# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
Populations from south Iraq and Kuwait have been ascribed to a poorly differentiated subspecies, Orthetrum t. igarashii Asahina, 1973, of which the taxonomic status needs clarification.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthetrum trinacria is fairly common in Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, Pantelleria and parts of the southern half of Portugal and Spain. Its habitats are not under specific threat and it might benefit from climate change. The species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orthetrum trinacria is a common and widespread Afrotropical species which extends north up to the Ebro Valley in Spain and to the Middle East (Boudot et al. 2009). Records from Turkey have never been confirmed and are considered doubtful. In Europe, the species is known from the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and the Italian island of Pantelleria. Although now not uncommon in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula the first record only dates back to 1983 (Belle 1984). This makes it likely that the species has shown an increase in the last decades. The only European record in the east of the Mediterranean is old (prior to 1929) and comes from Rhodos. The species is likely to benefit from climate change.

population:
Within its European range the species is fairly common but seldom abundant.

habitat:
The species is found in standing waters such as large lakes.

conservationAction:
No specific action for this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). Pantala flavescens is a vagrant to Europe although it is likely that it might establish itself over the next decades. At the moment it is considered as Not Applicable for Europe.

range:
Pantala flavescens is a well-known circumtropical migrant which is common in Australia, Asia, Africa and North and South America. The species is remarkably rare in North Africa and Europe. It probably reproduces regularly in the Levant and maybe also in Cyprus and Turkey. Within Europe, records have been published from Montenegro (Ober 2008), the Greek island Rhodos (Laister 2005) the European part of Turkey (Hacet and Aktaç 2004, 2006) and mainland Greece. The species has been mentioned from France and Spain; which is probably based on a misinterpretation of French literature by Jurzitza (1967). Records from Britain are either dubious or refer to ship-assisted specimens. There are presently no indications that it reproduces within Europe but it is not unlikely that it will increase in the next decades and will become indigenous for the European fauna.

population:
Only a handfull of individuals have been recorded in Europe. The species is however common and extremely abundant in most of its range outside of Europe.

habitat:
The species is found in all kinds of standing waters.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Selysiothemis nigra is a very mobile species which is adapted to colonise new, ephemeral waters. The species has a limited range in Europe and is generally scarce, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The main area of distribution of Selysiothemis nigra is found in Central Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Its European distribution is almost completely confined to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean. The only exceptions are records from the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and two records from the Black Sea coast of the Ukraine. The species is known from all European Mediterranean countries with the exception of France and Slovenia. It has however a very scattered distribution being rare in many countries although it seems slightly more abundant along the east coast of Spain, on Sicily and especially in Croatia. Northernmost records are now from the extreme north of Spain (at no more than 25 km south of the French border), to the north of Italy, the east of Bulgaria, Ukraine and the southwest of the Ural.

population:
The species has a scattered distribution in the European part of its range and is scarce in many areas. However it can be locally very abundant.

habitat:
In Europe S. nigra seems to be mostly confined to coastal, shallow standing waters that are unshaded and often brackish. S. nigra is a strong migrant and probably has a short larval phase which allows it to reproduce in ephemeral water bodies.

threats:
In Europe S. nigra is dependent on coastal wetlands. Development for tourism is therefore a threat to the species. The species is adapted to reproduce in ephemeral water bodies and will therefore be less impacted by climate change than other species.

conservationAction:
Coastal wetland areas are under threat in the Mediterranean due to all kinds of infrastructure developments of which tourism is one of the most important. Limiting the amount of infrastructure developments in coastal areas and designating protected areas is needed for species dependent on these habitats.Data on the population size is scant in Europe and fieldwork is needed. Information on habitat requirements are largely absent and no information on trends is available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum danae is common and widespread in the northern two-thirds of Europe and its habitat is not threatened. The species is assessed as Least Concern on European level.

range:
Sympetrum danae is common and widespread in Central and North Europe. The species is largely absent from the southern third of Europe and is there found only at higher elevations (Alps and Pyrenees).

population:
The species is widespread and often abundant in Central and in large parts of northern Europe. In South Europe it is only found in mountain areas where it is fairly common.

habitat:
Sympetrum danae is most often found in acidic waters such as bogs, moorlands and acidic lakes. More rarely it is found in drying ponds, ditches, fens, old gravel pits. In the Mediterranean region it is confined to bogs and lakes in mountainous areas.

threats:
The species is not under any specific treat. Acidification and nutrification, which impacted many species of bogs and heath lakes have not lead to a decline of this species. In the future breeding habitats in the mountains of the Mediterranean region may be affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
No specific actions for this species are needed. Monitoring of this species in isolated southern localities is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU). S. depressiusculum is generally rare, has a patchy distribution and has shown a strong decline throughout most of its European range. It is estimated that this decline has been over 30% in the last ten years and might be over 30% in the next ten years. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable on European scale, even if in the near future, agricultural development in Eastern European Countries may lead to a decrease and loss of habitat and the species could mach the Endangered category.

range:
Sympetrum depressiusculum ranges from Europe to the Pacific coast of Asia. In Japan, it is an invasive species from the Asian mainland. Its European range covers Central, East and Southeast Europe. The species has a patchy distribution and there are large areas within its main range where it is rare to absent. A strong decline has taken place nearly everywhere from the second half of the 20th century onwards. The species is very rare (close to extinction) in Italy and in southern France with the last record from the Camargue dating back to 1987. The only known populations in France are found in the Rhone Valley and it seems to be extinct in the rest of the country. Strong declines and regional extinctions are also known from Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

population:
Sympetrum depressiusculum is scarce throughout its European range and population numbers have dropped in many areas in Europe. In the past the species was locally very abundant. In Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy the number of sites and populations has decreased by more than 50% in the last decade (De Knijf et al. 2006, Deliry et al. 2008, Ott et al. in press). However, in Poland, the species seems to be stable but this is possibly due to a lack of recent data.

habitat:
The species shows strong regional differences in habitat preferences. The key factor seems to be that it needs unshaded, often shallow and warm waters. Typically they become dry towards the end of the summer until next spring. Those situations can be found at borders of large lakes and in marshes. These kinds of situations are also found in fishponds and rice paddies in South Europe.

threats:
Major threats to this species are changes in rice cultivation in southern Europe and fish aquaculture and increasing use of ponds for angling in northern and central Europe, that has led to changes and destruction of its habitat. As a consequence to this habitat loss there is higher larval competition with other dragonflies species and predation by fish.Climate change will probably impact this species but it is difficult to predict if this will be positive or negative.

conservationAction:
Considering the relatively low number of strong populations in most countries it is advisable that for each of these the conservation status is determined and, if necessary, management plans are made. Protection of breeding sites is absolutely needed, preventing the intensive use of ponds for angling and through regulation of rice field management. The current agricultural practises at rice fields make them unsuitable for S. depressiusculum. It is however not unlikely that relatively small adaptations in the management of rice fields will increase the biodiversity without decreasing the production of rice. Research in order to see if this applies for S. depressiusculum is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is common and widespread in Eastern and large parts of Central and Northern Europe. The species is scarce in Southern Europe but there are no indications that it is declining. It is assessed as Least Concern on European scale.

range:
Sympetrum flaveolum ranges from western Europe to Japan. The species is widespread in Eastern and Central Europe and the southern half of Fennoscandia. In Britain and Ireland the species only occurs as a vagrant. In southern and western Europe the species has a patchy distribution and in the south it is largely limited to mountain areas only occurring in the lowland after invasions from Central and Eastern Europe.

population:
The species is very common in Eastern Europe but numbers fluctuate from year to year in the south and west of its range depending on invasions.

habitat:
In Eastern Europe the species is found at all kinds of standing waters. In the west and south of Europe it mainly inhabits shallow unstable waters, such as flooded meadows, swampy depressions or dune lakes that may partially dry up during summer. In the south of its range it is limited to mountain areas.

threats:
The species is not threatened in most of North, Central and East Europe. In the west of its range the numbers largely depend on invasions and there are no indications that its preferred habitats are declining. In West Europe the species is regarded as Endangered in several countries. In the south of its range, where it is generally rare, it is limited to mountain areas. Here habitat degradation, for instance due to climate change, is probably affecting the species.

conservationAction:
The species does not require action on European scale. The species is probably threatened with extinction in some countries in southern Europe and considered endangered in some western countries (Germany: EN, Switzerland: CR, Austria: CR). Here fieldwork is needed to map the main population so that the regional conservation status can be assessed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum fonscolombii is widespread and common in a large part of Europe and is expanding its range northwards, as it is a strong migrant. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Sympetrum fonscolombii is a widespread and common species found throughout Africa, southern Europe and eastwards to the Indian Subcontinent. The species is common and widespread in the southern half of Europe. The species becomes scarcer towards the north but has expanded its range considerably in the last two decades and is now common in most of Central Europe. The species shows a strong tendency to migrate and has been found northwards as for as Scotland, the Swedish island of Öland and Latvia. It is likely that climate change will facilitate a further northwards expansion in the next years.

population:
The species is common and widespread throughout most of its range and is among the most common dragonflies of southern Europe. It can occur in high densities.

habitat:
Sympetrum fonscolombii is found mostly at sunny, often shallow, standing waters (including man-made barrage lakes), it also occurs in running water. The species is in the Mediterranean especially abundant at coastal wetlands and rice fields. Especially in the north of its range it is mostly found at bare, warm and shallow habitats such as quarry lakes, sand pits and newly created ponds.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum meridionale has a wide range and in many areas of southern Europe it is a common species. It is showing an increase in Central and Western Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern on European level.

range:
Sympetrum meridionale occurs from southern Europe and the Maghreb to Central Asia. The species is generally common in the southern third of Europe but is scarce in the Iberian Peninsula. It can be very abundant in some areas, for instance in the Donau delta in the Ukraine and Romania. The species is rare in Central Europe but has shown a strong increase in the last decade and the most northern records are from the German Wadden Islands.

population:
The species is scarce in the north of its range but common and often abundant in the southern half of Europe, except for Iberia.

habitat:
Sympetrum meridionale favours unshaded, hot and often shallow standing waters which partially or totally dry up during summer. These are mostly well vegetated and marshy. The species is also found in coastal wetlands, on rivers, backwaters and marshes.

conservationAction:
No specific measures required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been discussed whether S. nigrifemur is a subspecies of S. striolatum. But here it is assessed as a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is widespread and flourishing within its range and does not seem to be threatened. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and to Madeira.

population:
The populations are widespread and flourishing on some of those island (Boudot et al. 2009).

habitat:
It is found mostly in running waters but also occurs in standing waters.

threats:
The populations do not seem to be in decline at the moment. Water use for tourism is the main possible threat to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). S. pedemontanum has a fragmented distribution throughout Central and Eastern Europe. It is localised but it can be abundant at breeding sites (e.g., rice fields in the River Po catchments area). The trend of the species varies from region to region with expansion in some areas but strong decreases in large parts of Switzerland (CR)., Germany (EN). and Austria (VU). In these countries it deserves attention. On the whole there is no reason to assume that the species has shown a strong decline in the last decade or to expect one in the next decade. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern on European scale. It needs to be noted that the species requires attention on a regional scale.

range:
Sympetrum pedemontanum ranges from Europe through the warmer, non-arid parts of temperate Asia to Japan. In Europe, its main distribution is in Central Europe. The westernmost European records, Galicia in Spain and northwest France and Wales, probably all pertain to vagrants. The westernmost populations are found in Catalonia (Lockwood 2007), the Camargue, Belgium and the Netherlands. The species is found throughout Central and East Europe but it is generally scarce and absent in some regions. The species seems to have decreased in many areas in the second half of the 20th century. The situation since the 1990s is unclear. In some areas like Baden-Württembergs it has shown a strong decrease since 1990 (Hunger et al. 2006) but in other areas such as the Netherlands (Bouwman 2008) it has strongly expanded its range in the last decade.

population:
The species has a patchy distribution in Europe being rare to absent in many areas but common and widespread in others. Populations can be large.

habitat:
Sympetrum pedemontanum shows a strong regional variation in habitat preferences. In most cases it seems to be associated with sunny, seepage fed waters, which may explain why it is most frequently found in hilly areas. Many habitats where it occurs become partially inundated in winter and early spring. This can be either along standing or along running waters. In northern Italy, the species is found in this kind of environment in rice fields. Most often the species is found at waters with a high calcium content but this is not a requirement as it can also be found at seepages and runnels at more acid environments such as lakes or bogs. In most of its range S. pedemontanum has a preference for man-made waters like slowly running ditches, channels and complexes of ponds. These are often seepage-fed and have a fair amount of vegetation, which does not get too high or dense as these habitats are cleaned every few years. Other man-made waters that can be occupied are ponds and quarries.

threats:
The species is rare in many regions and habitat destruction due to water pollution and developments could regionally lead to extinction. As for the habitat and the trend, the threats for S. pedemontanum probably vary strongly from region to region. In areas where the species is largely dependent on man-made waters an increased intensification of agricultural practise could lead to the loss of habitats. However S. pedemontanum is one of the few uncommon European species which is capable to have sizeable populations in agricultural areas. The abandonment of inundation areas along running waters as grazing areas may regionally lead to a decline of the species as it does not occur in situations where the vegetation becomes to high. In the Mediterranean the changing patterns of temperature and precipitation might become a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
The species does not need attention on European scale. Action needs to be undertaken on a regional scale as the trends of the species and its habitat choice vary from region to region. In some regions the species might be threatened by the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities. Here nature organisations could consider taking over this role. In areas were the species is mostly found in man-made waters the focus should be on helping water management organisations and farmers to establish a management protocol for ditches and channels which both facilitates the drainages and the nature value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is common and wide ranging and shows no signs of decline and is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Sympetrum sanguineum is found from northwest Africa (Maghreb) and Europe eastwards through western Siberia and Southwest Asia to the northwestern part of Mongolia. The species is widespread in the southern two thirds of Europe but becomes scarce in the arid regions of the Mediterranean and is absent or rare on the Mediterranean islands. The species is absent from the northern three-quarters of Scandinavia.

population:
The species is widespread and common in its range and is one of the most common dragonflies in Central Europe.

habitat:
S. sanguineum is found in standing or rarely in slow-flowing waters with a rich aquatic and bank side vegetation. It is most often found in marshy vegetation along lakes and ponds.

conservationAction:
Specific conservation measurements are not needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum sinaiticum has a relatively small European range, can be found in a broad range of habitats and the species does not seem to decline. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Sympetrum sinaiticum occurs in North Africa and the Levant. In Europe, the species is confined to east and south Spain where it is regionally common.

population:
The species has a small European range but is reasonably common and locally abundant.

habitat:
The species is found in both running and standing waters for reproduction. It also occurs in temporary conditions and ditches with running waters. It can be expected that a broad habitat spectrum is occupied by this species. S. sinaiticum aestivates during the summer and can be found far away from wetlands before reproducing in autumn (Jödicke et al. 2000).

threats:
The species is found in a wide variety of habitats and often occupies man-made waters. There are no specific threats to the habitat of this species besides general habitat degradation. The species is probably not strongly impacted by climate change as it is univoltine and aestivates as adult during the hot period of the year. Due to this, larvae are only present in the winter and spring and are not affected by desiccation of the habitat during summer.

conservationAction:
The habitats of this species are probably not under any specific threat and specific conservation measures for this species are not needed. The information on the types of habitats used in Spain is limited and it would be useful to have more specific information on habitats, possible threats and trends of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Sympetrum nigrescens from the atlantic coast of Ireland, Scotland and Norway are considered subspecies as there are no morphological characters separating the species and the differences in colouration in many cases do not alow a certain identification. Molecular work based on COI and ITS2 showed that the genetic distances between these taxa are small and fall in the range of within-species variation (Pilgrim & von Dohlen 2007). There is however no consensus on the status of this taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum striolatum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe as it is widespread, common and its habitats are not threatened.

range:
Sympetrum striolatum is widespread in Europe and the Maghreb and is found eastwards to east Asia where it is represented by several closely related subspecies which are sometimes regarded as full species. The species is very common in most of Europe but becomes scarcer to the north only reaching the southern third of Scandinavia.

population:
The species is generally common and abundant throughout its European range; it becomes scarcer and more localised in the Baltic States and Fennoscandia.

habitat:
Sympetrum striolatum is found in a large range of largely unshaded, standing waters or seldom in slowly running waters. The species is often found in man-made habitats and is one of the first species to colonise new ponds or quarries. It occasionally occurs in running or brackish waters.

conservationAction:
Conservation action is not required at present. The taxonomic status of S. nigrescens needs to be resolved.


taxonomicNotes:
In northern Spain, subspecies ibericum occurs, which requires further taxonomic study. Sympetrum decoloratum, which occurs in Asian Turkey and further east is considered to be a valid species, and not a subspecies of S. vulgatum. In eastern Asia several other subspecies have been described.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is not threatened on a European scale, as it is common and widespread in most of its range. The species might be declining in the south due to climate change. The species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Sympetrum vulgatum has a wide distribution and occurs eastwards to China and Japan. It is a common and widespread species in Central and eastern Europe. The species is largely absent from the southern third of Europe where it is mainly confined to higher elevations (Boudot et al. 2009). In Italy, it is probably the rarest species of Sympetrum (E. Riservato, pers. comm.). The species is in Britain only known from wanderers and is largely absent from the northern third of Fennoscandia. The subspecies S. v. ibericum, which is found in the French Pyrenees and northern Spain, is generally rare.

population:
The species is common and widespread in northern Central and Eastern Europe and frequently occurs in large populations. In the south, the species is rare and easily overlooked between the far higher numbers of S. striolatum and S. meridionale.

habitat:
The species is found in all kinds of standing, largely unshaded waters. In the Mediterranean region it reaches its southernmost distribution, constrained by climatic factors, and confined to areas of high elevation. Details on the habitat of S. vulgatum ibericum are lacking.

threats:
The species is not threatened in most of its range. However, climate change in the Mediterranean region may affect its subspecies S. vulgatum ibericum.

conservationAction:
No specific actions are needed for S. vulgatum on a European scale. However, fieldwork and monitoring to establish its conservation status in the Mediterranean and to assess if climate change is impacting on the species is needed. This is especially true for the subspecies S. v. ibericum and work on its taxonomy and habitat requirements is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the Mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards. Its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Trithemis annulata is a wide ranging Afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern Europe rapidly in recent decades. It expanded over the whole of the Iberian Peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern France for the first time in 1994 (Ferreras Romero 1981, Grand 1994). It is now regularly recorded from the Garonne estuary to the Rhône delta (Grand and Boudot 2006). The same expansion has been noted in Italy and to a lesser extent in the Balkan Peninsula. Recently the species was found at Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Boudot et al. 2009). Climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion.

population:
The species is common within its range and is often abundant. Its populations are increasing all over its European range.

habitat:
The species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters. It favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches, gravel pits and small lakes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). The presence of Trithemis arteriosa in Europe is less than 1% of its global range. It is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
This species occurs mainly in North Africa, the Levant and Asia. In Europe, this species is only present in Cyprus. A single female of Trithemis arteriosa has been recorded from Malta in 2002 (Ejeber et al. 2008). This record was subsequently questioned (Sciberras 2008), then proved to be erroneous from photographies and not validated (Boudot et al. 2009). There was also one old record from Rhodos which needs to be confirmed.

population:
The only known populations for Europe are in Cyprus.

habitat:
At the moment we have no indication that the species is reproducing in Europe, therefore the exact habitat where it is reproducing in Europe is not known.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). This species is just at its distribution limit in the East Aegean Islands, where it has been recorded for a long time in Rhodos and Cyprus. No major threats are present. In addition, a regular immigration is possible from Anatolia, so that T. festiva is classified LC.

range:
Trithemis festiva is a widespread oriental species which reaches its westernmost limit of distribution on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Cyprus and Rhodos, where it is rather common.

population:
The species is common within its east Mediterranean range.

habitat:
Trithemis festiva occurs in brooks, small rivers, and standing waters including ponds. It seems to tolerate a slight degradation of its habitat.

threats:
The species does not face major threats at the moment. The water and pollution levels should be controlled as streams drying up due to over-irrigation and increased drought periods could lead to a decline in the future.

conservationAction:
The use of water and pollution levels should be controlled.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). The species has only recently been found breeding in one Spanish province. This presence is less than 1% of its global range and it is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
Trithemis kirbyi is widespread in Africa and the Indian Subcontinent and reaches the southern Mediterranean coast. Recently the species has been found in Sardinia in 2003 (Holuša 2008) and in southern Spain in 2008 (Chelmick and Pickess 2008). In the province of Malaga, it was found breeding in 2008 (Cano-Villegas and Conesa Garcia 2009). It is not unlikely that this is a prelude to an expansion of its range to southern Europe as it has happened with other African species like Trithemis annulata and Brachytremis leucosticta.

population:
The species is not uncommon within its range in the Maghreb and often fairly abundant when found. It is likely that the same will be true for Europe if the species proofs to become a stable part of the European fauna.

habitat:
The species has only recently been found reproducing within Europe. Outside Europe, the species breeds in open, largely unshaded streams and runnels with a bare, stony or rocky bottom. The species is often found in open, arid landscapes but is also often present near settlements where it breeds in concrete ditches, and drink water basins for cattle and fountains.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed at the moment.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 assessment: Vulnarable (VU). There are presently (1980 onwards) not more than 18 localities of Zygonyx torridus in Europe, but the populations are extremely fragmented in two aggregates, one in the Canary Islands and the other one in South Iberia. One more record is available from Sicily. One recently known population is now extinct (Kunz et al. 2006). Both subpopulations may be possibly connected with the small Moroccan population, but no data exists in this respect.In Spain, several populations have been lost within the last 20 years due to water use for tourism and agriculture. Ongoing climate change may result in the loss of more locations in the future. In Portugal, the species could not be confirmed since its first records in 1985, possibly due to lack of field investigation.The Canary Islands and particularly Tenerife and Gran Canaria suffer from drought, which has been reported as early as 1967 due to the depletion of the primary Laurisylva ecosystem. Many wells in Tenerife were already dry in 1967, many streamlets are now almost dry in summer and, as an indicator, moist loving ferns have undergone a severe reduction between 1920 and 1970 (Malmquist et al. 1993). The situation is not better at Gran Canaria, where only three permanent streams subsist, in addition to some permanent summer pools in temporary streams and small springs (Nilsson et al. 1998). A future degradation of the habitat and a future decline of the species is expected.Although the species had been assessed NT in the overall Mediterranean Bassin and in North Africa, it should be regarded as Threatened in its European range (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)). However, due to its evident mobility a rescue effect from North Africa to the Canary Islands and continental Spain remains possible and therefore its status is downgraded to Vulnerable.

range:
Zygonyx torridus is a widespread African and oriental species with a range extending in the northwest to the Canary Islands, South Iberia, and Turkey and Iran in the east (Bemmerle 2005, Boudot et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2006). Its distribution in Europe shows a patchy belt with either aggregated or isolated localities stretching from the Canary Islands to South Spain and Sicily (Italy).

population:
In Europe, the species is rare, localised and sometimes incidental, though occasionally it is locally common. Although there is only one record in Sicily and in Portugal, the species is much more common and well established in the Canary Islands and in some Spanish localities.

habitat:
Typical habitats of Z. torridus in Europe are waterfalls and rapid stretches of permanent rivers and brooks which are partly shaded in the warmer parts of Europe. This is a very mobile species which may be met as groups of vagrant adults elsewhere than in their true reproducing habitats. This species has a good dispersal ability.

threats:
In Iberia and the Canary Islands, human impacts on the natural freshwater resources are the main threat (Kunz et al. 2006). The destruction of Mediterranean running water systems as a result of human consumption for agriculture, urbanization and tourism increase rapidly. Water pollution, over-irrigation with lowering of the water-table and stream drying up, river damming and spring capture are also key threats. Together with climate change with increased drought periods this may result in the loss of breeding habitat.

conservationAction:
A regulation of water use and pollution levels in its distribution range is needed and the present breeding habitats should be preserved.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). The species is endemic to Spain, Portugal and France. M. splendens apparently rapidly disappears when faced with water pollution, oxygen deficiency and introduction of non-indigenous crayfish, so a regular decrease in the number of occupied sites is expected in the future. In addition, the dramatic drought from which Iberia and Southern France now suffer repeatedly will inevitably lead to a reduction of the number of populations of 30% or more in this area during the next decade. The species is assessed as Vulnerable as it is expected to show a decline of 30% in the next ten years due to a continuing decline of the habitat quality. The species should be monitored and further surveys are required to confirm the full extent of its range.

range:
The species shows a disjunct distribution with the largest populations in southern France and northwest Iberia. Only single and old records are known from these two distribution centres. The whole area inhabited by this species reaches about 470,000 km². The two main distribution centres cover about 92,000 km² in France and 64,000 km² in northwest Spain (Galicia) and north Portugal.

population:
The species has been reported with certainty from 14 departments in south and southwest France, but it is currently known only in 12 of these. Only in four departments it is not uncommon. In Iberia, flourishing populations are known in Galicia and north Portugal. In the rest of the western half of the Iberian Peninsula it is known from scattered and often isolated localities were it is found in low numbers. Macromia splendens is often difficult to find and is fairly rare. However, new findings (Chelmick 2006, Cordero Rivera 2000, Malkmus 2002, French INVOD inventory 2007) show that it is considerably less rare than previously believed.

habitat:
It is found in streams and rivers at the slowly or nearly standing parts, even when induced by hydroelectric dams. Hydroelectric dams can support good populations when they are elongated and look like large rivers. The species is very scarcely reproducing in completely standing waterbodies.

threats:
Water pollution, drought and introduction of non-indigenous crayfish (J.-L. Dommanget pers. comm. 2008). The dramatic droughts of which Iberia now suffers repeatedly, that convert river barrage in lake-like habitats, will inevitably lead to the reduction of many populations in this area in the next decade. In addition, the introduction of exotic crayfish in the Tarn river in France led apparently to a significant decrease of the Macromia population during the last decade and this will probably continue in the future (J.-L. Dommanget pers. comm. 2008). Places where the species occurs are often favoured by tourists for swimming. A general degradation of water quality is noted almost everywhere throughout the species' range.

conservationAction:
Necessary conservation measures include the control of water pollution and use by humans and the prevention of the introduction of non-indigenous crayfish. Establishments of nature reserves are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Platycnemis acutipennis is assessed as Least Concern on the European scale due to its abundance.

range:
Platycnemis acutipennis is an Atlanto West Mediterranean endemic which is known from Iberia and France only, where it is generally common.

population:
The species is common and occurs often in large populations.

habitat:
Platycnemis acutipennis occurs mainly in low to fairly fast running waters but may be also found in standing waters in large amounts.

threats:
The species is common and is not threatened in spite of its restricted range.

conservationAction:
No specific measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Platycnemis latipes is assessed as Least Concern on the European scale due to its abundance.

range:
Platycnemis latipes is an Atlanto West Mediterranean endemic which is known from Iberia and France only, where it is generally common.

habitat:
Platycnemis latipes occurs mainly in low to moderately fast running waters in lowlands and hilly areas. It is rarely met in standing waters.


taxonomicNotes:
Parts of the Balkan populations are refered to the subspecies Platycnemis pennipes nitidula (Brullé 1832). It has a very narrow range and seems to hybridize with the nominotypical subspecies so that its precise range is still unclear. Both taxa are assessed together here, although some peoples regard them to distinct species due to their structural differences.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). P. pennipes sensu lato is widespread and common throughout most of Europe. Due to its adaptability it is assessed as Least Concern. However it is necessary to pay a special attention to the subspecies P. p. nitidula, which has a restricted distribution in the Balkans and is suceptible to decrease in the near future due to climate change and related rainfall deficit.

range:
Platycnemis pennipes ranges from West Europe (excluding the whole Iberian Peninsula, except for the north of the Spanish province Catalonia) to Siberia and Anatolia. It is missing in the northern part of Fennoscandia. The subspecies P. p. nitidula is restricted to parts of the Balkans (Adriatic islands and coast from Montenegro to Greece, Peloponnese, Cyclades Islands).

population:
P. p. pennipes and P. p. nitudula are widespread and common throughout their range.

habitat:
A very ubiquist and opportunist species which is met anywhere in lowlands and rarely in the mountains, on almost any kind of standing and flowing waters if they are not too torrential: floodplains, oxbows, streams, rivers, fishponds, abandoned gravel pits, etc. It does not colonize acid peat bogs.

threats:
P. pennipes sensu lato is a very adaptable species and is frequently the last species which disappears from areas with very intensive agriculture. It is not under any threat at present. However, the restricted range of P. p. nitidula, makes it more susceptible to threats such as climate change and rainfall deficit.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are needed for P. p. penipes. With respect to P. p. nitidula, control of water use is needed in the Mediterranean area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). Platycnemis subdilatata is only a vagrant species in Europe, where only one adult was recorded. It is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
Platycnemis subdilatata is a Maghrebian endemic which was recorded once in the Canary Islands (Kalkman and Smit 2002) as a single male probably brought by African storm winds (passive vagrancy).

population:
No reproducing population has been identified in Europe, although one adult has been recorded in the Canary Islands.

habitat:
In Africa, Platycnemis subdilatata reproduces successfully mostly in permanent running waters.

threats:
No resident population is known in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is now very rare in the Black Sea basin where almost all of the species' spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction, except in the lower Danube river where some spawning still exists (see Juvenile Spawning Index) but individuals are rare. The Caspian basin has lost 70% of spawning grounds since the 1950s mainly due to hydroelectric power stations; flow regulation of the Kuban has led to the loss of 140,000 ha and damming of the river Don removed 68,000 ha spawning ground (CITES 2000).The last natural population in the Black Sea basin still migrates up the Danube and maybe the Rioni (last recorded in Rioni in 1999), where the sturgeons are heavily overfished and poached. Danubian sturgeons are also the victim of overfishing in the Black Sea were considerable amounts are taken, especially along the Turkish coast. The Caspian populations are also under massive pressure from overfishing and loss of spawning habitats. Almost all migrating spawners are poached below the Volgograd dam. The Ural river still has spawning individuals.It is estimated that the species' wild native population has undergone a massive population decline of over 90% in the past three generations (estimated at 45 years). This is based on the 88.5% decline in global catches of the species in just 15 years despite large levels of stocking (average global catch from 1992-1999 was 1,531.75 tonnes; from 2000-2007 it was 175.37 tonnes), the 92.5% decline in estimated spawning stock biomass in the Volga from 1961-65 to 1998-2000, the 88% decline in the average number of spawners entering the lower Volga from the 1962-75 average to the 1992-2002 average, and the decline in the Juvenile Production Index from Romanian Danube. It must be noted, that it is unclear which part of the 20th and 21th century catches are result from natural or artificial reproduction as massive stocking masks the decline of natural spawnings. This decline is predicted to continue as illegal fishing at sea, and in rivers, for caviar will soon result in the extinction of the remaining natural wild population. In the immediate future, survival can only depend on stocking.EU 27 - CR A2bcde. Just found within the Danube, and Black Sea. Very rare in Black Sea basin where almost all of the species spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction, except in the lower Danube river where spawning still exists but is declining and individuals are rare, catches have also drastically declined in recent years (see Romanian catch data and juvenile spawning data in population field). It is estimated that there has been >90% decline in the past 3 generations (45 years). Remaining spawning grounds that exist in the Danube are more than 10km2.

range:
EU 27 - Black Sea, where spawning occurs in the lower DanubeThis species is known from the Caspian, Black and Azov Sea basins. Aquaculture has resulted in intentional and accidental introductions throughout Europe.It is currently only known from the Caspian Sea, where it still spawns in the rivers Ural and Volga, and the Black Sea where spawning occurs in the lower Danube and Rioni rivers (last recorded in the Rioni in 1999 (Kolman & Zarkua 2002)). There is no native spawning population remaining in the Sea of Azov, only introduced (stocked) individuals. The species reproduction within the Kura is debated (Vecsei 2001).

population:
The species wild native population has undergone major decline which is currently occurring. But due to the large levels of stocking (particularly Russia and Iran) the exact levels are unknown. According to CITES (2000) Russia released 25 million fingerlings into the Vologa between 1979-80, 35 million between 1981-85, 40.8 million between 1986-90, 42 million between 1991-95 and 28 million 1996-98; Iran released 300,000 fingerlings in 1994 which has risen nearly every year to 960,000 in 1999.Despite this level of stocking, fisheries catches have fallen, particularly from the early 1990s in the Caspian. According to FAO fisheries statistics (FAO 2009) global catches fell from 4,250 tonnes in 1992 (first available catch data) to 67 tonnes in 2007 (last available catch data), a decline of 98% in 15 years. The average catch from 1992-1999 (8 year period) was 1,531.75 tonnes, whereas the average catch from 2000-2007 (8 year period) was 175.37 tonnes, a decline of 88.5%.Data from the Caspian Sea (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009) shows similar declines: catches were between 6,000 and 9,000 tonnes per year in the 1960s to a peak of around 14,500 tonnes in the late 1970s early 1980s to less than 1,000 per year from 2000 to 2008. The estimated spawning stock biomass in the Volga has also drastically declined, from 13,200 tonnes (1961-65) and 22,200 tonnes (1966-70) to 1,000 tonnes (1996-97) and 1,000 tonnes (1998-2002). Average number of spawners (1,000 individuals) passing fishery zones to the spawning grounds in the lower Volga (per year) has declined by 88% from the 1962-75 average to the 1992-2002 average.Romanian catch data (Danube) shows that in 2002, 3,726 kg was caught; in 2003, 1,499 kg; in 2004, 440 kg; and in 2005, 37 kg, showing a 99% decline in just four years (Paraschiv et al. 2006). A Juvenile Production Index (evidence of breeding) for the Danube (Romania) also shows a decline: CPUE was just over 0.7 in 2000, < 0.2 in 2001, 0.3 in 2002, 0 in 2003, < 0.1 in 2004, 0.1 in 2005, 0 in 2006, < 0.05 in 2007 and 0 in 2008. (CPUE = number of Young of the Year - number of < 1 year olds caught - from natural recruitment captured in one netting (Suciu 2008, pers. comm.; Paraschiv et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2010).

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, shallow coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, in deep parts of large rivers with moderate to swift current. Spawns in strong current (1-1.5 m/s) in large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. Biology: Anadromous and freshwater populations (freshwater populations existed in the Danube and Volga - both are now extinct). A complicated pattern of spawning migrations includes spring and autumn runs. Individuals migrating in spring enter freshwater just before spawning; they tend to spawn in lower reaches of rivers (320-650 km in the unregulated Ural). Individuals migrating in autumn overwinter in rivers and spawn the following spring further upstream (900-1200 km in the Ural). Males reproduce for the first time at 8-13 years, females at 10-16. Generation length (average age of parents of current cohort) is estimated to be 15 years under natural circumstances, but due to the impacts this species is facing the generation length ranges from between 12 years in the Caspian Sea to over 20 in the Danube. Females reproduce every 4-6 years and males every 2-3 years in April-June, when the temperature rises above 10°C. Larvae drift on currents; juveniles then move towards shallower habitats, before migrating to the sea during their first summer. They remain at sea until maturity. The Russian Sturgeon feeds on a wide variety of benthic molluscs, crustaceans and small fish.

threats:
Most spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction. The Caspian basin lost 70% of spawning grounds since the 1950s, mainly due to the construction of hydroelectric power stations; the Ural is now the only river in the basin with unregulated flow. Flow regulation of the Kuban River has led to the loss of 140,000 ha, and damming of the river Don has removed 68,000 ha spawning ground. For example, in the Yugoslavian section of the Danube, the annual catch dropped from 14,636 kg in 1983 to 1,636 kg in 1985 (a decline of just under 90%), this is believed to be due to the construction of the Djerdap (Irongate) II dam which was constructed in 1984, leaving no accessible spawning grounds for the species in the upstream reaches and in former Yugoslavia (CITES 2000).Poaching and illegal fishing, which appears to be increasing, is also a threat to the species. Enforcement of legislation regulating the fishery for the species appear to be lacking. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Bycatch is also a threat to the species (in both marine and freshwater).High levels of pollution (from oil and industrial waste), in both the Black and Caspian Sea basins have altered hormonal balance, and increased the number of hermaphroditic fish. Pollution levels are now decreasing since the break up of the Soviet Union (Levin, 1977 in CITES 2000). In 1990, 55,000 sturgeon were found dead on the shore of the Sea of Azov as the result of pollution.Genetic pollution is also a potential threat as stocks are moved to different locations (e.g. Caspian stocks moved to Sea of Azov).The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Restocking measures are ongoing, however stocks are continuing to decline. In the early 1990s, between 30-55% of the Caspian stock reportedly originated from hatcheries (Barannikova 1995 in CITES 2000, Khodorevskaya et al. 2000). In Russia, between 1991 and 1998, 70 million fry of A. gueldenstaedtii were released in the Volga river and just over 32 million fry into the Sea of Azov.The species is not fully protected in any range state, though licenses are required in most countries and Iran has banned private sturgeon fisheries. Overall, however, enforcement measures seem to be lacking. Fish lifts and artificial spawning grounds have been introduced to parts of the Caspian region (CITES 2000) without much success. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Gene bank of live specimens and cryopreservation is ongoing in Russia and Iran.

useAndTrade:
This is an aquarium species (250,000 exported from Hungary annually (Gessner pers com.)). Skin and as a leather. Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue.Source of specimens in commercial trade:25% Wild25% Captive bred50% Other = Stocking - wild brood stock collected from wild. They are used to produce fingerlings which are grown and then released into wild or kept ex-situ and harvested (for caviar/meat).


taxonomicNotes:
Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis no molecular marker has been found to differentiate between this species and Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Research is still ongoing.

redListCategoryRationale:
In Italy the wild population is most likely extinct as the species almost totally depends upon stocking and there is no evidence of spawning from stocked or wild individuals (the last known natural spawning probably occurred early 1980s). The few animals occasionally captured in the wild are probably from aquaculture origin and were probably released in the last few years. However, there is a slim chance that wild individuals still exist. The population on the eastern Adriatic are also probably extinct in the  wild, there is no evidence of natural reproduction since 1990 in  Albania. However, there also is a slim chance that wild individuals still  exist there.The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) under criterion A2, on the basis of an estimated population decline of greater than 80% (possibly 100%) in the past three generations (60 years). This population decline is based on a decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and catch data, and was caused by over-harvesting (both legal and illegal), loss of access to spawning grounds (dams), and pollution (industrial and agricultural).The remaining potential suitable spawning grounds are restricted to very few areas in the Po River with an AOO of less than 10 km² (one location). There may still be some wild individuals left, but it is unknown how many there may be; potentially there are less than 250. Without continuous re-stocking the survival of this species is doubtful as continued successful reproduction in the wild can no longer be confirmed.For the EU 27 region, the species is also assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) A2bcde;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)).

range:
This sturgeon was present exclusively in the southern part of Europe. Apparently it is restricted to the Adriatic Sea area, and in particular to the fresh waters of the northern part of Italy and the eastern coasts of the Adriatic Sea.Historically the species was present in the sea from Venice and Trieste, to Greece and Corfù (Berg 1932); and in the Venetian lagoons during fall (Faber 1883). It was recorded in the rivers Adige, Brenta, Bacchiglione, Livenza, Piave, Tagliamento, and Po (and its affluents); once it was recorded up to Turin (Festa 1892); at Carignano and Carmagnola (Delmastro 1982); and in the Po delta (Tortonese 1989, Paccagnella 1948, D'Ancona 1924, Pavesi 1907); in the Ticino and Adda rivers (Bernini and Nardi 1989, 1990); along the Albanian coasts (Filipini et al. 1956); and Croatia (Mrakovic et al. 1995), Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro (Lake Skadar). It was last recorded from Albania in 1997 in the Buna River (Ludwig et al. 2003). There is evidence that the species was previously found in Greece (Economidis 1973) but it is no longer known there. It was reintroduced to Greece (Pascos et al. 2003) but there is no evidence that it has established a viable population. There have been conflicting opinions regarding its presence in Spain.At present, as a consequence of a recovery plan carried out by several public institutions from 1990 to 2007, specimens have been recorded in the Po River and its inflow rivers (Ticino, Adda, Oglio, Mincio), and in the rivers Adige, Livenza, Piave, Tagliamento. The Isola Serafini Dam on the middle of the Po River, prevents the migratory movements of the downstream populations into the upstream part of the river. There is no evidence available for natural spawning of wild or released individuals.

population:
Artificial reproduction in fish farms has been effective and successful since 1988 (Arlati et al. 1988), and the species is continuously restocked in Italy. However, there is no evidence to confirm successful reproduction in the wild. The presence of natural populations in Italy cannot be excluded completely because of some sporadic catches of individuals of possible wild origin. Spawning has not been recorded at suspected spawning grounds over the past 15 years. A land-locked population seems to be present in the river Ticino but it remains unclear whether the occasionally caught individuals originate from escapees or stockings.A genetic comparison between Italian and Albanian samples collected some decades ago showed a high level of diversification and suggested that the different populations should be considered as distinct conservation units (Ludwig et al. 2003).The species was reintroduced to Greece (Pascos et al. 2003), but there is no evidence that it has established a viable population. It is considered as regionally extinct in Croatia, Albania and Montenegro.Of approximately 2,000 specimens of A. naccarii fished in the Po River and sold at the fish market between 1981 and 1988, more than 80% of the specimens weighed less than 3.5 kg, having been taken before the reproductive phase (Rossi et al. 1991).

habitat:
The Adriatic Sturgeon lives in large rivers where, in the past, reproduction occurred from May to July. It is a long-lived, anadromous species, living mainly in the rivers. It spawns in freshwater after a marine period of growth during which it remains near the shore (at the mouths of the rivers) at a depth of 10–40 m. The upstream migration into Italian rivers occurs during the first months of the year (Paccagnella 1948, D'Ancona 1924). It occurs over sandy or muddy bottoms. The only remaining suitable spawning areas for this species are at the confluence between the Po River and its tributaries (Adda, Ticino etc).

threats:
Overfishing (both legal and illegal), and in particular of pre-reproductive sized fish, threatens this species. It is also threatened by the creation of barriers to its migratory routes, which reduce its reproductive success; and fragmentation of populations, particularly by dams for hydropower on the Po River (Isola Serafini's Dam, Piacenza). Water pollution, the Allee effect, and competition for habitats with allochthonous species (Silurus glanis) also threaten the future survival of this sturgeon.

conservationAction:
The species A. naccarii is listed in Annex 2 of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation. This species was also listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Together with other sturgeon species that once were present in Italy (A. sturio and Huso huso), the capture of the species is forbidden by law in the regions of the Padana valley, Lombardia, Emilia Romagna and Veneto.Artificial reproduction in fish farm (ex-situ) is effective and has been successful since 1988, from an original population caught from the wild in the 1970s and from F1, and the species is continuously restocked in Italy. However, there is no evidence to confirm continuing reproduction in the wild.A recovery plan for this species has been carried out by several public administrations since the early 1990s, with scientific research and restocking actions of about a total of half millions of specimens of different size reintroduced in the public waters (rivers Adda, Oglio, Piave, Po). The last part of the plan was supported also by a Life project. A project for a fish passage allowing to the fish to overcome the Isola Serafini's dam is under evaluation by the public authority. This project was proposed in occasion of the building of a new and bigger navigation lock close by the old one on the Po river, in the Province of Piacenza.

useAndTrade:
Pure A. nacarii are not traded much; it is used more to produce hybrids with other sturgeon species, which are traded. Subsistence catches of this species for food is illegal.

redListAssessors:
Bronzi, P., Congiu, L., Rossi, R., Zerunian, S. & Arlati , G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the Black, Aral and Caspian seas. However, it  is nearly extirpated in the European Black Sea  basin and there are only occasional records from lower Volga. It is thought that few individuals  exist in the Danube in Hungary and Serbia. Even  though there is no catch data it is suspected that the species has  undergone a population decline of more than 90% in the past three  generations (estimated at 45 years) which is expected to continue. It is  believed the species is on the verge of extinction. European Union 27 = CR A2cd. Last recorded in 2003 in Serbia at Apatin (released alive) and in 2005 in Mura in Hungary (killed) both were males. In Romania according to a fisherman survey during 1996-2001 15 specimens were caught by Romanian fishermen. The species was last scientifically recorded here in 1950s. The species is not stocked in the Danube   due to the lack of spawners. Over past 3 generations (45 years) it is estimated that there has been more than a 90% decline in population. This decline is probably due to damming (Irongate Dam) which has changed river conditions and illegal harvesting. The Allee effect is possibly preventing the individuals that remain from meeting and reproducing. There is an Action Plan published by EC for the Danube (recommends fish collection and articifical propagation and release - live gene bank), but this needs full implementation. Suitable habitat does still exist for the species.

range:
This species has been recorded from the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas, and some rivers (Danube up to Bratislava, Volga up to Kazan, Ural up to Chkalov, Don and Kuban, Rioni). It was introduced to Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan), to the upper Illi River in China, and to River Syr-Darya (Aral basin) in the 1960s.

population:
It is currently known from the Caspian Sea, where it ascends only the Ural river (where it naturally reproduces) and the Sefid Rud River (where there is no natural reproduction), where 5 fish were caught in 2002 (Parandavar et al. 2009). In the Black Sea, it ascends the Rioni (last recorded 1997 through bycatch (Zarkua pers. comm.)). In the Danube it was last recorded in 2003 in Serbia at Apatin (released alive) and in 2005 in Mura in Hungary (killed); both these caught fish were males (Simonovic et al. 2003; Streibel pers. comm.). In Romania, according to a fisherman survey carried out between 1996-2001, 15 individuals were caught by Romanian fishermen (last scientifically recorded in 1950s) (Suciu et al. 2009) .Little catch data is available. It has not been caught in Ukraine for the past 30 years. In Kasakhstan 12 tonnes were caught in 1990, 26 tonnes in 1999; in Iran 1.9 tonnes were caught in 1990, 21 tonnes in 1999 (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2), and 1 ton in 2005/6, with 0.5-1% of total sturgeon catch in Iran belonging to this species (in past 20 years) (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). According to Caspian Aquatic Bioresource Commission (CAB), since 2001/2 export quota for caviar is zero for all Caspian range states.

habitat:
Habitat : At sea, close to shores and estuaries. In freshwater, deep stretches of large rivers. Juveniles in shallow riverine habitats. This species spawns in strong-current habitats in main courses of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom.Biology: Anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed), with some non-migratory freshwater populations. Males reproduce for the first time at 6-15 years, females at 12-22, with an average generation length of 15 years (but in the Danube, the average population age has now increased and in the Caspian Sea, the average population age is decreasing because of overharvesting). In most drainages, there are two migration runs, in spring and autumn. Individuals migrating in autumn remain in the river until the following spring to spawn. Females reproduce every 2-3 and males every 1-2 years in March-May and at temperatures above 10°C. Most juveniles move to sea in their first summer and remain there until maturity. Some individuals remain in freshwater for a longer period. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic fishes, molluscs and crustaceans.This species has the highest relative fecundity for any sturgeon species (Chebanov pers. comm.).

threats:
Over harvesting, bycatch and illegal fishing (poaching) along with dams, water abstraction and drought has led to the loss of spawning habitats/ground and has caused massive population declines. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2).Transfers of A. stellatus from the Caspian Sea, carrying a nematode parasite, were introduced to the Aral sea in the late 1960s and along with increasing salinity, helped cause the extirpation of A. nudiventris in the Aral sea within a few years (Gessner, J. pers. comm.).The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species (Gessner, J. pers comm.).Hybridisation between this species and all sturgeons and especially A. stellatus occurs in freshwater naturally (Chebanov pers. Com.).

conservationAction:
There is a zero quota of exporting of Caviar (CAB) but there is still a catch for domestic use. Iran and Russia have established gene bank conservation for this species for both live specimens and cryopreservation with DNA and tissue samples. The 2004 progeny have been produced from captive bred individuals - juveniles were released into the Don and Kuban rivers - and there are between 15 and 20 'farms' in Russia (Chebenov pers comm.). In Iran 80,000-1 million fingerlings (3-5 g each) (from ranched individuals) are released annually to the Caspian Sea (Pourkazemi pers comm.). This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.

useAndTrade:
Skin is used as leather, Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The cartilage is used medicinal use, the intestine is used as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine, and the swim bladder is used as glue.Natural and ranched individuals are used from Kazakstan, ranched from Iran, captive bred from Russia. All international trade is historical as trade was banned from 2001. However some illegal trade does exist.


taxonomicNotes:
In the past, Persian Sturgeon was considered a sub-species of A. gueldenstaedtii  (A. g. persicus). Since 1973 (Lukyanenko and Korotaeva), based on immunological,  biological and reproduction studies and also the morphological differences, it is currently accepted as a species. Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis no  molecular marker has been found to differentiate between these two species.  Research is still ongoing. In Iran catch for the two species exists for the past  40 years where managers and fishermen use 7-8 morphometric differences to separate these two species (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). A large scale study (joint  between Iran and Russia) on the genetic and morphometric differences between  these two species is needed. This was identified as a priority in the World Bank  sponsored Regional Workshop on Sturgeon Genetics, June 2009.

redListCategoryRationale:
It is difficult to distinguish a decline of the wild populations due to the long term stocking of the species   which masks the situation of the natural populations. However, it is suspected that the native wild population has declined by over 80% in the past three generations (estimated at 42 years) as all the wild populations have almost disappeared. There are only occasional records from the northern Caspian basin (in 2008, 100 immature individuals were caught in the northern Caspian basin (Mugue pers. comm.)). Overfishing at sea for caviar will soon cause extinction of natural populations.   Difficulties to distinguish this species from A. gueldenstaedtii make the situation more complicated.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
This species is known from the Caspian basin, being most abundant in southern part. In its past distribution, the Persian Sturgeon ascended all rivers around the Caspian Sea. It currently now only ascends lower courses of Iranian rivers, the Volga and Ural, and may enter the Terek and Kura. It is not currently stocked in Russia. More than 80% of total sturgeon stocking in Iran is for this species (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). In 1998, 24.5 million fingerlings were released (Abdolhay and Baradaran Tahouri 2006), but in 2008 only 10 million fingerlings were released.

population:
The only legal commercial exploitation of this species is in Iran (mainly from hatchery stock). Restocking in Iran started in 1969. It is estimated that 80% of catch originates from stocked individuals (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).Iranian catch data shows that there has been between 54-56% decline from 1960/65 to 2006; the catch has continued to decline since 2006 but data is not yet available for this time period. The decline in catch does reflect a decline in abundance even though there are fisheries regulations and a reduction in catch effort (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).In Russia, commercial catch in the Caspian Sea has been banned since 2000. The 2007 Quota for scientific catch was 8 tonnes; it is unknown if this was met. The following Iranian catch data (Pourkazemi 2006) shows the total sturgeon catch from Iran (it is estimated that approximately 40% of the catch from 1960 to 1989 and 50% of the catch between 1990 and 2007 was of A. persicus, Pourkazemi pers. comm.):1960 - 2,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 440 tonnes)1965 - 2,100 tonnes (A. persicus = 462 tonnes)1970 - 3,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 750 tonnes)1975 - 1,675 tonnes (A. persicus = 302 tonnes)1980 - 1,429 tonnes (A. persicus = 372 tonnes)1985 - 1,650 tonnes (A. persicus = 297 tonnes)1990 - 2,645 tonnes (A. persicus = 582 tonnes)1995 - 1,500 tonnes (A. persicus = 480 tonnes)1997 - 1,300 tonnes (A. persicus = 559 tonnes)1998 - 1,200 tonnes (A. persicus = 588 tonnes)1999 - 1,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 480 tonnes)2000 - 1,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 540 tonnes)2001 - 870 tonnes (A. persicus = 557 tonnes)2002 - 643 tonnes (A. persicus = 418 tonnes)2003 - 463 tonnes (A. persicus = 315 tonnes)2004 - 500 tonnes (A. persicus = 345 tonnes)2006 - 330 tonnes (A. persicus = 201 tonnes)2007 - 225 tonnes (A. persicus = 137 tonnes)

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, coastal and estuarine zones. Spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. Juveniles are found in riverine habitats during their first summer. Biology: Anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 8-15 years, females at 12-18. Age range for mature females is 6-40 years; 85% are between 14-18 years, and 80% of males are between 12-16yrs (Moghim 2003). Average generation length is 14 years. This species does not spawn every year. Spawning takes place in June-August when temperature rises above 16°C. In the southern Caspian basin, the Persian Sturgeon spawns in April-September but reproduction is interrupted from June to August when temperature rises above 25°C. Most individuals migrate upriver in April-May, but some may enter rivers at other times of the year. In the southern Caspian basin, there is a second run in September-October. Juveniles migrate to the sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, the Persian Sturgeon feeds on a wide variety of benthic molluscs, crustaceans and small fish.This species has different ecological biological requirements to A. gueldenstaedtii, as it prefers warmer water for spawning and has a shorter migration run.

threats:
Dams across the region have led to the blocking of access to almost all spawning grounds. Illegal fishing/poaching across the Caspian region is the principle threat. In the Caspian Sea, the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Bycatch is also a threat to the species in both rivers and the Caspian Sea. In 1996, fish inspection authorities filed 8,000 citations for violations committed by individuals, mainly in the Astrakhan region along the Volga (Vecsei and Artyukhin 2001).In Iran, pollution from agriculture and domestic waste causes loss and degradation of spawning sites. In Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, oil and industrial pollution has led to the loss of suitable feeding grounds. In Russia, oil pollution is a potential threat.The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species.The lack of ability to genetically identify the species in international trade is a potential threat, as Russian and Persian Sturgeon (caviar) can be mixed.

conservationAction:
Restocking (since 1969) of the species occurs in Iran. Live gene bank and cryopreservation, DNA and tissue preservation exists in Iran and Russia (cryopreservation and tissue samples only).There is strict national and international regulation of fishing and trading of caviar and meat, but there is still illegal trade. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.A large scale study (joint between Iran and Russia) on the genetic and morpometric differences between these two species is needed. This was identified as a priority in the World Bank sponsored Regional Workshop on Sturgeon Genetics, June 2009. A national action plan is being developed for conservation and sustainable use of this species in Iran. Public awareness raising is an ongoing project  in Iran.

useAndTrade:
Skin is used as leather, Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The intestine is used as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine, and the swim bladder used as glue. Approximately 25% comes from the wild, and 75% stocked.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has undergone a large population decline, but local  populations are still surviving in most parts of its range (rivers  draining to Black, Azov and Caspian Seas). Recorded catches in the  Russian Federation decreased by nearly 40% between 1990 (116 tonnes) and  1996 (80.6 tonnes). It is stocked in large numbers in Danube and Russia  (but it is unknown if the stocked individuals reproduce in the wild)   and stocked fish most likely mask the decline of natural populations. It is impossible to identify the exact rate of decline of wild  individuals and while some populations, e.g. Don (estimated >80%  decline), Kuban (estimated >80% decline) and Dniestr (>80%  decline) have declined heavily, other stocks, e.g. upper Volga (possibly  stable but large stocking, Mugue pers. comm.) and Ural (unknown  decline) have seen smaller declines. The major parts of the population  exist in the Ural, Volga and Danube (where populations have stabilized  in recent generations after a previous large decline); therefore the  overall estimated wild native population (excluding stocked individuals)  decline over the past three generations (21-30 years) is more than 30%  but not more than 50%. However many populations of this species are  undergoing a serious and dramatic decline in recent years and need  immediate conservation action.European Union 27 = VU A2cde. Within the middle to lower Danube catches are not often reported (as it is a small species) so catch data is suspect. Surveys (Juvenile Production Index see population data) shows that there is good spawning currently in the Danube in Romania, Hungary and Serbia upstream of dams. In middle Danube the species supported large scale fisheries at the end of the 19 century, currently this is much less intensive. Over past 21 years (3 generations) a decline has happened but it is unknown to what extent, but it is suspected to be more than 30% but less than 50%. The population has shown some recovery since the 1980s as the pollution from agriculture has been reduced. Hungary has had a re-stocking programme but its success is in question due to lack of brood fish used in the stocking (Guti pers. comm. 2007). In the upper Danube, fragmentation has led to a severely reduced population size and hybridisation locally exists with A. baeri (which escaped from farms), it now only exits as a reproducing population in Austria   and in the border area of Austria and Germany. Over past 21 years the population has been almost stable, the major decline for this species occurred before 3 generations past. Overall in the Danube it is estimated that the population has declined by more than 30% over the past 21 years (however a large decline occurred before this timeframe), in the past few years the population has fluctuated and possibly improved in some areas, but this is due to stocking in Hungary. Better monitoring is needed along with enforcement of illegal catch.

range:
This species is known from rivers draining to Black, Azov and Caspian Seas; Siberia from Ob eastward to Yenisei drainages. Its current strong holds are the Volga, Ural and Danube systems. It was introduced in Pechora drainage in 1928-1950 and in Lake Ladoga basin (most likely not self-sustaining). Aquaculture has resulted in intentional and accidental introductions throughout Europe, without formation of self-sustaining populations. This species has formed self sustaining populations in reservoirs in Russia.

population:
Comprehensive catch data are not currently available but recorded catches in the Russian Federation decreased by nearly 40% between 1990 (116 tonnes) and 1996 (80.6 tonnes) (CITES 2000).In the Danube drainage, the only available catch data is from 1958 to 1981, where catches ranged from 117 tonnes in 1963 to 36 tonnes in 1979, with an average catch of 63.5 tonnes per year (CITES 2000). In the mid and lower Danube catches are not often reported as it is a small species so catch data is suspect. Surveys (Juvenile Production Index) show that there is good current spawning in the Danube in Romania, Hungary and Serbia upstream of dams (Paraschiv et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2010). In the mid Danube the species supported large scale fisheries at the end of the 19th century, though currently this is much smaller. Over the past 21 years (estimated three generations in the Danube), a decline has happened but it is unknown to exactly what extent. The population has shown some recovery since the 1980s as the pollution from agriculture has been reduced. Hungary has had a re-stocking programme but its success is in question due to lack of brood fish used in the stocking (Guti pers. comm. 2007, to Suciu).

habitat:
The Sterlet is found in large rivers, usually in the current and in deep water. As water level rises, it moves to flooded areas to feed. It spawns on gravel in strong-current habitats.It is a freshwater species; anadromous populations have been extirpated. Males reproduce for the first time at 3-5 years, females at 5-8 (Siberian populations mature later: males at 7-9 years, females at 9-12 years). The average reproductive age is about 10 years, but in the Danube this is lower (seven years) due to intensive fisheries. Females reproduce every 1-2 years and males every year in April-June when the temperature rises above 10°C. This species is largely sedentary; undertaking only short spawning migrations (322 km reported from Danube). There was a migratory population with large-growing individuals in Volga until end of 19th century, feeding in the northern Caspian Sea and moving upriver in autumn. The Sterlet feeds on a wide variety of benthic insect larvae and molluscs.

threats:
Overfishing, mostly for their meat, is the major threat to the species. However, in the year 2000 the Russian Federation established an export quota for 300 kg caviar, possibly from aquaculture. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). International trade is mostly made up of live individuals (juveniles) for the aquaculture and aquarium trade, almost exclusively sourced from aquaculture.Dam construction, which began in the 1930s, led to the loss of spawning grounds across the species' range. Now spawning success is reliant upon the correct level of water being released by hydroelectric power stations; lowered water levels in rivers can cause mass death of fingerlings (CITES 2000).Pollution, including oil products, phenols, PCB's and mercury has threatened the species in the Volga system and Siberian rivers.Hybrids (artificially produced with Huso huso) released in the beginning of the 1980s in Don, are now possibly breeding with native populations (Chebanov pers. comm.)

conservationAction:
Most range states have legislation regulating or banning the catch of the species, and there are stocking programmes for the Danube and Drava rivers. Restocking of the species is reported in Bulgaria, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia and Russian Federation. In 2009 Romania stocked A. ruthenus for the first time in the Danube (Suciu pers. comm.). The majority of international trade is taken from aquaculture in the form of live juveniles (CITES 2000). This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Better fisheries monitoring is needed along with enforcement to ban illegal catches.Many populations of this species are undergoing a serious and dramatic decline in recent years and need immediate conservation action. Individual stock Red List assessments are needed for this species.

useAndTrade:
Skin and as a leather. Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue. Approximately 25% taken from the wild, 75% from captive breeding.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species was known from the Caspian, Black and Aegean Seas. It is now extirpated from the Aegean Sea, and in the Black Sea basin the last natural population migrates up the Danube where it is heavily overfished. Only very few spawners remain in the rest of the Black Sea basin most likely originating from stocking activities. The Caspian populations are under massive pressure from overfishing (including poaching) and loss of spawning sites and the stocks are declining very fast. Almost all migrating spawners are poached below the Volgograd dam. Overfishing in the rivers and sea will soon cause extinction of the natural populations. In the immediate future, survival of the species can only depend on stocking and effective fisheries management and combating illegal fishing. Based on catch data, and number of individuals migrating into the Volga and Ural rivers it is estimated that the species has undergone a population decline of at least 80% (possibly close to 100%) in the past three generations (minimum estimate of 30 years, possibly up to 40), which is expected to continue. Catch data shows massive declines across the species range with a 98% decline between 1980 and 2007 in the Caspian Sea, and a 72.5% in four years (2002-2005) in Romania (Danube).European Union 27 = CR A2cde. The species past distribution included the middle and lower  Danube river and the Aegan areas of Greece (it may have spawned in some  of the Greek rivers). Currently the species is only found in lower  Danube below the Iron Gate II dam. There is still some natural spawning  (see Juvenile Production Index in population data). Dams have impacted  the species, but the major threat is overfishing (illegal and legal)   within EU 27 but also when the fish migrate to the sea where they are the victim of overfishing. .  After 2001, quotas have been set in Romania but they are never met due  to declining fish population. In 2002 only 73% of CITES requested quota  was caught, in 2003 30.7% was caught, in 2005 only 27% was caught.  Therefore in 2006 all commercial fishing was banned and export ceased.  Only a small number of brood fish are now caught for spawning and then  released back into the wild. Stocking in the Danube only started in 2006  (all individually coded wire tagged juveniles at 15cm). There has been a  decline in catch of 72.5% in 4 years (2002-2005) in Romania (Danube).  Based on catch data it is estimated that there has been more than a 90%  in the past 30 years (3 generations).

range:
Stellate sturgeon inhabits in the Caspian, Black and Azov Seas, and rarely in the north-eastern Aegan Sea. The Volga, Ural, Terek, Sulak, Kura, Don, Danube, Kuban Rivers are the major spawning rivers. The length of the spawning migration route of the Volga to the cascade of dams is up to Rybinsk, in the Ural - to Uralsk, in the Don - to Pavlovsk, in the Kuban - to Armavir. The highest abundance and biomass of natural population remained in the Caspian Sea. The feeding area in the Caspian Sea of Stellate Sturgeon extended from the shallow water area of the northern part of the sea to the Iranian coast. An intensive migration of Stellate Sturgeon began in spring (March-May) to the shallow water area, in the Northern Caspian where the largest concentrations of fish were observed at the western coast of this part of the sea, as well as in the pre-mouth areas in the eastern part of the Volga River Delta (Belinskii and Igolkinskii Banks (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009)).

population:
In the early 1990s it was estimated that nearly 100% of the Sea of Azov population and 30% of the Caspian Sea population were from stocking. Recent estimations are that more than 50% of the Caspian Sea populations are from stocking (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).Global catches show that in 1992, 2,730 tonnes were caught, falling to a low of 38 tonnes in 2004, and 50 tonnes in 2007 (a decline of over 98% in 15 years). The average catch between 1992-1999 was 1,063 tonnes, and between 2000 and 2007 it was 132 tonnes, a decline of 87% (FAO 2009). The decline in commercial catch for the species is believed to reflect a decline in the species population (CITES 2000). For the whole Caspian basin, catch peaked in 1977 with 13,700 tonnes; this has shown an almost continuous decline to 305 tonnes in 2003 (most recent data) (over 97% decline in 32 years) (Pikitch et al. 2005). In 2008 the agreed catch quota for A.stellatus for all Caspian Sea countries in 2008 was set at 240 tonnes, including commercial and scientific catch; the quota has not been met (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). Khodorevskaya et al. (2009) shows that the average numbers of spawners entering the lower Volga per year has fallen from a peak of 230,000 (between 1986-90) to just 50,000 (between 1998-2002), a decline of 78%. It is expected that the decline has continued at a similar rate to the present time (though data does not exist) and will continue. In the Ural the estimated number of migrating individuals per year has also shown a decline, in 1970: 1,100,000; 1979: 1,050,000; 1990: 300,000 migrating individuals (Veschev 1995); 1998: 103,600; 2001: 87,400 (Pikitch et al. 2000). This shows a 92% decline from 1979 to 2001 (also from 1970 to 2001, as migrating individuals per year remained relatively stable between 1970 and 1979).Distribution of Stellate Sturgeon in the Caspian Sea has declined (based on CPUE distribution data) from the 1970s to 2004 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).In summer, Stellate Sturgeon feed in the warmer waters, forming the densest concentration, more than 0.6 specimens per 10,000 m3 in the western region of the Caspian sea; this is four times higher than was recorded in 1994 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Concentration of all species of sturgeons and in particular, of Stellate Sturgeon, remains high in the area off the island of Ogurchinskii in the southern part of the Caspian Sea off the Turkmenian coast, but its abundance has declined 3.4 times compared to 1991 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).The total population size in the investigated water in 2008 was between 6.7-9.5 million specimens, this has fallen from 83 million in 1988 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Massive stocking levels will also mask declines in the wild populations.Over recent decades, Stellate Sturgeon abundance in the Caspian Sea has reduced. Evidence of this is shown in the decrease of the average catch per unit effort during trawl surveys between 1978-1999. These showed a three-fold decrease in the northern Caspian Sea, a 2.7-fold decline in the middle part of the Caspian Sea and a six-fold decline off the Dagestan coast (Vlasenko et al. 2003). Decrease of CPUE has been more apparent in the southern part of the sea. The Stellate Sturgeon population has declined from 69.7 million specimens in 1978 to 15.6 million in 2002, and 7.6 million specimens in 2008. Commercial stock decreased by 12 times during this period (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).In the Black Sea, in Romania, from 2002-2005 the catches of wild individuals (stocking only started in 2006 in the Danube) dropped from 12.427 tonnes to 3.43 tonnes (72.5% in 4 years); in 2006 commercial catch was stopped. The Juvenile Production Index for this species (JPI = number of young of the year (number of >1 years olds caught) from natural recruitment at Danube River Km 118) shows that there is still some recruitment as in 2000 the CPUE was 1.4, 2001 0.2, 2002-4 <0.2, 2005 1.3, 2006-7 0 and 2008 >0.4. In Azov Sea, no mature females have been caught [for a stocking programme] since 2004 (Chebanov pers. comm.).

habitat:
This species is found at sea, coastal and estuarine zones, where it forages on clayey sand bottoms, as well as intensively in middle and upper water layers. It spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers, on stone or gravel bottoms. It is also known to spawn on flooded river banks, on sand or sandy clay. Juveniles inhabit shallow riverine habitats during their first summer (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). This species is anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Caspian fish first mature at 6-7 years for males, and 7-8 years for females, with a generation length not less than 10 years. Females reproduce every 3-4 years and males every 2-3 years in April-September. It spawns only under relatively constant hydrological conditions, as fluctuating hydrological conditions lead to high egg mortality. This species migrates upriver at higher temperatures and therefore later than other sturgeons, with two peaks, in spring and in autumn. Males remain at spawning sites no longer than six weeks and females only 10-12 days. Spent individuals migrate directly back to sea. Yolk-sac larvae are pelagic for 2-3 days and drift with current. Juveniles migrate to sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, this species feeds on a wide variety of crustaceans, molluscs and benthic as well as pelagic fish (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).The main habitat in the Caspian Sea of the Stellate Sturgeon in the winter is the middle part of the sea (Legeza 1970). In the spring they migrate to the north, with its maximum density being observed off the mid-west coast in shallow water rich in food organisms (Legeza 1970). In late spring they move to the north-west coast. In autumn Stellate Sturgeons begin migrating to the south of the Caspian Sea (earlier than other species), concentrating at the mid-western coast and the south-eastern coast (Legeza 1970). The spawning migration starts in April. Spawning occurs at temperatures from 9 to 16 °C in the channel and spring flooded spawning grounds at the current speed of 0.8-1.2 m / sec. The greatest number of Stellate Sturgeon migrate to the Ural River (Peseridi et al. 1986, Dovgopol et al. 1992). Stellate Sturgeon stop eating after the beginning of the spawning migration. After spawning, they return downstream into the sea, where they begin actively feeding. The juveniles of Stellate Sturgeon also do not delay in the river and migrate for feeding into the sea.

threats:
The reason for Stellate Sturgeon abundance decrease is primarily due to marine fishing and a sharp increase of poaching, seizing the largest and mature fish and nullifying the natural reproduction of sturgeon. This also is now the most serious problem for Stellate sturgeons spawning within the EU-27. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Single specimens of Stellate Sturgeon were harvested at the Azerbaijan coast during a trawl survey in 1994; this is most likely due to heavy illegal fishing (large number of poaching gears were observed).Overfishing has prevented hatcheries catching enough mature individuals to maintain the necessary broodstock (Artyukhin 1997 in CITES 2000), and stocking has severely decreased in the Caspian Sea as the stocking process relies upon wild individuals (unlike other sturgeon species they are difficult to keep mature individuals in ponds, Nikolai pers. comm.). The annual release (over the past 10 years) of sturgeon juveniles from sturgeon hatcheries in Russia amounts to from 3 to 20 million specimens; in Kazakhstan - from 2.5 to 4.1 million specimens; in Azerbaijan - from 2.5 to 6.8 million specimens; in Islamic Republic of Iran - from 0.2 to 1.3 million specimens. This quantity of stocks recruitment of Stellate Sturgeon from industrial sturgeon culture is not enough to supply the population at an optimum level (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Dams have also led to the loss of many spawning grounds. For example the Volgograd dam (built in 1955) led to loss of 40% of spawning sites formally available in the Volga (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The species is also considered extirpated from the upper and middle Danube since the building of the Djerdap Dams (Iron Gate Dams). The Don River dam removed 68,000 ha of spawning ground and flow regulation in the Kuban led to the loss of 140,000 ha of spawning grounds.Pollution is a threat to the species. In 1990, 55,000 sturgeon were found dead on the shore of the Sea of Azov as the result of pollution.The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species (Gessner, J. pers. comm.).Introduced Mnemiopsis (from US) which impacts the species food source (pelagic fishes) has impacted the Black Sea population (impacts now reduced in Black Sea) and is now impacting the Caspian Sea populations.Introduction of fertilized eggs (from before 1986 and again 2003/4, and it may continue) from the Caspian Sea into the Azov Sea may impact the genetic integrity of Azov Sea population (Chebanov pers. comm.).

conservationAction:
Conservation action priorities within the EU 27 are the implementation of Danube Sturgeon Action Plan (supportive stocking will be continued for 5 to 6 years) to help restore breeding individuals.Restocking measures are ongoing. However, although aquaculture contributes considerably to the maintenance of the stocks, it cannot compensate for the damage caused to natural reproduction by overfishing (CITES 2000). It is not fully protected in any range state apart from Moldova. A license is required for fishing in most countries and private sturgeon fisheries are banned in Iran. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.According to 2007 Caspian Sea Bioresource Commission, 8.1 million fingerlings of A. stellatus were released into Caspian Sea by Khazakstan, Iran and Azerbaijan. Russia released 45 million (all sturgeon species) in 2007, but not specified how many were A. stellatus - but this is not less than 12 million (Ruban pers. comm.). To preserve the commercial importance of Stellate Sturgeon population it is necessary to protect the recruitment from natural spawning and increase the industrial sturgeon aquaculture. Considering the state of stocks of the Caspian Sea it is necessary for all Caspian Sea states to suspend its harvest for commercial purposes (in Russia, the ban on Stellate Sturgeon commercial harvesting has been introduced since 2005). Stellate sturgeon has no commercial value in the basins of the Black and Azov Seas.

useAndTrade:
Skin and as a leather. Caviar is also used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue. 25% from wild, 75% stocked.


taxonomicNotes:
Archaelogical remains suggest that A.sturio colonised the Baltic Sea about 3000 years ago from the North Sea, and vanished from the Baltic Sea about 800 years ago. Climatic changes about 100 years ago (Little Ice Age) might have had an impact indirectly in favouring introgression by hybridization with A. oxyrinchus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Once a very wide ranging species from the North and (Eastern) north Atlantic and Mediterranean coast of Europe and the Black Sea (one record from the White Sea in the 1950s), the last remaining population (in the Garonne in France) is still declining. The species last spawned in 1994 in the Garonne, where dams, pollution and river regulation has degraded and destroyed spawning sites. There are also plans to start gravel extraction. The current population size is between 20-750 wild, mature individuals (in the past three years there has been substantial stocking, but these animals will not reproduce until ~2016). Under normal population circumstances, the average reproductive age is suspected to be about 25 years. There has been more than a 90% population decline in the past 75 years based mainly on loss of habitat, along with pollution and exploitation.This species now remains in just one location, where 27 spawning grounds (less than 10 km²) remain potentially accessible (the major threat to this species is bycatch). As this species continues to be caught as bycatch, the population is still decreasing.

range:
This species was once known from the North and Baltic Seas, English channel, European coasts of Atlantic, northern Mediterranean west of Rhodos, and western and southern Black Sea. It was occasionally recorded in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The last record from the Rioni (Georgia) was in 1991, although further surveys have failed to find the species (J. Gessner, pers comm.). Today this species is restricted only to the Garonne River (France).

population:
The sturgeon was an important commercial fish until the beginning of the 20th century (Debus 2007). The last natural reproduction was in 1994 (previous reproduction in 1988). A population assessment in 2005 estimated 2,000 individuals remain. It is estimated that bycatch took around 200 fish per year (gill net and trawling at sea) (Rochard et al. 1997).The size of the population today is much smaller (approximately 20-750 native wild adult fish, based on an assessment of the size the cohort before they leave the estuary). There are more individuals from stocking (7,000 in 2007; 80,000 in 2008; and 46,000 in 2009) (Rouault et al. 2008; Rochard 2010). These have not yet bred in the wild and first breeding (from the releases of 1995) is expected by 2014, F1 generation of 2007 and later releases around 2021. The limiting factor is the availability of females which won't reproduce until ~2016 (Rochard, pers. comm).

habitat:
Biology: Anadromous (spends at least part of its life in salt water and returns to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 10-12 years, females at 14-18. There are indications for a reproduction at two year intervals for males and 3-4 years for females in April-July. Adults do not eat during migration and spawning. The distance of the spawning migration seems to be positively correlated with water level, and a distance of 1000 km or more may be covered during years of high water. Spent fishes immediately return to the sea (FAO 2009).Potential spawning grounds have been mapped. Juveniles migrate downstream and are present in upper estuary at one year old. They continue a slow downstream migration and penetrate the sea at 2-3 years. For the next 4-6 years, they leave the sea to enter the lower estuary at summer time where movements and feeding were determined. At sea, this species feeds on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans and small fish. Atlantic population feed benthically.

threats:
Bycatch is the major threat and the extraction of gravel in the Garonne is a potential threat to the species. Dam construction, pollution and river regulation have led to loss and degradation of spawning sites.

conservationAction:
An ongoing in situ conservation programme is in place. Ex-situ conservation is carried out in France and Germany. Bern Convention Action Plans have been developed, while National Action Plans are to come.Restocking was initiated in 1995 and later in 2007 until 2009. Survival rate for the 1995 stocking is 3-5%; the survival rate for recent releases is unknown. For the first time in 2007, progenies were obtained from farmed specimen (Williot et al. 2009).There is a fisheries awareness programme co-ordinated between National Fishermen Associations in Atlantic North Sea and WWF.This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1975, and moved to Appendix I in 1983.

useAndTrade:
In the past (until late 19th century), juveniles of this species were harvested as animal food in Poland and Germany (Gessner, pers. comm.)100% removal from the wild - This relates to the past only as commercial trade in this species is now prohibited.

redListAssessors:
Gesner, J., Williot, P., Rochard, E., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.


taxonomicNotes:
The Adriatic population described as a subspecies and may have been a conservation unit, is now extinct.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was historically known from the Caspian, Black, Azov and Adriatic Sea basins. It has been extirpated from the Adriatic (in the early 1970s, Gessner pers. comm.) and Azov Seas due to overfishing and loss of spawning sites due to dams. As the species is very long lived, individuals can still be caught in areas where their spawning sites have been cut off   off and no spawning is possible. The last wild population in the Black Sea basin migrates up the Danube river. All other Black Sea stocks are almost extirpated due to overfishing and impoundment of spawning rivers. In the Caspian basin, the last wild population migrates up the River Ural. The Volga population depends on stocking as the construction of Volgograd dam led to the loss of almost all of the species spawning sites in the river. Most of the few recorded females are in their first year of maturation. Based on catch data, and number of recorded spawning individuals it is estimated that the species has seen a wild native population decline of over 90% in the past three generations (a minimum of 60 years) and overfishing for meat and caviar will soon cause global extinction of the remaining natural wild populations. In the immediate future, survival can only depend on stocking and effective fisheries management and combating illegal fishing. Range states are also encouraged to provide protection to the species spawning and feeding grounds.European Union 27 = CR A2bcd. The species is known from the Adriatic (migrated up the Po  river) and the Danube up to Germany. However it now only occurs in lower  Danube below the Iron Gate II dam, it was extirpated from the Adriatic  in the early 1970s. Catches in the Danube have declined, in the mid  Danube the annual catch was 23 tonnes (avg. 1972 -1976) which dropped to  7.5 tonnes (avg. 1985 - 1989) showing a decline of 67% in around 12  years (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2). In 2002 21.3t caught in Romania, in 2005  only 8.4t caught (60% decline). the percentage of catch quota achieved  in Romania was 85% in 2002, 84% in 2003, 46% in 2004, in 2005 only 34%.  In 2006 the harvesting of the species was banned. Release of recruit  size (over 15cm long) from Romania into the Danube was 12,500 in 2006;  15,130 in 2007 and 20,000 in 2008. Based on catch data, and number of  spawning individuals it is estimated that the species has seen a  population decline of over 90% in the past 3 generations (min of 60  years).

range:
This species has been recorded in the basins of the Caspian, Black, Azov, and Adriatic Seas, however its current native wild distribution is restricted to the Black Sea (in the Danube only) and the Caspian Sea (in the Ural only). It is one of the largest anadromous fish in the Caspian Sea, where at least three Beluga populations have been identified by microsatellite technique (Pourkazemi 2008). It does occur in the Azov Sea, and Volga River but these are stocked fish.

population:
Global fisheries statistics show that there has been a 93% decline in catch from 1992 (520 tonnes) to 2007 (33 tonnes) (FAO 2009).The number of Beluga annually entering the Volga dropped from 26,000 (1961-65) to 2,800 (1998-2002), a decline of 89% in 33 years (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Only 2,500 migrated up Ural in 2002 (Pikitch et al. 2005). Currently it is thought that nearly 100% of Beluga in the Volga are hatchery reared, but there is evidence of spawning elsewhere in its distribution (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Despite intensive restocking in the Caspian Sea (91% of each generation is estimated to come from hatchery stock), the annual catch in the northern Caspian Sea has drastically fallen. Catches in the Caspian were: 1945-55 average of 1,380 tonnes; 1956-65 average of 1,283 tonnes; 1966-75 average of 1,623 tonnes; 1976-85 average of 849 tonnes; 1986-95 average of 506 tonnes; 1996-2003 (latest data) average of 60.8 tonnes (in Doukakis et al. accepted). This shows a decline of 95%. The official catch statistics support this trend, as they show that the species was abundant in 1938 and then stable to the late 1980s, with the major decline starting from 1990 to the present showing over a 90% decline in the past 60 years (see Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The agreed Beluga catch quota for all of the Caspian Sea (2007/8 - 28th session of the Commission) was 99.8 tonnes; this quota was not achieved. The proportion of Beluga (to other sturgeon species) in trawl catches of the northern Caspian Sea in all seasons of observations was at an average of 11%. Over the recent years, this percentage has decreased to 8.3%, and the catch of beluga during trawl surveys did not exceed 31 specimens per year (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).Spawning numbers for the Volga from 1961-65 was 26,000, whilst in 1996/1997 it was 1,800 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2000), with 2,800 in 1998-2002 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).In the Sea of Azov, between 1979-1981 it is estimated that 551,000 individuals existed (from stocked, and dominated by sub-adult and juveniles); in 1988-1993 there were 25,000 and after 1994 they were only caught sporadically, despite banning of commercial fishing of Beluga in 1986. After 1986 the major threat was from bycatch. Since 1994, 98% of individuals recorded in the Azov Sea have been juvenile. In 2001 the first individuals were produced from captive bred individuals and released (Chebanov and Koziritskaya 2007).Catches in the Danube have also declined. In the mid-Danube the annual catch was 23 tonnes (average between 1972-76) which dropped to 7.5 tonnes (average between 1985-89), a decline of 67% in around 12 years (CITES 2000). In 2002, 21.3 tonnes were caught in Romania, whilst only 8.4 tonnes were caught in 2005, showing a 60% decline in three years. The percentage of catch quota achieved in Romania was 85% in 2002, 84% in 2003, 46% in 2004, and 34% in 2005. In 2006 the catching of Beluga was banned in the Danube (Paraschiv et al. 2006).

habitat:
At sea, this species is found in the pelagic zone, following food organisms. It migrates further upriver to spawn than any other sturgeon; however this migration has now been disrupted due to river regulation (in the Danube drainage up to Morava River). It spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. This species is anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 10-15 years, females at 15-18 years, with an estimated generation length of 20-25 years. This species spawns every 3-4 years in April-June. A complicated pattern of spawning migrations includes one peak in late winter and spring and one in late summer and autumn. In spring, it migrates from the sea before spawning. Individuals migrating in autumn remain in the rivers until the following spring. Spawning occurs at temperature from 6 to 14 °C in the channel and spring flooded spawning grounds at a current speed of 0.8-1.2 m / sec. Spawners the late winter/spring run dominate the spawners in the Volga River (80%), whereas the late summer/autumn run dominates in the Ural River. Yolk-sac larvae are pelagic for 7-8 days and drift with current. Juveniles migrate to sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. In the past this species was the largest fish of the Caspian Sea, reaching lengths of more than 5 m and a weight of 1,000 kg. The lifetime of such large specimens, apparently, exceeded 100 years. Currently there are individuals up to 280 cm, weighing up to 650 kg. Average length of females is 240, males is 220 cm, weight respectively is 130 and 65 kg. The maximum age of 53 years was observed in 2003. Various environmental factors influence the distribution of the species in the Caspian Sea. One factor is water temperature, as mature Beluga prefer water temperatures not exceeding 30°C. They spend the spring and summer mostly in the northern and middle parts of the Caspian Sea and then move southwards to spend the winter in the southern areas, which coincides with highest densities of food organisms. The diet includes roach (Rutilus), carp (Cyprinus), herrings (Alosa), kilka (Clupeonella), crayfish (Astacus), gobies (Gobiidae), pike-perch (Sander ), birds, sturgeons (Acipenseridae), and even seals (Phocidae) (Khodorevskaya et al., 1995). Mature individuals of Beluga are less sensitive to low temperature than the immature, as they feed in the northern part of the Caspian Sea under the ice. With water temperatures decreasing, Belugas reduce the range of depths at which they feed. In spring and autumn immature individuals prefer the more desalinated sea areas. In summer the highest concentrations occur at the salinity of 3 to 7%. The largest concentrations of Beluga in the northern Caspian occur during the migration of its main prey organisms (herrings, kilka, gobies, roach, etc.).

threats:
Overfishing at sea and poaching in estuaries and rivers for meat and caviar is a major threat to the species. Overharvesting and a sharp increase in poaching has led to the largest and most mature specimens being removed from the population and reducing natural reproduction to almost zero (Krassikov and Fedin 1996). In the Ural river current fishing rates are 4 to 5 times sustainable levels (F Max) (Doukakis et al. accepted). Bycatch is also a threat to the species. The species caviar is very high value (8,000 USD per kilo in 2009).Impoundment of rivers has destroyed most of the species spawning grounds. The Volgograd dam, built in 1955, has decreased the area of available spawning grounds by 88-100% in the Volga river, similar areas have been reduced in the Terek and Sulak rivers from 132 ha and 202 ha, respectively. The Don river dam removed 68,000 ha of spawning ground and flow regulation in the Kuban river led to the loss of 140,000 ha (CITES 2000).Due to the longevity of the species pesticide contamination, leading to many problems including reduced reproductive success is also suspected (Gessner, J. pers comm.).The Allee effect could also be a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998. Restocking programmes are ongoing. However the programmes do not compensate for the loss of natural reproduction and the populations continue to decline (CITES 2000). The annual number of fingerlings released into the Volga show 0.4 million in 1951; 13.1 million between 1966-70 (average per year); 19.4 million between 1981-85; 11.3 million between 1996-2000; and 3 million between 2001-2005 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The Report of the 28th Session of Caspian Bioresource Commission states that the total fingerling release of beluga in 2008 was 7.02 million from Russia, Iran and Khazakstan. Some natural reproduction of the species remains in the Volga and Ural Rivers. However, at present the abundance of Beluga is extremely low. Since 2000 in Russia, it has only been caught for the purposes of reproduction (for hatcheries) and science. The protective measures at the feeding grounds are necessary to maintain the population of beluga, as well as the preservation of natural spawning and juveniles breeding at hatcheries.In the Danube the release of recruitment size (over 15 cm long) from Romania into the Danube has risen from 12,500 in 2006, to 15,130 in 2007 and 20,000 in 2008 (Suciu pers. comm.).Iran, in work with the World Bank, are increasing the rate of release of Beluga; in 2003, 6,000 individuals (CWT tagged and visible tagged) were released. The size of the released individuals has been increased from 3-5 g to 10-25 g to increase survival rates (Pourali et al. 2003). Hatchery experts (which are state owned) are given financial incentives upon the delivery of individuals ready to be released. Iran has also developed beluga farming to supply meat and caviar production to minimize the impact to the wild population (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).The species is not fully protected in any range state, though fishing licences are required in most countries and Iran has banned private sturgeon fisheries. Overall however, enforcement measures seem to be lacking. In 1996, fishing in the open sea for the species was banned through an agreement between the countries bordering the Caspian Sea. Artificial spawning grounds have been attempted below Volgograd dam, which has shown some success (Ruban pers. comm.). In the Sea of Azov commercial fishing was banned in 1986.Gene banks, DNA and tissue cryopreservation exists in Iran and Russia.Azerbaijan have voluntarily proposed a zero quota for Caviar export for 2009 to CITES.Range states are also encouraged to provide protection to the species spawning and feeding grounds.

useAndTrade:
This species is targeted for its skin and as a leather. Caviar is also used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used to produce glue.

redListAssessors:
Gesner, J., Chebanov, M., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Other Anguilla species have occasionally been stocked in Europe, but none have established a self-sustaining population. Pure A. rostrata's (American Eel) have been recorded, but are very rare. DNA analysis is the best tool to distinguish between European Eels and other species, but also the length of glass eels can be used as A. anguilla are almost always more than 6 cm length, while all other species are less than 6 cm (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007) and A. rostrata have fewer vertebrae than A. anguilla (102-112, usually 106-108, vs. 111-119, usually 114-116). Hybrids are known from Iceland (where eel stocks are small) where pure rostrata and anguilla exist.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has undergone a sharp decline in recruitment, yield and stock, which will continue into the future.  The recruitment of glass eels has declined from 1980, and since 2000 is at an historical low at just 1-5% of the pre-1980 levels, showing a 95 to 99% decline. This recent decline in recruitment will translate into a future decline in adult stock, at least for the coming two decades (ICES 2006).  Yield and stock abundance have declined since the 1960s. As the recruitment rate is so low the population is continuing to decline as older eels disappear from the stock. According to the FAO global catch landings (which cannot be directly linked to population due to stocking and harvest effort, though scientific evidence supports this decline) show that in 2005 only 4,855 tonnes were caught, a decline of 76% since a harvest peak in 1968, 37 years earlier (three generations of the species is estimated to be 60 years).   Even though the exact cause of the decline in recruitment is not known the species has many threats. The level of harvest of the species according to the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (2006) is currently unsustainable. A nematode parasite (Anguillicola crassus) from introduced eels from Japan is suspected to impact the ability of the eels to reach the spawning grounds. Dams (for hydropower) are also a threat to the species by blocking migration routes and by causing high mortality rates as downstream migrating eels are killed by turbines. Pollution, loss of wetlands and climate change are also potential threats to the species.  Although a reliable population decline in mature individuals is not known, it is inferred that there has been a decline of over 80% in the past three generations (60 years) based on the massive decline in recruitment (95% in 24 years) which is supported by the decline in catch landings of 76% between 1968 and 2005 (37 years). This decline is likely to continue. Full and immediate protection is required and ICES have recommended that a recovery plan be developed for the whole stock on an urgent basis.   Action has already been taken at the international level, but the impacts of this will not be detected for many years. In 2007, CITES listed the species in Appendix II (this came into force in March 2009) and will require exporting states to have an export permit which can only be issued if the export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. Also the European Commission has issued a Regulation requiring all member states to produce eel management plans, amongst other measures. These management plans were required to be in place by July 2009 and have the objective to permit the escapement to the sea of at least 40% of the silver eel biomass [relative to the estimated stock levels in the absence of human influences].

range:
Anguilla anguilla is found in all European rivers draining to the Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas, in the Atlantic south to Canary Islands and parts of Mediterranean north Africa and Asia. It very rarely enters the White and Barents seas, but is recorded eastward to the Pechora River in northwest Russia. The species occurs in low abundance in the Black Sea where it migrates east to the Kuban drainage (occasional individuals reach the Volga drainage through canals), in northern Scandinavia and eastern Europe, but 'trap-and-transport' stocking is interfering with natural population numbers (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007). Large parts of the population remain at sea particularly in the north western Atlantic and Mediterranean. It is also widely stocked in most inland waters of Europe. The species is thought to breed in the Sargasso Sea in the West Central Atlantic, migrating across the Atlantic from Europe.

population:
Glass eels:Since the early 1980s, a steady and almost continent wide decline of 90% has been observed in the recruitment of glass (juvenile) eels (Dekker 2003). According to an ICES and FAO report (2006) European Eel recruitment levels reached an historical low in 2001 of 1 to 2% of the pre-1980 level, this has not improved and is an indication that the reproduction is seriously impaired and that the stock is severely depleted. In recent years, no substantial recovery in recruitment has been observed (Dekker 2007). This recent decline in recruitment will translate into a future decline in adult stock, at least for the coming two decades (ICES 2006).Yellow/silver eels:Even though there is no analytical assessment of the state of the [continental] European Eel stock, all available information indicates that the stock is at an historical minimum in most of the distribution area and continues to decline (ICES and FAO 2006). Unfortunately, a total continental stock assessment cannot be made as it is hard to monitor, being scattered over millions of rivers, lakes, estuaries, etc. (Dekker 2000). However, even though catch effort can be variable and under reporting of landings is a serious problem in most European countries, trends in the reported catch data will to some extent reflect true changes in fishing yields. According to FAO global capture statistics (exploited at all stages of their freshwater life), capture peaked in 1968 with 20,278 tonnes, in 1975 this had dropped to 16,110 tonnes, in 1985 it was 12,665 tonnes, 1995 8,706 tonnes and the most recent available figure in 2005 was 5,059 tonnes a decline of 76% since the peak in 1968. This is supported by the possibly only long-term scientific data [from Lake Ijsselmeer in the Netherlands] where there has been a gradual decline since 1960 (Dekker 2004a). However, there is also evidence that in Norway catches seem to be stable over this period (ICES 2002). The overall population is continuing to decline as the older eels disappear from the stock and recruitment rate is so low and declining. Noting the longevity of the species, and the extremely depleted state, restoration of the stock is expected to take several generations from 60 to 200 years depending on the protection level (Astrom and Dekker 2007). Temporary increases (over 10-15 years) in abundance following the implementation of protective measures thus do not guarantee ultimate recovery, if not severely protecting the stock (W. Dekker pers. comm.).

habitat:
Habitat: The species is found in all types of benthic habitats from small streams to shores of large rivers and lakes. Naturally it only occurs in water bodies that are connected to the sea; it is stocked elsewhere. Biology: The species is catadromous, living in fresh water but migrating to marine waters to breed. While its life in freshwaters are well understood, relatively little is known about its life history at sea. The spawning peaks at the beginning of March continuing until July, and the adults probably die after spawning. There are no concrete data about specific spawning, however, it is assumed that spawning takes place only in an elliptic zone, about 2,000  km wide in the Sargasso Sea, in the West Central  Atlantic (about 26°N 60°W). The mechanisms by which leptocephali reach the European coasts are not also well understood. By the time the leptocephali reach the continental slope they are about 70 mm in size and metamorphose into glass-eels which are almost adult in appearance, but have a transparent body, and enter estuaries. These glass-eels are observed in the autumn on Portuguese coasts, and in winter and spring in the North Sea. The generation length of the species varies greatly and ranges from 2 to 50 years, and having a typical mean of 20 years with females being twice the size and age of males (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007).

threats:
The causes of the declining recruitment rates are still unclear (Dekker 2007), but there are many hypotheses:The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may have reduced larval survival and/or growth rate (Castonguay et al. 1994). However, Dekker (2004b) shows that the NAO index correlation is strong for growth rate but weak for glass eel numbers as in 2000 the NAO index returned to normal but recruitment still declined.Overfishing for glass eels (mainly in France, Spain, Portugal and UK) and downstream migrating eels (silver eels) across Europe (W. Dekker pers. comm.) is also a threat to the species. The demand from Asia and Europe for glass eels is huge and the price is increasing (750 Euro per kilo in 2006 from around 100 Euro in 1990.). According to ICES (2006) Anguilla anguilla fisheries are currently not sustainable, and a recovery plan urgently needs to be developed for the whole stock. There is also a parasite nematode (Anguillicola crassus), from introduced eels from Japan which is suspected to impact the ability of the European Eels to reach their spawning grounds. Dams (for hydropower and water management) are also a threat to the species by blocking migration routes and also through causing high mortality rate as the downstream migrating eels are killed by turbines. Climate change may be having an impact on the suspected breeding grounds (Sargasso Sea). Increasing numbers of predators, in particular cormorants, across Europe may also have a negative impact on this species.

conservationAction:
The majority of conservation actions historically in place for the European Eel were set up and controlled at local and national level. Their aims are often securing fishing rights, supporting local stock levels and sustainable income for fishing communities and not to increase recruitment. However, in 2007 two major multi-lateral bodies recognized the state of the European Eel and have acted upon it.The European Council (EC) Regulation No 1100/2007 establishing measures for the recovery of the stock of European Eel was published in September 2007. The Regulation required, by 1 July 2009, all member states that contain natural habitats of the European Eel to establish eel management plans at a river basin scale. The objective of these plans was to permit the escapement to the sea of at least 40% of the silver eel biomass [relative to the estimated stock levels in the absence of human influences], through various measures including reducing commercial and recreational fisheries, restocking, measures to improve habitats and make rivers passable, transportation of silver eels to the sea and monitor eel status in each basin. The Regulation also requires that by 31 July 2013, 60% of eels less than 12 cm in length caught annually should be reserved for restocking [and not aquaculture], also that over a 5 year period starting from 1 July 2009 catches or fishing effort of eels in coastal and sea waters [i.e. beyond river basin plan] should be reduced by at least 50% [of average between 2004-2006], and that a control and monitoring system be set up by each member state.The European Eel was listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in June 2007. The listing came into effect on 13 March 2009, after which time all Parties to the Convention will be required to issue permits for all exports of the species. An export permit may be issued only if the specimen was legally obtained and if the export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. In the European Union, which includes 24 eel range States, CITES is implemented through Council Regulation 338/97 and Commission Regulation 865/2006 which require both import and export permits to be issued for species listed in Annex B of the Regulation (Annex B contains most CITES Appendix II species). In the case of specimens introduced from the sea, a certificate has to be issued by the Management Authority of the State into which the specimens are being brought, for species listed in Appendix I or II.

useAndTrade:
Aquaculture (in outdoor ponds or indoor rearing tanks) is fully dependent on wild-caught seed material, since artificial reproduction is yet not yet possible.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Along coast of Mediterranean, Black, Azov and Caspian Sea basins. Atlantic coast northward to Loire estuary (France). Isolated populations along costs of southern England and the Netherlands (some might actually be the marine A. mochon). Permanent freshwater resident populations in Guadalquivir and Tagus (now extirpated) drainages, Santo André lagoon (Portugal) and Lake Trichonis (Greece). Introduced in Aral Sea, Lake Trasimeno (Italy) and perhaps other lakes in Italy.

habitat:
Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and sea. Freshwater populations prefer still or slow-flowing waters. Pelagic in lakes. Biology: Gregarious. Usually lives 1-2 years, rarely up to four. Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Freshwater populations spawn in April-June in Guadalquivir, in March-October in Lake Trichonis. Short spawning migrations into estuaries in some populations. Fractional spawner, larger individuals spawn for a longer period. Eggs with long hairy appendages attaching them to filamentous algae, deposited at 2-6 m depth. Larvae are pelagic but often form schools close to the shores. In lakes and estuaries, feeds mainly on small planktonic invertebrates, often on benthos in rivers.


taxonomicNotes:
Not a subspecies or variety of A. fallax. A. f. lacustris is a synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Lakes Como (136 km²), Garda (355 km²), Orta, Maggiore (202 km²), Lugano (51 km²) and Iseo (58 km²) (northern Italy, Switzerland) where the stocks seem to be safe in all lakes. There are no known major threats to the species.

range:
Lakes Como, Garda, Orta, Maggiore, Lugano and Iseo (northern Italy, Switzerland). Introduced in Lakes Bolsena, Bracciano and Vico (central Italy).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Most individuals reproduce only once or twice. Spawns when temperatures rise above 15-16°C in June-August, along shores near surface at night in bright moonlight. Feeds predominantly on cladocerans and copepods but also consumes small fish.


redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe, the species is restricted to western Sardinia (Italy). The distributional information for the species is old (1950 to 70's) and many potential impacts have occurred since. More information on the species current distribution and impacts of the threats are needed. The species cannot be listed as Least Concern as the impacts of the potential threats to the species that have occurred since the distribution information was collected are potentially severe, including water abstraction and damming of rivers.    European Union 27 = DD. Same rational as above.

range:
In Europe, restricted to western Sardinia (Italy). Southwestern Mediterranean coast, from northern Morocco to northern Tunisia. Enters permanent rivers and coastal lagoons. Landlocked population in Lake Ichkeul (Tunisia) and in man-made lakes in Sardinia.

habitat:
Habitat: Spawns close to estuaries in fresh and brackish water. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 3-4 years, females at 4-5. Starts entering rivers when temperatures reach 14-18°C, mainly in May. Spawning commences when temperature rises above 20°C in May-June. Spent individuals migrate back to sea, but many die after spawning. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth in first summer and remain at sea until they mature. At sea, feeds predominant on crustaceans and small fishes. In freshwater, adults do not feed and juveniles prey on planktonic crustaceans.   Landlocked populations are resident.

threats:
It is suspected that the species spawns in the brackish zone of estuaries. If the flow of freshwater is reduced due to dams, flow regulation, water abstraction and climate change, this brackish water area may be disappear.   . Landlocked populations are vulnerable to overfishing, habitat modification and pollution. The impacts of the threats to the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Research is needed on the distribution and impacts of threats on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Presently only very locally distributed outside France. In the past it has been a victim of pollution, impoundment of large rivers and overfishing throughout Europe. However, most populations declined during first decades of 20th century and it now seems to have stabilised at a low or medium level in recent times. Only a very small part of the species range is found outside of Europe (northern Morocco).    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Baltic, North and western Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic coast of Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco from where adults ascend rivers, migrating far upstream to spawn. Earlier ascended Rhine for about 850 km up to Basel (Switzerland). Now, nearly extirpated east of Rhine, most abundant in Loire and Garonne drainages (France). Landlocked populations in some man-made lakes in Morocco and Portugal.

population:
Currently large populations in France. Has declined outside France, mainly in the early 1900s, almost extirpated in Germany due to pollution in the 1920's (Freyhof pers comm.).

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deep water down to 300 m. Juveniles remain close to shore and to estuaries. Migrates from sea upriver, spawning in main river or entering large and warm tributaries. Spawning sites often situated near a confluence. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 3-9 years. Females first reproduce 1-3 years later than males. Adults start approaching coasts at end of February and enter rivers when temperatures reach 10-12°C, usually in May. Spawning commences when temperature reaches 15°C. Optimal temperatures 22-24°C. Spawns in large, very noisy schools near surface at night. Eggs sink to bottom. Spent fish migrate back to sea, but most die after reproduction, having mated only once. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth during first summer and remain at sea until they mature. Individual fish are thought to return to their natal spawning site. At sea, feeds predominantly on plankton. In freshwater, adults do not feed and juveniles prey on insect larvae.

threats:
Overfishing, pollution and dam constructions (cutting off access to spawning sites). Gravel extraction in France is a current threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Fish passes and elevators in France allow access to spawning sites. It is a (EU - Berne Convention) Natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states.


redListCategoryRationale:
A relateivley restricted range species only found within Europe in the northern Caspian Sea and its rivers, however it is abundant and has no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Caspian Sea from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in coastal waters with steady current, avoids areas with stable salinity. Migrates from sea to mouth of large rivers, spawns in fresh or slightly brackish water at shallow sites washed by flow of large rivers. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 2-3 years, females at 4-5. Many individuals reproduce 2-4 seasons. There are two migration peaks, one in late April (mostly males) and one in early May (mostly females), entering rivers when temperature rises above 10°C. Spawns when temperature reaches 15°C or more, in May-June. Spawns usually in the upper 3 m. Eggs semipelagic and demersal. Spent fish migrate back to sea. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer, remaining at sea until they mature. At sea, feeds predominantly on zooplankton such as copepods and mysids.

threats:
No major threats known. Damming in the Caspian basin (1950-60s) has restricted the species access to some of their spawning grounds. Hoever, most spawning places originally were and still are situated below dams.


taxonomicNotes:
The species is in need of taxonomic revision, some popultations from the Mediterranean might represent distinct species

redListCategoryRationale:
Now only very locally distributed (large estuaries), a victim of pollution and impoundment of large rivers throughout Europe. Most populations declined during first decades of 20th century. Current status of the species is good and is increasing in the North Sea and Baltic.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Southern shore of Baltic, North Sea northward to Bergen, Atlantic coasts from Scotland and Ireland to Morocco, northern Mediterranean (and Nile) and rarely in northern Black Sea occasionally east to Crimea, from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn. Ascended Drin to Lake Ohrid. Earlier ascended Rhône for 600 km.

population:
Quite common in north sea basins and French Atlantic coast. Populations increasing in the Baltic

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic. Juveniles remain close to shore and estuaries. Migrates from sea to rivers, spawns in main river often only few kilometres above limit of brackish water. Spawning also reported from small rivers over gravel bottom. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Many individuals spawn 3-4 seasons. Adults congregate near estuaries in April and enter rivers when temperatures reach 10-12°C, mainly in May-June. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C or more, in May-June. Spawns in large, very noisy schools near surface after midnight. Eggs sink to bottom or are pelagic. Spent fish migrate back to sea. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth during first summer and move to sea at end of second year, where most shads remain until they mature. Individual fish are thought to return to their natal spawning site. At sea, feeds predominantly on crustaceans and small fishes. In freshwater, adults do not feed. Juveniles prey on planktonic crustaceans.

threats:
Dams blocking spawning sites, pollution.

conservationAction:
It is a (EU - Berne Convention) Natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states.


redListCategoryRationale:
Impoundment of main rivers (all happened more than 10 years ago) has significantly reduced available spawning sites and migration routes. The current threat to the species is overfishing, at sea and in the rivers during the migration runs, which is causing a population decline of unknown levels. The area of the remaining spawning grounds is estimated to be less than 2,000 km² and based on the fishing in the lower courses of rivers during the migration runs, the species is found in six locations (Dneister, Dneiper, Danube, Kuban, Pivdenny Bug and Don). European Union 27 = EN B2ab(v). The current threat to the species is overfishing, at sea and in the rivers during the migration runs, which is causing a population decline of unknown levels. Only found in one location within the EU (lower Danube) where it migrates to reach spawning grounds, which are estimated to be less than 500 km2 (AOO). In the Danube, it has lost most of its historical spawning grounds due to the Iron gate dams.

range:
Black and Azov Seas from where adults ascend rivers, migrating far upstream to spawn. Historically ascended Danube for about 1,600 km to Mohacs (Hungary), Don for 900 km to Oust-Medveditskaya, Dniepr up to Kiev, Dniestr up to Yampol and South Bug up to Voznessensks. A landlocked population in Don.Currently migrates up the Danube, Dneiper, Dneister, Pivdenny Bug, Don and Kuban (not previously used by the species until 1993) where they still spawn below dams.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deep water. Migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning where current is strongest, close to surface, usually at 2-3 m depth in main channel. Biology: Anadromous, migrating upriver to spawn at three years, rarely earlier. Only few individuals spawn two seasons. Appears along coast in March-April, enters rivers when temperatures reach about 6-9°C, between late March and late April. Migration usually peaks in May. Spawning starts when temperature rises above 15°C, in April-August. Spawns usually between 1 and 8 p.m. Eggs are pelagic. Spent individuals migrate back to sea to feed. Juveniles inhabit floodplain and shallow riverine habitats, migrate to the sea or estuarine habitats during first summer; in autumn, they move to the sea, remaining there until they mature. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (especially crustaceans) and small fish.

threats:
Overfishing is the major current threat to the species. It is caught both at sea and in the lower courses of rivers during the migration. Dam construction in the Black Sea basin (over 10 years ago) has led to the loss of large areas of spawning grounds.


redListCategoryRationale:
Impoundment of main rivers (during 1950s and 1960s) significantly reduced available spawning sites and migration routes leading to a population decline. Currently the population is abundant (estimated at around 12 million mature individuals in 2000) and stable below the Volgograd dam, where the species has found new spawning sites. The current threats to the species are commercial and illegal fishing in the Caspian Sea and at the mouth of the Volga during the migration. Also, the flow regulation from the Volgograd dam (which is dependant on energy demand) is a potential threat as the species needs a large flow in April to the beginning June for optimal spawning conditions. However this is not thought to cause a decline or reduce the range of the species so it would qualify for a threatened category.

range:
Caspian Sea from where adults ascend Volga (only few fish enter Ural and Terek) to spawn. Earlier reached upriver up to Kama and Oka systems. Migrations now blocked by Volgograd dam. There are indications it has formed landlocked populations in Volga reservoirs.

population:
Still relatively abundant and stable below the Volgograd dam where it appears to have found new spawning grounds. Juveniles are regularly found in the delta of the Volga. In 2000 the estimated number of mature individuals in the Caspian was 12,000,000 (N. Bogutskaya, pers comm.)

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in a wide variety of habitats. Migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost-still water bodies such as river bays, river eddies and flood plains. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver to spawn at 4-5 years. Enters rivers with unripe gonads. Some spawn 2-4 seasons, but most females die after spawning. Spawners appear along the coast in March-April, entering rivers April-May when temperatures reach about 9°C, peaking at 12-15°C. Spawning run originally lasted 30-50 days. Spawning starts in May-August when temperature rises above 15°C, and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15-23°C. Spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p.m. Eggs are bathypelagic. Spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed. In autumn, they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer, remaining there until maturity. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton, crustaceans and small fish.

threats:
The damming for the Volga River (main spawning river) in the 1950's and 1960's, blocked most of the spawning grounds. Currently the major threat to the species is commercial and illegal fishing in the Caspian Sea and at the mouth of the Volga during the migration. The flow regulation from the Volgograd dam (which is dependant on energy demand) is also a threat to the species as the species needs a large flow in April to the beginning June for optimal spawning conditions.

conservationAction:
There is a canal which has been constructed to allow fish to pass the Volgograd Dam, so some fish occasionally get past.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only found in one location, Lough Leane (19 km²) in Ireland where it is threatened by eutrophication, and may potentially be impacted by introduced species (cyprinids such as Rutilus rutilus and Abramis brama).

population:
The population was considered small in 1993 (Whilde 1993).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic, spawns in shallow bays. Biology: Lives up to five years. Females are larger than males. Spawns in June-July on gravel bars and gravelled shallows around large islands of the lake. Feeds mostly on zooplankton. Highly sensitive to pollution (Whilde 1993).

threats:
Eutrophication of the Lough Leane is a current threat to the species. The presence of excessive algal growth overlying littoral gravel may impede spawning. Also recently cyprinids such as Rutilus rutilus and Abramis brama have been recorded in the lake, and they may represent a threat to the species through competition.

conservationAction:
The identification of spawning sites in Lough Leane and their protection from declining water quality and development works is a priority to ensure the future survival of the species (Doherty et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Lake Volvi (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 80 km²) where it is threatened by the potential introduction of alien species, water extraction, and eutrophication.

range:
Its range is limited to Lake Volvi in northern Greece. It was previously present in Lake Koronia but in 1995 the lake dried up killing all the fish (G. Barbieri pers. comm).

population:
A large A. macedonica population was established in the lake in recent years, principally due to overfishing of its predators (Zarfdjian et al. 1996). A further field survey in 1996 indicated the population to be increasing (M. Kottelat pers. comm.).

habitat:
A lake species, non-migratory. Maximum age: 10 years. It is a predominantly zooplantivorous fish, but the oldest fish are able to eat small fish.

threats:
In the past the fishery was uncontrolled and overfishing was common. Today the fishermen are disappearing and the fishing pressure is low. Ongoing eutrophication of the lake and water extraction for irrigation might be threats in a near future.

conservationAction:
On paper it is protected by Greek laws on fishery management, but in practice it receives little protection. It is listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Still more or less abundant in lower reaches of rivers and coastal lagoons. Decline in habitat quality in suitable estuarine ecosystems (limans) in northern Black Sea basin expected to have an impact in the immediate future. However it is not thought that this will cause a population decline by over 30% in the next 10 years.    European Union 27 = LC. A relatively restricted range, however it is quite abundant in Razelm in Romania and also in Bulgarian river estuaries. THey also strongly interact with the Ukranian populations.

range:
Sea of Azov and northern and western part of Black Sea, from where adults enter coastal lagoons to spawn.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic in deep water, entering brackish lagoons to spawn. Biology: Spawns first at two years. Many individuals spawn 2-4 seasons. In Romania, spawners enter Lake Razelm when temperature reaches about 7°C, in March. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C, in late April-June. Eggs sink to bottom. Spent fish return to sea to feed. In autumn, migrates to southern Black Sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea or remain in estuaries during first summer. Feeds predominantly on small fish and crustaceans.

threats:
Water abstraction leading to increasing salinity of the limans (coastal lagoons) where the species spawns is a potential threat to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Anadromous (A. fallax) and landlocked shads occur in sympatry in Lake Skadar. The landlocked one has a smaller maximum size (280 mm SL, vs. 500), spawns at 2-5 years (vs. 3-8) in June-July (vs. April-May) along the shore (vs. in middle of the lake) at 23-28°C (vs. 14-20). Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) tentatively treat this as a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
It is endemic to Lake Skadar (380 km²) (Montenegro, Albania) which is currently in good condition and the species is apparently abundant. However as the species may have specific spawning sites along the shore of the lake, plausible threats such as introduced species damming of the tributary river or pollution from industrial development could threaten the species.

population:
Species was observed to be abundant on the local fish markets in 2006 (J. Freyhof, pers comm.).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Lives up to about five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in June-July along shore, at temperatures around 23-28°C, on sand or gravel. Overwinters in deep water at northeastern part of lake in depressions fed by sublacustrine springs with constant temperature.

threats:
Potentially threatened by introduced species, damming of the tributary river and pollution from industrial development.

conservationAction:
Lake Skadar is a nature reserve, but this has little impact.


redListCategoryRationale:
Most populations declined during first decades of 20th century due to water pollution. Seems to have stabilised at a moderate level in recent times. Decline in habitat quality in the suitable estuarine ecosystems in the northern Black Sea basin (increased salinity in the limans due to water abstraction and drought) is expected to have impact in the immediate future. Still abundant in Azov Sea basin and the impacts of the threats are not expected to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Black and Azov Seas from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deeper layers (50-70 m) of coastal waters. Migrates from sea to mouth and lower reaches of large rivers, spawns in fresh or slightly brackish water, usually close to shore, in upper 2-4 m, in almost still water bodies as flood plains or lakes. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver at 1-2 years. Many individuals spawn 2-4 seasons. Spawners appear along coast in late January-March, enter rivers when temperature reaches about 10°C, in late April-May. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C or beyond, in May-June. Eggs are bathypelagic or sink to bottom. Spent fish migrate to estuaries and coastal lagoons or to sea near river mouths to feed. In autumn, they move to sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea or estuaries during first summer, remaining there until they mature. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (crustaceans), insect larvae and small fish.

threats:
Locally threatened in the northern Black Sea basin by the increasing salinity in the limans, due to water abstraction and drought.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered by some people to be a subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a small coastal lake (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 40 km²). A major decline in the population was observed some 20 years previously. Although no one has surveyed the population in the last 20 years there is no reason to suspect this trend is not continuing (the threats all remain). The species is assessed as Critically Endangered where a greater than 80% decline in the population is suspected in the last 10 years based on direct observations of habitat decline, reduction in water quality, and increasing salinity and pollutants.

range:
It is restricted to coastal Lake Vistonis in northern Greece.

population:
According to the available information the species is possibly extinct. A small population is hypothesized to survive in some channels or streams outflow into the lake (Bobori et al. 2001).

habitat:
It mainly occupies the upper part of Lake Vistonis where the water is exclusively fresh. It is probably a non-migratory shad. Reproduction occurs in the spring.

threats:
Habitat destruction and pollution (organic and industrial). Sewage enters the lake from the nearby town of Xanthi. Water extraction from the inflowing streams is also a serious threat as it may lead to increasing salinity within the lake.

conservationAction:
On paper Greek laws on fishery management protect it, but they are rarely enforced.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the Caspian Sea from where adults used to ascend rivers from the Terek to Ural to spawn. Since the 1960s canalization and channelization of the river mouths have destroyed spawning sites and migratory routes, in addition to those lost during the dam constructions in the 1950s and 1960s. Now the species is only known to ascend the Volga to spawn, where it is extremely rare (no statistics are available from commercial catches and it is rarely recorded from scientific surveys) and the spawnings are mostly unsuccessful (very few juveniles are recorded). The species' current status in the Ural is unknown. The area of the remaining spawning sites is estimated to be less than 500 km², and it is only just below the Volgograd dam (one location, possibly more if it spawns in the Ural). There is a continuing decline in the quality of these sites due to sedimentation from the dam and channelization and canalization of river mouths.

range:
The species is known from the Caspian Sea from where adults ascend the Volga (to Volgograd dam) to spawn, however this is spawning mostly unsuccessful (juveniles are rarely recorded). Its current status in the Ural is unknown.The species used to enter rivers from Terek to Ural.

population:
The species is now so rare there are no statistics from commercial catches and it is rarely recorded from scientific surveys.

habitat:
Habitat: Pelagic, in a wide variety of marine habitats. Migrates to delta and lower reaches of large rivers, spawns in main channel. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver to spawn at 2-3 years. Females spawn 2-3 times in their life. Appears at estuaries in April, enters rivers when temperature reaches about 9°C, in late April-early June with a peak at 17°C. Spawning run lasts 3-8 days. Enters rivers with ripe gonads. Spawning starts when temperature rises above 13°C, in late April-June, and continues as long as temperature remains below 27 °C. Eggs are pelagic. Spent fish migrate back to sea to feed. In autumn, moves to southern Caspian to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer, remaining there until maturity. At sea and during migrations, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (e.g. crustaceans) and small fish.

threats:
Historically overfishing (fishing was banned before 1962) and dam construction destroying spawning grounds and blocking migratory routes (late 1950's and early 1960's) caused population declines. Recently the channelization and canalisation of river mouths has inhibited the species migratory routes and the loss of more spawning sites.

useAndTrade:
--- Other purpose text ---Commercial fishing banned before 1962


taxonomicNotes:
C. muhlisi from Lake Apolyond (in Sea of Marmara basin in Turkey) usually considered as a synonym of C. abrau is a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a very small range as it is restricted to Lake Abrau (<10 km²), which is now the core of Lake Abrau Nature Reserve. However, there are 18 introduced species (N. Bogutskaya pers. comm.) and water abstraction is reducing the level of the lake, in a survey in 2006 only very few individuals were recorded.

range:
Lake Abrau, near Novorossiisk (northern Caucasus, Russia).

population:
The species was abundant in 1996 (Chikhachev, 1997), in a recent survey (2006) very few individuals were recorded (J. Freyhof, J. pers comm.).

habitat:
Habitat: Lake Abrau is a warm and turbid hill lake, 2.6 × 0.6 km, 1.6 km², maximum depth 10 m, 84 m above sea level. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to two years. Spawns in open water, in late evening, in May-September. Eggs are pelagic. Feeds on crustaceans (copepods, mysids), following their daily vertical movements, swimming in surface layers at night and descending during daylight hours.

threats:
There are 18 species introduced species in the lake, there are only 5 native species. Water abstraction has also reduced the level of the lake.

conservationAction:
The species is within the Lake Abrau Nature Reserve.


taxonomicNotes:
Earlier treated as a subspecies or variety of C. cultriventris.

redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread distribution and reported to be abundant along shores of northern and western Caspian Sea.

range:
Caspian Sea and lower reaches of Volga, Ural and possibly Terek.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, pelagic. Spawns near river mouth. Biology: Pelagic, marine or anadromous. Lives up to six. Spawns in open water in late evening in April-July at 10-25°C. Pelagic eggs usually released in water 5 m deep and with a salinity of 0.02-15 ‰. Feeds on zooplanktonic crustaceans (copepods, mysids), following their daily vertical movements, in surface layers at night, descending during daylight hours.


redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread distribution and abundant in lower reaches of rivers, coastal lakes and lagoons. No known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Abundant and exists in degraded habitats.

habitat:
Habitat: Euryhaline, in coastal waters, lagoons and lakes, estuaries and lower reaches of large rivers with a salinity up to 13 ?. Absent from pure seawater. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to five years. Spawns in open water in late evening in April-July at 10-18°C. Eggs are pelagic. In Azov See, there are two spawning runs, one in spring and one in autumn. Individuals migrating in autumn overwinter close to spawning sites and spawn in spring. Returns to sea after spawning. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer. Feeds on crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans.


taxonomicNotes:
Earlier treated as a subspecies or variety of C. cultriventris. The systematics of Clupeonella is not yet resolved. The identity of the species that is invasive in large dammed rivers of Black and Caspian Sea basins is not clear.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a wide distribution with no known major widespread threats. It is found in freshwater lakes, backwaters and reservoirs in Volga and Ural drainages. Invasive in middle and upper Volga drainage, especially in River Kama. Its range is expanding.

range:
Freshwater lakes, backwaters and reservoirs in Volga and Ural drainages. Invasive in middle Don drainage and in middle and upper Volga drainage, especially in River Kama.

habitat:
Habitat: Pelagic zone of large freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to five years. Spawns in open water in late evening, in April-July. Eggs are pelagic. Feeds on crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans.


taxonomicNotes:
Often erroneously called Nemacheilus barbatulus, Cobitis barbatula or Orthrias barbatula. Several species are apparently confused under the name B. barbatula. Recent molecular studies suggest that several species are lumped under this name and a taxonomic revision is needed to settle this problem.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.

range:
Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, from Loire and Rhône drainages eastward; British Isles (except northern Scotland), southern Sweden and Finland (northward to about 66°N); Danube and Vardar drainages. Several similar species in Asia, as far as Japan (including B. toni, which earlier was considered conspecific).

habitat:
Habitat: Usually in flowing stretches of streams and medium-sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom, but also in a variety of other habitats, including sandy canals and lake shores. Spawns on gravel, sand or among aquatic vegetation. Larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current, shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing. Biology: Spawns for the first time usually at one year in central and southern Europe, 2-3 years in nutrient poor habitats and in northern Europe; most individuals spawn 1-2 seasons. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 10°C, usually early morning. Open substrate, multiple spawner. Eggs are released in open water, often close to surface, drift and adhere to different substrates; they are often covered by sand or detritus. Individual females may spawn every day for a short period. Benthic larvae. Feeds on relative large benthic invertebrates (gammarids, chironomids, insect larvae). Tolerant to moderate organic pollution and stream canalisation, very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.

range:
France: Lez to Tech drainages (Mediterranean basin); Spain, in Ebro drainage and between Bidasoa and Nervión drainages on eastern Cantabric slope (introduced in Douro drainage).

habitat:
Habitat: Streams with gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data, probably largely similar to B. barbatula. Spawns for the first time at 40 mm SL.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to springs on the shore of Lake Ohrid and upper Drin river, but there are no threats known. Drought is not thought to be a threat as the springs and Lake Ohrid itself is fed by water from Lake Prespa.

range:
Lake Ohrid basin (Macedonia, Albania). Mainly in springs draining into the lake and the upper Drin river.

habitat:
Habitat: Springs along lake shore. Biology: No data.

threats:
Drought is most likely not a threat as the springs and Lake Ohrid are fed by the water from Lake Prespa.


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though the species is found in only one drainage, the Moraca, there are no current or potential threats and in 2003 and 2006 it was found to be very common.

range:
Montenegro: Lake Skadar basin, Moraca drainage.

population:
In 2003 and 2006, it was found to be very common in the Moraca.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers with stone bottom. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <20,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <2,000 km² and is known from more than 10 separate locations. There is no documented decline in population or habitat quality. The species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
It is restricted to the Strymon, Varda and Nestos river basins in northern Greece and Bulgaria. It is also reported to be present in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) but the actual distribution information was not obtained.

population:
A non-commercial species for which there is little population data.

habitat:
It is a small riverine species that prefers the larger streams and is not found in the smaller creeks. It is absent in channelised habitats and prefers the fast flowing water in mid-stream.

threats:
Channelisation, modification of stream morphology, water abstraction, pollution and dams.


redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread species with no known major widespread threats.

range:
Western Caspian basin in Europe: Kuma, Terek, Sulak, Shura-ozen and Samur drainages. Records from Kuban drainage need confirmation.

habitat:
Habitat: Upper montane reaches of rivers. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² but more sampling would be beneficial to confirm the exact distribution. It is restricted to between 5–10 isolated tributaries (locations). It has suffered a decline in quality of habitat due to pollution/eutrophication. Assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
It is restricted to the Aoos river basin in Epirus, Greece, and is possibly also present in Albania.

habitat:
It has been found in small creeks, streams, and rivers.

threats:
Water abstraction, pollution, and agriculture.


redListCategoryRationale:
With the Europe, the species is only known from the Evergetoulas stream on Lesbos island (Greece). It has a very small EOO (less than 100 km2), and is impacted by water abstraction and drought.European Union 27 = CR B1b(iii). Same rationale as above

range:
Lesbos Island, stream Evergetoulas and western Anatolia from Bakir.

population:
Very few populations but locally common (J. Freyhof, pers comm.).

habitat:
Habitat: Upper part of stream, with current. Biology: No data.

threats:
Water abstraction. Climate change is also a threat as the severity of droughts are predicted to increase.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. arachthosensis is found in only one river basin, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km², the Arachthos which is now linked to the Louros river through canals, and is threatened by habitat destruction, water pollution and extraction and potential hybridisation with C. hellenica from the Louros.

range:
Restricted to the Arachthos river basin in western Greece. The river system is, however, now linked in its lowland to the adjacent Louros river basin through canals.

habitat:
Riverine species preferring sand or mud substrate.

threats:
Habitat destruction. Water pollution and extraction. Potential hybridisation with C. helenica living in the Louros river system since canals now link, in the lowland, the two river basins.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has historically disappeared from many localities due to habitat destruction it has a wide and now expanding range (estimated to be > 20,000 km²). It is assessed as Least Concern.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above. Only a small part of its native range is found outside the European Union (in southern Switzerland).

range:
The natural range includes northern Italy and the Slovenian Adriatic basin. It is also present in the Zrmanja river basin in Croatia and is native to southern Switzerland (Po/Ticino drainage). It has been accidentally introduced to peninsular and Italy and Sardinia, Spain and to an area north of the Alps, and south-eastern France.

population:
Decreasing in Slovenia (where it is totally protected) but increasing in other parts of its range. Usually widespread, common and able to exist in heavily modified and moderately polluted waterbodies.

habitat:
It lives in both standing and running waters in the lowland and hill zones with sand or mud substrates rich in vegetation.

threats:
Habitat destruction, water pollution and predation by alien species.

conservationAction:
None except in Slovenia where it is strictly forbidden to catch this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The generic status of this taxon remains unresolved (Kottelat 1997).

redListCategoryRationale:
A study by Perdices and Doadrio observed a decline in population of C. calderoni of over 70% in the past 10 years, declines in area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) have also been observed due to gravel and water extraction and introduced species are also having a negative impact. This decline is suspected to continue into the future at the same rate (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the Duero, Ebro and Tajo river basins in Spain and Portugal.

habitat:
It lives in upper and middle reaches of rivers with shallow waters and stony bottom.

threats:
Habitat destruction (due to gravel extraction), water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species (e.g., pike in the Duero river).

conservationAction:
Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a single location (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km²) where it is at risk from the introduction of alien species.

range:
Restricted to the Cetina River basin in Croatia

threats:
Habitat destruction. Introduction of exotic fish species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Occurs only as a few restricted populations (Danube drainage: systems of Nera (Romania), Sava, Kupa (Slovenia, Croatia), Morava (Yugoslavia), Vit and Iantra (Bulgaria). Extirpated (many years ago - more than 10 years/3 generations) in Jiu (Romania) and perhaps Iantra (Bulgaria) but in the rest of the systems it is apparently stable and has no major threats.

range:
Danube drainage: systems of Nera (Romania), Sava, Kupa (Slovenia, Croatia), Morava (Yugoslavia), Vit and Iantra (Bulgaria). Extirpated in Jiu (Romania) and perhaps Iantra (Bulgaria).

habitat:
Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing stretches of shallow rivers. On sandy banks and shores, sometimes on rock bottom with submerged vegetation. Not known to enter small streams, large rivers or river stretches without current. Biology: No data.


range:
Danube, upper Elbe and Odra drainages. Coastal Black Sea drainages south of Danube in Bulgaria and Turkey. Western Anatolia.

habitat:
Habitat: Flowing or still waters from small brooks to large rivers, springs, lakes and oxbows. On sand, silt or mud bottom. Biology: Females live up to five years, males up to three years. Spawns in aquatic vegetation in April-July. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. taenia and C. tanaitica.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. hellenica is found in only one river basin, the Louros, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) <1,000 km², an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² and is threatened by water pollution and extraction and the potential threat of hybridization with C. arachthosensis.

range:
Restricted to the Louros river basin in western Greece.

habitat:
Riverine species preferring mud substrate.

threats:
Water extraction, pollution and potential hybridization with C. arachthosensis living in the Arachthos River since canals, now link in the lowland the two river basins.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has only been recorded from Imotzki polje in Croatia (it is possibly found in the lake and the stream), where water abstraction is a serious threat to the species. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km², and based on the major threat of water abstraction it is only found in one location.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Jadova River in Croatia where it is only known at the type locality, an ephemeral stream in a karstic area. It is being impacted by water abstraction and introduced fish species. The species is has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², and and area of occupancy of less than 10 km².For the European Union 27 assessment, the species is recorded as Not Applicable (NA); it is not found within the European Union.

range:
This species is endemic to the Jadova River in Croatia where it is known only from the type locality, an ephemeral stream in a karstic area.

population:
No information is available on population size or trends for this species.

habitat:
This fish occurs in streams, but it is suspected to also survive in refuge ponds and underground waters when the river dries out.

threats:
The major threats to this fish are the invasive species of Lepomis and Squalius cephalus, water abstraction and from increasing severity of droughts caused by climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
C. granoei and C. sibirica are synonyms.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Don, Kuban, Volga, Ural and Emba drainages. Outside Europe in most Siberian drainages, eastward to Amur and Huang He (China).

habitat:
Habitat: From small lowland streams to large rivers with gentle current, and lakes. Mostly in habitats with dense vegetation on sand-silt to sand-gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns in May-June, when temperatures reach 16-17°C, among filamentous algae or other aquatic vegetation.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not abundant, but the population is thought to be stable. It is, however, restricted to the lakeshore habitat of Lake Prespa, which is treated as a single location due to threat of introduced alien species with a likely lake-wide impact.

range:
Restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

habitat:
It is an annual fish species dying after reproduction, which takes place in May. It spawns in coarse sand.

threats:
Water pollution (agriculture and domestic). In potential introduction of alien species to Lake Prespa would be likely to have a negative impact upon C. meridionalis.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a single part of a river basin where it is threatened by the introduction of alien species, water pollution, and impacts from agriculture.

range:
Restricted to the Neretva river basin in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction. Introduction of exotic fish species. Agriculture.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is very abundant throughout its known range with no current signs of decline. It is also known to be quite resilient to degraded conditions. The taxonomy and distribution range for the species are confirmed are correct (Freyhof, pers comm.).

range:
Restricted to the Lake Ohrid and Drim river system in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and the Moraca river and Lake Skadar system in Serbia-Montenegro.

habitat:
Found in the lower part of the Moraca river where the water current is low, and there is a sandy substrate with submerged vegetation. It is also found in the lakeshore.

threats:
Gravel extraction, water pollution, habitat destruction


redListCategoryRationale:
C. paludica is declining throughout its range, estimated at less than 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is due to water and gravel extraction leading to habitat destruction and to the introduction of exotic fish species. This decline is suspected to continue into the future at the same rate (J. Carmona pers comm).

range:
It occurs in rivers of the central and southern Iberian peninsula. Introduced into the Mino and Nalon river basins in Northern Spain.

habitat:
It lives in the middle to lower parts of rivers with low current, sandy to gravel bottom with aquatic vegetation and shallow waters.

threats:
Habitat destruction (due to gravel extraction, water extraction and diversion). Introduction of exotic fish species. Illegal commercial trade as live bait.


redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe, only present in the rivers flowing to the Black Sea from Veleka (southern Bulgaria) to Istanbul in Turkey. The species is threatened by water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less than 20,000km2, however the speices is most likely found in more than 10 locations (small rivers). The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened  European Union 27 = EN, B1ab(iii)2ab(iii). Only present in the   Veleka and Rezovska rivers  (southern Bulgaria). The species is threatened by  water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less  than 5,000km2 and the AOO less than 500km2 and it is found in only two locations.

range:
From Veleka (Bulgaria) to lower Sakarya and Simav (Turkey).

threats:
Water abstraction, droughts (exacerbated by climate change).


redListCategoryRationale:
Within Europe the species is   only found in lower wetland of the Maritza/Evros river in Greece, where it is impacted by pollution from agriculture and industry and salt water intrusion when flow is reduced. The species is assessed as CR due to its restricted range (EOO less than 100km2) and being found in only 1 location.European Union 27 = CR B1ab(iii). Same Rationale as above.

range:
The species has recently been discovered in the lower Matiza/Evros river in Greece and Turkey. Outside Europe the species is known from Karadere stream (Kocacay River) at the outlets of Manyas Lake and also in the outlet of Apolyont Lake, Turkey.

population:
Apparently not rare in appropriate habitats.

habitat:
It lives in a rather well-oxygenated streams with muddy bottom and abundant submerged vegetation.

threats:
The Matitza/Evros river is impacted by pollution from agriculture and industry and salt water intrusion when flow is reduced.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a single restricted location (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²), the Aggitis stream in the Strymon river basin in northern Greece. There is little information on abundance or population trends.

range:
Restricted to the Aggitis stream, a tributary of the Strymon river basin in northern Greece.

habitat:
Streams, channels and springs with stagnant to moderately flowing waters. Appears quite resilient to pollution.

threats:
Habitat degradation, channelisation of creeks, water pollution and extraction.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a highly restricted range being limited to a single spring (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km²). It is assessed as Critically Endangered on account of this restricted range, that it has been extirpated from its original range in the Kefalovriso karstic spring and a reported decline in habitat quality and availability due to agricultural pollution and water extraction.

range:
It is extirpated from its original range in the Kefalovriso karstic spring in Velestino village within the former Lake Karla basin in central Greece. Recent survey of the springs and streams of the Pinios and the previous Lake Karla basins has found it in the Chasambali spring (Economidis and Bobori 2003).

threats:
Water extraction, pollution, and drought.


taxonomicNotes:
C strumicae, C. peschevi and C. rhodopensis are synonyms.

range:
Aegean and Black Sea basins, from Struma drainage to area of Varna (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey), Lakes Volvi and Koronia (Greece); Danube basin in Bulgaria.

habitat:
Habitat: Still to flowing waters with sand or silt bottom. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Atlantic drainages from Seine northward, Baltic basin south of 61ºN, upper Volga drainages, northern Black Sea basin (except Danube). Ancient records from Adour, Garonne and Loire drainages (France) require confirmation.

habitat:
Habitat: From small lowland streams to large rivers. In channels, ditches, backwaters and lakes on sand bottom. Able to inhabit very degraded streams especially if siltation is a problem. In Baltic Sea at salinity up to 5   %. Biology: Females live up to five years, males up to three. Females spawn for the first time at 2-3 years, males at 1-2 years and more than 45 mm SL. Spawns in April-July, at temperatures above 18°C. Eggs are spawned in dense vegetation. Fractional spawner, producing 1-18 portions (under laboratory conditions). Larvae negatively phototactic, hiding under vegetation and in debris until beginning of exogenous feeding. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. elongatoides.

conservationAction:
Protected under the Natura 2000 directive of the EU.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species global range is found within the European Union (Danube delta) so the species is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
Western and northern Black Sea basin (from Danube to Kuban drainages). In Danube, Dniestr and Kuban drainages restricted to lowermost part. More widespread in South Bug and Dniepr drainages. Expected   but not yet confirmed  in part of Baltic basin (Vistula and Odra drainages).

habitat:
Habitat: Large coastal lakes and lower part of rivers on silt bottom, as well as smaller streams with sand bottom. Biology: Spawns in May. Migrates to larger water bodies in autumn for overwintering. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. elongatoides.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is mainly distinguished by chromosome characters and difficult to distinguish from C. taenia in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use.

redListCategoryRationale:
It is found in a very limited stretch of stream (about 1 km long) in the Chornaya drainage below the Chornaya Gorge, which, if water abstraction continues to intensify, may totally dry up in the summer time. The species is also susceptible to climate change as the severity of droughts is predicted to increase.

range:
Ukraine: Crimea: Chornaya drainage, below Chornaya gorge only.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams with still to moderately flowing clear water, on sand to silt bottom or in dense vegetation. Biology: No data.

threats:
High levels of water abstraction, leaving very low levels of water in spring and summer. The abstraction rate is likely to increase so the river below Chornaya Gorge may end up dry. Currently the river only runs for about 1km below Chornaya Gorge in spring. Climate change also poses a threat to the species as the severity of droughts are predicted to increase.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² and is restricted to four lakes and one river system. The main threats of water pollution and abstraction, and habitat destruction, are currently only apparent in four of the five locations. This is causing a decline in AOO, as lake level is declining, and quality of habitat due to pollution. The remaining location currently appears to not be impacted. It therefore qualifies as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Restricted to Lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia, Ozeros and Amvrakia and to the Acheloos river basin in western Greece.

habitat:
It is mainly a lacustrine species. It reproduces in the spring.

threats:
Water pollution (eutrophication) and abstraction. Habitat destruction. Lake level seasonal fluctuation.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


range:
Aegean Sea basin, from Pinios to Gallikos drainages (Greece, Macedonia).

habitat:
Habitat: Still waters of lakes, oxbows and backwaters, rarely in flowing water. On mud to silt bottom. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is estimated that C. vettonica has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 5,000 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 500 km². It is only found at one location (Arrago River a tributary to the Tagus River) where it is threatened by agricultural water pollution, drought and introduced predators.

range:
It is restricted to the Arrago river basin within the Tagus river basin in western Spain.

threats:
Water extraction and pollution, drought. Introduction of exotic fish species.


taxonomicNotes:
The presence of this species cannot be supported by any biogeographic evidence. A hybrid origin was supposed, between introduced Sabanejewia and Cobitis as the species show morphological intermediate characters between these two genera (P.G. Bianco pers. obs.). Genetic investigations were oriented to differentiate this species but did not permit to clarify this potential feature (P.G. Bianco pers. comm.)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to two small locations, the Volturno river basin and Lake Fondi (possibly introduced).

range:
Restricted to the Volturno river basin in Central Italy. Also present in Lake Fondi (possibly introduced) and possibly in a number of other associated lagoons (also likely to have been introduced).

population:
Decreasing in the Volturno river but it is also abundant in the lake and canal systems. In surveys on 2004 carried on Volturno river, loaches were very seldom, and the few collected fish were C. bilineata (Bianco, P.G. pers comm).

habitat:
Rivers, lakes and canals where it prefers sand/mud substrates near vegetation.

threats:
Habitat destruction (in the river), water extraction, alien species (predation).Introduction of congeneric Cobitis bilineata and Pseudorasbora parva, Ictalurus melas, Lepomis gibbosus and others, all found during a survey in 2004 (P.G. Bianco, pers. obs).


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species that is undergoing a gradual and continuing decline resulting in the extirpation from many water bodies however this is not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The major threats are due to the channelization of rivers which stops the formation of backwaters (e.g., oxbow lakes), and the pollution of backwaters.     European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Europe north of the Alps, from Meuse eastward to Neva drainages and Lake Ladoga; northern Black Sea basin from Danube eastward to Kuban; Caspian basin in Volga and Ural drainages. In Black Sea basin, absent south of Danube and Kuban. Not native to Great Britain, Scandinavia, Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas, Crimea, and Adriatic, Aegean and White Sea basins. Locally introduced in Rhône drainage (France) and perhaps elsewhere. Extirpated from Switzerland, recent records (in the 1990-2000s) are actually the alien species Paramisgurnus dabryanus.

habitat:
Habitat: Backwaters and side channels of lowland streams, rivers and lakes. Mostly restricted to densely vegetated habitats with slow or no current and soft, mud bottom. Spawns in dense vegetation, often in flooded meadows. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, at about 110 mm SL. Spawns in March-July. Males have a larger second pectoral ray and shallow vertical swellings of flanks above anal base, enlarged during spawning time. Male follows female into dense vegetation and forms a complete ring around her body, behind dorsal fin. Sticky eggs are released into vegetation. Larvae move to bottom and hide in mud. Larvae have large external gill filaments, reabsorbed after 10-12 days. Adults nocturnal, burrows into mud to hide during day and, especially in shallow habitats, during dry periods and strong frosts. Usually burrows 200-300 mm deep, occasionally down to 700 mm during dry periods. Able to survive in habitats with low oxygen concentrations by cutaneous and intestinal respiration. Frequently swallows air, oxygen being absorbed through the walls of the gut. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Swims slowly above bottom and dig for invertebrates, which are localized by olfaction.

threats:
River regulation for water transport, has reduced the number of back waters (oxbow lakes etc) where, in the last phases of succession the species is found. The species moves between the backwaters during times of flooding, which has also been regulated by the channelization and damming of the rivers. The succession of the back waters takes many years and the number of available and suitable sites for the species is slowly reducing as they dry out and no new ones are created. The species is known to have been extirpated from many locations. Regionally, the species inhabits secondary waterbodies such as drainage canals.


taxonomicNotes:
Populations (even from close localities) exhibit important differences in pigmentation pattern, morphology and habitat. Although this variability lead to the recognition of several populations as distinct taxa. Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) treat the Danubian and Balkan populations as a single species; however, this requires critical re-examination.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats; but it is locally threatened by habitat alteration.

range:
Black Sea basin, in Danube drainage; Aegean Sea basin, in Maritza and from Gallikos to Pinios drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Mainly hill streams with clear water and bottom with sand or fine gravel bottom. In moderate current with few plants at water depths up to 1.5 m. Also observed in large rivers. Biology: Burrows during daylight into sand, sometimes in gravel. Spawns in spring. In aquarium, eggs indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel and plants. A dwarf population was observed in a pond fed by a warm thermal spring with constant temperature in western Romania.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from scattered populations in the Baltic basin and Dniepr but is abundant and widespread in the Dniestr river. It has no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Black Sea basin, in Dniestr, Dniepr and Don drainages. In the Baltic basin in the Vistula and Odra drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Inhabits a wide range of habitats from small lowland streams to fast-flowing piedmont rivers with clear water and sand to gravel bottom. Usually absent from large lowland rivers. Biology: Burrows into sand, avoids mud or silt, sometimes in gravel. Spawns in spring. Eggs 1.1-1.2 mm in diameter, sticky and indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel or other structures. Portion spawner. Eggs hatch in 50-60 h at 22°C. Larvae 3.1-4.2 mm TL start to feed after 6 days. Free larvae lack external gill filaments, but have a prominent transparent bump on forehead.


range:
Danube drainage: lower and middle Danube upriver to Bratislava, entering only lowermost parts of tributaries; Tisza system in Hungary and Slovakia.

habitat:
Habitat: Large lowland rivers. Usually in deep water. Biology: Spawns in Danube and in mouths of some tributaries.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread. Even though the species has many threats, including water abstraction, dams and channelization of lower courses of rivers, it is not believed that these  will cause the species to meet any of the criteria for a threatened or Near Threatened Category at present.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Caspian basin: From Kuma, south to lower courses of Iranian costal drainages to Gorgan Bay.

habitat:
Habitat: Rivulets and streams 3-10 m wide and less than 1 m deep in foothills and plains, sometimes in channels. Usually on gravel, rarely on sand bottom. Usually along steep banks. Biology: Spawns in July-August.

threats:
Water abstraction in particular in Iran, dams, channelization of the lower courses and drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change).


habitat:
Habitat: Inhabits a wide range of habitats from small lowland streams to foothill rivers with clear water and gravel bottom. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is widely distributed species for which there is no evidence of decline and which is more widely distributed than previously though.

range:
Restricted to the Padua-Venetian region in northern Italy. The detailed distribution still unknown. Transplanted into Lake Trasimeno and the Tiber and Ombrone river basins.

population:
Reportedly decreasing but has probably been overlooked in surveys.

habitat:
Lives in standing and running waters in the lowland and hill zones with sand or mud substrates rich in vegetation. Also found in drainage channels.The breeding season occurs from May to July. Females are larger than males but sexual dimorphism in size is not so evident as in the Spined Loach, Cobitis taenia with which S. larvata often occurs sympatrically.

threats:
Habitat destruction and water pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species, with no known major widespread threats that could cause the species to qualify for a threatened category.

range:
Pinios drainage, Aliakmon (Greece), Vardar (Greece and FYROM) and upper Struma (FRYOM and Bulgaria).

habitat:
Habitat: Open waters of medium to large rivers. Forages close to surface. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Lake Vistonis (a coastal lagoon) drainage. Spawning sites have been lost due to the damming of the tributaries (over 10 years ago) for irrigation, however the species can still spawn below the dams (area of occupancy of the remaining spawning sites is less than 10 km²). Due to the damming less freshwater is entering the lagoon causing the expansion of areas of high salinity. Pollution is also a potential threat as the catchment is surrounded by intensive agriculture. Based on the increasing salinity of the lagoon the species is only found in one location.

range:
Lake Vistonis drainage (Greece). Shemajas from Filiouris drainage might be conspecific.

population:
Was believed to extinct, but information from fisherman and subsequent survey has found the species.

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: No data.

threats:
Commercial fishing and loss of spawning grounds due to damming of rivers. Increased salinity of the lagoon, due to the blocking of tributaries for irrigation, is also threatening the species. Pollution may also be a threat as there is intensive agriculture which surrounds the catchment and lagoon.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species in now only know from Lake Volvi (69 km²), it was extirpated in Lake Koronia in 1995 when the lake almost dried up (totally dries up in 2002). The main threat to the species in Lake Vovi is the drying up of the spawning streams (area of occupancy of less than 10 km²), of which there is only two, caused by drought over several years.

range:
Greece: basins of Lakes Volvi (69 km², maximum depth 23 m) and Koronia (where it is now extirpated).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Spawns in streams Biology: No data.

threats:
The species was extirpated from Lake Koronia as the lake almost dried up in 1995, and then totally dried in 2002. The threats to the species in Lake Volvi is drought (which is predicted to be increase in severity due to climate change), especially of the spawning streams of which there is only one or two.


redListCategoryRationale:
A. hispanica has experienced a decline in population of >50% in 10 years, and it is ongoing in spite of the establishment of a conservation program. The population is fragmented due to dams and is declining due to water extraction, introduced species and pollution.

range:
An endemic fish to the Iberic Peninsula. Most of the distribution is within Spain and some in Portugal (Guadiana river basin) (extent of occurrence <5,000 km²).

population:
Very fragmented, declining 50% in the last 10 years (Doadrio 2001).

habitat:
This species lives most of the time in small intermittent streams of the Guadiana River basin with high dissolved oxygen concentrations, coarse substratum, shallow depth and water temperature below 25°C. It is a short-lived species (maximum three years old) achieving a small size (< 60 mm). Reproduction takes place in April–May. It is a species with limited dispersal. (Doadrio 2001).

threats:
Alteration of habitat, reduced flow regime due to water extraction, and river regulation (dams), pollution and introduced species.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
Molecular and morphological data show that Aspius should be included in Leuciscus.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, locally threatened by river engineering projects. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Large rivers draining to North Sea (Weser, Elbe), Baltic Sea (southern tributaries, Norway east of Oslo, southern Sweden, Kokemären drainage in southern Finland), Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Seas; Aegean Sea, from Maritza to Lake Volvi drainages. Absent in Black Sea basin south of Danube and Rioni (Georgia) drainages, but present in Turkey west of Ankara. Introduced in Rhine, Northern Dvina and Lake Balkhash (Asia). Identity of populations of Aral Sea remains uncertain.

habitat:
Habitat: Open water of large and mid-sized lowland rivers and large lakes. Spawns on gravel or submerged vegetation in fast-flowing water. Lake populations migrate to tributaries. Biology: Lives more than 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years. Reproductive success seems to be associated with low water level and high spring temperatures. Spawns more than one season, in March-early April (mid-May in Volga), when temperatures rise above 8°C (Rhine) or even less (4-6°C in Terek), at places with strong current. Spawning lasts about two weeks. Eggs adhere to gravel or submerged plants. Semi-anadromous individuals or populations (Terek) forage predominantly in estuaries and freshened parts of the sea, migrating to rivers only for spawning. Starts spawning migration in second half of October (Terek) and overwinters in lower part of river. Juveniles are gregarious predators; adults hunt in small groups or are solitary. Juveniles and adults feed predominantly on fish, especially on Alburnus alburnus or Osmerus eperlanus. Juveniles grow rapidly, reaching about 80-100 mm SL during first year. Regularly hybridizes with L. idus.

threats:
No major threats known. However, locally threatened by river engineering projects.


taxonomicNotes:
Following Eschmeyer (2004) the spelling of the specific name huegeli was corrected to Aulopyge huegelii.

There has been some confusion about the date of publication of the specific name, with the years 1841, 1842 and 1843 being used by different sources. Kottelat (1997) is followed here as he states the following: "Although the generic name Aulopyge is available from Heckel (1841a: 384 [published 30 April 1941]; also 1841b: 523 [published 1842 according to Eschmeyer, 1990]), the species name A. huegelii is only available from his 1842 description. In the 1841 paper, Heckel only mentioned that the species would be named for Hügel, but did not use the name huegelii. The description is repeated in Heckel (1843: 1021)."

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² (Zrmanja, Krka and Cetina rivers), is restricted to two separate locations (based on the potential threat from invasive alien species and pollution), and has undergone an overall decline in habitat quality and the number of mature individuals. It is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii,v).

range:
Endemic to the karst area of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina where it is known from the Zrmanja, Krka and Cetina rivers. It can also establish itself in lakes and has been introduced to Lakes Blidin and Busko Blato. It has also been recorded in some small rivers in Livanjsko Polje. Its presence in Zrmanja has not been confirmed recently (M. Povz pers. comm.).

habitat:
This species is suspected to move into the subterranean waters of karst caves in winter. Spawning lasts a month or more when temperatures reaches 20°C.

threats:
Dams, degradation of the habitat, water pollution and water extraction.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, locally threatened due to habitat alterations along river banks and degradation of lowland wetlands. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Large rivers draining to Baltic Sea (absent in northern Sweden and Finland north of 62°N), North Sea (Weser, Elbe), Black Sea, Sea of Azov (Don) and Caspian Sea (abundant in Volga, rare in Ural).

habitat:
Habitat: Large lowland rivers with backwaters; also in eutrophic lowland lakes. Spawns on submerged vegetation along shores of rivers or in backwaters. Also reported to spawn on gravel in moderate current. Biology: Lives more than 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years and about 150 mm SL. Most individuals spawn several times during their life. Spawns in spring (March-April in lower Danube, April-early May in Baltic, May-June in Volga delta), when temperature reaches 10°C (8-12°C in lower Danube). Spawning period short, usually only 1-2 weeks. Females spawn once a year. Males often defend spawning territories along shoreline. In mature males, sides of body above anal with nuptial tubercles. May undertake long migrations upriver to suitable spawning sites. Juveniles in backwaters and flooded zones along rivers. Enters freshened parts of seas to forage. Feeds predominantly on zooplankton in open water of backwaters and other still water bodies.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread and expanding its range (through canals and introductions). It is usually rare and may be locally threatened by water pollution. In the upper Danube it proliferates in reservoirs.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Large rivers draining to Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas. Introduced or native to Northern Dvina drainage (White Sea basin) where it is quickly spreading from warmer upper reaches (Vychegda system) northward. Introduced in River Volkhov (a Lake Ladoga tributary), in Rhine in 1995 and invasive in Vistula drainage, coming from Black Sea basin through Prypet-Bug canal (connecting Dniepr and Vistula drainages).

habitat:
Habitat: Large lowland rivers and estuaries. Spawns in fast-flowing water on gravel bottom or submerged vegetation. Biology: Poorly known. Thought to be a rheophilic, nocturnal species. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Spawns in April-May when temperature rises above 8°C. Spawns in large aggregations. Semi-anadromous populations forage in large brackish-water habitats in estuaries around Black Sea. Spawning migration of semi-anadromous individuals start in November (Kura). Feeds on benthic invertebrates.

threats:
May be locally threatened by water pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a fragmented distribution in sandy streams with fast current in the Arges, Olt, Jui, Mures and Tapolitza systems of the Danube basin. Damming, water abstraction and pollution have all increased in recent years which all have an impact on the species. It is suspected that the species population has declined by almost 30% in the past 10 years, and will continue to do so as development within Romania increases.

range:
Romania: Danube basin, Arges, Olt, Jui, Mures and Tapolitza systems.

population:
Declining, localised and fragmented population.

habitat:
Habitat: Sandy streams with clean water and moderate to fast current. Biology: Spawns from May to July.

threats:
Development in Romania is leading to increased water abstraction, pollution and damming of rivers.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a fragmented distribution in sandy streams with fast current in the Ialomita and tributaries of lower River Siret of the Danube basin. Damming, water abstraction and pollution have all increased in recent years in Romania which has had an impact up on the species. It is suspected that the species population has declined by less than 30% in the past 10 years, and will continue to do so as development within Romania increases. The extent of occurrence of the species is just over 11,000 km², and there is a continuing decline in population and quality of habitat, however there are more than 10 locations.

range:
Romania: River Ialomita and tributaries of lower River Siret in Danube drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Sandy streams with clean water and moderate to fast current. Burrows into sand, rarely in gravel. Biology: Spawns in spring. Eggs 0.9-1.1 mm in diameter, sticky and indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel or other substrate. Portion spawner. Eggs hatch in 50-60 h at 22°C. Larvae 3.0-3.4 mm TL start to feed after 6 days. Free larvae lack external gill filaments, but have a transparent bump on forehead.


taxonomicNotes:
Other breams traditionally included in Abramis are now placed in Ballerus, Blicca and Vimba.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Most European drainages, from Adour (France) to Pechora (White Sea basin); Aegean Sea basin, in Lake Volvi and Struma and Maritza drainages. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Scotland, Scandinavia north of Bergen (Norway) and 67°N (Finland). Locally introduced in Ireland, Spain and northeastern Italy. In Asia, Marmara basin (Turkey) and eastward to Aral basin. Introduced in Lake Baikal and upper Ob and Yenisei drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of lakes and large to medium sized rivers. Most abundant in backwaters, lower reaches of slow-flowing rivers, brackish estuaries and warm and shallow lakes. Semi-anadromous individuals enter freshened parts of seas to forage. Usually spawns in densely vegetated backwaters, floodplains or lake shores. Sometimes far from shore. Nearly all surfaces can be used for spawning. Biology: Gregarious. During winter, form large aggregations, often together with other fish. Lives about 10-20 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Some females do not spawn every year. Spawns in May-June at temperatures above 15°C. In many populations, spawning migration starts in autumn (especially semi-anadromous individuals), slows down during winter and continues in spring. Migrate far upriver (100 km in Dniepr) to spawn. Males with nuptial tubercles on head and body. Males often defend spawning territories along shoreline. Females spawn from once a year over a few days (Rhine) to 1-3 portions, at 7-14 days intervals (Lake Ilmen). Eggs are sticky and egg size increase with age of female. Larvae and juveniles inhabit still water bodies, feeding on plankton. Survival of juvenile is high in backwaters and low in main channel of large rivers. Growth is faster in main river than in backwaters. Juveniles 1-2 years old move from backwaters to river for feeding and then return to backwaters to spawn. If juveniles do not have an opportunity to leave backwaters, they are able to adapt but have a slower growth and reach maturity at a smaller size (stunted populations). In lower parts of large rivers, juveniles drift to brackish estuaries to forage when water level of flooded areas drops. Juveniles forage in brackish waters enter lower parts of rivers to overwinter in freshwater. Juveniles mostly feed on zooplankton. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, which are dug out of fine bottom sediments, and also often on molluscs. May shift to particle feeding or even filter feeding at high zooplankton abundance. Frequently forms fertile hybrids with Rutilus rutilus.


taxonomicNotes:
New genus is Chondrostoma from Rutilus (Doadrio and Carmona 2004). C. arcasii subsequently transferred to Achondrostoma.

redListCategoryRationale:
It is suspected that the current threats to C. arcasii of canal construction, water pollution, dam construction and introduced species, will cause a decline of over 30% in the next 10 years (J. Carmona, pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to Duero river in Portugal and to Ulla, Umia, Marin, Mino, Duero, Tajo rivers (Atlantic drainage) and to Francoli, Ebro, Mijares, Palancia, Jucar and Serpis rivers (Mediterranean drainage).

habitat:
It is a riverine species with contrasting life histories between streams.

threats:
Habitat loss due to canal building and construction of dams. Introduced predators and water pollution. (J. Carmona pers. comm).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted range (area of occupancy <500 km², extent of occurrence <5,000 km²), and found in only three streams (possibly two as the species is believed to be extirpated in Safarujo after it dried up) in Estremadura in Portugal where it is heavily impacted by domestic and agricultural pollution and water abstraction, especially during the summer dry period where the streams dry up.

range:
Portugal: Estremadura, in Alcabrichel, Sizandro and Safarujo drainages. It is believed the population in the Safarujo is extirpated after the stream dried up.

habitat:
Habitat: Lower stretches of rivers. Biology: No data. Spawns in April-May.

threats:
The species is heavily impacted by pollution from domestic and agricultural sewage and water abstraction.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously this species was known as Chondrostoma macrolepidotus or Rutilus macrolepidotus. The name had to be changed for nomenclature reasons.

redListCategoryRationale:
Achondrostoma oligolepis is a widespread species, although several populations have declined sharply due to habitat degradation, sand extraction and pollution. Water abstraction and climate change are also a threat.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.

range:
It is restricted to central and northern Portugal: from Limia to Tornada drainages.

population:
No information is available on population size or trends.

habitat:
The species is found in the lower stretches of rivers and streams.

threats:
This species is threatened by habitat degradation, sand extraction and pollution. Water abstraction and climate change (leading to droughts) are also a threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to five tributaries of the Duero River, Salamanca, Spain (with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km², and area of occupancy of less than 500 km²). The population is declining and the species' habitat is being impacted by water extraction for agriculture.

range:
The species inhabits the Huebra, Águeda, Yeltes, Turones and Uces tributaries of the Duero River basin in Salamanca province, western Spain.

population:
It is locally abundant within its range, where it can be the dominant species in terms of numbers of individuals. However, this fish is in overall decline.

habitat:
Typically this species inhabits seasonal streams, with clear waters, sandy bottoms, and it prefers slow-flowing reaches with abundant aquatic macrophytes. Natural hybrids with Pseudochondrostoma duriense (a native sympatric species) have been reported in several localities.

threats:
Habitat has been reduced during the past few decades by receding water levels due to extensive agriculture, construction of dams and weirs, and by water transfers. Consequently, the species is currently in decline.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are known to be in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The eastern populations of Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) were revised by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009). As a result, the species was split into 12 separate species: A. bipunctatus, A. rossicus, A. kubanicus, A. maculatus, A. eichwaldii, A. fasciatus, A. gmelini, A. varentsovi, A. petrubanarescui, A. namaki, A. nicolausi, and A. idignensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread and regionally abundant. Locally threatened due to stream regulation, stocking of trout and pollution. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
From Loire drainage (France) eastward, in nearly all rivers draining to North and Baltic Seas. In Black Sea basin, widespread in Danube and coastal rivers south of Danube in Bulgaria and Turkey. In Mediterranean basin, in Rhône and some small coastal drainages from Provence (France) eastward to Genova (Italy), Aoos (Greece, Albania) and western Greece as far south as Sperchios drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers in foothills, with well oxygenated, fast-flowing water. Spawns on gravel in swift current. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years and usually only one or two seasons. Spawns in May-July, when temperature rises above 12°C. Single females spawn more than once during a season. Spawns in small groups, depositing eggs deep into gravel. Juveniles in a wide variety of shoreline habitats. All age classes inhabit open water of streams and small rivers. Feeds on terrestrial and drifting invertebrates.

threats:
Stream regulation, stocking of trout and pollution.


taxonomicNotes:
Alburnoides eichwaldii was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively restricted range within Europe (north of the Caucuses) (EOO of 15,000 km2), but is very abundant. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
This species is distributed in the river drainages of the southwestern Caspian coast from Samur down to rivers of the Lenkoran and most likely east to Atrek.

habitat:
Streams and rivers in foothills, with well oxygenated, fast-flowing water. Spawns on gravel in swift current.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively restricted range along the rivers of the western Caspian coast (with an Extent of Occurrence of about 20,000 km2) but it is abundant within its distribution area and has no known major threats.

range:
Rivers of the western Caspian coast (eastern Ciscaucasia) from Sulak southward to rivers at Derbent.

habitat:
The species prefers upper sections of rivers and hill streams, also found in small reservoirs and canals (Bogutskaya and Coad 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Previously Alburnoides kubanicus was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).

range:
Kuban River drainage where it is found from the upper reaches of tributaries down to the piedmont sections. Also reported from the Gastogay River, which formerly belonged to the Kuban River drainage but now flows into the Vityazevskiy Liman of the Black Sea (Plotnikov and Emtyl 1991).

habitat:
Streams and rivers with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.


taxonomicNotes:
Alburnoides maculatus was a subspecies of A. bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to small streams of the Crimea Peninsula (Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Salgir), where it is impacted by severe levels of water abstraction. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 10,000 km² and it is found in five locations.For the European Union 27 assessment, this species is recorded as Not Applicable (NA); it is not found within the European Union.

range:
The species is restricted to the small streams Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Salgir of the Crimea Peninsula.

habitat:
The species occurs in streams with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.

threats:
Intensive water abstraction and drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change) are the main threats to this fish.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the species threats and possible conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from Lake Ohrid (360 km²) (Macedonia, Albania) where there is a potential threat of introduced species. Many species have already been introduced to Lake Ohrid.

habitat:
Habitat: Surf zone along lake shores. Biology: Spawns in May-June.

threats:
Introduced species are a potential threat to the species. Many species have already been introduced into Lake Ohrid.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from Lakes Prespa (324 km²) (Greece, Macedonia, Albania) where there is a potential threat to the species from water abstraction, drought, pollution and introduced species which could impact the whole lake.

range:
Lakes Prespa (Greece, Macedonia, Albania).

threats:
Water abstraction, drought, pollution and introduced species which could impact the whole lake.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously Alburnoides rossicus was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = NA. Less than 1% of the species range occurs within the European Union (Poland)

range:
This species occurs in the rivers Dniester, South Bug and Dnieper draining to the Black Sea. It is also distributed in Don river drainage in the Sea of Azov basin and in the Volga drainage, in the Caspian Sea basin where it is known from upper reaches in Tver Province and upper reaches of Oka River downstream to Kama river (inclusive, with tributaries) and rivers and lakes of Samara Province.

habitat:
Streams and small rivers with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.


redListCategoryRationale:
Assessed as Vulnerable on the basis that it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km², where it is restricted 10 separate river basins (treated as separate locations on the basis of known threats from introduced species), and is suffering from an ongoing range reduction (due to the impact of the invasive species Rutilus rubilio), a decline in habitat quality, mainly due to channelisation and piping of water courses, and a decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO. A decline in the number of mature individuals is assumed due to the reduction in AOO.

range:
Endemic to southern Italy. On the Tyrrhenian side it's natural range includes the area form the Voltumo to Alento rivers. Introduced sub-populations are found in the Mingardo, Bussento, Lao, and Savuto rivers. On the Adriatic side its natural range is from the Trigno to Basento rivers. It has not been introduced to this area.

population:
Abundant and widespread within its range but has declined by 50% in the past 10 years due to introduction of Rutilus rubilio (Picariello et al. 2004).

habitat:
Ubiquitous throughout rivers, streams, and dams.

threats:
Habitat destruction, introduced species (Rutilus rubilio, in particular), and hybridization with Leuciscus cephalus.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Annex III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
Almost endemic to Europe, as a small part of the species range is found in Anatolia. A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Most of Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Emba. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic and Aegean basins (except Evros drainage), Italy, Ireland, Great Britain (except southeast), Norway and Scandinavia north of 67°N, Caspian basin south of Volga. Locally introduced in Spain, Portugal and Italy, in Lake Abrau (Black Sea coast of Russia) and in the Irtysh River.

habitat:
Habitat: Open waters of large lakes and medium to large rivers. Forages close to surface. In winter forms large aggregations in backwaters and other still waters. Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Usually spawns only one or two seasons. Spawns in May-August at temperatures above 15°C, 2-4 times at 1-2 week intervals, in early morning. Larvae inhabit littoral zone of rivers and lakes, juveniles leave shores and occupy a pelagic habitat, feeding on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on the water surface. Scales were earlier used to make Essence d'Orient, a coating for artificial pearls.


taxonomicNotes:
A. alborella is a frequent incorrect spelling.

range:
Adriatic basin from Soca drainage to Ancona province (Slovenia, Switzerland, Italy), Ricica, lower Zrmanja drainage (Croatia). Tyrrhenian basin in the Arno drainage (Italy). Introduced in Ombrone and Tevere drainages (Italy).

habitat:
Habitat: Open surface waters in a variety of habitats ranging from large subalpine lakes to small, lowland streams. Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Usually spawns only for a single season, in May-August at temperatures above 15°C. Feeds on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on waters surface.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to two connected lakes where it is at risk from the potential threat of introduced alien species.

range:
Restricted to Lakes Megali and Mikri Prespa in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

habitat:
It lives in lakes and reproduces in May-June. It is pelagic visiting the littoral zone only for spawning. In Megali Prespa, it can also spawn in the tributaries of the lake. It is short-lived and is heavily predated upon by fish-eating birds nesting there.

threats:
Water pollution, overfishing, and water extraction resulting in a reduction in water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes. Formerly, it was commercial exploited but the fishery has now ceased. There is also a potential threat of introduced species.


taxonomicNotes:
A morphologically variable species. This variability has usually been considered to be an adaptation to different habitats, but our data suggest that this is probably due to several species being confused under the name A. chalcoides.

redListCategoryRationale:
Almost all long-distance migrating populations were lost (during 1950s and 1960s) as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams. It now survives in many small water courses and as landlocked populations in some reservoirs, the population usually spawns below the dams.     European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Caspian (mostly western and southwestern coast, from Ural, Volga to Safid-Rud drainages).

population:
The poplation declined in the 1950's and 1960's due to the damming of the rivers which blocked access to spawning sites. However they have formed stable landlocked populations and can still spawn below the dams.

habitat:
Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, coastal lakes, estuaries, and adjacent areas of seas where salinity is lowered by large inflow of freshwater. In estuaries, lives close to surface and tolerates salinities up to 12   %o. Earlier migrated for long distances upstream, up to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in small rivers or streams with heavy current on gravel bottom. Landlocked populations in reservoirs spawn in reservoir tributaries. Biology: Semi-anadromous and landlocked populations. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years, females one year later than males. Anadromous populations start entering rivers in autumn (September in Kura) and move upstream during winter and/or in spring. Spawns in May-September in water 0.2-0.7 m deep, current about 1 m/s, and 18-26°C, often with much splashing. Males seem to be partly territorial. Males assemble at spawning grounds and wait for ripe females, which arrive later. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Embryonic development lasts 2-3 days, larvae first staying among gravel for 8-11 days, then actively migrating to shallows and backwaters. Adults migrate back to sea, lakes or estuaries soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles migrate downriver in autumn of same year or next spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, adults mainly on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish.

threats:
Currently overfishing and pollution in the Caspian Sea could be a threat to the species.


range:
Western and southwestern Caspian basin, from Kuma to Safid-Rud drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Water bodies with slow to fast current; prefers places where current is slowed down, commonly in shallows near bottom. Abundant in middle and lower reaches of large rivers and their tributaries, reservoirs and swampy creeks; also in brackish water at river mouths, in estuaries and coastal lakes. Spawns in shallow water, 0.1-0.5 m deep. Biology: Pelagic, commonly forms schools in upper water layers. Lives up to three years, spawns 1-2 times during its life. Spawns in April-July, when temperatures rise above 18-23°C. Males predominate in mating groups (sex ratio 2.5:1). Eggs sticky, laid on submersed plants, rarely on pebbles, 1.4 mm diameter. Females lay 2-3 portions of eggs in a season. Feeds on plankton, insect larvae, seeds.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not widespread (its range is less than 10,000 km²), but it has no known major widespread threats and is abundant. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Coastal streams of Thrace from Karasu (Sea of Marmara basin) to Papuc (Black Sea basin) (Turkey).

habitat:
Habitat: Riverine and lacustrine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Forages in lower part of rivers, close to surface.


redListCategoryRationale:
Apparently stable in Azov Sea, from where it enters Don, Kuban and some small streams. Abundant in the Tsymlansk Reservoir (landlocked population). The population sharply declined in the 1960's as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams (Don dammed in 1963). Today the species spawns below the dams. Overfishing is a potential threat to the species, but it is not thought to be currently causing a decline in the species.

range:
Sea of Azov basin (Russia, Ukraine), where it migrates up the Don to the Tsymlansk Dam, Kuban to Krasnodar Dam, and other smaller rivers. There is a landlocked population in the Tsymlansk Resevoir.

population:
Abundant in Tsymlansk Resevoir. Its status in the Sea of Azov is unknown but thought not to be currently declining. (declined in the 1960's - Don damed in 1963).

habitat:
Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, coastal lakes, estuaries, and open sea. At sea, lives close to surface and tolerates salinities up to 12 ‰. Landlocked populations in reservoirs. Migrates for long distances, up to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in rivers or streams with heavy current, on gravel bottom. Landlocked populations spawn in reservoir tributaries. Biology: Semi-anadromous and landlocked populations. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years, females one year later than males. Anadromous populations start entering rivers in autumn (September in Kuban) and move upstream during winter and/or in spring. Spawns in May-July, in shallows and at 18-26°C. Males assemble at spawning grounds and wait for ripe females, which arrive later. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Adults return to sea soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles move downriver in autumn of same year or next spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, adults mainly on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish. Regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.

threats:
Current potential threat to the species is overfishing.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the 38 km² Lake Doiran (Greece) where it lives on the southern shore and spawns in surf zone (estimated area of occupancy <10 km²). The water level of the lake has dropped by six metres since 1990 due to water abstraction for irrigation. This has resulted in the disappearance of subaquatic vegetation, leading to severe ecological stress for the entire lake. Predictions are that the lake will run dry by 2015 if pumping continues at its present rate.

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine, near shores. Biology: Along southern shore, spawns in surf zone of lake.

threats:
Water abstraction from the lake for agricultural irrigation. It is predicted that the lake will be dry by 2015 if current abstraction rates continue.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to Lake Mandras (35 km²) drainage (Bulgaria) (extent of occurrence<100 km²), where it is threatened by pollution (domestic and industrial) and the impoundment of the spawning streams. Based on the threat of pollution the species is only found in one location.

range:
Bulgaria: Lake Mandras drainage (Black Sea basin).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates up to upper reaches of lake tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with strong current, on gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns in May-June. Forages in pelagic area of lake, close to surface. Feeds on terrestrial insects and zooplankton.

threats:
Pollution in the lake from industrial and domestic sources and impoundment of spawning rivers, some are already blocked.


habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates for short distances to lower reaches of tributary streams. Spawns in streams with strong current, on gravel bottom, rarely along lake shores. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years, females one year later than males. Spawns in May-July, in shallows, current about 1 m/s, and 12-18°C, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Adults return to lakes soon after spawning to forage. Larvae move downriver soon after hatching. All age groups feed on zooplankton.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from five streams on the Crimea with an extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km² (area of occupancy of spawning sites estimated to be less than 500 km²). It is threatened by pollution (Salgir stream), water abstraction (Alma, Chornaya, Kacha) and river regulation (Chornaya). It's presence in Salgir needs to be confirmed, it is rare in Kacha and Chornaya streams, almost extirpated in Alma but still abundant in the Bel Bek stream.

range:
The species is known from five streams on the Crimea; Salgir, Alma, Chornya, Bel Bek and Kacha.

population:
It's presence in Salgir needs to be confirmed, it is rare in Kacha and Chornaya streams, almost extirpated in Almastill but still abundant in the Bel Bek stream.

habitat:
Habitat: Lower and middle parts of streams and estuaries. In estuaries, lives close to surface. Migrates to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns in June-July. Forages in small stream estuaries and migrates upstream to spawn. Some juveniles forage in lower part of streams. Feeds on drifting and terrestrial insects and zooplankton. Regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.

threats:
It is threatened by pollution (Salgir stream), water abstraction (Alma, Chornaya, Kacha) and river regulation (Chornaya). The level of drought is predicted to increase in severity due to climate change.


redListCategoryRationale:
A species with a restricted range (with an Extent of Occurrence less than 10,000 km2), but locally abundant and not known to be declining despite the various impacts within the Neretva River drainage.    European Union 27 = NA. The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
The species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Neretva River drainage including Lakes Kuti and Baćinska, Hutovo blato wetland, waters of karstic fields Rastoke and Jezero near Vrgorac, Mušnica River (Gatačko polje), Trebišnjica River (Popovo polje) and Tihaljina/Trebižat River system. In the Neretva upriver to the Buna River and in the lower and middle section of the Neretva River from the mouth to about 20 km upstream of Mostar (Buj et al. 2010).

population:
Locally abundant and not known to be declining

threats:
Even though there are threats to other endemic fishes in the Neretva river (invasive species (e.g. Lepomis gibbosus, Sander lucioperca and many others), dams, water abstraction, drought and agricultural pollution are threats to the species) these do not seem to impact this species in a way that qualifies for any threatened category.


taxonomicNotes:
Published morphological data suggest that two species of shemayas were possibly present in the lower Danube until about 1940. One of them (Alburnus danubicus) is now Extinct.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is now restricted to only two populations: one at the estuary of the Bug and Dniepr with a single spawning site in each drainage (area of occupancy less than 10 km²); and one in the Danube (in the Kolpa in Slovenia and Croatia) where it is almost extirpated. During the early and middle 20th century, all populations sharply declined as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams. Now the species successfully spawns below dams but illegal fishing at these new spawning sites could threaten the species, the impact of fishing and the level of spawning is currently unknown.For the European Union 27 assessment, this species is Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(v)). Within the European Union (EU), it is now known from only one very small population in the Kolpa in Slovenia and Croatia, and very few isolated records (severely fragmented) from Hungary and Romania. It is almost extirpated in this region and is threatened by dam construction and illegal overfishing. The species' area of occupancy in the EU is less than 10 km².

range:
This fish occurs in the Black Sea basin in the lower and middle course of the Danube, lower Dniepr and South Bug, and coastal lakes. It is very rare in the Danube.

habitat:
Habitat  This species occupies the lower and middle parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and adjacent areas of seas where salinity is lowered by large inflow of freshwater. It tolerates salinities up to 12%. Spawning occurs in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom, today mostly below dams.  Biology  The species usually has semi-anadromous populations. The Danube has only a residual population left. It spawns for the first time at 2–4 years, females one year later than males. It starts entering rivers in autumn and moves upstream during winter and/or spring; spawning occurs in May–July at 18–26°C. Eggs are sticky and adhere to pebbles or stones. Adults return to the sea, lakes or estuaries soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles move downstream in the autumn of the same year or the following spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, while adults mainly feed on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish. This species regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.

threats:
The reason for the collapse of the species in the Danube is unknown. Dams have blocked most spawning sites for this species, but it now spawns below the dams in the Ukraine. Illegal fishing at new spawning sites below the dams could threaten the future survival of this species.Yes

conservationAction:
A detailed action plan for this species within the EU is urgently needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Shemayas of Bulgarian rivers north to Kamtchya might also belong to this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages in the Black Sea basin with an extent of occurrence of around 2,000 km², the area of occupancy of the spawning grounds is estimated at less than 500 km². The major threat to the species is heavy overfishing, commercial, sport angling and poaching. Drought is also a potential threat to the species spawning grounds, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.

range:
Black Sea basin: Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages.

population:
In is still abundant in the Resowska (Oezulug pers comm.) and Veleka.

habitat:
Habitat: Riverine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Forages in lower part of rivers, close to surface.

threats:
Heavy fishing (poaching, commercial and sport fishing). Drought (at the spawning grounds) is also a potential threat to the species, already a decrease in the mean annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is very abundant, with no known major threats, although it has a limited area of occupancy.

range:
Lakes Skadar and Ohrid basins (Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine and in lake tributaries. Spawns on lakes shores, or migrates to tributaries to spawn in shallow riffle habitats. Biology: Gregarious, forms large schools. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at one year. In Lake Skadar, spawns in March-July, peaking in May at 18-23°C; in Lake Ohrid in May-June. Eggs are deposited on sand, gravel and rock bottom, at about 0.3 m depth. Eggs hatch in about 4 days. Feeds mainly on Cladocera and copepods.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the lower Struma drainage and Lake Volvi, it is extirpated from Lake Koronia (Greece) when the lake dried in 2002 due to water abstraction and drought. The estimated extent of occurrence for the species is 10,000 km², and it is threatened in some parts of its range by water pollution, abstraction and drought (not a threat currently or in the near future in Lake Volvi or Struma main channel). The species is found in more than 10 locations based on the main threat of water abstraction.

range:
Lower Struma drainage and Lakes Volvi and Koronia (Greece).

population:
Very abundant. In the resevoir created by a dam on the Struma river, the species is very abundant.

threats:
Water abstraction and pollution is a potential threat to the species in the Struma tributaries. In August of 1995 almost all fish died in Lake Koronia, due to anoxic conditions provoked by extreme pollution. The lake totally dried in 2002.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is diagnosed mainly by molecular characters and difficult to distinguish from B. carpathicus and B. petenyi in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use. Some populations from the Gallikos, Aliakmon and lower Vardar have a longer dorsal with slightly concave margin, last simple dorsal ray granulous posteriorly along part of its length, a longer anal, and pointed caudal lobes. They possibly represent introgression with B. strumicae, or a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Common in suitable habitats.

range:
Adriatic basin: Soca drainage (Italy, Slovenia). Danube drainage: upper Save, Archar, Krupaja, Vlasinsko and Nera systems, possibly more widespread in upper Danube drainage. Aegean basin: Gallikos, Vardar, Loudias and Aliakmon drainages (Greece, Macedonia).

habitat:
Habitat: Fast to moderate-flowing premontane and montane streams and small rivers with gravel bottom. Spawns in riffles. Most abundant in rapids and riffles during day. Biology: Moves to upper reaches for spawning. Spawns in May-July.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a very wide distribution. However it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation, especially in the Baltic drainages, Elbe, South Bug and Dniepr. Sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century. However has since stabilized at a moderate level. Was heavily impacted by pollution in central Europe but populations have mostly recovered.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
North of the Pyrénées and Alps, from Adour (France) eastward to Neman (Lithuania, Russia) drainages, in rivers draining to Atlantic, North Sea and southern Baltic Sea; Danube to Dniepr drainages in northern Black Sea basin; southeastern England north to Yorkshire. In almost all Mediterranean drainages of France. Locally introduced in northern and central Italy, rivers Wear, Tees and Medway and most western drainages of England.

habitat:
Habitat: From premontane to lowland reaches of clear, warm, medium sized to large rivers with fast current and gravel bottom. Occasionally in lakes. Spawns usually in very shallow, fast-flowing waters, in riffles. Overwinters often in large aggregations inactive or active in slow-flowing river habitats. Biology: Adults often shoal, hiding under overhanging trees or bridges during day. Most active during dusk and dawn. Lives up to 15 years. Males usually spawn for the first time at 2-5 years, females 1-2 years later. Spawns in May-July, rarely until September when temperature reaches 15°C. Females spawn several times, usually at intervals of 10-15 days each season. Adults often undertake considerable spawning migrations. Lake populations migrate to tributaries. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning sites. Courting males follow females to spawning site and, during the spawning act, one male swims head to head with the female. Sneaking males, waiting in the spawning site, then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs. Up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act. Females deposit 2-3 portions of non-sticky eggs into excavations made in the gravel. Feeding larvae drift a short distance from spawning site to shallow shoreline habitats. Larvae and juveniles are benthic, in very shallow shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for faster-flowing waters as they grow. Larvae and juveniles active during both day and night. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates, small fish and sometimes on algae.

threats:
Water pollution, dams, river regulation.

useAndTrade:
It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a reasonably restricted distribution (estimated at around 25,000 km²), but has no known major threats.

range:
Western Black Sea basin: from Kamchiya to Resowska drainages (Bulgaria, Turkey).

habitat:
Habitat: Fast to moderate flowing rivers and streams. Biology: Spawns until July.


redListCategoryRationale:
Field survey has shown a decline in the number of spawning sites from an estimated 80 sites to only 25 sites (G. Bianco, pers comm.) over a 10-year period. This is used to infer an estimated 65% decline in the population in the last 10 years. The main causes of decline include water extraction, sedimentation and pollution, and ongoing hybridisation with other Barbus spp. Based on these direct observations at spawning beds, the decline in extent of occurrence and habitat quality, and hybridisation with other Barbus spp, the species is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Endemic to the Po river basin (including that part extending into southern Switzerland) and northern Italy. It was also native to the Isonzo river but due to the impact of introduced species it is now not clear if it remains there.

population:
Formerly abundant, but now declining (Bianco and Delmastro 2004).

habitat:
It lives in the upper hill zone of the mountainous area, up to 800–1000 a.s.l. It is a small-size barbel (< 250 mm) that requires rapidly flowing, clear water at temperature of 14–18°C. Spawning occurs between May and July. It is a multiple spawner, and is both polyandric and polygymnic.

threats:
Alteration of the habitat, dam construction, flow regulation, pollution and extraction of water. It is also threatened by the introduction of the non-native Barbus barbus and B. graellsii.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is distinguished mainly on mtDNA characters and difficult to distinguish from B. balcanicus and B. petenyi in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use.

redListCategoryRationale:
Still common in suitable habitats. However the population is gradually decline which is  expected to continue with on-going economic development (in particular dam construction in highland areas as the species requires running water). However this is not a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Tisza system (Danube drainage), from Hron to Somes sub-systems, occasionally reaching to eastern Austria. Upper Vistula drainage in Slovakia and Poland; Wierzyca system (lower Vistula drainage, Poland); upper Dniestr drainage in Poland and Ukraine.

habitat:
Habitat: Fast to moderate flowing premontane and montane streams and small rivers with gravel bottom. Most abundant in shallow rapids and riffles during summer. Moves to deeper places in winter. Spawns in fast-flowing water (0.8-1 m/s) of shallow (0.5-0.8 m) riffles. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years and about 75 mm SL (males), 110-140 mm SL (females). Spawns in May-August at temperatures above 18°C. Females deposit 2-3 portions of non-sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae drift short distance from spawning site to shallow shoreline habitats. Larvae and juveniles benthic, in very shallow shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for faster-flowing waters as they grow. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates and algae.

threats:
Locally threatened by dams, particularly in highland areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
A wide distribution and abundant in upper reaches of rivers. No known major widespread threats.

range:
Western Caspian basin, from Terek to Samur drainages in northern Caucasus, Daghestan and Azerbaidjan. After construction of Kuma-Manych canal, invaded Chograiskoie Reservoir (Don drainage).

habitat:
Habitat: Piedmont and montane stretches of rivers and streams with stone or gravel bottom. Ranges upstream to uppermost reaches in mountains. Biology: Lives up to seven years. Females spawn for the first time at four years, males at 2-3. Migrates upriver and spawns in shallow tributaries in March-September. Average female spawns about 9,000 eggs. Larvae and yearlings remain in spawning streams, adults migrate downriver. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, terrestrial insects and diatoms. In still-water habitats, feeds on terrestrial insects and zooplankton.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km²) and abundant species. However, locally at least one subspecies (B. c. cholorematicus) is threatened. This assessment is for the entire species complex.

range:
It is endemic to the Cholorema, Strymon, Evros, Nestos, Axios, Pinios and Sperchios river basins as well as in the northern part of Eboia Island in Greece. Recently the subspecies B. c. pergamonensis was found in the Evergetoulas river basin in Lesbos Island. It is also found in the Menderes river and Gediz river basins in Western Turkey.

habitat:
It is a small sized, riverine, barbel (<250 mm).

threats:
Water pollution and extraction. Drought.

conservationAction:
None, except for a special law for protection of Barbus cyclolepis cholorematicus but this is not enforced.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has undergone a major population decline and has a highly restricted distribution. However, it could not be assessed under Criterion A as the population decline was more than 10 years ago. With an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km², restriction to a single location (the Manikiotikos stream system) and a continuing problem of water extraction leading to further reduction in EOO and AOO the species is assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B. There is not thought to be any ongoing decline in the number of mature individuals as very few remain.

range:
Endemic to streams of the central/eastern part of Euboea Island in Greece where it is restricted to a single stream named Manikiotikos.

habitat:
It lives in a small stream system with great seasonal variations in the water flow. In summer, parts of this stream may dry out and the fish find refuge in deep pools in which they spend the summer until the next rain in autumn. It is a small size barbel (<250 mm) that reproduces in June in gravel beds.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by a special Greek law, but the law is not enforced.


redListCategoryRationale:
B. haasi has undergone an estimated population decline of 30% in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction, introduced species and habitat destruction (Crivelli, A. pers comm). This decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation being the main threat (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to headwaters of streams belonging to the Ebro river basin and to several coastal river basins in Spain.

habitat:
It is a small size barbel (<220 mm), living in the upper part of rivers with cold, rapidly running waters and gravel stony substrate. Reproduction takes place between April and June. Life span is 5–6 years.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction and invasive species have been the main threats. Dam construction is also destroyng some of the species habitat. Desiccation is seen as a major future threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. copito.


redListCategoryRationale:
Probably extirpated from the lower Kuban since construction of Krasnodar dam (impacts from dam occurred more than three generations or 10 years ago). The species is still widespread and abundant.

range:
Kuban drainage and Sea of Azov close to Kuban estuary.

habitat:
Habitat: Mountain and piedmont streams, with strong currents, sand, gravel or rock bottom. Less abundant in lowland stretches and estuary. Spawns on gravel bottom. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at three years, females at four. Spawns in May-August. Spawning run starts at end of March and peaks in May. Migrations may extend to uppermost reaches of tributaries. Female lays up to three portions of eggs (total up to 60,000). After spawning, adults migrate downstream and spend winter in main course of Kuban and lower reaches of tributaries. Larvae and small juveniles feed mostly on chironomids and algae. Larger juveniles and adults feed on a variety of benthic invertebrates, and small fish.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a small range living in rivers where there is habitat destruction, water extraction and pollution there are currently insufficient data to determine the impacts of the known threat to the species.

range:
Restricted to the Axios and Pinios river basins in Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and the Loudias and Aliakmon river basins in Greece.

habitat:
It is a large size, riverine, barbel (<800 mm).

threats:
Habitat destruction, water pollution, and overfishing.

conservationAction:
None apart from the general Greek fishing law which is not enforced.


redListCategoryRationale:
B. meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of nearly 2,000 km² as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers, it is also threatened by hybridisation with other Barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30% (Crivelli, A. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the southern part of the Rhône river basin and to several coastal streams in France, and to few coastal streams in northern Catalonia, Spain.

habitat:
It is a small size barbel (<220 mm). It occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear, flowing and well oxygenated waters. Sensitive to pollution. Reproduction takes place between May and July. It can hybridize with Barbus barbus and Barbus haasi.

threats:
Habitat alteration, dams, water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is abundant. In rivers, it might be locally decreasing, but it is very resilient to changing conditions.

range:
Restricted to the Peloponnesus and western Greece, from Kalamas to Parmissos.

population:
Generally abundant, but locally decreasing in a few intermittent streams.

habitat:
A small size barbel <230 mm) which lives mainly in the upper reaches of rivers with stony substrate, cold and well-oxygenated water, and fast current. Also found in oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes.

threats:
Habitat destruction and water extraction.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention as Barbus peloponesis.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted range within Europe, known only from the island of Lesbos. The species is impacted by pollution from industry, agriculture and domestic sources. Water abstraction and drought, which is predicted to be increasing in severity with climate change, are also potential threats. The species has an EOO of less than 5,000 km2 and is found in less than 5 locations.    European Union 27 = EN B1ab(iii). Same rational as above.

range:
Greece: Lesbos Island, stream Evergetoulas. Turkey: Rivers on the western coast (Aegean drainage) from Menderes (Biga peninsular) to Dalaman.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers. Biology: No data.

threats:
Pollution, industrial, domestic and agricultural, water abstraction and climate change (predicted to increase the severity of droughts).


redListCategoryRationale:
Still frequent in suitable habitats. Decline suspected and expected gradually to continue with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Danube drainage in Bulgaria and Romania: Mures, Arges, Olt, Iskar, Jantra, Ialomita and Beli Vit systems. Kamchyia drainage (Black Sea basin of Bulgaria).

habitat:
Habitat: Upper and middle stretches of streams and small rivers, with fast, clear and well oxygenated water. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
An abundant and widespread species with no overall decline although there is local decline in some places. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Restricted to the Po river basin (including the southern part of Switzerland), all river basins in northern Italy, the Soca-Isonzo river basin (Slovenia-Italy), Reba basin, the Dragonia River, and in Croatian rivers as far as Krka river. It also occurs in lakes. It has been introduced in many rivers of central Italy for angling.

population:
In the middle and lower main course of the Po basin the species is suspected to have disappeared due to introduced species Barbus barbus and Silurus glanis (Bianco, G. pers. obs).

habitat:
It is large size barbel (<550 mm) preferring gravel or sandy substrate and rivers with moderately deep, well oxygenated flowing water on foothill regions. Reproduction takes place from late April to early July.

threats:
Dams, organic pollution, drought, introduced species and habitat loss.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.

useAndTrade:
This species has been introduced into lakes for angling.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is presently stable, and has a relatively widespread distribution. It was previously thought to be endemic to the Lakes Prespa, but new surveys and research has shown the species to be more widespread than previously thought.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Known from the Shkumbini river to the Dukati river including the Greek part of Vjosa (Aoos) and the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

habitat:
It is a small size barbel (<300 mm) that spends most of its life in the lakes except during reproduction (late April-July) when it migrates into tributaries to spawn. It is a commercial species.

threats:
There is a threat from water pollution, overfishing, and water extraction resulting in a reduction in water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread and locally abundant, but many small streams are dry in summer; populations are greatly fragmented and several potentially threatened. Albanian populations suspected to be impacted by overfishing.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Adriatic basin, from Drin drainage, including Lakes Skadar and Ohrid (Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia).

habitat:
Lacustrine and riverine. Found in streams and rivers, prefers stretches with clear water and riffles.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in the Sperchios, Pinios and Cholorema drainages of Evia (Eubea) Island (total extent of occurrence of around 10,000 km²). There is a continuing decline in habitat quality due to agricultural development and water abstraction. However based on the main threats, the species is in more than 10 locations, as the species is found in many headwaters. The species is close meeting VU under the B1 criteria.

range:
Greece: Sperchios, Pinios and Cholorema drainages, streams in northern extremity of Evia (Eubea) Island.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers; prefers stretches with clear water and riffles. Biology: No data.

threats:
Water abstraction, drought, water pollution (agricultural).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in the Aegean basins from Volvi to Nestos drainages, with a total extent of occurrence of nearly 30,000 km², where there is a continuing decline in water quality due to water pollution from agriculture and water abstraction. Poaching is also a threat, B. strumicae is not targeted but is killed as bycatch as electricity and fine nets are used. However, the threats are thought not to be serious enough to cause a population decline that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Aegean Sea basin, from Volvi to Nestos drainages (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria).

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers; prefers stretches with clear water and riffles. Biology: Reaches up to seven years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in June.

threats:
Water abstraction, drought, poaching and pollution from agriculture.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to seven streams on the Crimea (extent of occurrence of about 6,000 km²). It is still abundant in the Bel Bek and Kacha streams, it has become rare in streams Salgir, Chornaya and Alma due to pollution (Salgir) and water abstraction for irrigation (Alma). Water abstraction is expected to increase in the immediate future in all streams of Crimea.

range:
Restricted to seven streams of the Crimea (Black and Azov Sea basins).

habitat:
Habitat: Widespread, from mountain streams with strong current to brackish stream estuaries. Prefers river stretches at 100-600 m above sea level. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, about 65 mm SL, females at three years, about 100 mm SL. Moves upstream into upper reaches, or near rapids to spawn on gravel or rock bottom. Females lay eggs in 1-3 portions. Eggs are non-sticky and lie among or under pebbles until hatching. At beginning of winter, moves to deeper places with less current and stops feeding. Feeds mainly on zoobenthos.

threats:
Water pollution and abstraction. Water abstraction is expected to increase.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is still a widespread species, and is locally abundant in southern Italy. Overall there is a decline due to loss of habitat as a result of water abstraction, habitat alteration, climate change and hybridisation with introduced Barbus barbus and B. plebejus. The decline from these introduced species in central Italy is severe, with a decline of definitely more than 30% over the last 10 to 20 years, and possibly more than 50%. At the global level however it is not thought that the rate of decline quite meets the threshold for a threatened category, and it is assessed as Near Threatened. More data collected may require that this species is upgraded to a threatened category.For the European Union 27 region, this species is also assessed as Near Threatened (NT), with the same rationale as above.

range:
This species is known from Italy, where it occurs in the Tyrrhenian Sea basin, between rivers at Genova and Sele drainage; Adriatic basin, from Essino to Ofanto drainages. It has been introduced at several other locations in Italy.

population:
In the main courses of the Tuscano latium ichthyogeographic district (rivers Arno, Ombrone, Albegna, Tiber), the species is in decline due to the introduction of alien species (Barbus plebejus, B. graellsii, B. barbus). The population is now mostly restricted to the brooks, rivulets and upper courses of the main rivers (Bianco and Ketmaier 2001). Within central Italy it is likely that the population has declined significantly, certainly over 30% and possibly over 50%, in the last 10 to 20 years due to introduced species (P.G. Bianco pers. comm.). However declines are less severe in southern Italy, and it is not thought that the decline across the global population would quite meet a 30% decline over the last 10 years or three generations.

habitat:
It is found in piedmont rivers and lakes. Preferential rheophile (prefers to live in fast-flowing waters). It can occur in moderate flowing waters of warm rivers and streams. This is a pioneer species, polyandric (females mate with more than one male in a single breeding season), polygynic (males mate with more than one female in a single mating season), multi-spawner, and warm-water adapted. It is adapted to survive in extreme environmental conditions and, as for the chub, is the last to leave and the first to colonize intermittent rivers.

threats:
It is threatened by loss of habitat as a result of water abstraction, habitat alteration, climate change and hybridisation with introduced B. barbus and B. plebejus.

conservationAction:
No information is available on conservation measures in place.


taxonomicNotes:
B. waleckii has been regarded as a hybrid between female B. barbus and male B. carpathicus. Available data suggest that individuals of B. waleckii are not first generation hybrids, and that they have their own biological and reproduction characteristics; they might nevertheless be a species of hybrid origin. Pending demonstration that B. waleckii is not a distinct reproductive lineage, it is recognized as a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Locally endemic but probably not very rare, it population status requires further investigation. However it is expected to be gradually declining, which will continue with on-going economic development (in particular dam construction in highland areas as the species requires running water). However this is not a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Vistula drainage (mainly San and Wisloka systems) downstream to Wilga (about 50 km from Warsaw), upper Dniestr basin in Poland and Ukraine. Similar barbels from upper Tisza system (Danube drainage) may belong to this species.

habitat:
Habitat: Rather small rivers with moderate to fast current in piedmont and montane zones at 200-600 m above sea level. Prefers stone, gravel, pebble or sand bottom and river stretches with rapids and deep holes. Spawns in shallow places over pebble bottom with fast current and clear water with high oxygen concentrations. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at 4-5. Spawns in May-July. At beginning of spawning season, migrates upriver to shallow, smaller tributaries. Does not migrate for long distances. During feeding season, usually moves along main course of stream. Spawning peaks in evening, at sunset. Males and females splash. Individual females actively dig holes with anal, into which eggs are released. Probably spawns 2-3 times during a spawning season. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.


range:
North, Baltic, White, Black (south to Rioni drainage) and Caspian Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Adour drainage (France; possibly introduced southward of Loire) and Mediterranean basin in France (Hérault and Rhône drainages). In Aral, Marmara and Anatolian Black Sea basins west of Ankara. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Adriatic basin, Crimea, Great Britain (except southeast), Scandinavia north of Sundsvall (Sweden) and 65°N (Finland). Locally introduced in Spain and northeastern Italy. In France apparently introduced in small coastal drainages of Var.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of shallow, warm lowland lakes and slow-flowing lower reaches of large rivers and canals. Often very abundant on bottom of large sandy rivers. Spawns along shores on submerged vegetation, roots or even on shallow gravel bottom. Biology: Predominantly nocturnal. Gregarious. Lives more than 10 years. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three. Most individuals spawn 2-3 times per season, at intervals of about 10 days and spawn in more than one year. Spawns in May-July at temperatures above 15°C, in early morning. Eggs are sticky and larvae inhabit still water bodies. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Often hybridizes with Vimba vimba. Most reported hybrids with Abramis brama in fact are A. brama with pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2 (vs. usually 5-5).


redListCategoryRationale:
Wide distribution but gradual and continuing extirpation in many water bodies, especially in Danube drainage and central Europe, for unknown reasons. Suspected to be due to   oss of suitable habitats and competition with introduced C. gibelio in non-optimal habitats.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
North, Baltic, White, Barents, Black and Caspian Sea basins; Aegean Sea basin only in Maritza drainage; eastward to Kolyma drainage (Siberia); westward to Rhine and eastern drainages of England. Absent from North Sea basin in Sweden and Norway. In Baltic basin north to about 66°N. Widely introduced to Italy, England and France but possibly often confused with C. gibelio.

habitat:
Habitat: Usually restricted to densely vegetated backwaters and oxbows of lowland rivers. Also in small well vegetated lakes and channels. Tolerates high summer temperatures and very low oxygen concentrations in summer and under ice cover. Able to survive in almost completely frozen water or almost-dry habitats by burying itself in mud. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation. Biology: Lives about 10 years. Males reproduce for the first time at three years, females at four years in central and eastern Europe, at two years in southern Europe. Spawns in May-July at temperatures above 18°C. Individual females spawn with several males. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Females spawn 3-5 times during a season. Eggs are sticky and are attached to water plants. Omnivorous; feeds all day but mostly at night on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Seems to be a weak competitor, usually absent from waters with rich ichthyofauna and abundant predatory species. Very abundant in the absence of other fish species. High-bodied, fast-growing individuals in habitats with predatory fish, more elongate in habitats without predatory fish.


taxonomicNotes:
Listed in the 1996 Red List as Chondrostoma kneri but following FISHBASE it is Chondrostoma knerii. Orthographic error not included in synonyms list.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is reported to have declined there are no data to support this conclusion. It is, however, restricted to the main channel of a single river system, which is taken as a single location threatened by the potential introduction of alien species, in particular Chondrostoma nasus.

threats:
Dams, water pollution and extraction. It is also threatened by the potential introduction of alien species.

conservationAction:
Listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
Very sensitive to water quality, especially turbidity. Possibly declined during 20th century because of construction of Krasnodar dam. Most likely stabilised since. Still very abundant in middle and upper stretches of tributaries and has no known current threats.

habitat:
Habitat: Piedmont and montane rivers with strong current and gravel bottom. Most of year in middle or upper stretches of rivers; in winter, moves downstream to lower stretches or larger tributaries. Biology: Spawns for the first time at three years, females often one year later. In January-February, starts spawning migration to uppermost montane reaches, entering small shallow streams with very fast current. Spawns in March-May at sites with gravel or hard sand, with rapids and swift current (up to 1.5 m/s), 0.2-1.0 m deep, in clean water with high oxygen concentrations. Females lay 1000-1250 eggs, during a short period, usually in a single night, but often in several portions. Most individuals at a given spawning site spawn over 3-4 nights. Eggs are sticky and adhere to substrate. Feeds mainly on detritus, also on periphyton, benthic invertebrates, especially during first year of life.

threats:
The dam one dam in the basin (Krasnodar Dam) was built during Soviet times and may have had an impact. Currently there are no threats to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Individuals reported as C. nasus from the Drin drainage (including Lakes Ohrid and Skadar) apparently represent a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread but locally threatened due to damming, destruction of spawning sites and pollution. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Basins of Black (Danube, Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr drainages), southern Baltic (Nieman, Odra, Vistula) and southern North Seas (westward to Meuse). Invasive or introduced in Rhône, Loire, Hérault, Seine (France) and Soca (Italy, Slovenia) drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing large to medium sized rivers with rock or gravel bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds often in small tributaries. May show a strong size related longitudinal distribution in smaller rivers, with adults inhabiting more upper river stretches. Biology: Lives up to 12 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years. May migrates some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries, but which it does not inhabit in summer. Spawns in March-May when temperature reaches 12°C. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females spawn only once a year and, in some populations, during a very short period (3-5 days). Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae live along shores. Larvae live below surface. Early juveniles are benthic and inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. When growing, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. Recruitment is closely related to high spring temperature, absence of spring floods and available shallow-water habitats along shores. Juveniles overwinter in backwaters or in cavities along shores. Adults form dense swarms during winter in lower parts of rivers. Larvae and early juveniles with superior mouth feed on small invertebrates. Larger juveniles and adults, which have inferior mouth, feed on benthic diatoms and detritus cleaned up from hard substrate in habitats with strong current.

threats:
Damming, destruction of spawning sites and pollution

useAndTrade:
It is harvested fro human consumption, and for sport fishing.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread and has no known major widespread threats.

range:
West Caspian basin, from Kuma to Samur drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Piedmont and mountain rivers with strong current and rock to gravel bottom. Spawns over hard bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years, about 120 mm SL. Spawns in March-April. Females lay eggs probably in several portions. Eggs adhere to gravel. Feeds mainly on detritus, and also on periphytic algae and benthic invertebrates, especially during first year of life.


redListCategoryRationale:
A restricted range species (extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km²) only known from less than five locations which are impacted by water extraction, introduced species and pollution. This has resulted in a decline in EOO and area of occupancy (AOO) and many subpopulations are reported to have been lost in Croatia. Habitat quality has also declined due to habitat modifications such as resulting from hydropower developments.

range:
It is restricted to the Karst region (endorheic basins) and river basins in Croatia (river Cetina] and Bosnia-Hercegovina [Glamocko, Livansjiko, Duvanjsko poljes] and lake Busko Jezero.

population:
The subpopulation in Croatia has declined and the subpopulation in Bosnia Bushko is likely to decline following the introduction of an alien predator.

habitat:
Lives in streams and lakes, and in small satellite lakes near rivers.

threats:
Water abstraction, alien species, pollution, and habitat loss.


taxonomicNotes:
Was listed in the 1996 Red List as prespensis which was incorrectly spelt.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to two connected lakes, and has therefore a very restricted range with potential threats of poaching, pollution, water extraction and drought. Its range is treated as a single location based on the threat of introduced alien species. The species is presently stable or slightly increasing.

range:
Restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

habitat:
A small size fish (<300 mm). It lives all year round in lake Mikri Prespa whereas, in Lake Megali Prespa, it undertakes a spawning migration into the permanent in flowing rivers. This migration takes place exclusively at night.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction, introduced species, overfishing. Water extraction leads to decreased water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species was described from nine specimens caught 100 years ago. Since then, in spite of intensive investigations of its only known previous range, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2003, no specimens have since been recorded. It is assumed to be Extinct.

range:
Formerly restricted to the Lake Skadar basin in Albania and Montenegro.

population:
Extinct. Recent surveys in Montenegro by Bianco (1999) and Freyhof (2003) have failed to find it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The lake populations have increasing difficulty in reaching the spawning places in the tributaries. Although the introduced subpopulations are thriving, the threat to the remaining severely fragmented natural population and spawning areas is high due to dam construction, pollution, water extraction and predation by cormorants and Silurus glanis. The area of occupancy (AOO) (based on the spawning grounds) is estimated at less than 500 km². It is locally extinct in Slovenia and the Isonzo river basin in Italy due to the introduction of Chondrostoma nasus, a practice still implemented.

range:
Restricted to northern Italy, the southern part of Switzerland. It has been introduced in some Italian lakes. It is locally extinct in Slovenia and the Isonzo river basin in Italy due to the introduction of Chondrostoma nasus, a practice still implemented.Recorded introductions into the rivers of central Italy were often a misidentification for C. genei. Several present records for C. soetta are probably a misidentification for C. nasus, due to similarities between these two species. As an example of how the alien species are spread now in Italy, in rivers from the Rovigo Province in eastern Italy, where C. soetta is still reported, the biomass of all native species was found to be about 22% of whole ichthyofauna.

population:
Very different from one locality to another. It is locally extinct in Slovenia but still thriving in other parts of its range. This species is now becoming quite rare in the lakes of northern Italy and Switzerland (Lugano, Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Garda) mainly as result of interaction with alien species, especially Rutilus rutilus, which was introduced around 1990 and has become very common and is the subject of commercial fishing in several of these lakes. (Bianco, P. pers. comm). This species is also rarely found in rivers and has nearly disappeared in the main stretch of the Po basin, in the other rivers it forms very small populations and spawning occurs only in a few areas of each river (except in the Po).

habitat:
A deepwater lacustrine species that also inhabits large rivers. It migrates from the lake to its tributaries for spawning in spring.

threats:
Dams, water pollution and extraction, and introduction of alien species as Rutilus rutilus, Silurus glanis and Chondrostoma nasus. The reduction in suitable spawning places due to pollution (agriculture) and to water extraction is of major concern.Other threats to the species are predation by cormorants, where in several places of Italy have become a serious pest and destroyed a large amount of fishes, especially in torrents or small river were the fishes migrate to for reproduction. (Compiled by C.esare Puzzi from GRAIA, and P.G. Bianco pers comm.).

conservationAction:
Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
Molecular data are not totally convincing for determining the species taxonomy of this nase.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a relatively widespread species (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km², estimated area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km²). It is, however, declining and it is suspected that the future impact of dams and sedimentation may result in close to a 30% decline in the next 10 years. On this basis of suspected future population decline the species is assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
It is restricted to eastern Greece, FYROM, Bulgaria and Turkey. It inhabits the following river basins: Aoos, Pinios, Aliakmon, Axios (Vardar), Strymon, Nestos and Evros.

population:
Widespread but not abundant within its range.

habitat:
It lives in all sized rivers in fast to strong currents.

threats:
Water extraction, dam construction, water pollution, and drought.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species, which sharply declined in parts of Volga drainage because of impoundment and water regulation during mid 20th century. Most likely stabilised at a low or moderate level since. Currently it may be locally threatened by pollution.

range:
Caspian basin, in Emba, Ural and Volga (with Oka and Kama) drainages; Black Sea basin, in Don drainage.

population:
Sharply declined in many parts of Volga and Don due to building of dams (1950s and 1960s).

habitat:
Habitat: Lowland and piedmont rivers with moderate to strong current; also in reservoirs. Common in river main courses in rapids, sandy shallows and river curves. Spawns on gravel or rock bottom in shallow riffles of larger rivers or in smaller tributaries with moderate to strong current. Biology: Lives up to seven years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, females usually one year later. Spawns in April-May. Eggs are sticky, adhere to gravel. Larvae and early juveniles with superior mouth feed on small invertebrates. After 3-4 months, juveniles about 30-35 mm SL change to adult feeding mode and graze benthic diatoms and detritus from hard substrate in habitats with strong current. Most of year in middle and upper stretches of rivers, moving in winter to lower stretches or to larger tributaries. Reported to occur year round in lower reaches and deltas of Volga and Ural.

threats:
No current threats are known. Pollution may be a local threat to the species. The decline in population due to damming occurred in the 1950s and 1960s.


redListCategoryRationale:
The native populations (Black, Caspian Seas) are slowly but continuously declining due to river regulation. Also hybridisation with domesticated introduced stocks, East Asian congeners and their hybrids, is a serious long term threat for the species. However, superficially pure carp (currently it is impossible to identify pure carp by genetic analysis) are still abundant in the lower parts of rivers within its native range. Most likely, only very few stocks remain "genetically unpolluted" as a result of this long lasting process. The average age of the spawners is estimated to be between 20-25 years, as they are a long lived species (up to 50 years). Although no population data exists, it is suspected that in the past 60 to 75 years within the species native range, river regulation (due to channelization and dams), which impacts the species as they need flooded areas at very specific times to successfully spawn, and hybridisation with introduced stock, has caused a population decline of over 30%.    European Union 27 = VU A2ce. Native populations of the species are found within the Danube catchment and are thought to be undergoing the same level of decline, if not greater (as stocking of breeds is there more intensive and habitat structures are much worse) as across continental Europe (see rational above).

range:
Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins. Introduced throughout the world. Cultivated in large quantities for human food and stocked for sport fishing.In Europe, C. carpio has apparently been domesticated since the Middle Ages and cultivated stocks are assumed to be derived from the wild form of the Danube. Wild stocks occur naturally only in rivers draining to the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas. C. carpio is widely cultivated worldwide, but in fact many cultivated stocks (and most of the Asian ones) belong to several other East Asian species. One of them, C. rubrofuscus (often erroneously referred to as C. carpio haematopterus) is cultivated in several eastern European countries and has been introduced to Russia and Ukraine. It is not known whether it has become established there. In western Europe, Japanese ornamental varieties (kois) possibly derived from C. rubrofuscus or of hybrid origin occasionally escape from ponds. Wild C. rubrofuscus are distinguished from wild C. carpio by having 29-33 + 2-3 lateral line scales (vs. 33-37 + 2-3), 18-22½ branched dorsal rays (vs. 17-20½), body silvery with red pelvic, anal and lower caudal lobe (vs. grey to bronze).

population:
Within its native range the species is thought to be abundant but pure populations are very rarely distinguished from hybrids or domesticated and semi-domesticated populations.

habitat:
Habitat: Warm, deep, slow-flowing and still waters, such as lowland rivers and large, well vegetated lakes. Introduced in all types of water bodies. Spawns along shores or in backwaters. Successful survival of larvae only in very warm water, among shallow submerged vegetation. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 3-5 years, females at 4-6. Lives up to 50 years and usually spawns every year. Age of maturity is related to latitude and altitude. Spawns in May-June at temperatures above 18°C. Adults often make considerable spawning migrations to suitable backwaters and flooded meadows. Individual females spawn with a few males in dense vegetation. The sticky eggs are attached to water plants or other submerged objects. Larvae and juveniles inhabit warm and shallow flooded river margins or backwaters, feeding mostly on very small zooplankton (rotifers). Reproductive success is restricted to years when the water level starts rising in May and when high temperatures and flooding of terrestrial vegetation last for a long period during May and June. Juveniles and adults feeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms and plant material. Most active during dusk and dawn. Very tolerant of low oxygen concentrations.

threats:
River regulation (they require flooded areas to spawn) and hybridisation with introduced stocks is a major threat.

conservationAction:
More research is needed into the threats to species

useAndTrade:
--- Other source text ---Ranching insitu = Stocking


taxonomicNotes:
Previously Paraphoxinus adspersus, but this is considered by Kottelat (1997) to be a synonym of Phoxinellus.

redListCategoryRationale:
P. adspersus is found in six small locations in the right-hand tributary of the Neretva river and some polje karst (Imocko) (based on the threat of water pollution) with an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km². Agricultural pollution poses the main threat to the species and is causing a decline in habitat quality.

range:
It is restricted to the right-hand tributary of the Neretva river (Matica, Norin, Tihaljina and Trebizat rivres) and some polje karst (Imocko) in Bosnia-Hercegovina and in Croatia. It is also present in the Kuti lake and Bacena lake (Mrakovcic pers comm).

habitat:
It lives in rivers of the karst region and in lakes.

threats:
Water extraction and agricultural pollution (Mrakovcic pers comm).

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus ghetaldi was transferred to Phoxinellus ghetaldii. Note change in specific name spelling.

redListCategoryRationale:
P. ghetaldii has an extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² (area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²), and occurs at more than five locations but no more than 10 depending upon the interconnectivity of the Polje. There is a continuing decline of AOO due to water extraction, droughts and channelisation of the rivers.

range:
It is restricted to karstic streams (e.g., Buna River) and springs in Popovo Polje, Ljubomirsko Polje, Dabarsko Polje and Fatnicko Polje and springs in coastal southern Dalmatia.

habitat:
It lives in streams, springs and subterranean cavities.

threats:
Water extraction and pollution, introduction of fish exotic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
P. jadovensis has an extremely restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and is found at only one location, a single stream in the Jadova River. There has been a continuing decline in quality of habitat and subpopulations due to invasive species (Lepomis spp and Squalius cephalus). In 1997, 1998 and 1999 the species was collected at only two sites on the Jadova river, and in 2003 it was not collected at either site but was found to exist at another.

range:
It is restricted to the endoreihic Jadova river in Croatia.

population:
Declining. In 1997, 1998 and 1999 the species was collected at only two sites, and in 2003 it was not collected at either site but was found to exist at another site.

habitat:
It lives in reaches with slow current and clear water.

threats:
Primarily invasive species Lepomis spp and Squalius cephalus (Bogutskaya pers comm). Pollution, droughts.


redListCategoryRationale:
P. krbavensis has an extremely limited distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²) as it is only found in one karstic spring Modro Oko. Due to drought and alien species there is a continuing decline in AOO and sub populations (it has disappeared from streams in Krbavsko Polje streams).

range:
It is restricted to one karstic spring (Modro Oko) in the Krbavsko Polje in Croatia. It has disappeared from karstic streams.

habitat:
It lives in rivers, springs and caves. It prefers slow current and clear water.

threats:
Drought, alien species and water extraction and road construction. Also there is a possibility that war in the region has damaged the karstic system. (Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the upper Loire, Dordogne, Lot and Tarn drainages, where possible introgression with introduced Gobio species and the impact of dams, allowing the spread of lowland species, could threaten the species. However the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are too large to qualify for a threatened category and based on the main threats, there are more than five locations and any 'population decline' from the possible introgression is less than 30% in the past 10 years/3 generations.

range:
France: upper Loire, Dordogne, Lot and Tarn drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams in hilly area with moderate to swift current. Biology: No data.

threats:
Dams, especially the regulation of flow regime allowing the spread of lowland species. Introduction of other species of Gobio is a potential threat.


habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in rivers and streams. Biology: No data.


taxonomicNotes:
The populations from Maritza and Vardar drainages may represent two species (G. bulgaricus and G. balcanicus), but the published data are not yet conclusive.

range:
Aegean basin, from Maritza to Aliakmon drainages (Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia).

habitat:
Habitat: Stretches of streams and rivers with moderate flow, usually sand bottom. Biology: No data.


taxonomicNotes:
Molecular data suggest that the upper Tisza and Mures populations are distinct lineages.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in small rivers and streams. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is found in a very limited stretch of stream (about 1 km) in the Chornaya drainage below the Chornaya Gorge, which, if water abstraction continues to intensify, may totally dry up in the summer time. The species is also susceptible to climate change as the severity of droughts is predicted to increase.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of habitats. Chornaya is a medium-sized stream with a flow of about 10 m3/s. The inhabited stretch is about 25 km long. In its lower part, water is extracted in large quantities for irrigation and the stream is almost dry in summer. Biology: No data.

threats:
High levels of water abstraction, leaving very low levels of water in spring and summer. The abstraction rate is likely to increase so the river below Chornya Gorge may end up dry. Currently the river only runs for about 1km below Chornaya Gorge in spring. Climate change also poses a threat to the species as the severity of droughts are predicted increase.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from the Pinios drainage (extent of occurrence is around 10,000 km²) in Greece, it is recently extirpated from the Karla drainage which was drained for agriculture. The major threat to the species is the intensive water abstraction, exacerbated by drought, which is occurring across the Pinios drainage.

range:
Greece: Thessaly: Pinios and Karla Lake drainages (now extirpated).

threats:
Intense water abstraction and drought, pollution from domestic sources.


taxonomicNotes:
Usually considered to be a morphologically variable species, with different morphologies reflecting adaptations to different habitats. Kottelat and Freyhoff's morphological and molecular data indicate that in fact several species are confused under the name G. gobio in the Black and Caspian Sea basins.

range:
Atlantic Ocean, North and Baltic Sea basins, from Loire drainage eastward, eastern Great Britain and Rhône drainages, upper Danube and middle and upper Dniestr, Bug and Dniepr drainages (Black Sea basin). Eastern and southern limits not clear. Introduced to eastern and northern Italy.

habitat:
Habitat: Nearly all types of riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom. Known from small mountain streams, large lowland rivers and large lakes. Spawns in shallow water, over stones, sand or plant material. Often at lakes shores or in riffles. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at 1-3 years; most individuals spawn 1-2 years. Spawns several times in April-August at temperatures above 13°C. Eggs are released above substrate and drift with current, sinking to bottom and sticking to substrate. Larvae and juveniles are benthic and prefer detritus-rich sandy habitats and low current. Feeds on a wide variety of large benthic invertebrates.

useAndTrade:
This species is harvested for human consumption.


range:
Russia: Kuma, Terek and Sulak drainages in Western Caspian basin.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from some of the streams in the River Provadiskaya where it is locally abundant in the upper reaches but extirpated from the lower reaches. The species extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² and its population has sharply declined due to pollution from industrial and domestic sources. This decline is expected to continue with ongoing economic development. It is estimated that the species is found in less than 10 locations based on the major threat of pollution.

range:
Bulgaria: River Provadiskaya (enters Black Sea near Varna).

habitat:
Habitat: Restricted to the upper and middle stretch of a small, slowly flowing stream. Biology: No data.

threats:
Pollution from industrial and domestic sources.


taxonomicNotes:
The population from stream Kacha (Crimea) might be a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Salgir, Alma and Bel Bek drainages in the southern Crimea, where it is still abundant (extent of occurrence of less than 9,000 km²). However it is becoming very rare in some parts of the Alma drainage due to intensive water abstraction for irrigation. More habitat will be lost and the species will continue to decline if water abstraction continues to increase as is predicted.

range:
Ukraine: Salgir, Alma and Bel Bek drainages (southern Crimea).

threats:
Intensive water abstraction, drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change).


taxonomicNotes:
Populations from different tributaries show a great variability in shape, barbel length and squamation. Two forms are recognized, the typical form diagnosed above with long barbels and a short-barbel one, which might represent an unnamed species. Alternatively, a hybrid zone between G. brevicirris and G. kubanicus cannot be ruled out.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide variety of habitats from montane rivers to small lowland streams with a gravel or sand bottom. Biology: No data.


range:
Spain: Ebro and Bidasoa drainages; France: Adour drainage. Introduced to rest of Spain and Portugal.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams in foot hills with moderate current, with sand or gravel bottom. Biology: No data.


taxonomicNotes:
The distribution limits are not clear. The existence of a hybrid zone between G. obtusirostris and G. gobio in the upper Danube is suspected.

habitat:
Habitat: Riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom. Spawns in shallow water, over stones, sand or plant material. Biology: No data.


range:
France: streams draining to Mediterranean between Rhône and Pyrénées.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams in hilly area with moderate current, over sand bottom. Biology: No data.


range:
Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania). Imported in France and probably other countries, might be locally established.

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine, usually on sand to pebble bottom. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns in June-July.

threats:
There is a potential threat of introduced species, many have already been introduced into Lake Ohrid.


redListCategoryRationale:
A reasonably widespread species with no known major widespread threats.

range:
Ukraine: lower parts of Dniestr and South Bug drainages. Likely to occur as well in lower Dniepr.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams in foot hills and lowlands with moderate current. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known Zeta stream and the lower Moraca river of the Lake Skadar drainage (extent of occurrence of less than 500 km²). It is threatened by water abstraction and potentially by drought, however the zeta stream is fed by a karstic water basin, making it less likely to dry out. The species is found in two locations.

range:
Only known from the Zeta stream and the lower Moraca river, part of the Lake Skadar basin (Montenegro, Albania).

habitat:
Habitat: Lake Skadar and lower parts of tributary streams. Biology: No data.

threats:
Water abstraction is a current threat to the species and drought is a potential threat (however the Zeta stream is fed by karstic water basin and therefore unlikely to totally dry out).


taxonomicNotes:
Gobio volgensis Vasil’eva, Mendel, Vasil’ev, Lusk & Luskova 2008 previously was included within Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758), but is now recognised as a separate species (see Medel et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
According to the available molecular data, the species is restricted to the Volga River basin only (Mendel et al. 2008). Reports of its occurrence in neighbouring river systems needs further investigation.

habitat:
The species survives in rivers and streams.


redListCategoryRationale:
The pools that the species survives in during the summer droughts (exacerbated by water abstraction across its range) has a combined area of occupancy of less than 10 km². If water abstraction continues at the same rate or increases and the spring rains fail, the species may have no habitat left, therefore the species is found in only location.

range:
Southern Portugal: Mira, Arade and Bensafrim drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Ubiquitous. Small to medium sized streams. May be restricted to very small pools during summer. Spawns in shallow riffle habitats in fast-flowing water. Biology: No data.

threats:
Alien species (Gambusia, Lepomis and Micropterus) which are probably impacting the species. Streams almost dry out in summer due to water abstraction and drought where the species survives in small refuges. If the spring rains fail, the species risks extinction as it may have no habitat remaining.


taxonomicNotes:
Assessments of Iberochondrostoma lemmingii published before 2010 included individuals that are now recognised as belonging to a separate species: Achondrostoma salamantinum Doadrio & Elvira, 2007.

redListCategoryRationale:
Iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected to have decreased by over 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is attributed to water extraction, drought, pollution and the introduction of fish predators. This decline is suspected to continue into the future.

range:
It is restricted to the Tajo, Guadiana, Odiel and Guadalquivir river basins. Previously the species was recorded has being present in the rivers Huebra, Águeda and Uces in the Duero River basin in Salamanca province, western Spain; these populations have now been described as a seperate species Achondrostoma salmantinum.

population:
Iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected  to have decreased by over 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is  attributed to water extraction, drought, pollution and the introduction  of fish predators. It is suspected that this decline rate will continue into the  future.

habitat:
This species lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with slow current and abundant submerged vegetation.

threats:
Water extraction, drought and pollution are the main threats. Introduction of exotic fish predators is also a concern for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
New genus is Chondrostoma from Rutilus (Carmona, J. and Doadrio, I. 2004, Coelho et al. 1997, Coelho et al. 1997).

redListCategoryRationale:
C. lusitanicus has a very restricted range, is severely fragmented and has shown a continuous decline of over 80% in the past 10 years due to water extraction, drought and the introduction of exotic fish predators (Carmona, J. and Elvira, B. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the western tributaries of the Tejo basin, and in some small occidental (Sado and Samarra rivers) and southern (Mira and Arade rivers) Portuguese basins.

habitat:
It lives in shallow streams of medium flow, with vegetation on the banks.

threats:
Water pollution and habitat destruction (dams). Introduction of exotic fish species.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. oretanum has undergone a population decline of more than 80% over the past 10 years with only eight individuals being collected in a survey in 2004. Even though it occurs in two tributaries it is considered one location as introduced species are affecting the population across its remaining range. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat and AOO due to pollution, dam construction and introduced species.

range:
Restricted to the Robledillo and Fresnada rivers (both are small tributaries of the Jandula river in the Guadalquivir basin).

population:
Small and declining. Drastically reduced.

habitat:
Inhabits clear waters with sandy to rocky bottoms and prefers slow flowing stretches with abundant macrophyte and riparian cover.

threats:
A dam has been built having serious impacts on the Robledillo river. Two small reservoirs contain introduced fish, which have affected the rivers. Industrial pollution.


taxonomicNotes:
Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003). Squalius alburnoides transferred to Iberocypris (Kottelat and Freyhoff 2007)

redListCategoryRationale:
Even though S. alburnoides is currently abundant it is suspected that a >30% decline in population will occur in the next 10 years due to the major threat caused by introduced species (Micropterus salmoides, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca) and habitat loss caused by dam construction, water extraction and pollution (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the southwest of the Iberian peninsula in Portugal and Spain.

habitat:
It lives in all river sections, but mainly middle reaches.

threats:
Introduced species (Micropterus salmoides, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca), dam construction and agriculture water extraction.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
Recent change of genus from Iberocypris to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003). Valid as Iberocypris palaciosi (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
I. palaciosi has not been collected by surveys in the past ten years. Its distribution in two tributaries of the Guadalquivir River is small with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of <10 km² and 100 km² respectively, and there is continuing decline in habitat quality and AOO and EOO due to water extraction and habitat destruction.

range:
It is restricted to the Guadalquivir river basin in Spain. It includes the river Guadalquivir and tributaries Rumblar and Jandula.

population:
It has not been collected by surveys in the past ten years.

habitat:
It lives in mountainous and middle reaches of rivers with moderate flow and abundant submerged plants.

threats:
Habitat destruction, water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species' abundance depends heavily on rainfall levels and water management. When the year is dry, the population declines, and when it is wet the species thrives. A European Union (EU) Life project has helped to ensure the future survival of this species but it still remains vulnerable due to its restricted range. More details can be found on the EU Life project website.

range:
It is restricted to streams on Rhodes Island.

population:
The population is generally stable but fluctuates in the short-term, depending on levels of rainfall.

habitat:
Inhabits most of the island's freshwater systems, including streams, springs, reservoirs, and pools.

threats:
Water extraction and summertime drought.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and is protected by a Presidential Decree No 67/1981 of the Greek State. It has been the focus of a European Union Life Project.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species but locally threatened by draining of wetlands. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
From lower Rhine and northern Germany eastward to southern Baltic basin; Black Sea basin south to Rioni drainage, northern and western Caspian basin (south to Kura drainage); Aegean Sea basin (from Maritsa to Nestos). Absent in Italy, Adriatic basin, Great Britain and Scandinavia (except southernmost Sweden). Widely introduced in France, upper Rhine drainage, locally in Great Britain and Switzerland and invasive in western Siberia (Ob basin in Russia and Kazakhstan).

habitat:
Habitat: Lowland riverine habitats especially oxbows and other water bodies only connected to rivers during floods. Often found in ponds, steppe lakes and small water bodies not connected to rivers. May occur in any habitat with few or no predators. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns for the first time at one year; spawns only for a single season. Spawns in May-September, when temperature reaches 16°C. Females may spawn about once every three weeks. Males are territorial; they clean the spawning site and guard the eggs, which are attached in strings around roots, reeds, aquatic vegetation or any material drifting on the water surface. Feeds mostly on zooplankton and terrestrial insects. Stunted populations may form in predator-free habitats. Often quickly reaches newly-created water bodies by still unknown mechanisms. Scales were used to produce Essence d'Orient, which was used for coating artificial pearls.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km², however there are no known threats or continuing declines to the species. It has been recorded from various locations on the Adour drainage, and drought does not seem to be a potential risk in this drainage (as it drains from the Pyrenees).

range:
The species is kown from several localities in the Adour drainage (France).

habitat:
Habitat: Streams, sectors with current, clear and cool water, in deep pools. Biology: No data.


range:
France: from Loire to Garonne drainages on Atlantic slope, from Tech to Aude drainages on Mediterranean slope. Leuciscus population from Hérault possibly conspecific.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers, sectors with current, clear and cool water, in deep pools. Biology: Adults apparently undertake small migrations. Spawns in February-March, at night, in stretches with swift current and pebble bottom, in deeper pools.


taxonomicNotes:
Records of L. leuciscus from Don drainage probably refer to L. danilewskii.

habitat:
Habitat: Prefers main course of rivers, with clear water, moderate to slow current, sand or sand-clay bottom. Avoids turbid and still waters. Commonly stays on bottom, in water 0.3-3 m deep. Spawns in stretches with heavy current and stone bottom. Biology: Forms small groups of individuals of similar size. Lives up to seven years. Spawns in April-May at 5-6°C. Eggs are 2.0 mm in diameter, sticky, slightly transparent. Eggs hatch in 9 days at 13°C. Larvae lack adhesive glands, lie passively on bottom, are negatively phototactic. Starts active feeding at 16 days. Feeds mainly on insects and their larvae, molluscs, also on other benthic invertebrates and algae.


range:
Baltic, Black, northern Caspian and North Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Seine and lower Loire drainages (France). Absent in Scandinavia north of 69°N. In Asia, eastward to Lena drainage and Aral basin. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy.

habitat:
Habitat: Usually in large lowland rivers and nutrient-rich lakes. Migrates to tributaries for spawning in moderate current on gravel or submerged vegetation. Biology: Juveniles gregarious, adults more solitary. Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 5-6 years. Spawns in March-April, when temperature rises above 10°C. Females spawn only once each season. Adults often undertake long spawning migrations. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females. Females attach the sticky eggs to gravel or submerged plant material. Feeding larvae and juveniles inhabit a wide variety of shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for deeper waters when growing. Reaches up to 130 mm SL during first year. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals become predominantly piscivorous. Sometimes hybridises with Leuciscus aspius.


taxonomicNotes:
Siberian and East Asian populations usually referred to L. leuciscus are distinct species, L. baicalensis and L. dzungaricus.   Recent molecular data suggest that this species is restricted to the Danube and rivers west of Odra and populations east of this border might belong to other species. More data are needed to test this hypotheses.

range:
North, Baltic, White and Barents Sea basins; Caspian basin, in Volga and Ural drainages; Black Sea basin, from Danube to Dniepr drainages; Atlantic basin, in Seine drainage; Mediterranean basin from Rhône to Arc drainages (France).   In Danube main river in Romania, only very localised, in Scandinavia north of 69°N and most of central Finland.

habitat:
Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing large streams to large rivers with rock or gravel bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds, often in small tributaries. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Usually spawns only 1-2 seasons during life. Migrates often some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries. Spawns in March-April when temperature reaches 9°C. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females spawn only once a year and, in some populations, during a very short period (3-5 days). Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae live along shores. Early juveniles are benthic and inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. When growing, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. They reach up to 85 mm SL during first year. Year class strength is closely related to high spring temperatures and absence of spring floods. Juveniles overwinter in cavities along the shores. Adults form dense swarms during winter in lower parts of rivers or in backwaters. Often migrates to spawning streams in autumn and overwinter there. Feeds on small invertebrates.

useAndTrade:
This species is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species requires further investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread with no major widespread threats. However, hydropower dams are regulating the flow regime and reducing the amount of suitable habitat in some locations.

range:
France: upper reaches of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn and Dordogne drainages (Garonne drainage).

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and rivers, sectors with current and clear water, in deep pools. Biology: Feeds on vegetal matter. Spawns in March-April in stretches with swift current and pebble bottom.

threats:
Hydropower dams are modifying the flow regime, reducing the suitable habitat of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Despite its scientific name, does not occur in Albania.

range:
Western Greece, from Kalamas to Mornos (except Acheron) and Pinios drainages (Peloponnese), including Lakes Trichonis, Amvrakia and Pamvotis.

habitat:
Habitat: Lakes and lower course of rivers, with mud to sand bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years, lives up to 14 years. Spawns in May-July. Fractional spawner. Spawns in both lakes and their tributaries. Individual females spawn with 3-7 males on sandy beaches, especially near estuaries of tributaries. Eggs are non-adhesive. Larvae and juveniles form small monospecific schools in bays and harbours. Feeds on algae, plant material, insect larvae and detritus.


range:
Atlantic slope of Spain and Portugal, from Lima to Sado drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Middle and lower reaches of streams, with slow current. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at three years (70 mm), females at 6-8 years (180-200 mm). Lives up to 11 years. Moves to areas of faster current for spawning, mainly in May-June. Feeds on detritus and benthic invertebrates.


taxonomicNotes:
Preliminarly molecular data suggest, that Caspian and Aral Sea population might represent two species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The European population which is restricted to the northern Caspian Sea has almost   disappeard (as is the whole Caspian population) and it is suspected that it has undergone a population decline of more than 80% in the past 30 years. The cause of this is mainly fishing (as bycatch), though the population has also suffered due to daming which has cut off spawning grounds. If, as is suspected, the Caspian sea population is a seperate species to the Aral Sea population, the loss of the Caspian Sea population may actually represent the extinction of a species.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Aral basin (extirpated in the sea itself - due to salinity, survives in much reduced landlocked populations in the large rivers and.in the resevoirs of its tributaries), Chu drainage and southern and western Caspian Sea. For spawning, migrates up larger tributaries of western and southern coasts: Terek, Samur, Kura, lower Aras. Rarely in lower Volga (up to Volgograd) and Ural.

population:
Declined sharpley due to damming in the 1950's and 1960's in the Caspian Sea. Now almost extirpated in the Caspian basin. Almost all spawning rivers are blocked by dams and there while no special fisheries target this species, it is the victim of bycatch in fishereies for other species, especially for Rutilus frisii. While other long-distance migratory, anadromous species in the Caspian Sea basin as R. frisii and Acipenseridae are artificially reproduced and massively stocked, this species is not reproduced and is therefore at the verge to extinction in the Caspian basin. No riverine or landlocked populations are known from ths species. In the Aral sea the species declined due to the shrinking (increased salinity) of the Aral sea (started in 1970s to present) and damming of its tibutaries (1950's to 1970's) but it still survives in much reduced landlocked populations in the large rivers.

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, at depths of up to 25 m. In rivers, in deep stretches with gravel or stone bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water at sites with hard bottom, 1-2 m deep. Biology: Semi-anadromous and riverine populations. Spawns for the first time at about 500-700 mm SL, 5-7 years, females later than males. Spawns in April-August, with peak at 23-27°C. Some individuals start spawning migration in late summer-autumn and spawn following spring after overwintering in river. Some enter rivers in early spring and spawn same year. Female lays 100,000-1,250,000 bright yellow eggs; in 2-3 portions during a single season. Eggs are semipelagic and hatch while drifting downstream after at least 2 days at 25°C. Larvae settle into places with slow current for 2-12 months, then drift downstream to sea (or reservoir if river is dammed). In freshened parts of sea, feeds mainly on benthic crustaceans. Does not feed while migrating upstream. At spawning sites, starts to feed again, mainly on insects, eggs and juveniles of other fishes, rarely on algae, seeds and other plant material.

threats:
Historically dam construction and overfishing was a threat, increasing salinity in the Aral sea caused the species to become extirpated. Currently the main threats   are the loss of spawning sited by dam construction and overfishing (as bycatch) in the Caspian sea.

conservationAction:
Targetted fishing for this species is banned in the Caspian Sea.


redListCategoryRationale:
Overall, there is a continuing to decline due to expanding hydropower development, overfishing and strong ecological impacts on Caspian and Aral Sea basins. It is suspected that the total population has declined by at least 30% in the past 3 generations/30 years (this is suspected to also be the same for the European/Caspian popualtion).    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Caspian basin, for spawning migrates up larger tributaries of western and southern coasts, from Volga southward to Atrek (Iran). Was always very rare in Volga. Aral basin, in Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Chu drainages, extirpated in the Aral Sea.

population:
Declined sharpley due to damming in the 1950's and 1960's in the Caspian Sea. In the Aral sea the species declined due to the shrinking (increased salinity) of the Aral sea (started in 1970s to present) and damming of its tibutaries (1950's to 1970's).

habitat:
Habitat: At sea, mostly close to shores. Forages also in estuaries. Spawns in lowland streams and rivers on sand-gravel bottom, usually in strong current. Biology: Semi-anadromous but rarely landlocked in reservoirs. Spawns for the first time at 3-7 years, females later than males, over 200 mm SL. Spawns in April-August. Males are annual spawners, females apparently spawn every 2-3 years. Semi-anadromous populations start migration in late summer-autumn and spawn following spring, but some enter rivers in early spring and spawn same year. Migrate to uppermost tributaries of rivers. Landlocked populations migrate just before spawning to upper stretches of tributaries, or spawn in lakes and reservoirs on sand to mud bottom. Female lays 15,000-125,000 light grey eggs. Larvae feed on zooplankton and small benthic invertebrates. Juveniles and adults feed on invertebrates, algae, detritus, plant material, and small fishes.

threats:
Historically dam construction and overfishing was a threat, increased salinity in the Aral sea caused the species to become extirpated. Currently the main threat is overfishing (illegal) in the Caspian sea.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is estimated that B. comizo has undergone a population decline of at least 30% in the past 10 years due to water extraction, pollution and introduced taxa (Crivelli, A. pers comm.) this has led to a continuous decline in numbers and in area of occupancy.

range:
Endemic to the Tagus and Guadiana river basins in Spain and Portugal.

habitat:
It prefers the middle and lower reaches of rivers, in deep and slow waters with abundant submerged vegetation. It occurs also in reservoirs. It is a large size barbel (>500mm).

threats:
Water pollution and extraction, habitat destruction and introduction of exotic fish predators.

conservationAction:
Listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive, and in the Appendix III of Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authorities cite the date of description as 1895.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) across 2–5 separate locations. Water levels in Lake Yliki are declining so there is a reduction in AOO. Water pollution continues so habitat quality is declining. Finally, there is thought to be a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations. On this basis the species is assessed as Endangered.

range:
It is restricted to the Sperchios river basin and to the Lake Yliki in eastern Greece. Previously present in Lake Paralimni, which has since been drained. Also in the Kifisos river.

habitat:
It is a large size, predominantly lacustrine, barbel (<700 mm). Reproduction is in June on sandy substrate.

threats:
Restricted range, overfishing, water extraction, water pollution and agriculture.

conservationAction:
A special Greek law protects it, but this is not enforced.


range:
Spain: from Ebro to Ter drainages on Mediterranean slope and westward to Ason drainage on Atlantic slope. Introduced to Fiora, Ombrone and Albegna drainages (central Italy) around 1998.

habitat:
Habitat: Lower and middle reaches of rivers, with slow current. Prefers areas with vegetation and shore cover, migrates to upstream areas with faster current and gravel or stone bottom for spawning. Biology: Lives up to 16 years. Spawns for the first time at 4 years, 150-200 mm SL. Spawns in May-August. Generally feeds on algae and aquatic macro-invertebrates.


redListCategoryRationale:
B. guiraonis is currently undergoing a population decline and is likely to decline in the future by 30% in the next ten years due planned dam construction and inter-watershed transfer (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the river systems between Mijares river and Serpis river in the Mediterranean area of Spain. It is also found in the upper part of the Guadiana river basin. It occurs also in lakes and reservoirs.

threats:
Water pollution, habitat destruction and introduction of exotic fish species. Future dam construction and inter-catchment water transfer will seriously impact upon the species.

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex III of the Berne Convention and V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. capito.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is estimated that the population of B. microcephalus has declined by at least 30% in the past 10 years and it is suspected to decline by the same amount in the next 10 years (Carmona, J. pers comm). The population is declining in all of its range due to dam construction (a current and future threat in Spain and Portugal: for example a dam is planned near Alquedi (Carmona, J. pers comm)), water extraction and introduced species.

range:
It is restricted to the Guadiana river basin in Portugal and Spain. It occurs also in a small reach of the Tajo river, where it is probably introduced there.

habitat:
It is a small size barbel (<260 mm). It lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with deep and slow water. It is absent from the headwaters. It can be found also within reservoirs.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction. Habitat alteration (dams) and introductions of exotic fish species.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and Annex V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. capito.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread and locally abundant species, but many small streams are dry in summer and populations are greatly fragmented and several potentially threatened.

range:
Southern Spain and Portugal: from Segura to Mira drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Occurs in a variety of habitats; most abundant in large rivers and streams with slow to moderate current. Avoids upper, cold water streams. Biology: Lives up to about 18 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-4 years (7-9 cm), females at 6-7 years (11-16 cm). Spawns in May-June.


redListCategoryRationale:
Based upon data of introduced species and loss of habitat in the Tagus and Guadiana river basins, it is estimated that B. steindachneri has declined by more than 30% in the past 10 years. (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
Endemic to the Tagus and Guadiana River basins in Spain and Portugal.

habitat:
It is a large size barbel (<500mm). It prefers the middle and lower reaches, in deep and slow waters, with abundant submerged vegetation. It occurs also in reservoirs.


taxonomicNotes:
This species appeared in the 1996 Red List as Data Deficient but under the incorrectly spelt name of Pachychilon macedonicus. It was also listed as LR/nt in the 1996 Red List under the name Rutilus macedonicus, but following Kottelat (1997) this should be placed under Pachychilon. The latter was assumed to be an incorrect listing.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is thought to be declining but more survey is required to confirm this.

range:
Restricted to the Axios river basin in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and to the lower part of the Aliakmon, Strymon, and Pinios river basins in Greece. Also reported in the Karla river basin.

habitat:
Lives in rivers, canals, ditches, and lakes. Does not appear to require clear waters.

threats:
Water extraction and pollution, and habitat alteration.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Drin river basin including Lake Skadar basin (Serbia and Montenegro) and Lake Ohrid (Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)) and all Albanian rivers draining to the Adriatic south to Aoos river basin in western Greece. Even though the habitats are impacted by pollution and dams, the species is quite abundant and obviously capable to survive in reservoirs and polluted habitats. It isn't expected to have undergone a population decline of more than 30% in the past 10 years. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. European Union 27 = LC. Within the European Union the species is only recorded in the Aoos river basin in western Greece, flowing into Albania where it is called the River Vijose. Here the species is abundant. It is therefore assessed as LC for the EU 27 also as only the drying up of the river due to water abstraction and climate change seems to be a realistic threat and this is not expected to happen in the near future.

range:
It is restricted to the Lake Skadar basin (Serbia-Montenegro) and to the Drin river basin including Lake Ohrid (Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)). It is also recorded in the Aoos river basin in western Greece. In Italy was introduced in Serchio River and was found also in Lake Massaciuccoli were it is quite common, but still reported in this lake as Rutilus rubilio (P.G. Bianco pers. obs.). The species has commercial value in Lake Skadar, and is very frequent in the basin of Moraca River and in River Vijose in Albana, which originate in Greece as River Aoos. It has also been introduced into France.

habitat:
It is a small cyprinid living in rivers as well as in lakes.

threats:
Habitat destruction (dams), water pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Doadrio undertook a 3-month study of all the Jucar river basin and found only 10 individuals of C. arrigonis at one location (Doadrio, I. pers comm). A canal constructed between the Jucar basin and the Trasinase Tajo-Seguna has allowed C. polylepis to enter and out compete C. arrigonis. Based upon this study and previous information it has been observed that that the population has declined by more than 80% in the past 10 years. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the remaining location is estimated at <10 km², qualifying the species for the Critically Endangered category, and the Jucar river basin is considered to be one location due to the nature of the main threat: introduced species.

range:
It is restricted to the Jucar river basin in eastern Spain.

population:
A recent 3-month study found only 10 individuals at one location in the Jucar river basin (Doadrio, I. pers. comm).

habitat:
It lives in all river sections, but mainly in the middle reaches.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction, introduction of fish exotic predators. And Chondrostoma polylepis, a competitor, has been introduced.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. miegii is abundant, has a wide distribution and has no major widespread threats.

range:
It is restricted to the Ebro, Llobregat, Nervias, Butron, Oca, Artibay, Deba, Uro - la, Bidasoa, Urumea and Oria river basins in Spain.

conservationAction:
It is included on Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Annex III of the Berne Convention as C. toxostoma.


redListCategoryRationale:
The population of C. toxostoma is estimated to have declined by at least 30% in the past 10 years based on data from hybridisation studies (Crivelli, A. pers comm). It is threatened by hybridisation with C. nasus and by habitat destruction due to water extraction and pollution, and by dam construction.

range:
It is restricted to the Rhône river basin in France and Switzerland and to coastal rivers in France. In France it has been introduced in river basins of the Atlantic coast. It has also been recorded in the Aude and Herault (Kottelat, M. pers comm).

habitat:
It prefers the lower reaches of rivers. It can be found also in reservoirs. In presence of Chondrostoma nasus (an introduced species), C. toxostoma occupies the areas upstream, and in the absence of C. nasus it occupies both upstream and downstream zones. Hybridization between C. nasus and C. toxostoma has been observed in the wild. Hybrids can successfully reproduce as shown by the introgressive capacity at the nuclear and mitochondrial level, and the survival of hybrids.

threats:
Habitat destruction (dams) and introduction of Chondrostoma nasus. However the destruction of dams has also allowed C. nasus to extend its range further upstream. In the past it has been out competed in its range by introduced C. nasus. The disappearance of spawning sites is an important factor for the decline.

conservationAction:
It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. turiense has a very restricted range and it is continuously declining in numbers and in areas occupied. There are no measures being implemented to stop the decline. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and it occurs at two locations (Turia and Mijares rivers), which are impacted by introduced species (Micropterus salmoides). The quality of habitat is also being degraded by agricultural pollution.

range:
It is restricted to the Turia and Mijares river basins in Spain.

habitat:
It lives in the middle reaches of rivers, rich in submerged vegetation.

threats:
Water pollution, extraction and drought. Introduction of exotic fish predators.

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the Berne Convention as C. toxostoma.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is suffering a continuing decline and has lost an estimated 90% of the population since 1995. The level of decline has been estimated from fishery statistics (CPUE) with the main impact thought to be from introduced alien species. This is also a restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km².

range:
Restricted to the Lake Pamvotis in Epiros District in Western Greece. Its presence in the Louros river is very doubtful.

population:
The population has been dramatically crashing since the early 1990s.

threats:
Water pollution, overfishing (bycatch), and the introduction of alien species (main cause of decline).


redListCategoryRationale:
A restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km². It is now only known from two locations and the population is severely fragmented due to water abstraction leaving the species in isolated small subpopulations where they are at risk due to their low numbers and heavy bird predation. Only 60 km of stream are now estimated to be occupied by this species

range:
Restricted to the River Evrotas and the upper part of River Alphios in the Peloponnese in Greece.

habitat:
Lives in springs and spring-fed creeks and in the mainstream and headwaters of rivers. It reproduces from mid-March to June

threats:
Water extraction and pollution, and habitat destruction.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is now only known from springs and rivers in the Sperchios and Kifissos drainages, it is extirpated from the Marathon plain which was drained for agriculture. The extent of occurrence of the remaining distribution is less than 10,000 km², where there is a continuing decline in water quality in the rivers (but not the springs) from agricultural pollution, the species is also threatened by drought and water abstraction, and in some springs there is stocking of Oncorhynchus mykiss which will eat P. marathonicus. However the species is found in many springs (but it is not severely fragmented) within the drainages and therefore, based on the main threat of water abstraction and drought, the species is found in more than 10 locations. The species is close to meeting VU under the B1 criteria.

range:
Greece: Marathon plain (now drained for agriculture) and Sperchios and Kifissos drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Springs, swamps, canals; usually among vegetation or under shore cover. Biology: Lives up to two years. Spawns in May-September. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates, algae and detritus.

threats:
Water abstraction, drought, drainage for agriculture, agricultural pollution and introduced species (Oncorhynchus mykiss).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of a population at Lake Skadar is unclear. It could be P. minutus, which would change the status of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Taxonomy should be confirmed. However, specimens of P. minutus were not found in Ohrid Lake in 2002 during a survey by Kottelat. (Kottelat, M. pers comm). The last specimens were collected in 1973.

range:
It is restricted to Lake Ohrid basin in Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
Specimens not found in Ohrid Lake in 2002 during a survey by Kottelat. (Kottelat pers. comm). The last specimens were collected in 1973.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km². The species is restricted to a single location. An ongoing population decline has been monitored since 1984 until present. Signs of disease and parasites are present in many specimens and there has been a significant increase in the number of predatory birds.

range:
Restricted to the Prespa Lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

habitat:
It is a small lacustrine species living in the littoral zone.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction (water level decreases are a problem due to karstic nature of these lakes), and introduction of exotic fish species. Disease and parasites are also reported as a significant threat (Kottelat pers comm).


redListCategoryRationale:
In general the population is considered to be safe and although it has been fluctuating significantly there is no apparent long-term decline. Some local subpopulations are however, severely impacted but many are expected to recover, if conditions improve, given the high resilience of the species (a typical "R selected" species).

range:
Restricted to part of the Peloponnese and Aitolo-Akarnania and Lefkas Island.

population:
Safe, although some subpopulations are probably locally extinct, notably on the islands.

habitat:
A small size fish well adapted to unstable conditions. It has a high resilience and can quickly re-establish depleted sub-populations.

conservationAction:
Listed in Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
The population is fluctuating but fairly stable over the long term. The species comes close to qualifying for Vulnerable under criterion B as it is extremely fragmented due to water abstraction and land reclamation, and each fragment is under actual or predicted pressure from these threats. However it does not fully qualify, as fragmentation does not appear to be detrimental to the survival of the species at present.

range:
Restricted to Louros, Acheron and Arachthos river basins in western Greece. Also known from Kalamas, Corfu, and Butrino Lagoon in southern Albania .

habitat:
Lives in slow flowing rivers, marshes, and swamps.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no major widespread threats. However, semi-anadromous populations markedly declined in Black Sea basin following impoundment of rivers. They have stabilised since. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins; Baltic basin from Vistula to Neva drainages, southern Sweden and Finland, Lakes Ladoga and Onega. Occasionally on Baltic coast west of Vistula and on Finnish coast north of 61°N.

population:
Abundant in large rivers and dams (resevoir).

habitat:
Habitat: Surface of open waters of large rivers and lakes. Abundant in reservoirs (Don, Volga). Semi-anadromous individuals forage and spawn in pelagic. freshened parts of sea or lower parts of rivers, in main channel or floodplains. Lacustrine populations spawn in open water of lakes. Biology: Lives up to nine years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years, 200-300 mm SL. Semi-anadromous individuals start entering rivers in July (Don). When rivers are covered by ice, spawning migration ceases and is resumed with breaking up of ice in April-May. Resident individuals are found in rivers year-round. Spawns in May-June, earlier in southern drainages (April in Syr-Darya) at temperatures above 12°C. Eggs are semi-pelagic and drift with the current (in rivers). Eggs hatch after 3-4 days. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Juveniles may migrate to estuaries during first summer. Feeds on zooplankton, terrestrial invertebrates and small fish.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread and abundant species from the Danube delta south and also in Greece. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Western, northern and eastern Black Sea and Sea of Azov basins, from Bulgaria clockwise to Kizil Irmak drainage in northern-central Turkey (missing in Don); Aegean Sea basin, from Struma drainage eastward in Europe; northwestern Turkey. In lower reaches of rivers and coastal lakes, but in Dniepr up to Seim and Desna systems.

habitat:
Habitat: Lowland rivers, lower reaches of montane rivers, limans, lakes, deltas, backwaters with moderate to no current. Prefers warm water with temperatures up to 30-32°C. Quite resistant to low oxygen concentrations, sometimes in marshes and water bodies with dense vegetation. A freshwater species, but tolerant of the brackish waters of limans. Prefers sand, sand-mud or mud bottom. Prefers shallow places with slow current along banks, in backwaters, in small lakes and similar calm-water sites. Biology: Lives up to eight years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, males may spawn at one year. Forms spawning groups of up to 150 individuals. Spawns in April-June at 12-28°C, in 0.1-1.0 m deep clear water, over sandy or slightly muddy bottom. Females lay 2-3 portions of adhesive eggs on and amidst aquatic plants each spawning period. Usually stays in groups of 5-30 individuals in vegetation at bottom but sometimes near water surface, under floating leaves or other objects. Does not migrate but moves in winter to deeper places. Feeds mainly on insects and their larvae, also plankton, benthic invertebrates and algae.

threats:
Locally threatened by drainage of flood-plains and channelization of river beds.


taxonomicNotes:
Initially recorded as Leuciscus smyrnaeus, but now transferred to genus Petroleuciscus (Bogutskaya 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted range within Europe, known only from  the island of Lesbos. The species is impacted by pollution from  industry, agriculture and domestic sources. Water abstraction and  drought, which is predicted to be increasing in severity with climate  change, are also potential threats. The species has an EOO of less than  5,000 km2 and is found in less than 5 locations.    European Union 27 = EN B1ab(iii). Same rational as above.

range:
This species is restricted to streams and rivers of south-western Anatolia, Turkey. Recently discovered also occurring on Lesbos, Greece (Kottelat and Barbieri 2004).

population:
Described as rare (N. Bogutskaya, pers. comm.). However, on Lesbos it is described as quite abundant.

threats:
Water pollution is the main current threat to the species. Drought caused by water extraction and climate change are also a future threat to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus alepidotus was transferred to Phoxinellus alepidotus.

redListCategoryRationale:
P. alepidotus is found at three, possibly four locations (Cetina river basin and to the Livanjsko, Glamocko, and Grahovo Polje karsts), with a continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO) due to water extraction, in habitat quality due to agricultural pollution and introduced species, and a decline in the number of subpopulations as the subpopulation in the Cetina river basin is thought to be now extinct.

range:
It is known only from the Cetina river basin and to the Livanjsko, Glamocko, and Grahovo Polje karsts in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. It is possibly absent in the Cetina river basin (Mrakovcic, M. pers comm).

habitat:
It lives in streams in the karst region.

threats:
Water extraction, drought, water pollution (fertilizers and pesticides from intensive agriculture), dam construction and introduced fish species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Extremely limited distribution, area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²), and found at only one location (Vrba creek). P. dalmaticus is experiencing a continuing decline in AOO as water level is decreasing due to water extraction and drought.

range:
It is restricted to the upper reaches of the Krka river basin in the Vrba Creek on the Cikola tributary in Croatia.

habitat:
Only caught in places with slow and stagnant waters.

threats:
Water extraction, droughts and domestic pollution (Freyhof, J. and Bogutskaya, N. pers comm)


redListCategoryRationale:
The species appears to have no current threats, however it has a very restricted distribution, and is known from only one location: a 10 km stretch of stream (Freyhof, J. pers com) in Mastarsko blato, an extensive wetland adjacent to Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The species is probably spread more widely in the Neretva basin.

range:
It is restricted to a single stream 10 km long in the Mostarsko blato (Freyhof, J. pers com), an extensive wetland adjacent to Mostar in Bosnia-Hercegovina. The species is probably spread more widely in the Neretva basin.

habitat:
It lives in streams with current and clear water.

threats:
No obvious threats (Freyhof, J. pers. comm).

conservationAction:
It is thought that a nature reserve may have been established in this area (Freyhof, J. pers. comm).


taxonomicNotes:
Identification of the Iberian populations is tentative.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no known major widespread threat.

range:
France: Adour drainage. Spain: Ebro drainage and streams of Cantabric range (possibly introduced in some). Introduced into Douro drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Streams and creeks in foothills with clear and cold water, and gravel to stone bottom. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns in April-June. Feeds mainly on aquatic macroinvertebrates.


taxonomicNotes:
We do not exclude that the Phoxinus of Caucasus belong to two species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Within Europe the species is only known from southern tributaries of lower Kuban (EOO of an estimate 6,000 km2). However the species is relatively abundant there and the upper Kuban has relatively few impacts.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
In Europe: southern tributaries of lower Kuban. Caucasian Black Sea basin of Russia, Georgia and eastern Turkey near Hopa.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide range of cold and well oxygenated habitats from small, fast-flowing streams to large rivers. Associated with salmonid fishes or cyprinids of barbel zone. Spawns over clean gravel areas in flowing water. Biology: Gregarious, rheophilic. Spawns in April-July. Spawns in shoals, fractional spawner, females deposit the sticky eggs deep into clean gravel. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.


taxonomicNotes:
The identity of the populations from Drin and Skadar drainages requires investigation.

range:
Adriatic basin, from Po to Drin drainages. Introduced elsewhere in Italy.

habitat:
Habitat: Small streams with clear, cold, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Most common in foot hills. In plains, usually associated with springs. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to six years, usually three years. Spawns for the first time at two years in hilly areas, sometimes at one year in lowland. Spawns in May-July, in groups of one or a few females and numerous males. Eggs are deposited in shallow water on sand or gravel bottom. Fractional spawner. Eggs hatch in 4-5 days at 18°C. Feeds on aquatic macroinvertebrates and algae.


taxonomicNotes:
The systematics of Phoxinus is far from resolved and our observations suggest that several species are confused under the name P. phoxinus.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species but locally threatened by pollution and excessive stocking of species of Salmo. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Basins of Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, Arctic and northern Pacific Ocean from Garonne (France) eastward to Anadyr and Amur drainages and Korea, Ireland (possibly introduced), Great Britain northward to 58°N, Scandinavia and Russia northernmost extremity, Rhône drainage. Recorded from upper and middle Volga and Ural drainages, Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and upper Syr-Darya drainage (Aral basin), but these identifications require confirmation. Introduced elsewhere.

habitat:
Habitat: A wide range of cold and well oxygenated habitats from small, fast-flowing streams to large Nordic lowland rivers and from small upland lakes to large oligotrophic lakes. Usually associated with salmonid fishes. Spawning takes place over clean gravel areas in flowing water or on wave-washed shores of lakes. Overwinters in coarse substrate or in deep pools with low current. Biology: Gregarious, rheophilous. Lives up to 11 years, usually up to 4-5 years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 10°C. Some individuals spawn even during autumn. Spawns in shoals, fractional spawner, females deposit the sticky eggs deep into clean gravel. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.

threats:
Pollution and excessive stocking of species of Salmo.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species. Even though water abstraction and introduced species are thought to present a threat to the species, it is not thought to be severe enough for the species to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
France: Mediterranean coastal streams from Gardon to Tech; probably extends further to south and east. Possibly an introgression zone with P. phoxinus in lower Rhône, from about Lyon southward.

habitat:
Habitat: Small streams with clear, cold, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data.

threats:
Water abstraction, species introductions (P. phoxinus) and climate change is predicted to increase the severity of droughts.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages in the  Black Sea basin with an extent of occurrence of around 2,000 km². Drought is threatening the species and water abstraction is also a potential threat, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.

range:
Veleka and Resowska drainages, draining from the Strandzha (Yildiz Daglari) range to Black Sea (Bulgaria, Turkey).

habitat:
Habitat: Small streams with clear, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data.

threats:
Drought, and water abstraction is also a potential threat to the species, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently only known from the Aggitis stream in the Strymon drainage in Greece with an extent of occurrence of less than 3,000 km². Based on the major threats of water abstraction and drought the species is found in less than five locations. The stream is also impacted by pollution from surrounding intensive agriculture. If the Phoxinus specimens collected from the Loudias and Filiouris basins are found to be strymonicus, the species' range (extent of occurrence) will probably fall outside the threshold for Endangered or even Vulnerable.

range:
Aegean Sea basin; Currently only known from the Aggitis system (Strymon basin) (Greece), records from the Loudias and Filiouris drainages are tentativley considered to be P. strymonicus but this requires examination of the specimens for confrmation. (Greece, probably Bulgaria).

habitat:
Habitat: Most abundant in small streams with clear and cold water; occasionally found in irrigation canals. Biology: No data.

threats:
Water abstraction, drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change), pollution from agriculture.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and common in many localities. It is, however, declining or disappearing from a number of places due to the introduction of several alien species. Currently it is assessed as least concern. In Central Italy it has been introduced and has itself become a pest and is now the main threat to Rutilus rubilio and Leuciscus lucimonis. Extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km².

range:
Restricted to northeastern Italy including the river basins: Vomano, Tronto, Esino, Cesano, Metauro, Foglia, Po, Adige, Brenta, Piave, Livenza, Tagliamento and Isonzo. It has been introduced in central Italy (Tuscany and Latium).It is apparently extinct in the river Sava, the Slovenian stretch of River Isonzo. In this river the species is still reported in few populations as result of interaction with the introduced C. nasus and others riverine species. It is no longer extinct in the Adriatic basin of Slovenia in the river Vipava, a tributary of the Soca (Povz, M. pers comm.).

population:
A common species but it is known to be declining in some localities.Has nearly disappeared in the middle and lower course of Po basin due to interaction with introduced species as Silurus glanis, Leuciscus idus, Aspius aspius and Chondrostoma nasus. In others rivers the species should be considered as stable

habitat:
Prefers running waters in the foothill zone of mountainous regions, with gravely or sandy substrates. It is also found in lakes. Warm water adapted.

threats:
Habitat destruction, water pollution and extraction. The introduction of Chondrostoma nasus is a major current threat having been responsible of the near extirpation of this species from Slovenia 20 years ago.

conservationAction:
Listed in the Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is suspected that a population decline of at least 30% will be met in the next 10 years due to canal building which will lead to habitat destruction and introduction of alien predators (Sander lucioperca, Micropterus salmoides and Esox lucius) impacting upon the species (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the northwestern Iberian peninsula. The main rivers basins include: Eo, Masma, Oro, Eume, Allones, Donas, Tambre, Ulla, Umia, Minho, Limia, Ave and Douro rivers.

threats:
Water extraction, dam construction, and canal building of rivers have recently begun and there are plans to do more (Carmona, J. pers. comm). Introduced predators are also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Annex III of the Berne Convention as C. polylepis.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. polylepis is abundant, has a large distribution and has no major widespread threats.

range:
It is restricted to the central Iberian Peninsula of Spain and Portugal including the Vouga, Mondego, Alcoa, Tagus and Sado river basins. It has been introduced in Jucar, Sepima and Segura river basins in Spain

habitat:
it lives in all river sections with a strong current.

threats:
Water extraction, drought, and introduced species.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


redListCategoryRationale:
A current decline has been identified and it is suspected that subpopulations of C. willkommii will decline further by over 30% in the next 10 years due to current threats having a greater impact (habitat loss through dam construction and introduced predators: M. salmoides, E. lucius, S. lucioperca) (Carmona, J. pers comm).

range:
It is restricted to the southern Iberian peninsula in Portugal and Spain in the following river basins: Guadiana (Spain and Portugal), Odiel, Guadalquivir, Guadalete, Guadiaro and Guadalhorce (Spain).

threats:
Habitat destruction due to dams and introduced species.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive as C. toxostoma.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered conspecific with the East Asian R. sericeus by some authors; the two species have widely disjunct ranges. There are undocumented records of introduction of the Chinese R. ocellatus in Germany.   Rhodeus from the Asian Black Sea basin in Russia and Georgia (and possibly Anatolian ones too) belong to R. colchicus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Abundant and expanding in most of its range. Locally threatened by water pollution, weed clearing, and stocking of predatory fish. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Basins of North, southern Baltic, Black, western and southern Caspian and Aegean Seas (south to Pinios drainage); Mediterranean basin, only in northern Rhône (France) and Drin drainages (Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia). Invasive in France in southern Rhône and west of Seine, in southern Russia in Don and Kuban drainages. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy. Absent in River Ural, Denmark, Scandinavia, Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, most of Adriatic basin and Black Sea basin south of Kuban drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Most abundant in still or slow-flowing water with dense aquatic vegetation and sand-silt bottom as lowland ponds, canals, slow-flowing rivers, backwaters and oxbows, where mussels are present. Biology: Spawns for the first time at one year and about 30-35 mm SL. Lives exceptionally up to five years but most individuals do not survive the year of their first reproduction and populations sizes fluctuate greatly over the years. Spawns in April-August.

threats:
Locally threatened by water pollution, weed clearing, and stocking of predatory fish.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species with no major widespread threats.

range:
Greece and FYROM; Vadar River to Pinios River.

habitat:
In lowland rivers with slow moving or stagnant water.

threats:
Locally threatened by water abstraction.


redListCategoryRationale:
Less than 5% of the species range is found within Europe, it is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Arctic Ocean basin, from Kara to Kolyma drainages; Amur drainage (Russia, Mongolia and China).

habitat:
Habitat: Swamps, backwaters. Biology: No data.


taxonomicNotes:
Earlier called Phoxinus percnurus, Morocco percnurus or E. perenurus. Recent molecular data suggest that it is a species of Rhynchocypris.Considering the wide range of the species, the morphological variability described in the literature and the geographic isolation of some populations, a critical reassessment of the taxonomic status of these isolated populations is urgently needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Less than 5% of the global population is found within Europe, it is therefore listed as Not Applicable. However, some isolated relict populations Poland have already been extirpated or are declining. European Union 27 = NA. Same rational as above.

range:
Wide but highly disjunct range: lakes in Odra, Vistula, Dniepr, Volga (Oka and Kama systems) drainages, lakes in Arctic Ocean (from Northern Dvina to Kolyma drainages) and Pacific basins (from Amur to Korea and Japan). Introduced in Po drainage (Italy).

habitat:
Habitat: Small lakes, shallows or isolated small bays of larger lakes, swamps, artificial ponds, with abundant vegetation, turbid water, with mud or clay bottom. Prefers still water or slow current. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years and usually over 40 mm SL. Spawns in May-July, when temperatures reach 7-9°C. Females lay 3-4 portions of adhesive eggs among underwater plants each one season. Embryonic development lasts 10-15 days. Commonly stays in shallows among vegetation in schools of 20-80 individuals. Survives extreme low oxygen concentrations in summer and winter. Spends winter in hibernation (in northern regions) or is inactive at temperatures close to 0°C. Feeds on a wide variety of prey, from plankton to benthic animals.


redListCategoryRationale:
A relatively widespread species, found in the lowland rivers of the Ural and Volga, where it is locally threatened by pollution and river engineering.

habitat:
Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other larger benthic invertebrates.


taxonomicNotes:
Earlier considered to be a subspecies of R. kessleri.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was last recorded in the 1960s. There have been many studies within the species range which have all failed to find the species. Most recently in 2001, 2002 (J. Freyhof, pers. comm.) and 2003 (N. Bogutskaya, pers. comm.) where survey work in the Danube delta in the species habitat all failed to find the species. It is unknown why the species has gone extinct.

range:
Lower Danube in Romania and Ukraine, from confluence with River Arges downstream to delta.

population:
The species was last recorded in the 1960's. There have been many studies within the species range which have all failed to find the species. Recently in 2001, 2002 (J. Freyhof, pers comm.) and 2003 (Bogutskaya, N. pers comm.) survey work in the Danube delta in the species habitat all failed to find the species.

habitat:
Habitat: Deep waters of large rivers on sand bottom. Biology: No data.


taxonomicNotes:
Earlier considered a subspecies of R. albipinnatus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Widespread species and no major widespread threats. Most likely declined because of construction of large reservoirs on rivers Dniestr, Dniepr and Odra in mid 20th century. Suspected to have stabilised at a moderate level, very abundant in free flowing parts of rivers. Populations in Germany have recovered and are expected to recover in Poland in next decades.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.

range:
Northern Black Sea basin (Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr drainages), southern Baltic basin (Odra, Vistula), southern North Sea basin (Elbe, Rhine). Occurrence in Lake Ilmen and Ladoga basins questionable.

habitat:
Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other larger benthic invertebrates.

threats:
In the mid 20th century large dam construction destroyed areas of the species habitat.


taxonomicNotes:
Gobio benacensis considered a valid species according to molecular and morphological studies (Bianco and Ketmaier 2005). Transferred to Romanogobio (see Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a wide distribution (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km²), but has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at <500 km²) being localised to a limited number of sites. The population is highly fragmented, largely due to alleged competition from the introduced Gobio gobio. EOO and AOO are also declining due to construction of many small dams. The number of locations, and number mature individuals are also declining as the species progressively vanishes from known sites within its range.

range:
Restricted to the Po river basin and coastal rivers in northern Italy. Introduced into the Arno and Ombrone river basins. It is also present in the Isonzo and Reka river basins in Slovenia. It has disappeared from several basins where it has been replaced by Gobio gobio. Among surveyed basins, the species is still present in few localities as in the Tagliamento river and Ombrone River where is not native, and in the Adriatic watershed of Slovenia (M. Povz pers. comm.).

population:
Decreasing due to probable competition with the introduced Gobio gobio.

habitat:
It lives in running clear waters with gravel or sand substrates. Adults sometimes enter lakes. The type locality is Lake Garda.

threats:
Water pollution and extraction, and introduction of alien species, especially Gobio gobio.


range:
Western Caspian basin: from Kuma (Russia) to Yalaminskie (Azerbaidjan) drainages.

habitat:
Habitat: Inhabit streams and river stretches with fast current and gravel bottom. Biology: Almost no data. Lives up to six years. Feeds on Trichoptera larvae.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread, but has many threats including dams (sedimentation, reduced flow and current), pollution and water abstraction. However it is not thought that these threats will cause the species to meet the criteria for a threatened category at present.

range:
From Vardar to Pinios drainages (Greece, Macedonia).

habitat:
Habitat: Main course of large rivers and main tributaries, in relatively deep water, with sand bottom and near riffles. Biology: Spawns in May-June, sometimes as late as August.

threats:
Pollution, water abstraction, dam construction (reduced flow, reduced current and sedimentation).


taxonomicNotes:
The systematics of sand gudgeons in Danube is not resolved and several species seem to be confused under the name R. kesslerii.

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species and still abundant, but expected to gradually decline with on-going economic development as the species is sensitive to organic pollution, but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.

range:
Dniestr and tributaries of lower and middle Danube drainages (Black Sea basin); upper Vistula drainage in Poland (Baltic basin).

population:
Abundant, but expected to decline in the future.

habitat:
Habitat: Fast-flowing piedmont rivers with large areas of sand bottom. Spawns in shallow water over gravel, sand or plant material in fast-flowing water. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Most fish spawn 1-2 years, from late May-early June until late August-September. Eggs are released in successive portions. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Eggs drift with current, sink to bottom and stick to substrate. Juveniles and adults are active during day. Feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates, usually catching drifting food organisms.

threats:
Locally threatened by water pollution and dam construction.


redListCategoryRationale:
Only known from the lower and middle Kuban drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 15,000 km²) but the species is abundant and there are no known current threats to the species. However, a gradual decline in population and habitat quality is suspected and expected with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The species doesn't meet VU D2 as the potential threats do not qualify the species as occurring in five or less locations.

range:
Black Sea basin: Lower and middle Kuban drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Restricted to large, high-gradient river stretches with fast but not turbulent current and gravel or sand bottom. Biology: Almost no data. Nocturnal, at night near shores on mud or sand bottom. Seems to spawn late and to have a long spawning period. Many small juveniles found in July. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly Trichoptera larvae.

threats:
No current threats, but economic development of the region is expected to impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Only known from the middle Kuban drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 10,000 km²) but the species is abundant and there are no known current threats to the species. However, a gradual decline in population and habitat quality is suspected and expected with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The species doesn't meet VU D2 as the potential threats do not qualify the species as occurring in five or less locations.

range:
Middle Kuban drainage, in the main course at Armavir and Belaya and Laba tributaries (Russia). Invasive in Don drainage, in River Egorlyk, which it entered through Nevinnomyssky canal.

habitat:
Habitat: High-gradient stretches of large rivers with fast (not turbulent) current and gravel or sand bottom. Biology: Nocturnal, found near shores during night on mud or sand bottom. Seems to spawn early and have a short spawning period. Only large juveniles observed in July.

threats:
No current threats, but economic development of the region is expected to impact the species in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
Known from lowland rivers of the Don drainage where it is locally threatened by pollution and river engineering. The species most likely declined due to construction of large reservoirs on Don in mid 20th century but it is suspected to have stabilised at a moderate level in recent times. The species does not qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

habitat:
Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other large benthic invertebrates.

threats:
Locally threatened by pollution and river channelization.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread and still frequent in suitable habitats (fast flowing rivers) in the Danube drainage. However the species is particularly sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened. It is suspected that the population has been declining and will continue to do so as more dams, particularly on small rivers, are built within the Danube basin, but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Danube drainage (absent from Danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current).

population:
Still frequent in suitable habitats in the Danube drainage. Though the population has declined, it is extirpated from the upper Danube (1830s).

habitat:
Habitat: Riffles of small, fast-flowing rivers and bottom of large rivers with water velocities of 0.7 m/s and more, stone bottom, in submontane zone. Young individuals prefer slow currents and shallow shoreline habitats with sand bottom. Spawns in shallow habitats with very high current (about 1 m/s). Biology: In laboratory, spawns several times between late May and mid-September, at temperatures above 11°C. Males wait for females at spawning sites. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Eggs drift with current, sink to bottom and then stick to substrate. Adults are nocturnal and solitary, juveniles are active at day. No data on food in the wild.

threats:
The species is sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened. The population is expected to continue to decline with on-going economic development.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species, but it has declined most likely due to construction of large reservoirs on Danube in mid 20th century. The population has stabilised at a moderate level since. It is abundant in free-flowing parts of middle and lower Danube.

habitat:
Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing large and medium size lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Juveniles may inhabit backwaters. Lacustrine population in Lake Balaton (Hungary). Biology: Lives up to four years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other large benthic invertebrates.

threats:
No current threats known. Dam construction in the mid 20th century probably impacted the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species with no apparent decline or widespread major threats at present. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.Only a very small part of the species range is found outside the European Union, in Croatia and Switzerland.

range:
Restricted to the Padua-Venetian region in northern Italy, including the southern part of Switzerland. It has been introduced in Central Italy. It is also described in the Adriatic Basin of Slovenia and locally in Croatia and has been introduced in central and southern Italy. Introduced in most lakes of central and southern Italy where it has caused the regional extinction of R. rubilio.

population:
Locally abundant. Local declines are reported in Slovenia and Italy following introduction of alien species.

habitat:
The species is found in streams with slow current and dense vegetation, canals, swamps and lakes.

threats:
The introduced Rutilus rubilio threatens the riverine populations. Carassius carassius and oriental carps threaten the lake populations, particularly in Slovenia.

conservationAction:
Totally protected in Slovenia but there are no known conservation measures elsewhere.


redListCategoryRationale:
R. basak has a widespread distribution and no major widespread threats (N. Bogutskaya pers comm.).

range:
It is restricted to Neretva river drainage area (Lakes: Matica, Norin, Bacina, Tributaries: Tihaljina, Trebizat, Jasenica, Bregava, Buna, Hutovo blato.- both left and right-hand tributaries of Neretva.). It seems it is not very common in the Neretva itself. Prolosko and Ricice lakes, Vrljika drainage, Imotsko Polje in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina (N. Bogutskaya and P. Zupancic pers comm.).


taxonomicNotes:
YesThe taxonomy of roach species in the Caspian basin is in an urgent need of review.Yes

redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread species which is declining in the Caspian sea due to overexploitation from commercial fisheries. However, it is thought this decline is not at a rate that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category at present.     European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.

range:
Northern and northwestern Caspian Sea. For spawning, enters Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek and Kura drainages. In Volga, migrates through delta and southern zone of Volga-Akhtuba system, only few go as far upstream as Volgograd. In Terek, does not migrate beyond delta.

habitat:
Habitat: Spends most of year in shallow brackish coastal waters. At sea, adults are most abundant at 2.5-4 m depth and 2-4 ? salinity during summer. Enters freshwater of estuaries, lagoons and lower reaches of large rivers to spawn. Biology: Semi-anadromous. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-5 years. In September, adults moves close to coasts and overwinter in shallow waters from middle of November until ice melts. Spawning migration commences in late March-early April at 1-3°C and peaks at 7-9°C. Spawns in April-May on shallow shores of coastal lakes and flooded areas at 10-17°C. Eggs are sticky, laid among plants. Annual spawner, but some females spawn only every second year. After spawning, adults return to sea where they join groups of immature juveniles, not travelling for long distances, staying in areas with high abundance of prey. Larvae migrate to sea, first passively, then actively. By August, juveniles reach coastal waters. While in river, juveniles feed on plankton (mostly Cladocera) and small benthic animals. At sea, they feed on oligochaetes and chironomid larvae, sometimes algae. At one year, starts to feed on molluscs and large benthic crustaceans. Adults also feed on crustaceans, worms and chironomid larvae.

threats:
The population in the Caspian sea has declined due to overexploitation from commercial fisheries.


taxonomicNotes:
The populations from the Black Sea and the Caspian sea basins may represent two species and in the Caspian basin, a second species may be involved, entering only very lowest reaches of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and lagoons, where it spawns in shallow lagoons and lakes with slow current and dense vegetation on submerged plants.

redListCategoryRationale:
The migratory populations are almost extirpated in Black Sea basin (still occurring in Bulgaria, Don and Turkey), though it is abundant in the Tsymlansk Reservoir (landlocked). In the Caspian Sea, semi-anadromous populations sharply declined (1950s and 1960s) and most are now completely dependant on artificial reproduction and stocking. The species still has a large distribution and the current threat of overfishing is not thought to be severe enough to qualify the species for a threatened category, the major population decline, due to the damming of migratory rivers, occurred more than three generations ago. European Union 27 = EN, B1ab(iii)2ab(iii). Only present in the Veleka and Rezovska rivers (southern Bulgaria). The species is threatened by water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less than 5,000km2 and the AOO less than 500km2 and it is found in only two locations.

range:
Black and Azov Sea basins, absent from Danube and Kuban drainages. The species has not been recorded from Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug since 1985 (may now be extirpated). In the Don it is found in the Tsymlansk Resevoir (landlocked) and lower reaches and Sea of Azov. In the Caspian basin, it is extirpated from Volga and Ural but still abundant along the western and southern coast from Kuma to Gorgan Bay, where it enters most rivers and freshened lagoons to spawn.

population:
The species undergone a massive decline due to the damming of its spawning rivers, mostly happening in the 1950s and 1960's. It has not been recorded north east Black Sea basin since 1985 (N. Bogutskaya pers comm.), and is no longer recorded in the Volga and Ural. It is still abundant but socking dependant in western and southern Caspian sea. In the Azov Sea and Don river as well as in two coastal rivers in Bulgaria and in some rivers of northern Anatolia it is still present. It is abundant in Tsymlansk resevoir but has strongly declined recently in Iznik lake in Turkey most likely due to overfishing.

habitat:
Habitat:   Large brackish estuaries and their large, freshened plume waters, coastal lakes connected to rivers and lowland stretches of large rivers. Rarely in small rivers. In estuaries, in deep layers, down to 20 m. Tolerates salinities up to 7-12 ?. Landlocked populations inhabit lakes or reservoirs. Spawns in small rivers or streams with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Semi-anadromous. Lives up to 12 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years, 430-500 mm SL. Starts entering rivers in second half of October (Black Sea, rarely in Caspian Sea). When rivers are covered by ice, spawning migration ceases and is continued with the breaking up of the ice or even under ice in February-March. Spawns in April-May, earlier in southern drainages (February in Terek), when temperature reaches 8°C, peaking at 13-15°C. Eggs adhere to rocks and gravel, rarely to submerged plants. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Eggs hatch in 10-16 days at 12-19°C. Juveniles migrate to estuaries during first summer (August). Landlocked populations migrate in spring from lakes or reservoirs or middle river stretches to tributaries or upper reaches. Larvae and early juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae. Adults feed mainly on molluscs and crustaceans, supplemented by other benthic invertebrates. Stops feeding while migrating, spawning and overwintering.

threats:
Current threats to the species are overfishing (it is a commercial fish) in Tsymlansk Reservoir (Don River) and the western and southern Caspian Sea. Caspian populations strongly depend on artificial reproduction and stocking. EU populations also threatened by pollution, dams, climate change and water abstraction.

conservationAction:
It is stocked in western and southern Caspian sea.


taxonomicNotes:
While R. heckelii was not accepted as a valid species by most authors, recent molecular studies strongly support the validity of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is very abundant especially in the Azov Sea basin, however it is currently undergoing a population decline due to the increasing levels of salinity in the limans and estuaries of the northern Black Sea basin, this is expected to increase in the future as water abstraction and droughts increase and due to over exploitation. The species also declined due to blocking of almost all its spawning rivers by the construction of dams during the 1950s and 1960s. However the species is still widespread and it is suspected that the population decline (or future decline) is at a rate that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Within the European Union, the species is found in the Danube delta, coastal streams south of the Danube in Romania and in Greek Lake Volvi. It must be suspected that roach populations from Bulgarian coastal streams and from the Aegean tributaries in Greece east of Lake Volvi also belong to this species. It is therefore assessed as LC as already the Romanian and Greek lake Volvi populations are large and there is no obvious threat. However, EU populations will be impacted by increasing salinity, climate change and water abstraction in the future but do actually not qualify for a threat category yet.

range:
Tributaries of Aegean Sea east of Lake Volvi and rivers draining to the northern Black and Azov Seas, entering all rivers in that area.

population:
Reported to decline in population in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently declining but still abundant especially in the Azov Sea.

habitat:
Habitat: Spends most of year in shallow brackish coastal waters. While at sea, adults are most abundant at 2.5-4 m depth and 2-4 m during summer. Enters freshwater of estuaries, lagoons and lower reaches of large rivers to spawn. Biology: Semi-anadromous, riverine and lacustrine populations. Anadromous populations starts approaching coasts in August and entering rivers in September, with a peak in October. Ceases migration by end of November and overwinters in main river or estuaries. Spawning migration resumes with breaking up of ice in March (Dniepr). Spawns in April-May. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Juveniles migrate to estuaries during first summer (August).

threats:
Currently the species is threatened by the increasing salinity of the limans and estuaries in the northern Black Sea basin, due to water abstraction and drought. The species was also heavily impacted in the 1950s and 1960s by the construction of large dams.


taxonomicNotes:
A revision of the genus Rutilus from southern Europe on morphological and molecular basis is in progress by Bianco P.G., Ketmaier, V. and Durand J.-Do.

redListCategoryRationale:
R. karamani has a widespread distribution is abundant and has no major widespread threats.

range:
It is restricted to the Ohrid basin in Albania and FYROM and to Skadar lake basin in Montenegro.

threats:
Invasive species and pollution affect some of the range of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from five subalpine lakes, Attersee, Mondsee, Wolfgangsee, Traunsee and Chiemsee. A small population also seems to exist in Austrian stretch of Danube. However, since 1980, the species has been extirpated in Traunsee and Chiemsee (now stocked in Chiemsee but not self sustaining) due to the damming of the spawning rivers. The combined area of occupancy of the remaining three lakes is 73 km².

range:
Austrian subalpine Lakes Attersee, Mondsee and Wolfgangsee. A small population seems to exist in Austrian stretch of Danube. Extirpated in Lakes Traunsee (Austria) and Chiemsee (Germany). Stocked in Chiemsee. Rutilus populations of unclear identity from upper Tisza system (Slovakia, Hungary) might belong to this species.

population:
Abundant and stable in Attersee and Mondsee.

habitat:
Habitat: Deep water layers of subalpine lakes. Biology: Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Spawns in May-June in lake tributaries or streams connecting lakes, in shallow areas with current, near shore. In spawning season, males have conspicuous, strong, almost spiny, nuptial tubercles on head and upper half of body.

threats:
Damming of spawning rivers (the species spawns downstream). Chiemsee was dammed in the 1960s and the last individual was caught in the 1993 as the species is long lived. Traunsee the spawning river was also dammed (unknown date) and is now extirpated.


taxonomicNotes:
A revision of the genus Rutilus from southern Europe on morphological and molecular basis is in progress by Bianco P.G., Ketmaier, V. and Durand J.-Do. However this would not affect the Red List status of the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
R. ohridanus is a widespread and abundant species with no major widespread threats.

range:
It is restricted to the Ohrid Lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and to Skadar lake basin in Montenegro.

threats:
Water extraction and pollution. Introduction of exotic fish species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from the lakes of the Acheloos and Louros drainages in Greece, where it is potentially threatened by introduced alien fish species.

range:
Greece: lakes of Acheloos and Louros drainages; introduced in Lake Pamvotis.

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine; spawns in shallow and sandy areas, with vegetation. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns once a year, in March-April, on plants or gravel. Eggs are very adhesive, 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter. Larvae and juveniles are found away from shore. Juveniles feed on invertebrates and plant material, individuals larger than 120 mm SL feed mainly on snails and mussels.

threats:
No major current threats known, but it is potentially threatened by introduced alien fish species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the northern Adriatic basin, from Livenza to Po drainages, Lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como (Italy, Switzerland). The area of occupancy of the remaining spawning sites is estimated to be more than 2,000 km², but this is threatened by weirs, which block the migration to some spawning sites. It is suspected that population has declined (less so in recent years) but not at a rate to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

range:
Northern Adriatic basin, from Livenza to Po drainages, Lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como (Italy, Switzerland). Introduced in Arno.

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine populations inhabit deep waters of large, subalpine lakes. Riverine populations inhabit large to medium sized rivers. Biology: Lives in small groups. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Moves to shallow areas of rivers to spawn in April-June. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.

threats:
Threatened by overfishing and construction of weirs, which block access to spawning sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
R. prespensis occurs at one location, Prespa Lake where many alien species have already been introduced, though without any obvious negative impact. However there is a high probability of further introductions into the lake, which could impact upon the whole species population.

range:
It is restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

threats:
Water pollution and extraction. Decreased water level due to karstic nature of these lakes. Introduction of exotic fish species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has disappeared from many lakes, and is fragmented in many rivers. It has decreased in range by over 30% in past 10 years mainly as a result of the introduction of alien species, especially C. genei and R. aula. The species is close to qualifying for VU under criterion A2.

range:
Restricted to the Tuscano-Latum district of Italy, and introduced to southern Italy and Sicily.

population:
A pioneer species subject to high fluctuations and able to recover quickly from decline. Overall the population is stable.

habitat:
A predominantly riverine species but it does enter lakes. A multi-spawner, which is both polyandry and polygymnic. Reproduction is in March to July.

threats:
Introduced alien species. The introduction of Rutilus aula is reported to have caused the local extirpation of this species from all the lakes in central Italy.

conservationAction:
Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of roach species in the Caspian basin is in an urgent need of review and we canot rule out that this species might be absent from Caspian basin except the upper and middle Volga river drainage.

range:
Europe north of Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Eya drainages (Caspian basin). Aegean basin, in Pinios, Vardar, Vegoritis, Kastoria, Struma and Maritza drainages. Asia: Aral basin and Siberia from Ob eastward to Lena drainages. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Great Britain north of 56°N, Scandinavia north of 69°N. Locally introduced in Spain. Introduced and invasive in northeastern Italy.

habitat:
Habitat: In a wide variety of habitats, mainly in lowland areas. Most abundant in nutrient-rich lakes and large to medium sized rivers and backwaters. Takes advantage of channelization, damming and slight organic pollution. Known also from small lowland streams and from brackish coastal lagoons. In fast-flowing rivers, restricted to stretches where backwaters or shelters allow for overwintering. Spawns among dense submerged vegetation in backwaters or lakes, flooded meadows or in shallow, fast-flowing river habitats on plant or gravel bottom. Biology: Lives up to 13 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females one year later, usually at about 100 mm SL. Undertakes short spawning migrations, sometimes starting as early as September, usually with a peak at temperatures above 9°C in spring. Spawns in April-May, when temperature rises above 12°C. Usually, a whole population spawns within a period of 5-10 days. Spawns in shoals. Eggs are sticky and hatch in about 12 days. Larvae and juveniles inhabit a wide variety of littoral habitats. Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, plant material and detritus. Populations predominantly feeding on detritus are often stunted (stunted populations may also be associated with strong year classes). May shift from littoral to pelagic habitats and between benthic food and zooplankton when abundance of a specific food item is high or in order to avoid predation and/or competition. The decision whether to stay in open water or among littoral vegetation is often described as a trade-off between food uptake and predator avoidance. When growing, there is an energetic need to switch from zooplankton to benthic food (chironomids, molluscs). Individuals able to feed on Dreissena mussels increase their growth rate but do not exploit this food source until they have reached about 120 mm SL (at which size they are able to crush the mussels). In some area (Volga reservoirs), pelagic and benthic roach can be distinguished by life-history traits (spawning time, spawning sites). Overwinters in backwaters or in deep parts of lakes. Frequently produces fertile hybrids with Abramis brama.


range:
Danube drainage upriver of Iron Gate; most abundant in Save drainage.

habitat:
Habitat: Medium sized to large rivers. Spawns over gravel or submerged plants in fast-flowing water of riffles. Biology: Spawns at 10-14°C in March-May. Biology almost unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from Lake Yliki (about 25 km²) and the Kifissos drainage. In Lake Yliki the water is being extracted for the population of Athens and the water in Kifissos drainage is being extracted for agriculture. It has been extirpated from the other known location, lake Paralimni, when the lake was drained. Its total extent of occurrence is about 2,000 km², and it is found in less than five locations.

range:
Greece: Kifissos drainage, including Lakes Yliki and Paralimni (which is now dry).

habitat:
Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns in February-April.

threats:
Lake Paralimni was drained. The water in lake Yliki is being extracted to supply Athens.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a restricted range species limited to five locations where there is a decline in habitat quality. However, it is not clear how this habitat decline is impacting the species at present. On this basis it is close to qualifying as EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii).

range:
Restricted to the Acheloos river system, mainly in the lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia, Ozeros, and Amvrakia in Greece.

threats:
Overfishing, water extraction and pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandečko near Livno, Šarena lakes (many lakes, some interlinked) at Knin, Krka lake and Cetina basin. The species extent of occurrence is around 7,000 km². The major threats to S. dergle are introduced species, as in Lake Buško, where Silurus glanis has been introduced around the year 2000, the impacts of this are currently unknown. There is also a potential threat of introduced species in the other locations. However the species is found in more than 10 locations.

range:
Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandecko near Livno, Šarena lakes (many lake some are interlinked) at Knin, Krka (in a natural lake, dammed by a waterfall) and Cetina basins.

population:
Population in the Krka basin is very abundant.

habitat:
Habitat: Slow-flowing and still waters and lakes. Biology: No data.

threats:
In Buško lake Silurus glanis, a highly predatory cat fish, was introduced around 2000. Its impacts upon S. dergle are unknown. In Livanjsko polje, there is very little water remaining due to long term water abstraction (it has been like this many years).

conservationAction:
Its distribution within the Krka basin is partially covered by Krka National Park.


range:
Most European rivers north of Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Eya drainages, Aral and White Sea basins; Black Sea basin in Europe and northern Asia Minor. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Greece south of Pinios drainage, Great Britain north of 54°N, Ireland and Scandinavia north of 62°N. Introduced to Spain and Corsica.

habitat:
Habitat: Mainly nutrient-rich, well vegetated lowland rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Spawns on roots or submerged plants. Biology: Lives up to 17 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Fractional spawner. Spawns in April-July, when temperature rises above 15°C. Males assemble at spawning grounds and drive ripe females, often with much splashing, into dense vegetation to spawn. Eggs are very sticky. Feeds predominantly on plankton, terrestrial insects and plant material. Able to adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions by slow growth and small size at maturity (stunted populations).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a single lake (Yliki) and has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (based on the available spawning area along the shoreline). The lake is taken to be a single location due to the lake-wide impact of lake level decline and loss of habitat. The EOO and AOO are both declining, habitat quality is declining, and number mature individuals is thought to be declining due to the additional pressure from overfishing.

range:
Restricted to lake Yliki in Beotia, Greece.

population:
Possibly decreasing as the lake is subject to large fluctuations in water level.

habitat:
A lacustrine species with a lake-wide distribution although it requires shoreline habitat (vegetation) for reproduction.

threats:
Water extraction and drought, which are resulting in lake level fluctuations and overall lake level decline.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread distribution (native most likely from Po and eastwards in Italy). May locally hybridise with S. erythrophthalmus where they have been introduced.

range:
Adriatic and Tyrrhenian basins in Italy and Switzerland. Widely introduced in Italy. Most likely only native in Po drainage and Adriatic rivers east of Po.

habitat:
Habitat: In well vegetated lowland rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Spawns on submerged plants. Biology: Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Fractional spawner. Spawns in March-July, when temperature rises above 18°C. Feeds predominantly on macrophytes and terrestrial insects.

threats:
Hybridisation with introduced S. erythrophthalmus.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is apparently now rare in Lake Ohrid but it is abundant in Lake Skadar, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.

range:
This species is known from Lakes Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania) and Skadar (Montenegro, Albania).

habitat:
It is found in deep pools and canals in swampy areas along lake shores or in floodplain. It spawns in April-May.

threats:
Introduction and invasion of alien species, especially alien Scardinius are a serious threat as stocking is de facto unregulated. Also, plans to connect the Drin catchment with the Danube are still under discussion and if this happens, the invasion of alien species will most likely eradicate most Drin endemics.


redListCategoryRationale:
A restricted range species (extent of occurrence estimated 10,000 km²) but with no known major widespread threats.

range:
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia: middle and lower Neretva drainage, Stara (Old) Neretva, Lake Desne, lake basins near Imotski, Matica drainage near Vrgorac.

habitat:
Habitat: In well vegetated rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Biology: No data.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to a very small hot spring (Petzea) in Romania, with an area of occupancy of less than 1 km². In 1998, the habitat was observed to be in good condition and the species was very common. However in 2000, the site was observed to be heavily polluted with litter, and that the public bath that the hot spring feeds was being re-built and modernised which is predicted to extract larger quantities of water from the spring.

range:
Western Romania: hot spring Petzea (or Baile Epiropesti) close to Oradea, about 10,000 m².

population:
In 1998, it was observed that the fish was common and the habitat was in good conditon. However in 2000, the site was heavily polluted with litter.

habitat:
Habitat: Densely vegetated, shallow hot spring with mud bottom. Biology: No data.

threats:
In 2000 it was observed that the spring was heavily polluted with litter. The spring water is also used to feed a public bath which was being rebuilt with plans to channel more water than previously from the spring (M. Glaubrecht, pers comm. to J. Freyhof).


redListCategoryRationale:
There are current plans to introduce non-native species, which have previously been responsible for the extirpation of this species throughout its entire natural range. The introduction is for sport fishing. This sort of action has happened repeatedly throughout the region so there is a real concern that the plans will go ahead. If the introductions go ahead it is suspected that the population will decline by more than 80% within less than 10 years. It is possible that it could have arrived in the lake through existing connections to its original locations in the Tiber basin.

range:
Only survives in Lake Scano and nowhere else. This location is outside its original natural range. It was introduced to Scano around 100–150 years ago from Lake Fucino. The population in Lake Scano has been confirmed as genetically identical to that from the original type specimens from Lake Fucino.

population:
Extinct throughout its native range. It now only remains in Lake Scano (outside the native range) where it is well established.

habitat:
Lives in lakes and the lower reaches of rivers rich in aquatic vegetation.

threats:
Potential introduction of Scardinius erythropthalmus (as planned by the local authority) which has already been responsible for its extinction throughout its former range.


taxonomicNotes:
Often considered as a synonym of Squalius squalus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Still abundant in Lake Trasimeno, which is eutrophic and stocked with a wide variety of non-indigenous fish species.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.

range:
This species is known from the Lake Trasimeno basin, Italy.

habitat:
This is a lacustrine species, found in open water.

threats:
Introduction and invasion of alien species, especially alien Squalius, are a serious threat as stocking is de facto unregulated.


redListCategoryRationale:
Only known from the southern Kuban Drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 10,000 km²), where it is abundant throughout its range. No major threats are known for the species.

range:
Kuban drainage: southern tributaries from Adagum to Laba systems.

habitat:
Habitat: Piedmont and mountain streams with Mediterranean water regime, strong to moderate current, rock or gravel bottom, abundant along shores. May be restricted to very small pools during summer. Spawns in shallow riffle habitats, with strong current and stone or pebble bottom, at 10-20 cm water depth. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females often one year later. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 20°C. Does not migrate long distances, but moves downstream in winter to deeper pools, and in summer to uppermost stretches of streams. Females lay eggs in 2-3 portions during entire spawning period. Eggs are 1.9 mm in diameter, orange, and adhere to pebbles. Eggs hatch in 3 days. Larvae lack adhesive glands, lie passively on bottom; at 3 days, become negatively phototactic and actively hide under stones. After start of active feeding, they drift to shallow areas. Feeds mainly on terrestrial insects, benthic invertebrates and algae.


taxonomicNotes:
Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
S. aradensis is relatively abundant but occurs in only three rivers and has a small range (area of occupancy (AOO) <2,000 km²). Water extraction, drought and the introduction of exotic fish species are threats to the three rivers and are causing a decline in habitat quality and number of mature individuals of S. aradensis.

range:
It is restricted to three river basins in Portugal: Arade, Algibre and Bordeira basins.

threats:
Water extraction, drought and introduction of exotic fish species.


taxonomicNotes:
There has been a recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
L. carolitertii is locally abundant and widespread, although it has a fragmented distribution and many current potential threats (canal construction could allow more introduced species to enter L. carolitertii native range).

range:
It is restricted to river basins in Spain and Portugal: Lerez, Mino, Limia, Duero, Umia, Tajo and Mondego basins.

habitat:
It is particularly common in medium size reaches although it can be found in a wide variety of habitats both upstream and downstream. During summer drought this species is well adapted to live in marginal pools with low levels of dissolved oxygen.

threats:
Water extraction, canal construction and introduction of exotic fish species.


