# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Akimerus schaefferi is a central and south European species extremely rare throughout its range. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2 in Europe, and ca 250 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, in the extent and quality of the habitat, and number of mature individuals. The subpopulations are declining and are considered to be remnants of a larger ancient distribution.In addition, this longhorn beetle is known toundergo important fluctuations of abundance over periods of about 30 years (France,Czechia).It lives in old and high oak formations with extensive or no management.Many studies have shown the importance of the presence of old oaks, as the larva develops in dead or dying roots of large old oaks. Intensive forest management and the disappearance of big old trees are the main threats to this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, and the population trend should be monitored. The protection of this species must include the conservation of old oaks in forest, as well as appropriate management and restoration.

range:
Akimerus schaefferi is a central and south European species regarded everywhere today as extremely rare. It is distributed from France to Russia but is missing from northern Europe. In Russia, it is widespread in the southern half of the European part, eastward following the Volga river from the Middle region to the Caspian sea (Danilevsky 2014). In southeastern Europe, it is present in Moldova and - in Ukraine - only in the floodplain forests of Donetsk and Luhansk (Мартынов and Писаренко 2004). In the Iberian Peninsula the subpopulations are isolated  in the northern half of Spain (González Peña et al. 2007), but in Portugal, the unique old record from Beira Littoral needs to be confirmed by new observations. Therefore the presence of this species is considered as doubtful in Portugal (Sama 2002). Its actual presence is also doubtful in Croatia and Slovenia, while the species is not known from Italy (Berger 2012), and is possibly extinct in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2015). More largely in central Europe, mostly old records have been reported. Sama (2002) found localities in Macedonia, but this data was not considered by himin Fauna Europaea (De Jong et al. 2014). This species is known with certainty from one recent locality in southeast Bulgaria (Georgiev et al. 2005). A subspecies, A. schaefferi ariannae, was described from Greece (Pesarini and Sabbadini 2007, Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). Berger (2005) collected the species in two localities in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is ca 2.4 million km² and the AOO is 250 km².

population:
This species is extremely rare everywhere, with declining subpopulations (Sama 2002). In France, it was a rare species before the 1970's but it started to become more common in the early 1980's (Vincent 1982), and the 1990's. However, it seems to have becomescarceagain (Berger 2012). Sláma (1998) writes that there has been - inthe Czech Republic - a wide fluctuation in abundance generally, possibly in relation to weather patterns and fluctuations in oak disease. It is still present in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania, very localised, but still possible to find when sought. The overall population trend is decreasing. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species prefers old and high oak formations (Berger 2012), but as the beetles are searching for old stumps, they can be abundant in clear-cuts with 2-4 m high regrowth of oak (Quercus spp.) trees. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) report it to occur exclusively in roots deep in the ground. In Spain, it occurs in oak forest more or less mixed with Scots Pine (Pinus silvestris) (González Peña et al. 2007). Its host tree is oak, so reports from other broadleaf trees need confirmation (Fagus, Tilia, Ulmus,  Carpinus spp.) (Bense 1995). In Bavaria, a global analysis shows that regions hosting Akimerus are submitted to a dry-warm, sub-continental climate with annual rainfall of 550 mm. There are oak mixed forests (Querco-Carpinetum) that have been historically or currently, managed at medium or low intensity (Bussler 2000). This corresponds more or less with the known French localities (Vincent 1982). 

For copulation, the male and female fly high in the crown of trees; the males stay in the oak crown while the females fly to search for a suitable oviposition site. Since they fly low above the ground (2-4 m) in search of dead or dying roots of ancient oaks or large oak stumps, the females tend to be observed rather than the males. The larval morphology is described in Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The larvae tunnel in the dead or dying roots of large and old oaks. The larval development takes two or three years with pupation occurring in spring and in the soil. It seems the larval development needs a warm microclimate, and as a consequence, the preferred places tospawn are open tree structures, recentclear-cuts, coppice forests and solitary trees(Vincent 1982). It is suspected that a high tannin concentration in oak woodmakes it unsuitable for thelarvae of this saproxylic beetle (Bussler 2000). This situation was already demonstrated for the stag beetle larva (Lucanus cervus) which lives in a similar microhabitat to Akimerus. Adults are seen on canopy leaves or flying around the host trees during  the warmest hours of the day from June to July. Occasionally they visit flowers, especially those of Castanea species. They are attracted by decaying fruits in traps attached in canopy or in tree  cavities (Berger 2012).

threats:
For its development, this species needs large oaks and is therefore negatively impacted by intensive oak exploitation. However, the localities where it is found are mostly old forests with low levels of logging (Bussler 2000, Berger 2012). They can be considered as remnants of a larger ancient distribution. Sama (2002) states that the species is declining everywhere. This is highly trustworthy but some population fluctuations over decades have been reported and the species is hard to find in the field. Intensive forest logging and the disappearance of big old trees are the main threats against this species. It is also subject to strong seasonal collecting pressure.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005). In France, it has been recently found in the Cévennes National Park (MNHN 2016). It is protected by law in Switzerland, Hungary and Poland. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005) and in the Carpathians (Pawłowski 2003). Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, and the population trend should be monitored. The protection of this species must include the conservation of old oaks in forest, as well as appropriate management and restoration.

useAndTrade:
Specimens have been offered for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Audisio, P. & Istrate, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Alocerus moesiacus is a southern Mediterranean species, occurring in European Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, west Balkans, Italy, and Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 160 km² in Europe and in the EU 28,as there are only a couple of localities outside the EU 28), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This species lives in thin dead wood of Quercus suber and other oaks and broadleaf trees. While no local declines have been reported, this saproxylic beetle can be threatened by forestry activities and repeated wildfires which can reduce the availability of its breeding material. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Alocerus moesiacus is a southern Mediterranean species. Its global range covers the south of Europe, Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq) and North Africa (Algeria, north Morocco and Tunisia) (Sama 1987, Bense 1995, Özdikmen 2014). In Europe, it occurs in the majority of the southernmost countries: European Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Portugal and Spain (Özdikmen 2014, De Jong et al. 2014). Recently it has been recorded from Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.4 million km² in Europe, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 160 km².There are only a couple of localities outside the EU 28.

population:
This species is more abundant and common in the western part of its range (González Peña 2002). In the Iberian peninsula, the species is found throughout the Mediterranean coast but is rarer in the interior. For some authors the species is sporadic in its Spanish range (González Peña et al. 2007) but, more probably, the species is hard to find and there are not many researchers in the area (Verdugo Páez 2004). Recently, this species was collected in several protected areas in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Cabañeros National Park, where it appears to be common with the use of emergence traps (E. Mico pers. comm. 2016). In Italy, it is known from only one record (Sama 1988). The overall population trend is unknown. Most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species lives in dry Mediterranean woodlands and seems to be absent in high mountains (González Peña 2002). Quercus suber is known as the principal host tree for this species (Sama 1992, Sama 2002), but this beetle has also been reared from other oaks in Algeria by Sama (1987) - Q. ilex and Q. canariensis. Quercus frainetto is confirmed as a host tree in Turkey (N. Jansson, pers. comm. 2016) and in Greece, in a large tree cavity with white and soft rot (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). In Spain, Alocerus was reared from Quercus faginea, Q. pyeranica, Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber (E. Mico, pers. comm. 2016). Other broadleaf trees are cited as hosts, such as Populus, Ficus, Ulmus, Acacia (Bense 1995), Salix (Verdugo Páez 2004), Platanus (Sláma and Slámová 1996) and Fraxinus angustifolia (E. Mico, pers. comm. 2016). Švácha and Danilevsky (1987) state that the larvae develop in the decayed, moist and rotten parts of living trees and in wood lying on the ground, although Sama (1987) observed the larval development in living twigs of 2 to 6 cm of diameter. The larval development takes three years according to Bense (1995). Adults are crepuscular and nocturnal.

threats:
This species lives in thin dead wood of broadleaf trees, mainly Quercus spp. trees. It can be threatened by forestry activities but also by repeated wildfires that can reduce the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
In the Iberian Peninsula, this species occurs in protected areas: in the region of Barcelona, the southeastern coast and in theCabañeros National Park, the protected area ofDehesa  of Campanarios de Azaba and the Natural Parks ofSierra de Espadan andFont Roja (E. Micopers. comm. 2016). The localities reported from Cyprus are also found in protected areas (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016), and the species is also known from protected areas in Italy (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Jansson, N., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C. & Vazquez, X.


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment includes the taxon Alosterna erythropus ssp. ingrica (Baeckmann, 1902).  Alosterna ingrica (Baeckmann, 1902) was first described as a species in the genus Grammoptera. Historically, the species' status was accepted and confirmed after the study of numerous specimens from Poland (Karpinsky 1948). In the early 1980's, some authors rallied to the first view, that it was a subspecies of Alosterna erythropus (Cherepanov 1990 [1979], Lobanov et al. 1981, Sláma 1998, Sama 2002). It was not possible to find any discussion, demonstration or study of type specimens to support the changes of status. Therefore, the subspecies status appears doubtful because the taxa is well characterised by its colour and morphology. The specific status of A. ingrica is actually supported by several authors and publications (but again, without any strong taxonomic study): Sláma (1998), Löbl and Smetana (2010), Danilevsky (2015), and online databases: Tavakilian and Chevillotte (2012), KSIB (2016) and G. Sama in De Jong et al. (2014). It must be noticed that most of the authors who initially were favourable to the subspecific status have recently accepted the specific status. Moreover, Alosterna erythropus (Gebler, 1841), is nowadays considered as a subspecies of A. tabacicolor (Degeer, 1775).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The biology of Alosterna ingrica is poorly known due to historical taxonomic confusion with other species. It inhabits deciduous forests and can be collected in numbers with attraction traps. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread in European Russia and is reported to be rather common there. In the EU 28, this species is only known from Poland and the Baltic republics, with a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km²). Localities given for the other countries of the EU 28 are historical and are not confirmed. In this area, this species reaches its western distribution limit. The species may suffer a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, as well as a decline in the quality of the habitat, but it is unclear whether this decline is ongoing due to lack of data. The population is severely fragmented and may nottake advantage of colonization from eastern subpopulations since it is on thelimits of the distribution area. The assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. On the other hand, due to the taxonomic confusion with A. erythropus, the species may have been overlooked and may be more widespread close to the eastern border of theEU 28. Taking into account all available data, the species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28, due to its very restricted distribution, severely fragmented population and given that a continuing decline in its habitat and distribution cannot be excluded. Further research is needed into the population trend, and the larval biology needs to be investigated. More research is also needed into the threats to this species.

range:
Alosterna ingrica is found in Poland, Latvia (Telnov 2004), Lithuania (Tamutis et al. 2011) and Slovakia: Liptovsky Hradok - a unique old record from 1934-1938 in this locality, thus probably destroyed (Sláma 1998). In Poland, the species has been rarely but regularly collected in the Polish part of the forest of Bialowieza (Keler 1923, Karpinsky 1948, Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001) andH. Brustel (pers. comm. 2016) reports recent (<5 yrs) captures in this country. It is also cited from the western part of Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996).A. ingrica is mainly reported from a large part of north, northwest and central European Russia (Danilevsky 2014), reaching the Orenburg region in east European Russia, where it was found in four localities without A. tabacicolor, the closest related species (Шаповалов 2012). It is a real difficulty to find publications of recent localities, since the vast majority of papers merely repeat old information. The most recent observation seems to be in Lithuania (Alekseev 2007), and Cheboksary in European central Russia (Danilevsky 2015). It was not possible to find out and validate the (surprising) indication from Lichtenstein (De Jong et al. 2014), so the presence of the species there has been classified as doubtful.

population:
In European Russia, A. ingricais reported from several localities, including localities in the surroundings of Moscow. Those subpopulations are considered to be stable. In the EU 28 this species reaches its westernmost distribution range and is actually only known from Poland and the  Baltic republics. In the EU 28, most subpopulations are small, disconnected from one another (isolated), and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Historical localities in other countries of the EU 28 are  not confirmed and the species seems to have disappeared from some areas. The population trend is thought to be stable overall,  but is not clearly known in the EU 28 and may be decreasing.

habitat:
Very little information is known about the biology of this species. Due to the past confusion of this species with A. erythropus, details previously published about its biology may refer to A. ingrica. This beetle lives in temperate oak forests. According to Cherepanov  (1990) it is ecologically associated with deciduous trees such as Salix, Ulmus and (or) Alnus spp. (Шаповалов 2012), or with oaks (Nikitsky et al. 1996 in Alekseev 2007). Sama (2002) suggests that the species could develop in buried organic material like other similar species (Alosterna and  Pseudovadonia spp.). The adults are frequently found  on flowers from May to July and can be attracted by fermenting organic substances.

threats:
The biology is poorly known for this species so the threats are difficult to establish. However, the most likely situation is that this species uses small branches of Salix, Ulmus spp. and other broadleaf trees. During the last decades, Ulmus spp. trees have been largely killed in Europe by the elm disease caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. It is unknown whether this species has suffered from thisepisode, but it may suffer a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, as well as a decline in the quality of the habitat. A continuing decline cannot be excluded and further research is needed, since the species seems to have disappeared from some areas or its distribution.

conservationAction:
This species is considered very rare and  sporadic in the EU 28. In Poland, it is viewed as a relict of natural and  ancient forest (Bobiec et al. 2005), and is only known from the National Park of the Białowieża Forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Poland. In Russia, the species occurs in protected areas (Danilevsky 2014). Further research is needed into the population trend, and the larval biology needs to be investigated. More research is also needed into the threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Alosterna pauli Pesarini, Rapuzzi & Sabbadini, 2004 was described in the group of species related to A. anatolica Adlbauer, 1992 and A. tabacicolor (De Geer, 1775) (Adlbauer 1992, Pesarini and Sabbadini 2004). It differs from them on the basis of strong elements while the description paper gives precise drawings. Some mistakes remain in the documentation, like in Fauna Europaea where the description date is 2003 (De Jong et al. 2014) or wrong bibliographic reference for the description (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012).

redListCategoryRationale:
Alosterna pauli is a very localised species endemic to  Greece,  known from only four localities separated by nearly 90 km in the  Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Alosterna pauli is endemic to Greece, and is only known from northern and central Peloponnesus (Pesarini and Sabbadini 2004, Plewa et al. 2011,  Walczak et al. 2014). Three localities have been published (Ano Trikala, Kalavryta and Agios Petros), while another one was discovered in 2009 in Oligyrtos. However, the true identity of the latter specimen was only confirmed in 2016 (G. Kakiopoulos, pers. comm. 2016). The species is considered to be rare and hard to find. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,790 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
Walczak et al. (2014) found 15 specimens in the locality of  Aghios Petros, but, during their study, no other Greek locality produced any  specimens. Consequently those authors suppose it to be a very rare  species. The type series is composed of seven specimens collected in two  localities and in two consecutive years (Pesarini and Sabbadini 2004). G. Kakiopoulos (pers. comm. 2016) collected one specimen in a place located in the middle of the other three, which indicates that the population is probably not fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in the Mediterranean forests of Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera). The larval biology is totally unknown. Adults are known to visit flowers of hawthorns (Crataegus sp.) where they feed on pollen (Pesarini and Sabbadini 2004, Plewa et al. 2011). One specimen was found in the edge of an Abies spp. forest at an altitude of 1,000 m Asl (G. Kakiopoulos, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
At present, the threats to this species are unknown. The species is supposed to depend on Kermes Oaks. If that is confirmed by future research, wildfires and forestry activities could affect its breeding material and pose a threat. Wildfires can damage the trees, but these trees can recover and this may even be beneficial for the species. However, an increased frequency in these forest fires, could lead to the loss of host trees.

conservationAction:
Protected areas are present in the surroundings of the known localities. While the species has not been explicitly reported within their boundaries, it is likely they are also found there. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Makris, C., Audisio, P., Legakis, A. & Vazquez, X.


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment of Alosterna tabacicolor includes information about A. t. ssp. erythropus (Gebler, 1841) sensus Bense (1995) and European authors, when data have been published for European subpopulations.  The taxonomic status of the taxon erythropus represents a very old and much discussed question. Lobanov et al. (1981), as well as Bense (1995), or Sama (2002) consider A. erythropus as a valid species. The actual taxonomy was, howeve, fixed by Löbl and Smetana (2010), Tavakilian and Chevillotte (2012), and Danilevsky (2014), as follow: A. t. ssp. erythropus (Gebler, 1841) for subpopulations of Central Asia: Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and East Siberia;  A. t. ssp subvittata Reitter, 1885 corresponds to the subpopulations of south-Asia, in Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Georgia, Iran and Eastern-Turkey;  A. t. ssp tenebris Danilevsky, 2012 occurs in Korea and Eastern Russia;  A. t. ssp sachalinensis Danilevsky, 2012 is isolated in Central Sakhalin;  A. t. ssp azerbaijanica Danilevsky, 2014 was described from Azerbaijan. See also Alosterna ingrica.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Alosterna tabacicolor is one of the most common longhorn species in Europe and is very widespread. It lives in various forest types, is polyphagous in the deadwood of broadleaf trees and develops in several types of rotten wood. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable, the population size is very large and there are no major threats to it.

range:
Alosterna tabacicolor occurs very widely and is very common across the Palearctic region towards Siberia where some subspecies have been described. In Europe, it ranges from Ireland, Great Britain, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics to northern Spain, southern Italy and the southern Balkans. Eastwards, it reaches the border of Kazakhstan and the Urals. In Ukraine, the species is absent from Crimea (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2014). In the southwest of its European distribution range, it is absent from western Spain, from Portugal and from Corsica (Bense 1995, Berger 2012). It was recently confirmed to have been constantly present  in Sicily (locality of Ficuzza) after searches in historical collections (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006, La Mantia et al. 2010). Its presence in European Turkey needs confirmation (Özdikmen 2014).

population:
This species is very common in Europe and is regularly found on flowers in various habitats. The population trend is considered stable and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives in various forest types, including coniferous, deciduous  trees or mixed, and also in strongly modified ecosystems like gardens or parks in cities. The larvae is polyphagous in the deadwood of broadleaf trees. Many host trees have been reported such as Acer, Salix, Ulmus, Corylus, Carpinus, Quercus,  Betula, Quercus, Tilia, Picea, and Pinus spp. (Bense 1995, Berger 2012). The larva was first described in 1914 and studied many times thereafter (see references in Sama 2002 and Berger 2012). Its development takes place in various microhabitats such as very decomposed wood, in dead branches, dry  tree tops and thick bark of stumps, probably in association with fungi (Sama 2002). However, an unusual microhabitat has been reported by H. Brustel who reared the species from dry-rotten hay (Berger 2012). Larval growth takes two years before pupating in dry wood. Adults are common on many different flowers from May  to July.

threats:
Since this species uses several microhabitats and has a certain ecological plasticity, there are no major threats to it.

conservationAction:
This species does not need any conservation measures at the moment. It is present in many protected area throughout its distribution range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Not Applicable as it is considered a marginal species with less than 1% of the total population present in Europe. Moreover the distribution in Turkey is doubtful.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated, as the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
The main distribution of this species is in Asia. It is reported from the European part of Turkey without giving exact locality (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997). However the distribution in Turkey is doubtful.

population:
The population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It occurs in a number of protected areas and can live in a range of different habitats. Therefore it is unlikely that this species will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It occurs in a number of protected areas and can live in a range of different habitats. Therefore it is unlikely that this species will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species has a circum-Mediterranean distribution, mainly in Italy and southern France (Bense 1995). It has been found in Serbia only from Fruška Gora Mountains.

The species also occurs in Africa.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In France is not an uncommon species. In Italy the species is widespread and common. In Spain it is rare as it is only known from one locality. The population trend for this species is considered stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  Larvae develop in dry wood. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Acer, Quercus, Sorbus, Crataegus, Ilex, Sambucus, Ficus, Robinia, Fagus, Buxus, Prunus, Ulmus, Corylus, Carpinus, Paliurus). The adults are active in IV-VI, and feed at flowers.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Anaglyptus luteofasciatus is endemic to southern Greece (Peloponnesus). This species is assessed as Endangered since it is very rare throughout its range with only a few known localities, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 650 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km². In addition, the population is severely fragmented and there is an ongoing decline in the quality of its habitat, which is threatened by forest exploitation, the removal of veteran trees and dead wood. This species is also a predator that can be affected by the decline of its prey. Evaluation of the distribution of this species and the number of subpopulations is needed. Maintenance of natural/semi-natural forests in the region is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to southern Greece (Peloponnesus) (Bense 1995). It is distributed in the northern and central part of Peloponnesus: Kalavryta environment, Vitina/Menalo Oros environment, and Parnon Oros between Tripoli and Sparti (Hrbek 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 650 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. There are two subpopulations; the subpopulation in the Kalavryta area is small but stable. The trend of the northern subpopulation of Vitina (Arcadia) is unclear, but is presumably declining (J. Schmidl pers. comm. 2009). The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend in unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is suggested that the species develops in the dead wood ofAbies spp. and visits flowering shrubs for feeding, especially hawthornCrataegus spp. (G. Novak pers. comm. 2009). There is an ongoing decline in the quality of its habitat, which is threatened by forest exploitation, the removal of veteran trees and dead wood.

threats:
There appear to be no specific major threats to this species. However, it can be affected by forest fires, urbanization and local land use changes, and these are all impinging on its habitats.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not present in any protected areas. Evaluation of the distribution of this species and the number of subpopulations is needed. Maintenance of natural/semi-natural forests in the region is recommended.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This species is not utilized.

redListAssessors:
Buse, J., Verdugo, A., Bartolozzi, L., Galante, E. & Mendez, M.

redListContributors:
Petrakis, P., Pettersson, R., Schmidl, J. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of Europe, except the far north, far south and Ireland (Bense 1995). It is also found in Caucasus, Armenia and northern Africa.

In western Europe it is a typical species of the lowlands but it appears to be confined to higher altitudes in parts of the east of its range. In Denmark it is distributed throughout the country, except in westernJutland (Thomsen 2007). In the UK it is widespread across central and south-eastern England, extending into eastern Wales (Twinn and Harding 1999). In Ukraine it is present mainly in the Carpathians in the forest zone and in Crimea. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous forests. In Romania it is widespread in the hilly deciduous forests. In European Turkey it has been reported from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen 2008).

population:
Generally widespread and quite common across most of its range; population trend has not been quantified but is thought to be stable overall, with some indications of local declines, as in the UK. In Denmark and Ukraine this species is common. In the UK it is widespread but may be declining (Twinn and Harding 1999). In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is rather common on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is very common on the edge of deciduous forests from central Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is widespread and abundant in broad-leaved forests, but also in mixed forests.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the dry wood of dead branches and thin stems (typically in the canopy). The life cycle is two years, with pupation in late summer in the wood. Adults winter in pupal cell and emerge in IV-VIII, on flowers. It is polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Acer, Alnus, Carpinus, Corylus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Quercus, Rosa, Tilia, Robinia, Ulmus, Sambucus, Juglans). Adults have a strong attraction to blossom, especially hawthornCrataegus, and especially where growing in sheltered open sunny situations. In Romania adults have been found at the flowers of various shrubs, includingViburnum lantana and Sambucus nigra (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). UK sites include enclosed woodlands, open wood pastures and parklands, as well as hedgerows (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species occurs in all kinds of indigenous deciduous forests of the country. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
Habitat loss and insensitive land management; canopy closure and shading are large threats to this species. Also plantation forestry creating closed canopy conditions, abandonment of active management in woodlands, resulting in canopy closure and abandonment of grazing, resulting in canopy closureare likely to be factors having a negative impact on this species. Also the removal of dead branches, for fuel wood and/or tidiness are additional threats (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). 

In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as aresult of removing dead wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merkl pers comm. 2009). In Romania the major threat is habitat loss because forest management practices are insensitive, and some poor people use the occupied shrub branches to make domestic fires (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Education about the importance of leaving deadwood in the countryside in recommended. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
Anaglyptus praecellens is endemic to Crete, Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 50 km²), it occurs in less than five locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as a result of the felling of host trees and bushes, the use of insecticides and wood extraction. Research  is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Maintenance of natural/semi-natural forests in the region is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete, Greece (Bense 1995), its EOO is 700 km² and its AOO is 50 km².

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. There are at least three subpopulations; in the subpopulation of Omalos (northern slopes of Mt Lefka Ori) the host plant of this species is abundant but the species is rare or rarely found. The subpopulation in Anopolis (southern slopes of Mt Lefka Ori) is small. The overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, which lives in broad-leaved forest, and is associated with Kermes OakQuercus coccifera,Berberis cretica, andCrataegus sp. (presumablyorientalis). It prefers open forests and visits flowering shrubs for feeding (Bense 1995, Hoskovec and Rejzek 2014). The quality and extent of the habitat are declining as a result of the felling of host trees and bushes, the use of insecticides and wood extraction.

threats:
Felling of the host trees and bushes, and use of insecticides (againstLymantria moths) appear to be the major threats to this species. Wood extraction is also a threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in at least one protected area. Research  is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Maintenance of natural/semi-natural forests in the region is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The colour patterns of this species have led to the description of numerous varieties or individual forms that have been sometime regarded as subspecies. Among them, only Anastrangalia dubia melanota (Faldermann, 1837), occurring in the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and northeast Anatolia is retained as a good subspecies (Löbl and Smetana 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anastrangalia dubia has a large geographic range and is known from Europe, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and North Africa (Algeria). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather common in central Europe, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to it. In addition, it lives in various types of forest and is polyphagous on coniferous trees.

range:
Anastrangalia dubia has a large geographic range and is known from Europe (De Jong et al. 2014), the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and North Africa (Algeria). In Europe, it is a mountain species, common and widespread from the Pyrenees, Luxembourg (Vitali 2011), to Poland, Ukraine, eastern Balkans and Greece. It is not known in Britain or Ireland, nor in Scandinavia  (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Sama 2002). In Finland, the Baltic republics, and Sweden it is replaced by A. reyi (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002, Heliövaara et al. 2004, Telnov 2004, Danilevsky 2014). Its presence is doubtful in Belarus according to Danilevsky (2015) because it has only been recorded in the Polish part of the Białowieża forest (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). In Ukraine, it is is cited many times from the western mountains (Zamoroka et al. 2012). In Turkey, it occurs only in Anatolia (Özdikmen 2014).

population:
This species is reported to be relatively common in central Europe both in recent and older publications. The population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in montane coniferous forests. It is associated with the dead wood of conifers such as Picea, Abies, Larix, Pinus sylvestris and P. maritima (Berger 2012). The larvae develop in dead dry branches attached to the trunk or, rarely, in dead standing dry stems. The larva develops over two years at least, before pupating in the wood, just below the wood surface. Adults are very often reported visiting flowers from June to September. Larval morphology and bionomics are described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Central European specimens of this species were included in the programme  BOLD: DNA barcode database for Central European beetles (Hendrich et al. 2014, Rougerie et al. 2015).

threats:
This species is common throughout its range, is able to exploit commercial conifer plantations, and no major threats are apparent.

conservationAction:
Due to its commonness, this species is present in numerous protected areas in France, north Spain, Macedonia, etc. (Mercantour, Vanoise  and Pyrenees national parks, Aigua tortes, etc.) (Plewa et al. 2015, B. Dodelin and H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). Conservation actions are not needed but taxonomic research should be carried out, including the very closely related species (A. reyi). The programme BOLD: DNA barcode database for Central European beetles, showed that Anastrangalia dubia and A. reyi have a very weak interspecific divergence (0.47%). This situation, (divergence <2%), implies that the two species cannot be distinguished using their DNA barcodes (Hendrich et al. 2014, Rougerie et al. 2015). A. reyi may be just a variety of A. dubia; however, the question must be studied on a larger geographic cover of samples.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anastrangalia montana is an eastern Mediterranean species reaching its western limit of distribution on the largest islands of Greece and on Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is thought to be stable and there is no evidence of a decline. However, its biology is poorly known and further research is needed into its ecology and into potential threats. The subpopulations on Cyprus and Samos are found in several protected areas.

range:
Anastrangalia montana is an eastern Mediterranean species found from Greece to Anatolian Turkey, Syria and Palestine (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, De Jong et al. 2014). In Europe, it is known from the island of Samos (Dauber 2004), Cyprus and Crete (where a subspecies, A. m. steineri has been described based on 49 individuals collected at Lassithi, Kalamafka). On Cyprus it is found only in the forested areas of the Troodos Mountains (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is certainly smaller than 500 km2.

population:
In the European range of its distribution, the localities are scarce. However, on Cyprus, the species has been recorded in several localities by Ambrus et al. (2014). The subpopulations seem to be larger in the Asian part of the global distribution range, outside the limits of this assessment which represents the westernmost boundary for the species. The overall population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The larval biology of this species is poorly known. An adult has been reared from dead wood of Pinus nigra harvested in the Troodos Mountains (Kato Platres) at 1,200-1,700 m Asl (Sama 1994). It has also been found in dead wood of Pinus brutia on Cyprus (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). The adults often visit the flowers of Cistus species (Ambrus et al. 2014).

threats:
This species develops at least in pine dead wood. It may be threatened by forestry activities and an increased frequency of wildfires. Both are capable of reducing the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
On Cyprus, the species occurs in several protected areas (Ambrus et al. 2014). Research is needed into the ecology and threats to this species. On Samos, the species is also found in a protected areas (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Legakis, A., Makris, C. & Vazquez, X.


taxonomicNotes:
The species spelling was revised from 'renardii' to 'renardi' based on Danilevsky (2014) (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Anastrangalia renardi is a Siberian species which in Europe is only found in a unique, but protected, locality of the Komi Republic in Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Moreover, there is a possibility that it may have been overlooked along the Ural border and in north European Russia. Further research is therefore needed in order to determine its extinction risk. It is absent from the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic scale.

range:
Anastrangalia renardi is an uncommon Siberian species, widely distributed from the eastern Urals to Sakhalin, Korea and northern China and Mongolia (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In European Russia, it is known from a unique locality in the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007).

population:
Too few records are available to establish a population trend in Europe. In eastern Siberia and surroundings, this species is uncommon but is regularly found.

habitat:
This species is found in boreal forests. Its larva lives in firs (Abies spp.) and other conifers, in the dead stems of undergrowth trees (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Cherepanov 1990, Danilevsky 2014). Pupation occurs in the wood in spring or early summer.

threats:
This species may be threatened by forest overexploitation and an increasing frequency of wildfires. Both can reduce the availability of its breeding material. However, there is very little information on this species in Europe, and it is unknown how these threats affect the population.

conservationAction:
The specimen from north European Russia comes from the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (Татаринова et al. 2007). The biology is not well-known and further research is needed into its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Field work is needed since its range in north European Russia may be larger.

useAndTrade:
This species is known to be sold on the web-market.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anastrangalia reyi has a boreo-alpine distribution, and is widespread in northern Europe and Russia. It has small relict subpopulations in Central Europe and in the mountains of the Alps and Pyrenees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather common across northern Europe and the population trend is stable. It lives in various forest  types, and  is polyphagous on coniferous trees.

range:
Anastrangalia reyi has a boreo-alpine distribution, and is widespread in northern Europe and Russia. It has small relict subpopulations in central Europe and in the mountains of the Alps and Pyrenees (Bense 1995, Danilevsky 2014). Its presence in Spain is doubtful (De Jong et al. 2014). It completely replaces A. dubia in Fennoscandia and in eastern Europe, Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al., 1996, Sama 2002) and in Russia from the Ural mountains in the north (Татаринова et al. 2007), to the Cheliabinsk region in the south, close to Kazakhstan's border (Дедюхин 2005, Шаповалов, 2012, Danilevsky 2016). This species has also been found in Romania (Dascălu 2003) and in the mountains of the westernUkraine (Zamoroka et al. 2012).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in its northern distribution range.

habitat:
This is a boreo-montane species, living in coniferous forests. The larvae develops in spruce and pine (Picea and Pinus spp.) in very dry wood (Sama 2002). It can feed on very dry  wood, such as telephone poles and wooden house walls (Lundberg 1957 in Berger 2012). The larval morphology is described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The adults are frequent on flowers. The Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 of Anastrangalia reyi has been sequenced in November 2015 (www.uniprot.org), and central European specimens of this species were included in the programme BOLD: DNA barcode database for Central European beetles (Hendrich et al. 2014, Rougerie et al. 2015).

threats:
The species is collected by entomologists in its southeastern distribution area (Alps and Pyrenees).  As it develops in dead wood of conifers, it may be threatened by forestry activities that reduce the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
In the north of Europe, this species occurs in protected areas. The programme  BOLD: DNA barcode database for Central European beetles showed that Anastrangalia dubia and A. reyi have a very low interspecific divergences (0.47%). This is <2% andimplies that the two species cannot be distinguished using their DNA barcodes (Hendrich et al. 2014, Rougerie et al. 2015). A. reyi may be a variety of dubia but the question must be studied on a larger geographic cover of samples.

useAndTrade:
The species is sometimes sold on specialized web-markets.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anastrangalia sanguinolenta is widespread across Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Russia towards western Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common and the population trend is increasing. It lives in various forest  types,  and  is polyphagous in the deadwood of coniferous trees.

range:
Anastrangalia sanguinolenta is widespread across Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Russia towards western Siberia. In central and eastern Siberia, lake Baikal  and Kazakhstan, it is replaced by A. sequensi and A. renardi (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, its distribution covers Fennoscandia and the mountains of central and southern Europe (northern Spain, southern  Apennines and Peloponnesus) (Sama 2002, De jong et al. 2014). In European Russia, this species is common everywhere and reaches - in the south - the Middle Volga, the Orenburg and the Tula regions (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). It is also present in Belarus and Ukraine (Alexandrovitch 1996, Мартынов and Писаренко 2004).

population:
This species is common and easy to find in most of its range. Both old and recent publications indicate this is a common species. A recent population expansion has been reported into conifer plantations in the lowlands (Berger 2012). The population trend is considered to be increasing.

habitat:
This species inhabits coniferous forests, from the boreal zone to lowland plantations. The host trees are spruce and pine (Picea and Pinus spp.). The larva is xylophagous in moist rotten wood of fallen dead wood (stumps, stems, thick branches) with a development period of at least two years. The need for a high level of moisture seems to be critical in the southern part of its distribution range (Sama 2002). The larva was first described by Schiödte (1876 in Berger 2012) and again by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Pupation occurs in the wood even if it is humid. Adults are frequent on flowers from June to September.

threats:
This species can be threatened by forestry activities and increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires. Both are able to reduce the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
In France, the species occurs in protected areas such as the Vanoise national park (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). It is certainly also present in many protected areas throughout Europe. No research or conservation actions are needed at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Anisarthron barbipes is endemic to central Europe. Rare and in general localised, it inhabits  open forests, farmland and urban areas. Its development takes place in  variouskinds of deciduous trees.  The larvae feed in rotten heartwood in living veteran trees and take two or three  years to develop. A period of three generations is therefore considered to be less than or around ten years. The species depends on its host for several years. The overall population is suspected to have decreased by more than 30%  since 1960, because of the removal of suitable old trees in human-driven changes on  the landscapes. This general reduction of the availability of suitable  breeding material is continues nowadays. It is suspected that there will be reduction in the population size of at least 30% in the next ten years due to the ongoing loss of suitable habitat, both in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended. Specific management policies are likely to be necessary but more research is needed beforehand, as key factors such as the population dynamics and dispersal capacity remain unknown. Research is also needed into the population size and trend. Protection of veteran trees through appropriate landscape management could help to prevent further population declines.

range:
Anisarthron barbipes is a central and southeastern European species (De Jong et al. 2014), located in montane forests. Its presence was recently confirmed in Italy (Sama 2002) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2015), whereas all the records from France are the result of misidentifications with Anaesthetis testacea (Chamonix) or falsification (Alsace) (Sudre 1998, Brustel et al. 2002). The species has been recently collected in Bulgaria (Georgiev et al. 2006) and in Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). It has been found in western Ukraine, in the urban trees of the city of Lviv (Загайкевич 1960), but it has not been reported there for more than 50 years (Zamoroka et al. 2012).

population:
In many countries (Ukraine, Romania, Switzerland), no or very few recent records are available. In many cases, only records from about 50 to 80 years ago are known. The population trend is decreasing as is the main habitats of this species - old trees in cities and farmland (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016).

habitat:
This species lives in mixed broadleaf forests, hedgerow and urban trees in cities. The larva is polyphagous in the deadwood of broadleaf trees such as Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Carpinus, Celtis, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Platanus, Populus, Populus, Tilia, and Ulmus spp. (Bense 1995, Sama 2002). The larvae live in the dead heartwood of living trees, in dead wood in contact with the living tissues in veteran trees. Sama (2002) reared many generations of adults in entirely dead tissues of a beech trunk. After two or three years of development, pupation takes place in the deadwood in  spring. A period of three generations is therefore considered to be less than or around ten years. The adults are found on the host trees during the months of June and July; apparently they are not  attracted to  lights. The larval morphology and biology is described by Švácha and Danilevsky  (1987).

threats:
This species may be strongly threatened by the clearance of veteran trees from landscapes, and specifically open forests and farmland. In this environment and in urbanised areas, old tree removal is a serious threat for the long term survival of this species. This has resulted in fewer suitable habitats and in longer distances between the remaining favourable tree stands. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat which is projected to continue.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas, such as the Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park in Romania (Serafim 2007). Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended. Specific management policies are likely to be necessary but more research is needed beforehand, as key factors such as the population dynamics and dispersal capacity remain unknown. Research is also needed into the population size and trend. Protection of veteran trees through appropriate landscape management could help to prevent further population declines.

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes sold on web-markets.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Anisorus quercus has a large distribution in Europe and in southern European Russia, Ukraine and Moldova. Its core distribution area is central Europe and southern European Russia, at the borders of which the species can be very localised. It inhabits thermophilic oak forests and the larvae depend on dead roots and live under the soil surface. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally common in its eastern distribution range and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 600 km2), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The species can be threatened only by overexploitation or replacement of oak forests. However, as its larval development takes place in roots, this species is not affected by extensive management of oak forests or single oaks. As long as oaks are not replaced by other tree species such as hornbeam (Carpinus spp.), local subpopulations remain unaffected.

range:
Anisorus quercus has a central European distribution and reaches western Siberia and Mongolia (Danilevsky 2014). Its European distribution ranges from Spain to Poland and western Belarus (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001, De Jong et al. 2014),Moldova and Ukraine (where it is common), and central Russia, southward to the Volga region (Danilevsky 2014). In the Caucasus, it is replaced by the subspecies A. quercus aureopubens. In southwestern Europe, it is present in Spain,  Italy and the Balkans from Slovenia to Greece and European Turkey (Özdikmen et al. 2014). In the European area, it has become rarer and more localized (Bense 1995, Sama 2002). In France it is a rare species, occurring only along the eastern border (Berger 2012). It does not occur in Luxembourg (Vitali 2011). In the Czech and Slovak republics, as in Spain, it isalways scarceand localised, following the distribution of oak forests (Sláma 1998, González Peña et al. 2007). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.6 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,500 km². In the EU 28, the EOO is ca 3.3 millions km², and the AOO is probably close to 600 km².

population:
The overall current population trend is assumed to be stable since the species is reported to be locally common in its eastern distribution range. However, it may be declining locally in western Europe. In the EU 28, most subpopulations are small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species has athermophilicpreference and lives in open oak forests (Sláma1998). The larvae feed mainly in deadwood of oaks (Quercus spp.) (Papi and Ceccolini 2014), but one has been found in Field Mapple (Acer campestre) (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). The citation from ash (Fraxinus spp.) (Bense 1995) needs to be confirmed. The larva feeds in decaying roots, deep under the soil surface and away from the stem (Danilevsky 2014). The duration of its development is unknown. Pupation occurs in the soil and the nymph is the biological stage of overwintering. The adults are found on various flowers from May to June.

threats:
In the Czech and Slovak republics, Sláma (1998) considers that this is not a threatened species. As its larval development takes place in the roots of trees, this species is not affected by extensivemanagement of oak forests or single oaks. As long as oaks are not replaced by other tree species such as hornbeam (Carpinus spp.) the local subpopulations remain unaffected.

conservationAction:
This species is certainly present in several protected areas across Europe. It is present in the Białowieża forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001).

useAndTrade:
Specimens have been for sale by professional retailers during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status and ecological requirements.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on the population size, threats and ecological requirements.

range:
This species is found in Crete, in the far eastern part of Ukraine and southern Russia. It is also present in Bulgaria, Romania and Kazakhstan (Özdikmen 2008).

population:
This species is very rare in Ukraine and there is no information about its trends. Only two specimens were collected from Ukraine (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that lives in temperate shrubland or widely spaced forest. Very little is known about its biology.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area and there is no information on the conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anoplodera rufipes is widely distributed across Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Iran. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and rather common across its European range, and the population trend is considered stable. Its biology needs to be better studied in order to understand potential threats.

range:
Anoplodera rufipes is widely distributed across Europe (De Jong et al. 2014), Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Iran (Berger 2012). In Europe, it occurs from France to Belarus and the Baltic states (but is doubtful in Estonia after Süda and Miländer (1998) cited by Danilevsky 2016), Ukraine and in European Russia, toward the Orenburg region (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In southern Europe it becomes localised in Spain and Italy but is more common in southeastern Europe from the Balkans (southwards to the Peloponnesus) to Moldova (Sama 2002). In Turkey, the species is widely distributed and is present in European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). In France it is not common in the north but more abundant in the southeast (Berger 2012).Very few localities are reported from Belgium and Luxembourg (Vitali 2011, A. Thomaes, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
The current population trend is considered stable since the species is always noticed as being relatively frequent. The population size is therefore likely to be very large.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate deciduous forests and its development mainly occurs in deadwood of oak trees (Quercus spp.). Other reported host trees are hornbeam (Carpinus spp.), beech (Fagus spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and Black Poplar (Populus nigra). Rejzek and Rebl (1999 in Sama 2002), observed the larvae feeding at the base of dead branches, on moist dead parts in contact with  living tissues. Larval development probably takes two years (Berger 2012). The adults are often on flowers from May to July. The larval morphology has not been described (Sama 2002).

threats:
The biology of this species is poorly known, but it seems to live in the rotten wood of living trees. It can therefore be threatened by the removal of old trees in human-driven landscape changes.

conservationAction:
This species is present in protected area at least in France (National Park of the Ecrins) (MNHN 2016). Research is needed into the biology, population size and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anoplodera sexguttata is widely distributed and rather common in central and southern Europe and European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is stable and the population size is very large. Its development takes place in dead branches and stumps of oaks so the impact of forestry activities is assumed to be weak.

range:
Anoplodera sexguttata is a widespread species, found across Europe (De Jong et al. 2014), North Africa (Algeria) and the Caucasus (Bense 1995, Sama 2002, Berger 2012). In Europe, it covers the southern and central European countries including Scandinavia (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012), and a large part of central European Russia, towards the Ural mountains (Danilevsky 2014). In Britain, it is a rare, old growth species, and known from very few localities (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2016). It has only ever been known in Ireland from the Killarney Oakwoods, but was last recorded there over 100 years ago (Alexander and Anderson 2012). In Latvia, the species is very rare, and known only from a few localities (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013).

population:
The current population trend is considered stable since the species is always noticed as relatively frequent, except in countries along the northern edge of its range. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species inhabits temperate broadleaf forests. The larvae develop over two years in old and decayed stumps and branches of oak trees (Quercus spp.). It is associated with heartwood decay caused by the fungus Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Heliövaara et al. 2004).Demelt (1966) also recorded this species from hornbeam (Carpinus spp.) and beech (Fagus spp.), whereas Bense (1995) cites alder (Alnus spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) - the latter, after observations in Sweden. The adults are frequent on flowers from May to July. Larval  morphology and biology were described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989).

threats:
This species develops in dead branches and stumps and may therefore be threatened by forestry activities. However, this threat is suspected to have only a weak impact on the overall population.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Latvia where it is also included in the list of indicators of natural forest habitats (Telnov 2004). In this country, it occurs in the Moricsala Strict Nature Reserve (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013). In Finland, it has been assessed as Endangered (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In Britain it is also red listed and all of its known sites have legal protection (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). No research or conservation actions are needed at the European scale.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Arhopalus ferus is a Palearctic species found in Europe, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Syria, Israel, Siberia and China. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widely distributed and rather common across Europe. Its population trend is clearly increasing, since the species benefits from commercial pine plantations, and there are no major threats to it at present.

range:
Arhopalus ferus is a Palearctic species ranging from Europe, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Syria, Israel, Siberia and China. It has been recently introduced to New Zealand (Wang and Leschen 2003) and in different regions of Europe (Monnerat et al. 2015). It is also present in North Africa (Sama 2002). This species is widely distributed inEurope, mostly in the southern part, reaching Spain, Italy and Greece (including Crete, Schedl 2013) (Bense 1995, De Jong et al. 2014). In France, it is common in the south and rarer in the north (Berger  2012). The record from Cyprus (after Georghiou 1977) relates to A. syriacus (Sama 1994). The citations for the Atlantic islands (Canary Islands and Madeira) refers to A. pinetorum (González Peña et al. 2007). Mifsud (2002) added this species into the Maltese islands' fauna,  while it is common in Sicily thanks to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations (Sparacio 1999, La Mantia et al. 2010). In European Russia, it reaches the Komi Republic in the northeast (Татаринова et al. 2007), and the Orenburg region in the southeast (Шаповалов 2012). It is also present along the Volga, in the Volgograd region (Danilevsky 2014). In west Ukraine, there has been no available data for 50 years (Zamoroka et al. 2012), but the species is present in the east and south of the country (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). In Sweden it has declined and is thought to be regionally extinct.

population:
This species has an increasing population trend, even if locally there have been extinctions (i.e., Sweden). In Sicily, it is spreading thanks to reforestation using pine (Pinus spp.) trees (La Mantia et al. 2010). Worldwide, it has been accidentally introduced in New Zealand at the beginning of the 1970s (Wang and Leschen 2003). The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives in pine forests or less often in other coniferous forests. It develops mainly in dead or dying pine and spruce trees (Pinus and Picea spp.) injured by fire or other damage, but will occasionally develop in growing and apparently quite healthy trees (Duffy 1968).  The Pinus species that host this saproxylic beetle arediverse and include Aleppo Pine (Pinus  halepensis), Р. h.var. bruttia, Austria Pine (P. nigra), Scots Pine (P. sylvestris) and Heldreich's Pine (P. leucodermis) (Sama 2002,Doychevand Georgiev 2004). Fir and larch (Abies and Larix spp.) are reported to be alternative host trees (Berger 2012). The species also occurs in pine plantations. It needs three to four years to complete its life cycle, and adults can be found from early summer to early autumn. However, if the weather is favourable, the development can take only one or two years (Wangand Leschen 2003). Eggs are laid at the base of large stems and large stumps. The larvae feed initially under the bark, before tunnelling into the wood, especially in the basal regions of the stem and in exposed roots (Mifsud 2002). It can also occur in worker timber (Berger 2012). Pupation takes place in spring, in wood or thick bark. The adults are nocturnal and are attracted by lights and rotten fruits. The larvae morphology is described by several authors (Cherepanov 1990 or Švácha and Danilevsky (1987). This species is a known vector of the nematode disease Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Robertson et al. 2008). It is seen as a pest for forestry in pine stands in southern Europe.

threats:
No threats are known to affect this species, which is expanding its range.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas. However, no conservation measures are necessary since the species is currently expanding its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Arhopalus pinetorum is endemic to the Canary Islands in Spain and the Madeira archipelago in Portugal. It lives in the dead wood of various pine tree species. It is currently a common species but is locally threatened by the logging of pines, wildfires, and a nematode disease, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which kills pine trees in Madeira. In the Canary Islands, the situation is better; Canary Pine (Pinus canariensis) regenerates freely both after logging - this species regrows from cut stumps - and fires, but can be strongly affected by short term repeated fires. The possibility of massive deaths caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus leoni, recently detected in Tenerife, is dismissed for the moment. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is smaller than 500 km²), the population might be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and habitat quality in the Madeira archipelago due to a nematode disease; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The subpopulations located in areas impacted by the disease B. xylophilus should be monitored, especially in Madeira.

range:
After somemisinterpretation and misidentification with the similar Arhopalus  ferus or A. rusticum, A. pinetorum is now considered as a truespecies, endemic tothe CanaryIslands(Tenerife, LaPalma, LaGomera, ElHierro, Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura),Madeira and Deserta Grande while no other Arhopalus species occur in these islands (González Peñaet al. 2007). The species is common in theCanary Islands and seems to be rarer in Madeira. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km².

population:
The species is common throughout its range. Both old  and recent publications indicate a common species and the population  trend is thought to be stable. The subpopulations of Madeira and the Canary Islands are probably strongly isolated from each-other (ca 300 km apart), and no genetic exchange between them is expected. Between the different Canary Islands the fragmentation appears to be more limited (70 km apart at most); however, this distance could still be too large for the species to disperse successfully and subpopulations could go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is therefore possible that the population is severely fragmented, but further research is needed to confirm this.

habitat:
Wollaston (1863) was the first to rear this species from dead Canary Pine (Pinus canariensis). If this species lives in pine forest, its larvae are not restricted to this pine, but develop in wood of several pine species, both endemic and imported (González Peña et al. 2007). The species is very common in dead rotten and moist wood of pine, especially stumps (Hrbek 2014). The larvae have not been described yet. This species is found up to 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species develops in dead pine wood and may be threatened by forestry activities andshort term repeated wildfires. Both are able of reducing the availability of its breeding material. For this species, forest fires can act as a windfall in the short term, but can be problematic in the long term for tree renewal if fire frequency and intensity are too high. In Madeira, this beetle is linked to Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster), a tree affected by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus which recently killed most of the pine forests in Madeira (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016).B.xylophilus  is native to North America and was introduced in Japan and then in Portugal from where it spread rapidly, thanks to longhorn beetles (Monochamus spp.) (Mota et al. 1999, Kikuchi et al. 2011). Another species, Bursaphelenchus leoni, was recently discovered on Canary Pine (P.canariensis) in Tenerife (Braasch and McNamara 2003). However, B. leoni is seen as a non-pathogenic species,probably indigenous to Europe, normally present in bark-beetles galleries and not responsible for massive tree mortality.

conservationAction:
This species is known from several national parks including the Parque Natural Corona Forestal (Tenerife), PN de la Caldera de Taburiente (La Palma), PN de Tamadaba (Grand Canaria) and Garajonay (La Gomera) (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016).The subpopulations located in areas impacted by the disease Bursaphelenchus xylophilus should be monitored, especially in Madeira.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Arhopalus rusticus  is widely distributed and rather common across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is increasing, the population size is very large and there are no major threats to it. This saproxylic beetle is clearly expanding, since it is favoured by commercial pine  plantations.

range:
Arhopalus rusticus is a common species distributed throughout Europe (Bense 1995, Berger 2012), European Russia, North Africa, central Asia, Asia, China, Siberia, Japan and North America (Danilevsky 2014). It was accidentally introduced into Australia between the late 1990s and 2000 (Sama 2002, Wang and Leschen 2003). In North Africa, old records (for example Bense, 1995) are incorrect as only one is confirmed while all others may refer to A. syriacus (Sama 2002). The situation is the same in the Atlantic islands (Canary Islands and Madeira) where the only confirmed species is A. pinetorum (González Peña et al. 2007). The species is present in the Baleares Islands (González Peña et al. 2007), in Sicily (Sparacio 1999) and in European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014).

population:
This species has an increasing population and is spreading in response to reforestation efforts using pine species. Worldwide, it has been accidentally introduced into Australia between late 1990s and 2000 (Wang and Leschen 2003). It has also been reported from the Neotropical region. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This is a common species of pine forests and plantations. In montane environments, it prefers relatively humid pine  forests (Berger 2012). It breeds mostly in the deadwood of pine (Pinus spp.) trees but also develops in spruce (Picea spp.), fir (Abies spp.), larch (Larix spp.), cypress (Cupressus spp., Cryptomeria sp.), and juniper (Juniperus spp.) trees (Wang and Leschen 2003). It is mainly associated with dead or heavily stressed trees (Bense 1995), and occasionally damages structural timbers (Duffy 1968). Eggs are laid on fresh dead trunks, stumps  and large branches. The larvae live under the bark, but move down gradually towards the roots as the wood dries (Berger 2012). The life cycle takes two or three years. Pupation occurs deep in the wood during summer. The adults are active from June  to September and are  nocturnal; they are attracted to light. The larval morphology and bionomics are described by Cherepanov (1990) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1987). This saproxylic beetle is a known vector of the nematode disease Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Lint 1988)  and has been reported to be responsible for  a mass death of mature  pine trees in Melbourne (Australia) between 2000 and 2001 together with Bursaphelenchus sp. (Wang and Leschen 2003).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species; it is expanding.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in national parks and protected areas in many countries. No conservation research or actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Arhopalus syriacus is widely distributed along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common throughout its range and lives in many species of pine, in dead and rotten wood of large diameter. In addition, the population trend is considered to be stable, even though forestry activities and repeated wildfires can reduce the availability of its breeding material.

range:
Arhopalus syriacus is a Mediterranean species widespread in coastal pine forests (Sama 1994, Sama 2002, De Jong et al. 2014). In North Africa, records may refer mostly to A. syriacus (Sama 2002). In the Atlantic islands (CanaryIslands, Madeira and probably also the Azores), all the ancient citations of A. syriacus  are confusions with the similar A. pinetorum (González Peña et al. 2007). The indication of the species in Switzerland (Danilevsky 2016), most probably comes from a confusion with another Arhopalus species since A. syriacus was not retained by Monnerat et al. (2015) for this country.

population:
This species is relatively common throughout its range. Both old  and recent publications  indicate a common species, and the population  trend is considered to be  stable. It is sometimes transported to other countries and has, for example, become established in New South Wales, Australia, where it is found in forests around Sydney since the late 1950s. However, itsability to becomea nuisanceappears to be limited (Webb and Edridge 1997). Its presence has also been confirmed in Argentina's pine forests (Fachinetti et al. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs only in thermophilic pine forests. The host trees are pine (Pinus spp.) of different species, namely P. pinaster, P. salzmannii, P. laricio, P. halpensis (Švácha and Danilevsky 1987), and Р. h.var. bruttia in Cyprus (Georghiou 1977). It colonises pine trees debilitated or killed by fire or other damage, with no evidence of injuring healthy trees (Moore 1963 in Wang and Leschen 2003). The larva develops first under bark  and then in the wood of dead standing or fallen trunks and  stumps that have significant diameters (Bense 1995, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). In the laboratory, Fachinetti et al. (2015), measured an optimal temperature for development of 25°C. The larva has six to nine stages, depending on the temperature and wood quality. Its life cycle in the laboratory is about 300 days, including nine to ten days for the adult stage. With a winter, the life cycle takes two years; this has been confirmed by field observations in France (Berger 2012). Each female produce ca 80 new hatching larvae.

threats:
This species is actually expanding worldwide through accidental introductions (Australia and Argentina). In Europe, it may be threatened by forestry activities and wildfires. Both are able to reduce the availability of its breeding material.

conservationAction:
This species is common in most of its range and it probably occurs in many protected areas. No research or conservation actions are needed.


range:
This species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region and occurs throughout much of Europe (Bense 1995). 

In Hungary it is widespread in river valleys and hilly and lower mountain areas. In Romania it is spread along the river valleys from the plains up into the hills and mountains. In Portugal it is widespread, with few records. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Oymen 1987,  Canakcıoglu 1993) and Edirne and KIrklareli (Ozay 1997).
In Denmark it is distributed almost throughout the country (Thomsen 2007) and it is widespread in Finland. It is widespread in Britain, but very patchy.

population:
A widespread species and common throughout much of its range. Population trend considered to be stable overall, although a significant decline has occurred in some areas, e.g. Britain.

In Ireland it has a widespread but very fragmented distribution; best known in the south-west but with isolated populations in the north.It is widespread across much of Britain, but very localized and becoming increasingly scarce - there are more old records than current ones; the main stronghold is the low-lying area of the former Great Fen of eastern England (Twinn and Harding 1999).

In Ukraine it is a common species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is rather common on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania this species tends to be more frequent near riverside valley from low mountains, defiles, etc. In Germany it is widespread and not rare, occurring in all States. In Finland it is not uncommon while in Italy and Spain it is common. In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
The status of this species as a saproxylic is unclear as development begins in living woody tissues. 

It develops in broad-leaved trees (especially Salix, occasionally Populus, Alnus, Acer). The larvae first develop in the thick but living wood of  trunks and branches, later tunnelling between living & dead tissues; it prefers young healthy growths rather than established trees (Kaufmann 1990). The life cycle is at least three years, with pupation in spring within wood. Adults overwinter in the pupal cell and emerge in VI-IX, they fly during periods of warm sunshine although rest of time spent motionless on twigs and branches in the canopy;; they are attracted to flowers for nectar and are also attracted to anything sweet, including discarded wrappers of ice lollies (K.N.A. Alexander pers comm 2009). In Romania it has been observed on oldSalix, also onPopulusandAcer; the adult has been found resting on leaves ofTyphaand at white flowers of Umbelliferae. In European Turkey larvae develop in old trunks and branches of Salix; the adults are active in VI-VIII (Canakcıoglu 1993). In Finland the species lives onSalix caprea. In Germany it lives mostly inSalix; it uses small diameter branches and trunks (less than five cm).
Primarily a riverine and floodplain species; the larva is tolerant of submergence for many weeks. It lives in wet woodlands and waterside trees in the UK (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it lives mainly in riverine and swamp willow forests, but occurs also in deciduous forests where goat willows occurs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). All records from Portugal are from riverine areas.

threats:
Clearance of waterside trees and wet woodland, as well as habitat loss due to logging of old willows, are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is known from many protected sites (e.g. UK, Hungary, Romania). It is listed as Near Threatened in Germany (2009). The species is legally protected in Hungary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Asemum striatum is widely distributed across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it common except in the southern part of its distribution range. In addition, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to it. It lives in dead wood of pine in several forest types, including managed forests and plantations.

range:
Asemum striatum is widely distributed across the Palaearctic region, from Europe to northern Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, Sakhalin, Japan, and also occurs in North America (Bense 1995, Sama 2002). In Europe, it is widely distributed and relatively common in central Europe (De Jong et al. 2014), Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), Ukraine (except Crimea) (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011), and throughout European Russia (Danilevsky 2014, Georgi 2016). Its presence in Moldova is probable but needs confirmation (Danilevsky 2014). It becomes highly localized in northern and central Spain, northern and southern Italy, in Greece and in Bulgaria (Sama 2002). In Great Britain it was originally a specialist of the Scottish pine forests but has become more widespread due to afforestation efforts (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm.2016). This species is a relatively recent introduction into Ireland (Speight 1976, Alexander and Anderson 2012).

population:
In both  old  and recent publications this species is considered common, and the population   trend is considered to be  stable. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is only found in pine or coniferous forests and plantations. The host tree is preferably pine (Pinus spp.), including Moutain Pine (P. uncinata) in mountains. Occasionally, spruce (Picea spp.), fir (Abies spp.) or larch (Larix spp.) trees are used. The eggs are laid in crevices in the bark of recently dead standing or fallen trees or stumps. Tree without bark are unsuitable (Bílý and Mehl 1989). The larvae feed first in the bark before tunneling into the sapwood. The development takes two or three years and pupation occurs in the  wood. The adults are crepuscular or nocturnal, and active from May to August. They are attracted to light and turpentine. Larval morphology and  bionomics have been described by Cherepanov (1990) and Švácha and Danilevsky  (1987). It is a vector of the tree disease nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Linit 1988, Robertson et al. 2008).

threats:
There are no major threats to this common and widespread species.

conservationAction:
The species is known from protected forests at least in France and Britain, but probably occurs in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation actions are currently needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

Asemum tenuicorne has a patchy and very localised distribution area in Europe. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km² in Europe and 56 km² in EU 28), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. However, recent and unpublished records from Italy and Greece highlight the possibility thatthis species canbe more largely distributed than it is currently known due tounder-recording and confusion with similar species. It is mostly reported from old-growth or primeval relict pine forests (Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris)in excellent ecological conditions, and it could bedependent on these forest types. Forestry activities, as well as uncontrolled fires or volcanos (Etna, Vesuvio) could destroy some localities. More research is needed into its biology, taxonomy, and the effects of the known threats on the population.

range:
Asemum tenuicorne is a species generally overlooked by entomologists since the information needed for its identification is not available in some countries. It is very difficult to distinguish from the common A. striatum and Tetropium fuscum. Its larva is clearly different from that of A. striatum, confirming the specific status (Лямцева 1976). Its global distribution covers Europe, Asia Minor (Turkey) and perhaps the Caucasus - where there is some doubt since all specimens studied by Sláma and Slámová (1996) actually belonged to A. striatum. In Europe, it is very rare and known from a very small number of localities: one in Sweden (Bílý and Mehl 1989); three in Spain, in Huesca (Aragón) (González Peña et al. 2007, Murria Beltrán et al. 2013); a few localities in Italy, including Sicily (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Gobbi 2002, Baviera 2006), but with recent and unpublished new data (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016); Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Berger et al. 2010, Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016); and Crimea, from where the type specimens came (Kraatz 1879). The species has never been found in Romania or in Austria (Danilevsky 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.5 million km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is 56 km2.

population:
This species is mostly known by single individual records and very few specimens. The population trend is difficult to establish and is considered unknown. Recent and unpublished discoveries from Italy (P. Audisio, pers. comm. 2016) and Greece (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016), highlight the possibility of important under-recording of this species, and one can expect this species to be more largely distributed than is currently known. However, based on current knowledge most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is restricted to ancient or relict pine forest, especially Black Pine (Pinus nigra) forests(Gobbi 2002). The larva is described by Švácha and  Danilevsky (1987) but its biology is poorly known. The host tree is pine, P. nigra in southern Europe, Scots Pine (P. sylvestris) in Sweden. The larva tunnels under bark and then into the wood. Recently dead trees are preferred. The adults are crepuscular and active at the end of summer.

threats:
Most of the localities known for this species are unmanaged forests or old remnants of well preserved pine forests. Gobbi (2002) suggests that this species is a real relict species, present for a very long time in Italy but very localised. The locality of the National park of the Abbruzzio consists of the ultimate and oldest Pinus nigra forest of these mountains. In Sweden, the locality of Gotska Sandön is a primeval forest of Pinus sylvestris. Forestry activities in these forests may be a strong and serious menace for the species. However, it may also be favoured by pine plantations in the surroundings of its known sites. Uncontrolled forest fires would be a threat where dead pines had accumulated as in the Swedish island Gotska Sandön. Three Italian localities are on the slopes of the mounts Etna and Vesuvio, both potentially active volcanos that could suddenly wipe out these subpopulations  (Baviera 2006).

conservationAction:
In Sweden, the species is known from the Island of Gotska Sandön (Bílý and Mehl 1989) and has been assessed as Endangered (ArtDatabanken 2016). This island is a primeval forest and a national park. In Italy, it occurs in the National Park of the Abbruzzo (Gobbi 2002) and the species has been assessed as Near Threatened (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Research is needed in order to clarify whether the species is strictly related to a precise pine species and to special tree characteristics, or if it can be favoured by pine plantations. Even if the species is largely accepted in its actual form, Švácha and Danilevsky (1987) suggest that its distribution is strange and that the Swedish specimens could belong to a different (perhaps new) species; the characteristics of this subpopulation should be investigated further.


taxonomicNotes:
This species appears to have two subspecies, but the assessment is made at the species level. Additional taxonomic studies might reveal that this taxon is two different species or only two races of one species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Axinopalpis barbarae is endemic to Cyprus, and is found in the western part of the island. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has only been collected a few times and there is a lack of data on its distribution and population trend and size. Further research is needed into these area in order to assess its extinction risk. At present, it is known that the two different subspecies breed in different host plants. Axinopalpis b. barbarae is reported from Cedrus which is threatened in Cyprus, whereas A. b. consobrinus is reported from Prunus dulcis, a widespread tree in Cyprus. Therefore it is considered that the barbarae subspecies may be threatened by the decline of its host tree, whereas the consobrinus subspecies appears not to be threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus, and is found in the western part of the island. There is one old record from the north. Axinopalpis barbarae barbarae was found only at the Cedar Valley (a small area in Pafos  Forest ) at 1,100-1,400 m Asl (Sama 1992, C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).  Axinopalpis barbarae consobrinuswas reported from a few localities in the west of Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is also an old record from Akanthou, an area on Pentadaktylos Mountains in northern Cyprus (Sama 1994).

population:
This species is rare and local to Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The population trend and size are unknown, but since the habitat of this species is decreasing, it is presumed that the species is also declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Axinopalpis barbarae barbarae has been found only inCedrus brevifolia forest. This subspecies develops only from dead branches ofCedrus brevifolia (Sama 1992) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Axinopalpis barbarae consobrinushas beenfound in      orchards, maquis, and forests. Develops from Prunus dulcis (Sama 1992) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009) and Rhus coriaria (Sama 1992).

threats:
The two different subspecies breed in different host plants. The subsp. barbarae is reported fromCedrus which is threatened in Cyprus, whereas subsp. consobrinus is reported fromPrunus dulcis, a widespread tree in Cyprus. Therefore it is considered that the barbarae subspecies may be threatened by the decline of its host tree, whereas the consobrinus subspecies appears not to be threatened.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, as well as into its population size, distribution and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern   in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is a polyphagus species that unlikely will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is a polyphagus species that unlikely will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widely distributed throughout much of Europe from the Mediterranean, south and central Europe to southern Russia. In Ukraine, this species is found from the forest-steppe zone to Crimea. In Hungary, it is widespread in the hilly and lower mountain areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) while in Romania, it is widespread in the plain areas, hills and low mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It is also found in the Caucasus, Iran, Syria and Turkey.

population:
A. gracilis is rather rare throughout much of its range and found only in a few localities. 

In Germany, this species is only found in eastern states while in Italy it shows a scattered distribution and few populations. In the Czech Republic, it is a very rare species, local and mostly found in the south-east. In Slovakia, it is less rare than in the Czech Republic and found only in the warmer part in the south of the country. In Romania, there has only been a few records, therefore it is suspected that the population is genuinely declining (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary,A. gracilis is difficult to find, therefore no information is available about population size and trend (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Ukraine, it is a relatively rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  The larvae of this species develop in thin dead twigs on a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Staphylea, Quercus, Juglans, Castanea, Prunus, Rosa, Rubus, Amygdalis, Morus, Pistacia). The life cycle lasts at least two years. Adults are found in IV-VI, on host plant. This species is mainly crepuscular and nocturnal.
In Hungary, it occurs mainly in old, traditionally cultivated orchards, also in thermophilous oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania this species has been observed during the day on the dead oak branches and leaves, sometimes in association with other longhorn beetles,Exocentrusadspersus andLeiopus nebulosus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
In Hungary, habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of the removal of dead wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present. The disappearance of old orchards is more threatening (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, logging and human settlement are the major threats (P. Istrate pers.comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Hungary, old orchards should be protected and sustained. However, as the species occurs in natural habitats, including those in protected areas as well, no more specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, it has been found inside protected areas, for example in south-western Romania, near the Danube river, therefore it is expected that a good management plan of these protected areas will be useful (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This species can be use for exchange with some large species of beetles (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. Although this species has a small geographic range, it is known from many sites where it does occur. The Extent of Occurrence and the Area of Occupancy are both small, but the populations are not believed to be severely fragmented or subject to extreme fluctuations (although there is little information on population trend or fluctuations). The species is present at more than ten locations. Population trend is unknown. This species inhabits laurisilva forests, some of which are protected; however this habitat type has been reduced in area by human activities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (close to meeting Criterion B).
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. Although this species has a small geographic range, it is known from many sites where it does occur. The Extent of Occurrence and the Area of Occupancy are both small, but the populations are not believed to be severely fragmented or subject to extreme fluctuations (although there is little information on population trend or fluctuations). The species is present at more than ten locations. Population trend is unknown. This species inhabits laurisilva forests, some of which are protected; however this habitat type has been reduced in area by human activities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (close to meeting Criterion B).

range:
This species only occurs in the Portuguese and Spanish archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean, Madeira and Canary Islands, respectively. Endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira.

population:
This species has a restricted distribution, but it is apparently common where it occurs, with many known localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Occurs in laurisilva forest; typically inhabits deadwood of laurelsLaurus and willowsSalix; alsoPersea indica andApollonias barbujana.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. This species inhabitsApollonias barbujanatrees,which are utilized for luxury furniture. However, this species remains widespread in the Canary Islands and is not thought to be under immediate threat, although this situation may change in the shorter term.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation measures are in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution of suitable habitat (Hedera helix) and no known threats to the species.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution of suitable habitat (Hedera helix) and no known threats to the species.

range:
This species occurs in southern Europe mainly in Italy and the Adriatic coasts (Bense 1995). In Switzerland the record is from Tiscino (Germann 2000). It has been very rarely but repeatedly recorded in France near the border with Italy; the most recent record in France is 1953.

population:
The species is widespread throughout Italy and the Balkan countries but there is little information available on the abundance or trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species may be polyphagous in deciduous trees, however onlyHedera helixhas been reported as a host until now.

threats:
This species has only been found on Hedera helix which is abundant in Europe so no threats are expected to the species.

conservationAction:
No information available. It is now known if the species occurs in any protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
This was formerly known as Purpuricenus oblongomaculatus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data deficient in view of the lack of any information on its abundance or trends. Only known from several records, no recent data.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data deficient in view of the lack of any information on its abundance or trends. Only known from several records, no recent data.

range:
This species is widespread in south-eastern Europe, Turkey and Syria (Bense 1995). In Romania it is present only in the south-eastern part, specifically in Dobroudjia (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is present in the foothills and mountains of Troodos Massif (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is an old record for Spain (Panin and Savulescu 1961).

population:
There is no information available on the abundance or trends of this species. In Romania this species was found once, 40 years ago (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is locally common (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).
  .

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species shows a strong preference for dead wood on standing oaks growing on poor stony ground. In Romania, it was found inQuercus pubescens forest (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009), and in Cyprus it was found in   Quercus coccifera  in maquis and forests (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There is no information regarding the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:  listed as Endangered. This species has a very restricted distribution within the assessment region. It is only known from five collections, and oak forests in the Cadiz area are greatly reduced and fragmented. There is continuing decline in habitat extent and quality as a result of fire, cutting of branches, and 'tidying' woodland to remove the dead wood upon which the larvae of this species depend. No rescue effect is expected from the northern African populations as the sea is a barrier to dispersal.

EU 27 assessment:listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)). This species has a very restricted distribution within the assessment region. It is only known from five collections, and oak forests in the Cadiz area are greatly reduced and fragmented. There is continuing decline in habitat extent and quality as a result of fire, cutting of branches, and 'tidying' woodland to remove the dead wood upon which the larvae of this species depend. No rescue effect is expected from the northern African populations as the sea is a barrier to dispersal.

range:
Across Europe, this species is only found in the southern tip of Spain. It also occurs in north-western Africa (Bense 1995).

population:
A predominantly African species with a small outpost in southern Spain. In Spain only five specimen have ever been caught, all in Andalusian provinces: Cadiz (three), Malaga (one) and Granada (one) (Verdugo 2004).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Andalusia it lives in forest of threeQuercusspecies:canariensis, pyrenaicaandfaginea (Verdugo 2004).


taxonomicNotes:
Callergates is considered of subgeneric rank only by some authors, and so the species is also known as Ergates (Callergates) gaillardoti.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered, in view of its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000km² and Area of Occupancy of less than 500km², with all individuals in fewer than five locations, continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and because the subpopulations are severely fragmented and a rescue effect from the populations from Syria and Lebanon are very unlikely.
 
EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Endangered (B1ab(ii,iii)+B2ab(ii,iii)), in view of its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000km² and Area of Occupancy of less than 500km², with all individuals in fewer than five locations, continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and because the subpopulations are severely fragmented and a rescue effect from the populations from Syria and Lebanon are very unlikely.

range:
Within Europe this species is known from Cyprus (cf. Sama 1994) and twoGreek islands, Rhodes and Samos by recent records (2005 and 1997). It is also found in Syria, Turkey and Lebanon(Welnicki and Przewozny 2007). In Cyprus this species was reported only from Pafos Forest at the western part of Troodos Massif : Stavros tis Psokas (Sama 1994), Cefyria-Panagia, Cedar Valley, Pomos (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. More than 1% of the total global population occurs in Europe. In Cyprus it is considered very rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been found in Mediterranean pine forests, where the larvae develop in old dead trunks ofPinus halepensis, sometimes in association with another longhorn beetleErgates faber. This is a nocturnal species, strongly attracted by artificial light. Adults are active during VI-VIII (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is only present in Pinus brutia forests, where adults and larvae have been found in old rotten trunks of Pinus brutia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Extraction of old dead trunks and stumps from the Mediterranean pine forests is a major threat to this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No information available. It is unknown if the species is present in a protected areas. 

Need to develop a management plan to preserve these species.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is of great demand among collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed  as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is believed to be widely distributed in Europe from the Eurosiberian subregion to central, western and eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Romania and Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathian Mountains and the forest zone. In Hungary this species is found only in the westernmost part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is absent from some of the fringing areas such as the British Isles, Spain and Turkey.

population:
Population levels vary across the continent, with the species widespread in some countries, e.g. Germany, but rare in others. In Ukraine it is a rare species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified. However, it is regarded as rare in the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are only old reports from different parts of country; it is quite rare, but it might be due to lack of information (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Population size is often underestimated as the species lives in the tree canopy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under the bark of dead branches and thin tree-tops of conifers (Abies, Pinus, Larix, Picea, Juniperus), and only occasionally in broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Quercus, Acer). The life cycle takes two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in V-VI (in UA -VI-VII), and are found in the canopy on the host-plants. In Finland larvae are most often found in dying thick branches of large spruce (Picea abies) trees. In Germany it is abundant in all conifer plantations and natural forests withPinusandPicea.In Hungary, however,  it occurs mainly in old indigenous conifer forests that are restricted in a few westernmost localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Parasites: some species ofIchneumonidae(Sichelia, Xorides)andBraconidae(Caluptus, Helcon, Opius),Chalcidoidea (Chiripachus).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas, e.g. in Romania. In Hungary the species occurs almost exclusively in protected areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The species is boreomountane. It is widespread throughout much of Europe from the Eurosiberian subregion to central and north-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). Its southern distribution is more confined to mountains. It is also found in Japan and Korea.

population:
The species is common in suitable habitats. In Germany it is present in the low range mountain and alpine forests. In Romania there are few report but the species spread in all the Carpathians Mountains  (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Presumably the population trend for this species is stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of dying or dead branches and standing and fallen trunks of conifers (especiallyin Picea,also inAbies, Pinus, Larix). Life cycle two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, found on host-plants.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is important for  private collections.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Pettersson, R., Hyvärinen, E., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Schlaghamersky, J. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe from the Eurosiberian subregion to central, northern Europe and south-eastern Europe. It is absent from south-western Europe and the Mediterranean. In Germany it is widespread. In Hungary this species is widespread in the country wherever indigenous or planted conifer forests occur (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread from the plains up to high mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is not common, but distributed throughout most of the country (Thomsen 2007). It is widespread in Ukraine. It is also found in  Korea and Japan. It is regularly imported into countries where it is not native with timber, for example in Britain and Ireland.

population:
It is a common and widespread species over much of its native range, e.g. in Ukraine. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rather common on suitable localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  In the Carpathian Mountains it is well represented where coniferous forests exist; it is  spread in all parts of Romania with coniferous wood used for different parts of traditional houses (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in or under the bark of dead, dry trunks and branches of a wide variety of coniferous trees (Abies, Pinus, Larix, Picea), only occasionally in broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Quercus, Alnus). Life cycle two years (sometimes longer), with pupation in spring in the wood. For completion of development it is necessary for there to be thick bark. Adults emerge in V-VIII, and are found on the host-plants. In Ukraine the life cycle is one year. It can live in artificial habitats such as the dry wood in constructions. In Hungary it lives in all kinds of indigenous and planted conifer forests, rarely in deciduous forests  (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in coniferous forests. In Romania it lives in  dry coniferous wood, in Carpathian forests, and sometimes in the coniferous parts of buildings (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is often associated with houses, sawmills, timberyards etc. (Thomsen 2007).

threats:
The species is not threatened because suitable habitats are available all over its range (e.g. Ukraine, Hungary, Germany).  In Romania it can be considered as a pest of the timber industry (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
As it is found in protected areas as well as in planted conifer forests no specific measures are necessary.  It is listed in the British Red Data Book (Shirt 1987) but this is clearly a mistake due to lack of knowledge at that time (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread and no major threats are known.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread and no major threats are known.

range:
This species is widespread across south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995) and southern Russia. In Ukraine, it is present in Crimea and in the lowland of the Dnieper River. In Hungary it is restricted to a few localities in the foothills and lower mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). There are only few and old reports from south-western Romania and Transylvania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It is also present in the Caucasus and in Iran.

population:
Overall the abundance and trends of this species are unknown. The species is very rare in Hungary, the Slovak Republic and Ukraine, however it is not thought to be declining. While in Romania the trend is suspected to be declining (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009), in Hungary the species may be increasing because it is increasingly frequent. In particular, in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is not uncommon on its localities. In the 1970s it was known from only one locality; now the species seems to be increasingly frequent (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is known to develop in the dead wood of oaksQuercusand maplesAcerbut detailed habitat requirements are not known. It requires open forests and forest edges.  

Specific details for some range states are included below:
In Hungary this species lives in light oak forests, mainly in ecotonalsituations, where larvae develop in dead branches of oak, and adults feed at blossoming shrubs (mainly hawthornCrataegus) (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania it was found at flowers in association withCallimellum andStenopterus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine, the imago is active in V-VI.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment, but this is not considered to be a major threat to the species (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, presumably the use of oak branches and wood for local human use may be a threat, but this is not a major threat (P. Istrate  pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is very important for beetle collectors.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Schlaghamersky, J., Istrate, P. & Putchkov, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population although scattered, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population although scattered, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found in southern and western Europe in Mediterranean France and Italy, and the Adriatic (Bense 1995). The species is present in the Peloponnese Peninsula and the southern part of Greece.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. 

The population is very fragmented in Spain but present in 23 localities in the northern mountains. It is common locally in France. The population trend it is considered stable. The species is not rare in Italy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Polyphagous and xylophagous (a diet consisting of wood mainly) on broad-leaved trees with a preference forAcer andQuercus. Larvae live in dry dead branches of living trees.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread in central, western and southern Europe, and the Mediterranean. It is also found in northern Iran.

In Hungary, this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, and much rarer in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, it is a common species in the central part of Romania, in Transylvania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Its distribution in the European part of Turkey is unknown. In Ukraine the species was present in the Carpathians but there have not been new records in the last 60 years.

population:
In Hungary the population size and trend of this species have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, there is no information on the trend of the population but because it was observed during the last five years in many places, it is expected that this species is well represented (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany, this species is only found in southern and central Germany while in Italy, it has a scattered distribution. In the Czech Republic, it is widespread, common and the population is not declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the wood of dead branches of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Quercus, Fraxinus, Crataegus, Zelkova, Ostrya, Castanea, Loranthus), pupating in the autumn within the wood. Adults overwinter in the pupal cells and emerge in V-VII, attracted to flowers for feeding.
In Hungary,C. angulatuslives in light oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations, where larvae develop in dead branches of oak, and adults visit blossoming shrubs and herbs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, it has been observed in May on different white flowers of shrubs,Crataegus monogyna, etc. (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment, but this is not considered to be a major threat to this common species (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania,C. angulatus is threatened by the removal of dead branches infested by larvae from the forest (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Hungary,C. angulatusoccurs in several protected areas, therefore no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, this species is widespread in protected areas in the south-western part of the country and it is quite common in the hilly areas.It is important to preserve small  forest areas undisturbed by human activities (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is listed as Endangered (2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. It is possibly used for exchange between collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it has a fairly large extent of occurrence, and it occupies oak forest (a habitat type which is fairly widespread in the Balkans).
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it has a fairly large extent of occurrence, and it occupies oak forest (a habitat type which is fairly widespread in the Balkans).

range:
This species is widespread across south and south-eastern Europe. It is also present in the old Yugoslavia area (Bense 1995) and in Near East.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in oakQuercusforests, and is particularly prevalent in the lowlands (Sama 2006). No information is available on the size of dead oak timber required nor on the open-ness of trees in its habitats.


taxonomicNotes:
Three subspecies are recognised from Europe: C. c. cerdo (in western, central and southern Europe), C. c. acuminatus (in eastern Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor, Iran) and C. c. mirbeki (in Spain and northern Africa).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, the population in most of the European countries is in significant decline and it is dependent upon veteran trees which are also declining in Europe. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, the population in most of the European countries is in significant decline and it is dependent upon veteran trees which are also declining in Europe. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of Europe but increasingly rare or absent in the north and south-western Europe (Bense 1995). 

It is also found in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and northern Africa.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, but virtually absent in the north-east. It is much more sporadic on the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it occurs where old oaks are present. In the European part of Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953, Erdem and Canakcıoglu1977, Oymen 1987, Canakcıoglu 1993, Lodos 1998) and from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen and Caglar 2004, Malmusi and Saltini 2005). In Italy it has been reported from all the administrative regions (except in Aosta Valley) (Sama 2006). In France it has been reported from all the French Mediterranean area; it becomes more scarce and localised in the northern part of the country (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it is probably present across all the country, but records are lacking from the centre; there are many recent records from the north and south.

It is absent from Britain and Ireland. There is sub-fossil evidence for its occurrence in Britain up until 3690 +/- 100 BP, from Cambridgeshire fenland bog oaksQuercus(Duffey 1968). More recent records have all been casual importations.

population:
Has suffered a dramatic decline in the number of populations and in population sizes across central Europe over the 20th century (Buseet al. 2008).

In Ukraine this species is common.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species became much rarer in the second half of the 20th century. However, viable populations still occur in older stands of oak and in a few wood pastures. In Romania it is well preserved in some protected areas from the south, south-west and south-east where old oak forests exist; in the Carpathians can be found in traditional pastures with old oaks and large deciduous forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is distributed throughout all German States, but the population has heavily declined and the species is almost Extinct. In France it seems to have disappeared from landscapes that have suffered massive changes in land use (suppression of hedges); it is more common in the south also in villages and city parks (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is localized but common and it also is common in Spain. In Sweden it is rare. In the Czech Republic it is  rather common in the south-east and there has been a strong population decline in the western part of the country. In Slovakia there are many sites in the south and east.

In Portugal there is no information about the populations and the abundance of recent records is probably related to a higher sampling effort in the last two decades  (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified but the species is considered a pest. 

In the UK it was definitely present during Holocene (sub-fossilevidence) but no reliable evidence for breeding in the historic period; occasional imports with timber; single sighting in New Forest in 1966 and yet no other records from this well-recorded area.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  This species lives in veteran trees which are currently in decline across Europe; regeneration of these trees is slow and there   may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available for this species.

It develops in Quercus. The larvae first develop under the bark of stressed living or dying trees, later burrowing deeper in the wood of sick, sun-exposed stems. The life cycle is at least three years, with pupation in late summer in the wood. Adults winter in the pupal cell and emerge in V-VIII, and are found on the host plants - it is predominantly a nocturnal and crepuscular species. In France trees (Quercus, Castanea) with traces ofC. cerdo usually have a diameter greater than 40 cm and are sun exposed. The species is below the altitude of 900 m. In Romania it has been reported from all type of oaks. In the south, it has been found inQuercus cerris, Quercus pubescens, Quercus pedunculiflora, and in the north, it has been found inQuercus robur, Quercus petraea. Adults became active from mid May, until August in mountains. During the day they are hidden inside holes, under bark, and during the evening they become active. In the European part of Turkey larvae are said to develop in Acer, Carpinus, Castanea, Cupressus, Fraxinus, Fagus, Platanus, Prunus, Salix, Quercus, Ulmus. Adults are active in VI-VII and the life cycle is three or four years (Canakcıoglu 1993).

In Hungary this species lives in thermophilous oak woods (mainly in turkey oak woods) in the hills and the lower mountain areas. Important populations occur in wood pastures and parklands where huge, old, solitary pedunculate oaks occur.

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  Felling of sick or dying trees - especially in the favoured, open sunny situations, where they are more vulnerable to this treatment and where more visible to people - is a threat to this species.

In Hungary this species is threatened by habitat loss because of the forest management (removal of old trees) in the hills and mountains. Lowland and wood pasture populations are threatened by abandonment of the grazing activity and reforestation (the old stems are no longer exposed to the sun) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

In Romania removal of the occupied oaks from pastures and forests is an issue; also local people use these for firewood (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.

In Hungary important populations of this species live in protected areas and Natura 2000 areas. The species is legally protected in Hungary. In Germany there are several actions and plans (monitoring and management) in place according to the EU Habitats Directive. In Germany this species is listed as Critically Endangered (2009). It is also included in the Red Book of Ukraine. In Italy there are management plans in SIC.

Key actions needed are to retain veteran oaks where they are in open country and to retain dying treesin situ. In denser stands of oak, opening up to improve sun penetration will favour this species.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Schlaghamersky, J., Mason, F., Istrate, P. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. TheArea of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next text years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is distributed throughout the extreme south-east of Europe (Bense 1995). It is present in Crimea, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece (Rejzek and Hoskovec 1999) and the European part of Turkey - it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943) and from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen and Demir 2006). It is also found in the Minor Caucasus, Asia Minor, Iran and Turkey.

population:
There is a substantial trend in the decrease of suitable host trees, and from this we can infer a reduction in the population of the species, but this cannot be quantified. In Ukraine this species is known to be in a very restricted area and the trend may be decreasing. Although the species is not commonly found it may not be as rare as thought because it is known to be more difficult to find than other similar species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species found in dying, diseased or stressed trees, but not in dead trees. The species is active during the day but difficult to find. This species is reliant on freshly dead or dying sapwood the larvae developing in oakQuercus,beechFagus, woods of vine and apricot, cherry, plum, almond and some other stone-fruit trees. Imago in VI-IX and life cycle two or three years duration.

threats:
The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. It remains unknown if this species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened in view that it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.
Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened in view that it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
.

range:
This species is widely distributed in south-eastern and southern Europe, reaching France and Spain locally (Bense 1995). In Ukraine it is present in Crimea and in the hills of the Carpathians while in Romania it has been reported from the southern part, only in few places (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it is very sporadic in the hills and mountains, and is mainly present in the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is mainly present in the western part but not in Sardinia. It has also been reported from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953).

population:
This species is rare in Europe and its population is declining across the continent. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species became much rarer in the second half of the 20th century. Most localities are older than 50 years. The species can be regarded as being in the verge of extinction (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine is relatively rare and in Romania there are old reports and some populations are Extinct now (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France it is still relatively common in the south - it seems to be in regression in the northern part of its French distribution area. Only two recent observations (1966 and 2007) in the north of the Rhône-Alps area (Allemandet al. 2009). In Spain it is present mainly in two areas, one in the centre and one in the southern mountains, in total 22 localities but not common. In Italy it is considered Vulnerable with a declining population. In Slovakia there are three recent sites and several others which have disappeared. The population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the woody tissues of living and weakened, sun-exposed trees with a large diameter (at least 30 cm) including stools of coppiced trees; it is polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (especially Quercus and fruit trees). Pupation occurs within the wood and the adults emerge in VI-VIII; they are found on the host plant and feeding at flowers. The adult is diurnal and lives in forests and orchards. The life cycle ranges from four or five years in parts of its range to two or three years in Ukraine. In Hungary the known localities of this species are in thermophilous oak woods (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it also has been reported from oak woods and the host plants include fruit trees (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Also it is believed to live in association withCerambyx nodulosus. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for the European part of Turkey.

threats:
Loss of traditional management including coppicing is a major threat to this species. Replacement of fruit trees in old orchards to bush forms poses another threat. In Hungary the species is threatened by the removal of old oak trees; and this practice is the main reason of its rarity (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). 
In southern Europe, felling in the thermophilous forests is a threat (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Traditional forest management and coppicing, and protection of traditional orchards and of veteran trees are required to preserve this species, as well as ensuring that new generations of trees are available, maintaining habitat continuity and connectivity. In Hungary as extant populations are unknown, specific measures cannot be launched. Some of the old localities are within protected areas. An effective protection of the old oak stands is necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). No specific conservation measures are in place for this species in Romania.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

In particluar this species is used for exchange with different tropical beetles.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because it is highly dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next 10 years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because it is highly dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species' Area of Occupancy is likely to be relatively small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next 10 years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 

.

range:
This species occurs in south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Ukraine it is only present in Crimea. In Italy it is only in the north-eastern part of the country. 
There are new records from south-western Romania, in the south of the Carpathians Mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is reported from the hills and mountainsof Troodos Massif (500-1,200 m) (Sama and Makris 2001), in particular from Panagia, Platres, Pera Pedi, Vretsia, Foini (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is also reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, however in some areas it is considered rare. No information is known about the population trend, however because of its association with veteran trees which are known to be in decline, the population is inferred to be in decline.

habitat:
This species is thought to be associated particularly with veteran trees, developing in the sapwood of freshly dead or dying areas of living fruit trees like Malus and Pyrus, also hawthornCrataegus, oakQuercus, mapleAcerand other broad-leaved trees. This is an obligate saproxylic species.


In Ukraine adults are active in V-IX and the life cycle is three years.In Romania, it develops mainly inQuercus, and sometimes in fruit trees. Adults have been found feeding atSambucus ebulus flowers (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is present in old   orchards, maquis and forests.

threats:
As this species is though to be associated with veteran trees, one threat is the rate of loss of these trees, which although not quantified, is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas but there is no information available regarding conservation measures in place.

useAndTrade:
This species seems to be popular with beetle collectors and trade occurs; in particular specimens come from south-eastern Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The species is widespread across Europe, except in the north and west, and far south-west (Bense 1995). This species is also found in the Minor Caucasus, Minor Asia, northern Africa.

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, but occurs also in riverine hardwood galleries and remnant oak forests in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it is widespread but not common  (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009).In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953, Oymen 1987), Edirne (Ozdikmen and Sahin 2006) and Kırklareli (Ozdikmen and Caglar 2004, Malmusi and Saltini 2005, Ozdikmen and Demir 2006). In Sweden it is only present in the south.

population:
A widespread and common species in Europe but with a rather fragmented distribution in the north; its population trend seems stable.

In Ukraine this species is common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common on its localities. In Romania it is well represented but higher number of individuals can be found in protected areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is present in all the States but it is rare in the north. Generally rare in Denmark; this species is a 'heat-loving' species and is most common in the south (Thomsen 2007). The population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey.

In the UK it is possibly native but if so Extinct; there was a wide scattering of records up until 1902; only casual imports since then.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae first develop under the bark, later in the wood, of dead branches and trunks. The life cycle is two or three years, with pupation in late summer in wood. Adults overwinter in the pupal cell and emerge in IV-VIII, found on host plants and at flowers. Polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (Juglans, Quercus, Prunus, Fagus, Castanea, Carpinus, Betula, Ulmus, Salix, Populus, Syringa, Tilia, Corylus, Ostrya). In Romania it has been found on oakQuercustrunks and branches, also at different white flowers of shrubs (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In European Turkey larvae develop inCastanea, Fagus, Quercus, Ulmusand fruit trees (Erdem 1968). In Denmark it develops in beechFagus in old forests; prefers the wood of dry and sick stems (Thomsen 2007). In Germany it lives in all collin, planar broad-leaved forests. In Hungary it lives in oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations, where larvae develop in dead branches of oak and other trees, and adults visit blossoming shrubs and herbs.

threats:
Habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range in Hungary as a result of urban encroachment and forest management, but this is not considered to be a major threat to this common species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (2009) and in Denmark (2005).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A., Mannerkoski, I., Tezcan, S. & Méndez, M.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known as C. velutinus Brulle, 1832 in Bense (1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is distributed in the Mediterranean zone of Europe (Bense 1995) and into southern and central Europe. In Ukraine it is present in the southern regions. In Hungary this species is very sporadic in the hills and mountains, mainly in the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It has been recorded from western and southern Romania. It is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, except in the northern part and in France it also only occurs in the south. In Cyprus it has been reported from the hills and mountains of Troodos Massif (west, south and central Cyprus) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).  It has also been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Oymen 1987, Ozdikmen and Demir 2006) and it is also found in Minor Asia.

population:
Overall the population trend for this species is unknown but it is declining in some parts. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species became much rarer in the second half of the 20th century. Most localities are older than 50 years, but an extant population was discovered in 2002 (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Good populations are preserved in south-western Romania, in the Carpathian oak forest. Other populations, in the Romanian Plain are poor (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France it is common in its distribution area but seems to regress from the most agro-intensive places and from the northern places (Allemandet al.2009). In Slovakia there is only one site in the extreme south of the country. In Spain there are 90 localities and in Italy it is widespread with a good number of populations. The population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey or Cyprus but the species is not rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This thermophilous species develops in broad-leaved trees (especially Quercus, also in Platanus, Ceratonia). Larvae first develop under the bark and in the woody tissues of living and weakened trees with a large diameter (at least 30 cm) including stools of coppiced trees. It needs sun-exposed trees - the sun-exposed face of the trunk is colonised first (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009. Life cycle is at least three years. Adults emerge in VI-VIII on host plants, and are crepuscular and nocturnal. Adults can be found during the night on the host tree (P. Istrate pers. obs. 2009). Personal observations from Baile Herculane (Romania) show that this species lives in association withCerambyx cerdo. In Rumania it occurs in oak forests from mountains, hilly places and sometimes in planes. In Hungary the known localities of this species are in thermophilous oak woods and wood pastures (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it was found in old   orchards, maquis and forests, on or near old trees of  Quercus infectoria ssp veneris and Quercus alnifolia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for the European part of Turkey.

threats:
Loss of traditional management including coppicing and the degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density are major threats to this species. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. In Hungary and Romania the species is threatened by the removal of old oak trees.

conservationAction:
In order to conserve this species it is necessary to promote traditional forest management and coppicing, as well as protection of veteran trees and ensure that new generations of trees are available, maintaining habitat continuity and connectivity. In Hungary the recently discovered extant population is in a protected area, but this is a private property. An effective protection of the old oak stands is necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The populations from south-western Romania are preserved inside three major national parks (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

In the south and east of the Mediterranean, some individual large males from  ssp. tunisicus and centurius populations are very popular among beetle collectors (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Mason, F., Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Istrate, P., Munteanu, N., Büche, B., Tezcan, S., Méndez, M., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:   listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trends and threats.
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trends and threats.

range:
This species is widely distributed in southeastern Europe. It is also reported from Canakkale (Malmusi and Saltini 2005), in the European part of Turkey.

population:
There is no information about the abundance or trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is polyphagous in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees like Quercus and Pistacia. However its development is inadequately known. Adults are active in V-VI.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is very closely related taxonomically to C. trifasciatus which develops in the roots of herbs. The status of saproxylic is therefore doubtful. This species was described by Holzschuh (1981).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000km², its Area of Occupancy is less than 500km², with all individuals in fewer than five locations, and the extent of its habitat  is declining. 

  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)), because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000km², its Area of Occupancy is less than 500km², with all individuals in fewer than five locations, and the extent of its habitat  is declining.

range:
This species has a very restricted range in Europe. It has only been found in Thassos islands (northern Aegean Islands). This species is also found and described from north-eastern Turkey (Samsun, Manisa, Gördes) and the western part of Turkey in the Izmir area and from Cisme.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. However, it appears that the species is currently not uncommon within its restricted distribution.

habitat:
It is doubtful that this is an obligate saproxylic species, as Holzschuh (1981) reports it fromIsotis tinctoria(from Gördes) and someChlorophorus develop in woody roots of herbs. This species is very closely related taxonomically toC. trifasciatus which develops in the roots of herbs.

threats:
The island of Thassos where the species occurs seems to be affected by land conversion for agriculture and urbanisation. Therefore the habitat size is declining.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, breeding biology, general ecology and threats to this little-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated, as the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is found in Europe only in southern Russia. It is also present in Near East.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but no information is available on its habitat requirements.

threats:
No information available. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species has very restricted occurrence in Europe. It is thought to be found in Russia but the exact distribution through Russia is unknown. Its range through Russia is suspected to be in the west-central region (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It may be present in one locality in southern Ukraine (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no specific information known about its habitat requirements.


range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe, from the Eurosiberian subregion to central and south-eastern Europe, extending west into northern Spain and Portugal to north Europe including the Baltic region. It is widespread in southern Iberia. In Portugal there was only recorded in 1985 from a single locality in the north-eastern part of the country. In Germany it is present in the southern and eastern states and in Italy is widespread throughout the country (not present in Sicily). In Poland this species is probably Extinct. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, and much rarer in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) while in Romania it is common in central Romania, in Transylvania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine the species occurs in the southern regions. It has been reported from Istanbul (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997).

population:
It is a widespread and common species across much of its European range. Presumably the population trend is stable. In Romania there are large populations inside the inner Carpathian Mountains and in the south-western part of the country (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary and Turkey but in Hungary the species is regarded as common on its localities. In Germany it is rather rare and scattered but of no concern.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the wood of dead branches that are still attached to the trees; a wide variety of broadleaved trees are used (e.g. Pyrus, Quercus, Ulmus, Castanea, Robinia, Betula, Populus, Salix, Viburnum, Pistacia, Carpinus, Crataegus). Pupation occurs in spring or early summer in the wood and adults emerge in VI-VIII; they are attracted to flowers for feeding, especially those of shrubs growing in sunny situations. In Hungary and in Germany it lives in various deciduous forests (mainly in oak-hornbeam and beech forests), and mainly in ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been found at the edge of deciduous forests, mainly oak (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for the European part of Turkey.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of removal of dead wood and logging of old deciduous forests (e.g. Hungary, Romania).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas so no specific measures are necessary  (e.g. Hungary, Romania). It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (2009).

redListAssessors:
Alexander KNA, Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Tezcan, S. & Mico, E.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species appears to be unclear due to the varying opinions of different authors. In Spain, this species is currently regarded as a variety of C. pilosus (Gonzáles Peña et al. 2007). Sama (2000) however states this is a separate species and this is supported by Brustel et al. (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and because the species has no major threats. Thus it is unlikely that the species will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and because the species has no major threats. Thus it is unlikely that the species will decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is distributed through central-southern Europe (Sama 2002), south and northwestern Europe including the Mediterranean islands.

population:
In France and Italy this species is common.
In Spain it is unknown which population isC. pilosus andC. glabromaculatus.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in dry dead branches in living broad-leaved tress, inQuercus, etc.

threats:
There appear to be no threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in several protected areas. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range at present.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it isdeclining at a rapid rate across its range at present.

range:
This species is believed to be widely distributed in Europe, through central and eastern Europe, extending into France and southern Sweden (Bense 1995). It is also found in northern and central Caucasus, western and south-western Siberia.

In Spain there is a single locality in Pyrenees (Vives 2001). In France it is probably Extinct; there is only old data (before 1884) that indicates that it was locally a common species in Rhône-Alps (Allemand et al. 2009). It was also common in the Paris surroundings (Villiers 1978). In Germany it is only  present in southern and eastern states. In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest-steppe zones. In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This is a canopy species so it may be under-sampled. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary because the species is very rare. In Ukraine it is not common. In Romania it is quite common in the broad-leaved and coniferous forests in the Carpathians.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the dead dry wood of twigs and branches of broad-leaved trees (especially inTilia, also inQuercus, Carpinus, Ulmus, Betula, Padus, Crataegus), strictly in the canopy. The life cycle is two or three years, with pupation in spring or early summer in the wood. Adults emerge in VI.VIII, occasionally found feeding at flowers.
In Hungary it is found in undisturbed forests that are free of forestry management, mainly in ravine and slope forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania adults can be found on white flowers near freshwater in mountain areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France larvae develop preferentially in oldTilia trees (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it also develops inTilia and in mesophilic stands.

threats:
There appear to be no major threat to this species. In Hungary habitat loss is the main reason for the rarity of this species as its host trees are usually removed from the forests. In Romania forest management and logging are major threats.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). In Germany this species is listed a 'PR' which means that the species is Presumably Endangered.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.  In particular this species is used in trade.


taxonomicNotes:
This species name formerly included C. glabromaculatus but the latter is now regarded as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the doubts as to its taxonomic validity in Spain, which prevents from having a good knowledge of the actual distribution of the species. Therefore there is no information available regarding the population size and trend, and the threats to this species are unknown.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the doubts as to its taxonomic validity in Spain, which prevents from having a good knowledge of the actual distribution of the species. Therefore there is no information available regarding the population size and trend, and the threats to this species are unknown.

range:
This species is distributed in south-western Europe (Sama 2002) and in some of the   Mediterranean islands and in the Canary Islands. In particular this species is found in France, Croatia, Sardinia, Portugal, Poland and Spain, including the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.

Data for the species in France, Italy and neighbouring areas exist (Bense 1995) but the species has subsequently been recognised as comprising two separate species: the trueC. pilosus and the newly describedC. glabromaculatus(q.v.). It is unclear whether older data for the species applies toC. pilosus orC. glabromaculatus.

In Spain it remains unclarified if the records belong toC. pilosus orC. glabromaculatus.
 In Portugal the species is distributed across the northern half, with few records.
In Italy the species is only found in southern Sardinia, in the municipality of Cagliari.C. glabromaculatus occurs throughout mainland Italy.
In Switzerland and Germany data on the species are most likely records ofC. glabromaculatus. The species has not been recorded in Germany since 1950 and introductions to Germany have been recorded but without precise data.

This species is also found in northern Africa.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species across its range. In Spain it is not abundant. The only records for Germany are from before 1950 and are from Rheinland-Pfalz and Thüringen. It is no longer present in Germany.
The trends for this species are not known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dry dead branches of various widespread and common tree species (includingFicus).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Alexander, K. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it does not appear to be facing any major threats. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it does not appear to be facing any major threats.

range:
This species occurs in south-western Europe only (Bense 1995). It is very widespread in Spain and Portugal (Vives 2001). In Portugal there are only a few records from the east, central and northern parts of the country (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). In France it is only found in the south.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species although it is widespread. The population trend remains unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae feed in the wood of dead branches of Quercus (Chobaut 1893). The adult beetles fly in sunny weather to feed at flowers and therefore require open forest or ecotonal habitat of forest and meadow (Vives 2001).

threats:
The species is not thought to face any major threats (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, presumed stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, presumed stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is distributed across central and southern Europe (Bense 1995) and through western Europe. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; rare and absent in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is widespread but not common (Vives 2001) and in Portugal there are only very few records from the north. In Germany it is widespread although missing in the very north and rare. In Poland there are no recent records after 1950. In the Czech Republic it is only in the southernmost, in the warmer lowland areas. In Slovakia it is widespread but is not present in the mountains. It is present in almost all regions in Ukraine and widespread in Romania and Cyprus. In the European part of Turkey it was reported from Tekirdag (Villiers 1967, Oymen 1987, Lodos 1998), Canakkale (Malmusi and Saltini 2005) and Kırklareli (Malmusi and Saltini 2005). It is also found in Major and Minor Caucasus, Anatolia, Iran, south-western Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

population:
It is a widespread species in Europe, probably common in the warmer regions. Presumably the population trend is stable. In Romania it is considered well represented (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009); also common and well represented in Italy and Spain.    Population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey and Cyprus but in Cyprus the species is not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the wood of dead branches on a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Paliurus, Quercus, Ulmus, Crataegus, Eleagnus, Castanea, Robinia, Ficus, Cytisus, Pistacia, Ceratonia, Salix, Fagus, Ostrya, Gleditsia). Adults emerge in V-VIII and are attracted to flowers for feeding. In Hungary this species occurs in various deciduous forest types, mainly in ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been observed on the hills with shrubs and isolated trees, sometimes at the edge of deciduous forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it has been found in   orchards, maquis, garigue, and forests on various flowers especially at white Umbelliferae (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In Spain in prefers humid deciduous forest. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
The species is not threatened, because host plants are available all over its range. In Romania the removal of shrubs and isolated trees from hills can be one threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures needed. It also occurs in several protected areas throughout its range (e.g. Hungary, Romania). In GermanyC. sartor is considered as Presumably Endangered (2009).

redListAssessors:
Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Tezcan, S. & Mico, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, no major threats, presumed large population, it occurs in many protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, no major threats, presumed large population, it occurs in many protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is believed to be throughout much of Europe, from central, west (but not the far west) and southern Europe including some of the   Mediterranean islands. It is also found in all Caucasus, Syria, Iraq, northern Iran, Turkmenistan (Kopet-dag mnys), western Kazakhstan, on east to Ural mountains only.

In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country, mostly in lower areas; in lowlands, it is the most common species of longicorn (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in lower and hilly areas. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Oymen 1987), Canakkale (Malmusi and Saltini 2005),Kırklareli (Lodos 1998), Edirne (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009), Tekirdag (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009). It is widespread in Cyprus.

population:
A common and widespread species in Europe.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as very common on its localities. In Romania it is common and one of the best represented longicorn species. In Ukraine it is a common species. In Cyprus it is very common from 0 to 1,500 m. The population size and trend have not been quantified for European Turkey.

In Germany it is widely distributed but rare, missing in the very north. In France it is expanding in some areas and decreasing in others. In Spain this species is common. In Finland it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  The larvae develop in the deadwood of exposed fine and dry branches (often two or five cm diameter) - it is a very thermophilus species. The life cycle is two or three years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in V-IX, attracted to flowers. Polyphagous in many broad-leaved trees and shrubs (Vitis, Acer, Quercus, Populus, Malus, Crataegus, Juglans, Robinia, Eleagnus, Ficus, Sesbania, Prunus, Pyrus, Morus, Castanea, Ulmus, Alnus, Fraxinus, Pistacia, Paliurus, Spartium others). In the the east of its distribution range it lives in herbaceous plants (Salicornia, Achillea, Spartium).

In Hungary this species occurs in light deciduous forests, orchards. farmland and grasslands with any shrub vegetation. In Romania it has been reported from old orchards, grasslands with scattered old trees, and cemeteries (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it has been found in   orchards, maquis, garigue, and forests on various flowers especially on white Umbelliferae. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). In Germany this species is listed as Presumably Endangered (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is distributed throughout much of Europe, except only the far north and far south (Bense 1995). It is also found in all Caucasus, northern Iran, west Turkmenistan, Siberia, Algeria - on east to Ural Mountains only.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; rarer in forested areas of the lowlands. In Romania it is known from all parts of the country, specially in the hilly areas. In Portugal it is widespread in the north and centre; few recent records. In Denmark it is distributed throughout and common (Thomsen 2007). In Germany it is present in all the States. In Britain it is widespread across the whole of England and Wales, but with very few records from Scotland. It has been reported from European Turkey without giving exact locality (Althoffand Danilevsky 1997).

population:
At the European level this species is widespread and common.

In Britain it is widespread and plentiful over much of the lowlands of England and Wales; but rare in Scotland (Twinn and Harding 1999). In Ukraine it is common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in its localities. In Romania it is common in the oak forests of Transylvania. In France it is very common while in Finland it is rare. In Spain it is common. In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified but it is regarded as common.

In Ireland it is a rare and very localised species, with possibly twowell-established native populations (Alexander 1997); distribution confused by periodic casual introductions.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae first develop under the bark, later in the wood, of dead trunks and branches. The life cycle is two years (in Ukraine it is one year), with pupation in autumn or spring deep in the wood. Adults emerge in V-VII, and are found on the host plants or at flowers. It is polyphagous in broad-leaved trees and shrubs (Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea, Corylus, Juglans, Crataegus, Sarothamnus, Robinia, Rosa, Ficus, Ostrya, Salix, Morus, Vitis, Fraxinus, Prunus, Ulmus, Ilex). Adults sun-loving and often found apparently basking on foliage and wood in warm sunshine.

Known in Britain from a very wide variety of situations across the cultural landscape, from woodlands through to coastal scrub and hedgerows (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species occurs in various deciduous forest types, mainly in ecotonal situations. In Romania it has been found on fresh cut branches, on the edge of forests, and in pastures with old scatter oaks. In Germany it is abundant in all broad-leaved forests. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
There appears to be no major threats. 
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Present in a large number of protected sites in Britain, Hungary, etc.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species is not present in any EU Member State

range:
This species is an oriental species, widespread from the central Urals to Sakhalin and Japan (Sama 2002). Its European range is only in the west-southern part of Russia.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The abundance and trends of this species are unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees.


redListCategoryRationale:
Clytus clavicornis is endemic to Sicily in Italy, and it only known from eight localities in the north of the island. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,000-4,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 28-40 km²), it is believed to occur at less than ten locations (but more than five), and there appear to be continuing declines in the extent and quality of its habitat due to changing land use, exploitation from forestry and non- or minimum-intervention management systems. More information is needed to confirm these declines, and research is needed into the population size and trend. The sites where this saproxylic beetle occurs should be protected and managed in order to avoid future population declines.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily in Italy where is distributed in the northern (chiefly), central and eastern broadleaved forests, at altitudes between 350 and 1,700 m (Sama 2006, A. Biscaccianti pers. obs. 2015). The species is only known from eight localities in the north of the island, its EOO is 3,000-4,000 km², and its AOO is 28-40 km².

population:
This species is only known from ten sites in northern Sicily (Sama 2006, A. Biscaccianti pers. obs. 2015). The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species which inhabits hilly and mountain broadleaved woodlands, and develops in dead wood of Quercus, Acer, Castanea, and maybe other trees species. The quality of habitat of this species is strongly declining in extent and quality over the last 60 to 70 years, due to an unsuitable forest management. There is no detailed information on the size of dead timber required nor on the structure of the habitat.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at less than ten, but more than five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but some of its known sites occur within protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. The sites where it occurs should be protected and managed in order to avoid future population declines. In Italy this species is assessed as Vulnerable (Audisio et al. 2014, Carpaneto et al. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Biscaccianti, A., Audisio, P. & Buse, J.

redListContributors:
Nardi, G., Mico Balaguer, e. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, mainly stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, mainly stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across central and south-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Ukraine it occurs in the western regions. In Hungary it is sporadically found in the westernmost part of the country and in the north-eastern mountains (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from the mountains and a few other places in the central part of the country (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France it is present in all mountain zones, with boreal coniferous forest (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Italy the species is present in the Alpine arch. In Germany it occurs in the southern and eastern states.

population:
It is a widespread species, common in mountainous regions. There is no data on the population trend of this species.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified; however, it is regarded as rare in the country (O. Merklpers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is suspected that the population is declining (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Not a rare species in France but never found in large numbers (less than five individuals in one year of sampling with ten traps in a site) (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is common in the Alpine arch and there are two populations in central Italy. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is widespread and common in montane regions. In Ukraine it is considered rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in conifers (Picea, Abies, Larix). Larvae first feed under the dead bark, later in the dead wood of thin stems. Adults emerge in June - July, found on the host-plants and feeding on flowers. It is a typical montane species but it also occurs in artificial habitats such as spruce plantations or gardens and is considered by some a potential pest. In Hungary it occurs in old indigenous conifer forests and in old conifer plantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is present in the old conifer forests from the Carpathians, and in France in the boreal coniferous forest. In Italy the spcies is present only up to 700 m.

threats:
In central Europe, including Germany and Italy, there are no major threats to this species. In Hungary, virtually all localities are in protected areas, so no threatening factors exist. In Romania human activities inside old conifer forests can threaten the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures needed. In Hungary the species occurs almost exclusively in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this spcies is useful for trade and collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, presumed stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, presumed stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread through a central east-west band across Europe but with populations also scattered to the south on the Mediterranean (Bense 1995). 
It is widespread in Spain and Portugal (Vives 2001). In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly areas but much rarer in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in almost all parts of the country, but there are not many reports (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is believed to be present in the south-western states but there are many wrong indications and the distribution needs to be checked.In Cyprus it has been reported from the southern and western slopes of Troodos Mountains (0-1000 m) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009) and it has also been reported from Istanbul (Demelt and Alkan 1962), Kırklareli (Malmusi and Saltini 2005), Canakkale (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009) in European Turkey. It is also found in Kazakhstan, all Caucasus and northern Iran.

population:
It is a widespread species, common in warmer regions. The population trend is stable. In Hungary and Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded in Hungary as common on its localities. In Romania it is becoming rarer (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).
   In Cyprus it is uncommon and local. In Spain and Italy it is widespread and very common. In the Czech Republic it is very localised and in Slovakia it is widespread as it prefers warmer areas. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the dead branches and twigs of small diameter of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Castanea, Ulmus, Ficus, Prunus, Pyrus,  Crataegus, Padus, Frangula, Rhamnus, Pistacia, Robinia, Paliurus, Styrax, Cistus). Adults emerge in V-VIII and are attracted to white flowers for feeding. It is known from Mediterranean maquis, temperate shrubland, temperate forest, and orchards. In Hungary it lives in light oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations, where the larvae develop in dead branches of oak and various shrubs, with the adults visit blossoming shrubs and herbs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany this species lives in thermophilic forest areas. In Romania the larval stages are found inside dead branches ofAstragalus andCytisus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it was found mainly in maquis and garigue on various flowers, especially on white Umbelliferae (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for the European part of Turkey.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment, but this is not considered to be a major threat to this species. In Germany is listed as 'R' which means that it has a restricted distribution (2009), and is therefore threatened only by low number of populations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions needed and the species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
Clytus trangulimacula is known from the central and southern Apennines (mainland Italy). This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km², it occurs at less than ten locations, and even though the population trend has not been quantified, there may be a continuing decline in the quantity and quality of the habitat due to structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Other threats include long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle subpopulations are also key factors. Further research is needed into the population size, trend, and ecology. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to avoid any future population declines.

range:
This species is only found in the central and southern Apennines in Italy (Sama and Rapuzzi 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 38,550 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
There is little available information on the abundance of this species. Sama (2006) reports eight sites. The population trend has not been quantified and is unknown, but may be decreasing due to habitat loss and degradation.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species which inhabits deciduous woodlands in the mountains, although no details are available on host trees, biology and ecology.

threats:
There is no specific information available. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle subpopulations are also key factors. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of habitat loss and degradation and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at less that ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but many of the sites where it occurs are in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, trend, and ecology. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to avoid any future population declines.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has many synonyms and a taxonomic revision is needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is quite common in at least parts of its range (although in some parts it is rare). A tree-top species; so it is probably under-recorded. It is not exclusively dependent upon veteran trees or old-growth woodland. The Extent of Occurrence is large, the Area of Occupancy has not been quantified but is likely to well exceed 2,000 km2 given that the species is widespread in some range states and does not have particularly specific habitat requirements. Population trend has not been quantified, but there is no evidence to suggest that it is likely to be declining at a rate exceeding (or approaching) 30% in ten years; consequently assessed as Least Concern.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is quite common in at least parts of itsrange (although in some parts it is rare). A tree-top species; so it is probably under-recorded. It is not exclusively dependent upon veteran trees or old-growth woodland. The Extent of Occurrence is large, the Area of Occupancy has not been quantified but is likely to well exceed 2,000 km2 given that the species is widespread in some range states and does not have particularly specific habitat requirements. Population trend has not been quantified, but there is no evidence to suggest that it is likely to be declining at a rate exceeding (or approaching) 30% in ten years; consequently assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is distributed throughout central, southern and eastern Europe, but appears to be rare or very localised in most countries. Examples of countries where it is widespread and not rare include Greece and the Czech Republic. In Germany it is also widely distributed but missing in the northern German states, and very rare but  probably under-documented (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is still present in many populations in Transylvania, but with small numbers (P. Istrtae pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species is very rare, with a few sporadic localities known from the hilly regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is rare in the Ukraine and absent from Slovakia. In Spain and Portugal it has a very restricted distribution and it is confined to four known populations in the north (Vives 2001). In Portugal it has been recorded very recently (Soares-Vieira and Grosso-Silva 2003) from a single locality in the northern-most area.
Also reported from the European part of Turkey without exact locality (Althoff andDanilevsky 1997).

population:
A widespread species that is quite common in at least some parts of its range, although rare in many other areas. A treetop species; so probably under-recorded (it is difficult to find even where it is present). The population trend is unknown. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species became much rarer in the second half of the 20th century; and most records are older than 50 years (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain and Portugal there are only few known populations in the north. Population size and trend have not been quantified for the European part of Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under the bark of dead trunks and thick branches (especially in the tree-tops) of various broad-leaved tree species (especiallyQuercus, also inPrunus, Pyrus). Adults emerge in May - July and are found on the host-plants. It is not restricted to veteran trees or old-growth woodland according to recent data; also being found in managed oak stands of medium age. In Hungary it lives in light thermophilous oak forests (turkey oak and white oak) (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania it has been found around the mezo-thermophilous forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is a species of thermophilic oak forests. In Greece it has been found in pine trees (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2009). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
Loss of veteran trees might pose a threat, although the species is not dependent on such trees. In Hungary the main reason of rarity of this species is habitat loss as a result of urban encroachment and forest management (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania forest management and the use of dead oak branches for fire by local people are threatening this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Poland the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
Many of the known localities fall within protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). An effective protection of the old oak stands is necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is used for trade with different tropical insects.

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Hyvärinen, E., Alexander, K., Büche, B. & Campanaro, A.


taxonomicNotes:
A taxonomic confusion has existed between Cornumutila quadrivittata (Gebler, 1830) and C. lineata (Letzner, 1844), the latter being considered as a synonym of the former. As a result, numerous authors such as Villiers (1978), Bense (1995), Sama (2002), G. Sama in De Jong et al. (2014), etc. refer to C. quadrivittata when they consider the genus in Europe, when in fact they are referring to C. lineata.  This mistake is explained in some recent publications (Berger 2012, Danilevsky 2014), that follow the Type revision of Lazarev (2009), that confirmed the distinction between the two species and the occurrence of C. lineata in central and western Europe, while C. quadrivittata belongs nearly exclusively to the Russian area.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Cornumutila lineata has a boreo-alpine distribution and is found in the mountains of south and central Europe. In Russia, it occurs in the northeast of European Russia, and several sites are reported from western Siberia. It is one of the rarest longhorns in Europe. This species is assessed as Endangered since is has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy(AOO) is 160 km² in Europe, and 132 km² in the EU 28, including very old records), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It is present in few and sparsely distributed localities, but is better represented in European Russia. Its biology is very special, demanding standing wounded or dying spruces or other conifers. The adults are very hard to find because they occur at height on the breeding tree, but, even if the species has been overlooked, its rarity is widely accepted. Many records are historical, not confirmed for more than 50 years, and the species is clearly in decline. It suffers from wood harvesting throughout its range, an ongoing threat. Intensive removal of dead trees can significantly reduce the possibility of reproduction and lead to the disappearance of this beetle. The species needs total protection of entire areas to conserve slow dying spruces to prevent further population declines.

range:
The global distribution of Cornumutila lineata is boreo-alpine and covers the mountains of south and central Europe (Bense 1995). In Russia, it occurs in the northeast of European Russia (Татаринова et al. 2007), and several sites are reported from western Siberia (Danilevsky 2014). This species  is very localised and only observed at low densities (few specimens). In France, it occurs only in the Alps, in two localities of the Queyras mountains between 1,600 m and 2,100 m Asl, where it was found again in 1991 (Villiers 1978, Berger 2012). In Switzerland, the presence of the species is confirmed by two clearly labelled specimens collected in 1920 and 1925 in the Alps (Monnerat et al. 2015). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, it is localised and occurs only above 1,000 m Asl, but an important number of localities have been published (Sláma 1998, Kovács et al. 1998/1999). In Poland, the species occurs only in the southwest, in a few localities (KSIB 2016). Those localities are mainly old records and the species was recently reported only from the Beskids and Tatras mountains (Wojas and Szafraniec 2013, G.R. Starzyk in Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016). In Italy, only ancient records, dating from early 1909, are available in the northeast (Sama 1988). In Romania, two recent and independent observations come from the primeval spruce forest of Giumalãu and in the  forest surroundings of the Albac river's spring  (Nitu et al. 2009, Bijiaoui 2011). This species is also known from very few localities, mostly historical, distributed across Austria and the Carpathian mountains of west Ukraine, from where the species may have disappeared (Lazarev 2009, Danilevsky 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km² in Europe, and 132 km² in the EU 28, including very old records.

population:
The biological needs of this species restrict it to only well preserved mountain forests. Even though the species is very difficult to find in the field (living in the tree tops), it is very rarely found and seems to have disappeared from many of the known localities. Together with the large scale destruction of spruce forests after acid rain (Sláma 1998), the data suggests that the global population is decreasing. In France it has been recently observed, so the situation seems to be stable (even if the related area of occupancy is very small). Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, both in Europe and in the EU 28.

habitat:
After the synonymy with the Russian C. quadrivittata, most of the published data about the biology of C. lineata only refers to the Siberian species. In fact, the European C. lineata has a specific biology, correctly described by Sláma (1998) and Berger (2012). C. lineata inhabits mountain and boreal coniferous forests. The larva has been described by Cherepanov (1990). It clearly prefers Norway Spruce (Picea abies) but can also be found in European Larch (Larix decidua) (Kovács et al. 1998/1999). The other host trees indicated by Cherepanov (Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata, Larix sibirica and Abies sibirica) require confirmation. The female lays about 120 eggs in the dry top of a shaded standing dead or dying spruce (Demelt 1966).The suitabletreesare isolated andhold -at their top - woundsin the bark, or have broken tops. Bijiaoui (2011) found an adult on livingspruce, on a large wound covered by resin. The diameter at the oviposition site is 5 to 7 cm. The larva doesn't stay long under the bark and feeds in the wood for three years. It then pupates in the wood, at about 3 cm deep. The adults appear at the end of June and between then and August. They are active during daylight but never visit flowers. They are mostly found on the host trees (at the height of 3 m or more) or reared from dead wood (Sláma 1998, Berger 2012). These special habits make the adults very difficult to find and are one explanation for therarity ofobservations.

threats:
The global destruction of forests by atmospheric pollution (acid rain) has been reported to be a major problem for this species (Sláma 1998). Forestry activities are another problem when they remove the dead standing spruce capable of hosting the species. Intensive removal of dead trees can significantly reduce the possibility of reproduction and lead to the disappearance of this beetle (G.R. Starzyk in Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016). The current exploitation of the ancient forests in the Slovak republic is an ongoing and serious threat for the local subpopulation of C. lineata (Sláma 1998) which is one of the most important in EU 28.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as a relict of primeval forests by Müller et al. (2005) (under the name C. quadrivittata) and by many other authors. It has been reported from a protected area in both Poland and Slovakia (G.R. Starzyk in Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016). Recent localities cited from Romania are situated at the border of the protected area Parcul Natural Apuseni and inside the scientific reserve Codrul Secular Giumalãu, a primeval spruce forest (Nitu et al. 2009). In the red lists of Carpathian, Czech Republic, Italy and Poland, C. lineata is considered as Critically Endangered (Pawłowski 2003, Rejzek 2005 [under the name C. quadrivittata], Audisio et al. 2014, J.R. Starzyk in  Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016). One solution to conserve this species would be the total protection of entire areas to preserve the slow dying spruces and other breeding material, and so, to secure the possibility of larval development. However, this would require considerable consultation and expertise (G.R. Starzyk in  Głowaciński and Nowacki 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cortodera humeralis is a central and south European species, and is also present in Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to it. This beetle lives in various woody materials derived from broadleaf trees and buried in the soil.

range:
Cortodera humeralis is a central and south European species (Bense 1995), and is also present in Asian Turkey. It is distributed from France to Poland (Sama 2002), including Luxembourg (Vitali 2011). In the south it occurs in Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Romania. Records from the south of Italy and the south of Greece refer to the subspecies C. h. aspromontana (Löbl and Smetana 2010, Plewa et al. 2011). C. orientalis, described as a subspecies of C. humeralis, is a distinct species (Danilevsky 2015). The longhorn is common and well known in Moldova, as well as in west and central Ukraine (Кравченко and Кравченко 2009, Bartenev and Terekhova 2011), while in European Russia all records refer to C. femorata due to an erroneous definition of the species (Danilevsky 2014). This author adds new data from Belarus (one locality) and central European Russia, close to the Ukrainian border.

population:
This species is relatively common across its distribution range and is observed annually in various forests types. The current population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in broadleaf temperate forests. Contrary to all other species of the genera that develop in roots of herbaceous plants or in cones, this species uses small and lying woody debris. Its biology has been described by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Confirmed host trees are oaks (Quercus spp.) and Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), but probably also other broadleaf trees. The larva lives at the soil surface, beneath trees, where it feeds in rotten and buried branches, twigs and shallow roots. It usually changes the type of food supply several times. The larval development seems to take one year, with a very short pupation in the soil.  Adults are active on flowers in May and  June.

threats:
This species lives in various woody debris on the soil of deciduous forests and there are no major threats to it.

conservationAction:
This species is widely distributed and occurs in several protected areas in France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). It probably occurs in other protected areas in Europe. No research or conservation actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered  (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as this species has a very small area of occupancy with only four known sites. The extent of occurrence is also very small. Could be assessed either as Endangered under Criterion B or Vulnerable  under Criterion D2 - it is difficult to determine which because little information is available from which to infer population trend. Precautionarily assessed as Endangered, as there may be ongoing declines in habitat extent and quality (since the sites for this species are not in protected areas), but better information is needed to confirm this.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as this species has a very small area of occupancy with only four known sites. The extent of occurrence is also very small. Could be assessed either as Endangered under Criterion B or Vulnerable under Criterion D2 - it is difficult to determine which because little information is available from which to infer population trend. Precautionarily assessed as Endangered, as there may be ongoing declines in habitat extent and quality (since the sites for this species are not in protected areas), but better information is needed to confirm this.

range:
This species is only found in the Portuguese archipelago, the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean. Only four localities (on three islands) are reported by Gonzáles Peñaet al.(2007). According to Base de dados da Biodiversidade dos Açores (2009) it is present in the islands Pico, Saõ Miguel, Santa Maria and it records the species from twelve 0.5x0.5 km grids, eight of them on Santa Maria island. The grids are situated near coast and in medium altitudes. It is a relict species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found in deadwood ofLaurus azorica,Vitis vinifera andIlex in montane laurisilva forests. No details are available on size of deadwood required or on open-ness of the habitat.

threats:
No information available. There may be ongoing declines in habitat extent and quality (since the sites for this species are not in protected areas), but better information is needed to confirm this.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures for this species are known. It is not thought to occur in any protected areas. Research on threats and population trends are urgently needed to better inform a future reassessment of this species' status.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is found in the Eurosiberian subregion, central and eastern Europe, and in the western Pyrenees. In Romania it occurs in the Carpathians and high hills around mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is only present in the Alps: Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. In Ukraine it is present in the north-western part. It is also found in Kazakhstan, east of Minor Caucasus, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Japan, Russian Far East.

population:
It is not a common species in Europe. In Ukraine is unusual in that it is common and the population trend is stable. In Russia and Romania it is not commonly found.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  The larvae develop in the wood of thin stems of mapleAcerin particular,but alsoBetula, Ulmus, Alnus, salix, Padus, Juglans, Quercus, Tilia, Aralia, Vitis, Fraxinusand many others broadleaved trees,more rarelyonPinus). It initially develops in the wood of stressed and weakened trees, and later in the dead wood (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). The life cycle is at least two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, and are found feeding at flowers. In Romania it has been found at white flowers alongside a valley with fresh water, inside the mountains (P. Istrate pers. obs. 2009). In Germany it lives in montane conifer forests in the Alps.

threats:
This species faces no major threats. However the main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
In Germany it is listed as 'R' which means that it has a restricted distribution (2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this species is useful for exchange with different collectors.

redListAssessors:
Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P.,  Tezcan, S. & Putchkov, A.


range:
This species is Circum-Mediterranean, extending northwards to Belgium and southern Poland (Bense 1995). It is widespread in Spain (Vives 2001) and Italy. In Portugal it is widespread in the north and centre, and most of the records are recent. In Hungary this species occurs in the south-western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from the central part of country. In Cyprus it is widespread but absent only in the central plain and the east (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is also found in northern Africa, Caucasus, Minor Asia, Kazakhstan.

population:
This is a widespread species and common in the warmer regions (e.g. Cyprus, Spain, Italy, Ukraine). The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary and Romania but in Hungary it is considered frequent in its localities. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is very rare, locally in the warmest areas.

habitat:
The larvae develop under the bark of thin dead branches of woody shrubs such asCytisus,Spartium, Sarothamnus and Calicotoma. The adult is active in V-VII and is attracted to blossom of various plants of the families Compositae and Fabaceae for feeding. It is a thermophilous species. .In Cyprus it is found in maquis, garigue and forests in association with Genista fasselata. Adults and larvae have been found in the dead wood of Genista fasselata. Adults are found on the host plant and more rarely feeding at flowers, especially on the yellow flowers of Ferula communis (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The known localities of this species in Hungary are in acidic meadows whereSarothamnus scopariusis present (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from different host-plants, Calyotome spinosa, Spartium junceum, Cytisus capitatus(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species. In Hungary although this species is found in a few localities only, it is not threatened.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures needed. This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


taxonomicNotes:
In Cyprus only the ssp D. a. troodi (Sama 1994) occurs but the current evaluation is done for the species D. angustissimus in total.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than    20km² and   it is known from fewer than five locations.

 
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Vulnerable (D2) because its Area of Occupancy is less than    20km² and   it is known from fewer than five locations.

range:
This species is found in the Near East and Turkey. In Europe there is just one population, in Cyprus, and this is the unique subspeciesD. a. troodi(Sama 1994). In Cyprus it has been reported only from the central higher peak of Troodos Mountains (Olympos 1,600-1,950 m) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
In Cyprus this species is considered rare and local (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The population trend is stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been found in forests with Pinus nigra and Juniperus foetidissima. Adults and larvae have been found in dead branches and twigs of Juniperus foetidissima (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The evaluation of the threats of the Cyprus population is done on the basis of species, not on the basis of subspecies which presumably is threatened to a higher degree. The host trees where the species lives seem to be not under threat. There appear to be no major threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable under criterion D2 in view that it is only known from four sites on three different islands and it is endemic to the Canary Islands. It may possibly qualify as Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion B, but it is difficult to say because there is little information on population trend, and it is not known whether suitable habitat is stable or decreasing.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable under criterion D2 in view that it is only known from four sites on three different islands and it is endemic to the Canary Islands. It may possibly qualify as Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion B, but it is difficult to say because there is little information on population trend, and it is not known whether suitable habitat is stable or decreasing.

range:
This species is only found in the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Endemic to the Canary Islands. Known from Tenerife, La Gomera, and El Hierro. Reported from five sites by Gonzáles Peñaet al. (2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Found in the deadwood of juniper trees (Juniperus sp.) in woodland, but no information is available on any requirements for canopy open-ness.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. It does not appear to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed to determine what current and potential threats are present for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dinoptera collaris is widely distributed across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, rather common, its population trend is stable and the population size is large. In addition, there appear to be no major threats at the European scale. Locally, forestry activities can remove a significant part of the available breeding material, as can the decline of the traditional coppice management of woodlands. This beetle lives in the dead wood of various broadleaf trees and sometimes in stems of non-woody plants.

range:
Dinoptera collaris is distributed all over the Palaearctic region, from Europe to China, Caucasus and Turkey. It is widely distributed in continental Europe, from Portugal to the Urals and the Orenburg region, reaching northward to southern Scandinavia and the Kirov region (Sama 2002, Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In the UK, the species is thought to have become extinct, with no records for more than 50 years; it appears to have occurred widely across lowland England but as small isolated subpopulations (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In Sicily the species was often referenced in literature from Ficuzza but, after intensive searches, it seems to have became extinct (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006, La Mantia et al. 2010).

population:
This species is widely distributed, easy to observe and relatively common over much of its range. The population is considered as stable both in historical and recent literature. It has, however, declined and become regionally extinct in the UK. The overall population size is large.

habitat:
This species lives in various forest types. Its biology was studied by several authors (Palm 1956, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). The larva lives in dry woody material with a preference for the stem bases, roots and dead branches of various broadleaf trees: Populus, Pyrus, Acer, Fraxinus, Cornus, Euonymus, Malus, Quercus, and Castanea. For example, larvae have been found crawling about under the loose dry bark of the exposed rotten roots of an old overturned stump of oak (Quercus sp.) (Duffy 1953). The larva has an unusual general appearance, more like a malacoderm or Lepidopteran: greyish colour, conspicuous setae, long legs and anal pseudopod. It is extremely active, crawling about with the speed and ease of a typical lepidopteran larva, crawling about both on top and beneath the bark but also over the soil to other stumps. It is found only under the bark in the old subcortical galleries of other larvae such as Clytus arietis, apparently feeding on the frass or fungal growth on the frass of former larvae (Duffy 1953). Kovács and Hegyessy (2000) reported larvae identified by P. Švácha, from stem of non-woody plants: Melilotus and Urtica dioica. This seems to be unusual or emphasises a polyphagy of the species. The development takes two years. The full-grown larva leaves the bark, enters the soil in which it constructs an earthen cocoon to overwinter before pupation during the following April or May (Duffy 1953). Adults are active floral visitors often seen on white flowers from May to August.

threats:
This species can live in the dead wood of various broadleaf trees and pieces of wood. There are no major threats at the European scale. Locally, forestry activities can remove a significant part of the available breeding material, as can the decline of the traditional coppice management of woodlands, the later being a probable cause for the regional extinction in the UK.

conservationAction:
This species has been observed in protected areas in France (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). Throughout Europe, its large distribution ensures its presence in protected forests such as the Bieszczady National Park, in Poland (Holly 2007). The species is currently widely distributed and common. The situation in the UK may be critical even in nature reserves, as long as active conservation management is needed to maintain favourable conditions for the survival of this species (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
Drymochares cylindraceus is endemic to the northwest quarter of the Iberian Peninsula and is considered as a post-glacial relict.This wingless species is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since it has arestricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is close to 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented and is mostly dependent on Cytisus sp. shrubs. It lives in large dead roots and stems of Cytisus oromediterraneus but can be polyphagous, using oak and hazel as alternative hosts in the absence of Cytisus.The population trend is unknown, but as the species is wingless and not able to migrate or disperse easily, any habitat destruction leads to local extinctions which increase the isolation of remaining subpopulations.Locally, farmers destroy Cytisus shrubs to increase the pasture surface. The impact of this activity is not documented but can continuously remove suitable habitat for this species. The importance (surface, speed) of the habitat destruction should be studied at large scale. Site protection and appropriate management of the landscape should be considered to conserve this endemic species.

range:
Originally described in the genus Saphanus, Drymochares cylindraceus was first viewed as a subspecies of the common S. piceus. New captures enabled the link of D. cylindraceus with its relative D. truquii, an endemic species known from the southwestern Alps. Finally, Vives (1977) established the true membership of this species in the genus Drymochares, and gives a re-description of the species, together with an illustration of the body and the adeagus. D. cylindraceus is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Its distribution is restricted to the northwest quarter (Tauzin 1988, González Peña et al. 2007). They are considered post-glacial relicts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 84,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is close to 100 km2. Drymochares adults are wingless and consequently have poor dispersal abilities.

population:
Available data on this species always presents it as a rare. However, the number of published localities increased from the publication of Vives (1977), to those of Tauzin (1988) and González Peña et al. (2007), so it is difficult to determine the population status. It is unknown whether it is stable, decreasing but overlooked, or increasing. The most probable situation may be that this species is difficult to find in the field because of its special ecology; its subpopulations are likely to be stable because they live in a common shrub with no economical use; however, its geographical range is strictly restricted to the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, the species is wingless and is not able to migrate or disperse easily. Since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a very reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Berger (1996), and especially Calvo Sánchez (2001) were the first to understand correctly the biology of D. cylindraceus. Thereafter, the larva were reared and described by Vives and Calvo Sánchez (2002). According to these authors, the larva develops at the base of large (5 cm diameter) stems and branches of the shrub Cytisus oromediterraneus. Dying or dry shrubs are chosen (Calvo Sánchez 2001).  Eggs are laid at the stem base, close to the ground, where they mature over ten  days. The larva lives in the humid and rotten wood, located 10 to 20 cm  under the ground. Its development takes two to three years, with 12%  to 18% of mortality noticed. Adults are nocturnal and lucifugous (avoid light). They are active from June to September. The females live for a month. Adults  are mostly found walking on the soil layer where they can be caught with pitfall traps. The  development is also cited from branches of Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) (Sama in  González Peña et al. 2007), or in dry shoots of oaks (Quercus spp.) (Sama and Rapuzzi 1993). Since localities with oaks do not host Cytisus sp., the alternative hosts are considered reliable and this beetle is  probably polyphagous.

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat destruction. Calvo Sánchez (2001) reports a case of massive removal of Cytisus sp. by farmers who wanted to increase their pasture surface and quality. This longhorn species is unable to colonise new localities quickly. Even if this species is somewhat polyphagous, such massive intervention is clearly a menace for a local subpopulation. At small scale, wood harvesting can reduce the availability of microhabitats,and wildfires can cause damage to subpopulations and destroy suitable resources, while at the same time it can create new dead shrub.The importance (surface, speed) of the habitat destruction should be studied at large scale; even if slow, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Some localities are inside or very close to protected areas (Espacio Natural Protegido). Everywhere in Spain, collecting beetles is not allowed a without permit. Research is needed into the population trend and into the impacts of the known threats on the population. Site protection and appropriate management of the landscape should be considered to conserve this endemic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Drymochares truquii is endemic to the western Mediterranean Alps, in France andItaly. Rare and localised,it is considered a post-glacial relict. This species is assessedas Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is about 140km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The larva lives in various deciduous trees but mainly in hazel, very rotten and humid, mostly buried wood. It is rarelyfound due to its hidden and nocturnal activity. The species is relatively protected against forestry, habitat destruction or wildfires. However, abandonment of hazels and urbanisation can destroy localities. Because the adults are wingless, they are unable torapidly colonise new places or to escape local habitat destruction. Thereafter, the loss of habitat and the decrease of habitat quality are continuous, even if slow. Research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats. An area-based management plan is recommended.

range:
Drymochares truquii is endemic to the western Mediterranean Alps, in the southeast of France and the northwest of Italy. Like D. cylindraceus, endemic  to the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, the adults of this species are wingless and this beetle is considered a post-glacial relict. In France, it is always rare and hard to find, scattered in small isolated subpopulations. The historically known subpopulations are localised in the Alpes-Maritimes and around the Mercantour National Park (ATBI 2016). West, it is known along the Rhône river side (south of Montélimar, MNHN 2016) and from one locality in the north slope of the Mont Ventoux (Berger 2012). North, it reaches the limit of the Mediterranean area in the forest of  Saoû, where individuals have been regularly observed (Simon 2008,  Allemand et al. 2009, B. and M. Dodelin unpublished data from 2013). In Italy, D. truquii, is found in the Alpi Marittime, and along the sea border next to the Apennines (Sama   1988, Sama and Rapuzzi 1993). Its extent of occurrence is 18,600 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km².

population:
This species is rarely cited. Most observations are from already known localities. The use of pitfall traps enabled increased numbers of observations but did not changedramatically the total number of localities. Since adults are wingless, it is unlikely that a fast expansion of the species will be observed, as it is restricted to specific habitats, such asthe floors of small mountainvalleys. As a result of these observations, the population trend is considered to be stable. The subpopulations are small and isolated since the species has poor dispersal abilities. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is almost entirely associated with the Common Hazel (Corylus avellana). It lives in Mediterranean forests of deciduous trees, in humid conditions like small valley floors. It has sometimes been reported from other occasional host trees such as European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), alder (Alnus spp.) and European Hop-hornbeam (Ostryacarpinifolia) (Berger 2012). The larvae uses very rotten and humid wood, mostly buried. The diameter must be small (4 to 6 cm). The larva tunnels into those pieces of wood, even under the soil surface. A development duration of one year was observed in Italy bySturani (1981) but it may be longer, two or three years, like for D. cylindraceus (Calvo Sánchez 2001). Pupation occurs in the wood, close to the ground surface. During the day, the adults hide under various substrates (stones, woody debris) and walk on the ground at night. They can be trapped by pitfall systems, which is the most efficient technique (but unusual for longhorn observation). They are active at the end of the summer, from mid-July to September.

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat destruction since it is  unable to quickly colonise new localities. This species is strongly associated with Common Hazel, a small tree with local economic importance due to its nuts. However, locally, these trees can be removed to increase pasture surface or die after abandonment. Wildfires can also cause damage to small subpopulations and destroy suitable  resources, but are infrequent in the distribution area of this species. In France, the known localities are not under threat from urbanisation or tourism.Moreover, the species is collected by entomologists because of its rarity. The use of pitfall traps can also destroy many individuals and islocally a threat for the species. Even if slow, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in France and Italy in many protected areas such as the National Parks of Mercantour (recent finds, ATBI 2016) and Alpi Marittime (presence to be confirmed, Norbiato et al. 2015), the Parco di Rocchetta Tanaro, the Parco  naturale  delle  Capanne  di Marcarolo, and in the protected forest of Saoû where no logging occurs in the exact Drymochares locality (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The species is assessed as Vulnerable in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats. An area-based management plan is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Enoploderes sanguineus is mostly found in the Caucasus, where it is a common species, in north Iran and northeast Anatolian Turkey. In Europe, this species is known from south European Russia, and from Crimea. The presence of this species in the Balkan Peninsula is doubtful since only two unverified records are available. These localities represent the northern and western range boundaries of a species common in the Caucasus and its surroundings. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 16 km², and the real AOO is certainly smaller than 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.The larval development takes place mainly in veteran willows andpoplars in flood plains and mountains valleys. The larva lives in dead rotten tissues in livingtrees that have became old and/or uprooted. This special microhabitat is sufferinga continuing decline of itsextent  all over the assessment zone and can disappear rapidly if agricultural practices shift towards more intensive models. Conservation measures could include site protection, financial assistance and economical encouragement for pollarding (fuel-wood production for example), favouring the traditional agricultural system that conserves old trees in pastures. No immigration is expected from the Caucasus area, where the species is common, due to a large extent of unsuitable habitat between the Caucasus and the closest European subpopulation. The assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. This species is absent from the EU 28 and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Enoploderes sanguineus is mostly found in the Caucasus, where it is a common species, in north Iran and northeast Anatolian Turkey (Miroshnikov 2000, Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, this species is known from south European Russia, in the Rostov region (Miroshnikov 2000) and from Ukraine, in Crimea (Danilevsky 2014). The presence of this species in the Balkan Peninsula is doubtful since only two unverified records are available: in Albania there is an old observation by Stravaj in 1961 (Heyrovsky 1967), and in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, close to the city of Ohrid, a record which is not trusted by Rapuzzi and Sama (2012) and Tavakilian and Chevillotte (2012),  and thereafter needs  confirmation. Finally, the species may not occur in the Balkans as stated by Löbl and Smetana (2010). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 8 and 16 km2 (depending on whether the species is present in the Balkans), and the real AOO is certainly smaller than 500 km2. This species has never been recorded in the EU 28.

population:
In Europe, only a few records are available. This is insufficient to determine the population size and trend. The known subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in Europe.

habitat:
This species lives in dead wood in  poplars (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) trees in the mountains of the Caucasus and in flood plain forests in the surroundings of the city of Krasnodar. It is known to share the same biology as Rhamnusium bicolor (Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). The larva has been described several times by Russian authors (for example Данилевский and Мирошников 1981, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). The known host trees are Populus and Salix but other deciduous trees are considered to be suitable, such as Fagus and Acer. The report from Abies is wrong (Danilevsky 2014). The suitable trees are alive but old and/or uprooted. The larva tunnels into dead, damp and rotten parts of the heartwood of living trees (brown rot), in contact with living tissues, especially in tree hollows. Larval development takes at least two years. Pupation occurs in spring in the dry parts of the wood. The adults actively fly during the day from April to May (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989).

threats:
This species is restricted to old living deciduous trees, damaged or hollowed - veteran trees. Such trees are disappearing throughout Europe (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016),but the situation seems to be bettertodayin Albania and FYR Macedonia. However, the landscape may change quickly if traditional agricultural practices shift tothe consolidation of plot size by removing hedgerows and big trees. Thischange in the land use is considered to be the major threat for this species, since old trees are cut, leading to habitat loss. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to the loss of its host trees. Suitable host trees may take many decades to be replaced once lost.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas in Europe. Its biology is not known well enough  to understand what kind of landscape the species needs. Ongoing threats are insufficiently known and should be seriously studied. Conservation measures may be needed to protect the old trees in which the species lives and ensure their long-term presence in the landscape. Conservation measures could include site protection, financial assistance and economical encouragement for pollarding (fuel-wood production for example), favouring the traditional agricultural system that conserves old trees in pastures.

useAndTrade:
The species is sometimes sold in the entomological web-market.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is a widespread and common species with no known major threats. 
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is a widespread and common species with no known major threats.

range:
Essentially a Mediterranean species; common in its Mediterranean distribution and somewhat more infrequent in countries to the north. It is absent from much of Fennoscandia, also Britain and Ireland (Bense 1995). 

It is also found in Minor Caucasus, Syria, Turkey and northern Africa.

It is widespread in Spain and Portugal (Vives 2001) but in Portugal it is scarcer in the south (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species is very sporadic in the westernmost part of the country. Another extant population is known from the Bakony Mountains (central part of the western half of the country). It has been reported from European Turkey without exact locality (Althoff andDanilevsky 1997). It is present in almost all German States. It is occasionally introduced into the UK with timber but has not established itself locally.

population:
Common in the Mediterranean countries. In Spain alone there are 185 known locations. In Ukraine it is a common species. The population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.

Much rare in the north of its European range. Although population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary, thespecies became much rarer in the second half of the 20th century; most localities are older than 50 years, but an extant population was discovered in the 1970s (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in large diameter dead wood of conifers (especially inPinus, rarely inAbies, Cedrus, Larix), exceptionally in broad-leaved trees (Alnus, Populus), but sometimes in thin branches and in rootlets. Stage of pupa lasts approximately three weeks. The life cycle is at least three or four years, with pupation in late spring and summer in the wood. Adults emerge in VII-IX, found on the wood, they are crepuscular and nocturnal.  

The known localities of this species in Hungary are in indigenous forests of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey. In Germany it also lives inPinus forests.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at present, although in some parts of its range the loss of mature pines may have a negative impact.

 
In Hungary the illegal collection of beetles is an additional threat.

conservationAction:
It is present in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). The species is legally protected in Hungary. In Germany this species is listed as Vulnerable (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU)

Evodinus borealis occurs in the eastern Carpathian mountains and in the north of Europe. It is a rare species, especially in the EU 28. Its habitat is mainly the slow growing spruces and pines that die in the understorey of humid boreal forests. This habitat is, in many places, threatened by forestry activities, but the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe due to its large distribution in European Russia. In the EU 28, this species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) isca 1,000 km²), the population is considered to be severely fragmented and it is very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Even though threats are poorly known for this species, the decline of slow-growing suppressed trees and dead wood in managed forests will reduce the availability of suitable microhabitats severely. The most important subpopulation of the species occurs in Sweden (with an AOO of ca 800 km²), where a continuing decline has been reported. In Finland only small and isolated localities are reported, except in the north. Immigration from the east can reinforce some of the EU 28 subpopulations (for example in Bialowieza and in eastern Finland), but this may not be significant since the species is not supposed to be able to travel long distances (ca 10 km per year at most). More research is needed into the threats to this species in order to determine appropriate conservation measures.

range:
Evodinus borealis is a north European and Siberian species distributed westwards to northern China, North Korea and Japan (Sama 2002). Rare or very rare in Europe, this species is more frequent in Siberia. In Sweden, it occurs from the 60°N to the 68°N parallels where it is rare but can be locally abundant (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). In Finland, it is a rare species, more frequent in the northern part of the country, including a record close to the Polar Circle, up to the 70°N parallel (Heliövaara et al. 2004). It is also present in Norway and in European Russian, from the Karelia to the Komi Republicsand, southernmost, in the Moscow region (Татаринова 2007, Danilevsky 2014). The species  is more localized in the Baltic Republics (Lithuania, Latvia with two localities: Telnov 2004, Telnov et al. 2016) and central and eastern Europe (Slovakia, Poland, Belarus, western Ukraine) (Sláma 1998, Sama 2002). In the EU 28 its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km².

population:
The species is rare or very rare in every country of its range within Europe but can be locally abundant. It seems to be less rare in Finland and in northern European Russia.The northernmost subpopulations are considered to be stable, but subpopulations in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016), and in southern localities are decreasing. The current population trend is therefore decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives in moist coniferous forest with plenty of small trees suppressed by larger trees, the smaller trees having a slow growth, dying or already dead (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Host trees are boreal conifers, namely pine, spruce, fir and larch (Pinus, Picea, Abies  and Larix spp.) (Cherepanov 1990). In Sweden, several observations show that the species is attracted to freshly felled spruce, and egg-laying probably occurs on fairly recently dead tree parts  (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). The larva lives under the freshly dead bark of small (5-10 cm wide) stems and branches. After two years of development, the larvae drop into the humus and pupate in the soil at the end of summer. Sometimes the development is extended to three years (Danilevsky 2014). Larvae, nymphs or fragments of adults can be found in the mosses at the base of the dead host trees (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). The larval morphology is described by Cherepanov (1990), and by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Adults are active on white flowers from May to late June  (Heliövaara et al. 2004).

threats:
Threats are poorly known for this species. In Sweden it is frequently observed on dead wood after logging (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). However, in a long term view, the decline of slow-growing suppressed trees and dead wood in managed forests will reduce the availability of suitable microhabitat severely.

conservationAction:
This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2016). It occurs in protected areas such as the Polish andBelorussian parts of theBialowiezaforest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). The threats are insufficiently known to understand the species' situation. More research is needed in this aspect.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Evodinus clathratus is endemic to central Europe, it inhabits boreal and mountain forests and develops in dead branches of various trees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is stable and there are no significant threats at the European scale.

range:
Evodinus clathratus is endemic to central Europe. It occurs from the western Alps to Poland, northern Italy, the Balkans  (from Slovenia to Bulgaria and Romania), and Moldova (Sama 2002). In Ukraine, the species is only known from old records from the Carpathian mountains (Загайкевич 1961, Danilevsky 2014), while a recent observation in Donbass is doubtful (after Danilevsky 2016). In France, the species is present only in the boreal forests of the Alps, and locally in the Jura (Berger 2012).

population:
The species is viewed as uncommon in France, Germany and in eastern Europe. It is relatively easy to find on flowers and it is regularly observed so the current population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits boreal and mountain forests. The reported host trees are European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), willow (Salix spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), so the species is considered to be polyphagous by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989), who described the larva and documented its biology. The larva feeds under rather loose bark of dead branches or  stems. The development takes probably two years but - before the last winter - the larva gets out of its woody host and falls to the ground where it pupates and overwinters. Adults are active from June to August, and feed from several different flowers.

threats:
This species is rather polyphagous and can live in logging waste like small branches. It may be locally threatened by forestry activities and repeated wildfires which can reduce the availability of its breeding material. However, these threats are not considered significant at the European scale.

conservationAction:
In France, this species occurs in the Vanoise National Park (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016), in the Mercantour National Park and in the Natural Reserves of Haute-Savoie (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). It may occur in several other protected areas all over Europe. Further research is needed into the ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Fallacia elegans occurs in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and north Iran where it is relatively common. It is rarer in Anatolian Turkey but regularly cited. A single record, based on a personal communication is available for European Turkey but the species is not known in the EU 28, and is consequently assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. The available data isinsufficient todecide whether it corresponds toa recentintroductionor to a long-established population. The record from Europe should be confirmed by actual specimens and further research is therefore needed.

range:
Fallacia elegans occurs in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and north Iran (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Özdikmen 2007). In Europe, the species was recently validated in European Turkey by Özdikmen (2008): Demirköy (province of Kırklareli), on the basis of a personal communication of J. Kurzawa but without any specimens collected (Danilevsky 2016). Contrary to previous assumptions, no records exist from central and south European territories  (Danilevsky 2013).

population:
Only one record is available for the European distribution range so the population size and trend are unknown. Otherwise, in the Anatolian and Caucasian areas, the species seems to be rather common and easy to find.

habitat:
This species inhabitsa wide variety ofhabitats, from woodlands to arid lowland,highlands, including subalpine formations (Miroshnikov 2011). The larvalivesin dead decaying wood of beech (Fagus spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.), from which it has been reared from thin branches (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989,Danilevsky 2014). Sama (1996) reared five specimens from branches of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) collected in Anatolian Turkey. Adults are active on flowers from April to September.

threats:
In the Caucasus, this species is presented as common and uses a large variety of habitats(Miroshnikov 2011). Threats in Europe are unknown, if any. In Turkey, the species is rarer but again no threats have been published or can be proposed, since the species is polyphagous and uses thin branches.

conservationAction:
This species has been listed as Near Threatened in Turkey because of its limited occurrence, restricted to the north of the country (Özdikmen 2014). In the Caucasus it is a common species(Miroshnikov 2011). The published information about its biology is very poor and needs to be strengthened by new research. Its presence in Europe needs to be confirmed by the observations of new specimens. At present, it is not know to occur in any protected areas in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Gaurotes virginea is a northern Palaearctic species, found from Europe to Siberia. It is widely distributed across Europe, mainly in the central and northern countries and in the mountains of southeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, no major threats have been reported, and it is expanding its western boundaries in France and Germany. This saproxylic beetle prefers spruce deadwood but polyphagy has been reported involving many deciduous and coniferous trees.

range:
Gaurotes virginea is a northern Palaearctic species, found from  Europe to Siberia, Sakhalin and the Korean Peninsula  (Sama 2002). In Europe, it has a boreo-alpine distribution from Scandinavia to the 65°N parallel in the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007). In south European Russia, it is common in the Udmurtia region and present in the Orenburg region (Дедюхин 2005, Шаповалов 2012). In central Europe, it is found in mountains from eastern France to Belarus and in the northern half of Ukraine (Danilevsky 2014). In southern Europe it is present from the Alps of Italy to the Balkans, southwards to  northern Greece, and Moldova (Sama 2002). In France, it is common in the Alps, up to an altitude of 600 m Asl. (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016, Berger 2012). It is regularly found in Luxembourg and Belgium (Vitali 2011, Lays et al. 2013).

population:
This species is rather common throughout Europe. In western Europe, it has recently expanded its range towards the north of France (Berger 2012), and the west of Germany. The current population trend is therefore increasing and the population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
This species inhabits montane and boreal forests. In Europe, it is associated with spruce trees (Picea spp.) (Starzyk 1977 in Švácha and Danilevsky 1989) while in Siberia the larva has been observed in larch (Larix spp.), pine (Pinus spp.) (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989), fir (Abies spp.) and cedar (Cedrus spp.) (Cherepanov 1990). Bense (1995) and Berger (2012) report also oaks (Quercus spp.) and walnut trees (Juglans spp.) as occasional host trees. According to Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990), the species develops in dead stems, stumps and branches, under bark or, more often, in galleries of other xylophagous beetles. It avoids too moist situations. Females lay up to 54 eggs in cracks in bark or wood crevices. After 14 days, the eggs hatch into larvae that first live under bark. Their development take two years but before the second winter, the larvae gnaw on the bark surface an exit hole and drop into the soil to a depth of 5 cm for overwintering. Pupation occurs when the soil temperature reaches 8°C. Adults live for four to five weeks and are very active and common on flowers from middle May to August.

threats:
This species is common and largely distributed. No major threats to it have been reported.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in various protected areas throughout Europe such as in the National Parks of Vanoise and Mercantour in France (B. Dodelin and H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). No research or conservation actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Glaphyra bassettii is endemic to Cyprus and has been reported from Cedar Valley. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 207 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 12 km²), the population occurs at between three and five locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its cedar forest habitat due to die-backs caused by changing climatic conditions (droughts). This species' only tree host is Cedrus brevifolia and strong continued protection of remaining cedar stands is therefore necessary.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus and it has only been reported from Cedar Valley (a small area in the Pafos Forest in western Cyprus) at 1,100–1,400 m asl (Sama 1992, Ambrus et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 207 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 12 km².

population:
This species is considered rare and local (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Because its host trees are declining in Cyprus, it is presumed that the species population is also declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, found only in Cedrus brevifolia forest. This species has only been reared from dead branches and twigs of the Cyprus endemic Cedar, Cedrus brevifolia. (Sama 1992, C. Makris pers. comm. 2009, Ambrus et al. 2014). The endemic cedar forests of Cyprus are represented by only a few hundred hectares and these trees are known from only five natural stands: Tripylos, Mauroi Kremoi,Sellae tis Ellias, Throni and Exo Milos (Christou and Gardner 2011). There is an ongoing decline in the quantity and quality of this habitat due to adverse climatic conditions (droughts) which lead to an increase in tree die-back. However, there is support for reforestation of C. brevifolia at more humid sites on Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
This species' only tree host is Cedrus brevifolia, and it is thereby threatened by the disappearance of these trees. Goats are known to eat Cedrus seedlings and germination is inhibited by drought conditions. In addition, an increase in tree die-back has been shown to be related to global warming and the concomitant decrease of rainfall (Christou et al. 2001). Taking into account that the remaining stands of the host tree are protected from grazing, the adverse climatic conditions are the main current threat to this saproxylic beetle. However, this die-back appeared mainly on over-mature trees growing at poor sites, and it is therefore highly unlikely that a single die-back event would affect all the host trees of G. bassettii at once. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of tree die-back and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at between three and five locations.

conservationAction:
Part of the population occurs in a protected area. Given its dependence on its host trees, conservation measures targeting C. brevifolia are likely to benefit this saproxylic beetle. All stands of Cedrus brevifolia have recently been declared as Natura 2000 Sites while some were designated as National Nature Reserves in 1984 and 2000. In addition, all human activities and grazing are excluded from the native stands and there is an effective fire protection system in place and a permanent monitoring plan (Christou and Gardner 2011). Monitoring the population of G. bassettii can be performed by tracks and/or rearing from twigs of C. brevifolia. This could give further insight into the AOO and population changes.


taxonomicNotes:
In some works this species is referred to as Molorchus (subgenus Glaphyra) kiesenwetteri. Different subspecies have been recognised, with the nominate subspecies kiesenwetteri the main one in Europe - the subspecies hirtus occurs in Minor Caucasus, Major Asia and Turkey.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as not much information about its distribution in Russia and in the Balkans is available. It seems to be rare in most of its range without information on a population trend or the affects of potential threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: classed as Near Threatened, as it is rare in most of the Member States with some potential threats but no information on a population trend. More research is needed to verify whether the species needs to be included in a higher threat category.

range:
This species is widespread across central and south-eastern Europe, from the Alps eastwards, but not in Greece (Bense 1995). It is also found in all Caucasus, Minor and Central Asia.

In Hungary this species is widespread but sporadic in the hilly and lower mountain areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from Transylvania, and occurs in the high hills (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). Recently reported from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary andSwitzerland; historical occurrence also in Austria and Germany. Not present in Poland (Slama 2006). In Italy there are only eight localities in north-western Italy but these data are very old. It has also been reported from the European part of Turkey although without the exact locality (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997).

population:
The species is regarded as common in the Ukraine. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is not uncommon on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is a very rare species in central Europe and can easily be overlooked. In Romania it is not common and there are only old reports. In Italy it is rare (only eight localities) and it is very old data. The population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae live under bark of dry dead branches with diameter 4-12 mm and are able to exploit a number of different tree species. Up to now it is only certainly known from Rosa, Malus, Amygdalus, Pinus, Abies, Cedrus, andCerasus. Pupation takes place in late summer in the deadwood, rarely under bark. Adults winter in the pupal cells and emerge in IV-VI, are found on the host plants and are attracted to flowers for feeding. In Hungary it occurs mainly in old, traditionally cultivated orchards, also in thermophilous oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been observed in the beech forest areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it only develops on bushes in mountain areas. There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
Local threats could include pesticide use and cutting branches for fire wood. In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present. Disappearance of old orchards is more threatening (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Old orchards should be protected and sustained. However, as the species also occurs in natural habitats, including those in protected areas as well, no more specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because this species seems rare throughout its range but its habitat is thin dead branches of pine trees which is widely available. It is therefore difficult to understand why this species is rare, if there is a decline and what are its possible causes. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because this species seems rare throughout its range but its habitat is thin dead branches of pine trees which is widely available. It is therefore difficult to understand why this species is rare, if there is a decline and what are its possible causes. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is distributed in the south of central, east and western Europe; it has a restricted distribution in central Europe (Bense 1995).

In Spain many populations are known from six provinces: Lleida, Huesca, Teruel, Madrid, Granada and Cadiz (Verdugo 2004, Gonzálezet al. 2007). In Germany it is present in only a few German states, mainly old records, and it is very rare. In Italy there are nine localities in the Alps, six of those records are very old (1860). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is very rare.

population:
It seems to be a rare species across its range in Europe, and is common nowhere. In Spain it is only known from high quality localities and only very few individuals are known. In Germany it is present in only a few German states, mainly old records and it is very rare (past and present) but the trend is considered stable. In Italy there are nine localities in the Alps, six of those records are very old (1860). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is very rare and declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species develops in thin branches ofPinus spp. This is a tree-top species and probably under-documented as a result.

threats:
The threats to this species remain unknown, although clearance of native pines must be damaging.

conservationAction:
No information available. It is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and as 'R' in Germany, whcih means that the species has a restricted distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is widespread from Caucasus to northern Iran (Sama 1995). Its European range is in south-western Russia.

threats:
No information available. Specific threats are unknown, but likely threats would be habitat loss from logging for timber and fuel.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known under the synonym Molorchus salicicola (Stiller 1934) in Bense (1995) who treats Glaphyra as a subgenus of Molorchus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because there is no information about the threats, abundance, habitat requirements or population trends for this species.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Data Deficient because there is no information about the threats, abundance, habitat requirements or population trends for this species.

range:
This species is believed to be widely distributed in central and eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Ukraine it is found throughout the north of the country and also in Crimea. It is also found in Kazakhstan.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout its European range. It is rare in Ukraine although widespread throughout the north of the country.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in broad-leaved temperate forests. The imago is active in V-VI.


taxonomicNotes:
In some works this species is considered as sub-genus of Molorchus. In most part of Europe it is the nominative subspecies present. In Italy the subspecies G. u. obscuripes is present.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across central and eastern Europe, reaching westwards to England, northwards into southern Sweden, and south west into north east Spain (Bense 1995). 

It is also found in the Caucasus, Iran, north-eastern Turkey, south Turkmenistan, Russia on east to south Ural Mountains.

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, andmuch rarer in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is present in all German States. In Britain it has a very localised and patchy distribution, largely confined to southern England and south-east Wales. In Spain it is found in four localities in the Pyrenees (Vives 2001); also known in Castilla y Leon (Soria) and Galicia (Lugo) (Gonzáleset al. 2007).

population:
A widespread species relatively common but with a declining population trend in Europe.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common on its localities.  In Ukraine it is a common species.

In the UK it has a very restricted distribution; about four main English concentrations of reports, one extending into south-eastern Wales, plus a few outliers; the range is apparently contracting, and it appears to have been lost from many areas; only about 25 modern records (Twinn and Harding 1999). In Denmark it is somewhat rare, often near the coasts (Thomsen 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under bark on dead twigs, branches and thin trunks. The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in late summer in the wood. Adults emerge in V-VII, and are attracted to flowers (Rosaceae). It develops in broad-leaved trees and shrubs (Castanea, Malus, Prunus, Cornus, Quercus,Amelancher, dog-roseRosa, and brambleRubus). It is mainly associated with woody Rosaceae in Britain; adults are attracted to white blossom of umbellifers, elderSambucus nigra, dogwoodCornus, etc.

In Hungary it lives in light forests, mainly in ecotonal situations, where larvae develop in dead branches Rosaceae and other shrubs, and adults visit blossoming shrubs and herbs. In Britain it favours open sunny situations such as thorn scrub and bramble on the edge of woodlands, in old orchards, old hedgerows, etc (Alexander 2002). In Romania it lives in the high hills, where it is present inRosa canina, Rubus,Malus; it can also be found in the mountains, very rare.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, although local threats in certain areas include: in the UK habitat loss and insensitive land management as well as clearance of thorn scrub, destruction of old orchards, heavy trimming on old hedgerows and wood edges, and loss of rough areas generally, are all threatening this species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009); in Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment, but this is not considered to be a major threat to this common species.

conservationAction:
This species is largely neglected by conservation in Britain as habitat conservation there is very polarised, protecting 'woods', 'grasslands', etc, rather than habitat mosaics, and treating thorn as undesirable in grassland reserves; the conservation of traditional orchards is in its infancy (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). 

This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
   EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
It is believed that wild native sites of this species are found in southern, western and eastern Europe, with northern records of imported specimens only (Bense 1995). The species is also found in northern Africa, all Caucasus. It has been introduced to Japan and North America.

It is widespread in Spain but there are few actual records (Vives 2001) and in Portugal it is widespread inthe northern half and with a single record from the southern extreme. In Hungary this species was formerly widespread in the country, but very few new records are known.  In Germany it is present in all German States. In Ukraine mostly in Crimea. It has been reported from European Turkey without exact locality (Althoff and Danilevsky 1997).

population:
A widespread and common species in most of its European range, but rare and increasingly scarce in many states.

Formerly widespread in England and extending into eastern Wales, but has declined very dramatically over the last century; it is now best known in the lower river basins of the Thames and Severn, with a few outlying populations elsewhere (Twinn and Harding 1999). It almostmeets the British Red Data Book criteria.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is rare in its localities. In the Czech Republic it is rare. In Ukraine this species is relatively rare. The population size and trend have not been quantified for European Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under bark and in the wood of thin dry dead branches of various broad-leaved trees and bushes, often in branches ofSalixspp; also live in wickerwork products, which is their means of import into northern European countries (Ehnstrom 2007). Sama (2002) also says that it may develop in conifers; the life cycle is one year; adults are crepuscular or nocturnal, by day hidden on the bark; active in VI-IX. Bense (1995) says that the life cycle is one or two years. Alexander (2002) says two years in Britain. In Ukraine the life cycle is usually two years (rarely one or three); known fromSalix, Betula, Quercus,chestnutCastanea, beechFagus, nut-treeCorylus,Plumus, brambleRubus, dog-roseRosa, some other trees and bushes.  Imago active in VI-IX.

Best known in Britain from habitat mosaics along riversides and floodplains generally, breeding in willow scrub, old fruit trees, and bramble canes. Was once a serious pest of wicker baskets, etc, but this industry is in serious decline (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). The known localities in Hungary are mainly in riverine willow galleries. There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology ofthis species for European Turkey.

threats:
It appears to be not threatened at the European level although is clearly declining at the local level in some states.

Clearance of scrub along riversides and in old orchards can be a threat to this species; also abandonment of grazing leading to scrub thickening and canopy closure along riverside strips and the loss of old orchards. Tidiness, clearance of bramble around field margins, etc. are also additional threats.

conservationAction:
River 'conservation' in Britain is a great threat as there is too much emphasis on fencing riverbanks out of grazing, which will ultimately lead to dense thickets rather than the open mosaics favoured by this species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). Protection of riverine galleries is necessary for the conservation of this species.

It is present in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade  is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more  dramatic form or colour.This species in particular is small and brown and of limited interest.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grammoptera abdominalis is widely distributed in central and south Europe from Spain to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and easy to find except in the northern part of its distribution range. In addition, the current population trend is stable. It uses various broadleaf trees, especially oak and chestnut small branches of the lower crown. It seems not to be threatened by forestry activities, but can be affected by removal of the aerial deadwood in agricultural and urban landscapes.

range:
Grammoptera abdominalis is known from Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) and Iran (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2014, Özdikmen 2014). In Europe, it occurs in the United Kingdom including Northern Ireland (Alexander and Anderson 2012), and is  widely distributed in continental Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula (where it is apparently rare) and from France to Poland and Ukraine (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2014). Its presence in Latvia is doubtful (Telnov 2004), and it also needs to be confirmed in the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007). In Belarus, after the doubts of Alexandrovitch et al. (1996), it was confirmed from theBialowiezaforest by Gutowski and Jaroszewicz (2001). It is known by very few records from southern Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016), and is very rare but present in Denmark (Bílý and Mehl 1989). It is scarce in the Balkans, including Romania.

population:
The species is uncommon across its range but regularly found. It is considered to have a stable population trend and the population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate deciduous forests, in various broadleaf trees. Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) described the biology and the morphology of the larva, which is more strictly in connection with fungi (Vuilleminia comedens) than the other species of Grammoptera. It develops under bark on dead branches (2-5 cm diameter), generally those in the lower crown which have been shaded out by the canopy and within which fungal decay from V. comedans is progressing. Those trees are actively developing canopies and, in general, are sub-mature in age. After Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Bense (1995), this species uses especially Quercus, Castanea and Aesculus trees. Legon and Henrici (2005) report other host trees for the fungus, which is common and widespread: Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Fagus, Prunus larocerasus, P. spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Tilia and Salix. The development of the larva probably takes two years. Adults visit flowers from April to June.

threats:
This species uses oak and chestnut small branches of well-spaced trees. Canopy closure through abandonment of active management or after non-intervention, together with the removal of lower branches by land managers, e.g., farmers for tractor access, crown-lifting in landscape parks and gardens for security reasons, can remove significant amounts of breeding material. Moreover, when trees are too close to each other, the lower branches become unsuitable for the species. These are serious threats across the United Kingdom and almost certainly across the whole of Europe.

conservationAction:
The species has a wide distribution range and it occurs in protected areas. In France, it has been recorded several times in protected areas in plain oak forests (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). In Poland and Belarus, it has been found in the Bialowieza forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). It is known from many protected sites across the UK, including the New Forest, Windsor Forest & Great Park, and Epping Forest. No research or conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Mulsant and Rey (1863), first described Grammoptera auricollis from Algeria. Then Pic (1924) described G. auricollis basicornis from Crete. Without any Type revision, Steiner (1975) published G. bipustulata from Greece, a species presented as closely related to G. ustulata, and G. auricollis. Sama (1987, 1996) proposed to regard G. basicornis and G. bipustulata as, respectively, a geographical race and a subspecies of G. auricollis. Sláma (1997), did not follow Sama and Pic's opinions and added more confusion by proposing to keep G. bipustulata as a species. Moreover, he described a new species for this group, G. samai, from Tunisia. Bense (1995) uses G. bipustulata for the subpopulations in Greece and G. auricollis for those of Crete, Tunisia and Algeria. Presently, the situation has stabilized as follows: G. a. auricollis in Algeria, G. a. samai in Tunisia, G. a. basicornis in Crete, and G. a. bipustulata in Greece (De Jong et al. 2014, Danilevsky 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Grammoptera auricollis is known from Crete (ssp. basicornis) and from mainland Greece (ssp. bipustulata). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. However, the population trend is considered stable and the habitat appears not to be in decline. Still, it can be assumed that repeated wildfires can destroy local subpopulations and modify the suitability of the habitat for some years. In the long term, desertification is a strong potential threat. If the species uses branches of oaks, it can also be threatened by firewood collecting at local scale. The biology of the species needs to be closely studied and a taxonomic study is needed, combining morphological approaches and DNA-barcoding techniques.

range:
In Europe, Grammoptera auricollis is known from Crete (ssp basicornis) (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Schedl 2013), and from mainland Greece (ssp bipustulata). Steiner published two specimens and two localities in mainland Greece (Megaspileon and Trikala), while H. Brustel (pers. comm. 2016) observed the species in the south of Kalogria. Plewa et al. (2011), together with Walczak et al. (2014) and Hrbek (2014), published localities inthe Peloponnesus. Thus, the species seem to be largely distributed in the south of Greece. It is also present in Algeria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 48,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
The data shows a relatively common species in Crete and the Peloponnesus (Walczak et al. 2014). The population is probably stable. The subpopulations are small and isolated and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
In Crete, Schurmann reared G. auricollis basicornis from Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) (Sama 1996), while Sláma and Slámová (1996) reared adults from small branches of, supposedly, oak. In Greece, the species is supposed to live in oaks because in Algeria, G. auricollis have been reared from Quercus mirbecki [=Q. canariensis] by Sama (1987).Other species of Grammoptera are known to live in dead small branches of deciduous trees, together with particular saproxylic fungi. The adults are always reported from various flowers, including those ofQ. coccifera, and Crataegus spp. (Steiner 1975, Plewa et al. 2011, Walczak et al. 2014).

threats:
As its biology is poorly known, it is difficult to determine potential threats. It can be assumed that repeated wildfires can destroy local subpopulations and modify the suitability of the habitat for some years. In the long term, desertification is a strong potential threat. If the species uses branches of oaks, it can also be threatened by firewood collecting at local scale. However, at present, the habitat appears not to be in decline.

conservationAction:
Two records are from a protected area; in Crete, in Omalos, at the border of the "White Mountains protected forest" and in the Viotopos Dasous Strofilias reserve, in the south of Kalogria in Greece (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). The species is not, however, protected. More research is needed into the biology and distribution of this species in Europe. Exact relationships between the North African and European subspecies could be clarified through a taxonomic study combining morphological approaches and DNA barcoding techniques.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The nominatesubspecies Grammoptera baudii baudii is endemic to Cyprus while another subspecies occurs in the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, it seems widely distributed in the southwest part of the island and is probably present throughout the island, except in the central plain. In addition, it is relatively common, the population trend is thought to be stable and its habitat is not declining.

range:
Thenominate subspecies Grammoptera baudii baudii is endemic to Cyprus. This species was described  by Sama (1985) based on one historical specimen found by Baudi,and more recent individuals found by Alziar and then by Schurmann. It was found recently in three new localities by Ambrus et al. (2014). The species seems widely distributed in the southwest part of the island, and is probably present throughout the island (except in the central plain), where it is relatively common. Six specimens have been collected by P. Berger in 1993 in the forest of Stavros Psokas (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The subspecies, G. baudii pistacivora was described from Israel and is widely distributed in Lebanon, Turkey, Syria and Jordan (Danilevsky 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 825 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km². However, the real AOO is likely to be significantly higher.

population:
All publications indicate this species is easy to find. Old specimens are present in historical collections (Coll. Baudi, Sama 1985). The species is considered to have a stable population trend.

habitat:
This species has been found in forested areas, on flowers of Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus) (Sama 1985, Ambrus et al. 2014). Schurmann reared adults from larvae and nymphs found under bark of small branches of Golden Oak (Quercus alnifolia) (Sama 1985, Berger 1988). Sama (1996) gives interesting rearing data about the subspecies G. baudii pistacivora described from Israel. The larva occurs in Pistacia palestina, in small branches, which have been dead for a long time. They tunnel into the bark, very close to the wood. Pupation occurs on the wood surface. Adults emerge early in spring. On Cyprus, this species shares a similar biology but on Pistacia lentiscus (Sama 1996). Therefore, the record from Q. alnifolia seems doubtful. This beetle seems to prefer recently dried branches. It is also possible that the species uses Cyprus Turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus) as a host tree (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). Like other Grammoptera, it is very likely that the larvae are associated with a lignicolous fungus (Sama 1996).

threats:
It can be assumed that repeated wildfires have the potential to destroy  local subpopulations and to modify the suitability of the habitat for some  years. However, Pistacia trees are widespread on Cyprus and the habitat is not declining at present.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas, but is not protected itself. More research is needed on the biology and  distribution of this species in Europe. Its relationship to the other forms of Grammoptera could be fixed  definitively by a taxonomic study combining morphological  approaches and DNA-barcoding techniques.

useAndTrade:
Specimens were for sale by a professional retailer during an entomologicalconvention (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Grammoptera merkli is known from Anatolian Turkey and from an unique locality in northeastern Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. Its taxonomy also needs further study to clear the situation of the Grammoptera group in southeastern Europe.

range:
Grammoptera merkli was described from Turkey and occurs along the south and western coasts as well as in central Anatolia (Rapuzzi and Sama 2014). In Europe, only one locality with seven specimens was discovered by Berger (2005), in northeastern Greece (Pessani forest, near Evros).

population:
The current population trend cannot be evaluated since this species is well known only in Asian Turkey, and not enough data are available from Greece. This species seems to be easy to find but is difficult to identify for a non-specialist.

habitat:
Nothing has been published on the biology of this species. In Turkey, Adlbauer (1988) found specimens on thefoliage of Paliurus, Quercus and Cormus trees.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas, but this is very likely since some protected areas exist near the only known locality. The biology and distribution of the species in Europe need further research. Research is also needed into the population size, trend and potential threats. Its relationship with the other forms of Grammoptera could be fixed  definitively by a taxonomic study combining morphological  approaches and DNA-barcoding techniques.


taxonomicNotes:
Vives and Alonso-Zarazaga (in Vives, 2000) proposed to restore Leptura atra for L. ruficornis since "[...] el nombre prioritario es Leptura atra y la sinonimia, aunque pasada por alto, esta bien establecida [...]". Leptura ruficornis is here maintained according to ICZN (1999), Article 23.9.2 (prevailing usage). L. atra must be regarded as a nomen oblitum since it has not been used as a valid name after 1899. Moreover, the true identity of L. atra is uncertain because its type material is apparently missing (Sama 2002, Danilevsky 2016).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grammoptera ruficornis is widespread in central and southern Europe from Spain to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe, common and easy to find. In addition, the population trend is stable, the population size is very large and there are no major threats to it. The larva feeds in dead twigs and small branches of several broadleaf trees and woody plants.

range:
The distribution range of Grammoptea ruficornis covers much of Europe, northern Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran (Sama 2002). 
In Europe, the species is known from Spain, mainly under the nameG. atra (see taxonomic note), the United Kingdom and Ireland, and from France to Belarus, the western half of Ukraine and the western border of south European Russia (Danilevsky 2014). In the south of Europe, it is commonin Italy, including the north of Sicily (Sparacio 1999), and in the Balkans (Bense 1995), reaching European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). The species is widespread and common. In France, it occurs in every department including Corsica (Berger 2012). In the United Kingdom, it only extends as far north as southern Scotland (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
This species is common all over central Europe and has always been reported as common. The population trend is considered to be stable and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate deciduous forests. The larva is extremely polyphagous but only on broadleaf trees. It can be found on nearly all broadleaf trees and bushes like Quercus, Prunus, Robinia, Hedera, Rhamnus, Carpinus, Sarothamnus,  Crataegus, Euonymus, Salix, Corylus, Populus, Alnus, Tilia, Juglans,  Berberis, Acer, Fraxinus, Ulmus, Ribes, Malus and Ficus carica (Bense 1995, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). The larva feeds in dead twigs and small branches more or less colonised by lignicolous fungi (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). The life cycle seems to take one year with pupation occurring during the first spring. The nymphs remain under the bark, rarely in the wood. The adults are active on flowers from March to June.

threats:
The species is widespread all over Europe and is rather common everywhere. Its development takes place in twigs and branches of various broadleaf trees. There are no major threats to this species at present or in the near future.

conservationAction:
In Latvia, this species is present in the Slītere National Park (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013). In France the species occurs in many protected areas in various habitats (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The species is virtually ubiquitous across much of the UK and therefore occurs in many protected areas (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). No conservation research or action is needed at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grammoptera ustulata is  widespread in central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is   rather common and easy to find over much of its range. In addition the population trend is stable and there are no major threats at the European scale. The larva feeds on dead twigs and small  branches of several deciduous trees.

range:
Grammoptera ustulata is common and widespread over much of Europe. It reaches the Caucasus region (Armenia) and northwest Turkey and Iran (Sama 2002, Özdikmen 2014, Danilevsky 2016). In Ireland,  it is very rare, known from a single area of old growth forest (Alexander and Anderson 2012). In the United Kingdom it is also rare and known mainly from three distinct regions of lowland southern England (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In France, it is more or less common in nearly all the country (Berger 2012), reaching Luxembourg (Vitali 2011) and Belgium (A. Thomaes, pers. comm. 2016). In Poland and Belarus it is known in the east of both countries (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Barševskis and Savenkov 2013), while in Ukraine it is only reported from the Carpathian area (Zamoroka et al. 2012). In northern Europe it is reported from the extreme southeast of Norway (Laugsand et al. 2008), the south of Sweden, and Denmark (Anthus et al. 2016). In Latvia it was considered doubtful by Telnov (2004), but was recently confirmed by Barševskis and Savenkov (2013). In the central parts of Russia and eastern Ukraine, all citations are based on old records and are doubtful, due to misinterpretations of the species' definition or synonymy (Danilevsky 2014, 2016). Danilevsky suggests that G. ustulata doesn't occur there. In the south of Europe, it is reported from Portugal, Spain, Italy, including Sicily (Sparacio 1999) and in the Balkans (Sama 2002).

population:
The species is widespread in central Europe. It is rather common over much of its range and the population trend is considered stable. Very recent discoveries in the northern border of its distribution range, in Norway (1981 then 2006 and 2007, Laugsand et al. 2008) and in Latvia (Barševskis and Savenkov 2013), two countries where the species was doubtful in the past, possibly correspond to an expansion of the species northwards, possibly due to climate warming.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate and rather thermophilic deciduous forests. It develops in various broadleaf trees, such as Quercus, Crataegus, Alnus, Juglans, Acer, and Castanea spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Sama 2002, Berger 2012). In Sicily, it was reared from Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens) (La Mantia et al. 2010). In Norway, thirteen specimens emerged from a dead branch of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) of 10 cm of diameter, that was lying on the ground (Laugsand et al. 2008). The larva develops in dry and hard branches being decayed by a white rot fungus, possibly Vuilleminia. The life cycle takes probably only one year. The pupation occurs in the wood, rarely under the bark (the action of Vuilleminia leads to the bark degradation). Adults are very active on flowers from May to  June.

threats:
This species does not seem to be threatened by forestry activities since it lives in small dead branches of various deciduous trees. The removal of branches for the fabrication of woody pellets can be the most important threat but it is only local and infrequent.

conservationAction:
In France the species occurs in many protected areas in various forest types (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). Although rare in Britain, it is known to occur in heavily protected sites such as the New Forest and Windsor Forest & Great Park, both SACs (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). The large distribution of the species guarantees its presence in several protected areas in Europe. A study of the possible northern extension of the north European subpopulations could lead to a possible positive effect of climate warming on this species. The association between the larvae and a white rot fungus could be better understood and the fungus (or fungi) formally identified.


redListCategoryRationale:
Grammoptera viridipennis is endemic to the northern mountains  of Sicily. It is uncommon but widespread in these mountains. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,400 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km², including very old records), it occurs at less than ten locations and repeated wildfires and collection of branches for firewood can destroy subpopulations. It inhabits evergreen oaks and deciduous forests, where the larva lives  in decaying branches of several deciduous trees. Because of its life  habits, it may to be not threatened by forestry activities, but repeated wildfires and firewood collection could lead to a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations. Further research is recommended into its distribution and the effects of the known threats on the population.

range:
Grammoptera viridipennis was described by Pic (1893) who wrongly indicated Corsica as the type locality. A study of the type specimen showed that the label was correctly written "Sicilie", from where historical specimens collected by Fiori in 1912, and cited by Pic (1918) also come (Sama and Schurmann 1980). Finally, the species is a true endemic to Sicily (Sparacio 1999). This species is uncommon but widespread in all the northern Sicilian mountains, from the forest of Ficuzza to the mounts of Nebrodi (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006) and the mounts of Peloritani (Baviera 2009). The potential extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 5,000 km², while the currently known EOO is 1,400 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km². The published altitudinal range is from 800 to 1,500 m Asl.

population:
This species has  regularly been reported from Sicily since 1893. It is viewed as not common (Sparacio 1999), or as not rare locally (Rapuzzi and Sama 2006). With incoming publicationsreporting the species, new localities have been recently discovered, showing that the full range of the species covers all the northern mountains of the island (Baviera 2009).The current population trend is considered to be stable and the population is probably not severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in evergreen oaks and broadleaf forests of the Mediterranean mountain climate. Sama and Schurmann (1980) were the first to report rearing of this beetle. The species lives in dead branches of Acer, Quercus cerris, Castanea sativa, and Pyrus pyraster trees. Švácha and  Danilevsky (1989) have studied individuals reared by Sama from Acer pseudoplatanus and Quercus pubescens. M. Rejzek observed larvae in a dead branch of an oak, being decayed by a fungus resembling Vuilleminia comedens (Hoskovec and Rejzek 2016). The larvae feed centrally in the fungus occupied branches and later create pupal cells perpendicular to the branch axis. The pupal cells lead directly under the bark surface. Adults are seen on flowers from April to June.

threats:
This species may not be threatened by forestry activities because it lives in  small dead branches of various deciduous trees. The removal of branches  for firewood may be the most important threat  but it is actually only local and infrequent. Repeated wildfires could destroy local subpopulations. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at less than ten locations (but more than five).

conservationAction:
This species is reported from the Natural Reserves of Bosco di Malabotta and of Fiumedinisi e Monte Scuderi. It has been assessed as Endangered in Italy (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Our knowledge about the distribution and the population's density could be improved and further research is recommended. The threats to this species should also be better understood.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern as it is widespread and common in most of its range and only local threats exist that are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern as it is widespread and common in most of its range and only local threats exist that are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This species is distributed in southern Europe, and is Circum-Mediterranean (Bense 1995). It is widespread over much of Spain but it is absent from the far west (Vives 2001). In Portugal it is known from three northern sites (only one recent) and one (old) southern site. In France it only occurs in the Mediterranean region, and in Ukraine it is only present in in Crimea. In Cyprus it has been reported from the hills and mountains of Troodos Massif (west, south and central Cyprus) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is also found in northern Africa, all Caucasus, northern Iran, southern Turkmenistan.

population:
This species is widespread and common in most of its range but its population trend is unknown. In particular it is common in Italy and France. However in Portugal it is very scarce as it has been recorded from three old and one very recent locality (Grosso-Silva 2000). In Ukraine it is rare and in Cyprus it is not common although the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a thermophilous species. Larvae develop in dry deadwood of a variety of tree species includingQuercus, Ficus, Pistacia,Platanus, Vitis,andPrunus.Adults are active in VI-VIII. In Cyprus it has been reported from old   orchards, maquis and forests (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is found in Mediterranean forests in low and medium altitude.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Locally, populations can be threatened by fires.

conservationAction:
Research is recommended but no other specific measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is considered a pest in timber in houses and other buildings. It hasa wide distribution, is very common, has a tolerance of a broad range of habitats, a presumed large stable population and appears not to be under threat.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is considered a pest in timber in houses and other buildings. It hasa wide distribution, is very common, has a tolerance of a broad range of habitats, a presumed large stable population and appears not to be under threat.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe, except the far north (Bense 1995). It is very widespread in Spain and Portugal (Vives 2001); also widespread in Hungary, Romania, Denmark and Cyprus. It has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943, Schimitschek 1953). It is only present as a synanthropic in the UK, breeding in the structural timbers of buildings.

population:
A widespread and common species. A pest in timber in houses and other buildings. In Denmark this species is rare. In the UK it is well established in building timbers in parts of south-eastern England, where it can cause serious damage; it is occasionally found in posts and stumps outdoors (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as a pest of timber. It is not rare in Cyprus and common in Ukraine.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the dead dry wood of stems and stumps of conifers (Picea, Pinus, Abies). The life cycle is two or three years (or more, maximum seven or eight), in building timbers much longer. Pupation takes place in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, IX, and are found on the host-plant or on timber. It occurs in native situations across southern Europe but becomes increasingly confined to seasoned timber within human constructions in the north, in both rural and urban areas.

In European Turkey larvae similarly develop in Abies, Pinus and in building timbers (Schimitschek 1953). In Cyprus it is also reported as a timber pest; found in towns and villages and inPinus stands; it has been reared from Pinus brutia dead wood. In Germany its original habitat is pine and spruce forests. In Hungary it is found in settlements in building timbers, also in indigenous and planted pine stands. In Romania it is reported from timber storehouses, and also develops in different parts of wooden houses. In Denmark it is associated with houses and develops in dry wood.  In Finland it is rare and is only present in the southernmost archipelago in buildings.

threats:
A threat to timber buildings but the species itself is under no threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its habitat is expanding and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment:    listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its habitat is expanding and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across the south of central, western and eastern Europe, it is circum-Mediterranean (Bense 1995).

In Spain it is known only from two areas on the mainland in the Ebro Valley and the arid south-eastern part; also in the Balearic Islands (Vives 2001). In Cyprus it iswidespread (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In France it has recently been introduced/arrived in southern France (Pellegrin 1990) and is extending to the north along the Rhône Valley (Cocquempotet al. 2007). In Italy this species appears along the central and southern coast and in Sardinia. 

It is also present in northern Africa.

population:
In Cyprus it is locally common in the lowlands and hilly areas 0-1,500 m (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In France its population is expanding to the north. In Italy and Spain the species may be under recorded. It is believed that the population trend is increasing. In Spain it is known only from two areas on the mainland, also in the Balearic Islands (Vives 2001).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in the dead wood of conifers (Cupressaceae: Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuja, Callitrix). The larvae first develop under bark, later in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-VIII, and are crepuscular and nocturnal.

In Cyprus it has been reported from maquis with Juniperus phoenicea and forests with Cupressus sempervirens. It is found also in towns, villages and cultivations in association with planted stands of Cupressus sempervirens. It has been reared from dead wood of Juniperus phoenicea and Cupressus sempervirens (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable because it has has a small area of occupancy (less than 2,000km²). It is endemic to Italy, where it is rare and localised. It inhabits deciduous woodlands, a habitat type which is now severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown, but there may be ongoing declines in habitat extent and quality since the species does not occur in any protected area as far as we know. Better information on population trend is needed.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)), because it has has a small area of occupancy (less than 2,000km²). It is endemic to Italy, where it is rare and localised. It inhabits deciduous woodlands, a habitat type which is now severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown, but there may be ongoing declines in habitat extent and quality since the species does not occur in any protected area as far as we know. Better information on population trend is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to mainland Italy (Bense 1995).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is generally rare and known only from a few scattered localities. Sama (2006) reports 12 localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It inhabits the deadwood ofOstrya carpinifolia trees in deciduous woodland in the hills and sub-montane regions of the Appenine ridge.Ostrya carpinifoliaisa relatively common species of tree, but no information is available on any requirements for particular types of deadwood or in particular situations.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. This species is not recorded from any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated since the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is found in Europe only in Ukraine (Crimea only) and the south of Russia (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). Outside Europe it is found across Caucasus, northern Iran and north-eastern Turkey.

population:
This species is relatively rare in Crimea (A.   Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under bark of dead wood onQuercus, beechFagus, chestnutCastanea, nut-trees and other broad-leaved trees (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It also occurs in milled wood. Larvae might develop over two or three rears, depending on the conditions. Normal life cycle is two years. Adults are active during the months VI-VIII.

threats:
In Ukraine, its habitat may be declining and it has a very small distribution.Quercus species which are providing habitat are declining, however in the Crimea reservation the beech trees are in a stable condition (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). Outside Europe, in the Caucasus the situation is thought to be stable (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in one protected area in Crimea and maybe also in Karadag protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Isotomus jarmilae is endemic to Cyprus, and is found on the western part of the island. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 916 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²), it occurs at less than five locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation and loss of oaks. Charcoal production and grazing by goats are also threats to this saproxylic beetle. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Bense 1995), and it is found in the western part of island (Schedl 2013). The species was described from Omalos, and it has been further recorded from Agia Irini, Strovles, Ammoudari, Meronas (Sláma and Slámová 1996) and more recently from Temenia (M. Egger 2002 in coll. W. Schedl 2006). Its EOO is 916 km² and the AOO is 24 km².

population:
There is little available information on the abundance of this species, but it is considered to be rare. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species which lives isQuercus coccifera (Kermes oak), developing in the deadwood of stumps and trunks. The habitat of this species is undergoing a continuing decline as a result of deforestation.

threats:
Deforestation of oaks is a major threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of deforestation and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations. Charcoal production and grazing by goats are also threats to this saproxylic beetle.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but part of the population occurs in a protected area. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Buse, J., Verdugo, A., Bartolozzi, L., Mendez, M. & Galante, E.

redListContributors:
Nieto, A., Petrakis, P., Schmidl, J., Pettersson, R. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The species is more threatened in the northern part of its range than in the southern part, but none of the threats - loss of habitat area and quality due to inappropriate forest management practices - are major concerns for this species at present.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The species is more threatened in the northern part of its range than in the southern part, but none of the threats - loss of habitat area and quality due to inappropriate forest management practices - are major concerns for this species at present.

range:
It is believed that this species is widespread across central and south-eastern Europe, reaching northern Europe including Iceland in the North Atlantic Ocean. In Italy it is only known from two sites situated in the north-western part of the country. In Germany it is only known from three states: an old record before 1950 in Bavaria, a record from before 1900 in Sachsen and a last record after 1950 in Sachsen-Anhalt. In Ukraine is is mostly present in Crimea and in the western hills of the Carpathian Mountains. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, and sporadic in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).
In Romania it is widespread from the low hills up to the mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). All localities in Serbia are in the central and south-eastern part.
This species is also found in the Caucasus.

population:
Overall this species is widespread but not abundant and may have a relatively small population. The adult is difficult to find because it is only active nocturnally. The species has been listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic, as it is considered very local and rare, which suggests a declining trend in the species. It appears to have disappeared from Poland, further suggesting a decline in the northern range of this species.In the Slovak Republic is not very rare in the southern part of the country, but it has declined somewhat. In Ukraine it is considered rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified - the species is widespread, but never common (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). Although it is widespread in Romania, it is not common (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that requires temperate broad-leaved forests. It lives in standing but dead broad-leaved deciduous trees (Carpinus, Quercus, Castanea, Fagus, Ulmus, Corylus, Acer) and in fallen branches. It also develops in trunks of trees with smaller diameters. It may develop in wooden fences, construction wood and in log houses but these may be marginally suitable habitat. It develops in wood of diameters from three to 35 cm with or without bark. This species may need sun exposed stands of forest.

threats:
In the northern part of its range the main threats are likely to be loss of coppiced sun-exposed forest stands due to changing forest management practices that do not favour coppicing. In the southern part of the range threats may include inappropriate forest management due to extraction of old hornbeam.

 
In Hungary habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and forest management, but this is not considered to be a major threat to this species (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the species is mainly threatened by habitat loss due to unsustainable forest management (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Hungary this species occurs in several protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, the species is well preserved inside large protected parks in the south-western part of country (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the northern part of its range, it is important to properly protect and manage forests stands through improved forest management that favours good isolation, using appropriate forest management techniques, including coppicing.


taxonomicNotes:
Judolia dentatofasciata (Mannerheim, 1852) was previously seen as a subspecies or variety of J. sexmaculata, but, after the work of Nakane and Ohbayashi (1957), is now accepted as a good species that occurs in North European Russia and more largely, in Siberia (M. Danilevsky pers. comm. 2016). The previous name Judolia parallelopipeda (Motschulsky, 1859), accepted as valid by several modern publications, must be changed to the oldest one and cannot be accepted as nomen protectum being in prevailing usage (Danilevsky 2014).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Judolia dentatofasciata is a Siberian species reaching European Russia in the northern "polar" Ural. It was overlooked by entomologists because for a long time it was considered as a subspecies of Judolia sexmaculata. It inhabits boreal forests and lives in the dead wood of various trees, both broadleaf and conifers. In European Russia, it has a small distribution range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km², but the real AOO is probably larger. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and no specific threats have been identified. However, forestry and fires are potential threats and further research is recommended. The European population is adjacent with the Siberian subpopulations and therefore significant immigration is expected. This immigration is not expected to decrease. Since the species has not been reported in the EU 28, it is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Judolia dentatofasciata was for a long time confused with J. sexmaculata. Nakane and Ohbayashi (1957) have published correct drawings of the adeagus of both species and demonstrated their true specific status. J. dentatofasciata occurs in Siberia, Mongolia, Sakhalin, Korea and Japan (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012, Danilevsky 2016). In Europe, J. dentatofasciata is present in the Polar Ural, in north European Russia (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014, 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is probably close to 40,000 km², while the known area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 48 km². However, there are probably more localities and the real AOO is likely to be larger.

population:
Due to the long historical confusion, the situation in European Russia is not clear. However, this species seems to be frequent in Siberia and the East Urals. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in mountain and boreal forests. The larva is polyphagous, reported from various trees, including broadleaf and conifer trees such as Pinus, Larix, Abies, Populus and Tilia (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, under the name J. sexmaculata - observations made in Siberia). Eggs are laid at the base of the trunks and on exposed parts of the roots. The pupation takes place in the wood, but above the soil level, after the second hibernation in early summer. The generation length is of two years. Adults visit the flowers from June to August (Danilevsky 2014).

threats:
This species may be threatened by all activities and diseases that result in removal of dead wood from the forest, mainly forestry and repeated wildfires. However, as it is polyphagous, it may be able to avoid manydifficult conditions.

conservationAction:
In European Russia the species is not cited from protected areas. More research is needed to complete the distribution area in eastern Europe and in west Siberia. Research is also needed into the population size and trend, as well as into potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Judolia dentatofasciata (Mannerheim, 1852) was previously seen as a subspecies or variety of J. sexmaculata. However, Nakane and Ohbayashi (1957) have demonstrated the specific status of J. dentatofasciata. This species is now accepted and is known to occur largely in Siberia and in the Ural Mountains (Danilevsky 2014).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Judolia sexmaculata is widely distributed but uncommon. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the population trend is stable. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Near Threatened since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of ca 2,500 km², the population is severely fragmented - with subpopulations in the southern part of its distribution range being particularly isolated - and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to commercial forestry activities;thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This beetle species has three isolated subpopulations in the central European mountains (Alps and Carpathians), Scandinavia and the Scottish Highlands. It inhabits boreal forests where it depends mainly on soft rotten and damp dead wood of spruce or pine. It is considered to be probably quite stable in Scandinavia but it is not very common there. In contrast, the species is rare and endangered across its central European range. Mainly reported from spruce, but suspected to be polyphagous, it is threatened by forestry activities which remove dead wood from the forests. Intensive removal of dead trees can significantly reduce the possibility of reproduction and lead to the disappearance of this longhorn species. More research is needed about the stability of the population, especially in the southern part of its distribution area. Further research is also needed in the field to determine the exact distribution boundaries of this species towards the west of Siberia.

range:
Due to historical confusion with the related species Judolia dentatofasciata, many authors consider that J. sexmaculata extends towards Far East Siberia, Korea and Japan. However, Nakane and Ohbayashi (1957) have demonstrated the specific status of J. dentatofasciata, which is not just a subspecies of J. sexmaculata. As a consequence, J. sexmaculata occurs mainly in central and northern Europe. This is a boreo-montane species occurring in Europe(Danilevsky 2012, Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012),including Great Britain, mainly in the Scottish highlands, towards Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), western Siberia and - in the south - the Middle-Volga, Orenburg region and Ukraine (Загайкевич 1961, Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014, 2016, Georgi 2016). It is well known from the Alps and Scandinavia, where it is an infrequent species. Its presence in Denmark is quoted by Bílý and Mehl (1989). In Romania, only old records (<1920)are available from the literature (Tăuşan and Bucşa 2010). However, the species was confirmed recently by P. Istrate (pers. comm. 2016) in the oriental Carpathian region, in the Calimani Mountains. In the Pyrenees, it is only known from Andorra and a few localities in the eastern part of the French side, and perhaps on the Spanish side (Berger 2012). The reported occurrence from Hungary was disregarded as the old records are thought to be mislabeled. In the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca 2,500 km2.

population:
The species is uncommon but regularly found in its known areas. The population trend seems to be stable. In the EU 28 most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented at this geographic level.

habitat:
This species is found in montane and boreal forests. The larva is polyphagous, preferring spruce (Picea spp.) in continental Europe and pine (Pinus spp.) in Scotland. In Siberia it is reported from various trees, including broadleaf trees such as Pinus, Larix, Abies, Populus and Tilia species (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). However, Siberian observations may correspond to the more polyphagous J. dentatofasciata since the two species have been historically confused. The larva is somehow subterranean and shows great affinity with  roots and  basal zones of stumps, in uprooted and fallen trees. Old dead wood with soft rot and high humidity is preferred (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). The larva  tunnels into rotten dead wood, and the initial instars stay under the bark. The life cycle apparently takes two years with pupation in the wood or rarely in the soil. Adults are active on flowers during June and July.

threats:
Commercial forestry activities are the major threat to this species since these activities remove the dead wood of spruce which mostly hosts the species. Intensive removal of dead  trees can significantly reduce the possibility of reproduction and lead  to the disappearance of this longhorn species. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat in Europe.

conservationAction:
In Italy, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (Carpaneto et al. 2015). In Great Britain it is classified as Nationally Scarce, i.e., known from fewer than 30 hectares;many of the sites have legal protection as relict Caledonian pine forests although land management is not generally targeted at saproxylic conservation. In the French Alps, the species occurs in the national Park of Vanoise (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). In Poland and Belarus, it occurs in theBialowiezaForest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). More research is needed about the stability of the population, especially in the southern part of its distribution area. The identity of the north Russian specimens needs to be clarified since they could belong to the similar Judolia dentatofasciata. More research is needed in the field to find out the distribution boundaries of this species toward the west of Siberia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread although not common species with not very specific habitat requirements (polyphagous deciduous). It appears to be not threatened.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread although not common species with not very specific habitat requirements (polyphagous deciduous). It appears to be not threatened.

range:
This species is widely distributed in south-eastern Europe and in one instance in north-western Europe (Belgium). It is reported from Edirne (Adlbauer 1988) and Klrklareli (Malmusi and Saltini 2005) in the European part of Turkey. In Cyprus it was found on the southern and western slopes of Troodos Mountains (0-1,300 m) (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout the majority of its range, although it is thought to be relatively uncommon. Its exact habitat needs are unknown but it appears not to have specific needs (polyphagous in deciduous trees) so the population is suspected to be stable as this type of habitat is relatively stable across south-eastern Europe. In Cyprus it is uncommon and restricted to a few localities  (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The population size and trend have not been quantified in the European part of Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is polyphagous in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees. Its specific habitat requirements are unknown and it seems to occupy typical south-eastern European habitats. In Cyprus it was found mainly in maquis and garigue feeding at various flowers especially on white Umbelliferae (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and not uncommon in central and eastern Europe and it occupies a habitat type which is not under major threat or subject to significant decline at present. However in parts of western Europe it is very rare and localised. As a canopy-dwelling species it may be under-recorded.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and not uncommon in central and eastern Europe and it occupies a habitat type which is not under majorthreat or subject to significant decline at present. However in parts of western Europe it is very rare and localised. As a canopy-dwelling species it may be under-recorded.

range:
This species is widely distributed in Europe, extending from south-eastern Europe, through central Europe and western Europe, with populations in Scandinavia (Bense 1995). It is also found in Asia Minor  and Syria. 

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and lower mountainous areas, but uncommon (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is only known in the extreme north-east: Girona (Gonzáleset al. 2007). In Romania it is known from some places from the central and the eastern part.  In Germany it has only been recorded from Baden-Württemberg.

population:
Population status varies in different parts of the range; typically rare or very rare in the west (where it approaches its range limits) but more common in the east. There is no evidence of major population declines, although the overall population trend is unknown.

  In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified but the species is not quite common and hard to study. In Romania there are only old records.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  Larvae live especially under the bark of sickly and dead twigs and branches from tree-tops (diameter between two and eight cm), only occasionally in trunks. It develops in a variety of broad-leaved trees (especially maple Acer, also elm Ulmus, oak Quercus, hornbeam Carpinus, Ostrya). In Romania it has been reported from elm and oak (Panin and Savulescu 1961). The life cycle is one or two years, with pupation in the wood. Adults emerge in V-VI, found on the host plants, occasionally feeding at flowers. In Hungary it lives in various broad-leaved forests where species ofAcergrow (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
 
Also habitat loss is occurring in many parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and removal of maple from the forests.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania), but further protection of the threatened maple stands is necessary.
In Germany this species is listed as 'R', which means that the species as a restricted distribution (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Leptorhabdium illyricum was described by Kraatz in 1871 based on specimens coming from the central Balkans, without precise localities. For a long time, the species remained mysterious and hidden since the literature only discussed taxonomy, without adding information about localities or biology. In 1986, Ohbayashi and Shimomura gave precise drawings for all those species. Then, Sama (1993) confirmed taxonomical choices after a study of the type specimens in Pic and Kraatz's collections. Therefore, he fixed the taxonomy among the European Leptorhabdium-Xylosteus group. That taxonomy is followed here.

redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Leptorhabdium illyricum is very rare and sparsely distributed along the western Balkans. Very few localities are available from recent decades and the ecology of the species is poorly known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its current distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.The species is cryptic and very hard to find, and could therefore be under-recorded. More research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Leptorhabdium illyricum is endemic to the western Balkans (Danilevsky 2016). Old or very old citations are imprecise and refer to the northern part of the distribution range of the species. Those old records from Croatia and Slovenia correspond to the ancient citations from Italy (Sama 1988). Old reports are also: "Bosnia" (Pic 1906), "Illyrien", "Dalmatia" and "Greece" (Ganglbauer 1882). Another old citation is from the surroundings of the Galičica Mountain  (Sama 1993), at the border of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania. In this area, new discoveries were made recently, confirming the species in the mountains of the central and south Balkans: north of Greece (Berger et al. 2010), Albania and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Galičica Mountain) (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). If only recent records are considered, the known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 32 km2, and 28 km2 in the EU 28. However, the species is cryptic and very hard to find, and could therefore be under-recorded.

population:
There is too little information available to assess the population trend. Moreover, the species is poorly known and extremely difficult to find in the field, most probably because of its nocturnal and crepuscular habits (H. Brustel, pers. comm. 2016). So it may be more widespread than currently known in the Balkan mountains, but, certainly, with very localized subpopulations.

habitat:
The biology of this species is poorly known. The adults are found on flowers (mainly Crataegus spp.) in June, although apparently only when the weather is cloudy. They escape the light and hide in the vegetation during sunny days (Berger et al. 2010). The unique report about the larval biology comes from Rapuzzi and Sama (2012), who collected in  Albania and Croatia a very decayed piece of wood of  European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) together with a lignicolous fungus from which they reared adults from larvae. Berger et al. (2010) indicate numerous records for this species in the beech forest of Alona (Florina region, north of Greece), located in a humid valley. In this genus, male and females are winged (Miroshnikov 1998).

threats:
The threats are unknown, but if the species develops exclusively in beech, it may be threatened by forestry activities and firewood collection. Beech forests are intensively managed in the area of distribution of this species, which would lead to a deterioration in the quality of this species' habitat (O. Merkl, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
The Galičica mountains are the border between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania. In FYR Macedonia, they include the Galičica National Park. As this species has been cited repeatedly in this area, some subpopulations may occur in this protected area. All aspects of the distribution and ecology of this species need to be seriously studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Leptorhabdium nitidum is endemic to the mountains of northern Greece and southern FYR Macedonia. This species is extremely rare and nothing is known about its biology. Recent discoveries have demonstrated its presence in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
Leptorhabdium nitidum remains a mysterious and elusive species since all of  the literature only discusses taxonomy, without adding information  about localities and biology. In 1993, Sama fixed the taxonomy among the  European Leptorhabdium-Xylosteus. Precise drawings of all those species can be found in the work of Ohbayashi and Shimomura (1986). This species is endemic to the Pindus mountains in northern Greece (Berger 2008, Berger et al. 2010), towards southwestern and central Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia from where the type specimens are (Holzschuh, 1974).

population:
There is too little information available to decide the population trend.  Moreover, the species is really poorly known and extremely difficult to find in  the field. Its distribution is strongly reduced compared to that of L. illyricum. It may occur outside the Pindus mountains, where it forms very localized subpopulations.

habitat:
The biology of this species is totally unknown. The adults are found, rarely, on flowers of Crataegus, together with L. illyricum, in June, and only when the weather is cloudy. They avoid light and hide in the vegetation during sunny days (Berger et al.  2010). Berger (2008) caught one specimen on an old apple tree (Malus sp.). No larval description is available nor data from rearing. The larva is supposed to live in rotten dead wood, because the related species, L. illyricum and Xylosteus spp. are known to have a similar ecology (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Rapuzzi and Sama 2012). In this genus, male and females are winged (Miroshnikov 1998).

threats:
The threats are unknown but if the species develops in dead wood, it may be threatened by forestry activities and firewood  collection.

conservationAction:
It is unclear whether this species occurs in any protected areas. All aspects of the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of this species need to be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Leptura aethiops is widely distributed in Europe, where it is uncommon but regularly found. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the population trend is stable. It develops in dead branches and may be unaffected by forestry activities except perhaps by branch harvesting for woody pellet fabrication.

range:
Leptura aethiops is a Palaearctic species, widespread in Europe, northern Kazakhstan, Siberia, northern Mongolia, northern China, Korean Peninsula and Japan (Sama 2002). In Europe, it has a central European distribution (Bense 1995), reaching northwards to Denmark and all the Baltic republics plus the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007). Southwards it occurs in the Alps and the Balkans  (Sama 2002), reaching Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia (Adlbauer and Egger 1997), Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011) and Moldova (Danilevsky 2014). In France, it is more common in the north, with many recent localities, but is completely absent from a large area of the southwest and from the southeast. In the Pyrenees, only one locality is recorded (Berger 2012). The reports from Albania and central Greece appear doubtful (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012, Danilevsky 2016). In Russia, it is largely distributed from Belarus to Moscow and the Middle Volga area, plus the Voronezh and the Belgorod regions (Danilevsky 2014). In the north, it reaches the south of the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007).

population:
This species is not common but is regularly found in central Europe. Berger (2012) reports from the Pyrenees a locality where the species has been found every year for ten years. The current population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in shady and humid valleys, edged by mixed and deciduous forests (Berger 2012). The larval morphology and biology have been studied by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The larva is extremely polyphagous in broadleaf trees such as Alnus glutinosa (Teppner 1965), Salix, Tilia and Corylus species. Cherepanov (1990) reports Carpinus, Acer tegmentosum, Quercus, Syringa and Pinus pumila. Bense (1995) adds Betula trees. The species prefers small dead branches and stems (diameter of 3 to 6 cm). Females lay 30 to 36 eggs at the stem or branch base. After 16 to 25 days (at 18° tor 19°C) the young larvae hatch and feed on the dead wood, first under the bark and later in the wood itself. Pupation occurs in the wood. Adults are active on flowers from June to August in shady forest edges.

threats:
This species is known to live in the dead wood of various broadleaf trees. It prefers small dead  branches so it may not be threatened by forestry activities. The removal of branches for the  fabrication of woody pellets may be the most important threat but this industry is  actually only local and infrequent at present.

conservationAction:
The large distribution of the species guarantees its presence in numerous protected areas across Europe. The southern limits of distribution in the Balkans need to be investigated. There is a possibility of a northern expansion of the north European subpopulations in response to climatic changes together with local extinctions in the south resulting in an overall shift northwards.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O. & Pettersson, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:  Near Threatened (NT)

Leptura annularis is widespread in European Russia but becomes very rare and very localised toward western Europe with - in many cases - only old records available. It lives in a large variety of broadleaf and coniferous trees, in small diameter dead wood. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and common in the eastern part of its distribution range. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is close to 1,080 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The AOO of this species has decreased during the last century by about 200 km² in the western part of the distribution range and local extinctions have been observed in France and Italy, at the border of the distribution range. Reasons of this decline are not understood and nothing indicates whether they have stopped or are still ongoing. Thus, even though there has certainly been a historical decline, it is unknown whether there is an ongoing continuing decline at present. Its European distribution needs to be better studied in order to determine the range of the local extinctions, if they occur only at the borders of the distribution range, or if they include other areas. Research is also needed into the threats to this species.

range:
Leptura annularis occurs from Europe to northern Asia, including the Urals, Siberia (where it is very common), Mongolia, Korean Peninsula, China, Sakhalin and Japan (Sama 2002). In Europe, it is very localised and scattered. It is a subalpine species, ranging from the French Alps to Poland, Baltic Republics and the Balkans (Sama 2002, Alekseev 2007). In France, only three departments are known to actually host the species, while other citations are old and doubtful records (Binon et al. 2000, Berger 2012). The citation in Andorra was not trusted by (Berger 2012), and the species was not observed in Belgium (A. Thomaes, pers. comm. 2016). In Italy, Sama (1981, 1988) excluded the species because it was only known from historical records in Trentino Alto-Adige. However, two records from the western Italian Alps confirm historical records and the presence of the species in Italy (Sturani 1981). In central and eastern Europe, it is considered as a rare species, and available data show its strong localisation, for example in the north of Hungary (Kovács and Hegyessy 1992  under the name L. arcuata Panzer, 1793), or in Romania (Serafim 2006). In the EU 28 the extent of occurrence (EOO) is close to 1.9 million km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,080 km². 

In Russia, this species in common in the west European part, including the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007), the surroundings of Moscow (Danilevsky 2014), the north, toward the Komi Republic (Татариноваet al. 2007), and along the Urals to the Orenburg region (Шаповалов 2012). The species is also present, but localised, in  the northeast and the west of Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011, Zamoroka et al. 2012) and in Belarus (first cited by Салук and Писаненко (1991) and then by Alexandrovitch et al. (1996) under the name L. mimica Bates, 1884). It is also present, but rare, in Latvia (Gailis and Vilks 2001).

population:
In France and in Italy, the species was known from localities that have not been confirmed for at least 50 years. Recent discoveries confirm the presence of the species but it seems to be very localised and to have disappeared from large areas. Those subpopulations are considered to have suffered local extinctions and to have vanished. However, it is unclear whether the population suffers from fluctuations in the numbers of mature individuals or if these local extinctions are definitive. The population trend is considered to be in decline locally, at the boundaries of its central European distribution range. In the EU 28 most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented at this geographic level.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed deciduous and conifer forests. The larval morphology and biology are reported by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989) and Cherepanov (1990). In Siberia, it lives in the dead wood of various broadleaf trees such as Alnus,  Betula, Quercus, Acer, Populus tremula, Castanea, Corylus avellana, Prunus, Juglans, Tilia, Salix and Sorbus. Conifer hosts have been cited by Cherepanov (1990): Abies, Picea, confirming polyphagy. In Europe, the species is reported from Salix. Development occurs in thick dead branches and small stems.Females lay eggs in cracks in the bark at some distance from one another. Embryonic development in the forest,  with an average daily temperature of 18.5°C, lasts 16 to27 days depending on the sun exposure.The  larvae live under the bark of recently dead trees before tunnelinglongitudinal galleries into the dead wood.Sometimes they are found in rotten wood. Mass hatching has been observed in the second half of July.Adults visit flowers in June and  July.The total development from egg to adult insect is completed within two to three years.

threats:
The species seems to have vanished from many localities known in the early 20th century. However, threats are unknown and difficult to determine since this species can develop in the dead wood of a large variety of broadleaf and coniferous trees, in small diameter dead wood.

conservationAction:
This species is known in both the Polish and Belorussian parts of theBialowiezaforest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). The species is legally protected in Hungary. Its European distribution needs to be better studied in order to determine the range of the local extinctions, if they occur only at the borders of the distribution range, or if they include other areas. It is also important to understand if the species suffers from strong fluctuations in populations size or if it faces definitive extinctions locally. In addition, further research is needed into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Leptura aurulenta is a central European species reaching its eastern border in the west of central European Russia. It is also found in the Caucasus, Asian Turkey, Algeria and Tunisia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is stable and the overall population size is likely to be large. It is uncommon but regularly found in many countries, becoming rarer and more localised only in the bordering areas. It can develop in the deadwood of several broadleaf tree species, with the only additional requirements of large girth deadwood and a moist environment. It may therefore be able to avoid many threats created by forestry activities.

range:
Leptura aurulenta is a European species reaching westwards to the Caucasus, Asian Turkey - close to European Turkey (Turgut et al. 2010); and North Africa, in Algeria and Tunisia (Özdikmen 2014). It is uncommon and very localised in parts of the south of England (UK) and the south of Ireland, where it is only known from the County Cork and the Wicklow Mountains (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988, NBN Trust 2016, K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In central Europe, it occurs in Poland, Moldova and in the west of Ukraine where recent discoveries have been published by Zamoroka and Palin (2011) after 52 years without any data. In Russia, the species is represented by isolated specimens on the border of Ukraine and from central European Russia (Danilevsky 2014). Southwards, it reaches the north of Portugal, the north of Spain (González Peña et al. 2007), the Pyrenees, southern Italy, northern  Greece (Rodopi  Mounts, Sama 2002)  and Romania. In France, it is widely distributed but not common (Berger 2012).

population:
This species is uncommon across its range but regularly found. It is considered to have a stable population trend and the population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species is found in broadleaf forests with a humid microclimate. The larva lives in the dead wood of a wide variety of host trees, but mainly in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). In Algeria, Sama (2002) reported it mostly in Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa), while in central Europe, oak is more cited (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Other host trees include Crataegus,  Betula, Juglans, Salix, Prunus (Bense 1995), Sorbus occuparia and Populus species (Cherepanov 1990). One record comes from pine (Pinus sp.) with some uncertainty about the identification of the wood (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). In Spain, this species has been reared from Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa)(González Peña et al. 2007). The eggs are laid in various types of dead wood of large dimensions (stumps, roots, fallen trunks and branches,  dead parts of living trees, dead standing trees). Each female can lay from 100 to 140 eggs. The young larvae hatch after three to four weeks. The larval development occurs in the moist part of the dead wood, close to the ground (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016). The larva tunnels deep into the rotten wood. Larval development takes two (Berger 2012) or three years (Cherepanov 1990). Pupation occurs in the wood. Adults are active  from June to August and rarely visit flowers; females are found on the host plants while males stay in the canopy (Berger 2012).

threats:
This species is relatively common and widely distributed in a large part of Europe. It needs coarse woody debris of broadleaf trees in moist situations. It is threatened by forestry activities, especially when the forest is cleared and exploitation remnants are burned. The removal of large items such as stumps is especially damaging to the beetle subpopulations. Firewood extraction is also problematic for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is widespread and is likely to occur in many protected areas. In France it has been recorded in several protected forests (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016); it occurs in the Glengarriff Woods National Nature Reserve in Ireland and the New Forest National Park in England. More research is needed about the potential threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Leptura quadrifasciata is widely distributed from Europe to Japan. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a wide range of host trees and the population trend is considered to be stable. It is uncommon and localised everywhere but more frequent in the north. It needs coarse woody debris of various broadleaf trees and moist  habitats.

range:
Leptura quadrifasciata is widely distributed from Europe to Japan, including the Caucasus, northern Turkey, Altai Mountains, northern Kazakhstan, Siberia and northern China (Sama 2002). In Europe, it is more common in the north than in the south. In France, it is an uncommon species localised only in humid forests (Berger 2012). In Britain, the species is very widely distributed, but is becoming scarcer (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988); it is rare and highly localised in Ireland, with only five known localities (Alexander and Anderson 2012).  In the Balkans, it reaches the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southeastwards to Romania (Sama 2002) and European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). On the Russian side, it is known from nearly everywhere, from Karelia to the Komi Republics (Татаринова et al. 2007), southward to the Rostov region (Danilevsky 2014) and Crimea (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011), and eastward to the Orenburg region (Шаповалов 2012).

population:
A majority of authors consider this species as uncommon and more or less localised. It is regularly observed and thereafter the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species is found in humid forests of broadleaf trees. After Alexander (2002) it develops in dead and decaying stumps, especially Betula, but also a wide range of other broadleaf trees: Populus, Salix,  Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Corylus (Bense 1995) (once reported from Picea). Larvae make meandering galleries deep in the sapwood. Wood dimensions utilised are down to 15 cm diameter, wet or dry, but dry dead wood is needed for pupation. The life cycle takes at least three years with  pupation in the wood (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Adults visit flowers from June to  August.

threats:
This species is widely distributed in Europe but is considered uncommon everywhere. It needs coarse woody debris of broadleaf trees and moist conditions. It is threatened by forestry activities, especially when  the forest is cleared and the exploitation remnants are burned. Firewood  extraction is also problematic for this species. In agricultural landscapes, the old host trees are vulnerable to both felling, due to tidiness, and collapsing through neglect, as well as not being replaced with new plantings.

conservationAction:
This species is cited from the Bialowieza forest (Poland and Belarus) (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz  2001). B. Dodelin (pers. comm. 2016) found it in two strict Nature Reserves of the French Alps. In the UK it is known from Shapwick Heath National Nature Reserve in the Somerset Levels, the New Forest National Park, and many other protected sites (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). The threats against this species are poorly known and further research is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Lepturalia nigripes is widely distributed in central and northern European Russia and in Fennoscandia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,000 km² and possibly smaller), and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) isca 480 km²),the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is highly specialised and only found on standing dead birch in open sunny places. It lives several years in the same tree and thereafter strongly depends on the long term stability of its habitat. Suitable habitats have become rare, which reduce the chances of colonization. The species is threatened by forestry activities and by reduction of wildfire frequency. It remains mostly in boreal regions where wildfires still exist or in mountains where relatively intact forests occur. No significant immigration into the EU 28 can be expected from adjacent countries since most subpopulations are isolated from each other and the species is not a long-distance flyer. The assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. The presence of the species in some countries needs to be confirmed by new investigations in the ancient localities. The population trend should be monitored, and more research is needed into the threats and possible ways to address them.

range:
The distribution range of Lepturalia nigripes covers Europe and northern Asia, from the Urals to the Russian Far East and Kamchatka (Sama 2002). In Siberia and in Europe, single specimens of the subspecies L. n. rufipennis have sometimes been found (Danilevsky 2016). This species can easily be confused with the male of a common species, Leptura rubra, so some under-recording may be taking place. In Europe it is present in the east, from the Balkans to Fennoscandia (Bense 1995) and in a large part of Russia, from all the northern regions towards the Rostov, Volgograd and Orenburg regions (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). It is extremely rare in central and southeastern  Europe, where it is only known from old records in Austria, Poland (Sama 2002), and Romania(P. Istrate, pers. comm. 2016).In Poland the actual presence of the species is strongly debated but  one old locality is in the protected forest of Bialowieza (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). Confirmed localisations are known inSlovakia (Adlbauer and Egger 1997), Slovenia and northern Ukraine (Sama 2002). In Finland, it is a rare and declining species, nowadays absent from a large part of the southern and western parts of the country where it formerly occurred (Heliövaaraet al. 2004). In Norway, it was known from a very small region (Bílý and Mehl 1989) and nowadays is considered as regionally extinct (Ødegaard et al. 2010). The species has recently been discovered in Serbia, in the National Park of Fruška Gora (Pil and Stojanović 2005). As a general conclusion,the central Europeanoccurrences of this species, should be regarded asrelics thatare gradually disappearingfrom ourlandscape (Adlbauer and Egger 1997). The EU 28 distribution is very small compared to the global one. In Sweden, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 160 km², and Finlandca 200 km². The estimated AOO for the EU 28 is ca 480 km². In Europe the AOO is estimated to be ca 2,000 km2, and possibly smaller.

population:
In Finland, this species has lost most of its ancient localities and is severely declining in the south and west parts of the country (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Similar reports of the lack of recent records (after 30 to 80 years) have been found for Poland and for Sweden, where the species is listed as Endangered (Artdatabanken 2016) and where a strong decline was measured in recent decades by Lindhe et al. (2010). Adlbauer and Egger (1997) conclude their synthesis on the fact that the species is a relict, fast decreasing at the European scale. The population trend is clearly decreasing. In the EU 28, most subpopulations are small and isolated, since this species is not a long-distance flyer and suitable habitats are becoming increasingly fragmented in the landscape. These small subpopulations may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species is found in temperate and boreal forests. The larva is almostexclusively associated with the dead wood of birch trees (Betula spp.), but also found, rarely, in European Aspen (Populus tremula). It develops in large, standing dead birch in open sunny places, especially in post-fire areas (Palm 1951, Heliövaara et al. 2004). Suitable trees have significant diameters (more than 20 cm), a hard outer surface but decaying interior parts (white rot of the heartwood). The fungi involved in the heartwood decay include Fomes fomentarius (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). After Cherepanov (1990), the life cycle takes three years with pupation in the dead wood during spring. The same trunk may host many generations of larvae over several years(Palm 1951). The larvae have also been  studied by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). Adults are active on flowers from May to early July in Finland.

threats:
This species requires a very specific habitat, namely large, standing dead birch trees isolated in sunny places. It can switch to poplars but always needs the same microhabitat and surrounding conditions (Palm 1951, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Cherepanov 1990,Heliövaara et al. 2004). This habitat is usually created by forest fires or occurs in large and unmanaged forests. This habitat is disappearing throughout Europe, except in boreal regions where wildfires still exist or in mountains where relatively intact forests occur. Moreover, this longhorn beetle has a long larval development and may use the same individual tree for many years. One can expect its dispersal dynamic to be very slow. For those reasons, the species is considered to be threatened by all forestry activities and by forest fire reduction in the boreal zone. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the list of indicators of natural forest habitats of Latvia (Telnov 2004). In Sweden, it is assessed as Endangered (Artdatabanken 2016), and as Vulnerable in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In Serbia, it was recently found in the National Park of Fruška Gora (Pil and Stojanović 2005). In Poland, it has been found in the Bialowieza forest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), but only old records from the 1930s. It was assessed as Critically Endangered in Poland (Głowaciński et al. 2002). The presence of the species in some countries needs to be confirmed by new investigations in the ancient localities. Communication efforts about this species may be useful as it resemble other common  Lepturinae and may be overlooked. The population trend should be monitored, and more research is needed into the threats and possible ways to address them.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

Lepturobosca virens is distributed in boreo-alpine forests from central and north Russia, and in central Europe in mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has strong subpopulations in northern Europe as well as in the central European mountains. The species inhabits coniferous forests and develops in large dimension deadwood of conifers. Forestry is a major threat for this species as is commercial collecting since many specimens have been seen for sale. Research is needed into the population trend, as well as into the threats to this species.

range:
Lepturobosca virens is a boreo-alpine species,  widespread from Europe eastwards to northern China, Mongolia, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (Sama 2002). In Europe it is distributed from Scandinavia and Belarus to the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007). Southward, it reaches the Orenburg region and is present in many localities in central European Russia, while in Ukraine it is localised in the north and west (Zamoroka et al. 2012, Danilevsky 2014). In Finland and Sweden, it is a relatively rare beetle that seems to have declined in the south of the country but maintains strong subpopulations in the eastern and northern parts (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In south Europe, it is reported from Spain to the  Balkans, including Romania (Sama 2002). In France, the species is only found in the mountains - Alps, where it is uncommon, and Pyrenees and Jura where it has became extremely localised (Berger 2012). In the UK what is believed to have been a temporarily established introduced subpopulation, was known in the conifer forestry plantations of the Forest of Dean for much of the 19th century (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In the EU 28 its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.3 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,600 km². Its geographic range is significantly larger in Europe.

population:
The distribution area is large and the species has strong subpopulations in northern Europe as well as in the central European mountains, but locally, reports of strong reductions of subpopulations have been published (Pyrenees, Jura). The global population trend is unknown. More studies are needed to understand if this is a global trend towards extinction, or local extinction after local threats, or if the species is  subject to population fluctuations.

habitat:
This species is found in boreo-alpine coniferous forests. According to Palm (1959) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989), its development takes place in spruce (Picea spp.), pine (Pinus spp.) and birch trees (Betula spp.). In Finland, pine is the preferred host tree. The most suitable trees are dead, large diameter trunks and stumps, located in sunny places. This beetle species lays eggs in the roots of stranding dead trees, barkless and lying dead pine, or decayed stumps with hard surfaces (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Bense (1995) and Berger (2012), report also fir (Abies spp.) as a host tree. Cherepanov (1990) counted an average of 120 eggs for each female. The larva hatches after 20 days and then feeds under bark before moving into the wood below. The larval development takes at least two  years before pupation in spring, in the wood. Adults are very active on flowers in July and August. Adults need a large food supply from flowers in order to become sexually mature (Cherepanov 1990).

threats:
Forestry activities are the major threat to this species since they result in the removal of dead wood of spruce and pine which hosts the beetle. Intensive  removal of dead  trees can significantly reduce the possibility of  reproduction and lead  to its disappearance.

conservationAction:
In France, the species is known from protected areas in the Pyrenees and the Alps (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016, MNHN 2016). Research is needed into the population trend, as well as into the threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
This species has been found for sale on web-markets and  during entomological conventions (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although its habitat is known to be in decline, the species is relatively widespread and more information is needed to determine its abundance or trends. The species does not yet approach the thresholds for Vulnerable so it is not Near Threatened.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although its habitat is known to be in decline, the species is relatively widespread and more information is needed to determine its abundance or trends. The species does not yet approach the thresholds for Vulnerable so it is not Near Threatened.

range:
This species is found throughout much of central and south-eastern Europe.

In Hungary this species is sporadic in the lower mountain areas. Most localities are in the region above the Lake Balaton (central part of the western half of the country) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). According to one source (BioLib.cz 2009) this species also occurs in Austria.

population:
The species is difficult to find, so little information is available about population size and trends. It is locally common in extensively cultivated almond orchards (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). While no information is known about the population, in eastern Europe traditional orchards are in decline, and traditional methods to manage orchards are being replaced with more modern methods. For these reasons we suspect a slight decline in the population of this species beginning in the past and extending to the future. In Slovakia the species is extremely rare and is only known from several recent records in the south.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species is found in orchards and gardens, the larvae developing in dead twigs ofAmygdalus andPrunus. In Hungary it occurs in old, traditionally cultivated almondAmygdalusplantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The species also develops inAmygdalus comunis in Greece, Hungary and Bulgaria. The species has also been reported fromAbies cefalonica.

threats:
In some parts of its range (Hungary) this species is threatened by the disappearance of old almond plantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is likely that old, traditionally managed orchards where this species is found are in decline throughout its range but it is unknown to what extent this is affecting this species.

conservationAction:
Old almond plantations should be protected and sustained. Some localities are in protected areas. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Macroleptura thoracica is a rare, relict species, widely distributed in Belarus, the north of Ukraine and central European Russia, where it is more commonly observed toward the Urals. In Europe, it appears to live exclusively in large dead aspens and is assessed as Near Threatened, since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO is ca 1,000 km²) and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. Forestry activities pose a real threat for this species - rejuvenation of the forest and the suppression of large deciduous trees, especially aspen, in mixed forests are critical. Those threats occur at a large scale throughout the species' range.In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (the area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 80 km² and surely smaller than 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Forestry, and the removal of large aspens, is a serious threat ongoing at large scale, including the eastern European area.In the entire distribution range, many recent localities are found in natural or well preserved forests, so the species seems to have became locally  extinct from managed forests. Given that localities are far from each other and the species is not a long-distance flyer, no significant immigration can be expected from outside the region. The assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. Further research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Conservation actions must focus on large and old aspen trees, to increase their life time and guaranty the long term presence of aspen dead wood in the landscape.

range:
Macroleptura thoracica is widely distributed from northern Europe to the Caucasus, Siberia, northern China, Korean Peninsula, Sakhalin and Japan (Sama 2002). In Siberia and northern Asia, the species is reported to be common (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe it is a rare, relict species recorded from Finland, the Baltic Republics, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and in the Balkans from Bosnia to Romania (Sama 2002). In Poland and Belarus, this species has been confirmed from the Bialowiezaforest (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), but in Belarus, it is also widely distributed (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996). In the Baltic states, the speciesis very rare and known only from very few individuals observed in well preserved forests (Voolma and Õunap 2006, Alekseev 2007). Two recent localities are known from Estonia while two ancient ones have probably gone extinct (Süda 1998, Süda and Miländer 1998). In Latvia, only one State Reserve is reported to host the species (Spuris 1984, D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2017). In Finland, the situation is quite similar: Heliövaara et al. (2004) report an extremely rare species, living on the northwestern border of its distribution area. There are several records dating back to the 1800s from the southernmost parts of the country, but only one (in 1986) during the 1900s. The species is now most probably extinct in Finland. This species has been recently confirmed from the Russian Karelia by Siitonen et al. (1996), and in central European Russia by Georgi (2016). In European Russia, Danilevsky (2014), reports this species from Udmurtia, Leningrad and more largely in central European Russia. It has been known for a long time around Moscow and is widespread and common towards the Middle Volga and the Orenburg regions (Шаповалов 2012). This species' known area of occupancy is ca 1,000 km2 in Europe and ca 80 km2 in the EU 28 (and surely smaller than 500 km2in the EU 28).

population:
Most papers from western Europe report an absence of recent sightings, while the species was better known a century ago. The population trend is, at least in Fennoscandia, decreasing fast. In European Russia this species is more or less common. In the EU 28 the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented at this geographic level.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed boreal forests. In eastern Fennoscandia, this beetle appears to use European Aspen (Populus tremula) exclusively. The larvae live in very large, standing or lying dead trees in spruce-dominated moist forest with luxuriant ground vegetation (Siitonen et al. 1996). In Russian Karelia, those authors observed larval galleries over the whole trunk in the soft white-decayed sapwood surface, down to a depth of about 3-4 cm where the wood became harder. Observations in Karelia have taken place on two aspens of 25 and 50 cm of diameter. In the Russian Far East and in Siberia, a more diverse list of host trees is given by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989): Populus, Betula, Padus, Ulmus, Juglans, Tilia or Acer and Salix. In Slovakia, Sláma (1998) and Kovács et al. (1998/1999), reared the species from Betula and Fagus trees. Cherepanov (1990) described the biology in details on specimens coming from Siberia, not collected from aspen but from Quercus,Syringa and Acer. He observed that each female is able to lay 100 to 150 eggs. After 16 days, the young larvae hatch and start to feed in the rotten sapwood surface.Pupal stage lasts 20 to 28 days in the wood during June. Adults are seen on the host tree and on flowers in July. Bense (1995) reports a life cycle of about three to four years,while Danilevsky (2014) states a two years larval development.

threats:
The threats to this species are mainly related to forestryactivities. The rejuvenationof the forest andthe suppression of large deciduous trees, especially aspen,inmixed forestsarecritical. Those threats occur at a large scale throughout the species' range. Entomological trade seems to be problematic at the moment as specimens can reach high prices. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals.

conservationAction:
In Latvia, this species is included in the list of indicators of natural forest habitats (Telnov 2004) and is known only from aState Reserve (Spuris 1984, D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2017). This beetle has also been recorded from protected areas such as theBialowieza forest (Poland and Belarus sides) (Kovács et al. 1998/1999, Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001), and the Kanaküla protected forest in Estonia (Voolma and Õunap 2006). Even though it is considered as possibly extinct in Finland, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered there (Heliövaara et al. 2004). The species was assessed as Vulnerable in Poland (Głowaciński et al. 2002), and is legally protected in this country, while it is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Carpathian mountains (Pawłowski 2003) and as Endangered in Slovakia (Holecová and Franc 2001). Further research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Conservation actions must focus on large and old aspen trees, to increase their life time and guaranty the long term presence of aspen dead wood in the landscape.

useAndTrade:
This species is offered for sale on Russian specialised websites and on generalist web-markets. Two specimens fromBialowieza were for sale by a professional retailer during an entomological convention  (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe except the far south and south-west (Bense 1995). It is also found in all Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, Siberia, Russian Far East, northern  China, Korea and Japan.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and lower mountainous regions where indigenous or planted conifer forests occur (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is spread in throughout the Carpathians where conifer forest are present; also, in the inner part of Transylvania where planted conifer forest exists (Pinus sylvestris)(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is common and distributed throughout (Thomsen 2007). It has become widely established across lowland England, wherever forestry plantations are available (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm.).

population:
The species is common and abundant, and the population trend is presumed to be stable. In Ukraine and Germany it is a usual species. In the UK there is a naturalised introduction, which has spread across much of central and south-eastern England. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rather common on suitable localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is well represented in low mountains. Also, time to time it has been observed on the hilly areas from Transylvania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of dead branches, thin trunks and exposed roots of conifers (Picea, Abies, Pinus, Larix, Cupressus), only occasionally in broad-leaved trees (Betula).Life cycle one or two  years, with pupation in late summer in the wood. Adults overwinter in the pupal cells and emerge in V-VIII, found on the host-plants and attracted to flowers for feeding. In Hungary it lives in all kinds of indigenous and planted conifer forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been found on the white flowers ofSambucus lantana in central Transylvania (P. Istrate  pers. comm. 2009). Some old reports fromRubus andSpirea flowers (Panin and Savulescu 1961).

threats:
There appear to be be no major threats to this species as suitable habitat is widely available throughout its range (e.g. Hungary, Romania, Finland, Germany).

conservationAction:
There appears to be no conservation measures in place but they are not needed. The species has been recorded in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. A common species in at least parts of its range, which benefits from forestry practices (plantation of conifers) in many areas. Population trend is increasing.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. A common species in at least parts of its range, which benefits from forestry practices (plantation of conifers) in many areas. Population trend is increasing.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe except in the far west (Bense 1995). It is also found in Siberia, Mongolia, possibly in the Caucasus, Minor Asia, North America and northern Africa.

It occurs throughout the northern half of the Iberian peninsula (Vives 2001); also in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: Andalucia (Verdugo 2004), Extremadura, Castilla La Mancha, Murcia, Valencia (Gonázales et al. 2007). In Portugal it is widespread throughout the country, most of the records are recent. In France it is largely distributed but more common in the south (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species is widespread in the country wherever indigenous (western Hungary) or planted (in all other parts of Hungary) pine forests occur. Its range is expanding (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is present in nearly all German States. In Romania it is widespread in the Carpathians where occur pine forests. The exact locality of this species in European Turkey is unknown.

population:
A common species in at least parts of its range, which benefits from forestry practices (plantation of conifers) in many areas. Population trend is increasing.
In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rather common on suitable localities; new populations in planted pine forests are continuously becoming known (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France this species has been expanding at least since 1945, following the pine plantations (Allemandet al.2009, Villiers 1978). For European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae are mostly monophagous onPinus;they develop under the bark and in the wood of dying and recently dead thin stems, branches and trees. The life  cycle is usually one or two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-IX, found on the wood of the host-plant and on brushwood, where they feed on green bark and on needles. Pupal stage is two or three weeks, in May-June. In Turkey larvae develop in Pinus (Erdem 1968) and in Picea orientalis (Schimitschek 1953) - the adults active in VI and the life cycle is one year (Erdem 1968).

In Hungary it lives in native and planted pine forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) and in Romania in native pine forests.

threats:
This species is expanding in planted pine forests, and not threatened at all.

conservationAction:
No specific measures are in place or needed. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular some collectors trade this insect.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
It is believed that in Europe this species is only found in the Urals. It is also known from one locality in Ukraine (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It extends eastwards across Asia into northern China (Sama 2002).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The habitat of this species is known to be temperate forests and maybe as well boreal forests, but no information is available on its specific habitat requirements.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry may be a key immediate issue. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is widely distributed in central and eastern Europe reaching Scandinavia and the Baltic States. In the Czech Republic it is only found in mountain areas and in Ukraine in forest areas. It also occurs in Siberia, northern  Mongolia, Russian Far East, North Korea, northern China and Japan.

population:
In Finland 20 years ago the population was declining, nowadays it is stable. There is little information available on the abundance of this species in other countries. However, in Ukraine and Poland the populations are also known to be stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the deadwood of many species of coniferous trees, at first under bark on dead stems, later within the wood below. Pupation lasts four or five weeks; the full life cycle takes two years. Before copulation, the adult feeds mostly on the bark of conifer trees, but sometimes alsoQuercus, Betula,andAcer. Each female lays about 20 eggs. The adult is active in V-IX (max. in VII). Sometimes it can be regarded as a serious pest species to forestry, especially in Siberia and north of European Russia. In Finland it lives mostly in old-growth forests ofPicea abies. It is often imported into other countries with Russian timber.

threats:
In Finland the species was threatened, considered Vulnerable, by forestry and loss of old growth forests but nowadays it occurs mostly in protected areas. In the rest of Europe where the species occurs there are no known major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
No information available. The species occurs in several protected areas, especially in Finland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations, renewable habitat (lower branches and trunks of conifers and dying tree-tops) and no major threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations, renewable habitat (lower branches and trunks of conifers and dying tree-tops) and no major threats.

range:
This species occurs in the Eurosiberian subregion and in the eastern part of central Europe. 

In Ukraine it only occurs in the Carpathians. In Hungary this species is found only in the westernmost parts of the country, which are the foothills of the Alps. The known records are more than 30 years old (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it was reported from the eastern and southern Carpathians but they are old reports (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is only present in Bavaria, Saxony. It is also found in Russian Far East, northern Mongolia, northern China and Japan.

population:
Although widespread in Europe, this species appears to have a very restricted distribution in many countries. Nevertheless there is no evidence to suggest that the populations are anything other than stable at present. In Romania and Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as rare in Hungary and not common in Romania. In Ukraine this species is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops under bark and in the wood of lower, stunted branches of large trees or trunks or dying tree-tops in conifers (predominantlyPicea, only occasionally inPinus). The life-cycle is typically one or two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in VI-IX and are to be found on the host-plants where they feed on twigs and needles.
In Hungary it lives in indigenous spruce forests which are rare in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it was reported from native pine and fir forests (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is found only in montane spruce forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  Replacement of the fir and pine native forests in Romania is a threat to this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). In Germany this species is listed as 'R' which means that it has a restricted distribution.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particluar this species is used for trade.

redListAssessors:
Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Tezcan, S. & Putchkov, A.


