Some of the specimens have been collected in seasonal creeks or in irrigation systems next to arable lands (F.J. Ortiz Sanchez pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The species is generally threatened by the loss of autonomous vegetation and the risk of human actions such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, livestock farming and ranching, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration and droughts caused by climatic changes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution, abundance, habitat and ecology, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species is present from northern Africa, through southern Europe to the east Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
This species appears to maintain stable populations in the southern parts of its range; its northern populations appear very isolated and more likely to be threatened. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The habitat of this species has not been described. The nesting biology of this species has been described by Ferton (1901a). Megachile albisecta nests in burrows in the ground. It uses preexisting burrows or cavities in the ground, but it is possible that it also digs its own burrows. The brood cells are made of a combination of leaf discs and masticated leaf pulp into which small pebbles are incorporated. The nest is closed with a thick plug of masticated leaf pulp. Megachile albisecta is oligolectic and collects pollen only from plants of the Asteraceae family, possibly only from the Cardueae subfamily.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it is locally abundant in southern Europe.

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean, from Italy eastwards to the Caucasus (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
This species is locally very abundant in southeastern Europe. Some of its northern populations are isolated. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is polylectic, in that it forages on a wide variety of plants, with a preference for flowers of the Lamiaceae family (unpublished data, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014, Müller 1996). Its nesting behavior is unknown. Megachile albocristata inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants such as dry grasslands, shrublands and rocky areas.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, the population size and trend, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the only published record in the literature refers to the type specimen and the rest of records are unpublished. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from a few localities in the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Morocco (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species and its ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is distributed from Spain to Central Asia through southern Europe, Turkey and the Middle East (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the biology or habitat of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found across Europe from France eastwards to Finland and southern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. In the Alps, this species is widespread and probably is not threatened there.

habitat:
It is found on woodlands and clearings (Dorn 1988). This species builds its nest in existing burrows or cavities in dead wood. The cells are built with leaf discs and the nest is closed with a plug made of masticated leaf pulp. It is host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys inermis (Westrich 1989). It is polylectic, in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, especially since the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The distribution of this species is limited to the Palearctic, from Spain to Mongolia, possibly also in Siberia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
In northern Europe the species inhabits heathlands and sandy coastal areas (Westrich 1989), while in central and southern Europe the species is found in alpine grasslands and forest clearings. This species places its brood cells in burrows in the soil or under stones (Amiet et al. 2004). The cells are made of leaf discs or thin pieces of bark.It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species, and shows a preference for Fabaceae, Campanulaceae and Ericaceae (Erica tetralix) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Peeters et al. 1999, Müller et al. 1997, C. Praz pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient since the species' taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from a few localities in Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population.

range:
Megachile apicalis is present throughout Eurasia, from western Europe northwards to Ukraine and eastwards to Uzbekistan (James and Pitts-Singer 2008). It has been introduced into the New World.

population:
In southern Europe, this species is abundant. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species nests in pre-existing cavities and uses leaf discs to build its brood cells. It is host to the cuckoo bees species Coelioxys echinata, and possibly also of C. afra and C. brevis (Amiet et al. 2004). It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide variety of plants, with marked preference for the Asteraceae (Müller and Bansac 2004) and in particular for Centaurea (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants such as grasslands and shrublands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). The species was found in Switzerland after the Red List was published (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species has been described from Morocco and is mentioned from Sicily (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The taxonomic status of this species is unclear, and if it is a valid species, the identity of the Sicilian populations would require confirmation (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and France (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The species has not been recently observed in France (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The subspecies M. basilaris posti has been described from Cyprus; the nominal form is restricted to Central Asia (Grace 2009).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. This species is known only from the type series and from a few specimens collected more than 50 years ago.


range:
Megachile benoisti occurs in Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).


range:
The species is only known from the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and the species is only known from the type specimens. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is only known from Spain from the type specimens (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from a few records and there is no recent information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, especially since it is very rare and is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is distributed from Siberia to eastern and northern Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014). There are only a few records of this species in western Europe. Probably the records of Italy are erroneous (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014) and no recent records for Hungary, Poland or Finland exist (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

population:
This is a very rare species. It is large and conspicuous and thus unlikely to be unnoticed. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is oligolectic on the flowers of Asteraceae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). This species lives in meadows, edges of forest belts and man-made forests. This species nests in above-ground cavities such as burrows in wood and uses leaf discs to build its cells (Malysheva 1958). The main limitation is the availability of suitable cavities for their nests (V.G. Radchenko pers. com. 2014). The species flight period is in June-July.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011).In Russia, Megachile bombycina is included in regional Red Data Books of Ryazan region (Anan'eva and Nikolaeva 2011) and Republic of Tatarstan (Sapayev 1995) as a rare species (equal to NT).  There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient since the species is only known from the type specimen. There is lack of information on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known from Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014). It is known only from the type specimen.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known from mainland France and Slovenia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). According to Gogala (1998), the species is also found in Kazakhstan.

population:
It is a rare species with a fragmented population, having very isolated populations in Europe with little demographic exchange. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species. This species has been observed on Lotus (Gogala 1998).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known only from the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The species is considered rather common and the population trend is unknown.


range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993b).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and presumably large overall population. However, further research is urgently needed on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Megachile centuncularis is distributed in the east Palearctic and Nearctic regions, and through north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the species is presumed to have a large overall population.

habitat:
Megachile centuncularis inhabits forest edges, forest clearings, open areas and fallow lands. It nests in existing cavities in wood or in hollow stems and its brood cells are made of leaf discs. It is host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys inermis, and possibly also of C. elongata and C. mandibularis (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is polylectic (Peeters et al. 1999, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004) in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeter and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population.

range:
Megachile circumcincta is present throughout the Holoarctic, from western Canada through subarctic areas. It is widely distributed in Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available on the population size of this species. While in Germany the species is uncommon, in the Alps it is common. It is considered to have an overall large population. Nevertheless, it is undoubtedly decreasing in southern England (Else 2012).

habitat:
The brood cells are made with leaf discs and placed in underground burrows or existing cavities (Amiet et al. 2004, Westrich 1989, Nielsen 1902). The species flies from late May to early August, and is polylectic (Amiet et al. 2004). The cuckoo bee species Coelioxys elongata, C. mandibularis, C. quadridentata and C. rufescens (Megachilinae) are kleptoparasites of this species (Amiet et al. 2004, Else 2012).In northern Europe M. circumcincta nests in coastal dunes and inland heaths, by excavating burrows in the soil and  in wood (Erlandsson 1955); populations still exist on the extensive coastal dune systems of eastern Scotland (G.R. Else pers. obs. 1982). In Germany, the species is mostly found in sandy areas, in quarries or in fallow lands in agricultural areas (Westrich 1989); while in the Alps the species is found in diverse open habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Megachile concinna has a Palearctic distribution, possibly Afrotropical, and it also occurs in southeast Asia. The species has also been introduced into the New World. In Europe, it occurs through southern Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimens and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global, Mediterranean and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)This very conspicuous species has not been observed since 1950. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that there are less than 50 mature individuals in the population. Sampling efforts are needed to  determine if the species is actually extinct and research should be  conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and  ecology, and threats to the species.

range:
In Europe, the species in known only from Cyprus. Tkalcu (1970) mentions this species from Afghanistan, although possibly the specimens from Afghanistan belongs to another species as no record is known between these widely separated localities (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). In Cyprus, the species is known from 11 specimens from the following localities: Limmassol, Ayia Napa, Paramytha, Pano Kivides and Chirokitia.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 577 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

population:
This very conspicuous and easily identifiable species has not been observed since 1950, despite considerable sampling efforts (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Thus, it is reasonable to infer that there are less than 50 mature individuals and that the population trend in declining.

habitat:
Mavromoustakis (1938) states that the species is oligolectic on Onobrychis and that it builds exposed nests on large stones. The habitat of the species has not been described but it probably inhabits open habitats, such as grasslands.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Sampling efforts are needed to determine if the species is actually extinct and research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. Monitoring of the population is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is only known from Hungary (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
The distribution of this species spreads from northern Africa to southern and central Europe, eastwards to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
It is a rare species with isolated populations. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information available on the biology or habitat of this species. However, it is known to be the host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys polycentris (Zettel et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2, the species is rare and it occurs in very isolated populations in southern Europe. The species is potentially threatened by grazing. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed into the population trends.

range:
The species is known from Italy through southeastern Europe, eastwards to the Caucasus (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 101,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

population:
This rare species has a severely fragmented distribution with very isolated populations (Hartmann and Arens 1998). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Females have been observed exclusively on Asyneuma limonifolium (Campanulaceae) (Hartmann and Arens 1998). Females of M. diabolica build nests in the soil, coating its brood cells with leave pieces of Prunus mahaleb (Hartmann and Arens 1998). The habitat is unknown.

threats:
The species is potentially threatened by intensive grazing, which could alter the vegetation and may reduce the presence of the flowers where it forages.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However, research should be conducted into the species' population trend and threats.

range:
Megachile ericetorum is limited to the western Palearctic, where it is present from southwestern to northern Europe and north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although the species is considered threatened in some countries, it presumably has an overall large population. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants, including grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, clearings and road sides (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Females of M. ericetorum nest in preexisting cavities (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 1999, Amiet et al. 2004) and it is the host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys aurolimbata (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). They build cells made of mud that are lined with resin. Females are probably oligolectic on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is distributed in Greece and Cyprus (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey, Syria, Iraq (Grace 2010) and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
In Europe, the species is present in France, Sardinia and Spain, including the Balearic Islands. Outside of Europe, it is present in north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is present throughout Europe from France eastwards to Slovakia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and Israel.

habitat:
This species is oligolectic on Centaurea (Müller and Bansac 2004). The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands and shrublands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species has not been observed in Europe for more than 100 years and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species is known from Crete, Turkey and the Middle East eastwards to Iran (Grace 2010, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

population:
It is a large and rare species. This species has not been observed in Europe for more than 100 years (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is the largest Megachile species from Europe so it requires large pollen quantities. There is no information available on the habitat of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the global distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
The species is known only from Romania and European and central Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
Megachile genalis is present from western Europe in France eastwards to Ukraine and Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Kazakhstan (Marikovskaya 1972), Kyrgyzstan (Tarbinskiy 1962), Tajikistan (Popov 1967, Kadamshoyev and Edgorshoyev 1981) and Far East of Russia (Roman’kova 1995).

population:
This rare species is very localized, and in central Europe the populations are not connected at all (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown. In the southern regions of Ukraine, the species is considered to be common (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The brood cells are made of leaf pieces (Ruhnke 2000). Ruhnke (2000) found some nests of M. genalis in newly grown plant stems and additional breeding cells were often found in the upper nest hole. Additionally, Megachile genalis usually builds the nests inside onion flower stems (Dudich 1884, Tarbinskiy 1962, Marikovskaya 1972, Kadamshoyev and Edgorshoyev 1981). Due to this, it was considered a pest of onion (Titov 1937, Paliy and Kartashov 1970).  There is no information available on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats affecting the species. It occurs in protected areas, such as Karadag Natural Reserve in Ukraine (Filatov 2001).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type material which has been lost and there is no information available on the distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species was described from a female in Spain (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any Red Data Books or National Red Lists. It is not known if its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed into the taxonomy,             distribution, population size and trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.


range:
The species is present in Europe from Spain and France eastwards to Hungary and Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimens and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species is only known from the type series (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).


range:
The species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
It is a rare species known from only few localities. The population trend is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the taxonomy of this species remains unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is known from Hungary, Slovakia (Tkalcu 1973), Bulgaria (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Greece and the East Aegean Islands (Grace 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and presumably large populations. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and threats in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in certain European countries.

range:
Megachile lagopoda is widespread throughout Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
In southern Europe, this species is quite common. The population trend is unknown, although populations are presumed to be abundant.

habitat:
This species nests in underground burrows or cavities, with cells made of leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys conoidea (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Megachile lagopoda is polylectic (Westrich 1989), in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species, mainly on Asteraceae (Westrich 1990). It inhabits open habitats with abundant host-plants, including grasslands and shrublands. In central Europe it is found mostly in dry grasslands. The species is univoltine (the species has one generation per year) and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


range:
Megachile lanigera is known from the Canary Islands and Morocco (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

population:
This rare species is only known from a few localities. The population trend is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends, and threats to the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is present through the west Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014) and it is found across Europe from France eastwards to Russia.

habitat:
The nests of M. lapponica are built in soil or wood cavities (Peeters et al. 1999) and the species uses leaf pieces of Chamerion angustifolium. It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys inermis (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species has a strong preference to forage on Epilobium species. The species is found in forest clearings and forest edges.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be quite large overall. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
This species is widely distributed from Spain to Central Asia, including central and northern Europe, UK and Scandinavia (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be quite large overall.

habitat:
The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and it forages on Crassulaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae families (Westrich 1989), with preference for Lotus corniculatus (Peeters et al. 1999).   Nest burrows are excavated in the soil and the brood cells are made with leaf discs from various plant species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). There are several cells aligned in one nest, and its entrance is covered by leaves (Meng and Xu 2008). For the construction of one cell, 11 to 14 pieces of leaves are needed (Meng and Xu 2008). Megachile leachella makes six to nine pollen and nectar trips for each cell (Meng and Xu 2008).  In northern Europe, M. leachella is mainly found on coastal sand dunes, from June to late August (Westrich 1989, Else 2012). In central Europe, M. leachella is mostly found in sandy habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct, Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
In Europe, the species is present in France, Spain (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009) and it might be present in Greece (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Red Data Book or National Red List of Ukraine (Endangered, Monchenko et al. 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
M. leucomalla is known from Spain, France to south-eastern Europe, eastwards to the Middle East and to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
This species is rare throughout Europe, and the population trend is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitat and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The distribution of this species is limited to the west Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014), where it is present in Europe from France eastwards to Russia.

habitat:
The species is polylectic (Westrich 1989, Gogala 2014), in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species. The nests are built in various pre-existing cavities, mainly in wood burrows, with cells built with leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys alata, and possibly also of C. elongata (Amiet et al. 2004). The species inhabits forest clearings and forest edges (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
The species is only known from the type specimen in Corsica (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat or ecological requirements of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The distribution area is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present in Lithuania, Slovakia, Russia and Siberia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
This species is distributed in south-eastern Europe and in the Middle East (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The nest walls are relatively thin and made of mud and pebbles, probably mixed with salivary secretions. The species may be oligolectic on Fabaceae (Le Goff 2012, C. Praz pers. obs. 2014). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.


range:
The distribution area is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present in Europe from Spain north and eastwards until Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Central Asia, Siberia and Mongolia.

habitat:
Although O.W. Richards found a nest in a wall (Croyde, Devon in August 1944), the nest burrows are dug on the soil (Else 2012). The different cells are built from neatly cut sections of green leaves provided from various plants (e.g., Salix species) (Else 2012).  The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, as in Germany (Westrich 1989).   This leaf-cutter bee is mainly found on the coast, especially where there is light, sandy soil. Other populations occur on lowland heaths and sometimes on chalk grasslands (Else 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trend, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Megachile melanogaster is limited to the west Palearctic, and is distributed from Spain to southern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa.

habitat:
This species may be oligolectic on Centaurea (Müller and Bansac 2004). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it is common in southern Europe.

range:
Megachile melanopyga is distributed in the east Palearctic and the Near East (Ascher and Pickering 2014). In Europe, the species is present from Spain eastwards to Russia.

population:
In southern Europe, this species is common. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Megachile melanopyga is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, mainly collecting pollen from Asteraceae by the ventral hair-bands on their abdomens (Michener        2007, Gogala 2013). Partly bivoltine, the species flies from May to September (Gogala 2013) and their nests are made in grass tussocks (Gogala 2013). The brood cells are made of leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).  The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands etc.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


range:
This species is known from the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and Turkey eastwards to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
The species is present throughout Europe, from Spain northeastwards to Scandinavia and eastern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Megachile nigriventris is probably oligolectic, with a specialization on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species is found in open forests and forest edges. It nests in burrows excavated in decaying wood, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys lanceolata (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from June to July (Gogala 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


range:
The distribution of this species is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present from the west of Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Megachile octosignata is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with a preference for Asteraceae species (Müller and Bansac 2004). The habitat of the species is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is endemic to France and Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population, especially in southeastern Europe. However, the species has undergone significant declines in central Europe and it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Megachile parietina is present from western Europe in France eastwards to Ukraine (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
This formally widespread species has suffered a dramatic decline in central Europe during the last century. In France, it is now restricted to the southern parts of the country (Vereecken et al. 2010), but was once present over the entire country (Rasmont et al. 2003). In Spain, the species may be restricted to mountainous areas (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2012). In southeastern Europe, the species is still widespread and present in large populations (e.g., Greece). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species builds very hard nests of mud probably mixed with salivary secretions (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). It is host to the cuckoo bees Stelis nasuta, Dioxys tridentata and Dioxys cincta (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).Although polylectic, it shows a strong preference for Fabaceae species, especially Onobrychis. Müller et al. (2006) demonstrated that this species requires a large number of flowers to maintain its populations. The species inhabits grasslands.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practices, in particular the cease of Onobrychis cultivation as fodder, has probably led to the decline of the species in central Europe. According to Rasmont et al. (2003), the reduction in cultivation of Fabaceae species in the last century in France and Belgium has affected this species. In addition, Müller et al. (2006) demonstrated that the high pollen  requirements of this species may underline its decline in central Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


range:
This species is present in south-western Europe and Albania (Ascher and Pickering 2014), as well as Central Asia.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, as well as some taxonomic studies to determine what is the valid name of this species.


range:
This species is distributed through the east Palearctic, and it is found from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
This species is oligolectic on Asteraceae (Müller and Bansac 2004) (e.g., on Centaurea; Gogala 2013) and nests in hollow stems (Amiet et al. 2004, Gogala 2013). The species inhabits open habitats such as fallow land in agricultural habitats and dry grasslands. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large and stable populations.

range:
Megachile pilidens is present from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species is also found in Morocco and Central Asia.

population:
In southern Europe, this species is abundant. The species may be in expansion in northern and central Europe, following climatic change (Peeters et al. 2006). Overall the population trend may be stable.

habitat:
In northern and central Europe the species is found in dry and warm habitats (dry grasslands, fallow areas). In southern Europe, it is found in various open habitats.    Megachile pilidens is polylectic, and visits mainly Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Dipsacaceae and Asteraceae (Gogala 2013). Its nests in pre-existing cavities, especially crevices between stones, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys afra (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species is bivoltine (it has two generation per year), the first generation flies from June to August, and the second in August and September (Gogala 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species in only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


range:
The species is endemic to Portugal (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is found across the west Palearctic, from western Europe in Spain northeastwards to Scandinavia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in Turkey.

habitat:
This species is associated to dry and warm habitats (Westrich 1989); in southern Europe it inhabits various open habitats. It is a polylectic species (Peeters et al. 1999, Gogala 2013) in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species. It nests in the soil under stones or in the ground, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Gogala 2013). It is possibly a host of the cuckoo bees Coelioxys elongata and C. mandibularis (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Megachile pyrenaica is present from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Central Asia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
This species makes hard, exposed brood cells with mud probably mixed with secretions. The cells are placed on various substrate, sometimes even on branches. It is host of the cuckoo bees Stelis nasuta and Dioxys cincta (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species may be oligolectic on Fabaceae (Müller et al. 1997), although Gogala (2013) mentions that this species visits both Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. The species inhabits mountainous open areas such as grasslands and rocky areas.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on its distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is known from Greece and Cyprus (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is present from Spain northeastwards to Finland and eastwards to Central Asia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species has been introduced to various regions of the globe for the pollination of alfalfa.

population:
Megachile rotundata is very common in the places where it has been introduced, but it is less common in Europe. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species places its brood cells made of leaf discs in various pre-existing cavities. It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys echinata (Amiet et al. 2004). It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, although it has a distinct preference for Fabaceae species. It is managed in various regions as a pollinator of alfalfa (Pitts-Singer and Cane 2011). The species is present in temperate grasslands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Moldova (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
Megachile rotundata is commercially used to pollinate alfalfa in many areas, particularly in North America, where the bee was deliberately imported to pollinate the food crops (Milius 2007). This species was also introduced to New Zealand in 1971 and Australia in 1987, and it has now become widespread (Milius 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this European endemic species.

range:
The species is present in France and possibly in Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European population represents less than one percent of the overall population.

range:
This species is distributed from Morocco to Algeria. It has only been recorded once from the Balearic Islands (Spain), and this record requires confirmation (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Thus, the European regional population represent less than one percent of the global population.

population:
In north Africa, populations are very rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted in order to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology and threats to the species. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected area throughout its range.


range:
In Europe, the species is present in Italy, Corsica and Sardinia. Elsewhere, it is found in north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the ecology or habitat of this species.


range:
The species is only known from Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this European endemic species.

range:
The species is endemic to Madeira (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the taxonomy is unclear and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is present in southeastern Europe. Elsewhere, it occurs in Turkey and northern Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Megachile sicula is present through the Mediterranean area and the Canary Islands (Spain) (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa and the Middle East.

habitat:
The nests are made from a sort of compact mud in walls or trees (Vereecken et al. 2010), and it can be observed flying from April to June. The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands, and fallow lands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Megachile versicolor is found widespread through Europe and Russia. It is also present in western Siberia and the provinces of Russian Far East (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
The bee is usually active from June until September, having one generation per year (Else 2013). Megachile versicolor cuts leaves in a semicircular form used to coat the nest galleries (Else 2013). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flower species (Peeters et al. 2012) It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys inermis (Amiet et al. 2004). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.


range:
In Europe, this species is present in Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is found in north Africa (not including the Sinai Peninsula) (Ascher and Pickering 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and seems abundant through its European distribution. However research should be conducted into the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Megachile willughbiella is widespread through the east Palearctic region including Japan (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The species seems to be abundant through its European distribution. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Megachile willughbiella is polylectic (Gogala 2013), in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It nests in burrows excavated in decaying wood, or in pre-existing cavities, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). Nests are often built in gardens, in sunny, sheltered locations in crevices on dead wood or on the ground (Else 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bees Coelioxys quadridentata and C. elongata (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year), and it flies from June to September (Gogala 2013). The species can be observed from June to August (Else 2013). This species inhabits forest edges, forest clearings, grasslands, rural gardens and parks in urban areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is found in Greece (Thessaly and Crete), Asiatic Turkey (Konya), Morocco and Israel (Warncke 1977, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend of this species, but the known subpopulations are small and fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-desert. The species has a flight period from May to July (Warncke 1977, Asher and Pickering 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as those of the tribes Osmiini, Megachilini and the Megachilini subgenus (Dusmet 1921).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution within Europe, the population size and trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Osmia aeruginosa is only known from Greece, but this species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia aeruginosa is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are equipped with a specialized  pilosity on the clypeus composed of curved bristles, which are certainly  used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Antirrhineae and  probably Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The males of the species are not known.


range:
In Europe, Osmia alfkenii is only found in Sardinia but this species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia alfkenii possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It can be reared from a nest of Eumenes species (van der Zanden 1989). This species is probably mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, with a preference for Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are most probably used to comb pollen  from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia alticola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia alticola is endemic to the mountains of southern Europe in Spain, France, Switzerland and Austria (Haeseler 1999, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia alticola possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated short burrows (six to seven centimetres deep) in the ground with one cell at the end. The cells are entirely built of chewed leaves. Fragments of rootlets are glued to the whole cell surface (Benoist 1922, 1931). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case upon Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and if there are any threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Osmia amathusica is present in Italy, Greece and Cyprus, and it is also found in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Müller 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Osmia amathusica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like crevice in a stone containing two cells. The cells are constructed with very small pebbles and chewed leaves (Mavromoustakis 1948c). The flower preferences are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia anceyi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia anceyi is present in several European countries but also occurs in northern Africa (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia anceyi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrub lands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and pithy stems (e.g. Asphodelus). The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud, sometimes mixed with  particles of pith (Amiet et al. 2004). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae and with a probable preference for Carduoideae (Amiet et  al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia andrenoides is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia andrenoides is widespread in most of the European countries, this species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia andrenoides possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells of small to medium size (e.g. Cepaea, Cernuella, Helicella, Helix, Pomatias, Theba) which are hidden under stones. The few nests observed so far contained only one cell. The cell is closed with a partition of leaf pulp (e.g. from Helianthemum, Potentilla).  The nest plug consists of two walls of leaf pulp (with few intermixed  pebbles and earth crumbs on their inside) constructed immediately behind  each other at the shell opening. The space between cell partition and  the inner plug wall is loosely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs  and small plant sticks (Ducke 1900, Ferton 1908, Benoist 1931,  Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Lamiaceae (e.g. Acinos, Ajuga, Stachys, Teucrium) and Fabaceae (Müller 1996b,  Müller et al. 1997, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are  equipped with a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the nototribic  anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b, Müller et al.  1997).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia apicata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia apicata is present in several southern European countries and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia apicata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like crevices in stone walls (Ducke 1900, Graeffe 1902). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Onosma (Boraginaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Teppner 1996, Gogala and Surina 2011, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia argyropyga is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia argyropyga is present in southwestern European countries and also occurs in northern Africa (Haeseler 2005, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia argyropyga possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in abandoned cells of Megachile pyrenaica. Several females have been collecting leaf material on Helianthemum (Grandi 1962). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia ariadne is endemic to Crete (Greece) (Müller 2013).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia ariadne is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia aurulenta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia aurulenta is widely distributed throughout Europe and it is also present in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia aurulenta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells of medium to large size  with up to 17, but mostly four to five cells. The cell partitions and plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Fragaria, Helianthemum, Glaucium, Sanguisorba, Ononis, Salix).  In large shells, the cells are sometimes arranged side by side with the  cell walls partially consisting of leaf pulp. The shell surface is  plastered with patches of leaf pulp. After nest closure, the shell is  neither turned nor moved (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (Westrich 1989, Müller 1996b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the  nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Osmia balearica is endemic to Spain (mainland and Baleares) (Haeseler 2005, Müller 2013).

population:
The trend and population size of this species are not known.

habitat:
Osmia balearica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (three to five centimetres deep) in loose sandy ground with one cell at the end or  with several cells constructed closely side by side. The burrows are  often near dead plants whose roots serve to attach the cells in to the  ground. The cells are entirely made of chewed leaves (e.g. from Lotus, Medicago, Convolvulus, Cistus and Ononis spp.) (Haeseler 2005, 2008). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it has a narrow preference for plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (Haeseler 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any of the National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bicolor is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia bicolor is very widespread all across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia bicolor possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty and generally medium-sized snail shells   with mostly one cell, in rare cases with up to five cells. The closed shell  is turned so that the shell opening is directed towards the ground  before it is hidden under hundreds of pine needles, dry grass blades,  fragments of dead leaves, scales from beech buds or wood particles.  Occasionally, the females dig the shell 1.5 cm deep into the ground  before it is covered with vegetable matter. The cell partitions between two cells are made of chewed leaves.  The outermost cell is closed by a one to two centimetre long nest plug consisting of  one (rarely several) compartment with small pebbles, earth,  broken snail shells, pieces of chalk and wood particles densely packed  between two partitions of leaf pulp. The shell surface is plastered with  patches of leaf pulp (Grozdanic and Vasic 1965, Amiet 1973, Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia bicornis is very widespread all across Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia bicornis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities of most diverse form and size like insect burrows in dead wood and  drilled bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Arundo, Phragmites) and pithy stems, abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Chalicodoma), insect burrows in horizontal or vertical ground (e.g., of Anthophora, Colletes),  crevices in walls, cracks between shingles on house walls, key holes or empty snail shells. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Irregularities  inside the nests are often smoothed with mud (Benoist 1931, Grandi 1961, Bonelli 1968, Tasei 1973, Olifir 1980, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller  et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Ivanov 2006, Le Goff 2006). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bidentata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia bidentata is widespread in Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known but, due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Osmia bidentata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites) or cavities in the soil. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a clear or even exclusive preference for Carduoideae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Hoplosmia bidentata (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bischoffi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia bischoffi occurs from southeastern Europe to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia bischoffi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells. The shell surface is plastered with patches of leaf pulp, suggesting  that chewed leaves are also used to close the nest (Atanassov 1938). This species is polylectic, in that it in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia breviata is only present in Greece. This species is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia breviata is currently unknown. This species could be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia brevicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia brevicornis is present in most of the southern and central European countries and is also found in northern Africa and northern to southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia brevicornis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden  blocks; hollow stems and bore holes in pithy stems; and holes and  cavities in walls. The nest  plug is made of chewed leaves. Generally the cell partitions are lacking and the  eggs are evenly distributed in the pollen mass, which completely fills  the nest cavity (Radchenko 1978,  Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al. 1993, Müller et  al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia caerulescens is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia caerulescens is a very common and widespread species present throughout most of Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa, southwestern to northern Asia and has an extra-limital distribution in India and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known but the species is common so it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Osmia caeruslescens possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and drilled boreholes in wooden blocks; hollow stems and bore holes in pithy stems; insect burrows in the ground (e.g., from Odynerus, Anthophora, Colletes); abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Sceliphron, Hoplitis); or cavities in banks or holes and crevices in walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves, sometimes chewed petals are used as well. Irregularities  in the nest burrows are lined with leaf pulp (Benoist  1931, Bonelli 1968, Tasei 1972, Olifir  1980, Romasenko 1980,  Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and collects pollen nearly exclusively on Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae and Antirrhineae (Raw  1974, Tasei 1976, Westrich 1989, Müller 1996b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the  nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands as Vulnerable (Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cephalotes is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia cephalotes is a Mediterranean-centred species occurring in southern Europe, but also in northern Africa and southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia cephalotes possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and  in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves. Females were  also observed to collect pebbles and mud on the ground, indicating either that  this species occasionally uses a mixture of leaf pulp and pebbles as  nest building material, as many other Pyrosmia species do, or that the pebbles are used to barricade the nest entrance, a behaviour that is also known from other Pyrosmia species (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1931). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cerinthidis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia cerinthidis is mostly present in central Europe but also occurs in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia cerinthidis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like drilled bore holes in wooden blocks and hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Olifir 1980, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cerinthe  (Boraginaceae) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Osmia cinctella only occurs in Greece. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia cinctella is currently unknown. The species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia cinnabarina is only present in the Canary islands. This species is mainly found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1993b, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia cinnabarina is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia clypearis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia clypearis is distributed in southern Europe and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. One nest of Osmia clypearis was detected in an empty snail shell. The nest plug consisted of masticated leaves (A. Müller, C. Praz and C. Sedivy unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia corniculata is only found in Spain. This species is mainly distributed in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia corniculata is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cornuta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia cornuta is a very widespread species that occurs in most of central and southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia cornuta occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like drilled bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and in pithy stems, crevices and holes in walls, rocks or stones, insect burrows in the soil (e.g., of Anthophora) or empty snail shells. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud. In larger cavities,  cells are partially or entirely made of mud (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c, Tasei 1973,  Olifir 1980, Brechtel  1986, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Gogala 1999). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia croatica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia croatica occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia croatica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells. The only nest recorded so far contained a  single brood cell and was hidden below stones. The nest architecture  appears to be exactly the same as in Osmia spinulosa. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Scabiosa). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Asteraceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014 ).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Osmia cyanescens is known from European Russia and is also found in northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia cyanescens is currently unknown. The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are probably used to comb pollen from  the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cyanoxantha is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia cyanoxantha is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia cyanoxantha possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It uses both pre-existing cavities and stone surfaces as  nesting sites. The cell  partitions are made of chewed leaves intermixed with small pebbles or  occasionally of chewed leaves only. The nest plug is made of two to four  layers of small pebbles (1-2 mm in diameter) cemented together with leaf  pulp, its convex surface expanding 2-3 mm to the adjacent rock surface. The cells of exposed nests are entirely constructed from very small pebbles  cemented together with chewed leaves and covered by an  additional layer of the same material (Ferton 1920, Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia dilaticornis is only present in Greece. This species also occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia dilaticornis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia dimidiata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia dimidiata is mainly present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. The nesting behaviour of Osmia dimidiata is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia distinguenda is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Osmia distinguenda is present in Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia distinguenda possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small cavities in rocks. The brood  cells are entirely or partially built from chewed leaves, the nest plug is made of  leaf pulp as well (unpublished data, G. Pisanty pers. comm. 2014). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a clear or even exclusive preference for Carduoideae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia dives is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia dives is present in southeastern Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia dives possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing  cavities in the ground, in general four to eight brood cells per nest, which are  linearly arranged or form clusters depending on the form of the cavity. The cells are entirely built of leaf pulp. The entrance of the nest burrow (diameter of eight to nine mm) is closed by a plug of leaf pulp (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Popov 1967a, Pashina 1948, 1971). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia dlabolae occurs in southwestern Asia. The presence of this species in Greece is uncertain (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The males of Osmia dlabolae have not been recorded. The ecology of Osmia dlabolae is currently unknown.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed to establish if conservation measures are needed for this species.


range:
Osmia dusmeti is endemic to the Spanish mainland (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The ecology of Osmia dusmeti is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


range:
In Europe, Osmia elegans is only found on the island of Lesbos in Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1992, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia elegans is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia emarginata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia emarginata is mainly present in western Europe but also occurs in northern Africa (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia emarginata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like fissures between stones and cavities in rocks and stones. The  cells, which are built side by side, are entirely built from chewed  leaves. The outermost layer of the nest consists of empty cells. Often,  several females communally nest in the same fissure or cavity (Benoist 1931, Tkalcu 1971, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001, Weigand 2010). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia erythrogastra is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia erythrogastra is present in southern Europe but it also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia erythrogastra is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with a preference for nototribic flowers (Lamiaceae,  Antirrhineae) and Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females possess a specialized  pilosity on clypeus and frons to remove pollen from nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia fallax is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia fallax possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells with one to four cells per shell (Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Cistaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia ferruginea is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia ferruginea is present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia ferruginea possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to large size with up to 10 cells per shell and also in hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., of Convolvulus, Lavathera). The space between the partition of the  outermost cell and the nest plug is loosely filled with small pebbles,  earth crumbs, seeds or leaflets. The closed shells are neither moved nor  covered with patches of leaf pulp (Ferton 1905, Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis  1952, Grandi 1961, Haeseler 1997, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia forticornis is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia forticornis is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia frieseana is known from southern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The nesting behaviour of Osmia frieseana is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on  Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia gallarum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia gallarum is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia gallarum occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and holes in pithy stems or cavities within abandoned galls. The cell  partitions are made of chewed leaves. The nest plug consists of three  to four partitions of leaf pulp separated by 0.5-1.0 mm from each other  (Ferton 1920, Benoist 1931,  Enslin 1933, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Osmia hellados occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
The ecology of Osmia hellados is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia heteracantha is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia heteracantha is present in southwestern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia heteracantha possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in the ground and abandoned cells in exposed nests of Hoplitis. The nest  plug, cell partitions and cell walls are entirely built from leaf pulp,  sometimes mixed with chewed petals (C. Sedivy, C. Praz and A. Müller unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably mesolectic, where a species collects pollen from three or four plant families, and in this case from Fabaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium)  and Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are equipped with a  specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of curved bristles,  which are most probably used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and possibly Antirrhineae as well (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia iberica is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia iberica is currently unknown. This species is possibly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia inermis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia inermis occurs in most of Europe but also in northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia inermis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities. The brood cells (up to 200) are attached to the  underside of stones, to the walls of small cavities in rocks and stones. The cells  are entirely built of chewed leaves. The nest stones are sealed by a  wall of sand towards the ground. Often, several females communally build  their brood cells under the same stone (Grandi 1962, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia jason is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia jason occurs in southeastern Europe but also in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia jason possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helix)  with two cells. The closed shell is buried into the ground and the place  where the shell is buried is covered with dried vegetable matter. The partitions between the cells are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Crataegus).  The outermost cell is closed by a long nest plug consisting of four  compartments each limited by walls made of leaf pulp: the first  compartment is empty, the second is filled with sandy earth and the  third and fourth are filled with pebbles and earth crumbs. The shell  surface is plastered with patches of leaf pulp (Grozdanic 1971). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.


range:
Osmia kohli is known from Italy and Malta and it possibly occurs in Corsica and northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia kohli is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia labialis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia labialis is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Amiet et al. 2004, Herrmann 2005).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia labialis is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae  (Amiet et al. 2004, Herrmann 2010, Kraus 2010, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia larochei is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 2000a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia larochei is currently unknown.


range:
Osmia laticauda is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia laticauda is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia laticeps is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia laticeps is present in northern Europe and also in the Nearctic (Haeseler 1999, Amiet et al. 2004, Nilsson 2009).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia laticeps is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) (Nilsson 2009).

conservationAction:
The species is only listed in the National Red List of Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia latreillei is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia latreillei is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia latreillei possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems or insect burrows in the soil (e.g., from Proxylocopa, Anthophora). The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Lavathera).  The nest plug occasionally consists of several walls of leaf pulp,  sometimes particles (e.g., pieces of grass blades) are glued to its outer  surface (Ferton  1905, Vicens et al.  1993). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is only listed in the National Red List of Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia leaiana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia leaiana is a very widespread species present in most of Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia leaiana occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and holes in pithy stems or holes in stones and walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Rosa) (Benoist 1931, Romasenko 1980, Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Switzerland as Osmia fulviventris (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia ligurica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia ligurica is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia ligurica possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems or insect burrows in pithy stems. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1939b, Grandi 1961). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Asteroideae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed only in the National Red List of Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Osmia lobata is only known from Portugal and Spain but this species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia lobata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shell of Helix with three cells, abandoned cells in exposed nests of Megachile parietina or in the ground. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Ferton 1914, van der Zanden 1991a). The flower preferences are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia lunata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Osmia lunata is only known from Spain and France but this species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia lunata presumably occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It nests in excavated  burrows in the ground. The burrow entrances are hidden under small  shrublets. For each cell, a more or less vertical burrow (1.5 cm deep) is  excavated in rather hard soil. Up to 10 cells are built immediately  beside each other separated by a few millimetres only. The cells of a  single nest, when removed from the soil, partly adhere to each other  by small earthen bridges. The cells (c. 1.5 cm long) are entirely built of petals (e.g., of Helianthemum)  and mud. The cell walls are usually three-layered: the outer layer  consists of small to large petal pieces glued together with mud, rarely  with small pebbles as well, the central layer consists of a thin layer  of mud, which is sometimes only weakly developed, the inner layer is  composed of six to ten layers of large petal pieces without any addition of  mud. After egg deposition, the cell is closed by folding over the inner  layer of petals. Afterwards, the cell cap is built which is composed of  two layers: the inner layer is rather thick and consists of small petal  pieces glued together with mud and small pebbles, the outer layer  consists of a thin wall of petal pieces neatly glued together.  In the end, the  cell cap is hidden under a thin and loose layer of sand and small  pebbles (Rozen et al. 2010, A. Müller pers. obs. 2013). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Fabaceae (Rozen et al. 2010, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia madeirensis is endemic to island of Madeira (van der Zanden 1991b).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia madeirensis is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Osmia maritima is      listed  as Endangered as the species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 300 - 500 km2; it is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, due to its specialisation on fragmented coastal dune habitats; and there is a continuing observed decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of mature individuals, and the area, extent and quality of coastal dune habitats in its recorded range.

range:
Osmia maritima is present in the west and east Frisian Islands of the Netherlands and Germany respectively, the west coast of Jutland in Denmark, the provinces of Skåne and Halland in Sweden and the south coast of Norway. The status of the species on the Kola Peninsula in northern European Russia (an old record near Kuzomen) is uncertain. It also occurs in northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at between 300-500 km2.

population:
The abundance and population size of this species are not known, although it is thought that the species is severely fragmented, such that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. This is due to the loss of its coastal dune habitat that it is specialised upon. In Sweden the population is estimated to be between 50-250 reproducing individuals from ten known recent localities (Cederberg et al. 2010). Some of these localities are only based on single individuals and so some of these populations may have been lost. Conversely, a few subpopulations may remain undetected. In Norway, the species is known from five recent and five historical localities, although the species has been re-found in one of the historical localities. The estimated population size of the species in Norway is no more than 100 reproducing individuals (Odegaard 2012). This species has disappeared from the eastern island sites Själland, Lolland and probably Bornholm in Denmark and is now only found along the west coast of Jylland from Skagern and southwards on few recorded recent sites (Madsen and Calabuig 2010, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).From the Netherlands there are only two known recent localities (after 1980) on the west Frisian Islands (Peeters et al. 1999). The species is extremely rare in Germany and only known from the east Frisian Islands (Westrich et al. 2011). This species has disappeared from the only known locality in Poland near Dartovo (W. Celary pers. comm. 2005). The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Osmia maritima occurs in coastal white and grey sand dunes throughout its range. It nests in excavated burrows in sandy soil with one cell (occasionally up to four to 10 cells) at the end. The cells are entirely built from chewed leaf pieces (e.g. from Oenothera, Viola)  intermixed with sand grains. Dead rootlets are generally incorporated  into the cell walls (Haeseler 1982, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Lathyrus, Lotus) (Westrich 1989).

threats:
In Sweden, when the species was suggested for an action plan (2005-2007), four of the eight previously known sites had been destroyed for the development of a harbour and a golf course, exploited by beach tourism and overgrown by rose bushes. The area of the remaining four sites were severely reduced by tourism exploitation, afforestation and invasive vegetation. That can be interpreted as a 50% reduction of sites and a reduction of habitat quality by 80-90%. Nitrogen deposition and the resulting habitat conversion/degradation also impact upon the species. The habitat in Sweden suitable for this species (EUNIS codes 2110 - White dunes and 2130 - Grey dunes) has declined. The decline in the area of EUNIS code 2110 is 50% (from 8 km2 to 4 km2) and for EUNIS code 2130 30% (from 17 km2 to 12 km2) over the last 20 years (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).The coastal dune habitats in Norway, Denmark and the west and east Frisian Islands are also threatened and in decline, presumably from similar threats to those in Sweden.

conservationAction:
Cederberg et al. (2010) propose the restoration and management of the coastal dune areas to which Osmia maritima might migrate and establish new populations and to continue the research to increase the knowledge of the species distribution. The species is recorded from within three protected areas, one in Sweden and at least two in Norway.The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors et al. 2010). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, further threats and also to monitor the decline in it's preferred habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia melanogaster is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia melanogaster is present in central and southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia melanogaster possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells in the herb or in fissures of stone walls with several cells per shell, insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is only listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia melanura is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia melanura is present in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia melanura possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g. of Theba spp.)  with one cell per shell. After the shell is closed, it is transported  over a short distance of up to 50 cm and then buried into the sandy  ground (about one to two cm deep). The shells  are closed two to three mm behind shell opening with a partition made of chewed  leaf pulp, this partition is then used as the base for the thick nest  plug which is built by embedding broken pieces of snail shells into a  matrix of leaf pulp (Müller 1992). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Müller 1992, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia mirhiji is endemic to Lesbos island in Greece (van der Zanden 1992b).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia mirhiji is currently unknown.


range:
Osmia moreensis is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia moreensis is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia mustelina is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia mustelina is present in several central and southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia mustelina occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like fissures between stones and cavities in rocks, stones and  walls. The cells, which are built side by side, entirely consist of chewed leaves (e.g., of Helianthemum, Cytisus).  While in larger cavities the entire cells are built from leaf pulp,  only the side walls are built in narrow cavities. The outermost layer of  the nest consists of empty cells. Often, several females communally  nest in the same fissure or cavity (Westrich 1989, Grandi 1961,  Bonelli 1967, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Osmia nana is present in southeastern Europe, but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nana is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia nasoproducta is known from a few countries in southern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nasoproducta is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Cistus  (Cistaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The male of the species has never been recorded.


range:
In Europe, Osmia nasuta is only known from Spain and France. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nasuta is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Fabaceae (e.g. Lotus) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia nigriventris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia nigriventris is widespread in central and northern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Asia and in the Neartic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia nigriventris occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions and nest plug  are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Vacciniumv spp. (Ericaceae) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).


range:
Osmia nigrohirta is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nigrohirta is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia niveata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia niveata is present in most of Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia niveata occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Arundo spp.) and holes in pithy stems, cavities, rocks, stones or walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Phlomis, Malva)  (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Brechtel 1986, Vicens et al.  1993, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a distinct preference for Carduoideae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al.  2004, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia niveocincta is known southern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia niveocincta is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia notata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia notata is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia notata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like linear cavity in a stone 30 cm above ground with two cells, insect burrow in the ground, empty snail shells with up to 18 cells. The nest  plug, cell partitions and (part of) cell walls made of chewed leaves.  The plug of the nest in the stone cavity extended along the interior  walls. In large snail shells, the cells are linearly arranged in the  inner and narrower part, but arranged side by side in the outer and  larger part, where the cell walls partially or entirely consist of leaf  pulp  (Ferton 1914). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Osmia olgae is only known from Bulgaria. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia olgae is currently unknown.


range:
Osmia padri occurs in south-eastern Europe but also in south-western Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia padri possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood (Tkalcu 1974a). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily upon Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Osmia palmae is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain (Tkalcu 2001).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia palmae is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia parietina is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia parietina is a widespread species known from most of Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia parietina occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden  blocks, abandoned nests of other aculeates, small cavities and fissures  in stones, rocks and dry-stone walls or empty bore holes of Hiatella (Mollusca) in limestone rocks. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Osmia picena is endemic to Italy (Tkalcu 1999).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia picena is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for  Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia pilicornis is      listed  as Least Concern in view of  its wide distribution and presumed     large  overall population. However the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Osmia pilicornis is endemic to Europe and it mainly occurs in central and northern Europe (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia pilicornis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The nest cells are made of chewed leaves (e.g. of Fragaria spp.)  (Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, but with a preference for Pulmonaria spp. (Boraginaceae) (Westrich  1989, Müller 1995, Amiet et al. 2004). The  females possess hooked bristles on the galeae of the proboscis which  serve to extract pollen from the narrow-tubed flowers of Pulmonaria spp. (Müller 1995, Müller et al. 1997).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia pinguis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Osmia pinguis is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia pinguis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size (e.g., Helix) with one to four, but mostly two to three, cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Ferton 1920,  Mavromoustakis 1948b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a clear preference for Cichorioideae and  Asteroideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia rhodoensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Osmia rhodoensis is only known from Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' relatively wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Osmia rhodoensis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cracks and holes in rocks and stones. The two only nests  recorded so far contained one single cell and two cells closely beside  each other, respectively. The cells,  which are not glued to the substrate, are three-layered: the outer and  inner layer consist of large pieces of petals (e.g., of Geranium, Linum), the central layer is built of mud (Warncke 1988b, Rozen et al. 2010). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (e.g., Onobrychis) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia rufohirta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia rufohirta is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Osmia rufohirta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with one cell per shell. The closed shells are transported over a  distance of up to 2.2 m to a sheltered place, e.g., underside of a stone,  below leaves or in grass tussocks. The shells are closed  with a three-layered plug consisting of a layer of small stones and  earth crumbs delimited on both sides by a partition made of chewed  leaves (e.g., Helianthemum) or petals (e.g., Lotus). The  shell surface is densely plastered with patches of leaf pulp (Ferton 1905, Benoist 1931, Bonelli 1971, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and in the Czech Republic as Hoplitis rufohirta (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Osmia rutila is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern African (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia rutila possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella)  with one cell per shell. The closed shells are transported over a  distance of up to three metres and then buried into the sandy ground (c. 3.0-3.5 cm  deep). The shells are closed a few  millimetres behind the shell opening with a partition made of chewed  leaf pulp, this partition is then used as the base for the thick nest  plug which is built by embedding broken gastropod and mussel shells,  sometimes also small stones, into a matrix of leaf pulp (Haeseler 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Haeseler 1997, 2008; unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia saxicola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia saxicola is present in southern Europe but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia saxicola possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in the gaps underneath stones. The cells are entirely constructed with very small pebbles cemented  together with chewed leaves. The small orifice between the stone and the  soil was observed to be sealed with the same material (Mavromoustakis  1948c). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia scutellaris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia scutellaris is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 2000a, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia scutellaris possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Rubus) (Benoist 1931). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Cichorioideae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is only listed in the National Red Lists of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia signata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia signata is present in southern Europe but it also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Wu 2006, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia signata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Arundo), abandoned cells of exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Sceliphron, Chalicodoma), insect burrows in the soil (e.g., from Anthophora), cavities  and holes in rocks, stones, clay scarps or walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated plant material. In  rock or other spacious cavities, the whole cells may be constructed  with leaf pulp (Vereecken  et al. 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Osmia spinigera is known from southern Europe but also from northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia spinigera is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia spinulosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia spinulosa is a Mediterranean-centred species occurs in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia spinulosa inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with mostly two cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Potentilla, Sanguisorba) (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this restricted endemic alpine species.

range:
Osmia Steinmanni is endemic to the Alps in Italy and Switzerland (Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species occurs in sub-alpine and alpine stony slopes and grasslands (Müller 2002). The nesting behaviour of Osmia steinmanni is currently unknown. This species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia subcornuta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia subcornuta is present in southeastern Europe but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia subcornuta possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Rubus, Echium). The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves (Marikovskaya 1995). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females possess curved bristles on the clypeus, which are most probably  used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen) of Lamiaceae and  Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia submicans is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia submicans is present in southern Europe but also occurs in southwestern Asia and northern Africa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia submicans possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stem, cavities and small holes in rocks or walls. The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves. The nest plug is made of  leaf pulp alone or of a mixture of small pebbles (mainly on the inner  side of the plug) and leaf pulp. In larger  cavities, the cells are sometimes arranged side by side with the cell  walls partially or entirely built of leaf pulp (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993,  Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Osmia svenssoni is endemic to Finland and Sweden (Nilsson 2009).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in boreal grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. Specimens of Osmia svenssoni have been found nesting on the underside of a flat stone (Nilsson 2009). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia sybarita is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia sybarita is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia sybarita possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella) with one cell per shell.  The shells are sealed by embedding broken pieces of snail shells into a  matrix of leaf pulp (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948c; Haeseler 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tergestensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia tergestenisis is present in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia tergestenisis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cavities under or between stones and rock fissures, in dense  grass tussocks. The cells are built singly or in small groups of up to  five or more cells closely beside each other. The  cells, which are not glued to the substrate, are three-layered: the  outer and inner layer consist of large pieces of petals (e.g., of Geranium, Helianthemum, Hieracium, Ononis),  the central layer is built of mud intermixed with small pebbles. In  narrow cavities, the space in front of the cells is sometimes filled  with earth crumbs up to a length of 0.5 cm (Benoist 1931, Müller et al. 1997,  Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Rozen et al. 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, Rozen et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Osmia teunisseni is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia teunisseni is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tricornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia tricornis is known from southern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia tricornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites), insect burrows in the ground, empty snail shells (Cepaea), in the fissure of a stone wall or within abandoned cells of exposed Chalicodoma nests. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Benoist 1931, Vicens et al. 1993, 1994). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a possible preference for Cistaceae (Vicens et al. 1994,  unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tunensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia tunensis is known from southwestern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Osmia tunensis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helix) (Alfken 1914). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are probably used to comb pollen from  the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia uncicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Osmia uncicornis is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Haeseler 2005).

habitat:
Osmia uncicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (three to five cm deep) in loose sandy ground with one cell at the end or  with several cells constructed closely side by side. The burrows are  often near dead plants whose roots serve to attach the cells in the  ground. The cells are entirely made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Lotus, Medicago, Convolvulus, Cistus) (Haeseler 2005, 2008). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Haeseler 2008, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia uncinata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia uncinata is present in most of Europe but also in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia uncinata occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood or bark and bore holes in  wooden blocks, between the thick bark of pine trees. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001,  Amiet et al.  2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet  et al. 2004, Quest 2009, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia versicolor is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia versicolor is a Mediterranean-centred species found in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia versicolor possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with usually several cells per shell. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves without addition of  pebbles. The space between the partition of the outermost cell and the  nest plug is densely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs or pieces  of dry blades. The closed shells are neither moved nor covered with  patches of leaf pulp (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004,  Westrich 1989, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and in Switzerland as (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia viridana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia viridana occurs in southern Europe but is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia viridana inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with usually several cells per shell, and holes in the rocks. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves mixed with small  pebbles. The space between the partition of the outermost cell and the  nest plug is loosely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs or pieces  of dry blades (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001,  Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al.  2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Endangered (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia xanthomelana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Osmia xanthomelana occurs all across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Osmia xanthomelana inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests between litter, in decaying stumps, below shelves or in  depressions of stones and rocks. The cells are entirely  built of mud. Roots or grass blades are often incorporated into the cell  walls (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997,  Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Dioxys pannonica was described from Hungary and is a Euro-Asiatic species that spreads from central Europe to the northeastern Mediterranean, and outside of Europe towards the Middle East and Iran (Popov 1936, Warncke 1977, Straka et al. 2007, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
It is a rare species and there is no information available on the current population size or trend.

habitat:
It is known to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Gusenleitner et al. (2012) included Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina as its host. Its flies in June.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.


range:
Protosmia asensioi is endemic to Spain and Portugal (van der Zanden 1994b).

habitat:
Protosmia asensioi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in bore holes in pithy stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (Griswold 1985). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.


range:
Protosmia capitata is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Protosmia capitata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia exenterata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Protosmia exenterata occurs in southwestern Europe but also in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Protosmia exenterata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Bulimus) with up to five cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (Ferton 1894). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia glutinosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Protosmia glutinosa is a Mediterranean-centred species occurring in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Protosmia glutinosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates, insect burrows in the ground, empty snail shells with one cell per shell. The cell partitions are made of resin (Benoist 1931,  Popov 1961, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Protosmia longiceps is only known from Greece. This species also southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1955b).

habitat:
Protosmia longiceps possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood (Morawitz 1876). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Protosmia minutula is endemic to central and southern Europe (Griswold and Parker 1987, van der Zanden 1994b, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Protosmia minutula is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for small-flowered Lamiaceae (e.g., Teucrium spp.) (Müller 1996b, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).  Pollen-collecting females climb the filaments of the stamina of Teucrium montanum,  the flowers of which lack an upper lip, until the head is beyond the  uppermost anthers, by rapidly see-sawing the underside of the abdomen  against the anthers, the bees then directly picks up the pollen into the  abdominal scopa (Müller 1996b, Müller et al. 1997).


range:
In Europe, Protosmia monstrosa is only known from Greece and Cyprus. This species also occurs in northern Africa and in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1939b, Mavromoustakis 1955b, Griswold and Parker 1987, van der Zanden 1994b, Kuhlmann et al. 2014)

habitat:
Protosmia monstrosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small crevices in large stones and probably also in insect bore holes in dead wood (Mavromoustakis 1939b). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Protosmia montana is only known from Greece in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Protosmia montana is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Müller 2012a).


range:
In Europe, Protosmia paradoxa is only known from Greece and Cyprus. The species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Mavroumoustakis 1939b, Popov 1961, Tkalcu 1978, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Protosmia paradoxa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Eobania, Helicella) (Mavromoustakis 1939b). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Protosmia sideritis occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1978).

habitat:
Protosmia sideritis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella) (Tkalcu 1978). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Protosmia stigmatica is only known from France, Spain and Greece. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Ducke 1900, Stanek 1969a).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Protosmia stigmatica is currently unknown. The males of the species have never been recorded.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia tauricola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Protosmia tauricola is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

habitat:
Protosmia tauricola possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia tiflensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Protosmia tiflensis occurs in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Popov 1961, Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

habitat:
Protosmia tiflensis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood, probably also in holes in stones (Schmiedeknecht 1890, Ducke 1900). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Anthidium alpinum was described from the Caucasus (Dagestan) and it has a northeastern Mediterranean distribution, north to central Europe (Hungary and Romania) (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). Ascher and Pickering (2012) included Sicily in the species map, presumably based on Pseudoanthidium alpinum ssp. gregoriense, a subspecies that later Nobile (1995) considered a mistake and raised it to the species level.

population:
The population size and trends for this species are not known because the records are scarce and old.

habitat:
There is little recent information available for this species. It is presumed to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010), it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cardueae species (Asteraceae).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impact this species and many other bees and could lead to a population decline in them.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Pseudoanthidium canariense is an endemic species to the Canary Islands. It occurs on the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria, up to 1,800 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).

population:
It used to be a relatively common species, but there is no information available on the current population abundance of this species because the records are old; the last records were from the late eighties or early nineties (Hohmann et al. 1993).Its population is fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the separate island subpopulations of La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur on volcanic landscapes, subtropical grassland and shrubland. The flying period runs from February to June (Hohmann et al. 1993).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has only been found on a few Greek islands so it may well require listing as threatened in Europe.

range:
This species has a northeastern Mediterranean distribution, spread over continental Greece and the Aegean islands (Lindos, Lesbos and Rhodes), Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Iran (Stanek 1968, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

habitat:
Pseudoanthidium cribratum inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to July and has been collected on Centaurea species (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 and the species' population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population trends and any specific threats as this species may need upgrading to a threatened category in the future.

range:
The species has a western Palearctic distribution, found in Spain, France, Italy and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus and Iran (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population trend of this species, but it is rare and has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, with very few recent records. For example, in France there is a record (Massif du Queyras) from 2001 (Bonneau 2001) and in Spain, only two individuals were collected from the last 24 years (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa and Martínez 1995).

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It forages upon Asteroideae within the Asteraceae family, Onopordon sp. and Lythrum sp. of the Lythraceae family, and Apiaceae such as Eryngium campestre (Ornosa and Martínez 1995, Müller 1996, Grace 2010). In Spain it appears to have a preference for mountain habitats.

conservationAction:
Pseudoanthidium eximium is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Specific conservation actions to preserve its current rare and fragmented distribution and its isolated and small subpopulations should be taken. The species is found in protected areas. It is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and presumably large overall.

range:
This species has a western Palearctic distribution, spread over the Mediterranean basin, from Portugal up to Germany, Bulgaria and Romania in central Europe, to Turkey, north Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus (Dusmet 1908, 1915, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Comba and Comba 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
The population size and trends for this species are not known, because most of the records are quite old. However, a few individuals have been collected in different sites fairly recently: two in Greece (1999-2000, Standfuss et al. 2003) and five in Spain (unpublished data from 2009 and 2012, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). The entire population is presumably large despite appearing locally small.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pastureland. It flies from May to July. The flowers it visits are from the Asteraceae family, principally Centaurea and thistles (Cardueae) (Müller 1996, Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, wider distribution, population size and trends, specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and has a presumably large population overall.

range:
Pseudoanthidium nanum is a native northwestern Palearctic species, distributed across Europe, from the north Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran and Pakistan (Warncke 1980, Comba 1991, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gogala 1999, 2013, Grace 2010, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2014). The species has been introduced in the United States (Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
This species is quite common. There is no further information available on the current population size and trend.

habitat:
Pseudoanthidium nanum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has been collected from June to November. It feeds principally on flowers of the Asteraceae, and its nests are constructed in hollow stems and the cell partitions are made of cottony plant down (Gogala 1999, 2013; Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

conservationAction:
Pseudoanthidium nanum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This is a western Palearctic species, distributed from southern and central Europe along the Mediterranean basin to Turkey, north Africa and the Middle East, up to the Caucasus (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1954, Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa and Martínez 1995, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
There is no information available on the global population trend of this species, but it is rare and apparently it has a fragmented distribution, with very few recent records. For example, in Algeria three individuals have been recorded (2005 and 2008) (Aguib et al. 2010) and in Spain, other three individuals have been recently collected (2008 and 2012; unpublished data, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez 2014).

habitat:
Pseudoanthidium reticulatum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The flight period runs from May to September. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010) it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on thistles within the Cardueae, but it has been also collected feeding on Rosaceae, Rubus ulmifolius (Ornosa and Martínez 1995) and other Asteraceae, as well as Centaurea algeriensis, Centaurea nicaeensis, Cucurbitaceae and Cucumis melo (Aguib et al. 2010). In Spain it appears to prefer montane habitats.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the only recent records in Europe are from Spain and the population size and trends of the species are unknown. The species is currently taxonomically valid although this may change as there are differing opinions on its taxonomic and genetic status. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A western Mediterranean species that occurs in Spain, France, Morocco and Algeria (Tkalců 1975a, Ornosa et al. 2008, Aguib et al. 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). It has also been found in Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia (Gogala 1999, Comba and Comba 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

population:
The population size and trends for this species are not known, as most of the records are from the eighties (Dusmet 1908, Tkalců 1975a, Comba and Comba 2001). However, recently, some individuals have been collected in Algeria (2002 and 2008) (Aguib et al. 2010) and Spain (2008-2011) (unpublished data, F.Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). Some subpopulations may be locally common, but on the whole the population is small and fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediteranean-type shrubland, temperate and hot desert, arable land and pasture land. The species flies from June to September (Amiet et al. 2004). It has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species. Its nests are constructed in hollow stems, mostly in Rubus sp. and it is kleptoparasitised,  by Stelis punctulatissima and S. ornatula, in that these bee species lay their eggs with those of Pseudoanthidium scapulare (Dusmet 1908, Gogala 1999, Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
Although it is only known from a small and fragmented area, there appear to be no immediate threats to the species. Generally the species may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends and future threats to the species.


range:
This species was described from Hungary (Mocsáry 1881) and then reported from Austria, Germany (Schwarz et al. 1996), Slovakia and  Romania (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). Outside of Europe, it has been found in Algeria (Tkalců 1975a) and the central Asian part of the former USSR (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). Ornosa et al. (2008) considered the Algerian record very doubtful although Aguib et al. (2010) have included the species in their paper on Algerian Megachilids, basing that distribution only on Tkalců’s reference from 1975, but they did not add new records. Ascher and Pickering (2012) did not include the Central Asian and Algerian records.

population:
The abundance and population size and trends for this species are not known because all of the records are scarce and old from the 19th century, 1935, 1957, 1971 or they are unconfirmed (Mocsáry, 1879, Tkalců 1975a, Schwarz et al. 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Pridal 2004).

habitat:
It is thought to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. The species has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from June to August (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for tourism and recreational areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be no more than 400-500 km2 and the populations are severely fragmented, meaning there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species as it may require listing in a threatened category in the future.

range:
This is a scarce Mediterranean species, described from Turkey (Mocsáry 1884), that spreads from Sicily in Italy, central Greece towards Asia Minor and Morocco (Warncke 1980, van der Zanden 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be no more than 400-500 km2.

population:
The species is only found on mainland Greece and Sicily, and its population can be said to be severely fragmented, as there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Grace (2010) pointed out that it is a scarcely recorded bee. There is no further information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. There is little information available for this species. The flight period runs in June (Warncke 1980) and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with preference for Liliaceae (Müller 1996).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has a restricted and fragmented population which means it could be classified as threatened or Near Threatened in the future.

range:
Rhodanthidium caturigense is a rare montane species distributed into isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees (Spain) and the Alps (France, Italy and Switzerland) (Rasmont et al. 1995, Ornosa et al. 2008). Other southern records from Spain need to be confirmed. The species also spreads to Asia Minor.

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend of Rhodanthidium caturigense, but the species is rare and its population is small and fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the isolated subpopulations.

habitat:
It is an orophilous species, i.e. it thrives in sub-alpine or mountainous regions. It flies from May to August (Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). It prefers open areas in mountain pine forests, grasslands and alpine meadows. Müller (1996) and Amiet et al. (2004) stated that it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Boraginaceae, Cariofilaceae, Cruciferae, Lamiaceae, with a strong preference on Fabaceae species.   According to Grace (2010), Rhodanthidium caturigense jerusalemicum seems to be strongly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthidium caturigense (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It has been recorded within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


range:
Rhodanthidium ducale is a rare montane species distributed into isolated subpopulations in the Balkans (Albania, Greece), Bulgaria, Turkey and the Caucasus (Pasteels 1969, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend of this species, but the population is small and fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations.

habitat:
There is very little known about the habitat or ecology of this montane species, although it is thought to inhabit temperate forest and shrubland, as well as forest and grassland with a boreal climate. It flies from May to June (Morawitz 1876, Grace 2010). There is no other information available.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species amongst many other bees, and this could lead to a decline in their population.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
It is a western Mediterranean species that spreads across the north Mediterranean, from Spain to Croatia (Dalmatia and the island of Korcula), and across the south Mediterranean, from Morocco to Tunisia (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1947, 1954; Diniz 1989, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008).  Rhodanthidium infuscatum bellicosum (Lepeletier, 1841) is distributed in Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Dusmet, 1908, Tkalců 1975a, Ornosa et al. 2008).  Rhodanthidium infuscatum infuscatum (Erichson, 1835) appears in the Iberian Peninsula (including Andorra), France and Croatia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
It is a rare species and the European records are old. Further research is needed to identify its real area of occupancy and population size. There is no further information available on the population trend for this species.

habitat:
Rhodanthidium infuscatum inhabits temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-desert regions. It flies in June and July. There is little information available for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.


range:
This species has a northwestern Palearctic distribution, from Portugal to Iran and the Caucasus (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008).  The nominal subspecies, Rhodanthidium septemdentatum septemdentatum, presents a western Paleartic distribution (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008). Rhodanthidium septemdentatum rufocinctum (Alfken, 1930) is endemic to Crete (Greece) (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, Warncke 1980). Rhodanthidium septemdentatum faciale is found in Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Rhodes and Israel (Warncke 1980, Grace 2010) and also in Palestine (Mavromoustakis 1948c) and in the Caucasus (Azerbaijan) (Warncke 1980).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 3,600 km2.

population:
Many of the records are old, although it has recently been collected in certain sites in Greece (Standfuss et al. 2003) and Spain (F. Ortiz-Sanchez, C. Ornosa and F. Torres pers. obs. 2008-2012). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Rhodanthidium septemdentatum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, pasture land and possibly semi-deserts. It has a flight period from March to September, and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the flowers of the Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Labiatae and Leguminosae. Females collect resin from the trunks of the evergreen forest tree Pinus halepensis and make their brood cells in empty shells of the land snails (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Grace 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impact this species amongst many other bees and this could lead to a decline in their population.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


range:
It is a western Mediterranean species, although it is more prominent in north Africa than it is in Europe. It spreads across Portugal, Spain, France, Sicily and continental Italy (Dusmet, 1908, 1915, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012). Outside of Europe it found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (Benoist 1950, Tkalců 1975a).

population:
This is a rare species and the records from Europe are old. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Rhodanthidium siculum inhabits temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-desert regions. It has a flight period from April to July and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the flowers of Asteraceae, Cruciferae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae species.


range:
A Mediterranean species that spreads across the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Croatia, north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya) and the Middle East (Dusmet 1908, 1915; Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008). The species is found at altitudes up to 1,500 m asl.  There is another subspecies from north Africa, Rhodanthidium sticticum ordonezi (Dusmet 1915), that is endemic to Morocco (Dusmet 1915).

population:
It seems to be relatively common locally, although the subpopulations may be severely fragmented as they are small and isolated with little chance of genetic exchange. There is no information available on the size and trend of the global population because many of the records are old. Nevertheless, some recent records have been found from France (Vereecken et al. 2007) and Spain (F. Ortiz-Sanchez et al. pers. obs. 2008-2012, Vargas et al. 2010, 2013).

habitat:
Rhodanthidium sticticum inhabits temperate shrubland and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land, urban areas, introduced vegetation and semi-desert regions. It has a flight period from April to August. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and feeds principally on flowers of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae (through pseudocopulation), Resedaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae families (Vereecken et al. 2007, Vargas et al. 2010, 2013). The species makes their brood cells in the empty shells of land snails (Dusmet 1908, 1915, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts upon this species amongst many other bees and this could lead to a decline in their population.


range:
A Mediterranean species that has two subspecies. The nominal subspecies is found in Greece, while Stelis aegyptiaca canaria is found on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992, Hohmann et al. 1993, Tkalců 1993, Ortega 2005, Ornosa et al. 2008, Dathe 2009). The most recent records of S. a. canaria are from 1982 and 1984, while the rest come from 1926-1935. The nominal subspecies is also found outside of Europe in Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel and United Arab Emirates. Grace (2010) noticed that this bee may be present in Libya, but it does not seem to have been found there; nevertheless, it was included in the Ascher and Pickering (2013) map. There are no recent data on this species as most of the records are old or because they do not contain dates and the sex of the material (Warncke 1992).

population:
Stelis aegyptiaca is rare throughout its range and currently its population size is unknown. It was recorded from a few localities with a small number of individuals from each (12 in Canary Islands, Spain, and no more than 15-20 in the others, altogether). The most recent recordings come from 1993 and 1997 while most of the records are older. It is fragmented and there is little change of genetic exchange between subpopulations.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur in Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It flies from March to May. In Algeria, it visits flowers from species with in the Scrophulariaceae and Asteraceae families (Aguib et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The island of Fuerteventura was declared a Biosphere Reserve and therefore the species occurs in a protected area. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Stelis annulata is distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin and it reaches Turkey, the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine and Algeria in north Africa (Mavromoustakis 1960, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009).

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown, but it is probably decreasing. In Spain, the last records were included by Warncke (1992), but were probably from older records, as Ornosa et al. (2009) include data from 1932. The same seems likely for the other European records from Warncke (1992). In Ukraine the last record was from 2008 (Radchenko et al. 2009).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland and temperate grassland. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in particular, Trachusa interrupta and Trachusa pubescens (Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). The species flies from July to September (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, recreational activities, and large scale logging and wood harvesting.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species but it is recorded in the last edition of Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and Radchenko et al. (2009) explained the necessity of additional protection measures in Crimea. It is also listed as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although it is a rare species (mainly due to kleptoparasitism and its reliance upon its host species), it is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and there are no known major threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A northern Palearctic species, found everywhere except in Japan. In Europe, it spreads from Scandinavia south to the Iberian Peninsula and east towards European Russia. It has been recorded from Algeria and Egypt (Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). It spreads eastwards until Central Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although as it has very wide distribution it can presumed to have a large overall population.

habitat:
This species occurs throughout a huge geographic range and therefore it lives in a varied range of habitats, from sea level to at least 2,450 m asl. It is thought to inhabit temperate and boreal forests and shrubland, tundra and temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-deserts, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Heriades crenulatus, H. truncorum (Amiet et al. 2004), Chelostoma sp. and Hoplitis adunca (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
There appear to be no known major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Although it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Vulnerable in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the species' population size and trends. It is Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Extinct within Germany and this represents a large proportion of its known range so it may require listing as threatened in the future with more data available. Research should be conducted to determine the conservation status of the species.

range:
The species is distributed in central and southern Europe (Amiet et al. 2004, Ornosa et al. 2008). It is not found outside of Europe.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate grassland, shrubland and forest, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to July. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia mustelina (Amiet et al. 2004) and O. emarginata (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
It has been widely recorded in Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.

conservationAction:
In view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within a number of protected areas. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there are little data on its distribution range, population size and trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
Stelis gigantea occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey) and the Middle East (Armenia and Iran) (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
There are very few records for this species therefore the population size and trends are unknown.

habitat:
There is little information on this species, although it is thought to inhabit temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas and arable land. It flies in June and July, and some specimens have been seen visiting Boraginaceae flowers (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Trachusa pubescens.

threats:
The particular conditions that this species requires are still poorly known but it is assumed that it must be threatened by habitat loss, due to human activities and climatic conditions (for example desertification as it occurs in very fragile habitats). Generally, it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, tourism and recreational areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is distributed in the north Mediterranean (Spain, Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria and Turkey) in isolated subpopulations (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2010).

population:
This species is extremely rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown. It is clearly severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. It was found in nine localities (four in Spain, two in Turkey, one in Italy, Croatia and Bulgaria each) and with a total of ten individuals. Only two of the records are recent (1993 and 2000) while the others, except the holotype, are dated from 1953 to 1979.

habitat:
The habitat of the species is unknown, but most of the localities are from coastal areas in the Mediterranean. Only one of them was collected at a higher altitude in Turkey, at c. 1,200 m asl. It flies from April to July. The species is most probably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.

threats:
Generally, the species is threatened by habitat loss through the clearance of suitable shrubland and grassland habitats, and the degradation of coastal habitats. These are due to urban pressure from residential and commercial developments for residential and urban areas and tourism and recreational areas.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for Stelis hispanica. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, habitat and ecology, population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.


range:
This species is distributed in central and eastern temperate Europe and Turkey (Warncke 1992, Grace 2010).

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Heriades truncorum (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from July and August (Grace 2010). There are no specific record of flowers visited perhaps because it is a kleptoparasitic bee. The floral choices must be similar to the other species within the genus.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
The species is widely distributed throughout northern and central Europe, but it is not found in the southern European countries. It is also found in the Asiatic part of Russia.

population:
This species is rare and infrequent, but it seems to be well distributed throughout its range, and therefore the overall population can be presumed to be large.

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal forest, temperate forest, shrubland, grassland and arable land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Chelostoma campanularun, C. distinctum and Heriades truncorum (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). It flies from June to July (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A western Palearctic species found throughout Europe from Spain until the Baltic states and as far east as Romania and European Russia. In the southern part of its range, it is found in montane habitats, from the Pyrenees to north Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Armenia. In the north of Africa, it is found in Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1992, Comba and Comba 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
This is a rare species but its population seems to be continuous throughout its range. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee.

habitat:
This species prefers open land in xeric habitats such as temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. In the southern part of the species' range, it is found in montane habits. It flies from June to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia leucomelana, Osmia gallarum, Hoplitis claviventris, Heriades truncorum, Chelostoma campanularum, Chelostoma florisomne and C. rapunculi (Grace 2010).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Stelis minuta has not been recorded from Denmark since 1980 (Madsen and Calabuig 2010). It probably occurs within protected areas due to its wide distribution, especially in montane habitats. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
The species is distributed throughout the western Palearctic and is found in central and southern Europe, north Africa, the Near East, the Caucasus and Central Asia until Uzbekistan and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
Stelis nasuta has recently been recorded in Spain, but only through old museum exemplars (Ornosa et al. 2009). The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
It should prefer open land habitats such as semi-deserts, shrubland, arable land and rocky areas with bare or semi-bare ground and agricultural landscapes nearby. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina and M. (Ch.) pyrenaica (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species flies from May to August.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather. Moreover, the success of this species depends on the success of the host.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
The species is found in central and southern Europe, from Spain towards Ukraine and as far north as Belgium and Poland. Outside of Europe it is found within Turkey.

population:
Though the species is rare throughout its range, the populations are continuous and there are no subspecies or subpopulations. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee, although in Spain it has not been collected since 1992 (Ornosa et al. 2008). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June to August (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Osmia spinulosa (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found from the eastern Mediterranean (Corfu in Greece) to the Middle East (Iran) (Grace 2010).

population:
There is very little known about this species as it has not been found since its original description by Warncke (1992). It has only been recorded from two localities and so the subpopulations are isolated, although there is only one known population in Europe.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate or Mediterranean-type shrubland and arable land. It was collected in flight in August (Warncke 1992).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
The species is distributed throughout the western Palearctic. In Europe, it spreads from Spain, as far north as Norway and the United Kingdom, and eastwards to Romania and Greece. Outside of Europe it is found in north Africa, northern Russia, Turkey and Iran (where there is a distinct subspecies).

population:
The species is rare yet widely distributed throughout its range. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, grassland and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas, arable land and pasture land. It flies from April to August (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidium lituratum, Hoplitis acuticornis, H. claviventris, H. tridentata, Osmia caerulescens, O. leucomelana and Ceratina cucurbitina (Amiet et al. 2004, Aguib et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as this species is only known from two females and possibly one male which is currently being described. There is no further information available on the distribution, population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Stelis ortizi is an Iberian endemic, recently established (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2010). This species is only known from two females, the type material, and a male which is being described from another Spanish locality (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).

population:
This species is extremely rare and its population trend is unknown. There have only been two females collected, in 1989 and 2003. Recent trips to its typical area in order to collect new exemplars have not been productive. However, a male is being described from another locality in the centre of Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
Stelis ortizi was collected in Mediterranean-type shrublands in pine forest on Teucrium similatum. It is surely a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, like the rest of the species of the genus (Michener 2007).

threats:
The species is potentially threatened by deforestation and habitat loss caused by human disturbance from recreational activities in Spain.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been found in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park, which is a Biosphere Reserve. Even though there are little data on this species, its scarce distribution and potentially small population make it necessary to protect Stelis ortizi through site and area protection and habitat and natural process restoration. Research should be conducted to determine the species' wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little on its  distribution range, population size and trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to this species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The range of this poorly known species is within the eastern Mediterranean, but further information is required. Grace (2010) gathered records from continental Greece, Turkey and Israel. It is also suspected to occur in Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).Its altitude has been recorded at "under sea level" from Jericho, Israel.

population:
The size and trend of the population of Stelis pentelica is unknown apart from the fact it is a very rare species.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur in Mediterranean-type shrublands, arable land and pastureland. There is no further information known about the species' habitat and ecology.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in  place, and it is not known if the species is present within any  protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution,  population size and trends, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient despite the species' wide distribution as there is little information available on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. The species is threatened or Near Threatened in six countries in northern Europe. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it could be listed in a threatened category with further data available.

range:
This is a western Palearctic species that reaches Denmark in the north and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) in the east. There are two different subspecies besides the nominal one. Stelis phaeoptera murina is widely spread throughout the Mediterranean, including the Canary Islands, from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is abundant, to Turkey and Israel. It also appears on the islands of Corsica, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus and in north Africa (from Algeria to Egypt) (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009, Grace 2010). Stelis phaeoptera meridionalis occurs in Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1957, Grace 2010). The nominal subspecies is found in Europe between 43º and 63º N (including European Russia), the Caucasus and Central Asia (Warncke 1992).

population:
The whole population size is unknown but it is suspected to be decreasing. Stelis phaeoptera has recently been recorded in Denmark (1997), Egypt (2009), Spain (the last records from 2004 and 2008) and Tunisia (2009) (Ornosa et al. 2009, Rozen and Kamel 2009, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In Germany it is thought to be declining (Westrich et al. 2011). In view of these facts, the population trend of Stelis phaeoptera points to an unstable situation and additional studies are needed.

habitat:
The species is found within boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia leaiana, O. niveata, O. spinulosa, Hoplitis anthocopoides and H. tuberculata (Dusmet 1921, Mavromoustakis 1957, Warncke 1992, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Rozen and Kamel 2009, Grace 2010).   Stelis phaeoptera have been collected from March to September and it feeds upon Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Umbelliferae (Dusmet 1921, Ornosa et al. 2009, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

threats:
The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, roads and railroad construction, logging and wood harvesting and recreational activities. The loss of suitable grasslands caused by these threats negatively affects the species and its hosts. Both, the direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals, produce severe impacts in this and other bee species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is rare throughout its distribution but it is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
This species spreads from central and southern Europe, through the Mediterranean basin to the Caucasus. In Europe, there are two subspecies: S. p. hellenica Mavromoustakis, 1960, with a Mediterranean distribution towards the Caucasus (Warncke 1992); and S. p. punctulatissima (Kirby 1802) from central Europe (France included) until northern Asia.

population:
Although the species is widely distributed, it is never common. However, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. There are two subspecies which can be classed as separate subpopulations.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland, and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and rocky areas. It flies from May to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidium lituratum, A. manicatum, A. oblongatum, Osmia aurulenta, O. leaiana, O. niveata, O. brevicornis (Baldock 2008), Hoplitis adunca and Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may require listing in a threatened category due to its small range and most likely small population.

range:
It is a northeastern Mediterranean species that is found in Greece, including the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, and Turkey (Mavromosutakis 1960, Warncke 1992, Grace 2010).

population:
Stelis rhodia is a rare and fragmented species. Its population trend is unknown. The records are rather old, for example ten individuals (the type material) were recorded in 1958 and two in 1992 (Warncke 1992).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Eoanthidium clypeare (Morawitz, 1873). It flies in June.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species. There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Even though there are little data for this species, its scarce distribution and small population would make it necessary to protect Stelis rhodia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as due to its small range and suspected small population in Europe it may require listing in threatened category.

range:
This species occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin in Greece, Turkey and Lebanon (Warncke 1992, Grace 2010). The specimens from Lebanon were described as the subspecies S. r. lebanensis Mavromoustakis, 1963 but its taxonomic validity is unclear and the status should be revised.

population:
The population is fragmented into three main subpopulations: Greece, Lebanon and Turkey, although only one is within Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Stelis ruficornis is known to inhabit temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, rural gardens and possibly semi-desert regions. The species flies from April to July (Warncke 1992). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.

threats:
The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather. In general, the habitats it occurs in are vulnerable due to anthropogenic activities.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (and presence of the subspecies S. r. lebanensis), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the species is only known from Romania and is poorly understood in this region. Very little is known on the taxonomic status, distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species, however it is widely spread from the Caucasus to Central Asia. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic status of this species because if the subspecies in Romania is actually a separate species, then it may require listing in a threatened category due to its small range and suspected small population in Europe.

range:
It is primarily an eastern Palearctic species that is found in Romania, the Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Iran, Turkey, Central Asia (Grace 2010). The subpopulation occurring in Romania has been described as the subspecies S. s. inamoena Popov, 1932.

population:
This population must be large, but it is very scarce in Europe, with the only known subpopulation being restricted to Romania.

habitat:
This species very probably inhabits montane ecotypes including temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas and arable land. It flies in July and August. This species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Michener 2007).

threats:
Globally, there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. However, it is only known from Romania in Europe, which is at the western edge of its range so it could be threatened by wood and pulp plantations, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status of the subspecies in Europe, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are continuous across its range despite being rarely caught and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
This species is distributed in the west Palearctic region. Three subspecies have been described, with different ranges: S. s. signata is found from the Iberian Peninsula to the north of Europe and, eastwards to Asia; S. s. flavescens Friese, 1925 is found in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) and the Caucasus; and S. s. eremica Alfken 1938 is found in Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Iraq.

population:
A rare species whose populations seem to be continuous along its range. As commented in the taxonomy, the interpretation of the three subspecies should be revised by means of molecular analysis.

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, tundra, arable land and semi-deserts. The species flies from May to August. It is found on Lamiaceae plant species. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidiellum strigatum (Madsen and Calabuig 2010).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, and herbicides and pesticides.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy and population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout Europe (except for the northernmost areas) (Rasmont et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008). It is also found outside of Europe in the Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Transcaucasus, and Morocco and Algeria in the north of Africa (Aguib et al. 2014).

population:
This species has a continuous population across a widespread range, although it is a locally rare species.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, urban areas and semi-desert regions. It flies from July-August and in Algeria from May-June (Aguib et al. 2014). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Lithurgus chrysurus and L. cornutus (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). There are not many records on the species floral preferences, but it is assumed that this species feeds on the same botanical families as its related ones, such as Asteraceae species (Aguib et al. 2014).

threats:
Apart from those related to human activity and climatic change, there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.


range:
Stenoheriades asiaticus occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1955b, Tkalcu 1984b).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Stenoheriades asiaticus is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteroideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Stenoheriades hofferi is known from Bulgaria in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1984b).

habitat:
The ecology and habitat of Stenoheriades hofferi is currently unknown although it possibly occurs on steppic grasslands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species' wide distribution and the abundant population throughout most of its range. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to this species.

range:
This species occurs in the whole of continental Europe between 42° and 64° latitude. Outside of Europe, the distribution of this species reaches Armenia, Mongolia, and Russian Siberia in the east (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). It is absent from the British Isles.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are not documented. The species is the most common species in Europe (Warncke 1980) and, at least in central and northern European countries, as well as in some southern European countries (e.g. Portugal) the species is locally abundant. However, the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Trachusa byssina prefers shrubland, forest margins, or sparsely forested biotopes and is found from lowland up to high altitudes (up to 2,100 m in the Alps). The flight period is from mid-May to the end of September. Females build 10-15 cm long burrows in soil. Brood cells are made from leaf pieces and resin. The species is oligolectic on Fabaceae (Muller 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring into the population size and trend and threats are needed. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the populations been stable over the past 60 years. However the species has a restricted distribution and the threats to the species remain unknown.

range:
This species occurs in Greece, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 97,766 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.

population:
Trachusa dumerlei is a rare species, but its population seems to be stable over the past 60 years.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaics in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species uses resin for nest building. It is probably oligolectic on Carduae (Asteraceae) (Muller 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 286 km2, the species is very localized, is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, especially in Hungary and Slovakia. As the species is oligolectic on Dipsacacae flowers, any local decline of these flowers including any biotope changes may affect the species directly.

range:
A widespread species in southern Europe, from Portugal to Greece in the east and Slovakia in the north. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria and the Caucasus (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The presence in Austria is uncertain (Schwarz et al. 1996). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,138,212 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km2.

population:
This species is very rare within its entire European distribution, except for a few areas in the western Alps. In some areas, the species is distinctly declining (e.g., Hungary, Slovakia), according to collected data and personal observation (Petr Bogush and J. Straka pers. obs. 2014). The populations can be considered severely fragmented, as the species is very local and distant populations are slightly morphologically distinct, which suggest long-term separation of populations.

habitat:
This species prefers open steppe and forest steppe habitats. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Dipsacasae, mainly on Scabiosa species (Muller 1996). Female build short burrows in soil. Their brood cells are made of leaf pieces and resin (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are uncertain, although one of the main threats is probably caused by vegetational succession of steppe vegetation, which is likely to cause a decline in amount and quality of the available forage plants (Scabiosa). Even a small decline in the availability of forage can cause either declines, or serious population fluctuations of this bee species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat preferences and trend, ecological requirements and threats, together with the monitoring of the population and habitat trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
This species occurs in Portugal, Spain and France in Europe. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 505,530 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 68 km2 for Europe.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean shrubland, forest and forest-steppe biotopes. It also occurs in man-managed areas, like gardens, orchards and other urban areas. Female build nests cells with leaves and resin.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with the monitoring of the population and habitat trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 56 km2 and although populations in the Balkan Peninsula seem rather stable, elsewhere the species is definitely declining and it may have even become extinct in some countries. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Monitoring of its population trend and identification of possible threats are recommended.

range:
This species occurs in the east-Mediterranean region, but the findings from Spain and France are probably exceptional. There is only a single old record from Spain and one old record from France. Recent records are from Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species has been recorded in Algeria and Turkey (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 1,163,965 km2, although it is probably distinctly smaller. The area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 56 km2 for Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are probably stable in the area of the Balkan Peninsula. However, populations are certainly decreasing in the west Mediterranean, and the species may be even extinct in some countries like France and Italy (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
This species occurs at open biotopes, Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaic in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species use resin for nest building. T. laticeps forages from species of Lamiaceae and several other plant families, especially Fabaceae (Mueller 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring are needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
This species occurs in the Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubian Mountains (Józan 2011), Romania (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Crimea (Ukraine), Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece. Recent records are only from Greece and Macedonia,  but Józan (2011) does not consider this species as extinct in Hungary. Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus, Turkey, Syria and Israel (Warncke 1980) as well as in Jordan and Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 694,587 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 44 km2 for Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in open steppe biotopes, Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaic in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species use resin for nest building. T. pubescens is considered to be oligolectic on Lamiaceae (Muller 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring are needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened in view of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km² and because it occurs in several small, widely separated subpopulations, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.

range:
Dasypoda albimana is recorded in Europe (Spain and France) and north Africa (Morocco and Tunisia) (Warncke 1973; Michez 2003; Michez et al. 2004a,b,c). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 30,1476 km²  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km² based on user defined cell width (2x2 km). The populations of this species are isolated from each other.

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females are pollen generalists. They collect nectar and pollen on Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Crassulaceae, Malvaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae (Michez et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (632 km²), there is a continuing decline in the habitat of the species and in the number of mature individuals due to strong anthropogenic pressure and overgrowing of vegetation in nesting places, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.

range:
Dasypoda argentata is present in Europe and Asia. It is the second most widespread species of the genus Dasypoda (Warncke 1973; Michez and Patiny 2002; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,323,678 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².

population:
The populations are mainly composed of a small numbers of  individuals. The population is currently decreasing. For example, it is one of the rarest species of Melittidae in Poland. Today it is known from only three places (Kujawy, Nida River Valley, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland), though it was formerly reported from seven localities in other regions of the country (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009).

habitat:
Dasypoda argentata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation where there are large areas covered by its pollen host-plant Cephalaria, Succisa and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Celary 2002, 2005; Michez et al. 2008). These habitats are declining. The presence of sandy soils is necessary for this species for nesting (Celary 2002, 2005).

threats:
A decline in population numbers and loss from certain localities is attributed to strong anthropogenic pressure and overgrowing of vegetation in nesting places. Grasslands with host-plant are also declining.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Poland (Critically Endangered; Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Sweden (Extinct; Gardenfors 2010).It is recommended to extend legal protection to the sites where Dasypoda argentata occurs. It is also recommended that known sites are managed to prevent or arrest vegetational succession that covers the nesting areas of this species. In countries where the population is declining or is either extinct, or almost extinct e.g. Sweden, Poland, reintroduction attempts could be beneficial for this species.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment:  Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (148 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals is probably declining due to land use change.

range:
Dasypoda braccata is mainly present around the Black Sea. Some isolated populations are recorded in the Balkans, Italy and Hungary (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b; Praz et al. 2008) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,631,776 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown, however its habitat seems to be declining.

habitat:
Dasypoda braccata is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation with big patches of Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae), its host-plant. Females collect pollen on Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008). This habitat is declining.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the decline of its habitat due to land use change.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected area. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (416 km²), and it is  known from isolated records in the north and eastern part of its distribution, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population size and threats are unknown and require further research.

range:
Dasypoda cingulata is present in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Italy, Morocco, Spain) (Warncke 1973; Michez 2003; Michez et al. 2004a,b). Some isolated populations are recorded in the centre of France. Eastern populations are recorded in Greece and the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,412,198 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 416 km².

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
Dasypoda cingulata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females mainly forage on pollen of Cistaceae and Malvaceae. But there are many records on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Resedaceae. This species can be considered as forage generalist with strong preference for Cistaceae (Michez et al. 2008). Recent records are from the Mediterranean area where strong populations of Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis occur. Females nest in sandy soil.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species is present in the Coto Doñana (Parque Nacional and Parque Regional, Spain) but it is not known if the species is present within any other protected area. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (360 km²),  and it has a restricted distribution, the population size and threats are unknown, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda crassicornis is recorded in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula). Isolated populations are present in more temperate habitats such as central France or in mountain areas such as the Pyrenees and Atlas (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 767,851 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
Dasypoda crassicornis lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum). But there are some records on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae (Michez et al. 2008). The species nests in sandy areas.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (276 km²),  and it has a restricted distribution, the population size and threats are unknown, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda dusmeti is recorded in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Morocco and Iberia) (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 701,154 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species is specialized on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008). Recent records are mainly from sandy littoral areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment:  Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (52 km²), it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, and the extent of its habitat is probably declining due to land use change.

range:
Dasypoda frieseana shows a restricted distribution in Greece, Albania and Macedonia where the subpopulations seem to be isolated from each other (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 103,436 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However its habitat is known to be declining.

habitat:
Dasypoda frieseana lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation with many Cephalaria and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008). This species is known to forage pollen only on Cephalaria and Scabiosa plants (Dipsacaceae). This type of habitat is decreasing.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the decline of the grasslands where its host-plant occurs due to land use change.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and no major threats.

range:
Dasypoda hirtipes is the most widespread species of the genus. This species is present from the United Kingdom to China. In the northern part of its range, it occurs in Finland, Sweden and Norway (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,743,065 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,992 km².

population:
Populations of Dasypoda hirtipes are declining in some countries like Switzerland (Amiet 1994). However, the species seems stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Dasypoda hirtipes lives in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation but the species is also common in urban and suburban habitats. D. hirtipes collects pollen on Asteraceae, mainly on the common genera Crepis and Hypochoeris (Michez et al. 2008). Females nest in open areas with sandy soil (Pouvreau and Loublier 1995).

conservationAction:
Dasypoda hirtipes is red listed in five European countries: (i) Near Threatened in Germany and Sweden (Westrich et al. 2008, Gärdenfors 2010); (ii) Vulnerable in Switzerland (Amiet 1994); (iii) Endangered in Norway and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002, Kålås et al. 2010). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size or threats to this species. However the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km², qualifying almost under Vulnerable D2.

range:
Dasypoda iberica is known from a few specimens collected in Spain (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 62,789 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is quite rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
Dasypoda iberica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. No information about the ecology is available for this species.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. It occurs in a protected area. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, taxonomy, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a restricted distribution and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (128 km²) and its threats are unknown, it has a presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda morotei is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 328,297 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².

habitat:
The species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females of Dasypoda morotei forage pollen on Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum). But there are some records on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Crassulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a restricted distribution and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (192 km²) and its threats are unknown, it has a  presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining  fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda pyriformis is present in the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean basin. Most of the records are in Greece (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 348,793 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 192 km².

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females are specialized on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (84 km²), it has a disjunct distribution, and the population size and threats are unknown, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda pyrotrichia shows a disjunct distribution. Three subspecies are recognized in three different areas around the Mediterranean basin: Spain, Greece/Bulgaria and Anatolia (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). Some isolated records are known from the Pyrenees (Michez 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,359,361 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².

population:
The current population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females seem to be specialized on pollen of Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum) but there are records on Malvaceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However the species has a very restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km², qualifying almost as Vulnerable D2.

range:
The main distribution of Dasypoda sinuata is in northern Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). In Europe, it only occurs in the Canary Islands, in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Warncke 1973; Michez and Patiny 2002; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 359 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (92 km²), it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, and the extent of its habitat is probably declining due to land use change.

range:
Dasypoda spinigera is mainly present around the Black Sea (Ukraine and Turkey). Some isolated populations are recorded in Italy and Hungary (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,249,635 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².

population:
This species is associated with grassland with strong populations of Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae), its host-plant. This kind of habitat is decreasing.

habitat:
Dasypoda spinigera lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species is pollen specialized on Scabiosa and Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008): habitat supporting these plants seems to be declining.

threats:
The main threats to this species is the declining of its host-plant due to land use change.

conservationAction:
The species is considered threatened in Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009).   There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii, iv, v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii, iv, v)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small with 208 km², it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, the species is already extinct in the northern part of its distribution (Denmark, Sweden, Germany and the Czech Republic) and there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat, the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to land use change.

range:
Dasypoda suripes is recorded in eastern Europe, from Sweden to Turkey with severely fragmented subpopulations (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b).   It is considered that the population of Dasypoda suripes is severely fragmented as this species is specialized on Scabiosa sp. (Dipsaceae) and Knautia sp. (Dispacaceae), and these plants are known to be fragmented (Frazén et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,532,922.93 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. It is inferred that the population trend is declining as its habitat is declining.

habitat:
Dasypoda suripes lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. This species is pollen specialized on Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008), which appears to be declining.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the declining of grasslands with its host-plant due to land use change.

conservationAction:
Dasypoda suripes is considered Extinct in three European countries: Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There is need to manage the habitats where this species occurs and it is recommended that a reintroduction programme should be considered.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed  as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population, and because it is  unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more  threatened category.

range:
Dasypoda visnaga is present around the Mediterranean basin, from Greece to Spain (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,258,190 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 564 km².

habitat:
Dasypoda visnaga lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Asteraceae, mainly the genus Scolymus (Michez et al. 2008). They nest in sandy areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However, this species' habitat is declining.

range:
Macropis europaea is present in Europe from the United Kingdom to the Moscow region of Russia, and from Finland southwards to Italy (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,916,269 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However its habitat appears to be declining throughout its range.

habitat:
Macropis europaea lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation, including grasslands, shrublands and wetlands. Females collect pollen exclusively on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Pekkarinen et al. 2003, Celary 2005). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats, e.g. banks of rivers. Suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the decline of the host-plant habitat (Lysimachia spp.) due to land use change.

conservationAction:
Macropis europaea is considered as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Shirt 1987). There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened in view of its  restricted distribution and small area of occupancy (AOO) of 116 km² and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.

range:
Macropis frivaldszkyi is present in Anatolia and the south-eastern part of Europe (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,178,177.97 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However, its habitat appears to be declining throughout its range.

habitat:
Macropis frivaldszkyi lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation,  including grasslands, shrublands and wetlands. Females collect pollen  exclusively on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Bassin et al. 2011). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats, e.g. banks of rivers but suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,  presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be  declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened  category. However, the species' habitat is declining.

range:
Macropis fulvipes is present in most parts of Europe, except in the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,556,392.74 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,128 km².

habitat:
Macropis fulvipes lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation,  including  grasslands, shrublands and wetlands (Bassin et al. 2011). Females collect pollen  exclusively  on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Pekkarinen et al. 2003). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats (e.g. banks of rivers), but suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.

conservationAction:
Macropis fulvipes is considered as Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and in the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The  species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the  abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the  population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However  the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of  112 km².

range:
Melitta aegyptiaca is mainly distributed in northern Africa (Morocco and Egypt). In Europe, the species occurs in the Canary Islands, in Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,649 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km².

habitat:
Melitta aegyptiaca lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females of M. aegyptiaca forage mainly on Fabaceae but they are overall regarded as a generalist species (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size or threats to this species. However, the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km², qualifying almost under Vulnerable D2.   It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Description of Melitta budashkini is based on the collection of 26 specimens from only one locality in Ukraine (Crimea, Feodosia, Cape Chauda, 45°00’17’’N 35°49’49’’E) (Michez et al. 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is therefore 4 km².

habitat:
Specimens have been collected in steppe area on Limonium meyeri (Plumbaginaceae) and Linosyris villosa (Asteraceae) in September (Michez et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, taxonomy, ecology, and threats to this poorly known species. The species does not occur in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its stable population in Ukraine. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is small and the threats to this species are unknown.Listed as Data Deficient in the EU 27 in view of the absence of information about the population size and threats to this species in Hungary. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small.

range:
Melitta budensis is present all around the Black Sea, in both the European and the Asian parts (Maréchal 1935, Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 614,295 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
Main part of the recorded populations are present in Ukraine where they are stable. The population in Hungary is unknown.

habitat:
Melitta budensis lives in grassland temperate vegetation. Females are pollen specialized on Campanulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO = 344 km²) and continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. Populations in parts of its range are isolated (UK and Germany) and the species is already extinct in some countries.

range:
Melitta dimidiata has a wide distribution and is recorded from the United Kingdom (restricted to southern England) eastwards to Afghanistan (Baker 1965, Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). It is considered that the population of Melitta dimidiata is severely fragmented as this species is specialized on Onobrychis sp. (Fabaceae), and these plants are known to be fragmented (Rasmont and Meersch 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,638,438 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 344 km².

population:
This is a species that can be common where it occurs, but its population trend is one of decline. Populations in England are relictual and isolated. The species was recorded in Belgium in the 19th century but it is now Extinct in this country.

habitat:
Melitta dimidiata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females collect pollen from Onobrychis (Fabaceae) and nest in the soil. This plant was cultivated in the past as forage crop and as a soil fertilizer. This crop is now declining.

threats:
The host-plant used by Melitta dimidiata is declining due to land use change and intensification of agriculture, including the use of chemicals and fertilizers.

conservationAction:
Melitta dimidiata is included in the national red lists of five European countries: (i) Endangered in United Kingdom (Shirt 1987)); (ii) Critically Endangered in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008); (iii)  Extinct in Belgium, Czech Republic and Slovenia (Michez and Eardley 2007, Farkac et al. 2005, Anonymous 2002).  There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The United Kingdom populations are all within protected areas, but it is not known if the species is present within such areas in other parts of its range. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no past or ongoing threats.

range:
Melitta haemorrhoidalis is one of the most common and widespread Melittidae species. There are records in the north of Europe, in Scotland and Finland (Warncke 1973, Michez et al. 2004, Michez and Eardley 2007). In the south, the species is present in mountains such as the Pyrenees, Alps and Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,677,247 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,852 km².

population:
The abundance and population size of this species are not known but the species is considered common. The current population trend is stable all around Europe.

habitat:
Melitta haemorrhoidalis lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae) (Celary 2005, Michez et al. 2008).

threats:
There are no past or ongoing threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (16 km²) and the species occurs close to an area where tomato crops are being grown intensively, which could drive the taxon Extinct in a very short time.

range:
Melitta hispanica is restricted to the Spanish mountain range of the Sierra Nevada (Warncke 1973, Ornosa and Ortiz-Sanchez 2003, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,367 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
The abundance and population size or the population trend of this species are not known.

habitat:
Melitta hispanica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females seem to be pollen specialists on Fabaceae but there is just one recent observation (D. Michez pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
The species occurs on top of a mountain where climate change can pose a threat in the future. In addition, the species occurs close to an area where tomato crops are being grown intensively, causing a possible threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into abundance and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However, the species has a very restricted and fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36 km².

range:
Melitta iberica is endemic to Spain and it is mainly recorded in two Spanish mountain ranges: Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Guadarrama (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The species shows a fragmented distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 124,235 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

habitat:
Melitta iberica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The subpopulations occurring in the mountains will possibly be threatened by climate change in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km² and urbanisation is a future threat to the remaining individuals in the population.

range:
Melitta kastiliensis is endemic to Spain and there are only three records of the species: Cartagena, Montarco and Alicante (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15,768 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is clearly rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown. The last record in Cartagena is recent (Michez and Eardley 2007) but the Montarco population is probably extinct (D. Michez pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Melitta kastiliensis lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.

threats:
The species might be threatened by urbanisation.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and no past or future threats.

range:
Melitta leporina is the most widespread species of the genus. It occurs from the United Kingdom eastwards to Vladivostok and from Finland to Spain (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,159,367 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,164 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species, however the species is very common. The current population trend of this species is stable overall, although in certain parts of its range it is declining (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Slovenia, Norway and the Netherlands).

habitat:
Melitta leporina lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland habitats. Small populations can be found in urban areas with clovers. Females forage on pollen of various common Fabaceae like Melilotus, Trifolium and Medicago (Michez et al. 2008, Dellicour and Michez 2010). They make individual isolated nests in soil (Celary 2006).

threats:
There are no past or ongoing threats to this species at continental scale.

conservationAction:
Melitta leporina is included in the national red lists of the following five countries: (i) Near Threatened in Finland and Sweden (Rassi et al. 2001, Gärdenfors 2010); (ii) Vulnerable in the Netherlands and Norway (Peeters and Reemer 2003, Kålås et al. 2010); (iii) Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about  the  population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.  However,  the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km².

range:
Melitta maura is mainly a northern African species, populations are recorded from Israel to Morocco (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). In Europe, the species only occurs in Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,780 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown but records from Spain are all old records.

habitat:
Melitta maura lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species seems to mainly forage on pollen of Brassicaceae (Michez et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into abundance, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,v)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (64 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO of the species and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
Melitta melanura has a very widespread but fragmented distribution from Siberia to Germany (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,462,055 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².

population:
Records are very rare and populations seem isolated. Main part of the recorded populations are present in Ukraine where they are declining. This species is considered threatened in Ukraine.

habitat:
Melitta melanura lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Campanulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Melitta melanura is considered as Vulnerable in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007), Endangered in Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009), Critically Endangered in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Extinct in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008).   There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species. It is necessary to create natural reserves in locations of their isolated populations and to protect the host-plants (Campanulaceae) (Monchenko et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However, the species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km².

range:
Melitta murciana is endemic to Spain. Populations are recorded along the Mediterranean coast (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50,661 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².

population:
There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Melitta murciana lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Fabaceae (Michez et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


range:
Melitta nigricans is a common species distributed across much of Europe but its range does not extend to northernmost parts of the continent (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). This species is not recorded in Fenno-Scandinavia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,947,442 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,092 km².

population:
The species is common and the current population trend of this species is stable, although in some parts of its distribution the species is declining.

habitat:
Melitta nigricans lives in a number of temperate habitats which support strong populations of its pollen host-plant, Lythrum salicaria. Suitable habitats include river banks and ditches. Females nest in the soil.

conservationAction:
Melitta nigricans is considered as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed   as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the   population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However,   the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of   20 km².

range:
Melitta schmiedeknechti is present in all north African countries and in Israel (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). In Europe it only occurs in the Canary Island of Fuerteventura. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 169 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
Melitta schmiedeknechti lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. The main host-plants are from the family Resedaceae (Michez et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However, the species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km².

range:
Melitta seitzi is endemic to Spain. Populations are recorded north of Madrid (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 81,219 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

habitat:
Melitta seitzi lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about  the    population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.  However,    the species has a very restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km².

range:
Melitta tomentosa shows a very narrow distribution. It is mainly recorded from the region of Istria, close to the borders of Slovenia, Italy and Croatia (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,289 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

habitat:
Melitta tomentosa lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Campanulaceae (Gogala 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened  (NT)Listed as Near Threatened in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO = 1,076 km²)  and continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number  of mature individuals. Populations in parts of its range are isolated  (e.g. Sweden).

range:
Melitta tricincta is widespread in Europe, from the United Kingdom eastwards to Kazakhstan, and from Sweden to southern Italy (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007, Dellicour and Michez 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,090,311 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,084 km².

population:
The abundance and population size of this species are not known and it is considered rare over much of its range. However the habitat supporting strong populations of the host-plant of Melitta tricincta (Odontites spp.) is declining.

habitat:
Melitta tricincta lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Odontites vernus and O. lutea (Orobanchaceae) (Celary 2005, Michez et al. 2008). They nest in soil.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the decline of the its host-plant (Odontites spp.) due to land use change.

conservationAction:
Melitta tricincta is regarded as Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008), Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994), and Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002).  There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about   the    population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.   However,    the species has a very restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO)  of 20 km².

range:
Melitta udmurtica is only present in Poland and Russia (Michez and Eardley 2007). This species is only known from four isolated populations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,506 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
Melitta udmurtica lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Fabaceae (Celary 2000, 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)
EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

This species has a large global range which only barely extends into easternmost Europe. The population size within the region is very small and the population trend is unknown, but there is no evidence of a decline. The species therefore meets the population threshold for classification as Endangered under criterion D, but given the large, apparently stable neighbouring population there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted by one category to Vulnerable (VU°).

The species does not occur within the EU27 and is considered NA for that region.

range:
This species has a predominantly Asian and African distribution that just extends into south-easternmost Europe, where it has small resident populations in Azerbaijan and Armenia (Kemp and Kirwan 2014).

population:
The European population is estimated at 50-210 pairs, which equates to 100-410 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU27. For details of national estimates, see attached PDF.

habitat:
This species is found in dry areas with trees. Deciduous woodland, from arid steppe to mesic woodland with closed canopy. It prefers broadleaf woodland and is rarely found in coniferous forest but also occurs in small plantations of exotic trees, including suburban gardens. Egg-laying occurs from May to June and it typically lays three or four eggs. The nest is built by both sexes and is a small, saucer-shaped stick nest thickly lined with bark flakes, sometimes leaves, in a multi-branched outer fork or on a horizontal branch. It feeds mainly on  lizards, geckos, skinks and small birds including Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), bee-eaters (Merops), rollers (Coracias/Eurystomus), small gamebirds and African Palm Swifts (Cypsiurus parvus) as they leave their nests, as well as nestlings, eggs, gerbils, bats, rodents, frogs and insects. The species is migratory (Kemp and Kirwan 2014).

threats:
Although globally there are no major threats to this species, the European population is small and on the edge of its global range so is more vulnerable to the potential threats that face small populations (BirdLife International 2004).

conservationAction:
Conservation Actions Underway
Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.

Conservation Actions Proposed
Research is needed on the potential threats to this species as well as its population dynamics in order to inform future conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.

Within the EU27 this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU27.

population:
The European population is estimated at 3,500-6,900 pairs, which equates to 7,000-13,800 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 1,700-3,400 pairs, which equates to 3,500-6,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see attached PDF.

habitat:
This species breeds mainly in fragmented deciduous forests along river basins but may also use broad-leaved forests on foothills and mountain slopes, usually below 1,000 m but up to 2,000 m (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It arrives at its breeding grounds in April or early May and eggs are laid in May or early June. It nests in tree branches, preferring deciduous trees such as alder, poplar or aspen. The nest is a smallish platform of sticks (30 cm wide, 15 cm deep), lined with twigs and sometimes leaves. Occasionally it will use the old nests of other birds. Clutch size is three to five eggs (Orta and Marks 2014). It feeds mainly on lizards, fledgling birds and large insects such as dragonflies, grasshoppers and cicadas (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is a migrant, likely wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta and Marks 2014). Birds leave their breeding grounds in September, returning in April and May. On migration it frequently flies at night using flapping flight and travels in flocks which become especially large at certain bottlenecks (Orta and Marks 2014).

threats:
It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012). This species is considered undesirable for falconry in Georgia, and many are killed after being captured by falconers who are attempting to catch other, more desirable species (Orta and Marks 2014).

conservationAction:
Conservation Actions Underway
CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. The species is listed as threatened in Croatia and Bulgaria.

Conservation Actions Proposed
Key areas should be identified and protection put in place, particularly from construction of windfarms. Awareness campaign directed at falconers aimed at reducing unnecessary deaths should be launched. Studies on species's ecology and monitoring of populations should be developed to inform conservation measures.


