# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are stable and it can live in a wide range of habitats.

range:
Andrena praecox is a broadly boreo-alpine species. The overall range of the species covers most of Europe, from the northern parts of Finland and Sweden to the central parts of Spain and Italy, and from Ireland east to the Urals.Andrena praecox is known from Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999); Belarus (Arnold 1902, Hvir 2013); Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995); Croatia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; but absent in check lists published by Józan (2009, 2014)); Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia; Halada and Halada 1992, Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011); Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009); Estonia (Sagemehl 1882); Finland (southern part; Söderman and Leinonen 2003, Paukkunen and Malinen 2014); France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995); Germany (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Dubitzky 2005; East Frisian Islands - Theunert 2008); Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003); Ireland (Ronayne 2006, Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Italy (northern Italy - Pagliano 1995; north Tyrol and south Tyrol - Hellrigl 2006; Lazio - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002); Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Kalniņš 2003); Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004); Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995); Liechtenstein (Bieri 2002); Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986); Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999); Norway (Artsdatabanken 2014); Poland (Dylewska 1987, 1991, Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Pawlikowski et al. 2008, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009, Moroń et al. 2009, Banaszak and Jaroszewicz 2009); Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola 1980); Russia (Moscow region - Levchenko 2010; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004; Volgograd - Warncke 1967; neighbourhood of St. Petersburg - Morawitz 1869; Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Karelia - Leinonen et al. 2006; Bashkortostan - Osytshnjuk 1977); Slovakia (Přidal 2004); Slovenia (Gogala 1999); Spain (Warncke 1976); Sweden (Franzén and Nilsson 2008, Antonelli et al. 2009); Switzerland (Rasmont et al. 1995); Ukraine (mainland and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982) and the United Kingdom (Perkins 1919, Edwards and Telfer 2002).Furthermore, Andrena praecox was found in Asia through Armenia (Morawitz 1877), Georgia (Morawitz 1876), Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and Turkey (Grace 2010).

population:
The current population status of this widely distributed bee seems to be stable. This is evidenced from the many findings of Andrena praecox from different European countries over the past 10 years. It is usually listed in National Red Lists as Least Concern.

habitat:
Andrena praecox occurs mainly in moist habitats such as forest edges and clearings, in river valleys, floodplain forests and meadows, but it prefers heathlands and open woodlands where there is sufficient willow species (Salix), with which it is associated trophically. It inhabits the Swiss mountains, at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Beaumont 1958). It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to collect pollen from a narrow range of species, in this case from Salix sp. (Warncke 1981). It was also noted as an effective pollinator of the orchid Cypripedium calceolus through pseudocopulation (Antonelli et al. 2009). It flies from March to May and has one generation per year. The species usually creates small nesting aggregations in sparsely vegetated deciduous woodland (Edwards and Telfer 2002). Perkins (1919) mentions that the species nests in large aggregations in England, however on mainland Europe the species is reported to nest solitarily (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Westrich 1989). It is parasitised by Nomada ferruginata Linné, 1767 (Stöckhert 1933).

threats:
The main threats to this species are from the ploughing of the land for agriculture and the processing of fields on which the bees builds their nests with insecticides.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Salix species and noted as an effective pollinator of the orchid Cypripedium calceolus (Antonelli et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)LThis species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may warrant listing with an increased threat status for this species, whose population is severely fragmented and has a small distribution.

range:
Andrena probata has a disjunct distribution, and is known from the Alpine regions of Switzerland and northern Italy, including the Aosta valley (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), and the southeastern Balkans. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Armenia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) also lists it from several mountains in Greece and the Peloponnese.

population:
There is no information on the overall population size or trends of this species. However, the species has a severely fragmented population. The Alpine populations in Switzerland and northern Italy are isolated from subpopulations in the Balkans and (outside Europe) from those in eastern Anatolia and Armenia. This severe fragmentation will ensure that there is little chance of exchange of genetic material between subpopulations or of recolonization should populations become extinct or depleted.

habitat:
Andrena probata appears in grassland habitats, and it is known to be an oligolectic species, specialising only in the pollen of various Brassicaceae. Ebmer (2011) cites Erysimum pusillum (Brassicaceae) as a pollen forage source in the Peloponnese where it occurs in montane meadows above the tree line. The species is univoltine, and flies as a single generation from mid-May to the beginning of July (Amiet et al. 2010). In Switzerland, it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 m to 2,000 m asl (Amiet et al. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of sufficient data on the population status, trends and threats to this species. However, it has been included in Red List of Threatened Species for the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered. Despite this, its status in the other regions of Europe is unknown.

range:
This species is distributed from central Europe (Austria and the Czech Republic) eastwards to Romania and Ukraine. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey and Azerbaijan (Warncke 1974b, Osytshnjuk 1977).

population:
It is a rare species. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.

habitat:
Andrena producta lives mainly in moist habitats, predominantly on shrubs and woody plants. It is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of  flowering species. The females prefer the flowers of Fabaceae (Genista, Trifolium, Lotus, Medicago, Anthyllis, Vicia, Melilotus, etc), and is sometimes found (presumably nectaring) on other plants, such as Brassicaceae (Brassica nigra), Asteraceae (Leucanthemum vulgare), Rosaceae (Potentilla sp.) and Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus sp.). It flies from late May to the end of July.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red list or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It has been found in a Nature Reserve in the Czech Republic. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend and to identify any existing trends.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as this species was included as a synonym of Andrena dorsata and therefore the separate populations of Andrena propinqua have been poorly studied. There is currently little or no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found throughout most of Europe, except in northern Europe. It is known from Austria (Warncke 1981, Dubitzky 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belgium (Leclercq 1972, Rasmont et al. 1995, Pauly 1999), Croatia (Warncke 1969, Moczar and Warncke 1972), the Czech Republic (Straka et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Baliteau et al. 2013), Germany (in Bavaria, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia States - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Burger 2011, Kroupa et al. 2014), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), mainland Italy and Sicily (Warncke 1967, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, although it is absent from the checklist prepared by Kalniņš (2003)), Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004), Luxemburg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Netherlands (Van den Assem 1951, Lefeber 1969, although it is not included in Koel (2014), probably because it was considered as a synonym), Poland (Dylewska 1974, Banaszak 1991, Banaszak et al. 2006), Portugal (Warncke 1976), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2002), Serbia (Warncke 1966, 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Lukáš 1998, Straka et al. 2007), Spain (Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, González et al. 1999, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (Rasmont et al. 1995, Oertli et al. 2005) and in all regions in Ukraine (Warncke 1967, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982). Furthermore, it is present in Russia in the Belgorod region (Kohl 1913, Wu 1960), in Perm Krai (Lykov 2004, 2008), the Moscow region (Mosolov 1905), the Volgograd region (Warncke 1967) and the Lipetsk region (Kuznetsova 1990), It has also been mistakenly recorded from the United Kingdom by Osytshnjuk (1977).It has also been found in North Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and possibly China. It is likely that the distribution of this species is much wider, since it may have been misidentified with Andrena dorsata.

population:
The current status of Andrena propinqua populations in most European countries is unclear due to the fact that in many articles this species is considered as a synonym of Andrena dorsata. However, in all regions where it is listed as a separate species, it appears to be stable, but it seems less present than Andrena dorsata.

habitat:
Andrena propinqua inhabits different biotopes, both natural and agricultural, such as field crops, gardens, shelterbelts, forest edges and dry meadows. It is rarely found in the steppe zone and it is even rarer to find in mountainous areas. It flies from April to August and has two generations. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with females visiting flower of plants from 11 families, but mostly recorded on the flowers of Brassicaceae and Rosaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kuznetsova 1990). It is a pollinator of fruit crops (Muzichenko 1937, Nevkryta 1957, Breitbach et al. 2012), some cultivated plants of Brassicaceae and alfalfa (Wu 1960, Kocourek 1966). Its nest parasite is Nomada zonata Panz. (Kocourek 1966).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. However, it is listed in the regional Red Lists of different states of Germany. In particular, it is listed as Extinct in the Schleswig-Holsteins state (van der Smissen 2001) and as Critically Endangered in the Thuringia state (Burger 2011). It is has a lower threat category in some other states where it is distributed (Burger and Winter 2001, Mandery et al. 2003, Burger et al. 2004). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, distribution, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.In order to protect the species, its preferred wild plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It is an especially important pollinator of fruit crops (Muzichenko 1937, Nevkryta 1957, Breitbach et al. 2012), some cultivated plants of Brassicaceae and alfalfa (Wu 1960, Kocourek 1966).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the distribution, population size, trends and threats are unknown for this species as its taxonomic status has yet to be resolved. All previous records of the species need to be re-examined before a different Red List category can be assigned.

range:
Andrena proxima is a central-European species that distributed in Albania (Warncke 1966a), Austria (all regions except Vorarlberg: Móczár and Warncke 1972, Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Zettel et al. 2013), Bulgaria (Drenowski 1936, Warncke 1966a, Atanasov 1972), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995); Belarus (Prishchepchik 2000), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Croatia (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, 2009, 2014), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia; Halada and Halada 1992, Přidal 2004, Dvořák et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all States: Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Dubitzky 2005, Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. 2013), Greece (mainland and island Corfu in the Ionian Sea (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Schmid-Egger 2005, Grace 2010), Hungary (Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, Schmid-Egger 2005, Kovács-Hostyánszki 2013), Italy (Northern and Southern Italy and Sicily: Quaranta et al. 2004, Schmid-Egger 2005, Hellrigl 2006, Puglisi et al. 2012), Latvia (Kalniņš 2003), Liechtenstein (Bieri 2002, Schmid-Egger 2005), Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004), Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986); Montenegro (Warncke 1966a, 1967a), Norway, Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999), Poland (Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009, Pawlikowski et al. 2008), Romania: (Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scabiola 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Russia (Moscow region - Levchenko 2010; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008; Kazan and Orenburg regions - Eversmann 1852, Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Kursk region - M.Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Lipetsk region - Kuznetsova 1990; Bashkortostan - Nikiforuk 1957; Ulyanovsk - Blagoveshchenskaya 1983), Serbia (Warncke 1966a), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004), Slovenia (Gogala 2011), Switzerland (Schwarz et al. 1996, Augstburger and Zetiel 2002, Schmid-Egger 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Ukraine: (Cherkasy region and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977; Chernivtsi region - Śnieżek 1910; Dnipropetrovsk region - Bramson 1879; Kharkov region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Kiev region - Lebedev 1933; Lviv region - Noskiewicz 1922; Transcarpathian region - Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977; Ternopol region: Wisniowski and Partyka 2010) and the United Kingdom (only southern part - Horsley et al. 2013).Outside of Europe the species may reach as far as eastern Russia. However, indications of Andrena proxima for the Asian part of Russia (Krainov 2013, Sidorov 2010), the Caucasus (Skhirtladze 2002, Yunusov 2012) and Central Asia (Morawitz 1876, Popov 1951) appear to belong to another species.

population:
Due to the taxonomic uncertainty with this species, the current population of the species remains unknown. If Andrena proxima was to retain its current taxonomic status then it would have a wide ranging and possibly stable population. However, if the species is split into several distinct species then it would be necessary to re-examine all previous records of this species to know the appropriate occurrence of each new species.

habitat:
Andrena proxima occurs mainly in moist habitats, meadows, forest edges and clearings, and alpine and sub-alpine meadows. In the Alps, it is found at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Frey-Gessner 1911). It settles mostly on grasslands, but also on other warm, dry, and open sites. It nests either on its own or in small aggregations, generally avoiding sandy soils (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada conjungens (Friese 1926).Andrena proxima is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, such as the flowers of Apiaceae from which it gathers pollen and nectar (Friese 1926, Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1966a, 1981, Osytschnjuk 1977, Howe 2002). It also visits flowers of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae and Euphorbaceae, but only rarely. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and it flies from mid-April until late June.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the ploughing of land on which the species builds its nests, the processing of fields with insecticides, and the mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock when adult bees begin to fly. Any potential population declines may be attributable to the deterioration of habitats rich in umbellifers (Apiacaea). In different sites, this may be due to urbanisation, or agricultural and forestry intensification.

conservationAction:
In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering, preventing the ploughing of lands on which the species builds its nests, and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.   The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries. If we assume that for central European countries that the species has been correctly identified then the species is only listed as Vulnerable in the Red List of Great Britain (Shirt 1987). Elsewhere it is classified as Least Concern for Poland (Banaszak 2002), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2011).Further research should be conducted to determine whether the taxonomy of this species should remain the same or if the species should be split into a number of separate species. Additional research would then be required to determine the correct distribution, population, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of Apiaceae.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size, trends or threats, and little is known regarding the species' habitat or ecology in Europe. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species.

range:
Andrena pruinosa is primarily a north African species, where it is known from Morocco eastwards to the Levant. In Europe, it is restricted, although widespread, to Iberia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Rasmont et al. (2013) show a record from Corsica, but this is of dubious provenance.

population:
There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species. However, although in Europe the species is restricted to Spain, it does have a wide distribution across north Africa eastwards to the Levant.

habitat:
Andrena pruinosa is mainly present on dry grasslands. Outside Europe, it is found in floristically diverse roadside deserts and semi-deserts, along with areas of small scale cultivation. It is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, including Reseda decursiva (Resedaceae) and Asphodelus species (Xanthorrhoeaceae). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year flying from March to June (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995, 2003).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the fact that they inhabit dry grasslands, inappropriate grazing regimes may have a negative impact on the species through the removal of vital floral resources.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the taxonomic status of this species is still unclear and the data for the distribution and population need to be reassessed once the taxonomic status has been confirmed. The species is also rare in Europe and there may not be enough current data to fully assess the species.

range:
The existing taxonomic problems with Andrena pusilla has led to much confusion in the determination of its real area of distribution. Here we accept this species from Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) with the inclusion of Andrena pseudasuniensis as a junior synonym of Andrena pusilla.   From such a viewpoint, Andrena pusilla is a central-European species that is distributed in Albania (Warncke 1966b); Austria (only in Burgenland, Styria, Upper Austria and Salzburg states - Schwartz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner 1984); Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1995); Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966b); Croatia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; but it is absent in the checklists by Jozan (2009, 2014)); Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia; Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007, Dvořák et al. 2007); France (mainland and Corsica - Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Chifflet et al. 2011); Germany (mostly in southern part: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Wesyphalia, Saxony, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Saxony-Anhalt States - Schmid-Egger et al. 1995, Dathe et al. 1995, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Burger and Winter 2001); Greece (only Continental Greece - Warncke 1966b, Grace 2010); Hungary (only in Great Hungarian Plain, Transdanubian Hills and Transdanubian Mountains - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011); Italy (mainland, Sicily and Sardinia - Strand 1921, Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Quaranta et al. 2004); Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995); Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Koel 2014, Raemakers et al. 2004); Poland (Dylewska 2000, Banaszak 2000); Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980); Slovakia (Přidal 2004) and formally Switzerland, now extinct (only Jura and Mittelland West states - Rasmont et al. 1995; Schwartz et al. 1996).  The records of Andrena pusilla from the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) must be re-examined and confirmed in new investigations (Dardón et al. 2010). This undoubtedly applies to the recent indications of Andrena pusilla for Spain that were examined by Ortiz-Sánchez (2011).  The species has also been recorded in Asia and north  Africa.

population:
It is necessary to re-examine most occurrences of this species due to the associated taxonomic problems, therefore the current status of the Andrena pusilla populations are unknown.

habitat:
Andrena pusiila inhabits different biotopes, both natural and cultural, and it is found on flower-rich grasslands, as well as heathlands. It is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations. The first generation flies from April to May, while the second generation flies from July to August (Dardón 2010). This species mainly visits the flowers of Brassicaceae (Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cochlearia anglica, Diplotaxis muralis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sisymbrium orientale, Isatis sp.), although it has also been registered on Asteraceae (Bellis perennis, Chamaemelum fuscatum, Sonchus maritimus), Rosaceae (Prunus spinosa), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria media) and Plantaginaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) (Dylewska 1987). Andrena pusiila build its nests in clay soils.

threats:
The main threats for this species are from ploughing lands in which it builds its nests, processing of fields with insecticides, as well as the mowing and eating of flowering plants by humans and domestic livestock, respectively, at the time when adult bees begin to fly. The loss of flowering plants in different sites may also be due to urbanisation, agricultural and forestry intensification.

conservationAction:
In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded in nature reserves in some European countries. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends for the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but has a value as a pollinator of different plants. In France it has been recorded as a pollinator of oilseed rape Brassica napus (Chifflet et al. 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because although the European population is restricted and the sub-populations are disjunct, recolonization into the Greek islands from the Turkish mainland is possible and overall the population size is presumably large. The threats to this species are unknown so further research is required to establish if there are any major threats.

range:
Andrena pyropygia is present in the south-east of Europe (Cyprus, Greece and Ukraine). It is mainly recorded in Asia, from Turkey to the Caucasus, Iran and Israel.

population:
There is no detailed information about the overall population size and trend. The European sub-populations are disjunct, and the sub-population in Crimea is isolated from the core Anatolian population. Recolonization is only possible into the Greek islands from the Turkish mainland.

habitat:
Andrena pyropygia has two generations. It flies from April to July. It could be found in various biotopes – mainly premountains and mountainous xeric grassland areas and areas of extensive agriculture. There are records of specimens foraging on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Tamaricaceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species is a pollinator of melons and various vegetables.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is likely to occur in protected areas.Further research is needed to establish the population size and to identify trends and existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering its distribution in Europe, where it is restricted to Cyprus.

range:
In Europe, the species is restricted to the island of Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is known from Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.

habitat:
Little information is available regarding the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. All the type specimens of A. perapedica (15 females and 18 males) have been collected on Quercus lusitanica infectoria (Mavromoustakis 1958, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
Details of the specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may provide this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe, the species is restricted to a small isolated subpopulation in a single montane area in the Balkans, counting with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
In Europe, Andrena quadrimaculata has a narrow range, and is restricted to montane regions of the southern Balkans. Elsewhere, and widely separated from the European subpopulations, the species is found from central Anatolia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and Azerbaijan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is not available information on either population size or trends. The European subpopulations are widely disjunct from the core Anatolian subpopulations, which would mean that there is little chance of any genetic exchange or recolonization. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are presumed to be small.

habitat:
Little is known about the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with montane grasslands.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the montane grasslands it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes may have a negative impact on the species through the removal of vital floral resources.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are not available, the species is widespread in distribution, and it has a presumed overall large population.

range:
Andrena ranunculi is known from the western Mediterranean region. In Europe, it is widespread through Spain and southern France, and there are also records from southern Italy and Sicily. In north Africa, the species is found across the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the overall population size and population trends. However, since the species is widespread in the Mediterranean zone and in the southern parts of both the Atlantic and continental climatic regions of France, the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
In Spain, the species is found in Mediterranean vegetation with open, floristically rich areas (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003). Andrena ranunculi is univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing in April and May. It has been recorded visiting flowers of Ranunculus species (Pérez 1890, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae) (E. Schecuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the dry grasslands and Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have negative impacts on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range, although given its broad distribution, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena ranunculorum is rare species that is locally distributed across the middle of Europe, from the Pyrenees to the Urals. In Europe, it is known from Greece (one female - Achaia; E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Italy (Kuhlmann et al. 2014, but absent in the last checklists of bees of Italy prepared by Pagliano 1995, 2003), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Republic of Bashkortostan: Osytshnjuk 1977; Volgograd region: Warncke 1967), Spain (Aragon: Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (Canton of Valais: Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Oertli et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Crimea: Osytschnjuk 1977). It is doubtful that it is found from the Aquitaine region in France as the highest elevation in this province does not reach 150 m asl (Ascher and Pickering 2014).  In Asia, Andrena ranunculorum has been found in the Caucasus (Armenia, Republic of Dagestan in Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, the southern part of west Siberia, Kemerovo region of Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

population:
The current population status of this rare species is unknown.

habitat:
Andrena ranunculorum mainly inhabits foothill and mountain habitats that are both wet and dry. It has been recorded as a pollinator of fruit trees. It is probably widely oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species, with a preference for cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae), but it has also been found on Rosaceae, Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae and Cistaceae (unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). In Turkey and Italy, A. ranunculorum is narrowly oligolectic on Brassicaceae, preferring yellow flowering species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, flying from April to June.

conservationAction:
In order to protect this species, it would be useful to prohibit: grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides and ploughing agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.  The species has been recorded in the Crimean Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It was also recorded as pollinator of fruit trees (Özbek 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This speies is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that this is a Spanish endemic species with a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena relata is an Iberian endemic, and its distribution is restricted to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species. It has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

habitat:
Little information is available regarding the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species, on Reseda species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), including Reseda lutea (Warncke 1976). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from mid-March (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) to mid-June (Warncke 1976).

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is most likely found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes. As for the coastal regions, the species could be affected by development of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area, but given its wide distribution in Spain, this is very likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information available on population size and trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that this species, which in Europe is restricted to Spain, has a relatively small distribution.

range:
Andrena reperta is a west Mediterranean species restricted to Spain and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the overall population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Little information is available regarding the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and xeric grasslands. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available. Specimen data shows that Andrena reperta is a very early flying species and flies from February to March (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) citing Warncke (1976) and his own data from Spain reports the bee flies from the beginning of April to the beginning of May.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the dry grasslands and Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to a small area in the Balkans, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena resoluta is a Balkan endemic species, where it appears to be known from Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). However, a male has been collected from Florina (Greece) and a female from Istanbul (European Turkey) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
While there is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, it is probably oligolectic on Asteraceae (Asteroidae) species, or at least has a certain preference for them (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, and specific threats to the species. This species is clearly rare in Germany, and if research shows that this situation is widespread, it is possible that the species may qualify for an increased threat status.

range:
Andrena rhenana is widely, although sparingly distributed through western Europe, from Iberia north eastwards to Baden-Württemberg (Germany) (Westrich 1989, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends, but in southern Germany the species is regarded as Rare (Westrich 1989).

habitat:
Details of the habitat of this species are scarce, but it is known from a complex of wet and dry meadows in the Upper Rhine Valley (Westrich 1989). In southern France, it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean shrublands. As it is typical for the members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, this is an oligolectic species, specializing in Asteraceae pollen, and indeed Ricciardelli d'Albore and Intoppa (2000) list Taraxacum as a forage source. Its flight period is typically in April and May (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the National Red Lists of Germany as Rare (Westrich et al. 2011) but is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list the species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to Spain and Sicily, and has a relatively small distribution.

range:
In Europe, Andrena rhypara is restricted to southernmost Andalucía (Spain) and Sicily (Warncke 1976). However, the species is widespread in the Maghreb, with a range extending from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on either the overall population size or trends.

habitat:
Details of the habitats and ecology are not known but it is presumed to occur in phryganic mediterranean shrublands. Records indicate that the species flies from the end of April to the beginning of June in northern Africa (Warncke 1974a), May in Spain (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and June in Sicily (Warncke 1967a).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although complete details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed overall large population.

range:
This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where it is found across the Iberian Peninsula and in Sicily. The species is also present in the Maghreb in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean and therefore, the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
There are few details on habitats or ecology. However, since Andrena rhyssonota belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. In Spain, it has been found nesting in large dispersed aggregations in sandy soil within open grassy dehesas (S. Roberts and G. R. Else pers. obs. 2003) and in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. The species flies as a single generation from March to May.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with at least one protected area (Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana, Spain), and given its very wide distribution, it is likely to be found in others as well. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
This species is found on the island of Rhodes, Greece, in the mountains at an altitude of 400-600 m (Warncke 1975), continental Greece in the Thessaly region, Volos, Plataniá (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Standfuss et al. 2011), the Peloponnese, and in Greek Aegean on Lesbos and Samos (Grace 2010). A single specimen has also been identified from Lebanon.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 44,923 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
A very rare species. A number of specimens have been identified from Greece: one female from Mystras/Lakonia on the Peloponnes; one female from Girne/N-Cyprus; one female from Besparmak/N-Cyprus, and several specimens from Rhodos. In the Warncke collection one female from Lebanon was found (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). No further population information is known about this species.

habitat:
The flight period for this species is from mid April until mid May (Warncke 1974, 1975). As the species is found in Greece, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean type shrub land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. Data from Standfuss et al. (2011) suggest that the species is bivoltine with a very early first generation in February and the second generation in April and May.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries, the species has a widespread distribution across the Alps (with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and an area of occupancy (AOO) of similar size). However, further research should be undertaken in order to establish full details of population size, trends and threats to the species.

range:
This European endemic species is typical of alpine habitats in Austria, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Slovenia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

habitat:
Andrena rogenhoferi is found through alpine grasslands above the tree line, and indeed Gogala (2011) reports that the species can be found up to an altitude of 2,700 m asl in Slovenia. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, and it will visit the flowers of Laserpitium siler (Apiaceae), Potentilla nitida, Rosa (Rosaceae) and Salix (Salicaceae). Pittioni et al. (2014) noted visitation to Gentiana kochiana (Gentianaceae) and Kalmia (as Loiseleuria) procumbens (Ericaceae) in Austria. Müller (1881) observed the species collecting pollen of Gentiana lutea, while Westrich (1989) recorded Acer pseudoplatanus and Rhododendron as pollen sources. The species was also observed on Salix reticulate and Salix waldsteinia (Ebmer 1997), Helianthemum (Ebmer 2003), Dryas and Astrantia species (Zettel et al. 2008). Additional observations of flower visits include Senecio doronicum (Müller 1881), Saxifraga aizoides (Frey-Gessner 1890), Berberis (Friese 1893), Rhododendron (Frey-Gessner 1903); Saxifraga aizoïdes, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Rhododendron (Frey-Gessner 1905), Gentiana acaulis (Alfken 1942), Salix helvetica (Schedl 1982), Potentilla nitida (Gogala 1991); Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga rudolphiana (Kreisch 1996); Cardamine, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Taraxacum (Ebmer 1997) and Dryas octopetala (Ebmer 2003).This species is univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing over an extended flight period, from May to August.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in alpine grasslands, it could be impacted negatively by inappropriate grazing, mowing regimes and winter sport infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the following National Red Lists or Red Data Books: Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its distribution range it is likely.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history. As this species is an alpine endemic, a watching brief should be kept to assess the status in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the species' population size, status and threats. The last known specimens were found in 1964. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena roripae is only known from a few localities in Asian Russia and Crimea (Alushta). The male is not described.

population:
There is no information on the overall size of the population or of trends. No specimens have been found since 1964.

habitat:
Females visit Asteraceae (Taraxacum) and Brassicaceae (Roripa). They fly from April to May. It is only known from riverine habitats and in forest glades (V. Radchenko pers.comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
Despite the lack of records in the last 50 years, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species was not found in any protected area.Further research is urgently necessary to determine the status of this bee, to understand its ecology and to establish the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and the population trend is unknown, despite the fact that it is widespread and has been found in many countries in the past. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
Andrena rosae is a widely distributed but rare trans-palaearctic species. Its range extends from Ireland as far east as Japan. In southern Europe it is found mainly in mountainous areas. In Europe it known from Austria (all states except Vorarlberg - Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belarus (Arnold 1902), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia -  Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Estonia (Sagemehl 1882), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all States except north Rhine-Westphalia - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Theunert 2008, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland and Crete - Warncke 1965a, 1966a), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Ireland (Ronayne 2006), Italy (Northern Italy, North Tyrol; South Tyrol, Napoli, Sicily - Pagliano 1995, Vicidomini 1999, Hellrigl 2006), Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Kalniņš 2003), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995, Budrys 2009), Luxemburg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Meer van der et al. 2006, Reemer et al. 2008, Koel 2014), Poland (Banaszak 1980, Dylewska 1991, Banaszak 2000, Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Moroń et al. 2009, Celary and Wisniowski 2009, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008, Moscow region - Mosolov 1905, Levchenko 2010, Ulyanovsk – Popova 2008; Republic of Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Republic of Bashkortostan - Nikiforuk 1957; Belgorod and Kursk regions - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Lipetsk region - Kuznetsova 1990; St. Petersburg - Morawitz 1869; Republic of Tatarstan, Volgograd, Orenburg and Saratov regions - Eversmann 1852; Tula region - Dankov 1915), Serbia (Warncke 1966a), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004). Slovenia (Gogala 1994, 1999), Spain (Northern and Central parts, on the south to Extremadura region; Balearic Islands - Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011); Switzerland (only in Mittelland West, Mittelland Ost and Graubünden - Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996); Ukraine (Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv, Poltava, Volyn regions and Crimea – Osytshnjuk 1977; Ternopil region - Wierzejski 1874; Dnipropetrovsk region – Bramson 1879) and the United Kingdom (southern part, on the north to the northwest England region - Rothney 1881, Fowles 1996, Howe 2002, Horsley et al. 2013). Andrena rosae also included in the checklist of Finland bees (Paukkunen and Malinen 2014), but without any specific data. Therefore, this information must be confirmed.  In Asia it noted for Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, China, Japan, South Korea, In the Asian part of Russia, the species has been recorded from Siberia, Yakutia, Zabaykal'ye, Amur, Irkutsk, Sakha, Khabarovsk, Curiles and Sakhalin.

population:
The current status of the populations of this widely distributed but rare species in Europe remains unknown for most regions. It has not been collected in many countries over the past 10 years.

habitat:
Andrena rosae inhabits different biotopes, but it mainly prefers moist habitats, meadows, forest edges and clearings, river valleys and floodplain forests. In the mountains, it was recorded at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. The first one flies from April to June, and the second from July to the end of August. It is a polylectic species, in that in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females visit flowers of different plants. For example, in the Lipetsk region of Russia this species was registered on 28 plant species from 13 families (Kuznetsova 1990). However, females of the first generation prefer flowers of willow (Salix) and Rosaceae (such as Prunus spinosa, Potentilla verna, Crataegus oxyacantha, Ribes grossularia, R. aureum, Cerasus sp., Malus sp., Rosa sp., Fragaria vesca, etc.), while the second generation occurs predominantly on flowers of Apiacea, more rarely on Asteracee (Osytshnjuk 1977), Campanulaceae (Celary and Wisniowski 2009) and Fabaceae (Tadauchi 2008). The nest parasite is Nomada marshamella (Stöckhert 1933).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the ploughing of the habitat in which it builds its nests and the processing of fields with insecticides. Habitat loss and deterioration of the mosaic of habitats necessary for nesting and foraging of both generations of this species is a particular problem. This is a result of urbanisation, intensive agriculture, afforestation and succession (Popova 2008, Horsley et al. 2013).

conservationAction:
In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries. The species is listed in Ireland as Regionally Extinct (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006; Ronayne 2006). However, its junior synonym, Andrena stragulata, is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Falk 1991, Howe 2002, Horsley et al. 2013), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Endangered; BAFU 2009) and Slovenia (Rare, Anonymous 2002).

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants, especially of fruit trees.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may well require listing under a threatened category with more evidence.

range:
The species is found in Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, the south of Ukraine (Crimea, Donetsk region) and the south-east of European Russia in the Volgograd region (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977, Jozan 2000, Pawlikowski 2001, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). As Pawlikowski just listed the species without giving any sources, it is not clear, if it has ever been recorded in Poland.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 373,705 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
In the early 1970's in the southern Ukraine, 30 specimens of this species were collected. Over the past 20 years in the Ukraine only one specimen has been found. In Hungary and Slovakia this species is only known from old collections. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in river valleys and other humid biotopes. It flies from April until May. In Hungary and Slovakia it was recorded in late March. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salicaceae (Salix alba, S. triandra, S. fragilis), Paeoniaceae (Paeonia lenuifolia), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna, Anemone, Adonis) (Alfken 1933, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Andrena roseipes is included in Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (EN) (Lukáš 2001). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but has a value as a pollinator of plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size, trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe is restricted to the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica, and consequently has a relatively small distribution.

range:
This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) state that it is restricted to Sardinia. The species is present in the Maghreb in Algeria and Tunisia. In his description of A. rotundata ssp. diomedia, Warncke (1975) mentions that this subspecies may also appear on Corsica, but also through Tunisia and Sardinia (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). As for A. rotundata ssp. rotundata, it is recorded from Algeria and Tunisia (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available of the habitats and ecology of this species. However, it is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.


range:
In Europe, the species is only found in the Bashkortostan region of European Russia in the village of Novo-Zirgan. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Kazakhstan: Akmola Province and Karagandy Province (Jezkazgan) (Osytshnjuk 1986).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.

population:
The information on the current status of Andrena rudolfae populations in Europe is not available. All specimens were collected more than 50 years ago. There are no data on population trends.

habitat:
This species predominantly inhabits humid biotopes i.e., meadows and river valleys. The females prefer to forage upon Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyrhizus, Ranunculus repens) but also collect pollen from flowers of Liliaceae (Fritillaria), Rosaceae (Spiraea hypericifolia, Spiraea crenata), Amaryllidaceae (Allium), Asteraceae (Scorzonera, Taraxacum), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera) (Osytshnjuk 1986, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species flies from mid-May until June.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, while any threats to the species should be determined. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species is not utilized or traded commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population. However the threats to this species are unknown, so further research should be carried out.

range:
Andrena ruficrus is a widespread species in Europe, from the UK to the Moscow region of Russia, and from Finland south to the Balkans. Stoeckhert (1933) regarded this species as part of the boreo-alpine element of the fauna. It is largely absent from the Mediterranean zone. It also occurs in Asia from Turkey to South Korea and Japan.

population:
Details of the population size and trends are unknown but as the species has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and is regularly encountered in ecological survey work, it is therefore assumed that the population is large overall.

habitat:
Andrena ruficrus is an oligolectic species specializing in Salicaceae, however it will forage for nectar at other plant species including Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae. The bee flies early in the year to coincide with the flowering period of its forage plant species and is on the wing from late March to the end of April or early May. It nests either solitarily or in small, loose aggregations. It is host to the cleptoparasitic bee Nomada obscura.It is found on the edges of damp woodlands and in woodland glades and on the edges of sandy heathlands.

conservationAction:
Andrena ruficrus is considered to be Rare in Great Britain (Macadam et al. 2012, Shirt 1987). It is also listed in Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and in Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is found in protected areas.Further research is needed to establish population size and to identify trends and any threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species, despite the fact that this species is widely distributed throughout Europe. Given that this species appears to be Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Germany, further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species more widely, as it may actually be threatened at the European level.

range:
Andrena rufizona is found throughout Europe, from Spain eastwards to Poland, Ukraine and European Russia.Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Asian parts of Russia.

population:
No information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena rufizona is regarded as a boreal-alpine species and occurs more frequently in the mountains at altitudes up to 2,000  m (in the Alps and the Caucasus). It inhabits forested areas of plains, steppe, edge of the forest steppe, oak forest, and meadow steppe. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage mainly upon Campanula (Campanulaceae) but it is also found on Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae), Veronica spicata, (Plantaginaceae) and Anthericum ramosum (Asparagaceae).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the inappropriate mowing of areas with Campanula species which therefore reduces the amount of forage available.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in the Red List of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any further threats to the species. The species is found in Mercantour National Park of France.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Radchenko, V. & Nieto, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the population in Europe is estimated to be more or less stable and there are no specific threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
The total area of Andrena rufula covers the northern Mediterranean zone. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Vienna states - Alfken 1915, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Zettel et al. 2005, 2013, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Croatia (Alfken 1915, Móczár and Warncke 1972, Korlević 1890), France (Schmiedeknecht 1883, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Greece (only mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Grace 2010, Standfuss et al. 2011), Hungary (most part of territory - Friese 1886, Móczár and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Italy (mainland – Gräffe 1895, Alfken 1915, Warncke 1967, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Romania (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scabiola-Palade 1980, Mocsáry 1900, Tomozii 2010), Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Slovene Littoral region - Gogala 1999, 2014), Spain (Province of Barcelona - Ceballos 1956, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011, Province of Zaragoza - Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Switzerland (all cantons except Jura and the territory of the eastern Swiss Plateau - Schwarz et al. 1996, Rasmont et al. 1995) and Ukraine (Ukrainian Carpathians - Osytshnjuk 1967, Osytshnjuk 1986).  This species is supposed to occur in Macedonia (Ascher and Pickering 2014), but it is likely to come from erroneous data, as this species is not indicated in any scientific publication for this locality. The situation is similar for Poland, where it was listed in the checklist of Pawlikowski (2001), but this species has not been found in this country (Dylewska 2000).   In Asia, Andrena rufula is recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Grace 2010). Records for China and Mongolia (Ascher and Pickering 2014) should be considered as erroneous, since it is absent in the recent revision of the subgenus Euandrena of Eastern Asia by Xu and Tadauchi (2012).

population:
The current status of the European populations of this rare species remains unclear, although it seems more or less stable, because over the past 10 years, in most countries where Andrena rufula is distributed, some specimens were collected: e.g., in Austria (Zettel et al. 2005, 2013), Greece (Standfuss et al. 2011), Hungary (Molnár et al. 2011), France (Le Féon 2010), Slovenia (Gogala 2014) and Spain (Blasco-Zumeta 2014).

habitat:
Andrena rufula mainly occurs in dry habitats, such as steppic biotopes, however it is also found in gardens (Gräffe 1895, Gogala 1999). In the mountains of Turkey it is found at altitudes up to 1,300 m asl (Warncke 1974b). It is a spring species that flies from March to May, but in Greece the females also fly in June (Standfuss et al. 2011), and it possibly has two generations per year. It is probably a polylectic species, visiting trees and bushes, especially found on Prunus (Rosaceae) (Gogala 1999), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) (Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Acer (Sapindaceae) (Friese 1886, Knuth 1908), although it has also been observed on grasses, e.g., on oilseed rape (Brassicaceae) (Le Féon 2010). Andrena rufula has been noted as a pollinator of orchids through pseudocopulation (Molnár et al. 2011). More detailed ecological information about this species still lacking (Zettel et al. 2013).

threats:
The main threats to this species is the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.

conservationAction:
In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. Andrena rufula is listed in the Red List of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is included on the list of priority species for conservation in Slovakia (Vyhláška 2006). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the population trends and specific threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It is noted as a pollinator of oilseed rape crops (Le Féon 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe, it seems plentiful in suitable habitat.

range:
Andrena rugothorace is found across Greece and its islands, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Warncke 1973) and European Turkey, and there is a disjunct subpopulation in Sicily. Outside of Europe, its range extends across Anatolian Turkey to the Levant. The species is apparently unknown in Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There is no information available on either overall population size or trends, although research projects in Attiki and Lesvos (Greece) show the bee to be plentiful in phryganic habitats.

habitat:
Andrena rugothorace is known to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The bee is known to visit a wide range of flower species in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994), but whether these are pollen sources is unknown. Specimen data reveals the species to be univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing from March to May.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its wide distribution it is likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially in the disjunct Sicilian subpopulation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. In Europe this species is very rare and therefore its population has been poorly studied. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena rugulosa is a rare north Mediterranean species that is distributed in Europe from the northwestern part of the Alps to Crimea. In Europe, it is known from Austria (only Burgenland, Carinthia and Lower Austria - Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996; Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a), Czech Republic (Bohemia - Přidal 2004, Moravia - Přidal and Vesely 2011), Greece (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Gusenleitner 1984), Germany (only southern part: Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland States - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwarz et al. 1996, Kroupa et al. 2012), Hungary (only Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubian Mountains - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Italy (mainland - Gusenleitner 1984, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995, 2007), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Switzerland (northern Switzerland, Jura and west Mittelland  – Schwarz et al. 1996) and Ukraine (only Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977). Andrena rugulosa is also included in the checklist of bees for Poland (Pawlikowski 2001), but there are no concrete data and this species is absent in other publications on Polish fauna. Dylewska (2000) includes it in the identification keys of Polish Andreninae and writes that Andrena rugulosa can be found in Poland.   In Asia, Andrena rugulosa has been found in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976), the Caucasus (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), especially in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Republic of Dagestan in Russia (Osytschnjuk unpublished data) and it was recently discovered in Iran (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012).

population:
The populations size and trend of this rare species remain unknown for most regions in Europe. This is largely due to the fact that it mainly inhabits mountainous terrains, where surveying is difficult. Only in Moravia (Czech Republic) is Andrena rugulosa unusually dominant in the Steppe (Přidal and Vesely 2011). However, this is contrary to its inclusion in the Red List of this country.

habitat:
Andrena rugulosa occurs in different biotopes, but mainly in the mountains on grasslands and shrublands at altitudes up to 2,300 m asl in the Transcaucasus (Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014), 1,900  m asl in Greece (Gusenleitner 1984) and 1,800 m asl in Macedonia (Warncke 1973a). In Moravia (Czech Republic) it is a steppic species (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Westrich (1990) considers this species to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but in most regions the females mainly collect pollen from Brassicaceae, although they rarely occur on Asteraceae, Cistaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae. It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from April to June (Osytshnjuk 1977), and in the mountains until early July (Warncke 1973a).

threats:
The main threats to Andrena rugulosa in most of Europe remain unknown. However in Lithuania, Monsevièius (2007) considers that the main threat to the species is habitat change from further afforestation or natural plant succession.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Lithuania (Endangered; Monsevièius 2007), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). It occurs within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Brassicaceae plant species.


range:
In the Europe, the species is only found in the Volgograd region and outside of Europe, it is found in Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk 1993).The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

population:
The information on the current status of Andrena rugulosella populations in Europe is not available. The latest recording of this species in Europe dates back to 1972. There are no data on population trends.

habitat:
The species is inhabits meadows and steppic grasslands. It flies from May until June. It is oligolectic on Brassicaceae (Lepidium perfoliatum, Lepidium draba, Rorippa amphibia, Alyssum spp.) (Osytshnjuk 1993).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Its taxonomic status is yet to be clarified, especially regarding the historic confusion between this species and A. similis (=A. ocreata).

range:
Many old records of this species are likely to have been confused with those of Andrena similis (=A. ocreata), since there has historically been some confusion over the taxon's true status. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) have presented a map which suggests that verified records of A. russula are known from Spain and Sardinia, and also from north Africa (from Morocco eastwards to Libya) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats or ecology of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and in order to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is known from Rhodes and Samos in Greece, Cyprus and southern Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Grace 2010). It has also been found in Jordan (E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 94,115 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
The current status of Andrena saettana populations remains unknown, although it is very rare. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species flies from mid-April until the end of May. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is found on the islands of Rhodes and Samos, it can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, which is restricted to the Canary Islands in Spain, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena sagittaria is endemic to Tenerife and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain) (Kuhlmann et. al 2013).

habitat:
There are few details of habitat or ecology of this species. However, since Andrena sagittaria belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that is endemic to the eastern Balkans, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena sandanskia is a Balkan endemic species, with records from Bulgaria and Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Details of the habitats and ecology of this species are not known.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size and trends for the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena seminuda is a very rare northeastern Mediterranean species that is distributed in southern Europe from the south of Italy to Ukraine. The northern boundary of its range passes through Moravia in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the Lugansk region of Ukraine, and in Asia it is found in Azerbaijan and Iran. In Europe, it is known from Austria (only Burgenland, Steiermark and Wien - Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1999, Schwarz et al. 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Atanassov 1972), Croatia (Friese 1896, Józan 2014), Czech Republic (south Moravian - Bogusch et al. 2011), Greece (mainland - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Lesbos - Grace 2010), Hungary (Alfken 1911, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2009, 2011), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1967a), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Mesaroš 2014), Slovakia (Lukáš 2001, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), the European part of Turkey (Warncke 1974b) and Ukraine (Lugansk region and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977).Andrena seminuda has also been found in Asia: Krasnodar Krai of Russia, Azerbaijan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Turkey (Warncke 1965a, 1974b, Hazir et al. 2014).

population:
The population size and trends of this very rare species remain unknown.

habitat:
Andrena seminuda is a very rare local species that prefers wet and mainly forested habitats (the edge and the clearing of forests), grassland plains and mountains. It flies from April until May, and in mountains until June, and it only has one generation per year. The females predominantly collect pollen from the flowers of Ranunculaceae (e.g., Ranunculus polyanthemum and Ficaria verna), but it is also found on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Fabaceae (Trifolium repens, Trifolium campestre, Genista sagittalis, Lotus corniculatus), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Filipendulа) and Campanulaceae (Campanula expansa) (Atanassov 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Ruszkowski and Gosek 1999). It nests alone at a considerable distance from other nests of the same species (Kocourek 1966).

threats:
The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other steppic habitats as a result of increased summer rainfall. This increase will cause the xeric steppe to become more meadow-like, encouraging scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.

conservationAction:
Andrena seminuda is included in the Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (Lukáš 2001) and of Slovenia as Rare (Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants, primarily Ranunculaceae.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population status and trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena semirubra is mainly recorded in Asia (the Caucasus, Israel and Turkey). In Europe it is found in Ukraine (Crimea) and south European Russia (Rostov region).

population:
The species is considered to be rare in Ukraine, although there are no precise details of population size or trends.

habitat:
Andrena semirubra is present in mountain habitats (e.g., subalpine meadows). The species flies from April to July. It is believed to be polylectic as it visits Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae.

conservationAction:
Aliyev et al. (2009) consider this species as rare and endangered in Azerbaijan, but in Europe the species is not Red Listed and neither is it subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.Further research is needed to establish the ecology, status and population size of the bee and to identify any trends or existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.

range:
Andrena senecionis is widespread across the western Mediterranean basin, ranging from Iberia eastwards to Italy. It is absent from the larger Mediterranean islands with the exception of Sicily. In North Africa, it is found through the Maghreb, from Morocco to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There is no information on the population size or trends of this species. However, it is widespread in the western Mediterranean region, and so the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
There are few details of habitat or ecology for this species. However, given its range, the species is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (at least, in parts of its range). Since it belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) notes that he has only ever seen this species on yellow Cichorioideae. Data from specimen labels show that the species is univoltine, in that it has a single flight period each year, and is active as an adult in the spring from late March to May (Pittioni et al. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given the very wide distribution it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena sericata is distributed from central and southern Europe eastwards to European Russia (Volvograd, Bashkortostan), the Caucasus region (Armenia, Georgia), and Asia Minor to the Ural Mountains (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena sericata is found mainly in humid habitats such as meadows, grassland slopes, and road sides. It is an early spring species flying from April to May. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, visiting different flowers blooming in early spring plants: Salix sp., Taraxacum officinale, Cerasus, Hieracium, Lepidium draba, Viburnum, Pyrus communis, Armeniaca vulgaris, Cerastium and Cardaria draba (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) states that Andrena sericata seems to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Salix. In Turkey, a huge nest aggregation was observed and females were recorded collecting only on Salix; visits of other plants took place just for self provisioning with nectar. Also, Westrich (1989) analysed the pollen loads of A. sericata and could only find the pollen of Salix. Maybe, if the abundance of Salix is reduced, then the species is able to fall back upon other pollen sources, similarly to Colletes cunicularius.

threats:
There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Poland (Endangered; Głowaciński 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and the Karadag Nature Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, habitats, ecology, or threats within the European part of its range. Further research may list this species in a threatened category, especially considering its restricted range in Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena serraticornis is restricted to mainland Greece. Elsewhere, it is known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There is no information available on either the overall population size or trends of this species.

habitat:
There are no details available on the habitats or ecology of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In Israel, it has been found in abandoned agricultural areas and in regenerating and open maquis (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1999). Data from specimen labels at the Oxford University Museum collections suggest that the bee is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, as flower visitation has been observed at Chrysanthemum coronarium, Centaurea cyanoides (Asteraceae) and Papaver subpyriforme (Papaveraceae). It flies as a single generation in the spring and is active as an adult from March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1999).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given the wide distribution within mainland Greece, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may list Andrena sibthorpi with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a Cyprus endemic with a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena sibthorpi is a poorly known species that is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
There is little information on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species is oligolectic on Colchicum hiemale (Colchicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1952) and its phenology is described from November to December (Mavromoustakis 1952, Warncke 1974b, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
Andrena sibthorpi s is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as it has not been found since its original description from two female specimens in 1858. Thus, there is very little information available  on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the  species. Research should be conducted in order to determine if the status of this  species as it may have already gone extinct.

range:
This species was described on the basis of two females collected in Sicily back in 1858. In subsequent studies, in Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004), as well as in other regions, it has not been found, though it is mentioned in the current check-list of bees for Italy (Sicily) (Checklist italiana Hymenoptera 2005). Therefore the species may have gone extinct, though repeated surveys have not been carried out to confirm whether it has gone extinct.

threats:
As the species may have gone extinct, there must have been a threat that drove the species towards extinction although this is not known.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine if the species has gone extinct.

useAndTrade:
The species has not been traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern Aegean Islands of Greece (Rhodes), south to the south-east of Ukraine, possibly the European side of the Urals (Russia) (Warncke 1975, Radchenko 1982, Grace 2010, Osytshnjuk 1977). Outside of Europe, the species is found in west and south-central Turkey, the north Caucasus and northern Kazakhstan. In Turkey, it occurs in the mountains at altitudes up to 2,000 m.  For some paratypes of this species, Warncke (1975) mistakenly named the locality as Smolensk (Ukraine) whereas, this type material was collected in the village Smolenskaya (Russia, Krasnodar Krai) (Radchenko unpublished data, Osytshnjuk 1977).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 297,610 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.

population:
The populations of Andrena sillata, at least in Ukraine, are likely to be stable.

habitat:
The species occurs on different habitats of plains and mountains such as virgin steppe land, forest edges and glades, dry rubble slopes, alpine meadows and mountain pasture. The species can be found in mountains up to 2,000 m above sea level (Warncke 1974b, 1975). It flies from mid April to mid July. The species has been recorded on Brassicaceae (Alyssum murale, Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea arcuata, Rorippa austriaca, Sisymbrium volgense), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa; Fragaria viridis, Crataegus sp., Prunus spinosa), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyanthemos) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.) (Osytshnjuk 1977) but it predominantly prefers the cruciferous flowers (Radchenko 1982).

threats:
There are no known major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena similis is distributed throughout Europe (except in the extreme north) east towards the Caucasus region (Armenia, Georgia), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Syria), Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan) and China (one specimen) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Tadauchi and Xu 2003, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Also, Tadauchi and Xu (2003) recorded one male from China. As the subgenus Taeniandrena is one of the most difficult of Andrena, it is not recommendable to assign it to an otherwise strictly west-palearctic species on the base of the single specimen (E. Scheuchl pers. com. 2014).

habitat:
Andrena similis occurs in dry and humid habitats (grassland slopes and meadows) up to 1,440 m asl in Turkey (Warncke 1969a, Osytshnjuk 1977). It usually flies from May to July (Dylewska 1987). In the south of Europe the species has two generations per year. It is considered to be an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specialized on Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pretense, Genista anglica, Coronilla varia, Medicago falcate, Doricnium herbaceum), but visited by many other plants: Rosaceae (Malus domestica, Potentilla), Tamaricaceae  (Tamarix), Salicaceae (Salix), Brassicaceae (Alyssum desertorum) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia petrophilla) (Warncke 1966a, Andreyev et al. 1986, Osytshnjuk 1977, Gogala 1999, Calabuig and Madsen 2009). Its nests are built into the ground in sandy or clay soil. Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada striata Fabricius, 1793 (Amiet et al. 2011). The males are pollinators of Ophrys lojaconoi in Puglia (Italy) through pseudocopulation (Paulus 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Data Deficient, Głowaciński 2002) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas such as Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in the Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) and the Karadag Nature Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution and is a generalist species, able to survive in a wide variety of habitats. However the species has a patchy distribution and has disappeared from several countries. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend for this species and identify the threats.

range:
Andrena simillima is widespread in Europe, from the UK to Ukraine, and from Greece to Sweden. It also occurs in Asia (Russia and Azerbaijan).

population:
This species is very widely, but patchily, distributed and rarely frequent. Although precise details are lacking, there is a clear decline of populations in parts of the range, and this is reflected in the Red List statements from four countries.

habitat:
Andrena simillima is a generalist species. It flies from July to September and prefers open wooded biotopes and extensive calcareous grasslands. The females collect pollen from flowers of Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Campanulaceae, and Ericaceae. The nests are constructed solitarily in exposed ground (S. Roberts pers obs. 2013).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known, although in extensive calcareous grasslands (e.g., in the UK), inappropriate summer grazing can reduce the availability of forage.

conservationAction:
Andrena simillima is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). The species is also known from protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, where the bee still occurs, and to identify trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern because, although it relies on restricted forage resources, the species is widespread. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Andrena sardoa is a species of the western Mediterranean basin. In Europe, it is found through Iberia, France, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. It is also found in the Mediterranean regions of the Maghreb, from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Westrich 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Andrena sardoa is found in Mediterranean shrublands and habitats that support plants of the genus Asphodelus, upon which it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species. Moreover, Westrich (2008) states that from all the investigated 17 pollen loads from 16 locations sampled, all contained, exclusively, the pollen of Asphodelus species (Liliaceae). The species flies early in the year, from February to April, mirroring its flight period with the flowering period of its forage plant (Asphodelus).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area, although given its range, this seems likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, and to identify any specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats within the European part of its range. Further research may list the species with an increased threat status, especially considering its very restricted European range.

range:
Andrena savigny is largely found across north Africa (including the Nile Valley) and the Levant, ranging eastwards to northern India and southeastwards to the Arabian  peninsula. In Europe, there are subpopulations in Corsica, Malta and the Canary Islands. The subpopulations are severely fragmented, including the European outliers, allowing no opportunity for genetic exchange (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
There are no specific details of the habitat of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In the Maghreb and Levant, it is found in desertic habitats. The species flies as a single generation in the spring, from March to May, and is on the wing from February to late April (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995). Flower visitation in Morocco has been observed at Zygophyllum spp. (Zygophyllaceae). The species has been recorded visiting the following flower species: Moricandia (Fuerteventura, Morocco, United Arab Emirates), Zilla spinosa (Morocco, Israel), Diplotaxis, Launaea arborescens, Zygophyllum sp. (Morocco), Physorrhynchus chamaerapistrum (United Arab Emirates), Sinapis arvensis (Algeria), Malva parviflora and Erucaria rostrata (Israel) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. The subpopulations are severely fragmented, allowing no opportunity for genetic exchange or a rescue effect in the event of local extinctions.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena saxonica is distributed from south and central Europe eastwards toward Asia Minor (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
It presumably has a small population, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena saxonica inhabits temperate grasslands. It is considered an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species (Kocourek 1966, Gogala 1999), and it is specialised on Ornithogalum (Liliaceae), although Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997) consider it polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. However later, E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) considered Andrena saxonica to be oligolectic on Ornithogalum in Germany and Turkey. It has also been recorded on Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) and Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca) (Kocourek 1966). Westrich (2010) analysed the pollen loads of 66 specimens, collected from 1926 to 2007 in 23 localities in Germany, Greece, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Spain, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Among the Ornithogalum species, A. saxonica prefers O. umbellatum, O. pan­nonicum and O. kochii. The species is univoltine, it has one generation per year. It flies from the end of April to June (Gogala 1999). In the mountains, it can be found at altitudes up to 1,700 m asl (Warncke 1973a) and 1,900 m asl in the Peloponnese, Chelmos (Gusenleitner 1984).

threats:
There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as the reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and there is no further information on its population size and trends, despite the species being widespread across Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
Andrena schencki is a quite rare but widely distributed species in most parts of Europe except for the northernmost regions. Its range extends from Portugal in the west to the Urals in the east of Europe, and beyond to Turkmenistan (western Kopet Dag) in Asia.In Europe, the species is known from Albania (Warncke 1966a), Austria (all states except Vorarlberg - Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belarus (Prishchepchik 2000), Bulgaria (Warncke 1967, 1973a), Belgium (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia - Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (most part except western regions Bretagne and Basse-Normandie - Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all states except north Rhine-Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg - Warncke et al. 1974, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a; Lesbos, south Aegean islands – Grace 2010), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Italy (mainland and Sicily - Bonelli 1966, Warncke 1973a, Priore 1983, Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Hellrigl 2006, Quaranta et al. 2004, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995), Luxembourg (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Koel 2014), Poland (most part of territory - Banaszak 1980, 2010, Dylewska 1991, Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009), Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003), Russia (only Orenburg region - Morawitz 1866; and Belgorod region - Kohl 1913), Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Přidal 2004, Lukáš et al. 1999), Slovenia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Gogala 1999), Spain (most territory except south-eastern part - Warncke et al. 1974, Warncke 1976, Ortiz-Sánchez 2006, 2011), Switzerland (except northern Alps, southern Alps and Canton of Graubünden - Warncke et al. 1974, Artmann-Graf 1993, 2008, Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996), Ukraine (only Kyiv – Lebedev 1933; Lviv - Noskiewicz 1922; Kharkov - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Transcarpathian and Volyn regions - Osytshnjuk 1977).Additionally, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) list Andrena schencki for United Kingdom and the USA (state Georgia), but this species is absent in any checklists prepared for the United Kingdom. As for USA, they had mixed up the country Georgia, located in the Caucasus, with the U.S. state of Georgia. Also Ascher and Pickering (2014) noted Andrena schencki for Sweden but this species is absent in this country and more then 10 years ago it was deleted from the Swedish checklist of bees (Nilsson 2003).  In Asia, Andrena schencki was found in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Asian Russia, Syria, Turkey and Turkmenistan. The report from Morocco (Benoist 1961, as A. labiata Schenck) is almost certainly a misidentification (cf. Warncke 1967).

population:
The population size and trends of this of this rare species in Europe species remain unknown for most regions, although it can be assumed that the population of this species is reduced. This is evidenced by the fact that it is threatened or Regionally Extinct in the national red lists of four European countries.

habitat:
Andrena schencki occurs in different biotopes, but it mostly prefers moist habitats such as forests and grassland edges, alpine meadows and grasslands in the valleys (Osytshnjuk 1977), and it has also been found on dry meadow slopes. In the mountains it rises up to 2,000  m asl (Pereval Bichenekskiy, Caucasus, Azerbaijan; unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). It is a monovoltine species that flies from May until mid July. The females are known to collect pollen from different plant families: Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, and preferably Fabaceae (Ponomareva 1960, 1967, Warncke 1966a, Osytshnjuk 1977). It nests solitary, in small or large aggregations (up to 100 nests with a density of 40 nests per 5 m2), preferably in solid clay soil, although it may settle in sandy soil. The females dig their nests in grassy and slightly inclined ground. The nest consists of a vertical burrow (8-9 mm in diameter) that extends down to a depth of 5-7 cm up to 12-14 cm, ending with one to three horizontally oriented cells which are adjacent to the main burrow (Friese 1923, Bonelli 1966). The species has two nest parasites: Nomada stigma Fabricius, 1804 and Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) (Stöckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Celary 1995).

conservationAction:
It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants like Trifolium spp. (Warncke 1966a, Osytshnjuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and there is no further information on its population size and trends, despite the species being widespread across Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
Andrena schlettereri is a rare northeastern Mediterranean species. In Europe it is known from Albania (Schönitzer 1997), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Croatia (Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2009, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Czech Republic (only one point in Moravia - GBIF 2014; but this species is absent in recent checklist of bee fauna of Czech Republic - Přidal 2004, 2014), Greece (mainland, islands Lesbos and Corfu - Warncke 1965a, 1966b, 1967, Grace 2010), Hungary (Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Montenegro (one male, April 1933, Dalmatien, Kotor - in coll. ETH Zürich), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, 1967), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004) and Turkey (European part - Hazir et al. ‎2014). This species was also found in the Asian part of Turkey (Warncke 1967, 1974b, Hazir et al. ‎2014).

population:
The population size and trends of this rare species are unknown. In most countries where Andrena schlettereri is distributed, the species was collected more than 50 years ago.

habitat:
Andrena schlettereri occurs in different biotopes, but prefers moist habitats such as forests and grassland edges, alpine meadows and grasslands in valleys, although it has also been found on dry meadow slopes. In the mountains, it can be found at altitudes up to 1,500 m asl (in Turkey). It is a monovoltine (one generation per year) spring species that flies from March until mid-June. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for flowers of Brassicaceae and Asteraceae (Knuth 1908, Ruszkowski and Gosek 1999, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013).

conservationAction:
In order to preserve the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is listed in the National Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (Lukáš 2001). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants.


range:
Andrena schmiedeknechti has a widespread distribution. Its European range extends from Italy eastwards across the Balkans and the Greek islands. Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Maghreb and Anatolia, but is apparently absent from the Levant and Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions and so the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
Full details of the habitats and ecology are not known. However, it is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. In Crete, it has been found in vegetated stabilised coastal sand dunes (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991). The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, perhaps with a preference for Brassicaceae. Flower visitation has been recorded at a range of plant species including Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991), Erysimum pusillum (Brassicaceae) (listed in Grace (2010) as an undated record of Mavromoustakis), Sinapis arvensis in Italy and Brassica nigra and Anthemis arvensis in Lesbos, Greece (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Specimen data from labels show that the species flies in the spring from March to May.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Coastal habitats may come under threat as well from tourist infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.

range:
Andrena schulzi has a restricted distribution in southern Europe, where it is found in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). If this is the entire range, then the species should be regarded as a European endemic. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) also include Turkey, from where it appears only on the Aegean coast (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions and so the populations are probably quite large overall.

habitat:
Details of the habitats and ecology of Andrena schulzi are not fully known. However, it occurs in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, although it has perhaps a preference for Asteraceae. Flower visitation has been recorded at a range of plant species including Calendula spp. (Asteraceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001). Specimen data from labels show that the species flies in the spring from February to May.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range, but given the extent of the range, it is quite likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the absence of information on the population size, trend, and threats to the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena schwarzi is found in eastern European countries such as Ukraine and Russia (Warncke 1975, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). There are also records in Turkey and Kazakhstan.

population:
There is no information on either the population size or trends.

habitat:
Andrena schwarzi flies from April to June. It is presumed to be polylectic as the females visit the flowers of Brassicaceae (Lepidium draba), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa, Prunus stepposa), Salicaceae (Salix triandra), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia). This species prefers steppe habitats (Osytshnjuk 1977).

conservationAction:
Andrena schwarzi occurs in protected areas in Ukraine, but it is not Red Listed neither is it the subject of any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the status of the bee in Ukraine and Russia, and the size of the population. It is also important to identify trends and any threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size and trends of the species, despite its wide distribution. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena scita is a rare northeastern Mediterranean species that is distributed in southern Europe from the south of Italy to the east to the Volga (Volgograd and Saratov regions) and Ural (Perm Krai). The northern boundary of the range passes through Thuringia, the Czech Republic, forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, Bashkortostan and Perm Krai of Russia, and in Asia it reaches Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Wien - Schwarz et al. 1996, Dubitzky 2005, Zettel et al. 2008, Zettel et al. 2013, Gusenleitner et al. 2012; and Carinthia states - Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Bulgaria (Atanassov 1962, Warncke 1966a, 1967, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014), Croatia (Vogrin 1918, indicated by Kuhlmann et al. 2014 but it is absent in Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Jozan 2009, 2014), Czech Republic (Moravia - Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2011; additionally Ascher and Pickering 2014 indicated that this species occurs in Bohemia without specifying any concrete data, however Přidal 2004 removed it from the list of Bohemia bee fauna, since there are no real finds from this part of the Czech Republic), Greece (mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a; Crete - Alfken 1928; Lesbos - Grace 2010; Rhodos - Mavromoustakis 1959; other Aegean islands - Grace 2010; Ionian Islands - Warncke 1965a), Hungary (Schmiedeknecht 1882, Friese 1914, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Tanács et al. 2011), Italy (southern part of mainland - Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Vicidomini 1999, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013, Sicily – Warncke 1967), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003, Ban and Tomozei 2006), European Russia (Rostov region - Pesenko 1972; Saratov region - Morawitz 1866; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008; Volgograd region - Eversmann 1852, Warncke 1967, Mukhin and Kuzmina 2000; Bashkortostan - Ascher and Pickering 2014; Astrahan region), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Warncke 1967 [found in Szomotor – K. Warncke erroneously indicated this place for Hungary], Přidal 2004), European part of Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014) and Ukraine (Kherson, Lugansk, Mykolaiv, Odessa regions – Osytshnjuk 1977; Cherkassy region - Lebedev 1933; Poltava region - Nevkryta 1953; Donetsk region - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982; Kharkiv region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Crimea - Popov 1958, Osytshnjuk 1977).   Andrena scita also was found in Asia: Afghanistan (Warncke 1973b, Dunford et al. ‎2014), Armenia (Morawitz 1876, 1877), Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966c), Iran (Popov 1967), Kazakhstan (Popov 1952b), Asian part of Russia (Daghestan - Becker 1882; western Siberia - Krainov 2013), Asian part of Turkey (Kohl 1905, Warncke 1966b, Özbek 1976; Hazir et al. 2014), Turkmenistan (Popov 1952a, Ponomareva 1960).

population:
The population size and trends of this rare species remain unknown. Andrena scita is included in the checklist of Polish bees by Pawlikowski (2001) but without specific data, however according to Dylewska (2000) this species has not been found in Poland. It is thought that the species can be found in southern Poland (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
Andrena scita is a steppic species that is found almost exclusively in dry habitats such as grassland plains, and in mountainous areas – in the Caucasus and Taurus Mountains, where it raises up to 1,850 m asl (Hazir et al. 2014), but mainly on the dry southern slopes. It flies from May until early July and has one generation, however Alfken (1914) suggested the existence of a second generation in southern Hungary, which flies from the end of July to August. It is an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. The females prefer cruciferous flowers (Brassicaceae) (Friese 1914, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Kocourek 1966, Ponomareva 1960, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994, Zettel et al. 2013). Females have also been recorded on the flowers of Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Dipsacaceae. It nests in large aggregations (up to 150 females) in the vertical walls of abandoned rabbit burrows. Its nest parasite is Nomada cruenta (Kocourek 1966).

threats:
The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other steppic habitats as a result of increased summer rainfall. An increase in summer rainfall will cause the xeric steppe to become more like a meadow, and will encourage scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.

conservationAction:
Andrena scita is included to the Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005), but recently in 2009 it was found in Moravia (Bogusch et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species. It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants but primarily Brassicaceae species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena semilaevis is distributed throughout Europe (except southern Europe) to the Urals (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Krainov 2013, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). In the southern part of its range it is found in the mountains, in the valleys or forests (Osytshnjuk 1977). It appears to be a strictly European species that does not occur to the east of the Urals.

habitat:
Andrena semilaevis occurs mostly in humid habitats (woods edge, valleys, nutrient-rich meadows and grasslands, ruderal field borders and fences, and plantations) up to 1,800 m in the Swiss Alps (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Calabuig and Madsen 2009). It has two generations per year in its southern range, flying from April to August. The species is a generalist, and females visit flowers of Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica), Apiaceae (Carum carvi, Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Brassicaceae (Isatis tinctoria), Salicaceae (Salix) and Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). In western Europe, the females visit flowers of different plants; while in Finland this species is marked on the flowers of 37 species (Elfving 1968). The species nests singly in clay soil and is parasitised by Nomada flavoguttata (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński 2002); and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as Èepkeliai Nature Reserve, Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is extremely widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Andrena simontornyella is very widely distributed across southern and central Europe, from Portugal eastwards to the Black Sea. The species seems to be rare or absent in Slovenia (Gogala 1991, Gogala 1994, Gogala 1999), Croatia and Bosnia. Outside of Europe, there are isolated subpopulations in Morocco, Tunisia, the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and Anatolia (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread across much of central and southern Europe and so the population is probably large overall.

habitat:
Andrena simontornyella is found in a range of habitats, including phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, agricultural land, set-aside and in towns and city parks (Petanidou 1994, Quaranta et al. 2004, Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. 2010, Zettel et al. 2013). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Flower visitation is reported from Veronica (Plantaginaceae) and Linum (Linaceae) by Pittioni et al. (2014). Ornithogalum, Galium, Cistaceae (Helianthemum) and Apiaceae (Orlaya grandiflora) are described as pollen sources by Westrich (2010). Specimen data labels show the bee is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year: the first brood flies from March to May, while the summer generation flies from late June to August (Pittioni et al. 2014).

threats:
The direct threats to this species are unknown. However, for the populations present in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Given the wide range of habitats that A. simontornyella can occupy, the species seems resilient and adaptable, and can cope well with human-induced environmental change.

conservationAction:
Andrena simontornyella is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002), but is not subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is found in protected areas, such as Hevesi Grass Steppes Protected Area in Hungary, and given the broad distribution across much of the continent, it is extremely likely to be present in others as well.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that is a European endemic with a restricted and fragmented distribution.

range:
Andrena solenopalpa is a European endemic with a narrow and fragmented distribution, being confined to Spain and southern France (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There are few details of habitat or ecology. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the species is vernal, and flies in March and April in southern France. Flower visitation is reported at Taraxacum species (Asteraceae), but the species is probably polylectic, and will visit a wider range of species. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has no flower records, but suggests that the highly modified mouth parts indicate that A. solenopalpa is probably an oligolectic species.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
Andrena solenopalpa is not traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species.  The latest findings date back to the 1970s. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe this species is known only from Spain. It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 43,045 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The latest findings date back to the 1970s.

habitat:
The species is found on meadows, mountain slopes and pastures. It flies from the end of April until early July. The females collect pollen from Fabaceae (Onobrychis sativa, Trifolium spp.) and Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis, Raphanus sp.) (Özbek 1976). It is parasitised by Stylops giganteus (Luna de Carvalho 1974).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the species’ population status and trends, while there is no information on any specific threats to the species. Further research is required to determine its status within Europe, with particular emphasis on the threats to the species as it is not very widely distributed.

range:
Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs around the Black Sea and in Greece. It is recorded in Bulgaria, mainland Greece, European Russia and Ukraine. It also occurs as an outlier in Israel.

population:
Andrena sphecodimorpha is a rare species but there is no indication of decline, at least in Ukraine (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013). Overall the details of the population and trends are not known.

habitat:
Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs in different biotopes, but favours the drier grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands. It flies from April to May. Females collect pollen at Brassicaceae (Alyssum dasertorum) and Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa).

conservationAction:
Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs in natural reserves in Ukraine, but it is not Red Listed anywhere, neither is it the subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is required to determine the overall population size and to identify the trends and any threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering its restricted European distribution.

range:
As a European species, Andrena spolata is restricted to the Canary Islands. Elsewhere, it is found in a few widely scattered localities across North Africa (from Morocco eastwards to the Nile Delta in Egypt) and in the Levant (Israel) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.

habitat:
While habitat details are not available, Andrena spolata is known to visit Chrysanthemum coronarium, Launaea arborescens (Asteraceae) and Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) flowers (Hohmann et al. 1993). The flight period is from March to the beginning of May on the Canary Islands (Warncke 1965).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to to its problematic taxonomic status and the gaps in knowledge of habitat preferences, ecology, actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena spreta is distributed from southern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran Lebanon, Syria), Central Asia (Afghanistan) and north Africa (the Canary Islands, Morocco, Algerian, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya) (Alfken 1913, Blüthgen 1919, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The populations are presumably small across Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
There is not much information regarding the habitat preferences and ecology of this species. It is presumably xerothermophilous, occurring mostly on xeric habitats. On the Canary Islands, the species was found between March and April (presumably the first generation) and October (Warncke 1968). In north Africa (Egypt) and Turkey, it was found from the end of May to the beginning of June (Warncke 1967). In east Afghanistan, it has been recorded from February to April (Warncke 1973b).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas such as Natural Reserve of the Mount Etna  Park (Puglisi et al. 2012). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


range:
A Mediterranean species with its area limited to Italy and Corsica (France) (Morice 1899, Perez 1903, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Based on the fact that Andrena emarginata is a synonym of Andrena stabiana, this indicates that the species can also be found in Switzerland, Marcel (France) and Mallorca (Spain) as there have been records of A.emarginata found in these countries (Schwenninger 2007). Therefore, it can be assumed that the area of Andrena stabiana is somewhat broader than that reported by Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) and Schwenninger (2007). The species was also found in Tunisia in 1994 (Schwenninger 2007). The specimen from Tunisia belongs to a close related, but different species, whose description will be published in the near future (H.R. Schwenninger pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 611,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.

population:
The current status of Andrena stabiana populations in Europe, at least in Italy, are likely to be stable. In particular, during 2005, it was found from eight localities in Italy (Schwenninger 2007). The stability of the species' populations can also be associated with the fact that it may exist within urbanized environments. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena stabiana lives in a variety of habitats, such as road embankments, sand and gravel beaches, slopes, parks and other urbanized territories. The species flies from April to May, although in Tunisia it starts to fly in mid-February. The females collect pollen from Asteraceae species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species has been described from only 20 specimens, and in view of the lack of information regarding the population trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species, as its host plant has declined in the last few years.

range:
This species is known only from its initial description, which was made on the specimens collected in 2005-2006 from a single locality in the Thessaly region, Volos, Greece (Scheuchl 2010, Standfuss at al. 2011). Until further specimens are found, it can be considered as an endemic species to Greece. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, since the species has only been described from 20 specimens in one locality. The species' population is dependent upon the availability of its host plant, Veronica glauca (Plantaginaceae) and thus the species could easily come under threat if the host plant is affected.

habitat:
All specimens (20 exemplars) were collected from one locality at the end of February and in March from the flowers of Veronica glauca (Scrophulariaceae) (Scheuchl 2010). Andrena standfussorum is limited to the area of pseudo steppe (Standfuss et al. 2011). Veronica glauca (Scrophulariaceae) is a Balkan endemic found only in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Greece, Greek Aegean islands (eastern), Crete, Albania and in south of Bulgaria).

threats:
Andrena standfussorum may be threatened by a decline in its host plant species, Veronica glauca, which may lead to a decrease in the quality of the species' habitat, as its primary food source is less abundant. This plant in the past was much more numerous than how it currently is. Veronica glauca  inhabits areas with strong anthropogenic pressure, and active  agriculture. The species is treated as a weed and therefore it is often removed.  In Bulgaria this plant is included in Red Data Book as Critically  Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,v)) (Peev and Tsoneva 2011).

conservationAction:
This species could benefit primarily from the protection of its host plant species, Veronica glauca. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Endangered because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2, the population is severely fragmented with little genetic exchange, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to the increase in the summer rainfall. Therefore the species is listed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena stepposa is only found in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, in the Donetsk and Sumy regions, and in the Lipetsk region of Russia and may well be endemic there.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 71,208 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. Although the AOO may be actually larger, it certainly is less than 500 km2.

population:
This species is known from four localities. All known populations of Andrena stepposa are from the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve and Nature Reserve Galich’ya Gora of Russia, are very small and rare, but there is no information available on the current populations trend and status of this species. The original description of the species was from three females and one male found in the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve. Also, 13 females and one male were found in Galich’ya Gora Nature Reserve, Russia. The three sub-populations are severely fragmented and there is little chance of recolonization or genetic exchange.There is no firm information on the trends of this species although decreases are possible as a result of decline in the sole known forage plant.

habitat:
This species is associated with the open steppe, meadows, and grasslands with the flower Nonnea pulla (Boraginaceae). This species only collects pollen from flowers of this plant in Ukraine and Russia. Its nesting is unknown and it flies in spring (April-May).

threats:
The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other natural territories (in which the host plant Nonnea pulla grows) as a result of increased summer rainfall. An increase in summer rainfall will cause the xeric steppe to become more like a meadow, and will encourage scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine as Rare (Monchenko et al. 2009). It is known from the following protected areas: the Steppe Nature Reserve in the Donetsk region of Ukraine and the Nature Reserve Galich’ya Gora in the Zadonsky district of Lipetsk region of Russia.Further research is required to understand the population size and trends and the precise nature of the threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Andrena stigmatica is listed as Endangered because it has a restricted range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 250 km2. A. stigmatica occurs in two locations as the main threat affecting the species is the increase in the number of shrubs and trees, which is thought to be associated with increases in summer rainfall as a result of climate change; this reduces the area and quality of suitable habitat available for the species, the EOO and AOO. The species is therefore listed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena stigmatica is only found in the Opuksky, Karadag and Kazantip Nature Reserves in Crimea, Ukraine. Outside of Europe, it is known from its original description of females from Turkmenistan and also from Erzurum, Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 250 km2.

population:
Sub-populations of Andrena stigmatica in Crimea are very small and rare. The species is known from five localities and field observations suggest that the populations are decreasing, and in three localities it has disappeared. There is little chance of recolonization or enhancement of the Crimean  sub-populations from outside of Europe as the population is severely  fragmented.There is no recent information on the populations of this species in Turkmenistan and Iran.

habitat:
In Crimea, this species is associated with the open steppe grasslands with the flowers from the Teasel family (Dipsacaceae). This species flies in late summer and early autumn. The species nests in the ground but the details of the nesting biology is not known. It is strongly associated with foraging at Dipsacaceae species (e.g., Cephallaria uralensis and Scabiosa taurica).

threats:
The main threat affecting the species is the sharp decline in the number of host plants (Cephalaria and Scabiosa) caused by climate change. A decrease in the population of this species can be connected with the decrease in the number of steppe plants. In the southern steppe regions of Ukraine the rainfall has started to increase in the past decade. This has caused the steppes to turn into meadows (due to increased succession) and even become overgrown with shrubs and trees, therefore reducing the amount of suitable habitats for this species (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). Due to this threat, the number of locations is two.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine as Rare (Monchenko et al. 2009). It occurs in the protected areas of Opuksky, Karadag and Kazantip Nature Reserves in Crimea.  Further research should be conducted to determine details of the ecology and population size and to investigate the trends and threats to this species.New nature reserves should be created to protect the species and the plants on which it feeds and pollinates.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Although, given the relatively large size of its body, it could act as a target for collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, and threats to this species. Further research is required to determine the status of this species in eastern Europe.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena stoeckhertella is distributed in the eastern part of Europe in countries such as Moldova, Russia and Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Pesenko 1972, Radchenko 1982). It also occurs in Asia from Dagestan to Turkey.

population:
There is no information on either the overall population size or the trends.

habitat:
Andren stoeckhertella is a species of the steppe zone and prefers dry coastal habitats in Ukraine, and it is found in forest glades in Russia. It flies from May to July. Females visit flowers of Brassicaceae (Erysimum canescens) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In Asia it is found at altitudes up to 2,000 m (Maharramov 2009).

conservationAction:
Andrena stoeckhertella is present in natural reserves in Ukraine and Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977, M.A. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). It is, however, not Red Listed or the subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is needed to establish the size of the population and to identify the trends and existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution, with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and it has a presumed large overall population.

range:
Andrena strohmella is a European endemic species with a widespread distribution across much of central and western Europe. Its range extends from France and the Low Countries, eastwards to Hungary, and south to the Mediterranean coast of France and northern Italy (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread across much of western and central Europe and therefore the populations are probably quite large overall.

habitat:
A. strohmella is found in a range of habitats, including warm waste ground in river floodplains (Peeters et al. 2012), urban areas (Pittioni et al. 2014) and grasslands (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2004). Andrena strohmella is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, in parts of its range, such as the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012), and bivoltine elsewhere (Dylewska 1987). The species can be found on the wing from late March to May (where it is double brooded) and more generally, in July and August for the univoltine species. Dylewska (1987) also states that the species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The first generation visits flowers of Salix (Salicaceae), Brassica rapa, Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae), Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae). The summer brood visits Fragaria vesca, Potentilla verna (Rosaceae) and Ranunculus species (Ranunculaceae). N.J. Vereecken (in litt. 2013) has observed the females collecting pollen on Daucus carota (Apiaceae) and they have also been recorded on Buxus sempervirens (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, widespread vegetational succession on grasslands could threaten the species.

conservationAction:
A. strohmella is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) but is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is found in protected areas, such as NSG Wulsenberg in Germany (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2004), and given its broad distribution across much of the continent, it is extremely likely to be present also in others.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. The threats and population trends are poorly documented and should be further researched.

range:
Andrena subopaca is widely distributed from Europe, Asia Minor to far eastern Russia (Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands), China and Japan (Tadauchi 1985, Prishchepchik 2000, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Sidorov 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The populations are presumably large across Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena subopaca mostly inhabits moist areas such as forest edges, clearings in floodplains, mountain and sub-alpine meadows. In the south of its range it occurs mostly in mountains or river valleys. In Crimea, it may have two generations per year (beginning in April) whereas in other regions of Ukraine it is predominantly found from May to June and only has one generation. It is widely polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a broad range of flowering plants species. The females visit flowers of many plants of the families Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassiaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, but more often on Rosaceae and Asteraceae. It nests in small colonies, often in open fields. Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada flavoguttata (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country. It occurs in protected areas as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004), Alpi Marittime Park, Italy (Schmid-Egger 2011). Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research as most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources.

range:
Andrena suerinensis is distributed from south-western and central Europe to eastern Europe (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). It is not found outside of Europe.

population:
The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena suerinensis lives mainly in moist habitats. It flies from May until June and has one generation per year. The females visit flowers of Brassicaceae (Raphanis raphanistrum, Sisymbrium), but also flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella), Rosaceae (Crataegus) and Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyanthemus). The males have been found on Senecio vernalis, Sinapis arvensis, Taraxacum officinale, and Tragopogon pratensis (Monsevičius 1995). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). It is considered to be one of the most important pollinators of oilseeds. It nests in small colonies and its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada calimorpha (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Near Threatened; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Lithuania (Rare; Monsevièius 1995), Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It appears in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. The species is very rare and from most countries it is known only from single records/specimens. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena susterai is a central European species that is distributed from the north of Italy to eastern Ukraine. The northern boundary of its range passes through Bohemia in the Czech Republic, the southern part of Poland and the Lugansk region of Ukraine while the southern boundary of its range passes through northern Greece and southern Bulgaria. In Europe, it known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Vienna states - Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Warncke 1967, Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwarz 2011, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Dochkova et al. 1981, GBIF 2014), Croatia (Józan 2009, 2014), Czech Republic: (Bohemia, Moravia; Alfken 1914, Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka 2005, Straka et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Germany (only Bavaria - Scheuchl 2011), Greece (only northern continental Greece, especially central Macedonia region – Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010), Hungary (Alfken 1914, 1933; Kocourek 1966, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, 2011, Pálfy et al. 2009), Italy (only Friuli-Venezia Giulia region - Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Poland – (only southeastern part: Lublin Province - Dylewska 2000; Świętokrzyskie Province - Banaszak et al. 2006; Banaszak 2000, 2002), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Přidal 2004), Slovenia (Gogala 2011) and Ukraine (Donetsk region – Radchenko 1982; Lugansk, Khmelnitsky, Mykolaiv, Zhytomyr, Transcarpathia, Vіnnytsia regions, Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). Andrena susterai has been found in the Krasnodar region of Asian Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977). It should be noted that Kuhlmann et al. (2014) erroneously indicated that this species occurs in European Russia, but actually the species is known only from the Asian part of this country in the Caucasus region (the mistake occurred due to the different definitions of the boundary between Europe and Asia by Russian and western specialists).

population:
The population size and trends of this very rare species remain unknown. From most countries it is only known from single records/specimens.

habitat:
Andrena susterai occurs mostly in moist forest habitats (including edges and clearings), gardens and river valleys. It is usually a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, 2000; Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), but locally (for example, in the Kras plateau in Slovenia) the females prefer to collect pollen from the flowers of only one plant species (especially Cotinus coggygria from Anacardiaceae - Gogala 2011). In Bulgaria, it was recorded as a pollinator of alfalfa (Dochkova et al. 1981). It has two generations per year: the first flies from April until May, and the second from July until August (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
Andrena susterai is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Straka 2005; but Straka et al. 2007 and Přidal and Vesely 2011 published recent data on this species from Moravia), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002).It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different entomophilous plants, including cultivated crops, such as alfalfa and fruit crops.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena symphyti is distributed in central and southern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena symphyti occurs in humid biotopes such as the banks and valleys of rivers, alpine and sub-alpine meadows. In the mountains, it was recorded at up to more than 2,000 m asl. It flies from April until June, and occasionally until July. The females collect pollen from flowers of various plant families such as Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, but they prefer Symphytum species (S. tuberosum, S officinale). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Symphytum (Boraginaceae) (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada symphyti (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and the Hagieni Forest Nature Reserve in Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is usually very rare and therefore its population size and trends are not known. However, its population is stable in three well surveyed countries (Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) and with further population data from other countries it could be listed as a Least Concern species in Europe.

range:
Andrena synadelpha is a central and western European species that is distributed from Spain and the United Kingdom to the west to Hungary, Slovakia and Poland in the east. To the north it reaches Scotland, and to the south, central Spain. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria and Upper Austria - Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belgium (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Czech Republic (Ústí nad Labem Region in Bohemia - Kocourek 1966, Pádr and Tyrner 1990, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2007; south Moravian Region in Moravia - Straka et al. 2004), Denmark (Rasmussen 2014 states this species for Denmark without concrete data, although Calabuig and Madsen (2009) propose that the species is present based on the recent findings from the Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern states in north Germany meaning that it is most likely to occur in Denmark), France (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (most States except Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia – Stoeckhert 1933, 1954; Warncke et al. 1974, Schwarz et al. 1996, Herrmann 1997, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Westrich et al. 2000, 2011, Kroupa et al. 2012), Hungary (only region of Transdanubian Hills – Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Luxembourg (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Netherlands (Brakman 1968, Nieuwengiessen et al. 1999, Peeters et al. 1999, Reemer and Meer van der 2001, Rond de 2013, Koel 2014), Poland (Dylewska 2000, Witkowski et al. 2003, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Banaszak 2006, 2010; Kowalczyk et al. 2009), Romania (Tomozii 2008, 2010), Slovakia (Přidal 2004), Spain (Warncke 1976, Jordano 1990, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (northern Switzerland, Mittelland West and Wallis – Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996) and the United Kingdom (Perkins 1919, Fowles 1996, Archer 1996, 2008, Cheeseborough et al. 2007, Falk 2010).Andrena synadelpha has also been found from western Turkey in Asia (Warncke 1974a).

population:
There is little information available for the population size and trends of this rare species in Europe. However, in Germany (Westrich et al. 2000, 2011; Esser et al. 2010), some regions of the Netherlands (Rond 2013) and in the United Kingdom (BWARS 2014) its population seems to be stable.

habitat:
Andrena synadelpha inhabits meadows, open glades, sheltered shrubs and gardens (Peeters et al. 1999). In addition, it was recorded on steppic zones (Straka et al. 2004). The flight period of the species is from late April to mid-June. A polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females visits flowers of Salicaceae (Salix cinerea), Rosaceae (Rosa sp, Berberis vulgaris, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus sp.), Asteraceae (Taraxacum sp.), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera sp.) and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus sp.) (Jordano 1990, Peeters et al. 1999, Dylewska 2000, Banaszak 2010). Its nest parasite is Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 (Scheuchl 1995).

conservationAction:
Andrena synadelpha is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at several nature reserves in a number of European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different entomophilous plants, including cultivated fruit crops.


range:
Andrena taprobana was described from Turkey (Warncke 1975). In Europe, this species is only known from southern continental Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).

population:
In Europe, this species is known from one specimen in southern continental Greece. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species flies from the end of May until June (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Özbek 1976). It can be assumed that it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland as it is found on southern continental Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena taraxaci is widely distributed throughout the Transpalaearctic, its range extends from eastern Bavaria and north eastern Italy eastwards to Japan. In southern Europe, it is found mainly in mountainous areas.In Europe it is known from Austria (all states except Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg - Morice 1899, Warncke 1986, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwenninger 2007, Schwarz 2011, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Zettel et al. 2013), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Drenowski 1934), Croatia (Schwenninger 2007, Józan 2014), Cyprus (Srour 2013), Czech Republic (Schwenninger 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011, Heneberg 2010, Heneberg et al. 2013), France (only Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur - Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (only Free State of Bavaria - Warncke 1986, Scheuchl 1993a, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwenninger 2007, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland - Schwenninger 2007, north Aegean on Lesbos - Grace 2010), Hungary (Morice 1899, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Sárospataki and Fazekas 1995, Józan 2003, 2011, Schwenninger 2007, Kovács 2011), Italy (only Friuli-Venezia Giulia region - Schwenninger 2007, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013; information about finding of this species in other parts of Italy including Sicily and Sardinia needs to be confirmed, see below), Macedonia (Warncke 1973a), Poland (only southern part: Lower Silesian, Lublin, Lesser Poland, Podkarpacie and the western Carpathians  – Banaszak 1991, 2010, Dylewska 2000), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Schwenninger 2007, Tomozii 2010), Russia (Bashkotostan – Nikiforuk 1957; Perm Krai - Lykov 2008; Saratov region - Morawitz 1866; Volgograd region - Warncke 1967), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia: (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Lukáš et al. 1999), Slovenia (Gogala 1994, 1999), Switzerland (Morice 1899, Rasmont et al. 1995), Turkey (European part - Warncke 1974b, Schwenninger 2007) and Ukraine (Lviv - Noskiewicz 1922а, Schwenninger 2007; Ternopil - Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938; Transcarpatian - Vikhanskaya 1973; Donetsk, Kherson, Lugansk, Zaporozhye regions and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977).  In Asia it is recorded from Turkey, Republic of Dagestan, Georgia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, western Siberia, China, Russian Far East, Japan, North and South Korea.

population:
The current status of the European populations of this widely distributed but rare species remain unknown for most regions. In many countries of its range, Andrena taraxaci has not been collected over the last 10 years.

habitat:
Andrena taraxaci inhabits different biotopes – natural, agricultural and urban - and it prefers meadows and slopes that are covered with Compositae plants. It is an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae suych as Cichorioideae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). It has aslo been recorded on Ranunculus, Potentilla, Prunus (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Salix (Scheuchl 1993a, Dylewska 2000) and Stellaria (Xu and Tadauchi 2002). The males of Andrena taraxaci are pollinators of Ophrys lutea through pseudocopulation (Oddone 2013). It is an early spring species that flies from March to May, and in the mountains until June. The females create large aggregations of nests in loosely planted clay soils (Kocourek 1966). Its nest parasites or kleptoparasites are Nomada integra Brullé, 1832 (Scheuchl 1993b), Nomada stigma Fabricius, 1804 (Dylewska 2000) and Nomada trispinosa Schmiedeknecht, 1882 (Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938, Scheuchl 2000).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.

conservationAction:
It is included in the Red List of Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Germany (Very Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded in many nature reserves in a number of European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Asteraceae plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size and trends. It is rare, threatened or extinct in the National Red Lists of seven countries. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena tarsata is distributed from Europe (except the extreme south) to the Caucasus Region (Azerbaijan, Georgia), Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, far-eastern Russia, Mongolia and China (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena tarsata is found primarily in moist habitats such as mesophilous meadows and forest glades. In the mountains it can be found at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl. It is a summer species, flying from June to early September with its peak early in August depending on its latitude or altitude location. In central Europe, it is mentioned from sandy heathland areas with sparse grasslands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). In England, the species nests in sparsely vegetated sand and peats on heaths and moorlands (Fowles 1996).  It is considered oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Potentilla species (Potentilla cinerea, P. erecta, P. fruticosa) (Peeters and Reemer 2003), but it is also found on Orobanchaceae (Melampyrum nemorosum) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In Finland, it has been recorded on the flowers of 12 species (Elfving 1968), in the former Czechoslovakia it was recorded visiting flowers of many species from different families (Kocourek 1966), and in England pollen was found from the females of Potentilla erecta and Spirea ulmaria (Chambers 1968). The males have been found on Crataegus sp. and Calluna sp. (Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Warncke 1981). Its nest parasites are Nomada obtusifrons and N. tormentillae (Stöckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966).

threats:
Despite the species being widespread, in England the sites where this bee has been recorded have dropped by around 50% since 1970 (JNCC 2010).  The primary explanation for the decline of A. tarsata in central Europe is likely to be loss, fragmentation and degradation of the heathland and moorland habitats that it is found on and, as a consequence, its crucial food plant Potentilla may have declined. This can be linked to the widespread and rapid intensification of agricultural practices and urban and industrial development that has taken place in the last 60 years.  In upland habitats, afforestation and changes in grazing pressure are important drivers of habitat loss. On lowland heathland, there are a variety of pressures, including afforestation, mineral extraction, urban development, and the growth of scrub.  Research has also shown that even at some sites where there are large stands of Potentilla, the bee is often absent. This may be a reflection of the heathland and moorland deterioration seen over the last couple of decades (JNCC 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Falk 1991), Hungary (Regionally Extinct; Józan 2011), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France (Schmid-Egger 2011).  Andrena tarsata is on the England Biodiversity Strategy S41 Species List 1 (previously the UK List of Priority Species and Habitats under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP)). The potential strategies to conserve A. tarsata and consequently, its regionally endangered cuckoo bee Nomada roberjeotiana in the UK can be found in Evans and Potts (2013). The local authorities should record any important sites (either already in existence or identified by further survey work) for the bee in their local plans and ensure policies and mitigation plans are then in place to protect these populations. In Yorkshire, a local recorder noticed that there was planning permission to test drill for minerals 10 ft from a nesting aggregation of A. tarsata and, after raising awareness of the bee and some persuasion, permission to drill was then refused for most of the flight period of the bee.  UK Government and local authorities need to encourage developers to include bee-friendly habitats in new developments. This would be in-line with the National Planning Policy Framework which aims to achieve biodiversity gain.  Local people in the region could also join local habitat creation campaigns such as Friends of the Earth ‘Bee Worlds’ project and also sign their petition for a Bee Action Plan.Andrena tarsata has been recorded on Potentilla fruticosa in Norway, where it is widely planted as an amenity plant. In order to provide extra forage, local authorities, members of the public and wildlife reserve managers should plant Potentilla fruticosa in towns adjacent to sites at which the bee is found.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a very poorly known Spanish endemic with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena taxana is an Iberian endemic species, and is confined to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014). Only 14 specimens are known, all from the province of Madrid.

population:
This is a very rare species and there are no details available of either the population size or trends.

habitat:
While details of the habitats and ecology of this species are unknown, all specimens have been collected in May (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology or threats. Further research may result in a threatened status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to Cyprus.

range:
As a European species, Andrena tenuiformis is restricted to the island of Cyprus. Elsewhere, the species is found in Anatolia and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), although neither of these latter two areas are listed by Kuhlmann et al. (2014). E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has examined numerous specimens from Israel, and some from Turkey.

population:
There are no details available of either the population size or trends of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats or ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. A. tenuiformis visits flowers of Brassicaceae (Pittioni 1950), and its phenology is described from May to June (Pittioni 1950).

conservationAction:
A. tenuiformis is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena tenuistriata is widespread across the western Mediterranean basin, ranging from Iberia eastwards to Italy. It is absent from the larger Mediterranean islands, with the exception of Sicily. In North Africa, the species is distributed across the Maghreb, from Morocco to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean region and locally common in parts of Mediterranean France (D. Genoud. pers. comm. 2014) and so the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
There are few details of either the habitats or ecology of this species. Quaranta et al. (2004) reports the species in agricultural habitats in the Po Valley (Italy) and, given the overall range, it is also presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2014) reports that this is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Brassicaceae. A. tenuistriata is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year: the first one from March to May, and the summer generation from late June to August.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its very wide distribution, this seems likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population status and trends, while the threats are unknown. Further research should be conducted to determine the status and any threats that affect the species.

range:
Andrena thomsonii has a scattered distribution around the northern part of the Mediterranean basin. It also occurs in Asia from Turkey to Caucasus and Iran.

population:
Details of the population size and trends are not known.

habitat:
Andrena thomsonii is a generalist species foraging on Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Salicaceae (Ducke 1898). There are two generations that fly from March to May and from June to July. There are no details of habitat preferences.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book, nor is it the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the population size, and ecological preferences, and to identify trends and treats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.

range:
Andrena thoracica is a trans-palaearctic species. Its area covers all of Europe, except the extreme north to the Caucasus region (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), Russia (from Moscow to Amur), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iran) and Central Asia (Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan) and to the far east of China and Korea. It is also found in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population is presumably large, but there are no clear data on its actual size and trends. Although it is widespread, it is rarely common in Europe (Edwards 2006).

habitat:
Andrena thoracica occurs in a variety of habitats from dry slopes, sandy-grassland habitats to the glades in humid forests. In the Caucasus and Central Asia it is confined to foothill and mountain areas, rising above 2,000 m asl. It flies from late March to September, depending on weather conditions and regions. It has two generations per year. It is widely polylectic and the females visit flowers of many plants of different families such as Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae , Rosaceae, Salicaeae and Tamaricaceae (Warncke 1966a, Gusenleitner 1985, Tanács et al. 2008, Osytshnjuk 1977). In Ukraine, it is known as a pollinator of fruit and pumpkin crops (Osytshnjuk 1977).  It nests in different soils as a solitary or colonial species. Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada fulvicornis (formally N. lineola Kocourek 1966). Emeis (1955) observed many thousands of nests of this species on the island of Amrum (northern Germany) on sand dunes, an area of 2.5 km long and 0.5 km wide. Individual colonies numbered from six to 120 nests located from each other at a distance of a few centimetres to several metres, sometimes entrance holes of nests almost merged.The males of the species are pollinators of Ophrys panormitana in Sicily (Paulus 1997).

threats:
There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Hansen et al. 2010), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that it has a very restricted European range.

range:
As a European species, Andrena tiaretta is restricted to southern Andalucía (Spain). Elsewhere, it is found in a few widely scattered localities across North Africa (Morocco and Algeria, the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya and the Nile Delta in Egypt) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and in the Levant in Israel and Syria (Warncke 1974a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no details of the population size or trends. The Spanish subpopulation is situated on the northern edge of the known range.

habitat:
There are few details regarding the habitats and ecology of this species. However, given its overall range, the species is also presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. A. tiaretta has recorded visiting flower of Bellis sylvestris and Prunus dulcis in Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), and the bee flies from the end of March to mid-April (Warncke 1974a).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population, although the threats and population trends are poorly documented.

range:
Andrena tibialis is distributed throughout most of the Palaearctic from Spain to the far-east of Russia (Primorsky region); the northern limit of its range runs through southern England, southern Norway and southern Finland, the southern Urals, Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Krasnoyarsk (Siberia); the southern limit goes through the Balkans and Asia Minor, Transcaucasus, Iran and north China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).It is formerly known as having four subspecies in the southern part of its range: ssp. concreta – Taurus Mountains; ssp. corvina - Spain; ssp. porzana – central and eastern Turkey, and ssp. vindobonensis - Balkans, Carpathians, southern Ukraine (Warncke 1974b, Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
The population is presumably large but still there is no information available on the trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena tibialis occurs in a variety of habitats, natural and cultural, moist and dry (meadows, plantations, roadsides, etc). In the Alps, it occurs at altitudes of 1,400 - 1,450 m asl. It flies in Ukraine from April to late July, with two generations. It is polylectic, and the females forage on a variety of family plants: Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, Cruciferae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Papaveraceae and Hypericaceae. It is known as one of the main pollinators of fruit crops. It nests in small colonies and its nest parasites, or kleptoparasites, are Nomada lineola and N. goodeniana (Osytshnjuk 1977).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). It has a wide distribution and therefore it should occur in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that in Europe it is restricted to the Eastern Aegean islands, and has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
As a European species, Andrena toelgiana is restricted to the eastern Aegean islands, and is known from Lesvos. Elsewhere, it is found in Anatolian Turkey and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Little is known of the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands in Lesvos. Specimen label data show that the flight period is in the spring, and the adults are on the wing from March to May. Warncke (1974) presumed there was a second generation, and E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has found specimens from the middle of June to July which supports this view. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) reports flower visitation to Alyssum umbellatum (Brassicaceae) in Israel.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, and little on the habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering its rarity and small area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena tomora is known from Albania, where it was recorded as A. djelfensis by Warncke (1966), Greece and its islands (including Crete), and European Turkey. There is a disjunct subpopulation in Sicily, although these records need to be confirmed since they might belong to A. djelfensis. Outside Europe, its range extends across Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
There is little information on either the habitat preferences or ecology of this species. However, data from specimen labels reveal that it occurs in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands, and flies during April and May. Flower visitation has been observed in Attiki (Greece) at Cistaceae species (Petanidou 1994), and males are pollinators of Ophrys parvula in Rhodes (Paulus 2007). According to Warncke (1974), its phenology is described from the end of May to mid of June in Turkey and the Aegean coast.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it inhabits, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is distributed in the Aegean Islands of Greece, Crete and in the southern part of Cyprus. Also it is known from the Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 96,570 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
A rare species. The current status of Andrena torda populations in Europe is unknown. In a previous survey on the island of Lesbos during 2004, only one specimen was collected (Nielsen et al. 2011). In previous years, only five specimens have been collected from Cyprus and Turkey.

habitat:
Andrena torda prefers habitats composed of low shrubs and olive groves. The species flies from March until early June. The main trophical links of Andrena torda remain unknown. In Cyprus, it is noted as a pollinator of Ophrys sicula (Orchidaceae) through the pseudo-copulation of the male (Paulus and Gack 1990).

threats:
A possible threat may occur from the loss of habitat through the creation of olive plantations. The soil is cultivated and this can lead to the destruction of the species' nests and host plants.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable as it is suspected that there has been at least a 30% continuing decline, over 10 years or more, in the species' area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality across Europe suggesting a population reduction of similar magnitude. Only Turkey has a population that could be considered stable. The species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its steppic habitat.

range:
A predominantly eastern Mediterranean species that spreads from the southeast of western Europe (Sicily) to central Europe, east to the Donetsk region of Ukraine, the Rostov region of European Russia and towards Central Asia and Afghanistan.   In Europe, it is known from Austria (only in Burgenland, Lower Austria and Wien States - Schwarz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a), Cyprus (Srour 2013), Czech Republic (only Moravia - Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Greece (mainland and South Aegean islands - Morawitz 1871, Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Grace 2010), Hungary (only Great Hungarian Plain - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Rostov region - Pesenko 1972), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Přidal 2004) and Ukraine (Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Donetsk and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kharkov region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014). It is also included in the checklist of Polish bees by Pawlikowski (2001), but this species is not really found in Poland (Dylewska 2000).  In Asia it has been recorded in the Asian part of Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.

population:
The species is thought to be in decline in Europe as, in the middle of the last century, this species was common in some European countries. For example, 120 exemplars of Andrena transitoria of R.W. Grünwaldt were deposited in the the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, and more than 400 exemplars were deposited in the collection of the Zoological Institute of RAS, St.-Petersburg and the Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. All were collected between 30-60 years ago, whereas now there have only been a few records of the species over the past 20 years, despite the systematic collecting of bees within these countries. In the western part of its range, this species has almost disappeared. In particular, it is listed as Extinct for the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Hungary (Józan 2011), as well as in Austria where it has not been found in the last few decades (Gusenleitner et al. 2012). At the same time, it can be characterized as vulnerable in the eastern part of its range, in particular, from the steppic regions of Ukraine where it can be connected to a strong reduction in steppic habitats (unpublished data, V.G. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).It is suspected that there has been at least a 30% continuing decline in the species' AOO, EOO and habitat quality across Europe. Only Turkey has a population that could be considered stable.

habitat:
Andrena transitoria is a steppic species occurring only in dry habitats. In the Caucasus mountains, it rises up to a height of 800 m asl. In the far south of its range, it is predominantly found in the mountains. It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) that flies from April until August. It is a polylectic bee, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It visits the flowers of plants from 11 families: Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgaris, Sinapis arvensis, Lepidium draba, Erucastrum armoracioides, Crambe tataria, Sisymbrium orientale, Berteroa incana, etc.), Asteraceae (Xeranthemum annuum, Coreopsis grandiflora), Labiatae (Salvia nemorosa), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia), Fabaceae (Robinia pseudoacacia), Papaveraceae (Papaver rhoeas), Limoniaceae (Limonium), Apiaceae (Eryngium campestre, Aegopodium podagraria, Falcaria, Daucus, Anthriscus, etc.), Boraginaceae (Cynoglossum), Lythraceae (Lythrum salicaria) and Campanulaceae (Campanula rapunculoides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Dylewska 2000), but it is thought to prefer Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae. In Greece, the males of Andrena transitoria have been recorded as pollinators of Ophrys melena through pseudocopulation (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).

threats:
The main threats to this species are: the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats; the ploughing of fields where the species nests; the processing of fields with insecticides; and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.

conservationAction:
In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. The species is listed as Extinct in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Hungary (Józan 2011). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plant species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as  the species is known only from the original description of two type specimens in Ukraine so there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. The species does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
This species is only known from one locality in Crimea, Kerch Peninsula, Michurino (Ukraine) (Scheuchl 2010).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.

population:
The current status of Andrena tricuspidata populations remain unknown. This very rare species is known only from the original description of two type specimens (both are male).

habitat:
The data on its habitats and trophical links is absent. The species was found to inhabit steppic areas. It is a spring species that was found in April.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Listed as Critically Endangered because the species is known from only a very few specimens, none of which is recent, and is very likely to have gone extinct and therefore to be absent across its entire known European distribution; if it is extant it is most likely found in only a very few isolated sites, and thus has an extremely small area of occupancy (AOO) and would be severely fragmented. Despite repeated searches in the UK (its centre of distribution) of apparently suitable  habitat, within the known range and in ideal conditions, the species has not been found again and there are no recent records; a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore suspected. Surveys should be carried within the range of the species within and outside the UK to determine if the species actually occurs anywhere in Europe.

range:
Andrena tridentata is very sparingly distributed from the United Kingdom eastwards to Ukraine. It was also reported to occur in Asia (Kazakhstan and Russia). Stöckhert (1933) describes this bee as an "Atlantic" species with its centre of distribution in Britain but the shortage of records makes this no more than a guess. There are no recent records from anywhere in Europe, and the last from the UK was in 1944; this suggests that the occurrence of the species both within and outside of the UK is uncertain (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in the Perm region of Russia (Lykov 2004) and Kuznetsk-Salair in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large but the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be extremely small. Indeed, the species is very likely to have gone extinct and therefore to be absent across its entire known European distribution, or found in only a very few isolated sites; if any subpopulations remain, it is highly unlikely that there is any genetic exchange between them, therefore the species range is considered severely fragmented.

population:
Andrena tridentata is an exceedingly rare species throughout its range, and information about it is based on very few specimens, none of which is recent. Britain was regarded as the centre of its distribution by Stöckhert (1933), and yet it has not been seen there since July 1944. What few records there are suggest it is very scattered in distribution. It has not been found again in the UK despite repeated searches of apparently suitable habitat, within the known range and in ideal conditions. Given the lack of recent records, it is suspected that there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Indeed, the species may well have gone extinct.

habitat:
Andrena tridentata flies from mid-June to September. This species occurs in humid habitats. The females collect pollen from flowers of Asteraceae (Picris spp., Leontodon spp., Inula spp., Senecio spp.). Few details of ecology is known, but several other members of this species group are closely associated with the flowers of Asteraceae. The known areas where it has been found have sandy soils present (UK: in Suffolk and at Norden, near Corfe, Dorset).

threats:
Details of the threats to this species are unknown, however, in the UK it is associated with the edges of sandy heathland and so is vulnerable to shading out of nesting sites and forage areas as a result of the succession to scrub and woodland.

conservationAction:
Despite the extreme rarity of Andrena tridentata, the species is only listed on the National Red List of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It was found on areas that are now protected, but were not at the time of discovery. Surveys should be carried out within the range of the species both within and outside the UK to determine if the species actually occurs elsewhere. If rediscovered, further research will be needed to establish the ecology and current status of this species and to identify any threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that is endemic to mainland Greece, and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
This is a Balkan endemic species, restricted to the montane regions of mainland Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
Little is known of the habitats or ecology of this species, although it has been reported to fly in April and May (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to the species are not known.


range:
Andrena trimmerana is a common species in central Europe (in the north it reaches England, Denmark and northern European Russia in St. Petersburg) and it is also found in southern Europe eastwards towards the Caucasus (Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan). It is also found in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  Some data indicate records from China and the Far East (Osytshnjuk 1977).

habitat:
Andrena trimmerana species occurs in various biotopes but prefers humid ones (river valleys, mountain meadows, forest edges and clearings). It flies from April until August. It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. In Ukraine the females collect pollen from flowers of Amygdalus communis, Prunus spinosa, P. cerasus, Salix purpurea, Taraxacum officinale, Lamium purpureum (first generation), Thelycrania sanquinea, Stachys and species of the Asteraceae family (second generation) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In the former Czechoslovakia, the females were recorded on flowers of Salix, Rhamnus cathartica, Taraxacum officinale, Ribes grossularia, Berberis vulgaris, Brassica napus, Acer campestre, Vaccinium myrtillus, Crataegus oxyacantha, Potentilla verna, Tussilago farfara, Cerasus and Spiraea (Kocourek 1966). It is a solitary species that nests in the soil. Its kleptoparasites, or nest parasites are Nomada marshamella and Nomada flava (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In southern Europe, the males are pollinators of Ophrys fusca and Ophrys lutea through pseudocopulation (Vázquez Pardo 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005; but it was recently found in Moravia, as per Bogusch et al. (2009)) and Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas such as the Karadag Nature Reserve, Yalta jajla Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the fact that the current populations of this species are stable, and at least in the steppic zone of Ukraine, the species now is one of the most numerous, according to Radchenko (2007) and unpublished data. Such stability of this species is related to the fact that it is trophically associated with widespread cruciferous plants, as well as its ability to settle in the cultural habitats including agricultural land.

range:
Andrena tringa is only distributed in the pontic steppe zone. In Europe it is known from Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014), Macedonia (Warncke 1973a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke 1973a, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Russia (Volgograd, Rostov - Osytshnjuk 1977; and Lipetsk regions - Kuznetsova 1990) and Ukraine (Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kirovograd, Kyiv, Lugansk, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Vinnitsa, Zaporozhye regions and Crimea - Warncke 1973a, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, 2007).   This species is erroneously indicated for Greece on Fauna Europaea (Polaszek 2004) and DiscoverLife (Ascher and Pickering 2014) without any indication of real data. The absence of Andrena tringa in Greece is recently stated in a special study by Grace (2010), although it is possible that it can still be found here.  In has also been found in Asian Russia (Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Dagestan), south Osetia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey.

population:
The current status of the European populations of Andrena tringa can be characterized as stable. At least in the steppic region of Ukraine, this species is now one of the most numerous (Radchenko 2007, V. Radchenko unpublished data). Such stability of this species is related to the fact that it is trophically associated with widespread cruciferous plants, as well as its ability to settle in cultural habitats including agricultural land.

habitat:
Andrena tringa occurs only in dry and steppic biotopes, mainly on flat landscapes and rarely in the foothills and lower mountain regions. It is a common species that is numerous in steppe reserves. It settles on the fields of entomophilous crops, the ones that rely on insects for pollination, especially rape, white mustard and radish (Radchenko 1982, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014). The females almost exclusively visit flowers of the cruciferous plants: Lepidium draba, Isatis tinctoria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Crambe tataria, Sinapis arvensis, Barbarea arcuata, B. vulgaris, B. oralis, Alyssum tortuosum, A. gmelinii, A. murale, Sisymbrium altissimum, Draba sibirica, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, etc. (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kuznetsova 1990). It is thought to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994), although it has been recorded on some species of Asteraceae (for example Taraxacum officinale), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa), Apiaceae (Pimpinella spp.) and Crassulaceae (Sedum spp.). The species flies from April until mid-August and has two generations per year. It builds its nests among the thickets of plants (Radchenko 2007).

threats:
The main threats to this species are: the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats; the ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present; processing of fields with insecticides; and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.

conservationAction:
In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Andrena tringa occurs within some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different cruciferous plants. It is an important pollinator of rape and radish crops (Banaszak and Dochkova 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as all specimens from Europe were collected more than 40 years ago so there is no recent information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena troodica is known in Europe only from three points located in the southern part of Cyprus (Warncke 1974b). The species is also found in south-eastern Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Grace 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

population:
There is no information on the current status of Andrena troodica populations in Europe. All specimens from Europe were collected more than 40 years ago.

habitat:
The species has been found on slopes and areas that are covered by shrubs. In the mountains (in Turkey) it is found at altitudes up to 1,300 m. It is a spring species that flies from the end of February and mid-April. The females collect pollen from Salicaceae (Salix sp.) and Rosaceae (Prunus sp.) (Warncke 1974b).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena truncatilabris is distributed from the southern part of Europe and European Russia to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iran), Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) and north Africa (Algeria, Libya) (Warncke 1967, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Shebl and Tadauchi 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena truncatilabris occurs mainly in xeric habitats such as the steppes and forest-steppes of Ukraine. It flies from May to June (July) and in the south of Europe from April to June (it rarely flies in July and here there are probably two generations; Warncke 1976). The females forage primarily on Brassicaceae plants (Sysimbrium, Brassica, Sinapis, Erysimuym, Rapistrum regulosusm, Barbarea vulgaris, Berteroa incana, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba), but are also found on Asteraceae (Carduus), Boraginaceae (Phacelia tanacetifolia), Fabaceae (Medicago) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). The males of Andrena truncatilabris are pollinators of Ophrys lindia in western Turkey and Rhodos through pseudocopulation (Paulus 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005; but recently it was recorded from Moravia (Bogusch et al. 2009)) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


range:
Andrena tscheki is distributed from central and southeastern Europe to the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population is presumably small, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species in most European countries, although it should be noted that at least in the Czech Republic this species unusually highly dominant in the steppe (Přidal and Vesely 2011).

habitat:
Andrena tscheki is a spring species found on temperate grassland and flying from the end of March to May. It forages primarily on Brassicaceae (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Alyssum montanum, Cardamine pratensis, Barbarea vulgaris), but also on Salicaceae (Salix caprea), Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum offcinalis), Liliaceae (Gagea) and Rosaceae (Potentilla verna) (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)This species is listed as Not Applicable since the species is only present in a single known European locality, and considering that the species is widespread across much of North Africa, it is likely that the European population represents less than 1% of the total population.

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from southern Sicily. Elsewhere, Andrena tuberculifera is widespread across North Africa, from Morocco eastwards to the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. Given that there is a single known European locality, and that the species is widespread across much of north Africa, it is likely that the European population represents less than 1% of the total population.

habitat:
Although there is no information of the habitats and ecology of this species in Europe, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. In north Africa, the species is found in Mediterranean habitats in eastern Libya, and in Morocco, it is present in the higher vegetational zones in the High Atlas mountains. The flight period in north Africa is from mid-March to the end of June (Warncke 1974a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing and the two major European subpopulations are fragmented, the bee is widespread and often plentiful within the two disjunct areas, and it has a presumed large overall population.

range:
Andrena tunetana is widely distributed across the Mediterranean basin, but the European subpopulations are severely fragmented. There is a large subpopulation in Iberia, and other subpopulations in Greece and in the islands. Outside Europe, the bee is found in the Maghreb, Anatolia and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, the bee is locally very plentiful in Spain and Crete and the subpopulations are likely to be large. The Iberian and Balkan populations are widely disjunct, and this fragmentation means that there is no realistic chance of genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
Andrena tunetana is found in Mediterranean shrublands, and is associated with sandy areas. Spanish records include data from vegetated coastal sand dunes and open dehesa areas (in the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana and the adjacent Parque Natural). In Crete, the bee has been found nesting in dense aggregations in a low, earthy maritime cliff. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and is associated with various Brassicaceae species. Its flight period is in the spring and the adults are active from March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991, 2003).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Coastal sandy sites in Spain and Crete are prone to development for tourism.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is found in protected areas, such as Parque Nacional and Parque Natural Coto de Doñana, Spain, and given its distribution, it is likely to be found in others. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena ungeri is widely distributed across eastern Europe and the Balkans (Dylewska 1987, based on records of Warncke (1967a, 1969a, 1974b)).Warncke and Scobiola-Palade (1980) added Romania, while Moczar and Warncke (1972) added Hungary, Serbia and Romania. Other records are from Bulgaria (Warncke 1967a), Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1957, Mavromoustakis on Pittioni collection), and Macedonia (Warncke 1967a). It is also found on the Aegean island of Lesvos (J. Devalez pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, it is found in Anatolian Turkey and the Levant (Warncke 1967a, 1969a, 1974, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, Andrena ungeri is well represented in the collections of Gruenwaldt in the Zoological Museum, Munich, and so is likely to have large overall population.

habitat:
There are few details available on the ecology or habitats of this species. However, it is known from Israel and Lesvos on phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and is very likely to inhabit similar habitats elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, with the first generation flying in May and June, and the summer generation in August (Dylewska 1987). In Macedonia, Andrena ungeri has been reported foraging at Euphorbia seguieriana ssp. niciciana (as E. niciciana) (Euphorbiaceae) in June (Warncke 1973). It has also been reported visiting Apiaceae species, on which is probably oligolectic, as are many of its closest relatives (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), such as Ammi majus (Mavromoustakis 1952), Daucus carota (Mavromoustakis 1957), Ammi visnaga (Warncke 1967a) and Angelica silvestris (Józan 1992).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit in parts of its known range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given the wide distribution it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, and the two major European subpopulations are fragmented, the bee is widespread at least in eastern Europe, and it has a presumed large overall population.

range:
Andrena urdula has a strangely fragmented distribution. According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), it is widespread across much of eastern Europe and the Balkans, although supporting data are not available. B. Tomozei (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the species is listed as present in Romania (Ascher and Pickering 2014), but no specimen of this species is displayed in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). No evidence is found for the presence of the species in Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Macedonia or Ukraine, and it is not recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1965b, 1974b, 1975) or Israel (Warncke 1969b). The only confirmed records seem to be from Greece (Warncke 1965b), southern Morocco (Warncke 1974a) and Spain (Warncke 1976). There are some uncertainties regarding the distribution of Andrena urdula due to the lack of data (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and there are indeed confusions regarding distribution maps of A. urdula and A. ungeri (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, the bee is widespread in eastern Europe, and it is likely that to have large subpopulations. The Iberian and east European subpopulations are widely disjunct, and this fragmentation means that there is no realistic chance of genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
There are no details available on the ecology or habitats of this species. However, it is very likely to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. In Spain, it flies from mid-April to the beginning of June, with males only until the beginning of May (Warncke 1976). In Morocco, it flies earlier and is on the wing from March to May (Warncke 1974a). In Spain, the species has been collected on Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit in parts of its known range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a poorly known Spanish endemic species with a small extent of occurrence and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena relata is an Iberian endemic species, and is restricted to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available of the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is known to fly from the end of April to mid-May (Warncke 1976).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species populations are presumed to be stable, it occupies a broad range of habitats, and there are no major threats affecting the species.

range:
A southern Mediterranean species, which is distributed mainly in north Africa. In Europe it is known only from the island of Crete (Greece) and the Canary Islands (Spain) (Strand 1915, 1921, GBIF 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221,551 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.

population:
The populations of Andrena vachali are likely to be stable. This is probably due to the fact that the species has a wide range of trophical links.

habitat:
The species occurs mainly on slopes with shrubs and on meadows. It flies from mid-February until April. The females collect pollen from different plants such as Asteraceae (Helichrysum sp., Chrysanthemum coronarium), Fabaceae (Retama raetam) and Boraginaceae (Echium creticum). In Crete (ergo A. creticola) it has been recorded as a pollinator of Ophrys cretensis (Orchidaceae) through the pseudo-copulation of the male (Kretzschmar et al. 2002). The flower visits the following species on the Canary  Islands according to Hohmann et al. (1993): Asteriscus intermedius, Asteriscus sericeus, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Helichrysum gossypium, Launaea arborescens, Reichardia sp., Reichardia tingitana, Sonchus bourgeaui, Sonchus cf. bourgeaui, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Hirschfeldia incana, Euphorbia obtusifolia and Lotus lancerottensis.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population, although the specific threats and population trends are poorly documented. Research should be conducted to determine the actual population size, trend and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena vaga is distributed through Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus region to southwest, central and east Siberia to Yakutia (Russia) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The populations are presumably large, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena vaga is found mainly on humid biotopes such as edge lawns and woodlands, river banks and meadows. It is a spring species, flying in one generation from March to May. The species is considered oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Salix species (S. purpurea, alba, caprea aurita, pentandra, nigricans), although it was found also on Apiaceae (Heracleum sibiricum), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Caryophyllaceae (Dianthus carthusianorum, Silene otites), Poaceae (Koeleria glauca), Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae (Cerasus, Crataegus, Malus, Spiraea). The species nests in large colonies in bare or sparsely vegetated soil in warm and sunny conditions (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Falk 1991, Banaszak 2010). Westrich (1989) cites an exceptional case where ten thousand nests at one site were recorded along the river Rhine in Germany. A large aggregation of up to 4,000 nests was found recently in northwest Germany (Exeler et al. 2006). Andrena vaga is host to the kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, Nomada lathburiana, and of the Coleoptera Meloe decorus, Meloe proscarabaeus and Meloe violacea.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), the Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003), and the Vanatori Neamt Nature Park, Romania (B. Tomozii pers. obs. 2014). For the conservation of this species, Falk (1991) recommends maintaining sites in reasonable open states with plenty of bare soil in warm, sunny localities for nesting (e.g., south facing banks and slopes) with plenty of fallow land for foraging upon.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.

range:
Andrena variabilis is distributed from southern Europe through part of central Europe eastwards towards the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Israel, Lebanon, Iran) and central Asia (Kazakhstan, west Turkmenistan). It is also known from north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population size of this species is presumably small, but there is no clear information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena variabilis occurs mainly in xeric biotopes, both in plains and pre-mountainous areas, and occasionally in mountainous habitats up to 1,500 m altitude. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, with the first flying from the end of May to mid-June, and the second from August to beginning of October. The females collect pollen from flowers of Fabaceae (Trifolium sp., Coronilla varia, Onobrychis sp., Medicago sp., Vicia sp., Hippocrepis sp., Astragalus sp.), Asteraceae (Eryngium campestre, Carduus sp., Xeranthemum anuum) and Brassicaceae (Erucastrum armuracioides, Crambe tatarica, Barbarea vulgaris) (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The males of Andrena variabilis are pollinators of Ophrys kedra on Crete (Paulus 2007). On Cyprus Nomada stigma cypricola is a kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of A. variabilis (P.A. Ebmer pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and the List of Specially Protected Species of Slovakia (Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic 2006). It occurs in protected areas such as Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population although the threats and population trends are poorly documented. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena varians is distributed across southern, central and northern Europe, European Russia (Kazan, Lutsk, Moscow, Orenburg, Saratov, Simbirsk Provinces, Perm Krai and Republic of Mordovia), Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Lykov 2004, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Hellrigl 2006, Levchenko 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Yunusov 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population of the species is presumably large, but there is no clear information on the population size and trend of this species. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is also listed as Least Concern in the Red List of Sweden (Cederberg 2010).

habitat:
Andrena varians occurs in various habitats (virgin land, fallows, meadows, forest edges, roadsides, gardens and parks) at altitudes up to and over 1,000 m asl. In Ukraine it is found on forest steppes and steppe plains. It is a spring species that flies from April to early June. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Salicaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae and Valerianaceae. It is known as a good pollinator of fruit crops. It nests in the soil of gardens and forest edges. Its nest is parasitised by N. panzeri (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Germany (Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 - Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Least Concern; Cederberg 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998), “Khomutovsky Step” nature reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and the Wolin National Park in Poland (Banaszak 2010). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, since it is poorly known and in Europe it is restricted to Spain.

range:
There is only one record of this species in Europe, one female from Adradas (province of Soria, Castilla y León, Spain) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is known from a series of scattered localities across the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. The species is clearly very rarely encountered.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species. However, there are records of the species visiting flowers of Reseda lutea, and it is on the wing in mid-June in Spain (Warncke 1976) and from May to June in the Maghreb (Warncke 1974a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.

range:
Andrena ventralis is distributed throughout Europe (except in the north) from Spain to Ukraine and European Russia. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan), south of Siberia (to Baikal), Far East of Russia, China, South Korea and Japan (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population is presumably large, but there is no clear information on the population size and trend of this species. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed its status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011).

habitat:
Andrena ventralis is found mainly in moist habitats (meadows, river banks and woodlands edge) at altitudes up to 1,800 m asl. It is an early spring species that flies from late March until May, common in April. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It prefers Salix, but is able to use the pollen of other plants too (cf. Westrich 1989). The females visit flowers of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceacae, Ranunculaceae, Salicaceae and Euphorbiaceae. It is known as a good pollinator of fruit trees. It nests in small aggregations in sandy and clay soil. Its nest are parasitised by Nomada ruficornis, N. zonata, N. panzeri (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008), Sphecodes pellucidus and Nomada alboguttata.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed its status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It occurs in the protected area such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Èepkeliai Nature Reserve in southern Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


range:
Andrena ventricosa is distributed across southern Europe, from Spain to Bulgaria and Romania. Outside of Europe it is found in Asian Russia (Dagestan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iran) and North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population size is small in Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena ventricosa occurs mainly in xeric biotopes, in both planes and mountains. In Israel it has been recorded up to 1,650 m altitude. The species flies from April to June, recorded also in March (Israel) and July (Italy, Hungary). It is monovoltine, in that it has one generation per year. In its southern range it is bivoltine (it has two generations per year), with the second flying from mid-July to August. The females of the first generation collect pollen from flowers of Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae) and the second generation collect from flowers of the Apiaceae (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). The kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of A. ventricosa is Nomada tridentirostris (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and in the List of Specially Protected Species of Slovakia (Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic 2006). It occurs in protected areas although they have not been documented. Further research should be conducted to determine the actual population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as it is only known from 16 specimens that were collected before 1960. There are no further data on the species' population or threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this very rare species is known only from Russia and Ukraine, in the Astrakhan and Lugansk regions, respectively. Outside of Europe, it has only been found in Kazakhstan.

population:
Within Europe, this species is known only from 16 specimens, from three localities. The specimens were all collected before 1960. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.

habitat:
Andrena verae inhabits grassland biotopes and flies from late April until early June. The females collect pollen from flowers of different plants such as: Salicaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Valerianaceae, Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae species (Osytshnjuk 1994, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species' nesting behaviour is unknown.

conservationAction:
A thorough search for this species in the south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia and Ukraine should be performed to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species. The species is found in the Ukraine protected areas including the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve and the Proval'skaya steppe Natural Reserve. However, the establishment of more protected areas in the field of its detection should be created.


range:
This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where it is found across the Iberian Peninsula and in the Balearic Islands, Sicily, southern France and possibly Corsica. The species is also present in the Maghreb, through Morocco eastwards to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean and, although the species is very likely to be under-recorded because of its small size (D. Genoud in litt. 2014), the population is probably quite large overall.

habitat:
Andrena verticalis is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. It is also found in agricultural environments in Italy and Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004). D. Genoud in litt. (2014) states that the species is most commonly found on the interface between agricultural and semi-natural land. He further reports that the species visits various Apiaceae, and that it is probably bivoltine, with a spring and a summer generation. According to Warncke (1976), in south and east Iberia, the first generation flies from the end of March to the beginning of May, and from end of May to mid of June for the second one. As for central Spain, the first generation flies from end of March to mid of May, and the second generation from the end of May to end of June. The species has been recorded visiting flowers of Daucus carota (France),  Acacia retinoides, Prunus dulcis, Crepis vesicaria, , Crataegus monogyna, Biscutella, Pirus Reseda and Diplotaxis species, Euphorbia guynoniana (Morocco) and Leontodon species (Spain). It seems to prefer Apiaceae and Brassicaceae (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although, given its wide distribution range, it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are considered stable within part of its range and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A southern European species that is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Cyprus (Ceballos et al. 1956, Warncke 1967a, Warncke 1974b, Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2005, Quaranta et al. 2004, Vereecken 2007, 2008, Baldock and Smit 2013, GBIF 2013). The species is present in the whole Mediterranean with a strange gap in the Aegean and the Balkan Peninsulas. The easternmost records are from Iran and Turkmenia.Müller (1944) indicated this species for Dresden (Germany), but Warncke (1967a) has denied this information. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,949,201 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.

population:
The populations of Andrena vetula in Italy and Portugal are likely to be stable. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species lives in different habitats, such as slopes with shrubs, meadows, road embankments, gravel beaches and dunes. It can be found at an altitude of 1,400-1,600 m in Turkey (Warncke 1969a) and up to 2,650 m in Morocco (Grünwaldt 1976). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); the first generation flies from March to April, and the second generation flies from May to June. Females usually collect pollen only from Brassicaceae (Sinapis alba, Scandix pectenveneris, Rapistrum rugosum), although single specimens were recorded on Anacyclus radiatus (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1980). Furthermore, in Tunisia and eastern Algeria it is noted as a pollinator of Ophrys battandieri (Orchidaceae) through pseudo-copulation by the male (Paulus and Salkowski 2007, Paulus 2007).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. This species occurs in a number of nature reserves. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


range:
According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), the species is endemic to southwestern Europe, where it is known from Iberia and southern France. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) also list Algeria, although this record might be uncertain, and there is a female record from northern Morocco (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in south western Europe and so although the species is never record in large numbers (D. Genoud in litt. 2014) the subpopulations are probably quite large overall.

habitat:
Full details of the habitats and ecology are not available. However, the species is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and it seems to prefer open areas in mature garrigue. The bee is a late spring species and is active as an adult from the end of April and through May or June in the case of Spain (Warncke 1976). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species as a pollen resource, and a male has been recorded visiting Helianthemum appeninum (Cistaceae) (D. Genoud in litt. 2014). In Spain, there are records of the species visiting Rosmarinus officinalis and Brassicaceae species (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although, given its wide distribution range, it is likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.

range:
Andrena viridescens is distributed throughout Europe from Spain to Perm Krai (south Ural) in Russia, including the European part of Turkey and Anatolia (cf. Hazir et al. 2014), and as far north as Denmark. Outside of Europe it is found from the Caucasus to Iran (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Lykov 2007, Spek van der and Raemakers 2009, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). There is also an extremely doubtful record of this species in India (Tamil Nadu province) (Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The population is presumably small, but there are no clear data on population size and trend.

habitat:
Andrena viridescens is found in forested habitats (forest edges, clearings and glades). In Ukraine, it is found in steppe forests. It flies from the end of April to June. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Veronica species (Scrophulariaceae), but it also found on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Fabaceae (Medicago falcata), Lamiaceae (Lamium purpureum) and Rosaceae (Crataegus, Potentilla, Fragaria vesca). It is a solitary nesting species in forest soil (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada atroscutellaris (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas such as Beda Karapancsa Landscape Protected Area and Boronka-melléki Landscape Protected Area in Hungary (Jozan 1992), Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) and Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve in Germany (Anonymous 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as it has only been described from one region in European Russia. There are no further data on the species' population status or threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena volgensis has only been found in the Volgograd and Karaganda regions of European Russia.

population:
From Europe, this species is known from one example (holotypus). There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.

habitat:
Andrena volgensis inhabits xeric biotopes and flies in May. The females collect pollen from flowers of Brassicaceae (Alyssum) and Rosaceae (Spiraea) species (Osytshnjuk 1994, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The nesting behaviour of this species is unknown.

threats:
The threats to this very rare species are unknown.

conservationAction:
A thorough search for this species in the south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia should be performed to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species. Once its population status and distribution have been determined, protected areas should be established in these areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, this species is clearly very rarely encountered, the European subpopulations are small and believed to have an area of occupancy (AOO) of less that 500 km2 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Although the subpopulations are also severely fragmented with little chance of any rescue effect from outside of Europe, we can not be certain if there is a continuing decline in subpopulations or habitat quality or extreme fluctuations in numbers within the population. Thus, the species is close to quantifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research may require the threat status of this species to be upgraded.

range:
In Europe, this species is confined to a small handful of sites in Portugal and Spain. Elsewhere, it is known from a series of scattered localities across the Maghreb, from Algeria eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Kuhlmann et al. (2014) additionally list Morocco.  The area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown but it is probably less than 500 km2 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is rarely encountered and appears to be very sporadic in occurrence. Both European subpopulations are widely separated from each other and the nearest known subpopulations are located in north Africa. Therefore, the distribution can be regarded as severely fragmented (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
Full details of the habitats and ecology are not known. However, it is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Iberia. The species has been recorded in Algeria visiting Sinapis arvensis (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The species flies in March in Spain (Warncke 1976) and it is reported to be active from April to May in the Maghreb (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. It is possible that the populations in the Canary Islands might be threatened by the development of tourist infrastructures.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.

range:
Andrena vulpecula is distributed in southern Europe to north Africa (Morocco, Tunis, Algeria) and southwestern Asia (Israel) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). It has relatively recently been recorded from the Russian Far East (Proshchalykin 2004), but this seems rather doubtful.

habitat:
Andrena vulpecula probably prefers xeric habitats (grasslands). In Slovenia, the species is univoltine (one generation per year), flying from May to June. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and it is mainly specialized on Cistaceae species, in particular on Helianthemum (Gogala 1999), Cistus (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae; Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Anchusa officinalis (Atanasov and Vasileva 1990). In Israel, females have been found on Colchicum species (Warncke 1969b). The biology and ecology of the species is poorly documented. The males of Andrena vulpecula are widely known as pollinators of different species of Orchids through pseudocopulation: Ophrys lucentina in Spain; Ophrys numida in Tunisia, Sicily and south Italy; and Ophrys fusca, O. omegaifera and O. sicula (Arnold 1999, Paulus 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is found in protected areas in Italy such as the Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio (Comba 2007). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in Greece, and there appears to be no major threats affecting the species. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and habitat and ecology of the species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only found in Greece, on the mainland and on the island of Lesbos (Warncke 1965b, Gerdenitsch and Mazzucco 2000, Nielsen et al. 2011, Standfuss et al. 2011), Rhodes (Warncke 1974b), Chios, Samos, Kos, Naxos (unpublished data, E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It is known in Asia from Turkey.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32,599 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
The species does not seem to be rare. In particular, during one survey in 2004 at only one locality (Lesbos, Mytilene) 76 specimens of Andrena westensis were collected (Nielsen et al. 2011). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Andrena westensis can be found to inhabit low shrubs and olive groves. The species flies from March to May. The closely related A. polita species is oligolectic on Asteraceae, preferably on Cichorioideae (Standfuss et al. 2011).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
An eastern Mediterranean species found in Italy including Sicily, Macedonia, Greece, Greek Islands, Cyprus, Turkey and Israel (Schuberth 1995, Nielsen et al. 2011) This species is very closely related to Andrena forsterella, therefore some of the data on its distribution may be confused and so Andrena wilhelmi may occupy a wider area than is currently thought. It is also found in the Caucasus. A male has been found from the Crimea (E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 900,244 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

population:
The current status of Andrena wilhelmi populations remain unknown as it is a rare species. Over the past 20 years in Europe, only two specimens have been collected and they were from the island of Lesbos (Greece) in 2004 (Nielsen et al. 2011).

habitat:
The species lives in low, soft-leaved scrubland regions, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and semi-natural scrub (phrygana). It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year); the first generation fly from the end of March to the end of June and the second generation fly in October. The exact trophical links of this species are not known; there have only been a few records on Fabaceae (Trifolium sp.). The females possibly visit flowers of Salicaceae (Salix sp.) and Rosaceae (Prunus sp.) (Schuberth 1995).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena wilkella has a holoarctic distribution, with a range extending throughout Europe to Asia Minor, Central Asia, Siberia, Far Eastern Russia and China. It is also known from north Africa (Morocco), Canada and the USA (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). In Canada and USA the species was accidentally introduced in the 18th century. The boundaries of the species' range are difficult to determine due to misidentifications with Andrena ovatula.

population:
The population is presumably large, but there are no clear data on the species' population size and trend. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is also noted as Least Concern in the Red List of Finland (Nieminen and Sundell 2005).

habitat:
Andrena wilkella prefers moist habitats and is found in mesophilous grasslands and road borders. In the Alps, it can be found at altitudes up to 2,500 m asl. The species flies from April to mid-August especially on Fabaceae (Trifolium, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus), Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis), Apiaceae (Daucus), Berberidaceae (Berberis vulgaris), Rhamnaceae (Frangula alnus) and Dipsacaceae (Knautia arvensis) but usually prefers flowers of legumes. It is a solitary nesting species in sandy and clay soils and is parasitised by Nomada striata (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Peeters and Reemer 2003). The kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of Andrena wilkella is Nomada striata (Westrich 1989), and probably Sphecodes ephippius (Bogusch et al. 2006). The males of Andrena wilkella are pollinators of Ophrys sulcata in south France, north Italy and Istria (Paulus 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Least Concern; Nieminen and Sundell 2005), Germany (Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006, but simultaneously it is noted for Ireland as Vulnerable, according to National Status IUCN Category; Ronayne 2006) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in Beda-Karapancsa landscape protection area in Hungary (Jozan 1992), Natural Reserve of the Mount Etna Park in Italy (Puglisi et al. 2012), Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) the and Èepkeliai Nature Reserve in Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
The species in Europe is known only from Sicily in Italy (Nobile 2000). It has also been found in Israel (Gusenleitner and Scheuchl 2000). The species was described on the basis of two females from Israel.

population:
The current status and trend of Andrena wolfi populations remain unknown.

habitat:
The data on the species' habitats are absent although it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean shrub lands. It was found in March on Brassicaceae (at least two specimens were collected from this plant family).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread throughout the Macaronesian Islands, the populations are presumed to be stable and there are no major threats to the species. .

range:
An endemic species to Macaronesia: the Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) as well as Madeira (Saunders 1904, Cockerell 1922, Alfken 1940, Lieftinck 1958, Warncke 1967b, Warncke 1968, Báez and Ortega 1978, Warncke 1993, Fellendorf et al. 1999, Valido and Olesen 2010, Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 141,258 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 192 km².

population:
The populations of Andrena wollastoni are likely to be stable. In Madeira and the Porto Santo Islands, 37 specimens in 2005, and eight specimens (during only four days) in 2007 were collected.

habitat:
Andrena wollastoni occurs throughout a wide spectrum of habitats from the coast line to the hilltop of Pico do Arieiro (Madeira) at an altitude of 1,750 m. This species occurs on sand beaches, slopes covered with shrubs, dry rocky grasslands, ruderal sites and abandoned fields. It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations): the first generation flies from mid January until March while the second generation flies from May until July, and in the mountains until mid-August. The females and males have been detected on 26 plant taxa belonging to 11 plant families: Apiaceae (Melanoselinum decipiens), Asteraceae (Argyranthemum frutescens, Agyranthemum pinnatifidum succulentum, Ageratina adenophora, Chrysanthemum segetum, Crepis vesicaria haenseleri, Leontodon taraxacoides, Sonchus oleraceus), Boraginaceae (Echium candicans and Echium nervosum), Brassicaceae (Cakile maritima, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rapistrum rugosum, Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis sp., Sisymbrium officinale), Crassulaceae (Aeonium glandulosum, Aichryson villosum), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.), Geraniaceae (Geranium maderense) and Resedaceae (Reseda luteola). Females are thought to give some preference to flowers of Asteraceae species. Females also collect pollen predominantly from native and endemic plants compared with introduced and cultivated plant species (Valido and Olesen 2010, Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall presumed large and stable population.

range:
Camptopoeum friesei is widely distributed in Mediterranean and central Europe. Camptopoeum friesei euzonum (Warncke, 1972) is a subspecies endemic to Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,324,692 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species lives in open fields, scrub and farm road borders. It forages on Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, etc.

threats:
This species is threatened by deforestation and the destruction of crop and road edges.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, and general ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size, threats and conservation status.

range:
Camptopoeum frontale is locally abundant in Turkey, the eastern Mediterranean and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,880,014 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km².

population:
The population abundance of this species is not known. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in open fields, scrubs and farm and road borders. It is stated to be oligolectic on Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Patiny 2001).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008).  Additional studies are needed into the population size and trends, status and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Camptopoeum nasutum is distributed in northern Italy, Sicily and south-eastern France. The data in Spain is doubtful. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 601,209 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
This species is rare and populations are small throughout its range. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information available about the habitat and ecology for this species.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into the population size and trends, general ecology and threats of this species.


range:
Camptopoeum variegatum is a species that is abundant in Turkey and the Middle East. The range extends somewhat into Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 82,959 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.


range:
Clavipanurgus sculpturatus is abundant in Turkey and the Balkans. It is also found in the steppe regions of Ukraine - Lugansk, Donetsk, Odessa and Crimea regions (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982).  It is the largest and a readily identifiable species of Clavipanurgus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 457,612 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km².

habitat:
There is little information about the habitat and ecology for this species. According to Filatov et al. (2006), it is a univoltine species flying in May and June in the Ukraine. This species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Brassicaceae.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, trends, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.

redListContributors:
Ortiz Sánchez, F.J., Patiny, S. & Radchenko, V.,


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of the presumed overall stable population. However, the species has a restricted distribution with a small area of occupancy.

range:
Flavipanurgus flavus is endemic to western Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 155,982 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
This species is rare and the populations seem small. The population trend is considered stable; however further studies are needed to determinate the actual population size and trend.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean cleared forests (Quercus spp.) and in scrub. It also nests in field margins.

threats:
This species is sensitive to alteration of the Mediterranean ecosystems that it inhabits. In particular alteration in the edges of roads and crops poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, trends, abundance and population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Flavipanurgus fuzetus is only known from its locus typicus in Portugal. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
The population size and trend are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent and quality of its Mediterranean habitat is declining due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species.

range:
Flavipanurgus granadensis is distributed in south-eastern Spain and in the Algarve in Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 104,375 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
This species is rare. The populations are isolated due to the fragmentation of the Mediterranean forests where the species lives, with no or little genetic exchange between them; this populations of this species are therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It is found in scrub adjacent to Mediterranean forest (Quercus spp.). It has been seen foraging on Cistaceae.

threats:
This species is threatened by the disappearance of Mediterranean forests due to ploughing, reforestation with non-native species, forest fires etc.

conservationAction:
Additional research is needed in taxonomy, general abundance and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall presumed large and stable population and no major threats. However, this species is sensitive to alterations in the habitat.

range:
Flavipanurgus ibericus is distributed in central and western Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156,229 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
This species is rare and its population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species is found in scrub adjacent to Quercus spp. forests.

threats:
This species is sensitive to alterations in the habitat due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species which may result in fragmentation of the species populations.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species except taxonomic research.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size, trend and status.

range:
Flavipanurgus merceti is endemic to Spain and is only known from two localities in the centre of the country. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
This species is rare and its population trend is unknown.

threats:
Deforestation and the elimination of Mediterranean scrub due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species is a threat to this species, which may result in fragmentation of the species populations.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because although this species has a very small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, it is suspected that the species overall has a presumed large and stable population.

range:
Flavipanurgus venustus is distributed in southern Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,263 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
The species is rare and its population trend is considered stable.

threats:
Deforestation and the reforestation with non-native species and the elimination of Mediterranean scrub due to ploughing and forest fires are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Additional research is needed on taxonomy, general abundance and trends of population, and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall and stable population.

range:
Melitturga caudata is abundant throughout the western Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 668,327 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².

population:
This species is abundant throughout its range and its population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species is widespread and forages on many plant species, such as on Thymbra capitata, Genista hirsuta and Bituminaria bituminosa (=Psoralea bitumunosa). It prefers edges of crops and roads.

threats:
This species is threatened by alteration of the habitat, and elimination of edges in crops and roads.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

range:
Melitturga clavicornis is abundant in the whole Palearctic region eastwards to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,815,026 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km².

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is declining.

habitat:
This species is found in crops and road borders and grasslands; it is a spring species. Females forage on Lavandula spp., Anchusa spp., Medicago spp., Onobrychis spp., Vicia spp., etc .

threats:
The elimination of flowers from edges of crops and road borders and the inappropriate use of pesticides can pose a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of  the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet  1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally  Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008); Latvia (Endangered;  Anonymous  1992); Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002); Slovenia (Regionally  Extinct; Anonymous 2002); Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is needed into the population size, habitat and ecological requirements and threats to this species.


range:
Melitturga praestans ranges in Turkey and the neighbouring areas, notably in the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,606,552 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

habitat:
The species can occur in abandoned olive groves, Mediterranean scrub communities and on road and track sides. It seems to be closely associated with various species of spring-flowering Fabaceae.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice and olive grove management, along with abandonment will negatively affect this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Additional studies are needed into abundance, general ecology, trends and threats to this species.


range:
Melitturga spinosa is only known from two localities in Bulgaria and Macedonia. The species is also recorded in Israel and Anatolia (Patiny 2001).

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species.

habitat:
Patiny and Gaspar (2000) mention it on Centaurea solstitialis and Marrubium parviflorum.


range:
Melitturga syriaca is known from one locality in Bulgaria and two localities in Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 17,413 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.

habitat:
This species forages on Trifolium purpureum (Patiny and Gaspar 2000).


range:
Melitturga taurica is recorded in Europe from two localities in Bulgaria and one in Greece. It is also found in Iran and Turkey (where it is very frequent). The extent of occurrence (EOO) 70, 232 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species in the Europe. In Anatolia, Patiny and Gaspar (2000) mention females foraging on Hedysarum syriacum and Ebenus cappadocica.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large and stable population. However, this species can locally  disappear due to the elimination of flowers next to crops and roads due  to the intensive use of pesticides.

range:
Panurginus albopilosus is abundant in the western Mediterranean basin. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 416,438 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².

population:
This species is very abundant and widespread. Its population trend is stable.

habitat:
It is a generalist species but prefers agricultural landscapes, living in crop and road edges. Females forage usually on Brassicaceae and Asteraceae.

threats:
Even if this species is very abundant and frequent, it can locally disappear due to the elimination of flowers next to crops and roads as a result of the intensive use of pesticides.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, and threats.

range:
Panurginus alpinus is restricted to the western part of the Alps and eastern part of the French Pyrenees. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 75,557 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
It is a mountain species that inhabits Alpine grasslands. Females collect pollen on Asteraceae.

threats:
This species is possibly threatened by global warming.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and status. It is also needed to clarify and study further the distribution of this species.

range:
Panurginus annulatus is distributed in central and southeast Spain; however the range of this species is not well defined up to now. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 73,451 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

habitat:
It is found in agricultural landscapes, living on plants flowering in crop and road margins.

threats:
This species is threatened by the elimination of wild flowers in crops and the intensive use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and status. It is needed to clarify and study further the distribution of this species.

range:
Panurginus brullei is present in the Canary Islands and likely also present in northern Africa; the range of this species is not well defined up to now. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 395,128 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
It inhabits agricultural landscapes and lives on plants flowering in crops and road margins.

threats:
This species is threatened by the elimination of wild flowers in crop margins and the intensive use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance and population trend of this species.


range:
Panurginus herzi is restricted to the Alps in the European part of its distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,346 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km².

population:
Populations are small but there is no information available on the population abundance of this species over its European range. In Germany, it is considered extremely rare but with a stable long- and short-term population trend (Westrich et al. 2011).

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.


range:
Panurginus labiatus is a Palearctic-Medio European species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,920,921 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².

habitat:
There is little information about the habitat and ecology of this species. It is an oligolectic species, specialising in Brassicaceae (Banaszak 1995).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008). Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.


range:
Panurginus lactipennis ranges across Turkey and the neighbouring areas (including the Balkans, Syria, Jordan, etc.). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 51,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
There is little information about the habitat, although it is stated to be an oligolectic species, specialising in Brassicaceae (Banaszak 1995). Mavromoustakis (1949-1954) lists Alyssum troodi (Brassicaceae) in Cyprus.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Panurginus montanus is endemic to the Alps. After the work of several reviewers, some taxonomic confusion could exist regarding this species, and therefore a review of the species is needed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 89,921 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 376 km².

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat and ecology available for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Panurginus romani is endemic to Scandinavia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 324,205 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

habitat:
Reported to be a species of the Taiga. It is probably a polylectic species. In Finland, it is reported to visit Geranium sylvaticum (Geraniaceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). Nilsson (2008) states that the principal forage plant is Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010). Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.


range:
Panurginus schwarzi is recorded from two localities in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the doubts about its taxonomy, and the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Panurginus sericatus is mainly distributed in the Alps (Patiny 2003). After the work of several reviewers, some taxonomic confusion could exist regarding this species,  and therefore review of the species status is needed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200,220 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the very few records that exist for this species and the absence of information on the general status, population size and trend.

range:
This species is distributed in the Alps and its presence in Macedonia is uncertain (Patiny 2001). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,192 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant and its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits alpine grasslands.

threats:
This species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices. Climate change is also likely to threaten the species through causing shifts and alterations to the habitat.

conservationAction:
It is recommended that research is carried out to study the population size and trend as well as the general status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable population.

range:
Panurgus banksianus is very abundant in all of Europe, from the United Kingdom to Bulgaria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,152,227 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,072 km².

population:
This species is very abundant and the population trend is stable.

habitat:
It is found in open fields, lowland heathland and in crop and road edges. Females forage on Asteraceae.

threats:
This species is threatened by the elimination of flowers in edges, the intensive use of pesticides and the exploitation of heathland for commercial forestry, mineral extraction and infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).   No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats.

range:
Panurgus calcaratus is abundant in the whole west-Palearctic. It is more widely distributed in the eastern Palearctic too, but less data have been collected and compiled for this area. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,519,466 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,788 km².

population:
This species is widespread and abundant. Its population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species lives in open areas, shrublands (including lowland heathland) and grasslands. Females nest in sandy soils and forage on Asteraceae.

threats:
The exploitation of heathland for commercial forestry, mineral extraction and infrastructure development pose threats to the species in parts of its range.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, and general ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall large population and no major threats. However, the species has a very restricted range with a very small area of occupancy.

range:
Panurgus canarius is present in the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Lanzarote) and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,418 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
This species is abundant in the Canary Islands. In northern Africa more information is needed but it seems to be scarce. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in open areas, grasslands and shrublands. Females forage on Asteraceae.

threats:
There are no major threats affecting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats.

range:
Panurgus canescens is abundant in Spain and Portugal. The species expands east into France, Italy, Corsica, along the Mediterranean coasts (Patiny et al. 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,604,944 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².

population:
This species is abundant and its population trend is stable.

habitat:
It is found in scrub, margins of crops and roads, preferably in agricultural landscapes.


range:
Panurgus cephalotes is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and also present in France and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 730,084 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 536 km².

population:
This species is widespread and abundant. Its population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
It lives in open areas, shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Asteraceae.


range:
Panurgus corsicus is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46,977 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, the threats and the status of this species in Spain.

range:
Panurgus dargius ranges in the western Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Patiny 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 199,985 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².

population:
This species is rare. The population trend is unknown and this species is poorly known in Spain.

habitat:
This species is found in open fields, edges of forests, roads and crops. It forages on Asteraceae.

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into abundance and trends of this species and the major threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall and stable population and no major threats.

range:
Panurgus dentipes is very abundant in much of western Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,656,951 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,356 km².

habitat:
This species prefers crops and road margins, and grasslands where they exist. Females forage on Asteraceae.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall and stable population. However, this species has a restricted distribution with a small area of occupancy.

range:
Panurgus meridionalis is a narrow endemic to south-eastern Spain (Patiny et al. 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,471 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
This species is rare but its population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species forages on flowers growing on edges of crops and roads and in volcanic landscapes (Cabo de Gata, Almeria).

threats:
This species is threatened by the elimination of flowers in crop and road edges and the intensive use of pesticides.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the presumed overall stable and large population, and no major threats.

range:
Panurgus perezi is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and present in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 484,217 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 260 km².

population:
This species is abundant and the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
It lives in open areas in shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Asteraceae.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution, status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Panurgus pici is recorded in one locality in the Iberian Peninsula (Gibraltar) and in Ceuta. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.


range:
Panurgus siculus is mainly present in Sicily. The data from Corsica and northern Sardinia are doubtful and could be the consequence of former revisions and taxonomical confusion. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 337,042 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

conservationAction:
Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status and threats.

range:
Simpanurgus phyllopodus is described from only one locality in central Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
There is no information available on the abundance or population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits grasslands supporting Eryngium (Apiaceae).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since this is the most abundant and widespread of the European Amegilla species, and there are no major current threats to the species at a continental scale nor are there any indications of declines within its range.

range:
This species is widely distributed throughout Europe, south of 45 degrees latitude. It can also be found in North Africa and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, this is the most abundant and widespread of the Amegilla species and populations are thought to be stable.

habitat:
In Attiki (Greece) the species is a numerous component of the fauna in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994), and in Italy it is found in both semi-natural and agricultural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004). It forages mainly on Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae species (Iuga 1958, P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014) and has a long flight period, with activity reported from early spring to autumn. Amegilla albigena is host to the cleptoparasitic bee species Thyreus ramosus.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This rare species seems to be restricted to Spain, Portugal and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it seems to be rare.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is widely spread and abundant in the Canary Islands. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and threats to the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it seems to be widely spread in the Canary Islands and populations are presumed to be quite common.

habitat:
Amegilla canifrons has been recorded in altitudes from the sea level up to 1,400 m asl all year-round. The species has been recorded visiting flowers from the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993).There are no further details on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.

redListAssessors:
Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.


range:
This species is found from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands to southern France (where it is extremely rare), Italy and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large overall population. However, research should be conducted into the population size, trends and ecology of the species.

range:
This species is mostly restricted to the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Near Orient and the Caucasian region, although it is not present in the Near East nor North Africa (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is widespread and it is presumed to have a large population overall.

habitat:
In Attiki (Greece) the species is found in  phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994), and in Italy it is  present in both semi-natural and agricultural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004).  Its precise forage requirements are unknown but it has been observed visiting Ballota acetabulosa (Lamiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). It flies from the end of the summer to autumn. Amegilla garrula is host to the cleptoparasitic bee species Thyreus truncatus (Iuga 1958).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthophora garrula (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.


range:
This species is present through much of Mediterranean Europe. Elsewhere, it is found in Algeria and it extends eastwards to Anatolian Turkey (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
This species mainly occurs in open grasslands and steppes where it  forages mainly on Boraginacae species (Friese 1897, Iuga 1958). In Greece it is found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994) and in Italy it occurs in semi-natural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004). Information on the nesting behaviour and forage preferences of the species are unknown, but it has been found visiting flowers of Fumana thymifolia (Cistaceae) (Petanidou 1994). The species flies in the summer, being on the wing from June to September.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species is only present through the surroundings of Astrakhan, in the Volga delta, Russia. Elsewhere, this rare species is known from several localities in Central Asia and Algeria (Friese 1897, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014, Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, Amegilla nigricornis is a rare species, and its population is primarily found in central Asia.

habitat:
There is no information available on the ecology of the species. However, it seems to be present in arid steppes.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its restricted European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is found scattered through the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Outside of Europe it is reported from Anatolian Turkey and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it is known to be rare.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. However, it is known to forage on thistles (Asteraceae) and on Lavandula intermedia (Lamiaceae).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and often plentiful, even though it is scattered in northern locations. It is assumed that at the continental scale the populations are large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitats and specific threats to the species, as it is considered extinct in some locations.

range:
This is the most widely distributed species of Amegilla. It mainly occurs in all Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Near East and North Africa (Rasmont 2014). However, it goes far away from the limit of Mediterranean climates to the north, reaching its northernmost distribution in Luxembourg and central Germany. Distinct colour forms are found on the island groups including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands. To the south, it can be found in the mountains of the central Sahara, in the high mountains of central Africa and in the Mediterranean areas of South Africa (Eardley 1994).

population:
This is the most abundant of the Amegilla species, together with A. albigena. However, there is no information available for the overall population size and trend of this species, although it is known to be very scattered in northern locations such as in Germany.

habitat:
Amegilla quadrifasciata is found in a broad range of habitats, from dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece (Petanidou 1994) to the edges of saltmarshes in southern France (Rust et al. 2003). In Italy it is found in both semi-natural and agricultural habitats (Quaranta et al. 2004) and in suburban sites in Madeira (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been observed on Lantana (Verbenaceae) and Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species shows some preference for Boraginaceae (Anchusa spp., Echium spp.) and Lamiaceae (Iuga 1958). It hosts the kleptoparasitic bee Thyreus histrionicus. The details of the nesting behaviour are not known.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), and it is considered extinct in some of its localities in Germany (Day 1991), since the species was only recorded once but it cannot be found now.There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although given its general abundance and the extent of its known range, it is very likely to be. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is present through much of the Mediterranean area. Outside of Europe, it is found from North Africa to the Caucasus and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Amegilla salviae is characterised by its fast flight and its high pitched buzzing. It seems to be quite a generalist regarding its floral choices (Iuga 1958) so it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from disjunct subpopulations in Sicily, Spain and Russia, where it is rare and scattered (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa (Libya), through Central Asia, Iran and the Caucasian region. Its area of occupancy is clearly below 2,000 km2.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the subpopulations of this species appear to be fragmented throughout its range.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are very small (3,979 km2 and 8 km2, respectively). With no recent findings, the species is only known from two widely separated localities in Greece, so the population is considered fragmented, and thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B. However there is a general lack of information regarding the habitat, ecology and threats to this species, and further research is needed. It is not known if the regional population experiences any significant immigration.

range:
This species has only been collected twice at two widely separated localities in Greece (Warncke 1983) in Europe. The two known populations in Europe are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,979 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 8 km2.Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey and Armenia (Warncke 1983).

population:
This species is very rare within its entire European distribution area, with only two known sites. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitat and other information on the ecology of this species are also unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book.  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further  research is needed into the species taxonomic status, distribution, population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species  occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to southwest Europe (Spain and southern France), with only a single known recent record in Spain and few observations in the past; historical recorded sites in France have been resurveyed, and there have been surveys in suitable habitat in Spain. The current area of occupancy (AOO), based on recent records, is estimated at 8 km2. Considering all known records, the population is considered severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, based on the decline in the number of collected specimens over time. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.Further study is required to confirm the species current distribution and population trends, and to understand the species habitat requirements. The taxonomic status of the closely related north African species, Ammobates handlirschi (Friese, 1895), requires confirmation.

range:
This species is known only from Spain and southern France (Rognac, Bouches-du-Rhone; Warncke 1983). Observations of this species are at least 80 years old, except for a single recent record (from Teruel, near Valencia, eastern Spain).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 66,925 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2 based on all known findings. However, the EOO and AOO based only on records from the last 80 years, may be much smaller; the EOO may be no more than 6,066 km2 and the AOO around 8 km2.There there are consistently infrequent records for this species over time. Some former localities and their wide areas were well investigated (for example, southern France, Ch. Schmid-Egger, J. van der Smissen and J. Smit pers. comm., via J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).

population:
The population size and trend of this species is uncertain. However, the species is extremely rare and there have been very few individuals collected across the whole known distribution. A single specimen was collected in France in 1894 and three individuals were collected at three widely separated localities in Spain in 1890, 1933, and 2000.  There may be only one population remaining in Spain, because there is only a single  recent record of this species (from  a locality close to Valencia (Teruel)). No further records of this species are known (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).Based on the decline on the number of collected specimens over time, it is suspected that the population trend of this species is decreasing.Based on all records, it appears that the populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and that, historically, the population of this species should therefore be considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
The habitat and ecology of this species are not certain. The species may occur at grasslands and open shrubland with bare soil. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host(s) is/are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further   research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat,   ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species   occurs in protected areas. It is very important to re-find the species and to determine both the host species of this kleptoparasite and the habitat preference for conservation its suitable habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent records and information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. This species has a restricted range within Europe, currently only known from Cyprus, and sparse distribution and further research is needed to assess the status of this species. In addition, the taxonomic status of the species is not certain.

range:
This species is known from Cyprus, Turkey (near İçel, southeastern Turkey) and Israel (Warncke 1983).According to the possible habitat of this species in the lowlands of the island of Cyprus, the extent of occurrence (EOO) may be less than 4,500 km2; it is not possible to estimate the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species. This species occurs very sparsely in its entire distribution range (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this case, bees of the genus Ancyla (Warncke 1983). The most likely host species is Ancyla holtzi (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013). It occurs in habitats typified by sparse vegetation with an abundance of annual and biennial flowers, especially Apiacae that are the principal forage plants of the host bees. Host bees nest in bare sandy soil under sparse and tall herbaceous vegetation. Nesting biotopes can be steppe, pastures, or margins of fields and orchards (almost any kind), as well as margins of unpaved roads (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book and is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because in Europe, the species is known only from old records from Cyprus. There is no information about the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is known from old records in southern Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is known from scattered old records from Turkey (near Ceylanpinar, southeastern Turkey), Israel (Jerusalem, Lahev, Tel Qazir) and Palestine (Jericho) (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of its European distribution is estimated at 90 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

habitat:
It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this instance, Tarsalia ancyliformis (Apidae) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). The species probably prefers grasslands with sparse plant cover and largely bare soil as the host prefer such biotopes (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).The bee visits Centaurea hyalolepis, C. cilicica, and Carlina lanata (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species    occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the current area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2 and the population is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the AOO as the EOO and the AOO based on historic records were much larger. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, especially in northern latitudes based on number of collected individuals over time. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe. The only recent records are from Greece, including numerous Aegean islands and Crete and its historic distribution goes north to Romania and Crimea in the Ukraine (Warncke 1983). Including historic records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 745,953  km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2. However, recent data are only from southern populations, especially Greece. Considering only recent records, the EOO is 182,000 km2 and the AOO is 88 km2; therefore there has been a reduction of EOO and AOO over time. The species distribution seems to be disjunct especially in the northern parts of its range, thus the population is considered severely fragmented.

population:
The population size and trend of this species is uncertain. However, there are only historic data for the Romanian and the Ukrainian populations, thus there is a clear reduction in the overall population. The population in the south of Greece, seems to be currently healthy.

habitat:
This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and the hosts are from the genus Eucera. Warncke (1983) proposed Eucera armeniaca (Morawitz 1878) as a host and Vereecken et al. (2012) observed as a host E. dimidiata Brulle, 1832 and propose E. algira Brulle, 1840 as another possible host. The species prefers various grasslands, steppe or forest steppe biotopes with abundant areas with bare soil.

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities (at least in parts of its range), it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, but it is considered as Extinct in Hungary by Józan (2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because this species is commonly found in most areas of its range.

range:
This west Mediterranean species occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France and Italy. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,311,602 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km2.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown but this species is commonly found in most areas of its distribution.

habitat:
This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts of this cuckoo bee are Eucera nigrifacies Lepeletier, 1841, E. seminuda Brullé, 1832 (Warncke 1983) and probably some other species of the genus Eucera. The species prefers open habitats with bare soil, where the host can nest. It occurs in various steppe biotopes, shrubland, pastureland, but also gardens or areas of sparse tree plantation, such as orchards and olive groves.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is known to occur in protected areas (eg. Parque Nacional and Parque Natural de Coto Doñana - Andalucia, Spain). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats affecting the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)In Europe, the species is known from eastern Europe (Bulgaria, European Russia, and the Ukraine). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species occurs from eastern Europe (Bulgaria, European Russia, and the Ukraine) to Kazakhstan (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 462,910 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2; these values are calculated taking into consideration old records (more than 40 years ago). There are no recent records for this species (J. Straka pers. com. 2013).

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitats and other ecological information are unknown for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species does not occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from southern Europe (southernmost mainland Italy and Sicily and the Canary Islands). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species occurs in southernmost mainland Italy and Sicily as well as in the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe, it occurs in the coastal areas from Morocco to Egypt, and also in Israel (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 21,284 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 24 km2 for Europe.

population:
This species is relatively rarely collected. Only a few records exist from Italy and these are mainly old. The population in the Canary islands seems to be stable; there are old as well as recent records known (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species prefers dry biotopes with sparse land cover of the semidesertic or steppic character.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution throughout much of Europe and presumed overall population, although the species is very localised and threatened in parts of its range. The species is also threatened by succession and inappropriate management of sandy biotopes, especially in northern localities. Further research is needed to estimate the population size of the species.

range:
This species is distributed across much of Europe, to 53° North and eastwards to the Ukraine. It is known also from northern Algeria (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,545,805 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 668 km2.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species is widespread, but very local in most areas of its range.

habitat:
This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this cuckoo bee is Anthophora (Heliophila) bimaculata (Panzer, 1798). The species occurs in open sandy biotopes (Warncke 1983).

threats:
In northern areas of its range, the biotopes of alluvial sands are threatened by spontaneous growth associated with succession and tree plantations.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the following National Red Lists or Red Data Books: Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Extinct, with latest record in 1956; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas (although given its range, it is likely).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula, southern France, and Italy (Sicily)). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This is a west Mediterranean species known from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Sicily and north Africa (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 806,964 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitats and other ecological information are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is only known from  Europe only from two records in Europe (Greece and Bulgaria). Listed as Data Deficient as the species is known only from two records in Europe and there is no recent information. There is lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
This species is known in Europe only from two records, one from Greece and one from Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is only known from a handful of records from Turkey and Turkmenistan (Warncke 1983). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species is known only from two collected individuals in Europe. The species is very rare (J. Straka pers. com. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from across central and southern Europe. Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it has a restricted range with a small area of occupancy (AOO), thus it could be threatened.

range:
This species is distributed across central and southern Europe, and is known from Italy, Hungary, eastern Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 598,982 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species occurs in open steppic biotopes with bare soil.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information available as there is only a single record of this species known from Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats and ecology, and threats.

range:
This species occurs in north Africa (Warncke 1983). One specimen from the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura) exists in collections (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011).

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only a single record is known from Europe.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species occurs in desertic biotopes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
This species is distributed across southern Europe from Spain, through Switzerland, northern Italy, Corsica to Hungary, Greece, Ukraine, north of Bulgaria and Russia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in southern Turkey and Tunisia (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,613,338 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km2.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host species are Tetraloniella dentata (Germar, 1839) and T. ruficornis (Fabricius, 1804) (Warncke 1983). The species occurs in various open grassland biotopes with bare soil, especially steppes and pastures.

threats:
Succession of steppe biotopes, cultivation of trees and reduction of grazing on grasslands. The species requires continuity of bare soil in all its biotopes.

conservationAction:
This species is included in a National Red List of Slovenia (status as Rare species, with no equivalent to IUCN Categories; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomy (see Taxonomic Notes), population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2,  the remaining subpopulations in central Europe and the western part of eastern Europe seem to be isolated from each other and from other populations,  thus the species is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of mature individuals, based on the disappearance of the species from some countries and the very limited number of current records of the species. In addition, one of its host species, Melitturga clavicornis, has been assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
The species is distributed from Germany in the west to central Russia in the east. Outside Europe, the species occurs in Kazakhstan, Turkey and Lebanon (Warncke 1982, Popov 1990). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,220,511 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2. However the current EOO is much smaller, because of the possible loss of the species from Germany and the Czech Republic.The species has been looked for at former recorded sites in the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary (where it was formerly very common) and no new collections have been made (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). There is a single recent record from the Czech Republic, and a possible record from Germany.

population:
This is a very rare and local species in the western part of its distribution, and it is uncommon elsewhere in its range. It strongly correlates with a decrease in abundance of the host species of this cuckoo bee in west and central Europe. The species is considered to be extinct in two European countries and it is probably also disappearing in some other countries, which may explain the very limited number of individuals of this species collected nowadays.Relatively strong surviving populations are probably only located in southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria, Greece). There are no recent data from the Ukraine and Russia, where the species may also survive. The remaining sub-populations in central Europe and western part of east Europe seem to be isolated from each other and from other populations, thus the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species inhabits warm steppe and semi-desert habitats with abundant sources of flowers from the Fabaceae family. The hosts are bees of the genus Melliturga (Warncke 1982).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. It is suspected that the disappearance of this species correlates with the decline of grazing and disappearing of suitable habitat of the host species (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in a National Red List of the Czech Republic (Extinct; Straka 2005; with a single recent record (from 2006) in the last 20 years, Straka et al. 2007), and Germany (Extinct, with latest record in 1959; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is a very little known about this species. It is only known in Europe from two old records, and research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, hosts, and threats.

range:
This species is known from Turkey (in Asia), and there are two old records from Macedonia and Bulgaria (Warncke 1982). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, although the hosts of this species are unknown. The species is found on xerothermic biotopes and steppe.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from a single specimen collected in Bulgaria. Further research is needed to confirm the taxonomic status of the species, and into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats.

range:
The species is known from a single record (the type specimen) from the area around Sandanski in southwestern Bulgaria (Kocourek 1990).

population:
This species is only known from a single specimen (Kocourek 1990). The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The habitat and ecological requirements of this species remain unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomic validity of the species described from a single specimen, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species is known from southwest Europe (Spain, Portugal and southern France) as well as from north Africa (Morocco and Algeria) (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 452,020 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 72 km2 for Europe.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species probably inhabits open habitats. The habitat and ecological requirements of this species remain unknown.


range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Bulgaria (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is present in Turkey, Lebanon and Israel.

population:
There is no information available on its population size and trends, since this extremely rare species is only known by a very few specimens in Europe.

habitat:
Straka and Rozen (2012) provided some data from the Adana region of Turkey, where nests were found widely scattered in grassy areas of an abandoned cornfield. The species forages on Daucus carota (Apiaceae) for mating and pollen foraging, and it flies in June and July.There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe.


range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Crete. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and Israel (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since it is extremely rare and only known from a very few specimens in Europe.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species. It is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands given its range.


range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkey, Iran and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitat of this rare species, however, it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.According to Warncke (1979), the species forages on Cichorium sp. (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria, while in Cyprus it forages on Eryngium creticum (Apiaceae) (Grace 2010). Warncke (1979) reports a male flying in May in Iran and Friese (1902) reports the species flying in August at 800 m asl in Greece.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this very rare species is only known from a few specimens in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Greece. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of A. nigricornis, since it is an extremely rare species that is only known from a very few specimens in Europe.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can suspected to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey, Armenia, the Caucasus region and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since it is an extremely rare species which is only known from a very few specimens in Europe.

habitat:
There is little detailed information available on the habitat and ecology of this rare species. However, given the European range of this species, it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this is an extremely rare species which is only known from one specimen in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Greece, where only one specimen was collected in Salakos in 1983 (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of Ancyla oraniensis, as it is an extremely rare species.

habitat:
There is little detailed information available on the habitat and ecology of this rare species. However, given the European range of this species it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this species is only known from a few specimens in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in Greece. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Syria, Israel and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).

population:
This is an extremely rare species, which is only known by a very few specimens in Europe. Therefore, there is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

threats:
The details of the threats to this species remain unknown, however, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and because, despite being threatened and scarce in certain European countries, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size of the species.

range:
This species can be found from northern Spain north eastwards to northern Germany, and eastwards to Lake Baikal in eastern Russia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Even though this species remains very abundant in large areas of its distribution, it is nevertheless decreasing in other areas. It is considered Extinct in the Netherlands and it has nearly disappeared from northern France and Belgium.

habitat:
Anthophora aestivalis utilises a broad range of habitats. In the Mediterranean Basin, it is associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, mature Pinus brutia woodlands with open areas and trackways, abandoned olive groves, open hillside pasturelands with Quercus macrolepis and vegetated sandy upper beaches (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001); while in Italy Quaranta et al. (2004) report it from a range of semi-natural and agricultural habitats. Iuga (1958) states that A. aestivalis appears to have a preference towards dry grasslands and woodlands edges. The species is assumed to be polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, such as Trifolium pratensis (Fabaceae), Lamium purpureum, Ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae) and Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae) (Iuga 1958). The flight period extends from early April to June. The details of the nesting biology are unknown.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants. P. Rasmont (pers. obs. 2014) states that the main threats to this species are the removal of clovers (Trifolium sp.) and weeds.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable, Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for A. aestivalis, but clover (Trifolium) seeding could be useful to preserve the species (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas, although given its large extent of occurrence, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the overall population size of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the confusion in the literature surrounding the taxonomy of the species, and the lack of information on the population trend and threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range. Future        research may well show    that Anthophora affinis warrants listing with  a threatened status.

range:
The species is present throughout the Mediterranean region, with the exception of Egypt (Priesner 1957), and the observations from Germany and Italy need to be confirmed. Outside of Europe, it appears in southern Russia, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia (Rasmont 1995, Rasmont 2014).

population:
Anthophora affinis is scattered throughout its known range, but it can be locally abundant (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). There is no information available about the population trend of the species.

habitat:
This species lives along wood edges and forages mainly on flowers with very long corollae such as Silene italica (Caryophyllaceae), Buglossoides purpurocaerula, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae), Melittis melissophyllum (Lamiaceae), Lonicera spp. and Centranthus ruber  (Caprifoliaceae) (Rasmont 1995).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthophora biciliata (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species and to elucidate the taxonomy further.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and current threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, which is unclear due to the lack of information.

range:
This species occurs widely through the Mediterranean Basin. It is also present in southern Russia, the Near East and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although specimen data suggest that the species can be locally abundant in suitable habitat (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. The details of its nesting behaviour and forage requirements are unknown, but it shows a clear preference for Boraginaceae species. The species has been recorded visiting Echium angustifolium, Anchusa undulata (Boraginaceae); Muscari comosum (Liliaceae); Cistus parviflorus (Cistaceae) and Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from April to early June.

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain  unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub  communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range,  inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, which is unclear due to the lack of information.

range:
In Europe, Anthophora albosignata is only known from the mainland of Italy, Sicily and Greece (Friese 1896, Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is present through the Near East and North Africa, where it seems to be quite common in Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

population:
This is a rare and poorly known species. There is no information available on the population size and trends of A. albosignata.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern since it is the most widespread of the Anthophora species from the Canary Islands and it has a presumably large population, foraging on a wide range of plant species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.

range:
Anthophora alluaudi is endemic to the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This species is the most widespread Anthophora of the Canary Islands. However, there is no information available about its population trend.

habitat:
There is little information available on its habitat preferences, but A. alluaudi is found in open Pinus canariensis forests at 2,000 m asl in Tenerife, having been recorded up to 2,300 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).It is believed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been observed on the following families: Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Theaceae and Verbenaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993, Ollerton et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in at least one protected area, the Teide National Park (Tenerife). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this rare and poorly known species has been observed in eastern Ukraine (Donetsk Region) and in southeastern European Russia (Orenburg Region) (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is present in Central Asia.

population:
This is a rare and poorly known species, and there is no information available for its population size and trend.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can expected to occur on temperate or Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Anthophora andalusica seems to be endemic to Spain (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trends of this species. However, it is considered to be rare.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be suspected to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


range:
In Europe, the species is present through France and Spain. Elsewhere, it appears in North Africa and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it can be very abundant locally in Mediterranean shrublands where it forages.

habitat:
This species can be locally very abundant in Mediterranean shrubland, where it forages mainly on Lavandula spp. (Lamiaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).


range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Crimea (Ukraine) and the Volgograd region in Russia. Elsewhere, it is present from the Caucasus, the Near East, Uzbekistan and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on steppic type habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ukraine (Rare; Akimov 2009). However, there are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is  unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas  within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the  population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the  species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large population overall. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.

range:
Anthophora atroalba is found across the Mediterranean and former Yugoslavia (Rasmont 2014). It has also been recorded from Central Asia by Friese (1896), but these records could be the result of confusion with A. erschowi.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, in a number of major biodiversity studies in Greece and Lesvos, the species has appeared to be a very common component of the the apifauna in phryganic ecosystems (Petanidou 1994, Nielsen et al. 2011). It is therefore presumed to have a large population overall.

habitat:
This species can be found in many open landscapes, including phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece (Petanidou 1994) and in both semi-natural and agricultural habitats in Italy (Quaranta et al. 2004). The details of the nesting behaviour and precise forage requirements are not known; however it is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, and it is known to visit Asphodelus ramosus, Muscari comosum (Liliaceae); Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium stellatum (Fabaceae); Crepis commutata, Crupina crupinastrum (Asteraceae); Cistus creticus (Cistaceae); Prasium majus, Salvia verbenaca (Lamiaceae) and Echium angustifolium (Boraginaceae) (Petanidou 1994).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to May (and a bit earlier in North Africa) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although it is likely given its large extent of occurrence (EOO). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez and Jimenéz-Rodríguez 1992), being best represented in the Balearic Islands (J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014). There are some records from the eastern part of Spain that would need to be confirmed, as the species can be easily mistaken with other species such as A. leucophaea (J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014).

population:
The species is presumed to be locally common. However, there is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat requirements of the species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Anthophora balearica forages on Salvia sp. and Fabaceae species (Montero-Castaño et al. 2014, Friese 1896).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine whether there are any specific threats to the species.

range:
This montane species is known from the Alps, the Massif Central, the Pyrénées, the mountains of central Spain and Portugal, mainland Italy and Sicily. Outside Europe, the species is found in the western Maghreb (Morocco) (Rasmont 2014).

population:
The species is presumed to be generally abundant in mountain meadows, its preferred habitat, and remains stable.

habitat:
The species is present in montane meadows, and it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. It is reported to forage on Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, even if it seems to be decreasing in certain countries (such as Switzerland, Slovenia and the Netherlands), it is also recovering in others, such as Belgium. The species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough overall to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the specific threats to the species at the continental scale.

range:
This species can be found in most parts of Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution in southern England, Belgium, central Germany and Poland. It is also present all along the west Mediterranean countries, although it seems absent from most of the eastern Mediterranean such as the Balkans, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. Anthophora bimaculata can be found through Central Asia and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This species is one of the most widespread of the Anthophora and it can be locally very abundant. While it is decreasing in certain European countries, such as Switzerland, Netherlands and Slovenia, it is also recovering in others, such as Belgium. Therefore, its overall trend is presumed to be stable. However, it could be under-represented in collections as it flies quite fast, making the species rather difficult to sample.

habitat:
This species can be found in open areas, shrublands, grasslands, lowland heathlands, coastal soft-rock cliffs and undercliffs. Female Anthophora bimaculata usually nest gregariously in level soil, sandy banks and cliff faces, and aggregations may be extensive. The nest architecture and immature stages are unknown.It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, although it is specially attracted by the Common Lavender (Lavandula x intermedia). A female has been seen collecting Echium vulgare pollen (Boraginaceae) in England (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995). Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) additionally list Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae), Centaurea rhenana (Asteraceae), Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae) and Potentilla arenaria (Rosaceae) as forage sources in Poland.The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from late June to mid-September.

threats:
Heathland habitats are subject to a number of pressures ranging from widespread commercial forestry, urban and infrastructure development, mineral extraction and military training (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), making the species potentially threatened.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable, Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it does occur in protected areas such as Swanscombe NNR, Iping Common NNR, Ashurst (New Forest NP), RSPB Cliffe and Holt Heath NNR in the UK. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species at a continental scale.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is presumed to be around 2,000 km2 and there has been a decline in the number of mature individuals in certain parts of its range. It is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be regarded as a threat in its own right. Therefore, it qualifies as Near Threatened under Criterion B2b(v). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
This is the only Anthophora species with a distinctly northern distribution, and in Europe the southernmost known locations seem to be Slovakia and Hungary. However, the species also occurs in the Caucasus (Rasmont 2014). To the north, the species is found in St.Petersburg and the are surrounding Moscow, Russia, but the northernmost limits are not clearly defined, and it is presumed that it may even reach the Arctic Circle. To the east, it spreads through Siberia to reach the Amur Basin (Levchenko 2011).The area of occupancy (AOO) is presumed to be around 2,000 km2.

population:
This species is rare in all of its localities. The population is presumed to be decreasing since the species has completely disappeared from Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora borealis was formerly found in sandy places in the central and southern Netherlands, occupying the edges of open pine forests, clear-felled areas and old clay quarries (Peeters 2012, citing Westrich 1989). The nests are constructed in sunny, bare sandy places, often in small aggregations of up to a dozen nests (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and Iuga (1958) cites Trifolium (Fabaceae), Stachys and Teucrium (Lamiaceae). Levchenko (2011) also adds Stachys palustris (Lamiaceae) and Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). It flies in the summer as a single generation in July and August. This species is the host of the kleptoparasitic bee Thyreus orbatus (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
Anthophora borealis has completely disappeared from its westernmost locations, including France, the Netherlands and Belgium. Although it was observed in one station near Bayern after 1990 (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014), it is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it is quite rare in France, it seems to be very abundant in other parts of its range and the overall population size is presumed to be large and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.

range:
In Europe, the species is present in Spain, Sicily (where it is abundant), and the Mediterranean coast of France, where it is extremely rare. Elsewhere, it is abundant in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and is also reported from Libya (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is known to be abundant throughout Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain and Sicily, and extremely rare in France.

habitat:
This species typically lives in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, where it forages mainly on Lamiaceae species such as Lavandula, Rosmarinus, Ballota and Thymus species (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is found across the Mediterranean. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Levant (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This species occurs in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands across its range (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), and in open hillside pasturelands with Quercus macrolepis and abandoned hillside olive groves in Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and pollen forage requirements are unknown, although visitation has been observed at Asphodelus aestivus (Liliaceae), Anchusa hybrida, Echium sp. (Boraginaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies in March and April in Europe, and earlier in North Africa and the Levant (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, this species is only known from the Volgograd region in southern Russia. Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Siberia where its distribution is not yet defined (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on steppic-type habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
This species occurs mainly in the west European Basin, including Normandy in France and Nordrhein-Westfalen and Franconia in Germany, although it seems that the species has become extinct in this country. It is also present in Ukraine, southern Russia and Israel to the east, but it does not seem to reach Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Even though the range of the species is quite large, it is always in scattered localities where it is rare. There is no information available for the trend of this species.

habitat:
The species occurs at high altitudes in the mountains and in sub-alpine areas where few other Anthophora species occur (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and pollen forage requirements are unknown. However, Friese (1896) and Iuga (1958) only list Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae) as a forage plant.The data from Bulgaria show that the species flies from late May to early July (Z. Karas pers. comm. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from the former Yugoslavia and Greece (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This species is poorly known and has been found in very few localities but can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Ukraine and southern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species is present through the Near East and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
In Europe, the species is considered to be rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthophora deserticola lives in steppic habitats. However, there is no information available on the ecology of the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it is the most abundant Lophanthophora species from Europe and the overall population is presumed to be large and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
In Europe, this species is present in Hungary, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. Outside of Europe, it appears throughout the whole of North Africa and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Anthophora dispar is abundant in southern France, the Iberian peninsula, Italy and the whole of North Africa, and is the most abundant from the Lopanthophora species in Europe. Presumably, the populations must be quite common. There is no information available for the population trend of this species, although they are presumed to be stable.

habitat:
The species lives in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, where it forages widely on Rosmarinus species (Lamiaceae). The data from Israel suggest that the species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been recorded on a range of plant species within the families Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Liliaceae (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2004). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies (in Israel at least) from February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain  unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub  communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
This species occurs in Ukraine, southern Russia and the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora dubia lives in steppic habitats. There is no information available about the ecology of the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in Mediterranean countries, including the island of Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), former Yugoslavia, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Caucasian area and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although in Israel it is often abundant in suitable habitat (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Lesvos and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and the pollen forage requirements are unknown but it is known to visit Salvia (Iuga 1958, Grace 2010) and various Boraginaceae species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from March to May.

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain   unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub   communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing  regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative  impact on the species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to a lack of certainty regarding its taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is known from a very low number of specimens from North Africa, Ukraine and Near East (Rasmont 2014). There are some specimens determined by Donald Baker from Israel and Crete, and there are also records in the literature from Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is known to be associated with dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. The details of the nesting biology are unknown. Anthophora erschowi seems to be polylectic, in that it forages on a wide range of flowering plant species (Grace 2010) and visitation has been observed at various Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae species (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2004). The flight period is from February to late April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain    unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub    communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing   regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative   impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomy, population size, trends,ecology and threats to the species.


range:
This is a western Mediterranean species. In Europe, it occurs in the Iberian peninsula, southern France and Italy. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This species appears in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and it seems to be specialized in foraging on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain     unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub     communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing    regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative    impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is restricted to southern Spain and Sicily. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco and Algeria (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available for the habitats of this species. Anthophora ferruginea mainly forages on Lamiaceae (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, especially considering that the species probably has a small area of occupancy (AOO), the populations are fragmented and there is no chance of a rescue effect between them.

range:
In Europe, the species is known from Italy, Sicily, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in Turkey (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The European subpopulations appear to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
In Turkey, Grace (2010) reports records of A. fulvipes on Centaurea, Onopordum (Asteraceae) and Salvia (Lamiaceae). There is no information available for the habitat of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grasslands.


range:
This species occurs all around the Mediterranean area and in central Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution at the latitude of Paris (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a rare species everywhere throughout its range. There is no information available on its population trend, but the subpopulations in Romania and Ukraine appear to be fragmented from the rest.

habitat:
Despite the species' widespread occurrence, there is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can assumed to occur on temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. Iuga (1958) lists Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae) as the main foraging plant for A. fulvitarsis, but it has also been observed on various other plants in several families (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species occurs in western Mediterranean countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy and southern France). Elsewhere, it appears in Morocco and Egypt (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a rare and localized species, and it could be under-represented in collections since it flies quite fast, making it rather difficult to sample. There is no information available on the population trend of the species.

habitat:
This is a small, fast flying species which lives in open areas, steppes and dry grasslands. There is no information available on its ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it has large, strong and stable populations.

range:
The species occurs through the whole of Europe, reaching its northern-most distribution to the latitude of Helsinki. In European Russia, it is present from the Caucasus to the Arctic Circle (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present through the eastern Palaearctic and it is also known from Alaska.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it appears to have strong and stable populations at least in parts of its range (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014).

habitat:
The species is present in a range of habitats as long as there is dead wood present in which to nest. This can include woodland, urban parks and gardens and heathland edges. This species is unusual among Anthophora species in excavating its nesting burrows in dead wood, including trees, fencing and even driftwood on the shoreline (G. Else pers. comm. 1995).It is oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, with females exhibiting a marked preference for Lamiaceae (Westrich 1989). In the Netherlands, Peeters et al. (1999) additionally list Boraginaceae as important forage plants, and Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) list Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae) as a forage source in Poland. Pekkarinen (1998) lists the following genera as pollen sources in Finland: Ballota, Galeopsis, Hyssopus, Lamium, Prunella, Satureija, Scutellaria and Stachys (all Lamiaceae).Anthophora furcata is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from late May to August or early September.The bee Coelioxys alata is cited as a kleptoparasite of Anthophora furcata (Celary 1989, Warncke 1992, Scheuchl 1996).

threats:
There are no current threats known for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps a number of protected areas such as Dunwich Heath NT, Durlston Head SSSI, Gait Barrows NNR and Ynyslas Dunes (Dyfi NNR) in the UK, and NSG Littfelder Grubengebiet in Germany.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
This species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Hungary (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats of this species. Anthophora gallica has been observed mainly on Lavandula x intermedia, on road sides in anthropogenic Mediterranean mixed landscapes (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although given the size of its extent of occurrence (EOO), it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species occurs in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Caucasian region and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora gracilipes lives in steppic areas. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its small European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.


