# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
S. litoralis occurs throughout much of the Old World, including North Africa and Africa south of the Sahara, including some Indian Ocean islands, from Europe east through the Caucasus, the Middle East and Kazakhstan to Mongolia and China as well as from the Indian Sub-continent south through Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia to Australia and New Caledonia. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the centre and southeast, from Hungary and Austria east to the Ukraine and south to Corsica, Italy and the Balkans.

population:
S. litoralis is classed as Near Threatened in Croatia and Endangered in Hungary. In the latter it occurs in around ten, partly big, populations at Lake Neusiedler, Lake Balaton and Lake Velence. Otherwise it is widespread and abundant throughout much of its European range.

habitat:
S. litoralis typically occurs in swamps, riverbeds, canals, ditches, pools and lakes, usually near the coast and often brackish.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. Locally, such as in Hungary, the destruction of habitats impacts on the populations.

conservationAction:
S. litoralis is classed as Endangered in Hungary and Near Threatened in Croatia. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in most of its range and does not face any major threats.

range:
S. mucronatus occurs throughout much of the Old World, including North Africa and Africa south of the Sahara, including some Indian Ocean islands, from Europe east through the Caucasus, the Middle East, Mongolia and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far East and Japan, south from the Indian Sub-continent through Southeast Asia to Australia and it has been introduced to North America.

population:
In Croatia, S. mucronatus  is present at one locality outside the Mediterranean region and is classed as Critically Endangered   (Nikolić and Topić 2005), it is also listed as Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). In Italy, several localities have been reported for northern Italy and for Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Sicily (Conti et al. 2005). Giardina et al. (2007) confirm that it is found at several sites in Sicily. In Spain, it has a disjunct and localised distribution near rice fields and agricultural land. The species might be more frequent there, but not all potential habitats have been surveyed yet. It is found in all provinces of Portugal. In France, it has a disjunct distribution and is not common in the Mediterranean region - only six localities have been found there. In Greece, it is present in the northcentral and northwestern part, and there are unconfirmed reports from the Ionian islands.

habitat:
S. mucronatus typically occurs on organic sediments or sometimes clays in marshes, the margins of ponds and lakes, and in rice fields.

conservationAction:
In Croatia, S. mucronatus is classed as Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005), it is also listed as Endangered in Switzerland. In France, the species is protected at regional level in Alsace, Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté, Centre, and Midi-Pyrénées. In Italy, according to Conti et al. (1997) it is classified as Vulnerable in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and of Lower Risk in Marche. For Tuscany, it is classified as Critically Endangered (Sposimo and Castelli 2005).   There are no other conservation measures in place or needed


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it appears to be widespread with stable populations, however it is protected or classed as threatened in a number of countries and quantified information from throughout its European range could show that it is declining.

range:
S. pungens has a disjunct distribution, occurring in Europe, Australia, southern and western North America, Mexico and Central and South America. In Europe, it is most frequent in the centre and west, from Poland west to Belgium and south to France, Austria, Czech Republic and Ukraine to the Iberian Peninsula and Italy.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of S. pungens, however it   is classed as Extinct in Belgium and Endangered on the Red List of Spain. Otherwise it appears to be widespread and fairly abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
S. pungens typically grows in freshwater and brackish marshes and on the margins of creeks and rivers.

conservationAction:
S. pungens is classed as Extinct in Belgium and Endangered on the Spanish Red List and is protected in the Haute-Normandie, Basse-Normandie and Poitou-Charentes regions of France. Otherwise there appear to be no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authorities treat&#Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani as a subspecies of S.&#lacustris (e.g., Sell and Murrell 1996, Castroviejo et al. 2008) while others (such as TROPICOS) maintain it within Scirpus.Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani hybridises with S.&#triqueter (L.) Palla and is reported to hybridise with S.&#lacustris, however the latter is unproven whilst the former is not sufficiently frequent to affect the Red List assessment for this species (Jermy et al. 2007).

range:
This species has an almost global distribution and occurs throughout the northern Hemisphere, Australasia, North America, Central America and parts of South America but apparently absent from Africa   (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). It is reported from all European countries except the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Portugal-Azores and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
S. #tabernaemontani is apparently widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
S. #tabernaemontani is a Hemicryptophyte or rhizome Geophyte and usually occurs as large, dense populations which flower and set abundant seed. It is a potentially long-lived perennial, it forms dense monospecific stands on the margins of waterbodies, often extending into open water. It is most frequent in coastal sites where it grows in brackish water in rivers, dykes, tidal channels, lagoons and dune-slacks; it also grows also in depressions in salt marshes and in wet pasture. Inland, it is common in inland saline or brackish water but may also occur by freshwater lakes, ponds, slow-flowing rivers, streams and canals, and in flooded quarries and pits.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it appears to be widespread with stable populations, however the level of threat indicated in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain and France may indicate a more widespread trend.

range:
S. triqueter occurs with populations in North Africa and from Europe east through the Caucasus, the Middle East and Kazakhstan to Far Eastern Russia, China and Japan, as well as in the the Himalayas in India and Pakistan, it has been introduced to the Columbia River on the border between Oregon and Washington in the United States. It also occurs in South Africa, where it may have been introduced (Cook 2004). It is found throughout most of central and western Europe.

population:
S. triqueter is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and in the UK, Endangered in Germany and Vulnerable in Spain, outside these areas populations appear to be stable.

habitat:
S. triqueter typically grows on muddy banks in estuaries, on the margins of rivers, in marshes, bogs and ditches.

conservationAction:
S. triqueter is classed as Critically  Endangered in Switzerland and in the UK,  Endangered in Germany and Vulnerable in Spain, it is also protected in the Alsace, Haute-Normandie, Pays  de la Loire, Bretagne and Franche-Comté regions of France. Outside  these areas there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category, although it is considered to be of conservation concern in at least half of the European countries from which it has been reported.

range:
S. radicans occurs from Europe east through Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to Far Eastern Russia, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. It occurs mainly in northern Europe, from Scandinavia south to France and Italy and east to European Russia and the Ukraine.

population:
S. radicans is classed as Endangered in Germany, Vulnerable in Finland, Hungary and Norway, Near Threatened in Estonia and Sweden and Data Deficient in Croatia (although it is not certain that it occurs in the last country). Elsewhere it appears to be widespread with stable populations.

habitat:
S. radicans occurs on the margins of slow-flowing rivers, oxbows, lakes, pools and gravel pits in floodplains. It usually grows on gravel or mud and may form dense mono-specific stands, classed as Scirpetum radicantis Hejný in Hejný et Husák. S. radicans may play a major role in natural succession in oxbow lakes, particularly those with gently sloping margins.

threats:
S. radicans is considered to be of conservation concern in at least half of the countries from which it has been reported, however the reason for this is unclear.

conservationAction:
S. radicans is classed as Endangered in Germany, Vulnerable (A1c, B1+2cd) in Finland, Hungary and Norway (D2), Near Threatened in Estonia and Sweden and Data Deficient in Croatia. Elsewhere there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
S. sylvaticus occurs in Europe and central Asia, from Norway through Siberia and the Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Turkey. It occurs throughout most of Europe.

population:
S. sylvaticus is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
S. sylvaticus typically occurs on organic, often eutrophic soils in wet woodland, on wooded river and stream margins and on the margins of lakes and ponds.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Jaub. & Spach is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,  durum wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)  Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment:  Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).Aegilops bicornis is found in  coastal areas of Cyprus where the quality of habitat is decreasing,  mainly due to development for tourism and recreational activities. A lot of research has been conducted on this species, but it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (less than 20,000 km2), has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km2, is known from six  locations and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. It is  therefore assessed as Vulnerable. If the subpopulation at one of the six locations is lost, this species will qualify for Endangered B2ab(iii,v) as the current AOO is c. 100 km2.

range:
Native to northern Africa (Egypt and Libya), the Arabian Peninsula (Kuwait) and western Asia (Cyprus, the Sinai, Israel, Jordan and Syria) (USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In the EU, the species is only found in Cyprus where it has been recorded at eight sites (six locations) (Tsintides et al. 2007). The precise extent of occurrence (EOO) is unknown but the island is only 9,200 km2 in size. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 100 km2.

population:
The species is 'uncommon throughout its range' (van Slageren 1994). In Cyprus the overall population is estimated to be more than 20,000 plants; however, it is suspected that the population is declining (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Grows mainly in lowland coastal areas of sandy loams, open sands or stabilized sand dunes; soil types are light sandy, sandy-calcareous or sandstones; rainfall: 75–450 mm in Cyprus  (van Slageren 1994). In Cyprus it has been found on sand dunes and sandy seashores at sea level, sometimes up to 1 km from the shore (Tsintides et al. 2007). Flowers and fruits from March to May, though probably somewhat later in Cyprus (van Slageren 1994).

threats:
In Cyprus the species is threatened by habitat loss, mainly due to development for tourism, recreational activities and at some localities by competition from invasive alien species (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 23 accessions of A. bicornis held in European genebanks; however, only one was reported to have been collected in Cyprus (stored at the National Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of  Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and storage is recommended as material was collected 20–25 years ago. A. bicornis is listed as Vulnerable (B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)) in the Red Data  Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Tsintides  et al. 2007). Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. A monitoring programme should be implemented.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Hadjichambis, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D. & Della, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops biuncialis Vis. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,  durum wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)   Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: Aegilops biuncialis ssp. archipelagica (Eig) Raus and Aegilops biuncialis Vis. ssp. biuncialis (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Aegilops biuncialis is distributed widely in east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and is reported to be common throughout most of its range. Extensive populations estimated to cover several hundred square metres have been observed. As well as being found in various forest types, the species occurs in a range of disturbed anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops biuncialis is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia, the Caucasus and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France this species is confined to five departments in the southeast:   Alpes-Maritimes,   Var,   Bouches-du-Rhône,   Vaucluse and   Hérault (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
The species is common throughout most of its range and extensive populations estimated at several hundred square metres have been observed (van Slageren 1994).

habitat:
It grows in generally dry, somewhat disturbed places; such as fallow, roadsides, field margins, olive groves, vineyards and various forest types (frequently with Pinus halepensis and Quercus spp.). Also in grasslands, maquis and kafkalla vegetation, steppe, and dry, rocky mountain slopes, more rarely in river valleys and palm plantations. The altitudinal range of this species is -200–1,750 m, and is found on a variety of bedrock types; mainly limestone, but also schists, shales, basalt, granite and pillow lavas. Soil textures are mainly clay or sandy loam, or (rarely) pure sandy soils  (van Slageren 1994).This species is found in areas with an annual rainfall of 225–800 mm indicating some drought tolerance, but the species also occurs in areas with up to 1,250 mm. Flowers and fruits from May to August (van Slageren 1994).

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.EURISCO reports 182 accessions of Aegilops biuncialis held in European genebanks, 150 of which  are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 81 originate  from within Europe, 70 of which are recorded as originating from Bulgaria (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

useAndTrade:
Aegilops biuncialis is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops caudata L. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: Aegilops caudata ssp. caudata and Aegilops caudata ssp. polyathera (Boiss.) Zhuk (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops caudata is widely distributed in south and southeastern Europe, and is locally abundant and stable. It is threatened at some localities by overgrazing but this does not pose a major threat to the European population as a whole. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops caudata is native to southeastern Europe (recorded under the synonym #Aegilops  dichasians) and to western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to van Slageren  (1994), the species is introduced in Europe, however Tutin et al. (1964–1980) consider it to be native to eastern Europe, while Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) record it as native to parts of south and southeast Europe. The occurrences recorded in this assessment are those recorded by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009).Although it has been recorded at a maximum altitude of 1,850 m, it is predominantly a lowland species, with most records from below 400 m (van Slageren 1994).

population:
This species is known to be stable in its native range in Europe. Van Slageren (1994) notes that it is known to form dense stands, often together with other Aegilops species.

habitat:
Aegilops caudata occurs in areas where the average annual rainfall is in the range of 300–700  mm, flowering and fruiting from May to August (van Slageren 1994). It can be found in fallow, roadsides, grassland (including steppes), field margins and within fields of crops such as wheat, in various forest types and more rarely in silty and even maritime locations. It occurs most often on dry, rocky slopes of limestone; more rarely on shales, schist, sandstone or granite.

threats:
It is threatened by overgrazing in some areas.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 80 accessions of Aegilops caudata held in European genebanks, 72 of which  are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 71 originate  from within Europe, and the majority of these (64) originate from Greece, six from Bulgaria and only one from Hungary (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Aegilops caudata is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops columnaris is reported to be uncommon within its European range (Greece) but the population is thought to be stable and it does not face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Further collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the population in Greece is recommended, as well as monitoring of subpopulations within existing protected areas.

range:
Native to western Asia and the Caucasus (van Slageren 1994, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Europe, it is found only in Greece (mainland, western Crete and  Rhodes). The species is occasionally found at sea level (van Slageren 1994).

population:
This species is uncommon throughout its range (van Slageren 1994) but the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
It is mainly found in disturbed habitats, such as dry, open fields, roadsides and hillsides; more rarely in forests (e.g. of Pinus halepensis). It is mainly found on limestone—less frequently on basalt. Soil textures are predominantly stony, with additional clay, (clay) loam, and occasionally sand. It is often found growing with other Aegilops species. Annual rainfall of 450–1,250 mm indicates that the species prefers a wetter environment than most other Aegilops. It flowers and fruits from June to August (van Slageren 1994).

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. #&# EURISCO reports 76 accessions of A. columnaris held in European genebanks, 55 of which  are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However, only three accessions are reported to have been collected from Greece (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the population in Greece is required. It is known to occur in at least five protected areas. Monitoring of the populations at these sites is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops comosa Sm. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. Two subspecies are native to Europe: Ae. comosa ssp. comosa and Ae. comosa ssp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Eig. (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops comosa is relatively widespread and although it is considered to be locally rare, it does not face any major threats and the overall population is stable. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, due to the local rarity of this species, population monitoring is required. Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage from parts of its range would be beneficial to ensure the broadest range of genetic diversity is available for future potential use.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Greece) and western Asia (Turkey) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Bulgaria this species is found in the Trakia valley, in Cyprus it occurs in the the coastal areas of the north  and east, and in Greece it is found in the mainland, in Crete and some of the East Aegean Islands.

population:
This species is locally rare but the current overall population is stable.

habitat:
It occurs on roadsides, in grasslands, on hillsides, in garrigue (van Slageren 1994) and less frequently in the margins of  cultivated land (e.g., olive groves). In Cyprus, it grows near the coast on the edge of plantations. It grows mainly on limestone in clay–loam soils and flowers and fruits from May–July (van Slageren 1994).

threats:
Overgrazing, the use of herbicides and development for tourism might be affecting this species in some parts of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 120 accessions of A. comosa held in European genebanks, 111 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 104 originate from within Europe. The European countries of origin of these accessions are Greece (99) and Bulgaria (five) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is needed from populations in Albania, Bulgaria and Cyprus, and probably European Turkey also.A. comosa is found in  protected areas in Greece; however, genetic reserves have not been  identified and it is not currently monitored or actively managed. A  population monitoring programme needs to be implemented throughout its  range and management plans put in place at selected sites if necessary.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri. It is a very drought-tolerant species.

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G. & Maxted, N.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops contracta (Eig) H. Scholz is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Aegilops contracta is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about the habitat, distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Aegilops contracta is native to Greece (mainland, Crete and east Aegean Islands) and Asiatic Turkey (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

habitat:
Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. No germplasm accessions of #Aegilops  contracta are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, this species has probably been collected under the name of&#Aegilops  neglecta or&#Aegilops  triaristata.   A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops cylindrica Host is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops cylindrica is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread in parts of middle, east and southeastern Europe, the overall population trend is reported to be increasing and it is locally common throughout much of its range. However, it is nationally threatened in Slovakia and Switzerland; therefore, national monitoring is recommended, as well as a review of its in situ conservation status.

range:
Aegilops cylindrica is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe, western and middle Asia, and the Caucasus, and is naturalized in other parts of Europe and North America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Slovakia, all native recently recorded occurrences are located in the southwest around Kamenica and Hronom villages in the foothills of the Burda Mountains. Three subpopulations are known, including some tens of individuals and the population trend is stable. Two historical native sites were recorded in the Belianske kopce Hills near the village of Nána; however, these occurrences were recently not found. In addition to the known native occurrences, the species has been found at 11 secondary sites in southwest and southeast Slovakia, five of which were recently confirmed (Dunajská Streda, Sere?, Ch?aba, Dobrá, ?ierna and Tisou).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
Overall, the European population is locally common where found and reported to be increasing.

habitat:
It grows in sandy soil along the Danube River, and can also be found on roadsides and in wastelands. It prefers dry, hot places and grows in steppe in the Balkans.

threats:
This species is nationally threatened in Slovakia but the threats are not recorded. There are no major threats reported for most of the European subpopulations.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. In Slovakia, Aegilops cylindrica is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Feráková et al. 2001).EURISCO reports 1,077 accessions of Aegilops cylindrica held in European genebanks, 915 of which   are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 242 originate   from within Europe; including 108 from Hungary and 69 from Bulgaria (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Aegilops cylindrica is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Eliáš, P., Donnini, D., Vörösváry, G. & Uzundzhalieva, K.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops geniculata Roth is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Aegilops geniculata is widely distributed in  central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is naturalized in other parts of  Europe. This species is found in dry and rocky areas as well as disturbed anthropogenic habitats and where found, it is noted to occur in large numbers. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, this species is  regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops geniculata is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia, the Caucasus and northern Africa, and is naturalized in other parts of Europe and in southwestern USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). For example it was introduced to Slovakia as a casual alien in 1960 in ?túrovo railway station (Eliáš  Jr. unpublished). There have been occasional findings in the Czech Republic and Hungary  where it occurs as an adventive species.The native range of this species in relation to Macronesia is unclear. USDA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) lists this species as native to the Canary Islands, while Izquierdo et al. (2004) state that the origin in these islands is uncertain.

population:
Where Aegilops geniculata is found, it is noted to occur in large numbers (van Slageren 1994).

habitat:
Aegilops geniculata is found in mainly in dry places, rocky slopes, road sides, steppe localities and in Mediterranean macquis vegetation (van Slageren 1994).

threats:
There are no major threats to the species in its main range. However, in the places where the species is adventive, strong winters can cause it to disappear. In Bulgaria the change of land use, such as the intensification of agriculture, as well as abandonment can affect the species.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 726 accessions of Aegilops geniculata are held in European genebanks, 526 of which   are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 461 originate   from within Europe. According to EURISCO, most accessions originate from Portugal (134), Spain (70), Italy (86) and France (90) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Aegilops geniculata is known to be found within protected areas. As such it is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
Aegilops geniculata is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Vörösváry, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Aegilops kotschyi is assessed as Not Applicable because it only occurs at the margin of its range in Cyprus and Greece and it is likely that less than 1% of its global range occurs in Europe.

range:
Native to western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Europe, it is found in Cyprus and in some of the East Aegean Islands.

population:
This species is only at the margin of its global range in Europe and is therefore considered to be Not Applicable for a European assessment.

habitat:
This species is only at the margin of its global range in Europe and is therefore considered to be Not Applicable for a European assessment.

threats:
This species is only at the margin of its global range in Europe and is therefore considered to be Not Applicable for a European assessment.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 47 accessions of A. kotschyi held in European genebanks, 33 of which   are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only one originates   from within Europe, and this is reported to have been collected in Greece. This accession is stored in Germany (Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops neglecta Bertol. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Aegilops neglecta is  widely distributed throughout east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and the population trend is noted to be stable. As such, in light of the lack of major threats in Europe, this species is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops neglecta is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia, the Caucasus and northern Africa (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009). In France this species is present in 17 departments in the south and southeast of the country and one department (Bas-Rhin) in the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010).

population:
The population trend is stable over most of its range. For example it is known to be widespread and common throughout Portugal and Bulgaria, with stable populations reported in Greece and Bulgaria. Van Slageren (1994) notes that it is locally abundant in southern France, from where this species is described. However it is noted to be very rare in the Canary Islands.

habitat:
Aegilops neglecta is found in mainly dry or disturbed areas, such as dry slopes, rocky slopes, roadsides, grassland and the edges of cultivated land. Occasionally it can be found in forests and woodland habitats.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. Aegilops neglecta is well represented in ex situ collections throughout Europe. EURISCO reports 223 Ae. neglecta accessions held in European genebanks, 185 of which   are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 147 originate   from within Europe. The majority of accessions are stored in genebanks in Germany and Czech Republic (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Aegilops neglecta is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G. & Santos Guerra, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. peregrina ssp. cylindrostachys (Eig & Feinbrun) Maire & Weiller and A. peregrina ssp. peregrina (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops peregrina is a common species that grows in a range of natural and semi-natural habitats, and which is capable of colonizing disturbed sites. It is threatened by coastal development and herbicide use in some localities, but these factors do not constitute a major threat to the European population overall. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Although this species is common, population monitoring in existing protected areas is recommended. Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ  storage from the European populations is also needed to ensure the  broadest range of genetic diversity is available for future potential  use.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe (Greece), western Asia (Cyprus), the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa, and naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This is a common species and the population is stable.

habitat:
It occurs in dry, ruderal sites on hillsides, mountain slopes and in coastal areas in sparse and open herbaceous vegetation, garrigue, semi-steppe batha, heaths, maquis, Zygophyllum shrubland, open oak and pine forests, and plantations (van Slageren 1994). It prefers limestone (but also grows on a range of other parent rock types) and favours sandy soil; it can grow in very shallow, stony soil (van Slageren 1994). It can also be found growing on roadsides. In Cyprus, it is also found on coastal sand dunes.

threats:
The main threats are coastal development and the use of herbicides. Increased periods of drought seems to favour this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 55 accessions of A. peregrina held in European genebanks, 45 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 16 originate from within Europe. Eleven originated from Greece, three from Cyprus, one from Sweden and one from the UK  (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A full review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary from the European populations to ensure that the widest range of genetic diversity is conserved for future potential use.A. peregrina occurs in  protected areas. Although a common species, the implementation of a  monitoring programme is recommended at these sites.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops speltoides Tausch is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: Aegilops speltoides ssp. ligustica (Savign.) Zhuk. and Aegilops speltoides ssp. speltoides (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops speltoides is a locally abundant, weedy species that grows in a range of natural and semi-natural  habitats, and which is capable of colonizing disturbed sites. It is  threatened by herbicide use in some localities,  but this does not constitute a major threat to the European  population overall. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.  Although this species is locally abundant, population monitoring in existing  protected areas is recommended. Further germplasm collection and  duplicated ex situ  storage  from the European populations is also needed to ensure the  broadest  range of genetic diversity is available for future potential  use.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe (Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey-in-Europe) and western Asia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009). It is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Europe, it is at the northwestern limit of its range.

population:
This is a locally abundant species found in patches. The population is stable.

habitat:
It is a weedy species found growing in field margins, orchards and forest edges, as well as in grassland. It usually grows among small rocks.

threats:
The use of herbicides is a threat to this species in some localities.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. Aegilops speltoides occurs in  protected areas. Although a locally abundant species, the   implementation of a monitoring programme is recommended at these sites.  EURISCO reports 242 germplasm accessions of Aegilops speltoides held in European genebanks, 193 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 31 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). As this is one of the most important wheat wild relatives (a major contributor to the 'S' genome of wheat), it should be further collected throughout its European range to ensure that the widest pool of genetic diversity is available for future potential use.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri. It is also used for forage.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops tauschii Coss. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Aegilops tauschii is only extant in two areas in Europe which are both under a high threat of touristic and other infrastructure development that is causing a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat and correspondingly, the area of occupancy # (AOO) of the species. It occurs in small patches of only a few individuals in less than  five locations and the overall AOO is less than 500 km2. It is therefore regionally assessed as Endangered.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to east Europe (Crimea and European Russia), western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, the Indian Subcontinent and China (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Its presence as an introduced species has been reported from the USA and a number of European countries; including Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and the Netherlands (van Slageren 1994). In Crimea, the species is found at only two small localities, one around Sudak (Fedorov 1974) and the other on the coast of the Azov Sea on the Kerczenskij Peninsula. The latter locality was documented in 1982 with a herbarium specimen; however, a search for Aegilops tauschii at this locality in 2009 was not successful (Diederichen et al. 2010). In the South European Russian Federation its distribution is limited to the Krasnodarski Krai region. Its overall area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
In the Russian Federation, it is only present in small patches with a few individuals in each. According to Golubev (1996), the Crimean subpopulations are abundant; however, field surveys in 2009 confirmed that one of the Crimean subpopulations has gone extinct (Diederichen et al. 2010). The exact population size and trend of this species are unknown, but the area, extent and quality of the habitat are declining.

habitat:
It is found on open rocky slopes, in gravel, on light sandy or, conversely, heavy clay soils of the plains (sometimes even slightly solemnized ones), on beaches, dry hills, and near roads (Chukhina and Antonov 2003–2009).

threats:
The populations in Crimea are very fragmented and under threat as they are near a city where development for tourism and recreational activities has led to a decline in the habitat. In Krasnodarski Krai, infrastructure development for olympic games and leisure activities are threatening the populations. Around Sochi, natural habitats are being destroyed by these activities. As this kind of infrastructure development is the main threat and taking place on a large scale, the number of locations can be defined as being five or below.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.   EURISCO reports 714 germplasm accessions of Aegilops tauschii held in European genebanks, 632 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, seven originate from within Europe: (Belgium (one), Bulgaria (one), Denmark (one), Germany (two), Portugal (one) and Sweden (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, collections from Ukraine and South European Russia are not reported. Further research into the ex situ conservation status of European populations of this species is needed and collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be actioned as priority if necessary.Active in situ conservation (including monitoring and appropriate management) at both European localities is needed.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and  durum  wheat, as well as a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri. It is a dought-tolerant species (van Slageren 1994) and a possible gene source for pest and disease resistance (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It has contributed traits to bread wheat for good baking qualities and winter hardiness and is a good quality fodder plant for spring and early summer (Chukhina and Antonov 2003–2009).

redListAssessors:
Smekalova, T., Maslovky, O. & Melnyk, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops triuncialis L. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: Aegilops triuncialis ssp. persica (Boiss.) Zhuk. and Aegilops triuncialis ssp. triuncialis (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops triuncialis is widely distributed in east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and is noted to have an increasing population trend. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, this species is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops triuncialis is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Subcontinent and northern Africa; the species is naturalized in the USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France this species occurs in 24 southern departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is widespread and common in southern Europe with an increasing population trend.

habitat:
The primary habitat for Aegilops triuncialis is dry, rocky and sunny areas such as steppes with annual grasses. It can also be found growing on roadsides and in disturbed areas and may occasionally be found in forests. This species can grow in saline conditions and as such can be found in coastal habitats such as beaches.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. Aegilops triuncialis is well represented in ex situ collections throughout Europe. EURISCO reports 1,506 Aegilops triuncialis accessions held in European genebanks, 1,260 of which    are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 581  originate   from within Europe. The majority of accessions originate from Greece (104), Portugal (104), and Bulgaria (123) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Aegilops triuncialis is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Economou, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops umbellulata is a locally abundant species which is affected to some degree by grazing and herbicide use, but which overall does not face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Population monitoring is however recommended, particularly where the species occurs within existing protected areas in Crete and Rhodes, and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required as material from the European populations are currently not indicated to be adequately represented in ex situ collections.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe, western Asia and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Cyprus, it has only been collected once from the Nicosia region in 1983.

population:
This species is locally abundant in scattered populations.

habitat:
It occurs in grasslands and on disturbed roadsides—less frequently in the margins of cultivated land (e.g., olive groves).

threats:
The main threats are overgrazing and the use of herbicides.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. It occurs in protected areas in Crete and Rhodes but is not monitored or  actively managed. A monitoring programme should be implemented.  EURISCO reports 74 germplasm accessions of Aegilops umbellulata held in European genebanks, 64 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, three originate from within Europe—one from Bulgaria, one from Greece and one from the UK, all of which are stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection from the European populations is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and  durum  wheat, as well as a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri. It is also used in some part of its range (e.g., in Iran) as a fodder plant,  and is probably more attractive to animals than other species of Aegilops.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops uniaristata Vis. is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aegilops uniaristata is widely distributed in southeastern Europe, and is locally abundant where it occurs. As this species relatively widespread, and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Aegilops uniaristata is native to parts of southeastern Europe and to western Asia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

population:
Aegilops uniaristata is a stable and a common species in southeast Europe, particularly in Greece.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland areas, bushy slopes, on hillsides, and in the edges of cultivated fields.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 16 accessions of Aegilops uniaristata held in European genebanks, 12 of which    are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, three  originate   from within Europe; two from Greece and one from Italy (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). As these accessions do not adequately represent the distributional range of the species, additional material should be collected for ex situ conservation.  In addition more surveys are needed on this species distribution, particularly to assess whether it occurs in protected areas and to adapt the management plan of  these protected areas to the requirements of this species.

useAndTrade:
Aegilops uniaristata is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Aegilops ventricosa Tausch is a secondary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum,  durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of   other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Aegilops ventricosa is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread in in Spain and southern France and grows in a very wide range of habitats, including disturbed sites such as fruit and nut tree plantations and cereal fields. It is also an adventive species in parts of central and northwestern Europe, as well as outside of the region; for example, in the USA. Further research # is however needed to determine the current population trend, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Aegilops ventricosa is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, and to northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Cyprus, it has been recorded in the north of the island.In France, it occurs in nine departments in the south and southeast:   Alpes-Maritimes, Var,   Bouches-du-Rhône,   Vaucluse,   Haute-Loire,   Ardèche,   Hérault  , Aude and   Hautes-Pyrénées (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).According to data presented by van Slageren (1994), it is widespread in south and east Spain, and in the south of France.

habitat:
Van Slageren (1994) notes that it grows in grasslands, fallow, roadsides, sandy wadis, as well as in and on the edges of plantations of olive, fig and almonds, and of various cereal crops, and that it can also be found in Juniperus and Pistacia scrub, oak forests and in Poterium-dominated vegetation. It often grows with other Aegilops species and sometimes hybridizes with cultivated wheats. It favours soils with limestone as the parent rock and clay and sandy loams, but has also been found growing in poor, stony soils, as well as in saline conditions and marshy riversides. Rainfall at the sites where it grows varies in the range 100–600 mm (van Slageren 1994).

threats:
Further research is needed to gather information about the potential major threats to this species. It could be affected by introgression from cultivated wheats.

conservationAction:
The genus Aegilops is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.EURISCO reports 128 accessions of Ae. ventricosa held in European genebanks, 109 of which    are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these, 46  originate   from within Europe, 29 of which are reported by EURISCO to originate from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from other parts of the species' European range is recommended.

useAndTrade:
Aegilops ventricosa is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.


taxonomicNotes:
Agropyron cimmericum Nevski is a tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum, durum wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., and a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell., einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T. aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.  It is also a wild relative of crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Agropyron cimmericum is endemic to a small area in Crimea and the northern coast of the Asov Sea where it is confined to sand dunes and beaches. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2. There are only around 10 subpopulations with less than 250 individuals in each. These subpopulations are severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is suspected to be decreasing. The area and quality of the species' habitat are in decline due to tourism development and urbanization. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. cimmericum is endemic to Ukraine (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly  2009) where it is found along the Asov Sea coast in the northern part of the Kerchinski Peninsula of Crimea, and at the Arbatski Spit. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 500 km2. There are only two sites in the Kerchinski Peninsula, near the villages Chegene and Kasantip (Fedorov 1974, Prokudin et al. 1977).

population:
There are around ten subpopulations which are suspected to be slowly decreasing as the area is under high pressure from tourism development. The number of mature individuals is suspected to be less than 2,500, with less than 250 individuals in each subpopulation.

habitat:
This perennial rhizomatous grass grows in sand dunes and on beaches in very sandy soils. At some sites it grows together with Festuca beckeri and Stipa borystenica (Prokudin et al. 1977).

threats:
The sites where the species is found are under high pressure from the tourist industry and infrastructure development is taking place. An associated threat is urbanization.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed  in     Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources  for   Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.It occurs in Kazantip reserve and in zakaznik Arabatska strelka. However, monitoring and active management are needed at these sites. No germplasm accessions of A. cimmericum are report by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) and the species is not reported by SINGER. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is used for forage (Malyshev 2003–2009) and is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and  durum  wheat, as well as a number of   other cultivated  wheats; including emmer, #einkorn,  spelt and sanduri. It is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on the interpretation of the bread wheat gene pool of van Slageren (1994), Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum and durum wheat, T. turgidum spp. durum (Desf.) Husn., as well as a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  spp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)  Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. spp. timopheevii.Six subspecies are native to Europe: A. cristatum ssp. brandzae (Pan?u & Solacolu) Melderis, A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. cristatum, A. cristatum ssp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev, A. cristatum ssp. ponticum (Nevski) Tzvelev, A. cristatum ssp. sabulosum Lavrenko and A. cristatum ssp. sclerophyllum Tzvelev (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Agropyron cristatum has a widespread distribution, overall stable subpopulations and does not face major threats in the core of its range. However, it is threatened in some European countries, as it is mainly at the northwestern limit of its range, and needs local conservation attention. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. cristatum is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as many parts of temperate Asia (USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:Czech Republic: only one location in south Moravia.Belarus: although Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) consider it to be native, according to experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, it is possibly an alien species in this country.France: one department only (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Greece: only old records of this species exist.Hungary: North Hungarian Mountains (Zemplén-,Bükk-mountains, Gyöngyös, Gödöll? Hills), Transdanubian Mountains (Visegrád-, Buda-, Gerecse-, Velencei-, Bakony mountains, Balaton region), Transdanubia (Sopron, Baranya, Tolna,) Great Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld Plain, Danube region, Danube-Tisza köze region, Tiszántúl region frequent), adventive in Debrecen.Slovakia: A. cristatum ssp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev occurs in the west and southwest of the country (Eliáš Jr. unpublished).

population:
This species is noted as common in parts of its range, such as Bulgaria and Germany, but is rare in others, such as Belarus and the Czech Republic. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A. cristatum occurs in dry areas such as steppes and dry grassland. For example in Hungary it can be found in vegetation on loess cliffs (Agropyro-Kochietum prostratae), steep loess slopes (Salvio-Festucetum rupicolae), pastures (Cynodonto-Poetum angustifolli), sand steppes and in dry weedy vegetation. It prefers warm, loose loam-, loess-, sandy, soils rich in alkaline minerals.

threats:
Threats are mainly related to the species being at the limits of its northwestern range. However overall this species does not face major threats.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed in     Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for   Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.EURISCO reports 181 A. cristatum accessions  held in European genebanks, 87 of which    are reported to be of wild or  weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 27  originate   from within  Europe. These accessions originate from Ukraine (12), Spain (three), Hungary  (eight) and Bulgaria (four) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Croatia (A. cristatum ssp. pectinatum): Critically Endangered (CR) A4ac;C1 (Nikolić and Topić 2005).Switzerland: Vulnerable (VU) D1+2 (Moser et al. 2002).Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (CR).Slovakia: Endangered (EN) (Feráková et al. 2001).Further research on the distributional range of this species is recommended.

useAndTrade:
A. cristatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri. The species is also a widely cultivated forage crop.

redListAssessors:
Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Maslovky, O. & Eliáš, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum and durum wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., as  well as a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)   Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. It is also a wild relative of crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Agropyron dasyanthum is found at isolated sites from Krementchuge to the Black Sea along the Dnieper and Molochnayaalong Rivers, and there are two isolated subpopulations near the cities of Mikolayiv and Melitopol. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2, its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be less than 500 km2 and most of the sites are severely fragmented. The main threat is habitat destruction due to development for tourism and other infrastructure, especially around the coastal cities. The extent and quality of habitat, as well as the AOO are in continual decline. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered. It would also qualify for Vulnerable B1ab(ii,iii).It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. dasyanthum is endemic to Ukraine (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly   2009). It occurs in isolated sites from Krementchuge to the Black Sea along the left bank (beaches) of the Dnieper and the River Molochna. There are also isolated localities on sandy soils of south Bug near the cities of Mikolayiv and Melitopol (Fedorov 1974). Near Krementchuge, the variety glabrum is found. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
The population size and trend are unknown. The sites where the species occurs are severely fragmented.

habitat:
It grows in sandy soils on beaches along permanent rivers, as well as coastal areas.

threats:
The two isolated sites near the cities Mikolayiv and Melitopol are affected by development for tourism and other infrastructural development. There is no information available about threats to the Dnieper populations.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed  in     Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources  for   Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of A. dasyanthum which are stored in the genebank  of the Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production, Ukraine  (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Protection of the sites where the species is present is recommended as well as complimentary ex situ conservation, especially for the unique variety near Krementchuge and Kachovka.

useAndTrade:
It is used for fodder (Malyshev 2003–2009) and is a tertiary wild relative of and potential  gene donor to bread and   durum  wheat, as well as a number of   other cultivated  wheats; including emmer, #einkorn,    spelt and sanduri. It is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.


taxonomicNotes:
Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schult. is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum and durum wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., as  well as a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Agropyron desertorum is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread and common, the population trend is suspected to be stable, and it is not subject to any major threats. However, protection of the isolated subpopulations in Crimea is recommended as they may contain important genetic diversity. Further targeted germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required for all the European subpopulations.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly    (2009), in Europe, A. desertorum is native to central and south European Russia, and Ukraine with Crimea. However, according to Malyshev (2008), it does not occur in central European Russia, while Fedorov (1974) recorded the species from eastern European Russia. The distribution data for this assessment is as recorded by Malyshev (2008).In Ukraine and Crimea, the species occurs in patches that are isolated from the Russian population. In the main part of Ukraine it is found in the southeast, while in Crimea it is present in separate patches in the eastern part of the peninsula. It is also native to the Caucasus, Siberia, middle Asia, Mongolia and China (USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread and common and the population trend is suspected to be stable.

habitat:
It is found in steppe and on rocky and clay slopes, and is also present in solonetzic soils. It is codominant in A. desertorum / Poa bulbosa and A. desertorum / Artemisia maritima associations (Prokudin et al. 1977).

threats:
There currently are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed   in     Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources   for   Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool and A. desertorum is listed as a grass forage.EURISCO reports 27 germplasm accessions of A. desertorum held in European genebanks, 20 of which are recorded to be of wild origin. Of these, four are recorded as originating in Europe and are all from Ukraine   (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). It is not clear how many accessions have been collected in European Russia. Further targeted germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required for wild populations of this taxon.The isolated subpopulations in Crimea might hold important genetic diversity and should therefore be subject to in situ conservation and management measures.

useAndTrade:
It is widely cultivated for forage and is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.


taxonomicNotes:
Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum and durum wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., as  well as a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)     Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. According to Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      (2009), two subspecies are native to Europe: A. fragile (Roth) P. Candargy ssp. fragile and A. fragile ssp. sibiricum (Willd.) Melderis. However, T. Smekalova believes that A. fragile ssp. sibiricum might not occur in the European part of Russia.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Agropyron fragile is assessed as Data Deficient because there is currently no information available about the population size and trend, or about potential threats to make an informed decision. It is classified as Rare in the regional Red Data Book of Bashkortostan and is also included in the Red List of Russia. A survey of this species in European Russia is needed to record the population size and potential threats and a monitoring program needs to be implemented. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also required.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to south European Russia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly     2009), as well as the Caucasus, Siberia, middle Asia, Mongolia and China (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Europe, this species is only found south of the Wolga region close to the Russian Caucasus, where it has been reported from only one locality in Bashkortostan. This area is suspected to account for slightly more than 1% of its global population. It is common in Siberia and middle Asia.

population:
There is no information about the European population of this species, except that it only occurs at one locality and has quite specific ecological requirements.

habitat:
It grows in sandy soils and on sandy riverbanks in steppe regions and semi-deserts (Bobrov et al. 1974).

threats:
There is no information available about the threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of A. fragile held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However, none of these originate from within European Russia (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required for the European population of this species.  The in situ conservation status of this species is unknown. Research is needed into the population trend and potential threats to this species.A. fragile is included in the Red List of Russia and in the regional Red Data Book of Bashkortostan (category 3: Rare (d)—a taxon which has a large world area, but occupies the edge of the area in Russia) (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005).

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread and durum wheat, as well as a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer, #einkorn, spelt and sanduri.


taxonomicNotes:
Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum and durum wheat, T. turgidum  spp. durum (Desf.) Husn., as  well as a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, T. turgidum  spp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.  aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)      Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. spp. timopheevii. It is also a wild relative of crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Agropyron tanaiticum is a narrow endemic limited to a very specific habitat in the Siversky Donets River basin in South European Russia and Ukraine. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is well below 500 km2; however, more research on potential threats, the number of mature individuals, and the population and habitat trend is needed to carry out a full assessment of this species. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened   as a precautionary measure as it is approaching Criteria B and D.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to central and South European Russia and Ukraine (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009). In Ukraine, it occurs in Siverskij Donets River basin in Charkiv and Lugansk regions and one isolated locality is reported from near the town of Poltava (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). This species is a very narrow endemic to the Don River basin, where it is confined to the Tsymlayanskye and Don-Archedinskye sandy lands. It is limited in its distribution by the sandy soils and sandy terraces of beaches of two rivers: Severskij Donets and Don. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is well below 500 km2.

population:
There are only a few isolated subpopulations of this species as it is limited to a very specific habitat. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is limited to a very specific habitat which is hillocky, sandy upper stream terraces in the Siversky Donets River basin on poorly sodded soils (Malyshev 2003–2009) and sparse vegetation (Prokudin et al. 1977). The soils are sandy but need to be very dense. It is a pioneer and dominant species of this habitat, where it typically occurs along with Euphorbia seguieriana (Prokudin et al. 1977).

threats:
Urbanization and silviculture are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Agropyron is listed  in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.No germplasm accessions of A. tanaiticum are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be made a priority if necessary. The species is included in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants as Rare (Walter and Gillett 1998) and is listed in the regional Red List of the Belgorodsk region (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). In Ukraine, A. tanaiticum occurs in in Siversko-Donezkiy National Park, Lugansk region (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). Monitoring and active management of the subpopulation is needed in this protected area.Further protection and active in situ management of this species are urgently required given its extremely narrow range and habitat specificity.Research on the number of mature individuals,  the population and habitat trend and number of localities is needed in order to fully assess the  threat status of this species.

useAndTrade:
It is cultivated for forage (Malyshev 2003–2009) and is a  tertiary wild relative of and potential  gene donor to bread and   durum  wheat, as well as a number of   other cultivated  wheats; including emmer, #einkorn,    spelt and sanduri. It is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to crested wheatgrasses, A. cristatum, A. desertorum and A. fragile, which are cultivated for forage, fodder, erosion control and revegetation.


range:
Described as occurring throughout the region except the Azores, Balearic Islands, Crete, south-eastern Russia, Sardinia, Svalbard, Sicily and European Turkey (Tutin et al. 1991).

population:
Agrostis canina appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
A. canina occurs in a wide variety of infertile, acidic, peaty soils in wet meadows, mires, marshes, ditches, the margins of ponds, gravel pits and reservoirs, wet heathland, fens and fen-meadows. It is often found in wetlands dominated by Juncus or Carex species or where mosses such as Sphagnum species or Polytrichum commune are among the ground vegetation (Cope and Gray 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Agrostis stolonifera L. is a wild relative of the cultivated form, creeping bent grass. Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) recognize seven subspecies which are native to Europe: A. stolonifera ssp. albida (Trin.) Tzvelev, A. stolonifera ssp. filfiolia (Link) H. Scholz, A. stolonifera ssp. gaditana&#(Boiss. & Reut.) Valdés & H. Scholz, A. stolonifera ssp. maritima (Lam.) Vasc., A. stolonifera ssp. scabriglumis (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire, A. stolonifera ssp.&#stolonifera  and A. stolonifera ssp. straminea (Hartm.) Tzvelev. However, the subordinate taxa are poorly defined and taxonomic recognition between authors is inconsistent. It is therefore unlikely that taxonomic issues will affect the conservation or Red List assessment of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #Agrostis stolonifera is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
A. stolonifera has a circumboreal distribution from Europe, Macaronesia and north Africa east to China (Lu and Phillips 2006) and Japan; it is widespread in North America but most populations are considered to be introduced (Harvey 2007) and it is introduced in the southern hemisphere. In Europe it has been reported from all countries except Gibraltar (UK), the Greek Aegean Islands, Selvagens (Portugal), San Marino and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
In western Europe it is very widespread and abundant and may be one of the most abundant plants in the UK. Populations in the European part of its range appear to be stable.

habitat:
A. #stolonifera will occur in most wetland types, as well as many more or less dry habitats. It typically occurs in seasonally inundated grassland, or grassland with a high water table, the margins of permanent and temporary flowing and standing water bodies, disturbed ground and can be a troublesome weed of agriculture. It has a reasonably high degree of salt-tolerance and may extend into the upper levels of salt marshes.

conservationAction:
Agrostis stolonifera is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports 167 accessions of A. stolonifera held in European genebanks, 61 of which     are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of these wild accessions originate from Europe in a range of countries, including the Czech Republic, Iceland, Ireland, Poland and Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
It is widely cultivated for forage and is used for turf. Wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.    A. aequalis has been shown to hybridise with A. geniculatus (A. ×haussknechtianus Asch. & Graebn.) which occurs fairly frequently in areas of sympatry but is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.   &#

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as, although it is classed as Vulnerable in two countries, throughout the majority of its European range it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
A. aequalis occurs throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, from North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) to Iceland and east through the Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, Siberia, the Caucasus, Mongolia and the Himalayas to Kamchatka, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and China. It also occurs throughout much of northern and western North America. It is widespread more or less throughout Europe, from the Mediterranean Basin north to Scandinavia and east throughout most of European Russia.

population:
Most populations of A. aequalis appear to be stable throughout its European range.

habitat:
A. aequalis typically occurs in wetland habitats with fluctuating water levels, where competition is suppressed either by the fluctuation of water levels or by other means, such as anthropogenic disturbance. The most frequent habitats supporting this species are lake margins, turloughs and gravel pits, but it will also occur in wet meadows, wet forest glades, stream and river margins and ditches.

conservationAction:
A. aequalis is classed as Vulnerable in Croatia and Switzerland, while it is protected in the Aquitaine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais Departments of France. Throughout the rest of its European range it appears to be widespread and abundant. No other conservation measures are in place or needed.


range:
A. geniculatus has a predominantly European distribution, from Scandinavia south to Spain and east to the Balkans, Turkey and Siberia. It is naturalised in western Australia and New Zealand and also occurs in northern and western North America, where it is considered native in parts of the west but naturalised in the east (Crins 2002). In Europe it occurs mainly north of the Mediterranean basin, north to Iceland and the Faroes and east into western European Russia.

population:
Populations of A. geniculatus appear to be stable throughout its European range.

habitat:
A. geniculatus typically occurs along the margins of ponds, lakes, streams and ditches and in marshy grassland usually on neutral, fertile soils.


taxonomicNotes:
Four subspecies of Alopecurus pratensis L. are native to Europe: A. pratensis ssp. alpestris (Wahlenb.) Selander, A. pratensis ssp. laguriformis (Schur) Tzvelev, A. pratensis L. ssp. pratensis, and A. pratensis ssp. pseudonigricans O. Schwarz (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly       2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Alopecurus pratensis is widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is known to be widespread throughout much of its native range. As there are no major threats to this species, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. pratensis is native to and widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, many parts of temperate Asia; it is widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This is a generally widespread species throughout Europe. For example, it is known to be widespread in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), Slovakia (Eliáš Jr. unpublished), Ireland and the UK (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
A. pratensis is a perennial species, occurring in floodplain meadows, moist pastures,  salt meadows, mire and swamp woodland and is a typical species of wet meadows everywhere in Europe. In the UK, this species is known to occur in lowlands, including roadsides and woodland boundaries (Preston et al. 2002). It prefers moist, cool, loam-, clay-, loess-, sandy-, poured-, and salt affected soils, high in nutrients, alkaline minerals and humus.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 381 germplasm accessions of A. pratensis held in European genebanks, 178  of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild  accessions, 176 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. pratensis is used for fodder and forage; wild populations of this species may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.

redListAssessors:
Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Vögel, R., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G. & Maslovky, O.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is classified as Least Concern on European level as there are many sites in Russia where the main part of its European range is. There is no information about a decline or major threats to the species.In the EU 27 member states, the species is only found in Finland where it has a restricted area of occupancy of 900 km². The populations are currently stable and the population size is around 28,000 flowering stems. The species is subject to random threat factors, one of them being road construction. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B.

range:
This plant has a circumpolar distribution. In Europe, it is found in Finland, Norway, Svalbard,  North European Russia, and Novaya Zemlya (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its area of occupancy in Finland is 900 km²    (measured in 10x10 km grid cells - Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Norway, the species is restricted to Svalbard and eastern Finnmark where most sites are located in the lowlands and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
In Finland, 28,000 flowering stems have been reported    with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).The plant is considered rare for Svalbard. In mainland Norway, it occurs in a restricted area but is quite frequent there. The populations are suspected to be slightly declining (Artsdatabanken 2010).There is no information on population size or trend in Russia.

habitat:
Arctagrostis latifolia is a perennial plant and graminoid that forms mats (clonal plant). It grows at the edges of water bodies and marshes, in swamps, river banks, lakes, wet peaty soil, mire edges, marshy land, shrub, tundra, and birch forests. The species is eaten by deer.

threats:
In Finland, road construction has been described as a threat. In Norway, overgrazing by reindeer and sheep has negative impacts on the reproduction.

conservationAction:
Arctagrostis latifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).In Norway, it is listed as Near Threatened approaching B1b(iii)+2b(iii) (Artsdatabanken 2010), but it is not protected. It is also listed as Near Threatened in Finland  (Rassi et al. 2010) and is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). Six out of seven existing sites and over 90% of flowering stems are in the Natura 2000 network.


taxonomicNotes:
Status of the species in Scandinavia has been questioned and it is treated there as a variety.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)This plant is common in Russia and Svalbard and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.In the EU 27, it only occurs in Sweden and Finland where it is rare and declining. The populations are severely fragmented and it is suspected that the area of occupancy is less than 250 km². The species is threatened by overgrowth as a result of grazing abandonment and water pollution. No rescue effect from the northern populations is expected and it is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Artcophila fulva is a mainly arctic circumpolar species, but is very rare on the mainland of northern Europe west of the White Sea. It is known from three widely separated occurrences: one at the Ponoj east of the Kola Peninsula, a formerly large group along the border between Sweden and Finland and along the coast at the head of Bothnia around Oulu, and in Kautokeino. The species is common in Svalbard and Bear Island (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Finland, the actual occupied area of the population is c. 4,000  m². # Most of the population is in a river estuary in Liminganlahti Bay,  near Oulu, and only c. 350 m² in Tornionjoki River. In Sweden, it has an extent of occurrence of 2,156 km² and an area of occupancy of 48 km². It is therefore suspected that the area of occupancy for the EU 27 is less than 250 km².

population:
The populations in Finland and Sweden are rare and declining (Artsdatabanken 2010, ArtDatabanken 2010). The number of mature individuals in Sweden is 2,500 in five sites which are severely fragmented (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Finland, the estimated population size is between 200,000 and 500,000  individuals. In Norway, it only occurs at two small localities at the Kautokeino watercourse with less than 50 mature individuals. It is possible that the species has more occurrences along the river, but sporadic investigations have not resulted in new discoveries. The one locality at Gåruvuoppi has gone almost extinct in the early 80s but it now consists of a few colonies (less than ten). It is unclear whether the colonies are the result of seeds or vegetative spread by rhizomes. The species situation improved between 1984 and 1996 (Artsdatabanken 2010). It is rather common on Svalbard, Spitzbergen and islands around, such as Bear Island.In Russia, this plant is common and only rare on the Kola peninsula. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
Arctophila fulva is a perennial plant that is found in shallow water and sometimes flooded marshes, usually in deep peat (Lid and Lid 2005). It occurs on the banks of lakes, rivers and streams, littoral mud wet grasslands and swamps. In Sweden and Finland the main habitat today are shallow shores with low salinity and land upheaval on muddy soils.  It is a weak competitor.

threats:
As the species is a weak competitor, grazing abandonment and the subsequent overgrowth is a threat to the species. Overgrazing can have a negative impact. Water pollution such as eutrophication can also be a threat. The Swedish and Finnish localities are on the edge of the species range, and are therefore vulnerable to any changes to its habitat. Domestic water pollution has been mentioned as a threat to the small occurrence on mainland Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
Arctophila fulva is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Sweden, it is classed as Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected at national level. In Norway, it is listed as Critically Endangered D1 (Artsdatabanken 2010).It is also listed as Endangered A2c; B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv) in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010). There, the species is protected by law and named as a species under strict protection (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). All sites in Finland and Sweden are in the Natura 2000 network.

useAndTrade:
It is sometimes used as hay for animals in Russia, but is often not harvested as the land is too wet.


taxonomicNotes:
Four subspecies of Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl are native to Europe: A. elatius ssp. baeticum Romero Zarco, A. elatius  ssp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schübl. & G. Martens, A. elatius  (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl ssp. elatius, and A. elatius  ssp. sardoum (Em. Schmid) Gamisans (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly       2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC)Arrhenatherum elatius is widely distributed in northern,  central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is known to be  widespread throughout much of its native range. As it has stable populations and there are  no major threats to this species, it is regionally assessed as Least  Concern.

range:
A. elatius is native to and widespread in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and central Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), the Caucasus, Siberia, Macaronesia (Canary Islands) and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Izquierdo et al. (2004) note that this species has an uncertain origin in the Canary Islands, but is likely to be a native species.

population:
This species is mostly widespread and common throughout its European range, with stable populations.

habitat:
A. elatius is a perennial, competitive species, often found in mesophilous grasslands, shrublands, rocky places and roadsides. According to Preston et al. (2002), this species is commonly found in a range of habitats (neutral to base-rich) in the UK of which grasslands, road verges, hedge banks and river banks are the most commonly recognised. It is known to colonise bare, muddy, calcareous cliffs and maritime shingle as well as stabilising limestone scree (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 420 germplasm accessions of A. elatius held in European genebanks, 150 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 127 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is used as a forage crop; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used for erosion control (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Vögel, R., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Santos Guerra, A., Maslovky, O. & Carvalho, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread with no known major threats and an increasing population trend. It is extensively planted in southern Europe and is widely naturalised in ditches and rivers.

range:
The species was introduced into Europe and the Mediterranean region from Asia before 1500 and is therefore considered as archeophyte in Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Albania, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

population:
This species is fairly common and sometimes invasive.

habitat:
It is cultivated in southern Europe and North Africa; widely naturalised in ditches and rivers.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
Extensively planted in southern Europe for shelter, and for manufacture of baskets, reeds for musical instruments and other articles.


taxonomicNotes:
Danin (2004) considers that the plants hitherto treated as A. plinii in the Mediterranean actually represent three taxa: A. collina Tenore, A. mediterranea Danin and A. plinii Turra. However, Clayton et al. (2006 onward) only recognize A. plinii and we have therefore followed this latter taxonomy, recognizing that Danin's view may subsequently become accepted.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. However, it must be recognised that this assessment will not stand if the taxonomic revision proposed by Danin (2004) is adopted.

range:
A. plinii occurs throughout much of the Mediterranean basin and into the Middle East. According to Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) it also occurs in southwestern and southeastern Africa.

population:
There is little information available on the status of populations of A. plinii, but the information that is available suggests that populations are stable.

habitat:
A. plinii apparently occurs primarily on clay soils, both along rivers and often on disturbed ground that is not necessarily associated with water.

conservationAction:
In France A. plinii is protected in two Departments: Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, although this appears to be more due to a naturally small population size than any evidence of a decline.   There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena barbata Link is a secondary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (A. Katsiotis pers. comm. 2010).Five subspecies are native to Europe: A. barbata Link ssp. barbata, A. barbata ssp. castellana Romero Zarco, A. barbata ssp. hirtula (Lag.) Tab. Morais, A. barbata ssp. lusitanica (Tab. Morais) Romero Zarco and A. barbata ssp. wiestii (Steud.) Mansf. (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Avena barbata is regionally assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and because it is not affected by any major threats.

range:
A. barbata is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia, Macaronesia, northern Africa and the Indian Subcontinent, and is naturalized in the Azores, Australia and the Americas (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Its origin in the Canary Islands (Izquierdo et al. 2004) and Madeira (Borges et al. 2008) is uncertain.

population:
Widespread and common everywhere with a stable or increasing population trend.

habitat:
Very successful in disturbed and undisturbed sites, preferring shallow stony hillsides, open parkland, pastures and cultivated land. It does not favour shrubby or forested sites.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO records 97 accessions of A. barbata in European genebanks, 38 of which are of wild or weedy origin. Some of these accessions were collected in Europe (31) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) — the most recent collections appear to have been made in the 1990s. No further conservation measures are needed.

useAndTrade:
A secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina. It is reported to have mildew-resistant characteristics. It is also used as an ornamental plant and for forage (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Santos Guerra, A., Maslovky, O. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena brevis Roth is a tertiary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L.and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The native range of Avena brevis in Europe is disputed and requires clarification; therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
There is some dispute about the native range of A. brevis in Europe, which is recorded by Baum (1977) as native to Austria, the Azores, Belgium, Canary Islands, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Madeira, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, former USSR and Yugoslavia; by Clayton et al. (2006 onwards) as native to northern, central and southwestern Europe, and Macaronesia; and by Valdés and Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) as native to Austria, the Azores, Belgium, Great Britain, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Portgual, Madeira, Poland and Sweden. However, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) records the taxon as naturalized in Europe and the Madeira Islands and the species is reported to have once been cultivated  in western Europe (Baum 1977). National experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop convened in April 2010 believe the taxon to be introduced in Europe, while A. Katsiotis (pers. comm. 2010), an expert on the genus, believes it to be native. The native range of this species therefore requires clarification. The occurrences recorded in this assessment are as recorded by Valdés and Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009).

population:
Information about the population of this species is not available as its native range is uncertain.

habitat:
It is a weed of cultivated fields in Portugal, the Azores and the Canary Islands and flowers from May to August (Baum 1977).

threats:
Information about the threats to this species is not available.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Information about the in situ conservation status of this species is not available. The majority of germplasm accessions of A. brevis available in genebanks are of landrace  material; however,   EURISCO reports 31 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However, neither of these accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Further collection of wild origin material is required as well as  research to clarify the native range of the taxon.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.). The taxon was once cultivated in western Europe (Baum 1977).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena canariensis Baum & al. is a tertiary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Avena canariensis is assessed as Least Concern as it is fairly common and locally abundant on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura and the population is stable, despite being affected by grazing pressure at some localities. Its distribution requires clarification as Izquierdo et al. (2004) and the assessors believe it to be endemic to the Canary Islands, while Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) and USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) record it as native to the Canary Islands and Morocco.

range:
According to Izquierdo et al. (2004), A. canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands where it occurs on the islands of Tenerife, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. However, Valdés and Scholz; with  contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) and USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) record it as native to the Canary Islands and Morocco. According to J.A. Reyes Betancort and A. Santos Guerra (pers. comm. 2010) it occurs on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura and there is an old mention of it from Tenerife. However, they have not found it outside of the Canary Islands.

population:
It is fairly common on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura where it is locally abundant and stable.

habitat:
It grows in abandoned cultivated areas above 200–300 m and in stony places in grassland.

threats:
It is threatened by grazing—especially on Fuerteventura.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.A. canariensis is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ac(iv) in the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008).Some subpopulations occur in protected areas, both on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.EURISCO reports 26 germplasm accessions of A. canariensis held in European genebanks, 19 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, of the wild accessions, none are reported to originate from Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. canariensis is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A. & Reyes Betancort, J.A.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena clauda Durieu is a tertiary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L.and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Avena clauda is relatively widespread and locally abundant. Despite the fact that overgrazing is negatively impacting this species in parts of its range, the overall population is increasing. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. clauda is native to southeastern Europe, temperate Asia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is common and locally abundant in most parts of its range. The European population is thought to be increasing, probably mainly due to the species' ability to colonize disturbed habitats.

habitat:
A. clauda occurs in newly planted forests, undergrazed areas, disturbed lands around building sites and road verges. Historically, it was successful growing in maquis and open forests, but is now absent from these habitats. It flowers from March to July.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of A. clauda held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin,only one of which originates from within Europe (Bulgaria) and is stored in Institute for Plant Genetic Resources, Bulgaria (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.   Further research is needed to determine the precise distribution of this species. As A. clauda is a colonizing species, it might not be suited for protected area conservation.

useAndTrade:
This species is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena eriantha Durieu is a tertiary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Avena eriantha has a disjunct distribution in Europe but is reported to be fairly abundant in Cyprus and common in Bulgaria. It grows in a range of habitats, including roadsides, bare hillsides and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Further information is however needed about the distribution and population status of this species in Greece, Spain and Ukraine and germplasm collection and storage is needed from populations in Bulgaria, Greece, Spain and Ukraine.

range:
A. eriantha is native to parts of east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to western and middle Asia, the Caucasus and northern Africa (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Cyprus, it is found in the coastal belt of the island and in Greece it is restricted to Crete where records only exist from 1904 and 1943.Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Cyprus it is found in scattered patches of a few plants but is quite abundant (ARI genebank data). In Bulgaria it is common.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus it is found on roadsides, bare hillsides and in openings of Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. The species is associated with Quercus brantii and can be found growing on calcareous slopes, in sandy areas and steppe. It needs a level of grazing as it can get out-competed by other plants.

threats:
In Cyprus, habitat degradation due to forest management is a threat in some localities.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.In Cyprus, it is found in National Forest Parks and in Natura 2000 sites. It is recommended that the species is incorporated into the management plans of these sites to ensure that it is monitored and actively managed. EURISCO records 11 germplasm accessions of A. eriantha stored in the genebanks of the Agricultural Research Institute in Cyprus (eight wild accessions collected in Cyprus), the Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K. Malkov', Bulgaria (one wild accession collected in Bulgaria), and the Institute of Grassland and  Environmental Research in the UK (two accessions of unknown origin) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further collection and ex situ storage of germplasm from Bulgaria, Greece, Spain and Ukraine is needed. In Greece, surveys to confirm old occurrence records is needed.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena fatua L. is a primary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.). Four subspecies are native to Europe: A. fatua ssp. aemulans (Nevski) H. Scholz, A. fatua spp. cultiformis Malzev, A. fatua L. ssp. fatua, and A. fatua ssp. meridionalis Malzev (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Avena fatua is widespread throughout Europe and occurs as a weedy species of disturbed areas such as cultivated land, roadsides and waste land. There are no known threats and the overall population is thought to be stable. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), A. fatua is thought to be native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, northern and northeast tropical Africa, and the Indian Subcontinent. However, the species is naturalized throughout temperate regions and its native range is obscure (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Native occurrences recorded in this assessment are primarily those according to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009). However, according to Borges et al. (2008), its origin in Madeira is uncertain and according to experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, it is not native to Crete.Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: it is a common weed distributed throughout the whole country (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). Greece: found in the north and there are recent records from central parts of the country (Damanakis and Economou 1986).France: widespread; occurs in all departments with the exception of   Maine-et-Loire to the west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).UK: widespread throughout England although becoming patchy in the north of the country; it also has a patchy distribution throughout the whole of Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (Preston et al. 2002). Within Scotland it occurs in more localities to the east than west (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: patchy distribution across the country; occurs in more localities to the east than to the west (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: widespread, especially in the south and east of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
This species is widespread and common in Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, frequent in Portugal, # Spain, Madeira and the Canary Islands, sporadic but locally frequent in Hungary, sporadic in Belarus and rare in Greece. In the Netherlands, the species occurred in 274 hour-squares before 1950 and 643 hour-squares after 1950 (Mennema et al. 1985). Currently, the species can be found in 301–1,000 km grid squares in the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003).

habitat:
This species grows as a weed of cultivated land emergent with annual crops, and in grasslands and orchards. It is dependent on open and disturbed soil. In the UK and Ireland it is usually found in lowlands, on roadsides and in waste ground (Preston et al. 2002). In the Netherlands the species was rare before 1940, but after the extension of the summer cereal cultivation the species became a problematic weed in barley and oat cultivations and spread through the country due to the use of uncleaned seed and harvest machines. After the 1960s # the species declined as the cultivation of # summer cereals was reduced and specific herbicides were developed to eradicate it. Currently, the species is found on disturbed road verges and ruderal areas in the Netherlands (Mennema et al. 1985).

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 317 accessions of A. fatua held in European genebanks, 152 of which are recorded as being from wild or weedy sources. Of these wild accessions, 89 originate from European countries (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The species is therefore currently well preserved in ex situ collections, although most of these collections pre-date 1990 and fresh collection of material would be beneficial.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Santos Guerra, A., Maslovky, O. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena hybrida Peterm. is a primary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The native range of Avena hybrida is disputed and requires clarification; therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
There is some dispute about the native status of A. hybrida in  Europe, which is recorded by USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) as native to northern, middle and southwestern Europe (as well as temperate Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and former Soviet Union), but also as "probably naturalized in most countries". According to Valdés and Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and  Parolly (2009) (based on Baum 1977), the taxon is native to Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Belarus, Denmark with Bornholm, France, Germany, Lithuania, central, eastern, northern and northwest European Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine (as well as to Armenia, Georgia and Asiatic Turkey). However, national experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop  convened in April 2010 believe the taxon to be introduced in Europe. The  native range of this species therefore requires clarification. The  occurrences recorded in this assessment are taken from Valdés and  Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) (which are based on Baum 1977).

habitat:
According to Baum (1977), it grows on mountain slopes and hills, in valleys, and in the clearings of oak forests. In its natural habitat, it is found at high elevations; however, it also grows as a weed of cultivation. It mainly flowers from July to August, but can also be seen flowering from March to October (Baum 1977).

threats:
Information about threats to this species is not available.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Information about the in situ   conservation status of this species is not available. EURISCO Catalogue (2010)  reports three germplasm accessions of A. hybrida held in European genebank  collections (one each in Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey). The accession held in Turkey at the genebank of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute is recorded as wild-collected, while the other two accessions are recorded as landrace material (genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Germany) and of unknown origin (Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K. Malkov', Bulgaria). Further collection of wild origin material is required as well as research to clarify the native range of the taxon.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.). Baum (1977) considered A. hybrida as the closest ancestor to cultivated oat. The species has been identified as a source of low ß-glucan content (A. Katsiotis pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena insularis Ladiz. is a wild relative of hexaploid cultivated oats, A. sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. It is a recently described species, published by Ladizinsky in 1998.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)    Avena insularis is regionally assessed as Endangered because there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2 and all individuals are found at three locations which are threatened by afforestation and pollution. It also qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D2.

range:
A. insularis is native to Sicily and Tunisia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009). In Sicily, it is present at three locations in the south-southeast of the island. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
It is known only from three subpopulations—two in restricted areas (fenced and regulated by the regional Forest Department but planted with eucalyptus and more recently with pine trees) and one at an unprotected site. The subpopulations are not big and they are usually mixed with A. sterilis, making it difficult to identify stands of A. insularis and thus to estimate their true size.

habitat:
It grows close to humid areas around ponds and lakes with alluvial crumbling clay.

threats:
A major threat is the planting of pine trees by the Forest Department. Air-borne pollution from a nearby oil refinery could also threaten this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.There are no direct in situ conservation measures in place for this species and it is not present within a protected area. It requires urgent in situ conservation attention as it is only known from three small subpopulations which are threatened by forestry activities and pollution.EURISCO records only seven accessions of A. insularis held at the genebank of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland; however, none of these accessions are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. insularis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to hexaploid cultivated oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena longiglumis Durieu is a tertiary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Avena longiglumis is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as its distribution in Europe requires clarification.

range:
A. longiglumis is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Tutin et al. (1980), it is found in south Portugal and southwest Spain, while Valdés and Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) record it as native to Spain, Portugal and Sardinia. However, according to A. Katsiotis (pers. comm. 2010), it is only found in southern Spain in Europe.

population:
"Good size populations" occur in southern Spain (A. Katsiotis pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
It grows in sandy or rocky places near the sea (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 15 germplasm accessions of A. longiglumis held in European genebanks, 11 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, there is no indication that any of this material was collected in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).A. longiglumis is found within the boundaries of Donaña and La Brena y Marismas del Barbate National Parks (A. Katsiotis pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena murphyi Ladizinsky is a wild relative of oats, A. sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)Avena murphyi is regionally assessed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2,   its distribution is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in its AOO and extent of occurrence (EOO). The extent and quality of its habitat is also declining, as are the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals.

range:
A. murphyi is native to Spain and Morocco (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009). In Spain it is found in the province of Cádiz-Onuba-Algarviense and is known only from a small number of localities in the townships of  Medina Sidonia Alcalá de los Azules, Grazalema, Los Barrios, Vejer de la  Frontera and Tarifa. It was discovered in the former Laguna de la Janda (Cádiz, Spain). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
This species is only abundant in one subpopulation which is located on the slope north of the Loma de San Bartolomé, between the beach at Bolonia and the Tarifa–Cádiz road. This subpopulation consists of several hundred individuals. In both Spain and Morocco, the subpopulations are decreasing due to human activities.

habitat:
It grows in grasslands on slightly damp, deep clay soil; also on roadsides, the edges of plantations and undisturbed areas. It can survive moderate grazing and appears in semi-natural grasslands. It is associated with the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 community, which includes species such as Hordeum bulbosum, Avena sterilis, A. barbata, Phalaris coerulescens, Daucus muricatus, Lolium rigidum, Hedysarum coronarium, Carduncellus caeruleus, Tragopogon hybridus, Dactylis glomerata var. hispanica and Daucus maximus.

threats:
As this species is sometimes found in the proximity of fertile soils associated with cultivation, fertilizer use poses a major threat. In addition, the transformation of grasslands to rain-fed crops could pose a threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.A. murphyi was listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 in the Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular Española  (Dominguez Lozano 2000) and as Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008).  There is currently no conservation management plan for this species. However, it is known to occur in a protected area and it is recommended that the management plan for this site is adapted to incorporate the monitoring and management of this species.   EURISCO reports 16 germplasm accessions of A. murphyi held in European genebanks; however, none of these are reported to originate from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European subpopulation is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. murphyi is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).


taxonomicNotes:
Avena sterilis L. is a primary wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.). Five subspecies are native to Europe: A. sterilis ssp. atherantha (C. Presl) H. Scholz, A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne, A. sterilis nothossp. malzevii H. Scholz, A. sterilis L. ssp. sterilis and A. sterilis ssp. trichophylla (K. Koch) Malzev. (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Avena sterilis is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is common and widespread throughout much of Europe, is not affected by any major threats, and the population is stable.

range:
A. sterilis is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia, Macaronesia, northern Africa, northeast tropical Africa and the Indian Subcontinent, and is widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Valdés and Scholz, with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), it is native to the Canary Islands and Madeira; however, its origin is recorded as uncertain by Izquierdo et al. (2004) in the Canary Islands and by Borges et al. (2008) in Madeira.

population:
It is a common weed of cereal crops, which is widespread throughout Europe and considered as a highly noxious weed because of its strong herbicide resistance.

habitat:
It grows in cultivated land (especially cereal crops), waste ground, gardens—any habitat disturbed by humans. It prefers deep soils and is not usually found in areas where the soil is very hard. It is also found on rocky mountain slopes.

threats:
There are currently no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Due to the widespread, weedy nature of this species, active in situ conservation is not required. EURISCO records 424 accessions of A. sterilis held in European genebanks, 239 of which are known to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 38 are recorded as originating in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.). It is a source of disease resistance and high yields in oats (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Santos Guerra, A. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena ventricosa Coss. is a tertiary wild relative of oats, A. sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The population of Avena ventricosa in Cyprus is relatively widespread and stable. Although there is a slow decline in the extent of its habitat, this does not pose an immediate serious threat. It is also very resistant—in particular to droughts. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Native to western Asia (including Cyprus), the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), this species is on the edge of its range in the EU. In Cyprus, it is found in the central part of the island at the botanical subdivisions 2 (Troodos), 4 (Larnaca), 5 (Nicosia) and 6 (Morphou).

population:
This species is found in scattered patches; however, at some localities it forms dense populations (Agricultural Research Institute Genebank unpublished data). #

habitat:
It grows in dry, stony soils in the openings of Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.

threats:
It is threatened by habitat degradation due to past forestation works and expansion of agricultural land.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.A. ventricosa is found in National Forest Parks and in NATURA 2000 sites. It is recommended that monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the management plans of these sites.EURISCO reports 21 germplasm accessions of A. ventricosa held in European genebanks, 18 of which are confirmed to have been collected in Cyprus and are of wild or weedy origin. They are stored in the National Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.). It is a drought-resistant species.


taxonomicNotes:
Avena volgensis (Vavilov) Nevski is a wild relative of oats, Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Avena volgensis is a specialized weed of a local landrace of Triticum dicoccum. This landrace has been replaced with commercial varieties since the 1950s and the population of this weed has therefore declined dramatically. It is suspected that the species faces a high risk of extinction; however, in order to assess it, more information on the rate of decline in the last ten years or the actual area of occupancy is needed. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Central and Eastern European Russia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

population:
The population of this species is in severe decline. It has probably declined by 80% since 1950.

habitat:
It is found in agricultural land where it is a specialized weed of a local landrace of Triticum dicoccon.

threats:
It is threatened by the replacement of landraces with commercial crops.

conservationAction:
The genus Avena is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.No germplasm accessions of A. volgensis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The ex situ conservation status of this species needs to be determined.Information on the population size, distribution and trend in the last ten years is needed.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to oats, A. sativa and A. byzantina (Maxted et al. in prep.).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has two subspecies: hackelii and algarbiensis (Romero Zarco) Rivas Mart., T.E.Díaz & Fern.Gonz. but the latter might be a synonym of Helictotrichon hackelii (Henriq.) Henrard. (The Plant List 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Avenula hackelii is endemic to the southwestern coast of Portugal. It has an area of occupancy between 395 to 700 km². The total number of individuals is unknown but the populations are assumed to be severely fragmented and have a decreasing trend due to a decline in extent and quality of its coastal habitat. The causes for that are infrastructure development for tourism and urban expansion. It is listed as Vulnerable.

range:
Avenula hackelii is an endemic species from the southwest coast of Portugal. The area of occupancy is between 395 to 700 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are fragmented into subpopulations which are on average separated by 10 km from each other. The subpopulations can be from less than ten individuals to several hundreds (ICN 2006). The total number of individuals is unknown but the populations have a decreasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Avenula hackelii grows in coastal sandy soils of different types (ICN 2006). It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are posed by infrastructure development for tourism and urban expansion. Further threats noted are the illegal quarrying of sand and an expansion of irrigation agriculture (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Avenula hackelii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It has been listed as Vulnerable on the national Red List (Ramos Lopes and Carvalho 1990).The sites as well as the habitat of the species need to be protected and restored.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name apart from former works not separating B. eruciformis from B. syzigachne (synonym B. eruciformis ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.) Hultén).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate to derive an informed assessment.

range:
B. eruciformis occurs from central Europe east and south to Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Caucasus. In Europe it is mainly eastern, occurring from Poland south to Greece and throughout the east.

population:
There is little information readily available on the status of B. eruciformis populations. It is rare in Poland and has disappeared from some sites in Ukraine. It is not threatened in Hungary where it is common east of the River Tisza (Király 2007). It also seems to still be common in parts of Romania and the Ukraine. However, it seems equally possible that some populations are naturalised as this taxon has been reared as a crop for a long time.

habitat:
B. eruciformis appears to be mainly associated with naturally saline inland wet grassland.

conservationAction:
B. eruciformis is listed as Critically Endangered in Croatia   (Nikolić and Topić 2005).Available information is inadequate to assign an informed conservation status. There is therefore a need to collect and compile information on the distribution and status of B. eruciformis in the region.

useAndTrade:
B. eruciformis has been grown as a crop but the extent to which this is still practised is unclear.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because there is no information available beyond basic data on distribution.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
B. syzigachne occurs from the Ukraine and Central European Russia east through Kazakhstan and Mongolia to Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula. It also occurs throughout much of northern and western North America.

population:
There is no readily available information on the status or trends in populations of B. syzigachne in Europe.

habitat:
B. syzigachne mainly occurs on the margins of rivers and inundated grassland.

conservationAction:
There is no information available on the conservation requirements of B. syzigachne in its European range.Available information is inadequate to assign an informed conservation  status. There is a need to collect and compile information on  the distribution and status of B. syzigachne in the region.

useAndTrade:
This plant has been used as fodder and forage for animals. It can also  be ground into a flour and used as a cereal. The seed is very small but  is easily harvested. It does then have to be separated from its husk,  which is a very fiddly operation. Some North American Indian tribes burn  the husks of grass seeds (Plants For A Future 2010).


range:
B. eruciformis has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution; absent mainly from the northern parts of the northern hemisphere. It extends from Mediterranean Europe east through the Caucasus and Middle East to China. It occurs throughout much of Africa, South and Southeast Asia and Australia as well as the Caribbean and southern South America.

population:
B. eruciformis is classed as Near Threatened in Croatia but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
B. eruciformis is predominantly a species of dry situations including arable fields, however in the Mediterranean it occurs in ditches, damp, wet and waste places.


redListCategoryRationale:
This European endemic was formerly found in Belgium, Luxembourg and France, but is now extinct in the wild. The species was growing within fields of Spelt Wheat (Triticum spelta) and was re-sown each year with the  wheat seeds. As Spelt Wheat is no longer agriculturally planted, Bromus bromoideus went extinct throughout its former range. It still persists in collections of some botanic gardens.

range:
This European endemic was formerly found in Belgium, Luxembourg and France, but is now extinct in the wild. It is in cultivation in the Botanic Garden of Liège (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) and Brest. Its centre of distribution was found in southeast Belgium, just extending into France and Luxembourg (therefore its common name "Ardennes Brome") (Morgan and Leon 1992). It might also have been introduced to western Germany, the Netherlands and the UK (Morgan and Leon 1992).

population:
It is extinct in the wild (Morgan and Leon 1992, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). In France, it has not bee seen in the wild since 1930.

habitat:
The species was originally growing within fields of Spelt Wheat (Triticum spelta). The growth patterns and the seed size closely match harvesting time and seed size of Spelt Wheat and thus it was re-sown each year with the wheat seeds. As Spelt Wheat is no longer agriculturally planted, Bromus bromoideus went extinct throughout its former range (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
The use of herbicides and change of agricultural practice led to the extinction of this species (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is protected at national level in France. Ex situ cultivation in the Botanic Garden of Liège   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) and Brest are underway.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bromus grossus is endemic to  central Europe but population data is difficult to obtain. It is extinct in Liechtenstein and Czech Republic and  considered extinct in France and potentially also in Switzerland. Its presence in Slovenia is uncertain and in Germany, which seems to have the most populations, it is classed as introduced. The area of occupancy is likely to be less  than 2,000 km² seeing as the species is nowhere really abundant. The populations are declining across most of its range and a decline of 80% across its range has been measured over the last 50 years. Bromus grossus occurs as a weed in spelt wheat crops and this species is used less and less in Europe. It can also be found among other cereal crops, but improved seed controls  and change in agricultural practices (more intensive soil digging,  herbicides, fertilisation) lead to population declines. The species is assessed as Data Deficient as the rate of decline within the last ten years is not known. It is also unclear whether the species is severely fragmented.

range:
Bromus grossus is endemic to central Europe where it is found in Belgium, Luxembourg, northern France, southern Germany, northern and central Italy,  Austria, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Slovenia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It is extinct in Liechtenstein and Czech Republic and considered extinct in France.Its presence in Switzerland is uncertain and there is no reliable historic or current data for Slovenia. In Germany, it is classed as introduced (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).The area of occupancy is likely to be less than 2,000 km² seeing as the species is nowhere really abundant and has gone extinct at many sites.

population:
The populations are declining across most of its range. There has been a big decline over the last 50 years of 80% across its range. It is not known what the percentage of decline has been in the last ten years.In Austria, the species is rare. In Italy, it is declining and suffered a 50% reduction of its range. There is no data on the number of sites available.In Belgium, it can be found at one to eight sites. The species has been reported from 89 localities in Germany and fluctuations in the populations have been observed (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

habitat:
Bromus grossus is a winter annual grass that flowers from June to July and is an archeophytic species. It is adapted to Spelt Wheat (Triticum spelta) fields, but is also found within other cereal crops, rarely in ruderal places   (Käsermann and Moser 1999). It is present in chickweed and other field weed communities (Stellarietea mediae).

threats:
As the species occurs as a weed in cereal fields, improved seed controls and change in agricultural practices (more intensive soil digging, herbicides, fertilisation) are leading to population declines. Moreover, the change from spelt to other types of cereal crops is affecting the species   (Käsermann and Moser 1999).

conservationAction:
Bromus grossus is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  In Germany, it is classed as Critically Endangered (level 1) on the national red list   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and protected under national law. It is also classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland   (Moser et al. 2002) with regional extinctions and is potentially extinct now. It is protected in France. In Italy and Austria, it is not included in national red lists, but it is classed as Critically Endangered in the Austrian FLORAEx situ conservation is underway in the botanic gardens of Brest and Jena as well as in other gardens collections of crop wild relatives.The main conservation measure for this species would be to maintain traditional agricultural practises.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Montagnani, C., Gargano, D., Gigot, G., Jogan, N., Bernhardt, K.G. & Dostalova, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Bromus interruptus (interrupted brome) almost certainly arose in the 19th century as a new species through a major and sudden genetic change (UK Biodiversity Group 1998).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bromus interruptus was last seen in the wild in Cambridgeshire in 1972. Since 2001, three populations have been reintroduced to Cambridge, Aston Rowant and Cholderton. These populations are not yet considered to be self-sustaining.

range:
This species is endemic to the UK. Historically it was found scattered mostly south of a line from the Wash to the Severn estuary (Biodiversity Action Reporting System 2010). It is extinct in the wild since 1972. It was introduced to the Netherlands but never persisted there (Rich and Lockton 2002).

population:
Three introductions have taken  place since 2001 (Biodiversity Action Reporting System 2010). Several  hundred plants were observed germinating and fruiting in summer 2005 at  the Aston Rowant National Nature Reserve in the Chiltern Hills (Marren  2005) and is believed to be regenerating at this site (K. Walker pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This annual species was an arable weed, especially of sainfoin, clover or rye-grass (Morgan and Leon 1992, Rich and Lockton 2002).

threats:
The causes for its extinction were probably crop sprays and improved seed screening (Rich and Lockton 2002).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Reintroductions have taken place. The plant is grown in several botanic gardens in the UK (e.g. Cambridge Botanic Garden, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew) and in private gardens (K. Walker pers. comm. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is endemic to Bulgaria and Serbia. There is no information on the population size or trend for both countries and potential threats in Serbia available for this taxon. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27 member state Bulgaria, intensive grazing as well as the abandonment of pastures have been described as potential threats and the taxon is classed as Near Threatened in the national Red List. However, there is no information about the species range, number of localities, population size or trend in order to even decide which threatened Category and Criterion it is approaching. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria and Serbia. In Bulgaria, it is found in the Eastern Stara Planina, Thracian plain, Znepole, Vitosha mountains and Slavyanka mountains.

habitat:
This perennial herb is found in dry grassland mostly on limestone from 300 to 1,500 m asl.

threats:
Intensive grazing as well as the abandonment of pastures are potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Bromus moesiacus is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Near Threatened in the Bulgarian Red List  #(Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). The localities are in one national park and some protected areas and in Natura 2000 sites.Research on the distribution and on the populations of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Sometimes called Calamagrostis obtusata described from Atay, but C. chalybaea is treated as Scandinavian endemic here.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although it is a narrow endemic with its main range in northcentral Sweden, the species is very common with stable populations and does not face any major threats at the moment. It is therefore classified as Least Concern.

range:
Calamagrostis chalybaea is endemic to Norway and Sweden. A finding in the Kola peninsula in Russia is treated as belonging to C. obtusata and not included in this assessment.The main distribution range is in northcentral Sweden where it is very common. The Norwegian distribution is limited to four areas in the northeastern corner of North-Trøndelag (Lierne, Røyrvik, Namsskogan, all found in 1993 and 2008) and several localities on inner Helgeland from Grane and Hattfjelldal north to Rana (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
The number of mature individuals is several million and the population trend is stable.

habitat:
This grass is found in broadleaved or mixed swamp woodland, (Picea) taiga woodland, but not above the forest line and not in acid conditions. It occurs near lakes and water courses, brooklets in forests on fertile soils, and below screes and slopes in mountains.

threats:
The main threats described are forestry clearance and land drainage   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). But the species was misunderstood as it actually starts to flower and increase if forest is being clear cut. In closed forest it only has leaves and it needs forest dynamics to flower. Forest management including ploughing the ground could negatively affect the species but it is still very common.

conservationAction:
Calamagrostis chalybaea is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Least Concern on the Swedish (Gärdenfors 2010) as well as on the Norwegian Red List (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. #

range:
C. aquatica occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere and in South America, occurring from Macaronesia, Europe and North Africa north and east through Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, India and Kashmir to Mongolia and China. It also occurs throughout western central North America and eastern Canada and in southern South America.

population:
C. aquatica appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout its European range, except Croatia and Montenegro.

habitat:
C. aquatica typically grows into the margins of seasonal and permanent water bodies, usually on calcareous soils, including rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and hollows in floodplain pasture.

conservationAction:
Catabrosa aquatica is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia, Montenegro and Czech Republic (D. Turonova pers. comm. 2010). It is classed as Endangered in Malta and is under regional protection in France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Pays-de-la-Loire). No   conservation measures are in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This plant has its European distribution in the Baltic States, Fennoscandia, and Russia. It often has a scattered distribution and the populations are declining in parts due to forest clearing and changes to water bodies. However, it is abundant and widespread in Russia and therefore assessed as Least Concern. In the EU 27, the species has a fragmented distribution and is rare in parts but still would not meet any of the thresholds for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant has a boreal circumpolar distribution. In Europe it is found in the Baltic States, Fennoscandia, and Russia (Artsdatabanken 2010).In Sweden, it occurs in the northeast with an area of occupancy of 352 km² and around 100 localities (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway it occurs in the east, and in Russia it is widespread and scattered.

population:
In Sweden, more than 10,000 mature individuals are estimated to be present and the populations are suspected to decline (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, the species has a scattered distribution and the populations are declining. Its range is expanding in the north and west but the plant has been lost from several sites in the south (Artsdatabanken).In Estonia, 600-700 tufts have been reported. In Latvia, the species occurs at 20 localities, and in Finland 75,000 flowering individuals have been estimated (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Russia, it is abundant where found.

habitat:
This plant grows in moist shaded places, in scree, on steep wooded slopes, at the bottom of ravines, in crevices, and in river gorges. It is found in coniferous forests and near river banks.

threats:
Deforestation is the past and ongoing main threat. Forest clear cutting leads this shade-loving plant to disappear. Hydro electric power plants or other river regulations are furthermore leading to habitat loss and decline.

conservationAction:
Cinna latifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.    It is categorized as Least Concern in Russia and not protected (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Belarus it is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book (Ermakova 2005).In Sweden, it is classed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii,iv,v) #(Gärdenfors 2010) and nationally protected. Some localities are in reserves and national parks. In Norway, it is listed as Near Threatened approaching A2c+3c (Artsdatabanken 2010). It is also listed as Near Threatened in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010). It is classed as Rare in Estonia (Lilleleht 2008) and in Latvia (Andrušaitis 2003).Necessary conservation measures are the protection of the habitat and to prevent deforestation.

useAndTrade:
This plant is used as a spice, for example to extract coumarin for vodka flavouring. It is also used in perfumes and pot pourri.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: #   Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern because, although there is no reliable evidence of a decline, its EOO exceeds 20,000 km², its AOO exceeds 2,000 km² and it is known from at least 140 sites. However, it is apparently critically dependent upon traditional fish pond management practices and as a result is vulnerable to a single change in management practice.

range:
Coleanthus subtilis has a curiously patchy distribution, it occurs from western France through much of central Europe, western Siberia, the Russian Far East and northeastern China and a small area on the border of Washington and Oregon States in western North America where it may be non-native. In Europe, it occurs in Brittany (France), scattered sites in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and northern Italy. In Norway, Coleanthus subtilis is treated as an adventive species, which was probably spread by birds. It was sampled in the years 1837-1842 and has probably not been reproducing in Norway at any length of time and at least not in the last 150 years (Å. Viken pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Population estimations:In France, it is rare and found in four departements: Côtes d’Armor (pools of Coroncq and Rochevel), Morbihan (pools of Duc, Vaulaurent), Ille-et-Vilaine (pools of Trémignon, Bourg à Hédé, Comper, Abbaye, Forges, Rouvre), and Loire-Atlantique (pools of Vioreau, Grand-Auverné, Villate) (Bensettiti et al. 2002). In Austria, the species was classed as possibly extinct for several years until it was rediscovered in the year 2000. This triggered research into soil seed banks and the viable seeds of the species have been found. It is currently found at five sites with mature individuals (Bernhardt 2005a,b; Bernhardt et al. 2005).It was reported from 120 localities in the Czech Republic. But this often refers to one pond and in some regions there are five to ten ponds in one hectare (K.-G. Bernhardt pers. comm. 2010). In Poland, it can be found at one site in a complex of fishponds in Borowa, near Wrocław, where the species is found in four ponds in a total area of 15 ha. The population occurs at the bottom of emptied ponds and the number of individuals fluctuates depending on the fishpond management cycle (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).In Germany, it is found in the Erzgebirge (Ore mountains) in southeast Germany, in Sachsen-Anhalt along the river Elbe, and in Rheinland Pfalz   (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, Hardtke and Ihl 2010).There is no detailed information for other countries in Europe. Whilst there has been suspicion of a decline, in fact the number of sites supporting C. subtilis has increased in recent years, whilst the discovery of strong seed-banks in areas where the species had been thought extinct is extremely encouraging.C. subtilis occurs in two locations in the Novgorod region of northwest Russia and in the Volga region of southern Russia where it has apparently undergone a very rapid decline. However, it is known to show massive inter-annual fluctuations in population size (I. Illarianova pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
In Europe, C. subtilis is a characteristic species of the drawdown zones of fish ponds, elsewhere it occurs on muddy stream and lake margins and other wet, open habitats. It is a pioneer species and a weak competitor.It is found in habitat number 3130    "Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea" of the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009).A study by Bernhardt et al.  (2004) demonstrated that even where a species was declared extinct,  seeds can still be stored in the soil banks for a long time. Germination  tests of seeds from soil samples in former localities showed those  seeds to be viable. In most cases they need fluctuating water levels to  trigger germination and a stabilisation of the water levels has led to  local extinctions of mature individuals.

threats:
The main threats to the species are changes to the hydrological regime of the water bodies where it is found. This species needs fluctuating water levels and stabilisation of these leads to its disappearance or at least to a reduction of the area where it can develop. Other threats are the application of pesticides or fertilisers, a high input of nutrients (for example to feed fish) and water pollution. The species is not a good competitor and therefore sensitive to changes of surrounding vegetation. The removal of sediment at pool edges is another threat as it affects the soil seed bank.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  C. subtilis is listed as Critically Endangered in Austria and Italy, Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable in Germany and France and is protected at a national level in the latter two countries as well. It is categorized as Critically Endangered in Russia (I. Illarionova pers.comm. 2010).Ex situ conservation of the seeds in gene banks is taking place (Bernhardt et al. 2008). To conserve the species, it is necessary to manage its sites in a way that allows fluctuating water levels. Monitoring of the populations is strongly recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Deschampsia maderensis is endemic to Madeira where it can be found in ten localities. The species is restricted to high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
Deschampsia maderensis is a graminoid endemic to Madeira islands being restricted to the central mountain ridge (Jardim et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 294 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species can be found in ten localities but no numbers of individuals have been provided   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6180 "Macaronesian mesophile grasslands" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
A major fire in summer 2010 might have affected the species. Further threats reported are recreational activities, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Deschampsia maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and NaturalHabitats (Bern Convention). Its area is included in Madeira Natural Park and in a Natura 2000 site.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve is a tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,  durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)  Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon  (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)    Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. Four subspecies are native to Europe: E. alaskanus ssp. borealis (Turcz.) Melderis  , E. alaskanus ssp. islandicus (Melderis) Á. Löve & D. Löve, E. alaskanus ssp. scandicus (Nevski) Melderis, and E. alaskanus ssp. subalpinus (Neuman) Melderis (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009). However, it is indicated by Löve (1983) that ssp. islandicus (syn. Roegneria borealis var. islandica Melderis) is a synonym of ssp. borealis and the distribution of this taxon recorded within Iceland is the same as described for ssp. borealis.In Iceland, E. alaskanus ssp. borealis is known under the name of E. kronokensis (Kom.) Tzvelev ssp. borealis (Kristinsson 2008), in Finland and Norway, E. alaskanus ssp. scandicus is known under the name of E. kronokensis var. scandicus (Nevski) Tzvelev, and in Norway and Russia, E. alaskanus ssp. subalpinus is known under the name of E. kronokensis ssp. subalpinus (Neuman) Tzvelev.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Elymus alaskanus is regionally assessed as Least Concern as overall the species is relatively widespread and stable and is not reported to be facing any major threats. However, attention needs to be paid to the populations of the different subspecies as ssp. scandicus is classified as Near Threatened in Finland and ssp. subalpinus is reported to be less common than ssp. scandicus in Norway. Further, the species is fragmented in some parts of its range, # populations are sometimes reported to be small and of restricted range, and it is not protected in situ. Monitoring of population trends is recommended.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), this species is native to Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and North European Russia. It also occurs in middle Asia (Jungarsky Alatau), Jungaria and Mongolia (Tzvelev 1976).In Finland, E. kronokensis ssp. scandicus (syn. E. alaskanus ssp. scandicus) occurs in the north of the country. In Norway, ssp. scandicus is found in mountain/highland areas in the north and ssp. subalpinus is found in mountain/highland areas in the south. Both subspecies also occur in Sweden—the distribution of each is not well known but the species is relatively common overall. In Iceland, E. kronokensis ssp. borealis (syn. E. alaskanus ssp. borealis) occurs in the eastern part of Húnavatnssýsla and the inner part of Skagafjarðarsýsla in north Iceland, as well as in Eyjafjarðarsýsla. In North European Russia, E. kronokensis ssp. subalpinus (syn. E. alaskanus ssp. subalpinus) occurs in Bolshaja Zemlja, Polar Ural, Kolsky Peninsula—Cape Orlov, Karelia—lake Segozero, Usa River Basin, and in the Arctic part of west Siberia and in Altai, east Siberia and in the far east (Tzvelev 1976).

population:
In Iceland, ssp. borealis #is common in the eastern part of Húnavatnssýsla and  the inner part of Skagafjarðarsýsla, but rare in  Eyjafjarðarsýsla. The population in Iceland appears to be stable. In Finland, the populations are small and have a restricted distribution. In Norway, this species is sparsely distributed, although ssp. scandicus is more common than ssp. subalpinus. In Sweden, it has a naturally (partly) fragmented distribution and most populations are small, but no decline is reported.

habitat:
This species may be found at high altitudes along rocky river shores and is known to favour limey soils. In Norway, it is found in dry areas above the tree line. However, in Iceland, ssp. borealis  grows mainly in the lowlands and has not been recorded above 400 m. Here, it grows in relatively dry, infertile, often gravelly or rocky soil, frequently on hillsides, on edges of river gorges, or in short grown, gravelly flatland.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species in Iceland and threats are not reported for the populations in Finland, Norway or Sweden.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports ten germplasm accessions held in the genebank of the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, Sweden, all of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these, seven accessions were collected from within Europe (Iceland: 3, Norway: 3, Sweden: 1) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required from the full ecogeographic range of populations of the four subspecies native to Europe.In Finland, E. kronokensis ssp. scandicus (syn. E. alaskanus spp. scandicus) is classified as Near Threatened with local extinctions (Rassi et al. 2001). This species is not protected in situ in Iceland, Sweden or Finland. Population monitoring is recommended.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread wheat, durum wheat, and a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, spelt, and sanduri wheat.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Kristinsson, H., Aronsson, M. & Asdal, Å.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus alopex B. Salomon is a tertiary wild relative of bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,  durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)   Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon   (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)     Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. E. alopex was previously regarded as E. caninus, but according to Salomon (2005) the Icelandic population should be regarded as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)   Although the overall population of #Elymus alopex is fragmented in parts of its range and its area of occupancy (AOO) probably approaches the threshold of 2,000 km2 to qualify for Vulnerable B2, it cannot be considered to be severely fragmented because a) the main area of distribution in Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla is relatively congruent and b) there is no evidence of a decline in the area, extent or quality of its habitat. Furthermore, the population is relatively  stable at present, is favoured by increasing reforestation with birch and currently does not face any major threats. Deforestation in the past probably destroyed much of the habitat of this species, but it survived in the Betula nana heathland which replaced the previous birch woodlands. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority to ensure that material is accessible for potential future use.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Iceland (Clayton et al. 2006 onwards), where the main area of distribution is within the semi-continental, northeastern part of the country. It mainly occurs in Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla, but is also found in Skagafjarðarsýsla and Eyjafjarðarsýsla. Some populations also occur in the inner part of Vopnafjörður, and in Fljótsdalur Valley in Fljótsdalshérað. Occurrences outside these areas are very fragmentary. It is most common in the forested valleys (native birch) of Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla.    It grows only in the lowland areas, up to 300 m. Its area of occupancy (AOO) probably approaches the threshold of 2,000 km2.

population:
The plants are usually rather scattered and solitary, and rarely found in dense patches. Although fragmented, the overall population appears to be relatively stable at present. Increasing reforestation with birch is probably favourable. The populations that occur in heathland areas also seem to be stable.

habitat:
The main habitat is the native birch woodland where it occurs as undergrowth in the woods and in sheltered clearings. Outside the woods, it is also found scattered in heathland, usually dominated by Betula nana intermixed with Salix phylicifolia and Salix lanata.

threats:
Severe deforestation in past centuries probably destroyed much of the habitat of Elymus alopex, but it survived in the Betula nana heathland which replaced the previous birch woodlands and currently does not face any major threats.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. No germplasm accessions of E. alopex are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. It is not protected in situ.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus caninus (L.) L. is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)    Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon    (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)      Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Elymus caninus is widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
E. caninus is native to many parts of northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia and the Indian subcontinent (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is stable, and can be very common in forests and along water courses in Europe. For example, Preston et al. (2002) note that the distribution of this species is stable in the UK.

habitat:
This species is found along waterways and forests in Europe, preferring shady and cold conditions. It occurs in lowland areas, mountains and small valleys, and can also be found on roadside margins on free-draining soils. In the UK it is mostly found on partially shaded woodland areas, however it can also be  found on river banks and roadside margins where it thrives on  free draining, base-rich, soils (Preston et al. 2002). # E. caninus is intolerant to grazing and sensitive to nitrogen.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports 75 germplasm accessions of E. caninus held in European genebanks, 67 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 47 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). This species is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).

useAndTrade:
E. caninus is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread wheat, durum wheat, and a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, spelt, and sanduri wheat.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Vögel, R., Economou, G. & Vörösváry, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus fibrosus (Schrenk) Tzvelev is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)     Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon     (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)       Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) A2acElymus fibrosus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient in Europe as there is insufficient information available about the population in European Russia to make an informed decision. Research on the population size and trend, as well as potential threats in European Russia is needed in order to re-evaluate this species.The EU regional assessment for this species (Finland only) is Vulnerable as it has been observed that the population has declined more than 30% in the last 10 years and that the quality of the habitats in which the species occurs is continuing to decline.Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
Native to Finland and the Russian Federation (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), and to Norway (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009). It extends from the European arctic territory to the tundra belt in northern and central Russia, but the main area of its range is eastern and western Siberia and the Scandinavian floristic region. Its range is disjunctive (Bobrov et al. 1974). In Finland, it is found in the north and in Norway it is only found at two localities in Finnmark (near the Russian border in the northeast). In Norway, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,600 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2. In northwest Russia it is an invasive species which has naturalized in ruderal locations near St. Petersburg (Tzvelev 2000).

population:
The species is infrequent in Finland and the population here has declined by at least 30% in the last 10 years. In Norway it is sparsely distributed on the shores of two rivers. There is no population information for Russia. Overall, it is suspected that the European population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
It is found on sandy soils between shrubs, and in calcareous places. Also on riverbanks, meadow slopes and roadsides. In Finland it is found on lake shores and in meadows near the shores of rivers and lakes.

threats:
In Finland, this species is threatened by the construction of dams and power plants, dredging, which causes changes in the water level, hybridization, and competition due to overgrowth (closing) of possible habitats. In Norway, it is threatened by river floods and cultivation of fields adjacent to the riverbanks.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of E. fibrosus held in European genebanks, seven of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, four originate from within Europe (Finland) and are stored in the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, Sweden (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  E. fibrosus is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) C1 in the 2006 Norwegian Red List. In Finland it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) A2ac (Kalliovirta et al. 2010).There is no knowledge about the in situ conservation status of this species in Finland but it is not protected in situ in Norway. It is included in floristic lists of four protected areas in European Russia (Nukhimovskaja et al. 2005).  Research on the population size and trend, as well as potential threats in European Russia is needed.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread wheat, durum wheat, and a number of other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, spelt, and sanduri wheat.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Asdal, Å. & Smekalova, T.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus hispanicus (Boiss.) Talavera is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)      Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon      (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)        Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Elymus hispanicus is regionally assessed as Least Concern because although it has a restricted distribution in Spain, the population is suspected to be relatively large and the threat of grazing pressure is unlikely to cause a significant population decline in the foreseeable future.

range:
E. hispanicus is native to southern Spain, Algeria and Morocco (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). It has a very restricted distribution in southern Spain.

population:
There is no detailed information available about the population size or trend of this species in Spain; however, it is suspected that while of restricted range, the population is relatively large.

habitat:
It is found in wet meadows in calcareous soils.

threats:
Livestock grazing is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. It occurs at least in one protected area. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of this site.  No germplasm accessions of E. hispanicus are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)       Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon       (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)         Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. Two subspecies are native to Europe: E. macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev ssp. macrourus and E. macrourus ssp. turuchanensis (Reverd.) Tzvelev (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Elymus macrourus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as knowledge of the population trend and threats is not available. There is only one isolated population of E. macrourus ssp. macrourus in the basin of the Kara River and although this locality is not under high anthropogenic pressure, the actual status of this population is unknown. Likewise, there is no current knowledge about the populations of E. macrourus # ssp. turuchanensis in European Russia. Although the species is very common in eastern Siberia, it only occurs as disjunct patches in European Russia; therefore, it is unlikely that there would be any rescue effect from the non-European population. Research is needed into population trends and potential threats, and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required for the European populations of both subspecies. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), E. macrourus # is native to north European Russia and Sweden; it is also native to Siberia, the Russian far east, Canada and Alaska (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, the inclusion of E. macrourus in the Swedish Red List of 2000 was due to a misunderstanding of the taxon. Enzyme analysis concluded that E. caninus var. muticus was identical to E. macrorus; however, after several other analyses were undertaken, it was confirmed that this was a mistake and that E. macrourus does not occur in Sweden. E. macrourus ssp. macrourus is found in Arctic Europe. In the Russian Federation, there is only one isolated population in the Arctic Belt in the basin of the Kara River. E. macrourus ssp. turuchanensis  is found in the basin of three rivers: Usa, Kara and Korotaija. In European Russia, the species reaches the western limit of its range (Bobrov et al. 1974).

population:
It is very common in eastern Siberia but only occurs as disjunct patches in European Russia. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It is grows in sandy soils on riverbanks and sometimes in meadows or near roads (Bobrov et al.1974).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown but the area in which the species occurs is not under high anthropogenic pressure.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. # EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of E. macrourus held by the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre; however, these were not collected in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It is included in floristic list of the only natural protected area of European Russia—Pechoro-Illytchsky (Nukhimovskaja et al. 2005). Monitoring is needed in order to ascertain the population trend and potential threats.

redListAssessors:
Kell, S.P., Smekalova, T. & Aronsson, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus mutabilis (Drobow) Tzvelev is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)        Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon        (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)          Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Elymus mutabilis is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is common in Norway and although infrequent in Finland, Sweden and European Russia, is classified as Least Concern in Finland and Sweden (except for the population in the southern-most part of its distribution within Finland where it is regionally threatened). There is also no evidence of a population decline. A rescue effect from the population in Asian Russia is unlikely as the species has quite specific habitat requirements and is therefore unlikely to spread easily.

range:
Native to Finland, Norway, Sweden, and northern, central, eastern and south European Russia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly  2009). It is also found in the Asian part of Russia and in Mongolia.In Europe it occurs in northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Arctic belt of European Russia, the northern belt in Karelia and Murmansk districts, the basins of north Dvina and Petshoralia, as well as in central Russia in the Wolga river basin. It extends from the central Wolga river to the Ural mountains in south-central Russia (Bobrov et al. 1974). In Norway, it is found in the northernmost counties: Nordland, Troms and Finnmark.

population:
This species is common in Norway and has always been infrequent in Finland and Sweden. It is infrequent in Arctic, northern–central and eastern parts of Russia. There is no evidence of a population decline.

habitat:
It grows in broad-leaved forests (in Norway, weedy rich Betula and Salix forest), on riverbanks, in meadows, and on south-facing cliffs and screes.

threats:
The habitat of this species is not under threat in Finland and there are no recorded threats in Norway or Sweden.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.  EURISCO reports 26 germplasm accessions of E. mutabilis held by European genebanks. The majority of these accessions appear to have been collected from Asian parts of Russia, although three were collected in Sweden and three in Finland. Two accessions originated in China. Most of these accessions are maintained by the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre. (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is needed from the full European range of this species.E. mutabilis is not listed in  the Russian Red Data Book or in the Red List for Norway. In Finland and Sweden it  is classed as Least Concern, except for the most southern part of its distribution range in Finland where it is regionally threatened.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Smekalova, T., Asdal, Å. & Aronsson, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus panormitanus (Parl.) Tzvelev is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)         Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon         (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)           Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Elymus panormitanus is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is fairly widely distributed in parts of east and southeast Europe, as well as occurring in France and Spain. While it is reported to be rather rare in Greece, it is widespread and common in Bulgaria. Although assessed as Least Concern, it would be beneficial to collate further information about its precise distribution, population size and trend throughout its European range, as well as potential threats and its in situ conservation status for future re-evaluation.

range:
E. panormitanus is native to parts of east and southeastern Europe, and western Asia (including Cyprus) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It is also found in southwestern Europe (France and Spain).In Cyprus, it is recorded in the Troodos area (Botanical division 2) (Meikle 1985).In Greece, the main area of distribution is in Peloponnese and Crete, where it is mainly observed in mountainous regions—there is only one record from the north (Damanakis and Economou 1986).In France, the taxon (recorded as Roegneria canina ssp. hispanica) is only present in the department of   Ariège (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
It is widespread, common and stable in Bulgaria, but rather rare in Greece.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Greece, this species is mainly found in forested areas in the mountains. In Cyprus, it is found on igneous mountainsides at high altitudes, in pine forest or in orchards and vineyards from 4,000–7,000 ft (Meikle 1977).

threats:
It is potentially threatened by overgrazing in Greece—especially in Crete.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool. E. panormitanus is listed asVulnerable in Romania (Dihoru and Negrean 2009).The species occurs in protected areas in Greece and Cyprus. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of E. panormitanus held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only one originates from within Europe (France) and is stored in the Genebank Department, Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Research Institute of Crop Production, Czech Republic (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus sibiricus L. is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)          Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon          (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)            Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Elymus sibiricus is regionally assessed as Not Applicable. The taxon is recorded by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly   (2009) as native to European Russia; however, according to T. Smekalova (pers. comm. 2010), it is not native there.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly   (2009), E. sibiricus is native to central, eastern and northwest European Russia, as well as to temperate Asia and the Indian subcontinent (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, according to T. Smekalova (pers. comm. 2010), there are no native populations in the European part of Russia.

population:
This species is not known in European Russia; therefore, there is no population information of relevance to record in this assessment.

habitat:
This species is not known in European Russia; therefore, there is no habitat information of relevance to record in this assessment.

threats:
This species is not known in European Russia; therefore, there is no threats information of relevance to record in this assessment.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food    and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)           Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon           (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)             Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.According to Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), three subspecies are native to Europe: E. trachycaulus ssp. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Tzvelev, E. trachycaulus ssp. stefanssonii (Melderis) Á. Löve & D. Löve, and E. trachycaulus (Link) Shinners ssp. trachycaulus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Although Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly     (2009) record Elymus trachycaulus as native to Iceland and European Russia, this species is considered by experts not to be native to Europe. It is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly    (2009), this species is native to Iceland #and central, eastern and south European Russia, and introduced in Norway and Ukraine. However, according to H. Kristinsson this is species is not present in Iceland.   The records in Löve (1983), which is the reference cited by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly    (2009), are based on a variety of Elymus alopex/canina, Roegneria doniana (White) Meld. ssp. stefanssonii (Meld.) (Löve and Löve 1956). This opinion was confirmed by R. Elven (pers. comm. 2010). Further, according to experts present at a European crop wild relative Red List  workshop convened in April 2010, there are no native populations in  European Russia. The species occurs in other parts of the Russian Federation and North America.

population:
This species is considered by experts not to be native to Europe.

habitat:
This species is considered by experts not to be native to Europe.

threats:
This species is considered by experts not to be native to Europe.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.  Fifteen germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks. Nine of these are recorded as of wild origin; however, none of these accessions were collected in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   This species is considered by experts not to be native to Europe.

redListAssessors:
Kell, S.P., Smekalova, T. & Kristinsson, H.


taxonomicNotes:
Elymus uralensis (Nevski) Tzvelev is a  tertiary wild relative of bread wheat,  Triticum  aestivum L. ssp. aestivum,   durum wheat, T.  turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.)            Husn., and a number of  other cultivated wheats; including emmer wheat,  T. turgidum  ssp. dicoccon            (Schrank) Thell.,  einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)              Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.Two subspecies are native to Europe: E. uralensis (Nevski) Tzvelev ssp. uralensis and E. uralensis ssp. viridiglumis (Nevski) Tzvelev (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Elymus uralensis is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, habitat preferences, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly     (2009), E. uralensis is native to Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Ukraine, central, eastern, northern and south European Russia, and the Caucasus. In Hungary, E. uralensis ssp.viridiglumis (syn. Agropyron pectinatum (M. Bieb.) P. Beauv., A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev) occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Sátor-mountain, Bükk-mountains, Gyöngyös, Gödöllő-hills,), Trandanubian Mountains (Buda-mountain, Gerecse-mountain, Velence-mountain, Bakony-mountain, Balaton region), South Transdanubia (Baranya, Tolna), Kisalföld Plain and Great Hungarian Plain (Danube-region, Danube-Tisza köze region and Tiszántúl region)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Hungary: Elymus uralensis ssp.viridiglumis # grows in open loess wall vegetation (Agropyro -Kochietum prostratae), steppes on loess (Salvio-Festucetum rupicolae), pastures (Cynodonto-Poetum angustifolii), sandy steppes and in dry, weedy vegetation (Agropyro-Kochion) (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It can grow in a range of soil types but prefers warm, dry loam, loess and sandy  soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals.

conservationAction:
The genus Elymus is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the wheat gene pool.  In Hungary, E.uralensis ssp. viridiglumis is not protected   (Király 2007).No germplasm accessions of E. uralensis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

redListAssessors:
Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G., Donnini, D., Bulińska, Z. & Strajeru, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Festuca brigantina is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted (area of occupancy is 231 km²) and fragmented geographic range. Negative trends have been observed in its habitat quality and extent due to urbanisation, afforestation, extraction and deposition of inert materials, grazing and trampling.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Portugal, it is found in the northeast in Trás-os-Montes (ICN 2006) and has an area of occupancy of 200 km². In Spain, Festuca brigantina ssp. actiophyta is endemic to the province of A Coruña, where seven subpopulations can be found in A Capelada mountains and As Somozas (Bañares et al. 2004), with an area of occupancy of 31 km².

population:
In Portugal, the population size is estimated to be between 251-500 individuals with an unknown trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are small and severely fragmented (ICN 2006).In Spain it is present in six to seven locations. Real area of occupation has been estimated in 30,000 m2 and the average population size in 30 individuals/m2 (Bañares et al. 2004). There is no information to analyse population trends in Spain but habitat alteration and destruction phenomena lead to suspect a regressive trend in the number of individuals.

habitat:
Festuca brigantina can be found in Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is characteristic of chamaephyte and perennial herb communities on ultrabasic skeletal soils (ICN 2006). It is found in cracks on ultrabasic rocks on crags ledges and high areas (Bañares et al.  2004). Frequent accompanying species when  growing in cracks are Sagina merinoi, Centaurea borjae, Lotus glareosus, Agrostis curtisii and Plantago radicata. In high areas it occurs along with species such as Sedion anglici, Erica cinerea, Lithodora prostrata, Erica ciliaris, Agrostis curtisii and Jasione montana.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
In Portugal, the expansion of urbanisation and related infrastructure pose the main threat as most of the populations are very close to cities and villages. One population is on the side of the road that can be widened any time. Afforestation, extraction and deposition of inert material lead to further habitat degradation (ICN 2006).In Spain, main threats are grazing and trampling. One of the subpopulations in Moeche and part of the population of A Capelada are affected by wind farms (Bañares et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Festuca brigantina is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal (ICN 2006). Festuca brigantina ssp. actiophyta is listed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Population on cliffs should be fenced. Awareness and information plans should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez, L., Ortiz, S. & Barreto Caldas, F


redListCategoryRationale:
Festuca duriotagana is listed as Data Deficient for information currently available is not enough to determine the conservation status of the species.

range:
Festuca duriotagana occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, in Portugal and Spain. It occurs along the rivers Douro, Alto Tejo and Guadiana (ICN 2006). In Spain, its presence has been reported in Extremadura and Salamanca.

population:
In Portugal, the species has suffered a significant decline in the past. There is no information on the current size or trend of the populations (ICNB 2006).

habitat:
Festuca duriotagana occurs in rocky and sandy river banks of thermophile water. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICNB 2006):6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands92D0 Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)

threats:
Canalisation and modifying structures of inland water courses have been described as main threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Portugal, the species is legally protected. A taxonomic revision of the species is recommended (ICN 2006).No conservation information is available from Spain.


redListCategoryRationale:
Festuca elegans is listed as Least Concern for it is abundant and unlikely to become severely threatened in the near future.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Mediterranean, present on the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2009). The total geographic range for Portugal and Spain is 35,213 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Portugal, it occurs in mountains in the north and the centre from Serra do Gerês to Serra da Estrela (ICN 2006). In Spain, this species is abundant in some areas of the Sistema Central.

population:
Number of subpopulations in Spain has been estimated in 20-27 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are more than 100,000 individuals in Serra da Estrela between 800-1,600 m. It is abundant in the area around the river Douro and frequent in northeast Portugal. The plant has been described as not very threatened (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This herb flowers in July and is a mountainous species of Mediterranean xeric  grasslands (Festucion elegantis), found in clearings and at the borders of oak and chestnut  woods, forests and mountain forests. It also occurs among rocks in grasslands in relatively dry areas (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion, Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica

threats:
In Spain, threats to this species are grazing, animal breeding, burning, hunting, fishing or other collecting activities, presence of paths, tracks and cycling tracks, outdoor sports and leisure activities, trampling and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main threat in Portugal is cutting of the forest which reduces the area of occupancy of this species (ICN 2006). But regarding the size of this plant and the density of its subpopulations, these threats probably do not imply a major risk to the species in almost any subpopulation.

conservationAction:
Festuca elegans is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is protected at regional level in several regions. It occurs within several protected areas throughout its distribution. In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Serra da Estrela in Portugal where it has an extent of occurrence of 349 km². The total population has been estimated in 10,000 individuals with a stable population trend. Potential threats are posed by vegetation succession caused by the abandonment of  pastoral activities and sport and leisure  infrastructures. However, the populations are stable and the threats the species is facing are unlikely to cause its decline in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal and found in the Serra da Estrela (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 349 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population has been estimated in 10,000 individuals with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). ICN (2006) states that it is difficult to quantify the number of individuals.

habitat:
This perennial plant species can be found in dry, well-drained, usually rocky, grassland. It needs grazing for its survival and is often found next to sheep and goat shelters. It forms part of the association Campanula Herminie - Festucetum henriquesii, which is endemic to the Serra da Estrela (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6230 "Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)"    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is vegetation succession caused by the abandonment of pastoral activities (ICN 2006). A further threat are sport and leisure structures (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Festuca henriquesii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. In order to ensure the survival of this species it is recommended to maintain traditional grazing activities in its distribution area (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Festuca heterophylla is widespread and stable throughout its native range in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in Luxembourg, so national level monitoring is required.

range:
F. heterophylla is native to central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as Turkey and the Caucasus; and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: found throughout the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992).Greece: occurs in the northern part only and the island of Kerkira, rather rare.Czech Republic: Moravia, extending to Pannonia (Hungary).Bulgaria: known to occur in the south, but probably present in the rest of the country.Hungary: frequent but more sporadic near the border with Slovakia.UK: this species is introduced.Germany: common, but scattered in north.Portugal: found in Serra da Estrela.France: widespread, occurs in all departments with the exceptions of   Finistère, Morbihan and   Ille-et-Vilaine to the west, Lot to the south and the departments of Paris and   Seine-Saint-Denis in the Région Parisienne (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is thought to be stable in Europe.

habitat:
This perennial species is found in open thermophilous forest, oak forest, shrub and pasture, particularly on sandy, or dry to medium dry soils.

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species. However in Greece overgrazing by small livestock holders may pose a threat to the species locally.

conservationAction:
F. heterophylla is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and is described as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxembourg (Colling 2005). As it is a widespread species, some subpopulations occur naturally in protected areas, such as in the Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites. EURISCO reports 32 germplasm accessions of F. heterophylla held in European genebanks, nine of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, eight originate from within Europe; three from Hungary, two from Germany, one from Czech Republic, one from Italy and one from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is used as a forage crop; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Eight subspecies of Festuca ovina L. are native to Europe: F. ovina ssp. firmulacea (Markgr.-Dann.) Prob., F. ovina ssp. guestfalica (Rchb.) K. Richt., F. ovina ssp. hirtula (Travis) M. J. Wilk., F. ovina ssp. molinieri (Litard.) Foggi & J. Müll., F. ovina ssp. ophioliticola (Kerguélen) M. Wilk., F. ovina L. ssp. ovina, F. ovina ssp. ruprechtii (Boiss.) Tzvelev, and F. ovina ssp. supina (Schur) Oborný (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly     2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Festuca ovina is widely distributed in central, northern, east and southeastern Europe, and is naturalized elsewhere. As this species widespread throughout its native European range and there is a lack of major threats, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
F. ovina is native to northern, central, east and southeastern Europe, as well as parts of temperate Asia; it is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread across its native range in Europe, with a stable population trend. It is known to be common in Slovakia (Dostál and Červenka 1992), the Czech Republic, Belarus, Germany, and is common where it occurs in the north Hungarian mountains and the Transdanubian mountains in western Transdanubia. According to Preston et al. (2002) this species is widespread, with a stable distribution in the UK and Ireland. In France it occurs in the majority of departments (Association Tela  Botanica  2000–2010).

habitat:
This perennial species occurs on rocky slopes, in shallow soil, open forest and dry areas, and is a principal component of Festuco-ovinae-Nardetum vegetation types. In the UK it grows in unproductive and often well-drained grass habitats such as lowland calcareous grasslands, upland heaths, moors, mountain slopes, rock ledges, and sea cliffs (Preston et al. 2002). It is known to occur up to 2,000 m in mountainous regions in Bulgaria.

threats:
This species does not currently face any major threats.

conservationAction:
F. ovina is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).EURISCO reports 285 germplasm accessions of F. ovina held in European genebanks, 140 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 131 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
F. ovina is used as a forage crop; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used for erosion control, lawns/turf and as a revegetator (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Vögel, R., Vörösváry, G., Maslovky, O. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Six subspecies of Festuca rubra L. are native to Europe: F. rubra ssp. juncea (Hack.) K. Richt., F. rubra ssp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier, F. rubra ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper, F. rubra L. ssp. rubra, F. rubra ssp. scotica Al-Bermani, and F. rubra ssp. thessalica Markgr.-Dann. (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly      2009). According to Preston et al. (2002), the subspecies; F. rubra ssp. arctica and F. rubra ssp. commutata are native to the UK.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Festuca rubra is widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. # However, it is nationally threatened in Norway; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
F. rubra is native to northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia and north America; it is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species is known to be widespread in much of its native European range, occurring in all departments in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), and found throughout the whole of the country in Ireland (Preston et al. 2002). F. rubra ssp. juncea occurs in 10 localities along the western coastline and seven localities along the eastern. F. rubra ssp. litoralis is recorded in only two localities (Preston et al. 2002).Preston et al. (2002) describe the distribution of this species in the UK as widespread, occurring in the majority of grid squares throughout England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. F. rubra ssp. arctica  has a sparse and patchy distribution throughout Scotland, also  occurring in seven localities in the Lake District in England. F. rubra ssp. commutata has a sparse and patchy distribution throughout England, Wales and the southern half of Scotland. F. rubra ssp. juncea occurs  along the southwestern and northwestern coastlines of England as well  as occurring patchily along the eastern coastline of England. It also occurs along the whole of the Welsh coastline and it very sparse along the Scottish coastline. F. rubra ssp. litoralis occurs in coastal areas in England, Wales and Scotland—particularly in the west. F. rubra ssp. scotica occurs in only 10 localities in the UK—two in northern England and the remaining eight within Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).In Denmark F. rubra ssp. juncea, F. rubra ssp. litoralis and F. rubra ssp. rubra are the only subspecies of F. rubra recorded as native (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010).

population:
This species is widespread across much of its native range in in Europe, with a stable population trend.

habitat:
This perennial species occurs in a number of different habitats in Europe. In Greece it is only found in the mountain habitats and at high altitudes, while in Portugal it is found in salt marshes, sea cliffs, sand dunes, hills, grassland and open forest. In the UK it prefers grassy habitats such as lowland meadows, pastures, salt marshes, sea-cliffs, sand dunes, hill grasslands, mountain slopes and rock ledges (Preston et al. 2002). F. rubra ssp. arctica is known to grow on wet mountain slopes and gullies, rock ledges and flushes and is also able to grow on serpentine at low altitudes. F. rubra ssp. commutate is a lowland species growing mainly in grassy habitats preferring well-drained soils. F. rubra ssp. juncea is a lowland species which grows on sea-cliffs, coastal rock outcrops and occasionally on rocky habitats further inland. F. rubra ssp. litoralis is a lowland species which grows in saltmarshes, brackish # grazing marshes and other sandy or muddy saline areas. F. rubra ssp. scotica occurs in grassy, wet habitats, around rock outcrops and on cliff ledges (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
F. rubra is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on  Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and is classified as  Vulnerable (VU) in Norway (Kålås et al. 2006). However, F. rubra ssp. juncea, F. rubra ssp. litoralis and F. rubra ssp. rubra are all classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).EURISCO reports 2,167 germplasm accessions of F. rubra held in European genebanks, 875 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 854 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is used as a forage crop; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used for erosion control and for lawns/turf (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Festuca summilusitana is listed as Least Concern. Although it is affected by factors as grazing activities, recreational activities, afforestation and urban expansion, it is abundant and the current threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal and Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It is distributed in the Serra da Estrela and Sistema Central, although its presence has been also reported in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, it is restricted to mountains of the north and centre, particularly in Serra da Estrela (ICN 2006). In Spain it can be found in Extremadura, Castilla y León and Galicia. Geographic range for both countries has been estimated in 6,568 km2   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are  28 localities in Spain   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is frequent in the north of Portugal and easily observed (ICNB 2006). Population over 10,000 individuals has been estimated (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species can grow in Iberian siliceous grasslands of Festuca indigesta and upland grasslands on acid soils. It also occurs in the communities Corynephoretea canescentis and Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea

threats:
In Spain, reported threats for this species are grazing and animal breeding, burning, collecting activities, outdoor sports and leisure activities and trampling and overuse (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Portugal, habitat degradation due to afforestation and urbanisation is the main threat. Vegetation succession is a slow but potential threat (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection. It is legally protected in Portugal and at regional level in Extremadura and Castilla y León. It occurs in several protected areas, as Reserva Natural Garganta de los Infiernos, SCI Riveras de Gata y Acebo (Extremadura). Research about its taxonomy and site management are needed (ICN 2006). Overgrazing has to be avoided.


taxonomicNotes:
G. declinata has been shown to hybridise with G. fluitans, however the hybrids are infrequent and not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
G. declinata occurs in Europe, throughout most of Africa, Macaronesia, India, Australia, New Zealand, western Canada and the northeast USA and southwest USA. The species was discovered quite late in several Central European countries (such as Hungary and Austria) due to the lack of knowledge of its identification.

population:
G. declinata is classed as Endangered in Norway and Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Estonia; it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout the remainder of its European range.

habitat:
G. declinata typically occurs in the muddy margins of ponds, ditches, rivers and in cattle-poached parts of marshy grassland. It is most frequent on neutral or acid soils, including sands, peat, clays and gravel.

conservationAction:
G. declinata is classed as Endangered in Norway and Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Estonia. It is classed as Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007).There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
G. fluitans has been shown to hybridise with G. notata (G. ×pedicellata F. Towns.) and G. declinata. However, neither of these hybrids is frequent and they are not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
G. fluitans occurs throughout most of Europe and Africa, east through Siberia and the Caucasus to western Asia. It also occurs in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, throughout much of the USA south to Mexico and in western South America.

population:
G. fluitans is classed as Endangered in Croatia, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
G. fluitans will occur in most types of waterbody, often dominating wet grassland, ditch and river margins and the shores of lakes and ponds in pasture, where it will often grow out over the surface of the water. It is probably important in the succession of grassland into small or shallow open water bodies and as such poses a threat to many plant species dependent upon bare substrate and open water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is classed as Endangered in Croatia but the reasons are not known to the assessor.


range:
G. maxima occurs throughout most of Europe, temperate Asia and Siberia east to China, and in Canada, it has apparently been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. In Europe it is widespread and abundant in the west, becoming less common in the east.

population:
G. maxima is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland, but appears otherwise to be widespread and abundant throughout its Europan range.

habitat:
G. maxima is most typically a plant of low-lying, waterlogged grassland and marshes, as well as the margins of rivers, streams and ditches in lowland, neutral or calcareous, enriched soils and becomes scarce away from such habitats. It will often grow out over the surface of water, forming floating mats. It has increased dramatically in southern Britain in recent years (Preston et al. 2002) and this increase is likely to be due, at least in part, to a combination of modification of water courses and the overall enrichment of souls allowing it to outcompete less aggressive plants.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. G. maxima is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it appears to be widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats througout its European range.

range:
G. nemoralis occurs in central and eastern Europe, east through temperate Asia to the Caucasus and western Asia.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of G. nemoralis, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
G. nemoralis is considered typical of the #Chaerophyllo hirsuti- Calthetum palustris association in the Czech Republic (Chytrý 2007), typical of grassy, shaded areas associated with wet woodland. Apart from this, there is little information available on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
There are apparently no conservation measures in place and no evidence that such measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
G. notata has been shown to hybridise with G. fluitans (G. ×pedicellata F. Towns.), however, although this hybrid is locally frequent and it is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
G. notata occurs from Europe south to North Africa and east through Siberia, the Caucasus, Mongolia and India to the Russian Far East and China. It is reported to have been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, it has also reportedly been introduced to North America, but these reports have not been verified (Clayton et al. 2006). It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
G. notata appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, although it is classed as Endangered in Croatia and on Malta.

habitat:
G. notata will occur in most types of calcareous waterbody, including wet grassland, ditch and river margins and the shores of lakes and ponds in pasture, where it will often grow out over the surface of the water.

conservationAction:
G. notata is classed as Endangered on Malta and in Croatia, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and as it is unlikely that the existing threat will lead to a significant decline of the populations.

range:
Hemarthria altissima is a sub-cosmopolitan species. Its geographical distribution covers the Mediterranean basin, tropical Africa and tropical America. In Europe, it occurs in Spain, Canary Islands, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands and Turkey.

population:
The species is infrequent in the European Mediterranean. In Spain, it is known from 18 localities in the south of the country; in Italy, it is present in three provinces in addition to Sicily.

habitat:
Hemarthria altissima is a perennial herbaceous plant (Geophyte) that inhabits the banks of permanent streams and swamps. Flowering occurs during summer.

threats:
Drainage and the transformation of the swamps into agricultural land constitute the main threats for the species.

conservationAction:
There are currently no conservation measures in place. It is suggested to carry out surveillance of the existing locations and to search for new ones and to monitor the dynamics of the populations.


taxonomicNotes:
There is uncertainty as to the validity of this taxon. The Plant List (2010) treats it as a synonym of Holcus annuus which is a species found in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. The Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011) on the other hand treats it as a synonym of Holcus annuus ssp. duriensis and claims it is endemic to Portugal.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is taxonomic uncertainty around this taxon and it is not clear whether it is endemic to Portugal or if it also occurs in Spain. According to other sources, it could be the synonym of Holcus annuus which has a nearly global distribution. Taxonomic research is needed and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It occurs in Spain near the northwest border with Portugal, in the provinces Salamanca and Zamora (Anthos 2009). In Portugal, it is mainly found in the valley of the river Douro, in Trás-os-Montes and Beira Alta (ICN 2006). If it is treated as belonging to the species Holcus annuus then it would have a near global distribution.

population:
The species is geographically restricted to a specific habitat. Changes to the hydrology of the river Douro such as barriers and dams caused the water levels to rise and the subsequent loss of subpopulations in the past (ICN 2006)The population size in Portugal has been estimated between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This annual plant flowers from May to July and is found between 150 and 650 m altitude. It inhabits herb communities without tree cover, clearings in woodlands, schist slopes and dry grasslands settled in open spaces of shrublands (ICN 2006, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats are the clearing of slopes using herbicides, hydrological constructions, and enlargement of the rail network near the populations at Foz do Tua (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The species is legally protected in Portugal. Monitoring is needed as well as appropriate management and protection of the species sites (ICN 2006).The taxonomy of this species needs to be clarified.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky is a tertiary wild relative of barley, H. vulgare L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Hordeum bogdanii is at the edge of its global range in Europe where it is found only in the lower Volga basin in South European Russia. It is regionally assessed as Data Deficient because there is currently no information available on the population size, trend, number of sites or potential threats. Data need to be gathered to make an informed assessment in the future. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage from the European population is required.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to the Russian Federation, western and middle Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, China and the Indian subcontinent (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In South European Russia it is only found in the lower Don basin with one isolated site in Krasnoarmeysk and a larger area in the lower Volga basin (Bobrov et al. 1974).

population:
This species is relatively rare but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It is a perennial species that grows in sandy and saline soils on riverbanks.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports 37 germplasm accessions of H. bogdanii held by European genebanks; however, all of these accessions originated in Asia (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm should be collected from the European population and conserved in duplicated ex situ collections.  H. bogdanii is included in the regional Red List of Saratovskaya district (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). Research on the population size, trends and potential threats is needed.   #

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link is a  tertiary wild relative of barley, H.  vulgare L. (USDA, ARS,  National Genetic Resources Program 2010). One subspecies is native to Europe: H. brevisubulatum ssp. violaceum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Tzvelev (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly       2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Hordeum brevisubulatum is recorded by USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) as native to southeast European Russia and by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube  and Parolly (2009) as native to central, eastern and south  European Russia. However, according to T. Smekalova (pers. comm. 2010),  there are no native populations in European Russia. It is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), H. brevisubulatum is native to southeast European Russia, western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian far east, Mongolia, China, and the Indian Subcontinent. Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) record it as native to central, eastern and south European Russia. However, according to T. Smekalova (pers. comm. 2010), there are no native populations in European Russia.

population:
According to T. Smekalova (pers. comm. 2010), there are no native populations of this species in European Russia.

habitat:
As it is thought that this species is not native to Europe, the habitat and ecology has not been researched.

threats:
As it is thought that this species is not native to Europe, there are no threats to record.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.As it is thought that this species is not native to Europe, no conservation actions are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
H. brevisubulatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum bulbosum L. is a secondary wild relative of barley, H.  vulgare L. (USDA, ARS,  National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Two subspecies are native to Europe: H. bulbosum L. ssp. bulbosum and H. bulbosum ssp. nodosum (L.) Baum (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hordeum bulbosum is widely distributed in east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern

range:
H. bulbosum is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as western and central Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), the Caucasus and northern Africa, and it is naturalized in north America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
H. bulbosum has a high population density, is widespread and has stable subpopulations.

habitat:
This perennial species is found in a wide range of habitats such as dry grasslands, shrubland, dry hillsides, wet meadows and coastal sites. It can also be found in secondary habitats such as abandoned fields and roadsides.

threats:
There are no currently major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.    EURISCO reports 256 germplasm accessions of H. bulbosum held in European genebanks, 212 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 51 originate from within Europe. The majority originate from within Greece (34) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
H. bulbosum is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare. This species is known to confer resistance to powdery mildew.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Economou, G. & Vörösváry, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum geniculatum All. is a tertiary wild relative of barley, H. vulgare L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Hordeum geniculatum is widely distributed in central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in Slovakia; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
H. geniculatum is native to central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and central Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), the Caucasus, Indian subcontinent and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:France: occurs along the western coast in the departments of   Loire-Atlantique,   Vendée,   Charente-Maritime and Gironde as well as the southern departments of   Hérault, Gard and Var, as well as in both departments in Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Greece: widespread throughout the country.Hungary: rare in north Hungarian mountain margins; frequent in Great Hungarian Plain and western Transdanubia.Portugal: quite common throughout the country.Slovakia: distributed in west and southwestern Slovakia only, circa 17 locations were  documented since the end of the 19th century. Recently, the species was confirmed  on five sites: (1) Tvrdo?ovce, north from the railway station; (2)  Tvrdo?ovce, around the Ráczovo jazierko pool; (3) ?urany, Akomá?  farmstead; (4) Mo?enok, Siky farmstead; and (5) Horná Krá?ová (Dít? et al. in prep.).

population:
This species is stable across its European range.

habitat:
H. geniculatum is found in disturbed habitats, often in saline and dry places, but occasionally in freshwater areas. It can also be found in grasslands, river banks and in sandy soils in coastal areas. The species is strongly dependent on grazing.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.According to Feráková et al. (2001) and Dít? et al. (2010) H. geniculatum is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia. EURISCO reports six germplasm accessions of H. geniculatum held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However it is known that seeds from sites of Tvrdo?ovce and Mo?enok in Slovakia are stored in the Slovak Gene Bank in Pie??any. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
H. geniculatium is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G. & Maslovky, O.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum marinum Huds. is a tertiary wild relative of barley, H. vulgare L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hordeum marinum is widely distributed across Europe and is relatively common throughout much of its range. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, in some countries it is nationally threatened and reported to be in decline; therefore, national level monitoring is needed.

range:
H. marinum is native to northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to temperate Asia, northern Africa, Macaronesia and the Indian Subcontinent, and is widely naturalized in other regions (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  France: present in coastal areas.Germany: possibly extinct.Greece: the majority of records are old; there are only 10 recent records for this species; it mainly occurs on islands. Hungary: adventive but naturalized; found near Izbég at Szentendre   (Soó 1966).  Netherlands: occurs at a low frequency along the coast (Mennema et al. 1985).UK: confined to the eastern coastline of England, particularly from the Wash in East Anglia southwards, the southern coast of England and localities either side of the Severn Estuary (Wales and England) (Preston et al. 2002). It is also recorded to occur at six localities in the east of Scotland but is not recorded as present in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
While this species is noted as being relatively common in Portugal, Spain and Italy, it is described as decreasing in Croatia, the Netherlands and the UK. In the Netherlands, Mennema et al. (1985) reported that before 1950 it occurred in 117 hour-squares and after 1950  in 42 hour-squares, while Tamis et al. (2003) reported  that the species occurs in 31–100 1x1 km grid squares. According to Preston et al. (2002), it has decreased  throughout Britain, especially along the southern coast and along the  east coast northwards from the Wash. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its European range.

habitat:
This species occurs in saline meadows, coastal marshes, riverbeds, wasteland, dry grasslands and as a weed in pasture. In the UK it grows as a lowland, coastal species, often found on trampled margins of dried-up pools and ditches in grazing marshes, on tracks and sea walls, and in salt marshes (Preston et al. 2002). It can also grow along salt-treated roads further inland (Preston et al. 2002). In the Netherlands it is found in grasslands with a brackish humid soil (Tamis et al. 2003).

threats:
The cause of decline of this species is often due to habitat disturbance in coastal areas, such as the construction of concrete sea barriers in the UK. In the Netherlands the construction of embankments and the subsequent sweetening of the water is cited as one of the most important causes for the decline (Mennema et al. 1985). In Madeira urbanization in coastal areas is threatening this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.   Knowledge of its national threat status in Europe is as follows:  Croatia: classified as Vulnerable (VU) (Nikolić and Topić 2007).France: protected in the region of Basse-Normandie (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Hungary: Least Concern   (Király 2007).UK: classified as Vulnerable (VU) (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).EURISCO reports 163 germplasm accessions of H. marinum held in European genebanks, 156 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 93 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
H. marinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Santos Guerra, A. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum murinum L. is a tertiary wild relative of barley, H. vulgare L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Five subspecies are native to Europe: H. murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, H. murinum ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang., H. murinum ssp. montanum (Hack.) H. Scholz & Raus, H. murinum L. ssp. murinum, and H. murinum ssp. setariurum H. Scholz & Raus (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly         2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Hordeum murinum is regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is widely distributed in northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and the population trend is stable to increasing. It has a weedy habit, growing in a range of disturbed, anthropogenic habitats and there are no known major threats.

range:
H. murinum is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia, northern Africa, Macaronesia and the Indian Subcontinent, and is widely naturalized in other regions (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), it is native to the Azores and the Canary Islands; however, according to Silva et al. (2005), this species is introduced in the Azores, while Izquierdo et al. (2004) record its origin as uncertain in the Canary Islands. Borges et al. (2008) confirm its native status in Madeira.Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: occurs widely throughout the country (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).Greece: widespread from the north to the islands, including Crete (Damanakis and Economou 1986).Cyprus: H. murinium ssp. murinum has recently been recorded in the Paphos and Limassol areas (Botanical divisions 1 and 3) (Hand 2001).Hungary: widespread. H.murinum ssp. leporinum frequently occurs in salt meadows in the east  (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: widespread; occurs in all departments and Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).UK: widespread throughout England and Wales, but less so in northern England and into Scotland where it has a patchy distribution, mainly occurring along the eastern coast (Preston et al. 2002). According to the same authors, it is restricted to only seven localities in Northern Ireland.Ireland: occurs on the eastern coastline with a patchy and sparse distribution across the rest of the country (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: widespread but less common in the northeast (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
It is reported to be common and stable in Greece, stable in Britain and increasing in Ireland (Preston et al. 2002), and increasing in the Netherlands where it was recorded in 875 hour-squares before 1950 and 995 hour-squares after 1950 (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) report that the species is present in more than 10,000 km grid squares in the Netherlands.

habitat:
In Greece, this weedy species grows in grasslands, and in cultivated fields and field margins.In Hungary, H. murinum ssp. murinum is found in weedy vegetation along roadsides, in arable land, pastures and in salt meadows, while H. murinum ssp. leporinum is found in salt meadows (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).  In the UK, this lowland species grows in a range of conditions, including fertile soils, disturbed ground, on roadsides, pavements, walls, railway banks and in rough grassland (Preston et al. 2002).In the Netherlands, it occurs in pioneer vegetation in moderately to very fertile and humid soils, as well as in dry and very fertile soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

threats:
There are no known major threats to this species, although it could be affected by the use of herbicides.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. In Hungary, neither H. murinum ssp. murinum or ssp. leporinum are protected   (Király 2007). In Germany, the species is not threatened or protected (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010) and it is not threatened in the Netherlands.EURISCO reports 276 germplasm accessions of H. murinum held in European genebanks, 157 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 125 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
H. murinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum secalinum Schreb. is a tertiary wild relative of barley, H. vulgare L.(USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Hordeum secalinum is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed in  northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. However, although # it is widely distributed in many parts of its range, there are reported population declines in some countries and it is considered to be threatened in Germany. There is currently no knowledge available about the threats to this species; therefore, research is needed to identify the cause of these population declines. Population and habitat monitoring is also recommended at national level.

range:
H. secalinum is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to Macaronesia and northern Africa (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Progam 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Greece: in the north and on Corfu island (Damanakis and Economou 1986).France: widespread; occurs in the majority of departments excluding Nord, Paris,   Hauts-de-Seine and   Val-de-Marne to the north,   Territoire de Belfort, Doubs,   Rhône,   Isère and Savoie to the east,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the southeast, Creuse in the centre and five departments to the southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Germany: occurs mainly in the north on the coasts of the Baltic and Northern Seas, as well as in plains and lowlands in the central area of the country (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). UK: widespread throughout the southern half of England, with a patchy distribution in Wales (Preston et al. 2002). All occurrences in Scotland and Northern Ireland are recorded by Preston et al. (2002) as being alien.Ireland: has a patchy distribution throughout the country (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: occurs along the large rivers and in coastal areas throughout the country (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
Knowledge of the European population at national level is as follows:Greece: not frequent.Germany: the population is decreasing, mainly in southern parts of its range.UK: according to Preston et al. (2002), this species’ distribution has declined very slightly in the north and west of Britain.Ireland: according to Preston et al. (2002), this species’overall distribution is stable.Netherlands: before 1950 the species occurred in 479 hour-squares and after 1950 in 531 (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) report that the species occurs in 1,001–3,000 km grid squares.

habitat:
In Germany, this species grows in coastal salt meadows, pastures and grasslands (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). In the UK, this lowland species grows in meadows and pastures, along roadsides and in river valley floodplains—it prefers sticky, clay soils (Preston et al. 2002). At the coast it is often found in grazing marsh grasslands and on earthen sea walls (Preston et al. 2002). In the Netherlands, it grows in brackish wet soils and in humid and very fertile soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. H. secalinum is listed as Least Concern in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010). It is not threatened in the Netherlands. In Germany, it is evaluated as endangered (Red List category 3) but it is not protected (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). In France, it is protected in the region of Alsace (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports 23 germplasm accessions of H. secalinum held in European genebanks, 20 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 18 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
H. secalinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to barley, H. vulgare.


taxonomicNotes:
Hordeum vulgare L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated barley, H.  vulgare L. (USDA, ARS, National  Genetic Resources Program 2010). Two subspecies are native to Europe: H. vulgare ssp. agiocrithon (Åberg) Á. Löve & D. Löve and H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. (Valdés  and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly         2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hordeum vulgare is a common and abundant species which does not face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Ex situ collections would benefit from the addition of further material from European populations.

range:
In Europe, H. vulgare is native to Greece and Cyprus; it is also native to temperate Asia, east to China and Taiwan, the Indian Subcontinent and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It is found in the margins of cultivated fields and favours rocky places and dry areas.

conservationAction:
The genus Hordeum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports 543 germplasm accessions of H. vulgare of wild origin stored in European genebanks; however, only 12 of these are reported to have originated in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed to ensure that the broadest range of genetic diversity is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated barley, H. vulgare. The species is also used for fodder and as a soil improver (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because although it is undergoing a decline in the northern parts of its European range, it remains widespread with stable populations in the south and does not face any major threats. It is important to monitor populations to ensure that the decline in the north is not a symptom of overall decline.

range:
L. oryzoides occurs throughout much of the northern hemisphere, from southern Scandinavia south to Macaronesia and east through Siberia, the Caucasus and India to the Russian Far East and China. It also occurs in Australia and New Zealand, as well as North America except the far north, including Canada, the USA and Mexico. It is found more or less throughout Europe, from southern Sweden and Finland south to the Iberian Peninsula and east to the Baltic States and Northern European Russia, Ukraine, Balkans and Turkey in Europe.

population:
L. oryzoides is classed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark, Endangered in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Norway and Sweden and Near Threatened in Croatia, whilst it is considered rare in the Netherlands and Estonia. In France, it is protected in three northern departements: Alsace, Basse-Normandie and Île-de-France but considered reasonably abundant further south. It is declining in Italy where it is only abundant in the north. It is of note that informed surveys have recently shown that it is more abundant in the Netherlands than previously thought, but overlooked because it rarely flowers (J. Bruinsma pers. comm. 2010).It appears likely that it is undergoing a decline in northern parts of its European range, but reasonably stable and widespread in the south.

habitat:
L. oryzoides occurs in a wide variety of wetland habitats, from coastal swamps, canals, rice fields and the edges of streams to ditches and the margins of ponds and lakes.

threats:
The reasons for the decline in the northern part of its range are unclear, but appear to be mainly due to the degradation and destruction of wetlands.

conservationAction:
L. oryzoides is classed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark,  Endangered in Switzerland and the United Kingdom (A2c), Vulnerable in the  Czech Republic, Norway (D2) and Sweden [B2ab(ii,iii,v)] and Near  Threatened in Croatia, while in France it is protected in three northern Departements:  Alsace, Basse-Normandie and Île-de-France.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lolium multiflorum is widespread in southeastern and southwestern Europe and is widely naturalized elsewhere; it is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Lolium multiflorum is thought to be native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia and the Indian Subcontinent; however, the species is widely naturalized in temperate regions, as well as the Azores, and its exact native range is obscure (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
In Greece, this species is stable and common where it occurs. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its European range.

habitat:
It is found in agricultural land and grassland in Greece. Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species throughout the rest of its European range.

conservationAction:
L. multiflorum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 1,313 germplasm accessions of L. multiflorum held in European genebanks, 238 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 215 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Research is needed on the population size and trend, potential threats and in situ conservation status of this species throughout its European range.

useAndTrade:
L. multiflorum is used for forage and fodder; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lolium perenne is very widespread in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe with a stable population trend; it is therefore regionally assessed as Least  Concern.

range:
L. perenne is native to northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Subcontinent and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread throughout much of its native range.

habitat:
This perennial plant occurs in grasslands across much Europe. In the UK this species grows on a wide range of habitats including; improved  lowland pasture, leys, hay meadows, rush pasture, inundated  grasslands, amenity grassland, road verges and ruderal habitats (Preston  et al. 2002). It prefers fertile, heavy and neutral soils, but can also occur on mildly acidic or basic soils (Preston et al. 2002). In Greece and Belarus it is found in agricultural land, grassland, and in secondary habitats such orchards and pastures.

threats:
In Greece and Belarus the transformation of grasslands into agricultural fields and the use of herbicides are noted as potential threats, however herbicide use does not pose a significant threat at present. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout the rest of its European range.

conservationAction:
L. perenne is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).This species is well represented in ex situ collections. EURISCO reports 8,714 germplasm accessions of L. perenne held in European genebanks, 4,313 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 4,122 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. perenne is used for forage and fodder; wild populations may harbour important genetic  diversity for crop  improvement. It is also used for erosion control, in lawns/turf, as an ornamental and as a soil improver (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lolium rigidum is widespread in central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and is  widely naturalized elsewhere; it is therefore regionally assessed as  Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in Switzerland; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
Lolium rigidum in native to parts of central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and central Asia, the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Subcontinent and northern Africa; and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
In Greece this species is classed as weedy and as such is stable and very common. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is found in agricultural land, grassland and pastures in Greece as a weedy species with confirmed tolerance to herbicides. Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
L. rigidum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).EURISCO reports 120 germplasm accessions of L. rigidum held in European genebanks, 81 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 48 originate from the following European countries: Spain (32), Italy (nine), Greece (three), Portugal (two), France (one) and Bulgaria (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. rigidum is used for forage and fodder; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lolium temulentum  is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed throughout much of Europe and can grow in a range of disturbed anthropogenic habitats. The overall population trend is unknown but there are reported declines which are thought to be largely due to the use of herbicides. It is Extinct in the Wild in Hungary and nationally threatened in some other European countries; therefore, national level monitoring is needed.

range:
The origin of Lolium temulentum remains a matter of debate. Many authors assume the original occurrence of the species in the Mediterranean and southwest Asia from where it spread as a weed of cereals to all of Europe, central and southern Africa, eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand and America (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010). According to Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009), this species is native to the Azores and the Canary Islands; however, it is recorded by Silva et al. (2005) as introduced to the Azores and by Izquierdo et al. (2004) as of uncertain origin in the Canary Islands.Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:Slovakia: c.100 localities have been recorded in the past throughout the country. Recently, the species was confirmed at five localities in the north and northeast near the Slovak-Poland border: 1) Rab?a, oat field; 2) Zubrohlava NNW, oat field; 3) Zubrohlava SE, oat field; (4) Lesnica, rye fields in the northern part of the village; 5) Lesnica, gap of Lesnica, eastern slope, rye field (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010).Greece: widespread.Belarus: present in the whole country.Cyprus: widespread.Hungary: Extinct in the Wild   (Király 2007).France: widespread; occurs in the majority of departments throughout the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is frequent in Greece but not common in Belarus. However, in both countries, the population is reported to be stable. The species is rare in Lithuania.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This annual weedy species is usually mentioned as a characteristic member of segetal vegetation, but it also occurs in other ruderal habitats, such as fallow fields, waste places and roadsides.In Slovakia, it was regarded as a diagnostic taxon of class Stellarietea mediae, subclass Violenea arvensis, but the species was also found sporadically in ruderal vegetation of Atriplici-Chenopodietalia albi (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010).According to Meikle (1985), in Cyprus, as well as occurring in cultivated and fallow fields, this species can sometimes be found growing in pine forest at high altitudes. It can grow from sea level to 5,400 ft (Meikle 1985).

threats:
Until a few decades ago, L. temulentum had a significant impact as a weed in Europe, but due to enhanced seed cleaning techniques and herbicide application the distribution area of the species has decreased significantly (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010).In Greece, herbicides are a potential threat but they are not affecting the subpopulations yet. Herbicide tolerance has been measured in some biotypes.

conservationAction:
Lolium temulentum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.It is listed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010), Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2006) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).It is Extinct in the Wild in Hungary and reintroduction trials are being carried out   (Király 2007).EURISCO reports 197 germplasm accessions of L. temulentum held in European genebanks, 121 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 23 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. temulentum is used for forage and fodder; wild populations may harbour important genetic  diversity for crop  improvement.The seeds of this species are very nutritious and used to be used for making bread. However, it is not advisable to eat it because sometimes it can be infected with an endophytic fungus Endoconidium temulentum, which is assumed to be the source of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. As the ancient and traditional agricultural practices could not separate seeds of L. temulentum from those of wheat or rye, in the past the infected seeds often used to poison the flour. This fungal infection causes hallucinations in small doses and can, in larger quantities, cause severe damage to the nervous system (Eliáš Jr. et al. 2010). Slovenian ethnical groups living in western Hungary reportedly mixed the seeds of L. temulentum with those of barley to enhance the narcotic effects of beer. L. temulentum was already mentioned in the Bible; in some regions it was so abundant that it devastated the total yields of cereals and became the symbol of disaster (Pinke and Pál 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
Micropyropsis tuberosa is listed as Endangered. The extent of occurrence is under 500 km², it occurs in two locations and the area of occupancy is less than 60 km². The populations are slowly declining although the sites are under protection in Spain.

range:
Micropyropsis tuberosa is a Morocco-Iberian endemic species. It is found in southwest Spain, in the Guadalquivir freshwater swamp in Ayamonte and the Rocina river in Moguer, both in the province of Huelva, and in northwest Morocco at Loukkos. In Spain, there is one metapopulation. The length of this metapopulation is 58 km and the average width of the strip where the species lives is 50 m. The  area of occupancy is less than 60 km² and the extent of occurrence is 500 km². It occurs at two locations.

population:
In Spain, the population has an estimated 549,650 individuals, and is spread out along the edges of the Doñana freshwater swamp.

habitat:
It is a perennial, herbaceous plant (tuberous and rhizomatous Geophyte) that inhabits freshwater swamps, riverbeds and sometimes ecotones between heathers and freshwater swamps. Flowering occurs during spring and summer (April-June).More specifically it lives in thickets of willow, ash, in perennial pastures on the edge of the lagoons and between scrubland and marsh. Accompanied by Lotus uliginosus, Danthonia decumbens, Hypochaeris radicata, Silene laeta, Molinia caerulea, Quercus suber, Carex cuprina, Anagallis parviflora, Juncus emmanuelis, Lolium multiflorum, Carex divisa, Lythrum junceum, Ulex minor, Hypericum humifusum and Fraxinus angustifolia.Given its nature and distribution of where it was found, the presence of the species can be considered a single population spanning the full margin of the marsh Dulce de Doñana, and for the Rocina until the Ordenados de Moguer. Low fertility of the flowers in greenhouses has been observed and this suggests that reproduction is primarily sexual. A single plant may result in 20 cm in diameter of vegetative growth in less than a year.

threats:
The sealing of humid soils, the decrease in groundwater levels and overgrazing that leads to a limited sexual reproduction, strongly threaten this species. An increased nutrient load in the soil furthermore favours the growth of competitor plants that slowly out-compete the species (Bañares et al. 2004).Moreover, the fragility and deterioration of the marsh-shrub ecotone, attached to the wetlands, endanger the habitat in which it develops.

conservationAction:
Micropyropsis tuberosa is classified as priority species in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The plant is classified as Endangered on the Andalusian and the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).An important part of the distribution of this species is included in the protected area Parque Nacional de Doñana: the important core is in the most protected area of the Park (the Biosphere Reserve).

redListAssessors:
de Vega Durán, C., Berjano Pérez, R., Ortiz-Herrera, M. & Talavera Lozano, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread with no known major threats.

range:
This species is found in Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Albania, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, former Yugoslavia, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco.

population:
This species is scattered and widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin with presumed stable populations.

habitat:
It grows in moist, damp, sandy places, mostly near the sea. It is found on river and canal banks, irrigation ditches and rice fields, and on coastal sands.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species.


range:
P. digitata apparently occurs in Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In Bulgaria, it occurs in the southeastern lowlands and along the Black Sea. In Greece, it is found in the central and northeastern part of the mainland and some of the islands, but very scattered.

population:
There is no information available on trends in populations of P. digitatus.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in humid places, such as along river banks and lake margins as well as marshy areas. It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6420 "Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion".

threats:
Drainage and other changes in hydrological regimes such as changes in water level are the main problem. Infrastructural development such as roads or construction of factories etc. impact on the populations. Man induced fires are a potential threat.

conservationAction:
Some of the populations in Bulgaria and in Greece are in Natura 2000 sites. Conservation measures needed are to prevent drainage of the habitat. Furthermore survey work is needed to collect further information on distribution and ecology. Monitoring of the population trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Phalaris aquatica is common and widespread and does not currently face any major threats. It is regionally assessed as Least Concern with a recommendation to research its population trend.

range:
P. aquatica is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), Macaronesia (Madeira and Canary Islands), and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:Portugal: south and centre.Italy: widespread from the centre to the south—not found in the north of the country.France: occurs in six departments along the southern coast, the departments of Lot and   Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the southwest and the departments of   Seine-Maritime and Sarthe to the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is common in the Mediterranean region. In Spain it is quite common and has been recorded from 45 sites; in  Italy it is present in 11 provinces besides Sicily and Sardinia and is reported to be very common; in France it is present in seven departments in the south besides Corsica.

habitat:
It is a perennial herbaceous plant (hemicryptophyte) that grows on the edges of irrigation channels, depressions that are flooded in winter and humid pastures. It flowers from April to June. It can also be found in cultivated land and ruderal sites.

conservationAction:
In France, P. aquatica is protected in the southern region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports 26 germplasm accessions of P. aquatica held in European genebanks. However, only one accession is reported to be of wild or weedy origin and it does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
P. aquatica is used for forage and fodder—wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Holubec, V., Asdal, Å., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Vögel, R. & Eliáš, P.


taxonomicNotes:
P. arundinacea includes a variety of taxa, including ssp. rotgesii which is endemic to Corsica, some authors treat this taxon as a species in which case it would probably be considered to be of conservation concern.

range:
P. arundinacea has a circumboreal distribution, from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, as well as throughout most of North America. It is considered to have been   introduced to Australia, New Zealand, Central America, South Africa, Mexico, South America, the West Indies, the Mascarene Islands and Hawaii. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.P. arundinacea ssp. rotgesii is a strict endemic species from Corsica with Eurosiberian origins. It is localized at the southern mountains of Corsica.

population:
P. arundinacea appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
P. arundinacea will occur in most wetland habitats, often behaving as an aggressive colonist of disturbed wetlands, it is typically found in wet pasture, the margins of rivers, streams, ditches, canals, ponds and lakes.

useAndTrade:
Various cultivars of P. arundinacea are sold for landscape and garden pond planting, it is not clear whether this trade has any effect on wild populations, but it is possible that the aggressive populations in North America may derive, in part, from horticulture.


redListCategoryRationale:
Phalaris maderensis is endemic to the islands Madeira and Porto Santos where it has a stable population of 500 mature individuals. The only reported threats are competition with exotic and native species. Due to the low number of individuals it is listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the islands Madeira and Porto Santos, Portugal.

population:
It has been estimated that the population is of 500 mature individuals with a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described for this species are competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Phalaris maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies of Phleum pratense L. are native to Europe: P. pratense ssp. brachystachyum (Salis) Gamisans and P. pratense L. ssp. pratense (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC)Phleum pratense is widely distributed in grasslands in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
P. pratense is native to and widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread throughout much of its distribution in Europe. It occurs in all departments in France #(Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), and is widespread throughout the whole of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, although the far north of Scotland does have a   slightly more patchy distribution (Preston et al. 2002). In both Greece and Belarus the species is stable and common throughout.

habitat:
This perennial species is found most often in grass habitats such as meadows, pastures, rough grassland, field margins and waysides (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
P. pratensis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.This species is well represented in ex situ collections. EURISCO reports 4,990 germplasm accessions of P. pratense held in European genebanks, 1,353 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 1,300 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
P. pratense is used for forage and fodder; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used for erosion control and as a soil improver (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
This has been treated at times as a monospecific genus or a number of different species within the genus. It is extremely variable and many subordinate taxa have been described (e.g. TROPICOS lists 199 synonyms for this name). TROPICOS lists this taxon as P.&#communis Trin. by which name it was formerly known in the UK.

range:
The species is cosmopolitan, apparently more or less worldwide, although to some extent this will depend upon whether or not the genus is treated as monospecific. It is reported from throughout Europe east to the Russian far east, Japan and Korea, Africa north of the Sahara south to South Africa, Australasia as well as North, South and Central America. It is widely naturalized in New Zealand, Melanesia, Polynesia and perhaps elsewhere. In Europe, it is reported from everywhere except the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Azores, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land, Kaliningrad, Novaya Zemlya, San Marino and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
P. #australis is widespread and abundant throughout much of Europe and may be increasing at the expense of other aquatic and wetland plants. A reported decline in the UK actually relates to a loss of and decline in quality of large reedbeds, rather than P.&#australis itself. Preston et al. (2002) actually report an increase in UK populations.

habitat:
P. #australis can occur in a wide variety of aquatic and wetland habitats and may even occasionally occur as small, open stands away from water. It is most characteristic of the margins of large water bodies, where it may form extensive and dense stands, occasionally covering more than ten square kilometres. In these situations, it is able to spread over the surface of the water, forming floating stands which may eventually totally cover open water areas. It will also occur along ditches, canals, river margins, swamps, fens, marshes and artificial water bodies such as settling ponds and borrow-pits. It is tolerant of quite elevated salt levels and will occur downstream of the tidal limits of rivers and into the upper parts of salt marshes.  The reed is important as both breeding and non-breeding habitat for a wide variety of scarce and protected species.

threats:
There are no major threats to the populations.

useAndTrade:
P. #australis is harvested for manufacture of wind breaks, thatch and handcrafted objects. It is also used for water treatment of water from sewage treatment systems and hard surface run-off.


range:
P. sabinei has a circumpolar distribution, but in Europe occurs only in Arctic Norway and Russia.

population:
P. sabinei appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
P. sabinei usually grows as an emergent in wet meadows, marshes, around the margins of ponds, streams, lakes, tundra and temporary pools on acidic or sometimes calcareous soils.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies of Poa alpina L. are native to Europe: P. alpina L. ssp. alpina and P. alpina ssp. brevifolia Gaudin (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional    assessment: Least Concern (LC)Poa alpina is widely distributed in northern, central, east and southeastern Europe. As this species is widespread, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However further research is needed on the population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
P. alpina is native to and widely distributed in northern, central, east and southeastern Europe. It is also native to temperate Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and northern America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: occurs scattered in sub-mountain and mountain regions throughout the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992).Greece: found in central and northern Greece, usually in mountainous regions, most of which are under protection.France: occurs in 30 departments to the south, southeast and east, and the two departments of Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).UK:   confined to the mountainous areas of central and Northern Scotland, four localities in northern Wales and four localities in northern England including the Lake District (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: present in just two localities; one to the northwest and one to the southwest of the country (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
According to Preston et al. (2002), P. alpina has declined in a number of sites in the UK due to collecting. In Greece this species is common with stable populations. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This perennial.species is often found in mountainous grassland areas in Europe. In the UK it is known to occur between the altitudes of 580 m and 1,190 m on damp mountain rock faces, open ledges and rocky slopes, preferring calcareous soils (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
P. alpina is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.  EURISCO reports 67 germplasm accessions of P. alpina held in European genebanks, 47 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 45 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is grown for forage; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used for erosion control and as a revegetator (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Poa granitica ssp. disparilis is endemic to the Carpathians and found in Poland, Romania and Ukraine. There is no information on the status of the populations, distribution and potential threats for Poland and Romania available and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. However, it seems to be of Least Concern in Ukraine.

range:
Poa granitica ssp. disparilis is endemic to the Carpathians and found in Poland, Romania and Ukraine (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). It occurs in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the Chornogora, Marmaroschkyj and Svidovez mountain massifs.

population:
There is no information on the population in Poland and Romania available. In Ukraine, the population is very small and usually comprises a few to several dozen individuals.

habitat:
It is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows in alpine and subalpine belts in gullies on lithosoils derived from granite, varying from strong to mild acidity. This taxon is characteristic of Luzuletum spadiceae and Polytricho-Poetum deylii associations.

threats:
There is no information on potential threats for Poland and Romania available. There are no major threats to the taxon in Ukraine (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It was included to the Red Data Book of Ukraine (1996) as Rare, but was not included anymore in the 2009 Red Data Book of Ukraine. It occurs in the Carpathian biosphere reserve, in the Carpathian national park, and in the nature monument Skeli Bliznici.Information on the status of the populations, distribution and potential threats for Poland and Romania is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Six subspecies of Poa pratensis L. are native to Europe: P. pratensis ssp. colpodea (Th. Fr.) Tzvelev, P. pratensis ssp. dolichophylla (Hack.) Portal, P. pratensis ssp. irrigata (Lindm.) H. Lindb., P. pratensis ssp. jordanii Portal, P. pratensis L. ssp. pratensis, and P. pratensis ssp. turfosa (Litv.) Vorosch. (Valdés  and Scholz; with   contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional     assessment: Least Concern (LC)Poa pratensis is widely distributed in central, northern, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and mostly common where it occurs across its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in Cyprus; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
P. pratensis is native to and widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, Macaronesia (Madeira and Canary Islands), temperate Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Morocco and northern America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Izquierdo et al. 2004, the origin of this species in the Canary Islands is uncertain.

population:
This species is known to be widespread in much of Europe, including Ireland, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002), France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010) and Greece. In Slovakia, P. pratensis is one from the most common grass species in the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992) and is very common in Belarus with stable populations. According to Preston et al. (2002), there has been no obvious change in the range since the 1962 Atlas (Perring and Walters 1962).

habitat:
This perennial species is known to occur in a variety of habitat types in the UK within most soil conditions (Preston et al.  2002). It is able to grow in such areas as grasslands, sand dunes,  river banks, mountain slopes, roadsides, waste ground and arable land.

conservationAction:
P. pratensis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).     This species is well represented in ex situ collections. EURISCO reports 3,551 germplasm accessions of P. pratensis held in European genebanks, 946 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 864 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
P. pratensis is grown for fodder and forage; wild populations may harbour important    genetic   diversity for crop  improvement. It is also used for erosion control in lawns and turf and as a soil improver (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program  2010).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species might be under review. The Plant List (2011) lists it as a synonym of Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B.Alexeev. However, according to Grassbase (Clayton et al. 2006 onwards), this species does not occur in Europe. Grassbase does not list Poa riphaea in its list of accepted species. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) treats Poa riphaea as a heterotypic synonym of Poa laxa and the latter as a European endemic. But Grassbase states that Poa laxa is also found outside Europe. Due to this confusion, Poa riphaea is treated here as a valid name at the moment and as endemic to the Czech Republic.

redListCategoryRationale:
Poa riphaea is a Czech endemic that only occurs in the Hrubý Jesenik  Mountains. Its extent of occurrence is 134 km²,  the area of occupancy is 100 km², and it is found in one location only with a total population of around 150 tufts. The population  trend is unknown. The main threats are posed by recreational activities. Due to the low number of individuals, the species is assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is a Czech endemic that only occurs in the Hrubý Jesenik Mountains. Its extent of occurrence in the Czech Republic is 134 km² and the area of occupancy is 100 km². It is found in one location (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population is between 148 and 150 tufts. The area of the tufts is 0.4256 m² and 1,823 flowering stems have been counted in 2006. The population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
The species grows among acidophilous vegetation of alpine cliffs (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Some important threats described are mountaineering and rock climbing, trampling, overuse, eutrophication and other natural processes (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Poa riphaea is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered on the national red list (Holub and Procházka 2000).There is no information available on whether the only location is adequately protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the centre-west and southwest Portugal where it has an area of occupancy of 400 km². It is a rare species that is only found at three locations with declining populations. Several subpopulations have not been found again. The main threats are competition with other species, cleaning of  roadsides or Eucalyptus plantations, and widening of existing communication networks. It is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
The species is endemic to the centre-west and southwest Portugal (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Fieldwork confirmed only three populations: two in the Serra da Arrábida and one in the Serra de S. Luís. The plant was not found in several limestone formations where it once was observed. The populations are in decline (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This species grows in soil pockets over calcareous rocks at the edges of scrublands (ICN 2006).

threats:
In the Serra da Arrábida, competition with other species, cleaning of roadsides or widening of existing communication networks, in particular the erection of antennas are the major threats. In Serra de S. Luis, the cleaning of Eucalyptus plantations (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Pseudarrhenatherum pallens is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. The following conservation measures are recommended (ICN 2006):Further fieldwork to find populations and monitor the known onesStudy the reproduction and population biology of the speciesReintroduction programmesSite management that keeps clearings open to reduce competition with other speciesImprove selectivity in scrub clearing in Eucalyptus plantations and road sidesProhibit afforestation on the three sites of occurrencePromote ex situ conservation


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) A2acThe species is common in Norway and Svalbard and does not face major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.In Finland, the population of the species has declined dramatically with over 90%  of the total area of the population has disappearing during the last 40  years. The species is nowadays found only in an area of 1 ha and therefore the area of occupancy is less than 10 km². The most severe threats are overgrowth of meadows and other  open habitats, eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coasts and  construction. Therefore this species is listed as Critically Endangered in the EU 27 region.   All known seven sites are included in the Natura 2000 network.

range:
Puccinellia phryganodes has a circumpolar distribution and is native to Finland, Norway, Svalbard, Northern European Russia, and Novaya-Zemlya   (Lid and Lid 2005). Its extent of occurrence in Finland is 650 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) but the area of occupancy is less than 10 km².

population:
It is common in Norway and Svalbard. In Norway, it is always found by the sea but in Svalbard it can be further away from the shore (Lid and Lid 2005). The population trend is stable. In Novaya Zemlya it only reproduces vegetatively and there is no population trend for Russia.In Finland, the population of the species has declined dramatically. There are  remarkable yearly variations in the population size. However, over 90%  of the total area of the population has disappeared during the last 40  years. The species is nowadays found at seven localities only occupying an actual area of 1 ha.

habitat:
In Norway, it has been reported from salt marshes and meadows bordering the sea. In Russia, it grows in swamps near the sea. It is found in flat saline patches in Finland: if the water level rises then the soil releases salts. The largest subpopulation in Finland is on the seaside, on newly risen land.

threats:
No threats have been reported for Norway and there is no information on threats in Russia.In Finland, the most severe threats are overgrowth of meadows and other open habitats, eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coasts and construction.

conservationAction:
Puccinellia phryganodes is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.    This plant is listed as Critically Endangered A2ac in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010). The species is protected by law and named as a  species under strict protection (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005).  All known seven sites are situated in Natura 2000 areas.  It is categorized as Near Threatened (NT) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is not protected in Norway or Svalbard and listed as Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Puccinellia pungens is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, being present in only five locations. Genetic variability in its main populations has been identified as extremelly low and it is affected by several anthropogenic threats, related to agriculture, grazing and water pollution.

range:
This plant is endemic to central and central-eastern Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). It is present in five locations throughout the provinces of Albacete, Segovia, Teruel and Zaragoza. It is considered extinct in Laguna de la Zaida (Zaragoza) and Bazalote (Albacete).Alcántara et al. (2007) reported its presence from 33 grid cells of 1x1 km (33 km2), but this genus in general and the species, are hard to be recognised in the field. An expert is necessary to distinguish this species from other species of the same genus, therefore subpopulations may remain unnoticed.

population:
It has been estimated that population is around 56,000,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and increasing, although two locations have disappeared and one more (Masía de La Torre) has been reported to be in a critical situation.

habitat:
This species grows in halophile grasslands, with high moisture most of the time but which tend to get dry during the summer. It colonises alkaline soils in lakes.  It is a species characteristic of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1410 "Saline Mediterranean grasslands" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Cultivation, grazing activities, water pollution and trampling have been cited as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Low genetic variability was proposed as a reason to rise the category of the taxon to Critically Endangered (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), but the category was not risen for this aspect is not within the assessment criteria. Ruderalisation and dumping of rubble may have caused the disappearance of any subpopulation. Drainage of temporal flooded sites has been also cited as a threat.

conservationAction:
Puccinellia pungens is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened species of Spain and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogues of threatened flora of Aragón and protected flora of Castilla y León. It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Areas where the species is present near Laguna de Gallocanta in Aragón have been purchased through several LIFE projects and rubble has been removed. The area is now a natural reserve. Seeds of the species are stored in the germplasm banks of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Alcántara et al. 2007).


range:
S. ravennae occurs from the northern Mediterranean south to North Africa and Somalia, east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Himalayas in India and Pakistan and Kazakhstan to China. In Europe, it is restricted to the Mediterranean countries. It has been introduced to North America.

population:
S. ravennae is classed Critically Endangered in Croatia but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout it European range.

habitat:
S. ravennae typically grows on river margins, in wet grassland, marshes and reed beds.

conservationAction:
S. ravennae is classed Critically Endangered in Croatia but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
There is some trade in S. ravennae for garden and landscape planting, but there is no evidence as to whether this may affect wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species reaches the northern edge of its range in Europe. It has stable populations and no known major threats.

range:
The species is native to Europe, Africa and Asia and has naturalised elsewhere. It is classed as obnoxious weed in the USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Europe, this species is found on Sicily and Cyprus. It is found on Crete but doubtfully native   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).

population:
This species is common throughout its range.

habitat:
This plant prefers moist soils and grows along water courses, and at the margins of cultivated land.


range:
S. festucacea occurs from Europe east through the Caucasus and Siberia to China and in central western North America. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the north and east.

population:
S. festucacea is classed as Endangered in Hungary and Near Threatened in Sweden, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
S. festucacea typically occurs in standing or slow-flowing water in marshes, oxbow lakes, wet grassland and the margins of rivers.

conservationAction:
S. festucacea is classed as Endangered in Hungary and Near Threatened in Sweden. There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Secale cereale L. is a wild relative of cultivated rye, S. cereale. Two subspecies are native to Europe: S. cereale ssp. ancestrale Zhuk. and S. cereale L. ssp. cereale (Valdés  and Scholz; with    contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Although #Secale cereale is  recorded by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009) and USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010) as native to south European Russia, it is not  considered native to Europe by experts present at a European vascular  plant Red List workshop convened in Portugal in April 2010. It is  therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), S. cereale is native to south European Russia, western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, and Pakistan. It is also recorded as native to south European Russia by Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly (2009).However, according to experts present at a European vascular plant Red List workshop convened in Portugal in April 2010, there are no native populations in European Russia.

population:
There are no native populations in Europe.

habitat:
The habitat of this species has not been researched for this assessment as it is not native to Europe.

threats:
There are no native populations in Europe; therefore, the threats to this species have not been researched.

conservationAction:
The genus Secale is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.As S. cereale is not considered to be native to Europe, no conservation actions are in place or immediately needed.

useAndTrade:
S. cereale is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated rye, S. cereale. The taxon is widely cultivated.


taxonomicNotes:
Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl is a wild  relative of rye, S. cereale L. Two subspecies are native to Europe: S. strictum ssp. balcanum (Ganchev) Valdés & H. Scholz and S. strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl ssp. strictum (Valdés  and Scholz; with     contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Secale strictum is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it occurs in a number of countries east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. However, further research is needed on its precise distribution, population size and trend throughout its European range, as well as potential threats and its in situ conservation status for future re-evaluation.

range:
S. strictum is native to east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, the Caucasus, western Asia (Valdés  and Scholz; with      contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009), and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Greece, it is recorded from the north and in Corfu (Damanakis and Economou 1986).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
It is rare in Greece and the population trend unknown.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This perennial species grows in grasslands.

threats:
Overgrazing (smallholder farming) is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Secale is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.    EURISCO reports 77 germplasm accessions of S. strictum held in European genebanks, 71 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 34 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to rye, S. cereale.


taxonomicNotes:
Secale sylvestre Host is a wild relative of rye, S. cereale L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Secale sylvestre is a weedy species widely distributed in southeastern Europe, and is mostly common where it occurs. As this species relatively widespread, and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
S. sylvestre is native to east and southeastern Europe, western and central Asia, and the Caucasus (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009; USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is locally common in Hungary, especially in the centre (Great Hungarian Plain), but is rather rare in Romania. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This ruderal species is found in lowland areas, pastures and sandy habitats in Europe. In Hungary it is known to occur on calcareous, warm ,dry, loose, # and sandy soils, which are poor in nutrients and rich in alkaline minerals. It grows in sand steppes grasslands (Brometum tectorum secaletosum), and is codominant and a character species of this community. It is also found in other sand steppes vegetation (Festucetum vaginatae, Festuco vaginatae-Corynephoretum) and weed vegetation (Lolio-Plantaginetum majoris)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 95 germplasm accessions of S. sylvestre held in European genebanks, 76 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 58 originate from within Europe; 55 from Hungary, one from Poland, one from Romania and one from Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). As this does not adequately cover the distributional range of this species in Europe, further germplasm collection from under-represented areas should be carried out as a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to rye, S. cereale.

redListAssessors:
Vörösváry, G., Uzundzhalieva, K., Maxted, N., Strajeru, S. & Smekalova, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Italian endemic grass has a restricted range but it has an increasing population trend and benefits from agricultural land being abandoned. No major threats have been encountered. It is therefore classed as Least Concern.

range:
Stipa austroitalica is endemic to southeastern Italy and Sicily. Its geographic range is 64,197 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species has been recorded in 88 localities across southern Italy. Due to the abandonment of cultivated fields, Stipa austroitalica has started an almost intrusive expansion (Pignatti et al. 2001).

habitat:
This species grows in Mediterranean garrigue, abandoned grasslands, rocky and arid soils and isolated rocks (Pignatti et al. 2001).

threats:
No important threats have been described.

conservationAction:
Stipa austroitalica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Stipa bavarica is endemic to Germany where it is found at only one  location in Bavaria, with an extent of occurrence of  137 km². The population is small and the low number of individuals presents a threat in itself. Further threats are posed by succession, potential collection, and introduction of other Stipa species. The population trend is currently described as stable and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2. However, it is listed in the highest category of threat on the national and Bavarian red list and the species might be more threatened than known here.

range:
This species is endemic to Germany where it is found at only one location in southern Frankenalb, Bavaria. Its extent of occurrence is 137 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species has been recorded in only one locality and the population trend seems to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The number of individuals is unknown.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows on rock spurs and mountain tops where fine substrate accumulates in crevices and shallow pits. This plant starts flowering in its third year (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).

threats:
The species is threatened due to its low number of individuals and its single locality. Succession poses the main threat, as the encroachment of woody shrubs from surrounding areas makes it difficult for S. bavarica to compete. Further potential threats are collection of this extremely rare species and introduction of other Stipa species (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).

conservationAction:
Stipa bavarica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered (level 1) on the German red list (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and on the Bavarian red list (Ahlmer 2010). #Conservation measures should focus on protecting the site and control succession with appropriate management. It is furthermore recommended to close the site for the public in order to avoid trampling or pollution (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Romanian endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Muntii Mehedinti in Romania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011, Witkowski et al. 2003).

habitat:
The habitat preferences of this species are unknown.

threats:
There is no information on actual or potential threats.

conservationAction:
Stipa danubialis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003).


taxonomicNotes:
There is taxonomic research about this and other endemic species in Austria and Germany. This is a not well studied group with lots of endemics.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Austria where it is found at two localities in total. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 100 km² and the quality and extent of its grassland habitat is declining due to fertilisation, abandonment of pastoral systems, and forest replanting. There are fewer than 100 mature individuals. It is consequently listed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its presence has only been reported for one area in the Steiermark Alps and in Kärnten. There are two localities in total (Fischer et al. 2008). The EOO is 100 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population has been measured as 10,000 to 20,000 shoots (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In total, there are no more than 100 mature individuals. The current population trend is not known.

habitat:
Stipa styriaca is a longliving perennial that grows in inner alpine dry meadows. It is found in Potentillo puberulae-Festucetum associations (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Fertilisation, abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent succession and competition, and forest replanting have been described as important threats to this species. Collection for research is affecting this species as there are only a few individuals left.

conservationAction:
Stipa styriaca is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Austrian Red List. The plant is protected in Steiermark and the genus Stipa is protected in Austria. It is found in a protected area.Research on taxonomic issues is recommended.

useAndTrade:
Collection for research is affecting this species as there are only a few individuals left.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This grass only reaches Europe in Ukraine where the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km². There is no information on the number of locations or whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented. The species is rare, but can be abundant in some localities and has a stable population trend. The main threats are habitat loss due to agriculture and forest plantations. The species is assessed as Vulnerable on the national red list of Ukraine, but without information about the number of locations and evidence for a continuing decline, the species has to be assessed Data Deficient for Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is found in Ukraine, northern Caucasus (near the town of Novorosijsk) and the Asiatic part of Turkey. In the Ukraine, it occurs in the eastern part of the Crimean peninsula in the Caradagh mountain massif and in the vicinity of the town Sudak (Prokudin 1977). The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km².

population:
The species is rare, but can be abundant in some localities. The overall trend of the populations is stable.

habitat:
This perennial plant is found in steppe communities at foothills where it is dominant in some localities on the rocks. It is a member of the plant communities of Veronici multifidae-Stipion pontica ordo (class Festuco-Brometea).

threats:
The main threats are the conversion of steppe land into big-scale agriculture and forest plantations which leads to habitat loss.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Stipa syreistschikowii is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable and protected in the Karadagh reserve.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stipa veneta is restricted to coastal dunes in northeast  Italy where it occurs at more then  six, severely fragmented, locations. This species has a stable population which counts less than 250 mature individuals. Habitat loss and degradation due to tourism infrastructure and recreational activities are the main threats. It is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to the dunes of the Veneto region in northeast Italy, and is found mainly on the Adriatic coast. It has also been reported from Friuli Venezia Giulia. In total, it occurs at more then six locations but the populations are severely fragmented. Its geographic range is only 28 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Stipa veneta has a stable population which counts less than 250 mature individuals.

habitat:
This grass grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2130 "Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Habitat loss and degradation due to tourism infrastructure and recreational activities are the most important threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Stipa veneta is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D1+2The species is classed as Data Deficient as information on the Russian populations is missing in order to complete the assessment. The species is classed as Critically Endangered on the Czech national red list and classed as Vulnerable in Ukraine where it is declining due to abandonment of traditional pasture systems. It is included in protected areas in the Ukraine.In the EU 27, the species occurs only in Czech Republic at less than five locations. The extent of occurrence is 394 km². Population trend of the species is unknown, but  the overall population does not consist of more than 1,000 tufts. Main threats described are grazing activities and the abandonment of pastoral systems. As it is not clear whether those threats currently lead to population decline, the species is assessed as Vulnerable D1+2. However, this plant is listed as Critically Endangered in the national red list and this European assessment could be an understatement of its threat status. Monitoring of the population is recommended and a reassessment might be necessary should it be confirmed that the population is under continuing decline.

range:
Stipa zalesskii occupies a disjunctive area in Eurasia, extending from Czech Republic to Siberia, Kazakhstan and the northern part of Central Asia. Its only European occurrence is in Czech Republic, Ukraine, and Russia. In Ukraine, it grows in the eastern part in the forest-steppe and steppe zones in Donecka and Luganska regions. It has been reported from less than five localities in northwest Czech Republic close to Lovosice and Libochovany. Its extent of occurrence for the Czech Republic is   394 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) . It can also be found in some regions of Russia: Central, Eastern and Southern European Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).

population:
In Ukrainian protected areas, the populations are found at sites of 10 -100 ha, in unprotected territories it occupies only small patches. A population of 1,000 tufts has been reported   for the Czech Republic (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in narrow-leaved dry grasslands (Festucion valesiacae) and broad-leaved grassland (Bromion erecti) (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Together with other Stipa species (Stipa capillata, Stipa lessingiana and Stipa pulcherina) it is subdominant of the Stipetum formation in Ukrainian steppes.

threats:
The main threats in the Czech Republic are grazing activities and the abandonment of pastoral systems. The latter is also the main threat in the Ukraine together with infrastructure building and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
Stipa zalesskii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized as Endangered (A4c) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) as Vulnerable and is protected in Luganskij and Ukrainian nature reserves.Classed as Critically Endangered under the name Stipa glabrata in the Red Data Book and Red List of the Czech Republic (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Holub and Procházka 2000).More information on population size, trend and potential threats is needed, in particular for its range in European Russia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Trisetum subalpestre is native  to Finland, Norway and Sweden but extends its global range into  Siberia. In  Sweden, it is found within two major watersheds at around 20 localities. In Norway, it is found along three rivers at less than five locations and is severely  fragmented. In Finland, there are 29 sites situated along two main rivers. It can be suspected that the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² in Europe. The populations are considered stable in Finland and Sweden but have been declining in the past in all three countries. Management of the water level is a serious threat to this species but it  is not clear whether this threat is ongoing. There is no further information available on current threats. This species is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2 for Europe and the EU 27 member states.

range:
Trisetum subalpestre is native to Finland, Norway and Sweden. The global distribution of the species is very disjunct with one part in Fennoscandia and a wide distribution in Siberia. The Norwegian Red List (Artsdatabanken 2010) states that there are more than 2,000 km to the nearest sites, the Yenisei and Sajanfjella in southern Siberia and that the species is extremely rare in Siberia.In Sweden, the extent of occurrence is 5,368 km² and the area of occupancy is 80 km². It is found along two major rivers at around 20 localities (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, it is found along three rivers in the north: Reisa river, Kautokeino and Western Jakobselv. Its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km². It is found at less than five locations and is severely fragmented (Artsdatabanken).The surface range of the species in Finland is 2,066 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and the area of occupancy is around 20 km².It can therefore be suspected that the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² in Europe.

population:
In Finland, there are 29 sites with 610 individuals (tufts) and a total number of 1,400 flowering stems have been recorded. The populations are situated along two main rivers. The stands are fairly small, but no decline in the populations has been noticed. In Sweden, the population is around 50,000 individuals and is considered to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Norway, Trisetum subalpestre has a very limited number of occurrences within a small area and a few individuals at each locality, with certain fluctuations. In 1983, the main population was lost through construction of a dam and regulation of the Alta/Kautokeino watercourse. Before the regulation approx. 40 individual occurrences were known, afterwards only one locality was discovered by Virdnegoika. At the Reisa river one plant was found in 2006, but three new deposits were found in 2009. It is suspected that there might be more localities upriver. The site at the West Jakobselv was discovered in 1867, and rediscovered only in 1966. It was still remaining in 2006, perhaps with a hundred plants. The number of individuals in Norway in total probably exceeds 1,000 (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Trisetum subalpestre is found along rivers and rivulets in gravel and in cliff ledges, within the upper inundation zone of large rivers (seasonally submerged).

threats:
Management of the water level is a serious threat to this species but it is not clear whether this threat is ongoing. It is not an actual threat in Sweden as the two watersheds where the species occurs have been excluded from hydroelectrical exploration by law. The threats in Finland are random factors (Rassi et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
Trisetum subalpestre is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened (B2a) (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected by national law. The same category, Near Threatened, has been applied to the species in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) where the species is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). Over 30% of the sites are in the Natura 2000 network. It is also protected in Norway and listed as Endangered B1a(i,ii)b(ii,iii,iv,v)+2a(i,ii)b(ii,iii,iv,v);C1 (Artsdatabanken 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Triticum monococcum L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated einkorn wheat, T. monococcum  L. ssp. monococcum, bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum  L. ssp. aestivum, durum  wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., emmer wheat, T.  turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)  Thell.,  spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)   Thell., and sanduri wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. One subspecies is native to Europe: T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. (Valdés  and Scholz; with      contributions from  Raab-Straube and Parolly        2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Triticum monococcum is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and common in parts of east and southeastern Europe and the population is thought to be stable. It is however hybridizing with cultivated wheat which is likely to be affecting the genetic diversity of wild populations. Research into the effects of gene flow from cultivated wheat is therefore recommended. Further collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is also required.

range:
Native to east and southeastern Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Crimea), western Asia and the Caucasus (Valdés  and Scholz; with      contributions from  Raab-Straube and  Parolly        2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This is a widespread and common species. It was widely cultivated in the past, but today, it is only cultivated in Romania and Georgia.

habitat:
This species occurs in field margins, grasslands and on roadsides; it favours rocky places and dry areas.

threats:
Hybridization with cultivated wheat is threatening the genetic diversity of the wild populations.

conservationAction:
The genus Triticum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.  EURISCO reports 3,086 germplasm accessions of T. monococcum stored in European genebanks, 1,407 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However, only 48 of these wild accessions are reported to have originated in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010); therefore, further collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed.Research into the effects of gene flow from cultivated wheat is needed.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated einkorn wheat, bread wheat, durum wheat, emmer wheat, #spelt,&#and sanduri wheat.

redListAssessors:
Economou, G., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Maxted, N.


taxonomicNotes:
Triticum parvicoccum Kislev is a wild relative of  bread wheat, Triticum  aestivum   L. ssp. aestivum, durum   wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., einkorn wheat, T. monococcum&#L. ssp. monococcum, emmer wheat, T.   turgidum  ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)   Thell.,  spelt, T.   aestivum ssp. spelta (L.)   Thell., and sanduri  wheat, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Triticum parvicoccum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as a detailed review of its ex situ conservation status is required before it can be evaluated as either Extinct or Extinct in the Wild.

range:
T. parvicoccum is formerly native to Albania, Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro and Serbia, as well as western Asia (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

population:
T. parvicoccum is presumed extinct (Valdés and Scholz; with contributions from Raab-Straube and Parolly 2009).

habitat:
Further research is needed to gather information about the former habitat of this species.

threats:
Further research is needed to gather information about the threats that caused the extinction of this species in the wild.

conservationAction:
The genus Triticum is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.No germplasm accessions of T. parvicoccum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A detailed review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is urgently required in order to identify and multiply existing germplasm samples.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to bread wheat, durum wheat, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, #spelt,&#and sanduri wheat.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider American populations of this species to be different, which if accepted would mean that E. aquaticum is endemic to the United Kingdom and Ireland. Some retain E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce as the valid name if one accepts both North American and European plants as the same species (the alternative taken here). If North American plants are considered to be distinct from Eurasian ones, then the appropriate binomial for ours becomes E. pellucidum Michaux" (Kral 2000).

range:
E. aquaticum #occurs in Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern North America. However, if North American populations are considered to be a separate taxon, E. aquaticum must be considered a European endemic.

population:
E. aquaticum is reasonably frequent where it occurs in Britain and Ireland, but has a very restricted distribution.

habitat:
E. aquaticum grows in the margins of oligotrophic lakes and pools, including peat cuttings.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no published significant taxonomic issues affecting this name.It is possible (Lansdown, R.V. unpublished) that the H. verticillata which forms dense stands in waterways in North America and the tropics is not the same taxon as that found in the United Kingdom, Ireland and probably Germany and the Baltic states.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because it appears likely that native populations are small, vulnerable and probably declining, however it is not currently possible to be certain of trends due to widespread introductions.

range:
H. verticillata is native in Ireland, southern Scotland and the Baltic States, it has been introduced throughout much of southern and central Europe, as well as tropical regions throughout the world. It is difficult to establish the range of native populations due to widespread introductions.

population:
Native populations of H. verticillata are scattered and vulnerable (e.g. southern Scottish and Irish populations where one has been lost: Esthwaite Water), however it is very difficult to assess the conservation status of the species in Europe because of introductions.

habitat:
H. verticillata grows in relatively deep water in mesotrophic lakes, ponds and slow-flowing rivers.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. However, the species itself, where introduced, can cause ecosystem degradation and outcompetes native flora.

conservationAction:
H. verticillata is classed as Vulnerable (D2) in the United Kingdom, but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
H. verticillata has been sold by the horticultural trade and this trade has resulted in widespread introduction.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread and despite local declines it has overall stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
H. morsus-ranae occurs from Algeria, through Europe north to Scandinavia and east through the Altai, the Caucasus and the Middle East to Siberia and Kazakhstan; it has apparently been introduced to parts of Canada and the eastern United States. It occurs from Spain along the Mediterranean coast to Turkey and north throughout most of Europe north to Norway and Sweden.

population:
H. morsus-ranae is classed as Critically Endangered in Spain, Endangered in Switzerland and Norway and Vulnerable in the United Kingdom, otherwise, it is fairly widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
H. morsus-ranae typically occurs in shallow, calcareous, mesotrophic or meso-eutrophic water in the sheltered bays of lakes or in ponds, canals and ditches.

conservationAction:
H. morsus-ranae is classed as Critically Endangered in Spain and the Czech Republic, Endangered in Switzerland and Norway (B2b(iii)c(i)) and Vulnerable in the United Kingdom. In France, it is protected at regional level (Alsace, Midi-Pyrénées, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes, Limousin) otherwise, there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
There is some trade in H. morsus-ranae for landscape and garden ponds, but this appears to be insufficient to adversely affect the status of wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iv)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iv) #This species is classed as Vulnerable because it has shown a massive decline (including Regional Extinction in Poland and Switzerland), is rare or scattered in most of the countries where it occurs and the reason for the decline has not been well established.

range:
Najas flexilis has a predominantly circumboreal distribution, occurring from Europe east through Siberia to the Russia Far East and throughout northern and western North America. In Europe, it occurs from Scandinavia and North European Russia south to the United Kingdom, Germany and Poland.The area of occupancy in Europe is thought to be below 2,000 km2.

population:
N. flexilis is classed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland and Poland, Critically Endangered in Germany, Sweden and Belarus, Endangered in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and Norway. Population estimates have been provided for EU 27 countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  Denmark: one locality of 0.03 km2Germany: extinct in Berlin and Brandenburg, in the Bodensee area the species was last seen in 1973. No further populations present.Estonia: 10 to 100 individualsFinland: five localitiesIreland: 36 localitiesLatvia: six localitiesLithuania: one to three localitiesPoland: recorded from three localities in 19th century, now probably extinctSweden: 10,500 individualsUnited Kingdom: 39 localitiesIn Belarus, there seem to have been three to four known areas in the north of the country that have not been confirmed after 1970   (Ermakova 2005). In Russia, the species is found in the Leningrad region (Syaberskiye Lake south of Luga), in Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Moscow and some other regions in the European part, the populations are indicated to be declining (Tzvelev 2000).Populations appear to be stable and relatively abundant only in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Sweden and unknown for the other EU member states.

habitat:
This species grows in clean lakes with sandy bottom and in permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools. It can be found in the Habitats Directive habitat 3150 "Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species come from water pollution as the species prefers clean waters. Acidification and eutrophication caused by fertilisation in agriculture are leading to population declines. The changes of hydrological regimes and competition with invasive species are further threats. From Latvia, professional fishing has been reported as a threat #(Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Najas flexilis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland and  Poland, #Critically Endangered in Sweden  (B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv)), Endangered in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and Norway (B2ab(ii,iii,iv)c(v)), it is protected in the United Kingdom under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (and amendments). Categorized Critically Endangered (A4c) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010) and as Endangered in the Red Data Book of the Leningrad region (Tzvelev 2000). The site in the Syaberski Lake is protected but monitoring is required.  &#


taxonomicNotes:
A number of subspecific entities has been recognised within N. marina, although treatment of these is very inconsistent.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because although there are countries where it is scarce, particularly in the north, throughout most of its European range it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
This species has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in Africa north and south of the Sahara, including Indian Ocean Islands, from Europe east through Altai, Siberia, the Caucasus, Middle East, throughout the Indian Subcontinent, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Amur and Primorskye provinces of Far Eastern Russia, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula and south to Taiwan, Myanmar and Viet Nam. It also occurs in the Molucca Islands and Australia as well as the United States, Mexico and Central and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe except Ireland and Iceland.

population:
Endangered in Norway and Vulnerable in Cyprus, Denmark and Switzerland, elsewhere populations appear to be reasonably abundant and stable. It used to be rare in the Czech Republic, and is classified as Critically Endangered, but many new localities have been discovered recently. On the other hand, its populations are mostly unstable and the species shows high fluctuation of frequency of occurrence in time (Kaplan 2010).

habitat:
This species typically grows in mesotrophic to eutrophic water in lakes and ponds.

conservationAction:
It is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Endangered in Norway [B1b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(v)+2b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(v)] and as Vulnerable in Cyprus (D2), Denmark and Switzerland, elsewhere there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
N. minor occurs throughout much of the northern Hemisphere, from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Caucasus, the Middle East, throughout the Indian Subcontinent and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far east, China, Japan, Korean Peninsula and Taiwan, as well as Vietnam. It has been introduced to the southern and eastern United States. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the centre and is absent from Scandinavia, the United Kingdom and Greece.

population:
N. minor is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Near Threatened in Hungary, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range. In the Czech Repulic, new localities have been found in the past years, obviously recently established new populations (Kaplan 2010). The status may therefore change in the next version of the Red List where it was classed as Critically Endangered in 2001.

habitat:
N. minor occurs in a variety of lakes, pools, rivers and streams and will occasionally occur in ditches and rice fields.

conservationAction:
N. minor is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Near  Threatened in Hungary, it is protected in # the Czech Republic and in four regions in France: Alsace, Pays-de-la-Loire, Rhône-Alpes and Franche-Comté, but otherwise   there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)This species is native to Finland and Russia and clearly threatened in both countries as its presence in national red lists shows. In Russia, the populations have declined severely but neither the rate of decline within the last three generations, nor the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy or current number of sites are known. It must therefore be classed as Data Deficient for the moment with an urgent need to collect more precise information.In the EU 27 member states Finland and Latvia, this plant is classed as Endangered B2ab(iii) as it has a restricted range (area of occupancy <500 km²). As only a small number of the subpopulations is considered viable, the genetic exchange between those subpopulations is very reduced and they are therefore considered as severely fragmented. The main threat is eutrophication that leads to continuing habitat declines.

range:
Najas tenuissima is native to Finland and Northwest and Central European Russia. It also occurs in far eastern Russia, in the Primorsky region, and extends into Japan   (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). Its extent of occurrence for Finland is 4,526 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species has been recently found in one lake in Latvia (Suško 2008). It can be assumed that the overall area of occupancy for Finland and Latvia is less than 500 km². In the Leningrad region, the plant is found in the St. Petersburg region and along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland. It is also found in the Tver and Ryazan regions in Central European Russia.

population:
According to the results of new studies (Issakainen et al. 2011) Najas tenuissima is present in 16 lakes in Finland. Populations in only three of the lakes were estimated as vital. Only one of the known three occurrences of N. tenuissima in the southern Baltic Sea river estuaries is present. #The Najas species were previously poorly known in Finland. Even though some new populations have been found recently from new lakes during the work of Issakainen et al. (2011), the species are continuously declining in Finland. Many populations known in the 1960s have disappeared since.&#In the Leningrad region it has nearly disappeared from the coast of Neva Bay between St. Petersburg and Sestroretsk where it was abundant 25 to 30 years ago. There are also no recent records from the Vyborg region (Tzvelev 2000).

habitat:
The species is found in the littoral of lakes down to 1.5 m and on sandy or muddy beds of small ponds or other water bodies near the coast. It needs pure and transparent water and does not cope well with turbidity and pollution (Tzvelev 2000). #In most Finnish lakes the populations of N. tenuissima are reduced to narrow ribbon-like stands between helophyte vegetation (mainly reed beds, Phragmites australis)  in the waterfront and dark bottoms in deep water. In some lakes other  plants, especially those who can use HCO3 as a carbon supply (e.g. Elodea canadensis, Ceratophyllum demersum), grow abundantly and replace Najas species and other submerged plants. It is obvious that the two Najas species have narrow habitat  requirements which are not fully understood. The most important physical  factors for the species are the fine-grained bottom minerals with a  thin layer of neutral or slightly alkaline organic mud, and lightness  and openness of the bottom. In Finland the light and open bottom area is  decreasing constantly due to eutrophication. The most important  chemical factor seems to be the lack of carbon dioxide, which is seen as  high pH values in the water, and is due to eutrophication and abundant  water vegetation. In addition, the presence and abundance of Najas  species is affected by many interactions between species, eg.  allelopathy, the mechanisms of which # are not known.

threats:
Main threats for this species are eutrophication and modification of hydrographic functioning of water bodies (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In the Leningrad region, sand deposition on the Laktha bog and the construction of a dyke across the Neva Bay have caused the declines there. Water pollution is another threat in the Gulf of Finland (Tzvelev 2000).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Najas tenuissima is classed as   Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)c(iv) in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and categorized Critically Endangered (A4c) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is classed as Endangered in the Red Data Book of the Leningrad Region (Tzvelev 2000). In that region, the species is protected and occurs in a protected area in Prigranichny. In Finland, the five lakes where N. tenuissima is growing, are entirely included in the Natura 2000 network. Some of them have been protected as nature conservation areas. Parts of four other lakes holding populations of the species are included in the Natura 2000 network. The species is protected in Finland and assessed as a species under strict protection in national legislation.Control of the water pollution in the Gulf of Finland is recommended as well as search for remaining sites and their protection.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with many apparently stable populations, however it is certainly declining in parts of its range due to loss and degradation of habitats, it is not clear whether the release and establishment of cultivated plants is having an effect on wild populations.

range:
S. aloides occurs from Europe east through Siberia and the Caucasus to Kazakhstan. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, but it is difficult to establish its true native range due to frequent introductions. It is likely to have been introduced to France and Switzerland.

population:
S. aloides is classed as Extinct in Italy, Vulnerable in Croatia and Switzerland, Near Threatened in Hungary and Endangered in Czech Republic otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Native populations of S. aloides typically occur in calcareous, meso-eutrophic lakes, ponds and ditches.

threats:
S. aloides appears to be locally declining due to loss and degradation of its habitat, however the actual factors causing this effect are unknown.

conservationAction:
S. aloides is classed as Extinct in Italy, Vulnerable in Croatia and Switzerland, Near Threatened in Hungary and Endangered in Czech Republic, otherwise there is no evidence that conservation action is needed.

useAndTrade:
S. aloides is widely sold for landscape and garden planting, escapes or introductions from this trade have resulted in the establishment of non-native populations.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of Vallisneria is not yet satisfactorily clarified and there is confusion over the true distribution of some species, which is further confounded by establishment of populations of various taxa derived from horticulture.

range:
This plant is native to much of Africa north and south of the Sahara, from Europe east through the Caucasus and the Middle East to Kazakhstan, the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and Thailand. In Europe, it is apparently native to central and eastern Europe and parts of the Mediterranean. It has been introduced to Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Switzerland and the United  Kingdom as well as Mauritius and Reunion.

population:
V. spiralis is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia, otherwise there is no evidence of decline.

habitat:
V. spiralis typically occurs in mesotrophic to eutrophic slow-flowing or still lowland water bodies such as canals, ditches, rivers and occasionally lakes.

conservationAction:
V. spiralis is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia and is protected in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Lorraine regions of France. There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
V. spiralis is very widely and frequently sold for aquarium and pond planting, to the extent that accidental or intentional releases into the wild threaten to obscure trends in native populations.


taxonomicNotes:
J. acutiflorus is known to hybridise with J. articulatus   (J. ×surrejanus   Druce ex Stace & Lambinon) and it is likely not only that the hybrid has replaced J. acutiflorus throughout much of the United Kingdom, but that J. acutiflorus is over-recorded for J ×surrejanus.

range:
J. acutiflorus is a predominantly European species, occurring from Morocco north to Scandinavia and east to the Middle East and the Ukraine, although populations in the Crimean Peninsula are apparently not native. It has apparently also been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the Creuzet and Kerguelen Islands. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula north to Norway and Sweden and east to the Ukraine   and Bulgaria.

population:
J. acutiflorus is listed as Data Deficient in the national Red List of Croatia and Vulnerable in Austria, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
J. acutiflorus typically occurs in wet or damp habitats on acidic soils, particularly in damp meadows and pastures, marshes, bogs, wet heathland, and by ditches and ponds.

threats:
The abandonment of extensively used meadows has been described as a threat, for example in Austria. There are no other known threats to this species.

conservationAction:
J. acutiflorus is listed as Vulnerable in Austria and Data Deficient in the national Red List of Croatia. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
J. acutus is a sub-cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution covering western and southern Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores and Cape Verde. It is known from several localities in Albania, Spain and Balearic Islands, France and Corsica, Crete, Portugal, former Yugoslavia, Italy, Sardinia, and Sicily.

population:
J. acutus is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European distribution.

habitat:
Juncus acutus is a perennial plant (Geophyte), growing in saline swamps, banks of rivers, and pools more or less brackish. Its flowering time is July-September.

useAndTrade:
J. acutus is harvested for the manufacture of artisan objects.


taxonomicNotes:
J. articulatus is known to hybridise with J. acutiflorus (J. ×surrejanus Druce ex Stace & Lambinon), it is not clear to what extent the hybrid may have replaced J. articulatus throughout much of the United Kingdom.

range:
J. articulatus occurs throughout much of the northern hemisphere, from the Canaries and Azores to North Africa, north to Scandinavia and east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, the Indian sub-continent, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China to the Amur and Primorskye regions of far eastern Russia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, Japan and Vietnam. It has apparently been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, some south Pacific islands and to Peru. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
J. articulatus is widespread and abundant throughout its Europen range.

habitat:
J. articulatus will occur in most wetland types, but is particularly characteristic of seasonally inundated grazed pasture, moorland and the margins of water bodies. It will also occur in shallow freshwater, mesotrophic to eutrophic habitats on limestone or siliceous substrate from plains to mountains, including ponds, ditches, wet meadows, banks of small streams and springs.

useAndTrade:
There is very low-level horticultural trade in J. articulatus but this is not considered sufficient to affect the conservation status of natural populations.


taxonomicNotes:
Throughout much of its range, J.&#bufonius represents a complex of taxa. TROPICOS lists 80 sub-specific combinations for this name, but Flora Europaea volume 5 lists the following as falling within the J.&#bufonius group: J. bufonius L., J. foliosus Desf., J. hybridus Brot., J. minutulus (Albert & Jahand.) Prain, J.&#ranarius Nees and J. sorrentini Parl. Some of these are recognised in some countries or by some authors but use is not consistent, thus, for example in the UK J. minutulus is considered a synonym of J. bufonius, while J.&#ranarius is treated as s synonym of J. ambiguus Guss., equally TROPICOS treats J.&#hybridus as a nomenclatural synonym of J.&#bufonius L. but IPNI does not. Work is needed to achieve a degree of consistency in recording of taxa within the J.&#bufonius group. Kirschner (2002) treats Juncus hybridus (= ambiguus), and J. ranarius as distinct species and does not include them in J. bufonius.

range:
J. bufonius has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in North Africa, Africa south of the Sahara, including Madagascar and Mauritius and from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and the Indian sub-continent to far eastern Russia, Sakhalin, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan. It is also scattered throughout south-east Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and throughout North America including Hawaii, south through Mexico and Central America to South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, including the Mediterranean and Atlantic islands.

population:
J. #bufonius is apparently widespread and abundant throughout its European range. It is extremely abundant in the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands and many other countries.

habitat:
This species is widespread and abundant, occurring wherever suitable habitat occurs. Some populations may be vast and seed-set considerable. J. #bufonius is a characteristic species of damp muddy habitats, occurring from cattle drinking bays on rivers, through the drawdown zones of large lakes and reservoir, through damp arable to building sites and damp areas in urban situations.


taxonomicNotes:
Two taxa are sometimes recognised within J. bulbosus: J. bulbosus L. and J. kochii F.W. Schultz. The validity of J. kochii is still uncertain.

range:
J. bulbosus occurs more or less throughout Europe, but extends beyond the region only into North Africa, it has been introduced  to Mauritius, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. In Italy (including Sardinia), it is considered as very rare and to be near extinction. In France, it is restricted to the Mediterranean coast and to Corsica where it is common.

population:
J. bulbosus is localised in the Mediterranean region and listed as Endangered in Switzerland, elsewhere in Europe it is widespread and abundant.

habitat:
Juncus bulbosus typically occurs in or by water, in open, often seasonally wet habitats, on acidic to neutral soils, probably more strongly associated with oligotrophic conditions than acid water, given that it occurs in turlough in Ireland which are calcareous. It can tolerate deep submergence (even in fairly tanin-stained water) and survive on sands that are wet for only a few weeks in the winter.


taxonomicNotes:
J.&#effusus hybridises with J.&#inflexus L. (Juncus ×diffusus Hoppe) but the hybrid is not abundant and is unlikely to influence interpretation of the distribution of the species. Two varieties are widely recognised but there is little information on differences in their distribution or ecology, for example the apparent differences shown by Tela Botanica show that recording to varietal level is inconsistent, while Preston et al. (2002) do not map the different subspecies even though they are widely recorded in the UK.Brooks and Clemants (2000) in Flora of North America vol. 22 say "The Juncus effusus complex has been variously recognized as containing several species or a single species with numerous infraspecific taxa. Unfortunately, North American treatments have dealt primarily with taxa in either the eastern or western portions of the continent. In considering the continent as a whole, little sense can be made of these treatments. The North American J. effusus complex is one that is in obvious need of modern systematic scrutiny."

range:
J. #effusus is a cosmopolitan species which occurs throughout most of Europe, Asia south to Indonesia, North America, the Atlantic islands and Madagascar. It is reported from throughout Europe, except Iceland and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
J. #effusus is apparently widespread and abundant throughout its European range. It is extremely abundant throughout the UK, France, the Netherlands, and Germany.

habitat:
J. #effusus is a tuft-forming perennial, which may occur as scattered plants or stands in natural and semi-natural habitats, but will develop extensive stands and become dominant to the exclusion of other species as a result of inappropriate land-use such as over-grazing of wet pasture. J. #effusus occurs in most wetland habitats but is most typical of wet pasture and moorland. It is common on the margins of rivers, ponds, lakes and ditches and will occur as scattered stands in open, wet woodland. It apparently avoids base-rich soils and is most characteristic of sandy and peaty substrates, especially open heaths and moors.

useAndTrade:
Several kinds of household goods such as baskets, thatches, mats, ropes, candles, and paper are produced from this species (Plants For A Future 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread species with no known major threats.

range:
Juncus fontanesii is a paleo-subtropical species found in the Mediterranean region, eastern Africa and western Asia (Maire 1957, Pignatti 1997, Jeanmonod and Gamisans 2007). J. fontanesii is considered to be polymorphic (no subspecies identified) in most of the western Mediterranean.

population:
Juncus fontanesii is widely present in the European Mediterranean region. The size of the populations is not known, but seems to be stable at European scale.

habitat:
Juncus fontanesii is a perennial species with a short rhizome and a Hemicryptophyte. It is found in "open soils permanently or seasonally flooded with fresh or slightly brackish water" (Boulos 2005), in wet sands or at the sides of stagnant waters. It flowers from June to July.

threats:
There is no major specific threat to this species, but it is impacted by wetland degradation and destruction through drainage, development, etc.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because although it may be locally scarce and vulnerable, overall it is widespread and abundant with stable populations.

range:
Juncus heterophyllus is a western Mediterranean-Atlantic species. It is a near-endemic to the Mediterranean assessment region (with the exception of populations in central France). It is distributed only in southwestern Europe and northwest Africa. In Europe, the species is present in the western and central part of France, in Corsica where it is uncommon, in Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, where it is rare, Portugal, and Spain.

population:
In Italy and France, Juncus heterophyllus is rare, probably with scattered populations, in some areas such as the temporary wetlands of the Algarve in Portugal and in the Huelva Province in Spain it can be very abundant and in fact dominant over large areas.

habitat:
Juncus heterophyllus is a perennial species and Helophyte. It is found in temporarily or permanently flooded places such as marshes, ponds, small streams on acidic substrate, peat or sand.

threats:
Juncus heterophyllus and its habitat may be locally threatened by poaching by livestock and farming (ploughing), water-pumping, urbanization and various types of pollution.

conservationAction:
J. heterophyllus is protected in the Centre region of France.


range:
J. subnodulosus has a mainly European distribution, extending beyond the region only into north Africa and the Middle East. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula north to Scandinavia and east to the Ukraine and Turkey. It has apparently been introduced to New Zealand.

population:
J. subnodulosus appears to be widespread and reasonably abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
J. subnodulosus is one of the classic species of calcareous fen, it will occur in a variety of calcareous wetlands, including neutral to basic ponds, flooded meadows in Italy and Corsica, marshy meadows, banks of small streams (châabas) on plains and mountains.

threats:
The loss of extensively used meadows has been described as a threat from some areas such as Austria. There are no other known threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is classed as Endangered in Austria. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
J. tenageia has a predominantly European distribution, extending beyond the region only into North Africa, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Cyprus and Turkey. In Europe, it mainly occurs in the Mediterranean and the Balkans, extending north into central Europe to the Netherlands, Germany and Poland.

population:
J. tenageia is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia, and is noted as being of conservation concern in the Netherlands and Hungary. It appears to be scarce in the northern part of its European range, becoming more abundant in the Mediterranean.

habitat:
J. tenageia is a characteristic species of the Nano-cyperion associations that form on the drawdown zones of lakes and ponds or which colonise temporary wetlands. It will also grow on wet sands in Italy, seasonally inundated flooded meadows (Isoetion), banks of ponds and lakes in Corsica. In Hungary, it has been reported from arable and pasture land if wet enough such as inland inundations on plough lands.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species in the major part of its range. In Hungary, where the species is classed as Endangered, the disappearance of pioneer wet stands as a result of drainage or the transformation into artificial meadows or forest plantations is leading to population declines   (Király 2007).

conservationAction:
J. tenageia is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia, and is noted as being of conservation concern in the Netherlands and Hungary, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)c(iv)+2b(iii)c(iv)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)c(iv)+2b(iii)c(iv)Juncus valvatus has an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 1,200 km², the number of locations is not known neither whether there is severe fragmentation. The current population trend is unknown, but it is suspected to be experiencing a decline in population size as a result of a decline in the quality of its habitat due to drainage, urbanisation and waste disposal. The populations are suspected to undergo extreme fluctuations. It is therefore precautionary listed as Vulnerable.

range:
Juncus valvatus is endemic to Portugal, Tunisia and Algeria. Juncus valvatus var. echinuloides (Brot.) Coss. is limited to central and south Portugal. In North Africa, it is known as var. caricinus Coss.   Dur. Its Portuguese populations are found in the centre-east of the country, around Lisbon, from the Saloia region in the west to eastern Ribatejo, towards Santarém. There might be populations in the southwest of Portugal but no information is available about them (ICN 2006). The estimated geographic range for this species is 5,402 km2   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Juncus valvatus has very small populations, that usually form small clusters of one to six tufts. The only bigger population with more than 100 individuals (in 1996) is Algueirão (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Juncus valvatus is a perennial Geophyte with a stem of 10-50 cm height. It is found in moist meadows, flooded depressions, banks of freshwaters of limestone and siliceous mountains. It is characteristic of the association Juncetum acutiflori - valvate.Water stress caused by low rainfall or soil drainage is the main factor affecting this species' development. The abundance of the species is highly influenced by the duration of soil saturation, which requires flooding until late spring. It disappears in drought years (ICN 2006).

threats:
Drainage of soils for agricultural use, urbanisation, sealing of rural roads and their verges, and waste disposal are all leading to habitat loss and decline (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Juncus valvatus is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.Some populations occur in designated Ramsar sites. Conservation of the habitat and monitoring of the existing sites is recommended. More research on the species population size, biology, and taxonomy is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Luzula nivalis is common in Svalbard and treated as Least Concern in Russia. Climate change has been identified as an ongoing threat for parts of its range, but the declines at European level won't be significant and fast enough to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. This species is therefore classified as Least Concern.In the EU 27, the species only occurs in Sweden, as the area of occupancy is 100 km² and the extent of occurrence is 8,880 km². The populations are severely fragmented and it is therefore reaching Criterion B2a. But the populations are overall stable at the moment and therefore it is classed as Near Threatened.

range:
Luzula nivalis has a subarctic distribution. In Europe, it is present in Sweden, Svalbard, Norway, and Russia (Franz Joseph Land, Novaya Zemlya and Northern European Russia) (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Scandinavia, the population is disjunct in two major areas.The extent of occurrence in Sweden is 8,880 km² and the area of occupancy is 100 km² and it is found at ca. 25 localities (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Norway, it is found in Finnmark, Troms, Hedmark and Sør-Trøndelag with an area of occupancy of less than 500 km² (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
The population has been estimated in 2,000 mature individuals and it is believed to be stable   (ArtDatabanken 2010). The species is common in Svalbard. In Norway, the populations are declining due to a habitat decline. It is suspected that the decline of the populations will continue at a rate of 15-30% in the future (Artsdatabanken 2010).There is no information on the population size or trend for Russia.

habitat:
Luzula nivalis can be found in alpine and subalpine grasslands and in temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It occurs on rock slopes, snow patches, dry and moist tundra only on base rich ground. This plant is distributed by ants.

threats:
There are no major threats as it is found in very stable alpine vegetation and there is no human pressure at the moment. However, in Norway climate change and an increase in temperatures has been identified as an ongoing threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Luzula arctica on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.    It is categorized as Least Concern (LC) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened (B2a) under the synonym Luzula arctica on the Red List (Gärdenfors 2010) and protected by national law. Luzula nivalis is classed as Near Threatened (A4bc; B2b(ii,iii)) on the Norwegian Red List (Artsdatabanken 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium acutiflorum Loisel. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
The population of Allium acutiflorum is fragmented and the subpopulation in Italy is small. However, in Italy the population is stable and in France it occurs in six departments in the south and southeast, as well as in the northern and southern departments of Corsica. On this basis, it is assessed as Least Concern. However, a re-evaluation of this species is recommended once information about the subpopulations in mainland France and Corsica is available. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
A. acutiflorum is native to south France, Corsica and northwest Italy (Mathew 1996). In France this species occurs in the south and southeastern departments of   Aude, Pyrénées Orientales, Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, as well as in Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010). In Italy it is present in Liguria and there are unconfirmed occurrences in Piamonte. It has been cited as occurring in Spain but this is erroneous.

population:
In Italy the subpopulation is small but it is believed to be stable. It is extremely isolated from the main subpopulation and it is rare.

habitat:
It grows mainly at low altitudes near the sea in sandy and rocky places and flowers May–June (Mathew 1996).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown; however, the population is vulnerable due to being severely fragmented.

conservationAction:
In Liguria it is protected by law and it occurs in at least one protected area. It is considered Low Risk in Piemonte.No germplasm accessions of A. acutiflorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium aethusanum Garbari is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium aethusanum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It has a very restricted distribution as it is located on a small island of less than 20 km2. It was classified as Vulnerable in the 1997 Italian Red List and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be threatened almost 30 years ago. Information about the habitat, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. aethusanum is endemic to Sicily (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007) where it is only found on the island of Favignana. The island covers an area of less than 20 km2.

population:
There is no information available about the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available about the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
A. aethusanum was listed in the Liste Rosse Regionali delle Piante d'Italia (Conti et al. 1997) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Vulnerable (V).No germplasm accessions of A. aethusanum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information is needed on the population size and trend, the habitat, potential threats and its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium aflatunense B. Fedtsch. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Although Allium aflatunense is recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to Slovakia, it has been confirmed by P. Eliáš (pers. comm. 2010) that # is not native to this country. It is therefore not native to Europe and is regionally assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
A. aflatunense is native to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) it is also native to Slovakia; however, P. Eliáš (pers. comm. 2010) confirmed that it is not native to this country.

habitat:
The habitat is not known and not researched as this species is not native to Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is not native to Europe; therefore, no conservation actions are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
A. aflatunense #is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G., Donnini, D., Bulińska, Z., Strajeru, S. & Eliáš, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium albidum M. Bieb. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. albidum M. Bieb. ssp. albidum and A. albidum ssp. caucasicum (Regel) Stearn.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium albidum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as the population size and trend is unknown, as well as the exact habitat type in which it occurs and potential threats.

range:
A. albidum is native to east and southeastern Europe, as well as western Asia (Turkey) and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of A. albidum held in European genebanks; however, none of these are reported to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  It occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  Research is needed on the populations trends.

useAndTrade:
A. albidum #is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium albiflorum Omelczuk is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is currently insufficient information available about the precise distribution, population size, structure and trend of Allium albiflorum to carry out a full assessment. However, it is very rare in Crimea where it is represented by no more that 10 small, isolated subpopulations which are under threat from tourism and  recreation. It is therefore regionally assessed as Near Threatened as precautionary measure, approaching Criterion B.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
It is native to Crimea and northern Caucasus (Dubovik 2005). In Ukraine it grows in the Crimean mountains where it occurs on the mountain massifs, Aj-Petri Babugan-Jajla and Derek-Kuczuk jajla (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). #

population:
This species is very rare in Crimea and represented by no more that 10 small, isolated subpopulations (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
It grows in stony mountain steppe and meadows at altitudes of 600–1,340 m. It flowers from April to June (Mathew 1996).

threats:
The main threats are tourism and recreation.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. albiflorum are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.The species is included the Red Data Book of Crimea (Golubev et al. 1999) and occurs in at least one protected area.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium albotunicatum O. Schwarz is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium albotunicatum only has a marginal distribution in Europe. It is therefore considered as Not Applicable (NA).It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is native to Turkey and Israel (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

population:
Allium albotunicatum only has a marginal distribution in Europe.

habitat:
Allium albotunicatum only has a marginal distribution in Europe.

threats:
Allium albotunicatum only has a marginal distribution in Europe.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports one germplasm accession of A. albotunicatum held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium amethystinum Tausch is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Allium amethystinum is widely distributed in southeastern Europe. As this species is relatively widespread and the threats to this species are most likely localised, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
A. amethystinum is native to western Asia (Turkey) and parts of east and southeastern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and can be found between 0–1,600 m (Mathew 1996).In Cyprus this species has been recorded at 14 localities (Tsintides et al. 2007), including below Değirmenlik (Viney 1994).

population:
This species is stable across its European distribution and is known to be relatively widespread in both Bulgaria and Greece. Tsintides et al. (2007) postulated that it forms quite large populations in Cyprus, and there was neither decline of its population nor degradation of its habitat.

habitat:
This species can be found in well drained, sunny areas in rocky places, maquis, open Pinus woods, and in cultivated and abandoned fields. It flowers from May to June (Mathew 1996).

threats:
The species is threatened by urban sprawl and by the use of herbicides.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports one germplasm accession of A. amethystinum held in European genebanks, which is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It is noted on the list of protected species in Bulgaria and is considered as Near Threatened in the Red List of Cyprus (Tsintides et al.  2007).

useAndTrade:
A. amethystinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Economou, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium ampeloprasum L. is the progenitor and primary wild relative of leek, A. porrum L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). The species is a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).Three varieties are native to Europe: A. ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme, A. ampeloprasum var. bulbiferum Syme and A. ampeloprasum var. holmense Asch. & Graebn (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium ampeloprasum is widespread across south and west Europe and is associated with disturbed habitats such as fields (cultivated and abandoned), roadsides and vineyards. Where information is available it is often noted as widespread or common within its native range and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), A. ampeloprasum is native to northern, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, Macaronesia (Canary Islands), western Asia, the Caucasus, the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa. However, it is probably introduced in the Canary Islands (Izquierdo et al. 2004).It is widespread across south and west Europe, especially in Mediterranean regions; populations in southwest England, Wales and Ireland may be the result of ancient introductions (Mathew 1996). Populations in the UK are limited to the southwest of England (mainly Cornwall), Guernsey, the  northern coast of Wales, the east of Northern Ireland, with only one  locality in Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species. However it is noted that this species is "not uncommon" in Cyprus, especially near the coast between Girne and Lapta, and Salamis and Bo?az   (Viney 1994) and widespread and abundant in Portugal and Spain.

habitat:
The species is usually found in fields, areas formerly cultivated, vineyards and on roadsides; more rarely it can be found on rocky hillsides, cliffs and coastal beaches, and in pine forests. For example in the UK it occurs near the sea in sandy and rocky areas, as well as in  disturbed areas such as old fields and hedge banks, sheltered  cliff-slopes, alongside paths and in drainage ditches (Preston et al. 2002). In Cyprus it occurs in fields and wasteland, or on stony hillsides, especially near the coast; flowering from May to June (Viney 1994). In Spain and Portugal this species has been found in forest clearings, scrub lands, meadows, dunes, cliffs, crop areas, wastelands, marsh, roadsides and salt marshes.The altitudinal range of this species is 0–2,000 m (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.EURISCO reports 404 accessions of A. ampeloprasum held in European genebanks, 28 of which   are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 16 originate   from within Europe. Eight of these are recorded as originating from Portugal, one from Greece, six from Yugoslavia and one from Malta (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. ampeloprasum is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to leek, A. porrum, and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium angulosum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium angulosum is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is generally common throughout Europe, with the Czech Republic an exception. Although this species does currently not meet any threatened categories, it is threatened on a number of country red lists. As such national level monitoring is required in these cases and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
A. angulosum is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:France: present in 18 departments to the west of the country and one  department (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) in the southwest (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010).Italy: found in six regions in the north.Poland: mainly southern and eastern areas.Romania: central, west and northeastern parts.Slovakia: occurs mainly in lowland areas (Somogyi 2002).

population:
The population trend is stable in Slovakia and Hungary, and stable and common in Romania. In the Czech Republic this species is stable but rare in lowland areas, with a large decline in the number of sites in Poland (Zarzycky et al. 1992). While there is some information available for this species, further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout its range.

habitat:
A. angulosum occurs in most frequently in moist lowland areas. For example in Poland and Hungary it occurs as a lowland species in wet meadows and pastures, marshlands, moorlands, high sedge meadow vegetation,  flood plain woods and sandy meadows. This species prefers moist alkaline soils, rich in nutrients.

threats:
A. angulosum is currently threatened in Slovakia due to habitat destruction caused by both waste disposal on viable habitats and the modification of moist areas for arable farming. This modification of arable land by water extraction is also noted to be a threat to this species in the Czech Republic. It is listed in the 1992 List of Threatened      Plants in Poland due to the decreasing number of sites in this country (Zarzycky et al. 1992).

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat status of A. angulosum #is as follows:Slovakia: Endangered (EN) (Somogyi 2002)Poland: Vulnerable (VU) (Zarzycky et al. 1992)Croatia: Endangered (EN) (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Switzerland: Vulnerable (VU) (Moser et al. 2002)In France this species is protected in the following four regions: Alsace,   Champagne-Ardenne, Rhone-Alps and Ile-de-France (Association Tela   Botanica 2000–2010).Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status from throughout its range.EURISCO reports 12 accessions of A. angulosum held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only one originates from within Europe (from Romania) and is stored in Suceava Genebank, Romania (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. angulosum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium atropurpureum Waldst. & Kit. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium atropurpureum is relatively widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is classified as Vulnerable in Serbia, where some subpopulations have already gone extinct and the species' habitats are under threat from road building and urbanization. Information is needed about the in situ conservation status of this species and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority.

range:
Native to middle and southeastern Europe, and to Turkey (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), it  is distributed from western Hungary, coastal  and northeastern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia to the  eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and western Asia (Valev and  Asenov 1964, Tatić 1975, Ilijanič and Šegulja 1979). Singh and Kachroo (1976) noted that the species also occurs in eastern Asia and northern  India. According to P. Eliáš, A. atropurpureum was not found in Slovakia before 2003 and is therefore considered by some experts to be an introduced species. However, some authors (e.g. Dostál and Červenka 1992) believe it to be native; therefore, it is recorded in this assessment as 'origin uncertain'. It has been recorded as an introduced species in Austria (Melzer 1963, Stearn 1980) and the Czech Republic (Pyšek et al. 2002).In Hungary, it occurs in the north Hungarian mountains (Gyöngyös, Pásztó), western Transdanubia (Sopron, Csepreg), south Transdanubia (Somogy, Baranya, Tolna), Great Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld Plain, Danube-region) and Tiszántúl region (Soó 1973, Simon 1992). In Serbia it has a scattered distribution only in the Panonian region (Vojvodina) where it is recorded in Banat, Bačka and Srem (Anačkov 2009). Some old records cited in the literature on the occurrence of the species in east  Serbia are erroneous and probably refer to the closely related species A. cyrilli Ten. (Anačkov 2009). In Slovakia, three localities are known (Eliáš et al. in prep.): 1)   Bratislava, part Rusovce, 2)   Bešešov and 3) Bretka. In Greece it is found in the Olympus Mountains.

population:
This species is widespread in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. In southeastern Hungary and northern Serbia (Vojvodina) its distribution is sporadic. In Serbia, all populations are small and fragmented and are decreasing significantly due to anthropogenic pressures. Some subpopulations in Serbia are already extinct.

habitat:
It is found in open forests and grasslands, as well as in semi-ruderal places such as road verges, cultivated fields and abandoned pastures.

threats:
The habitats of this species in Serbia are threatened significantly by improvements to the road infrastructure and urbanization.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. atropurpureum held in the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  In Serbia this species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) (A1c;A2c; B1+2, C1;C2a) (Stevanović in prep.).It is not known whether this species is afforded any protection in situ. In situ gap analysis is recommended as well as monitoring of population trends.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and a potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).  It is often cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and North America (Davies 1992).

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G., Vörösváry, G., Strajeru, S., Stevanović, V., Eliáš, P. & Kell, S.P.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. is a primary wild relative of leek, A. porrum L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). The taxon includes one variety native to Europe: A. atroviolaceum var. firmotunicatum (Fomin) Grossh.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Allium atroviolaceum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It is nationally threatened in Serbia and Slovakia, Near Threatened in Hungary and rare in Romania, and significant population decline has been recorded in Slovakia in recent years. However, further data are needed to estimate its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy in Europe, as well as its overall population trend in order to make an informed decision. A review of its in situ conservation status is also needed.

range:
A. atroviolaceum is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe, western and middle Asia, and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: reported from 15 localities in the west and southwest; however, recently, only three of these occurrences were confirmed: 1) Rusovce, Bratislava, 2) Tomášov, Vlky farmstead (Somogyi 2001), and (3) Ivanka pri Dunaji (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). The size of the known current subpopulations is around 2–15 individuals (P. Eliáš # pers. comm. 2010).Romania: occurs in the south and northeast of the country.Italy: found in four regions in the south.Hungary: Transdanubian Mountains (Visegrád-, Buda-, Bakony- mountains, Balaton region), Western Mountains (Sopron, Csepreg), South Transdanubia (Tolna), Great Hungarian Plain (Mezőföld (Plain) region, Duna region) (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).  Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
The subpopulation in Hungary is not widespread, but it is locally common where found and stable. In Slovakia it is very rare; there are only three known subpopulations comprising less than 100 mature individuals in total in an area of less than 10   km². It is rare in Romania.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is mainly found in lowland areas in Europe, where it grows in fields and vineyards and on roadsides. It favours alkaline soils, dry, loam-, and loess soils, rich in nutrients and humus (Soó 1966, Simon 1992)

threats:
In Slovakia, the subpopulation decline has been caused by the abandonment of vineyards. It is likely to be affected in the future by housing developments and improvements to the road infrastructure.

conservationAction:
A. atroviolaceum is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Serbia (Stevanović 1999) and Slovakia (Somogyi 2001), and as Near threatened (NT) in Hungary (Király 2007).    EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of A. atroviolaceum held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. atroviolaceum is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to leek, A. porrum, and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).It is also cultivated for ornamental purposes.


