# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
This taxon is now considered to be a full species based on evidence from Arribas (2001), Crochet et al. (2004), Mayer and Arribas (1996, 2003) and Odierna et al. (1996). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline projected in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
This species is found in the Pyrenees Mountains. It is restricted a small part of the border area of Andorra, France and Spain with the majority of the population found in Spain. It is found from 2,100 to 2,940 m asl.

population:
Most populations are small and consist of tens or a few hundreds of individuals.

habitat:
This species is found in rocky areas in alpine regions. It is generally associated with south-facing, glaciated valleys. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
This species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle, collection of specimens, and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts, lodges and hotels, the construction of roads and tracks, and the use of all terrain vehicles. It is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining. It is possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It does not occur in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened since although its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km², thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable, its population is probably reasonably stable.

range:
This species is present in the central Pyrenees Mountains of France and Spain. It ranges from 1,580 to 3,060 m asl.

population:
It may be locally common in suitable habitat, being more abundant in subalpine habitats. The populations are fragmented by unsuitable habitat, but are probably stable.

habitat:
This species is found in subalpine and alpine habitats and is most commonly found in rocky slopes, outcrops and similar areas, sometimes close to alpine meadows. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
This species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle, and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts, lodges and hotels, the construction of roads and tracks, and the use of all terrain vehicles. It is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining. It is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. In Spain it is present in the National Parks of Ordesa-Monte Perdido and Aigüestortes-Estany de Sant Maurici, the Biosphere Reserve of Ordesa-Viñamala, the Natural Park of Posets-Maladeta and a number of other protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon is considered to be a full species based on evidence from Arribas (1996), Carranza et al. (2004), Crochet et al. (2004), Mayer and Arribas (1996, 2003) and Odierna et al. (1996). It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Iberolacerta monticola. The specific status of this taxon is supported by morphology (Arribas 1996), allozymes (Mayer and Arribas 1996) and mitochondrial DNA (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Carranza et al. 2004a; Crochet et al. 2004). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).

range:
This species is endemic to the central mountain system of Spain in the Sierra de Bejar, Sierra de Gredos, La Serrota and Sierra del Guadarrama. It occurs from 1,300 to 2,500m.

population:
It is a reasonably common species in several areas.

habitat:
It is a montane species found close to the tree line in damp, rocky habitats. The females lay a clutch of three to ten eggs once or twice a year.

threats:
Its populations are highly fragmented and are threatened by habitat loss, especially due to the construction of ski resorts and roads. It might also be adversely affected in future by climate change.

conservationAction:
It occurs in the Sierra de Gredos Natural Park.


taxonomicNotes:
Formerly included within Iberolacerta monticola, but recognized to be distinct by Arribas, Carranza and Odierna (2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened, because although the species is abundant within its small range, and may not be declining (more details are needed on the severity of threats), its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, thus making the species close to qualifying for Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to the Montes de León (Spain): Sierra Segundera, Sierra de la Cabrera, Sierra del Eje or Peña Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno between the provinces of León, Zamora and Orense, where it can be found from 1,000 to 2,000m asl, but probably also occurs at higher altitudes.

population:
In general it is abundant within its restricted range. It seems to be very abundant in the Sanabria area (Sª Segundera and de la Cabrera Baja), fairly abundant in Sierra del Teleno and is perhaps rarer in the Trevinca Massif (Arribas and Caranza, 2007).

habitat:
It occurs in rocky habitats above the tree line in oro-Mediterranean climatic zones. Animals are very abundant close to glacial lakes and talus tracks crossing shrubland in subalpine areas. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
Populations in the vicinity of Teleno are potentially threatened by the development of tourism, including the possible reopening of the Morredero Sky-resort (Teleno Massif, León) or of the Fonte da Cova Sky-Resort (Trevinca Massif, Leon) (Arribas and Carranza 2007). The species is also possibly threatened by disturbance of its talus habitat during cyclist tours (Vuelta Ciclista a España and Vuelta a León) which finish at the Morredero Sky-resort and attract a large number of supporters. The populations in lower parts of the species range are also likely to be impacted by ongoing slate quarrying and similar mining operations within the area (Arribas and Carranza 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention (as part of I. monticola). It occurs in the Lake of Sanabria Natural Park. Further general research is needed for this newly described species as a whole.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, and its populations are severely fragmented, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species has a very fragmented and relictual range in mountainous areas of southern Austria, northeastern Italy, western Slovenia, and western Croatia. It has been recorded from 200 to 2,000 m asl (Italy) (Lapini et al., 2004). The range of this species is probably underestimated because of the similarity of this species to the widespread and syntopic Podarcis muralis.

habitat:
This species is most often found in cliffs and rocky areas such as boulder fields that are generally poor in vegetation. It can also be found in open beech and coniferous forests or above the tree-line in alpine scrubland. It is often found in sheltered places. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
The main threat is the vulnerability of the many isolated populations of this species. There appear to be no active threats to this species at present over the majority of its range, but further studies are needed to confirm this.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as Lacerta horvathi) and is protected by national legislation in a number of its range states. Further general research is needed into the ecology and range of this species. It occurs in some protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Milan Vogrin, Wolfgang Böhme, Pierre-André Crochet, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Iberolacerta monticola, but genetic and morphological data support a full specific rank (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Arribas and Carranza 2004; Crochet et al. 2004). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Critically Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 10km2, all individuals are in a single sub-population, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals; and because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals, with no sub-population greater than 50 individuals, and it is experiencing a continuing decline.

range:
This species is endemic to Sierra de Francia, Salamanca in Spain at between 800 (Batuecas) and 1,723m asl (Peña deFrancia). The main population is at the peak of the mountain, with some observations from nearby at lower elevations.

population:
It is a very rare species that is in decline. Its population is probably less than 100 mature individuals. Probably 90% of the population is at the peak of the mountain.

habitat:
It lives in rocky habitats at high altitudes in temperate forest. If its breeding is similar to that of Iberolacerta cyreni, the females lay a clutch of three to ten eggs once or twice a year.

threats:
It is threatened by the collection of specimens, the construction of roads, the use of all-terrain vehicles and the effects of seasonal tourism. It might be affected in the future by climate change.

conservationAction:
It occurs in the Parque Natural de las Batuecas y Sierra de Francia, but specific management for the recovery of this species is required. A full-scale recovery programme should be developed, which should probably include captive breeding as part of the overall strategy.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberolacerta cyreni and Iberolacerta martinezricai are now separated as distinct species from Iberolacerta monticola (Mayer and Arribas 1996) and mitochondrial DNA (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Carranza et al. 2004a; Crochet et al. 2004). This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003). The population in the Montes de León has recently been described as a separate species, Iberolacerta galani (Arribas et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
This species is present in the Cantabrian Mountains and in Galicia in northwestern Spain, and in the Serra da Estrela in central Portugal. Its populations are severely fragmented. It ranges from sea-level in Galicia to 2,000m asl.

population:
It can occur at high densities where the habitat is suitable, but it is very localized. Some populations are in decline.

habitat:
In most places, this is a mountainous species often found close to the tree-line in damp habitats, where it can be found in areas of scrub and boulders. In Galicia it also occurs in lowland forest close to the sea, sometimes close to streams. The females lay three to ten eggs in a clutch and may have one to three clutches annually.

threats:
The populations of this species are highly fragmented and threatened by habitat loss due to agriculture, silviculture and tourism. Populations in Galicia have been declining through the habitat loss to fire, and the loss of suitable rocky areas.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and it occurs in a number of protected areas in the Cantabrian Mountains. It occurs in the Serra da Estrela Natural Park in Portugal. The development of an action plan has begun in Portugal.

redListAssessors:
Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
A phylogeographic study of this species based on mtDNA (Kalyabina et al. 2001) identified three groups of populations. Further studies of contact areas are needed to evaluate the taxonomic status of these three lineages (Crochet and Dubois 2004). Ten subspecies forms are recognized. The nominative subspecies, L. a. agilis is distributed in Western Europe and western Central Europe; L. a. argus Laurenti, 1758 inhabits Central Europe, east to the Carpathian Mountains and to eastern Poland; L. a. chersonensis Andrzejowski, 1832 - Moldavia, right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States, Leningrad region and south of the neighbouring Karelia. In the east, approximately from the left-bank valley of the river Dnieper a narrow area of intergradation with the neighbouring eastern subspecies is noted; L. a. bosnica Schreiber, 1912 occurs in the mountains of Croatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece; L. a. exigua Eichwald, 1831 occupies the whole eastern part of the distribution range up to the Crimean Peninsula and Ciscaucasia in the south; 
L. a. grusinica Peters, 1960 inhabits the coast of the Black Sea and submountane regions of the Caucasus in the south-west of the Krasnodar Territory, Abkhazia, in the Colchic lowland and Ajaria; L. a. brevicaudata Peters, 1958 occurs in northern and western Armenia, southern Georgia and on the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus range within the North Ossetia; L. a. iorensis Peters and Muskhelishwili, 1968 occurs on the southern slopes of the Caucasus range: in the valley and ravine of the upper current of the river Iori in Georgia; L. a. boemica Suchow, 1929 inhabits submontane regions of North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan; L. a. tauridica Suchow, 1926 inhabits the southern mountains of Crimea.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification in some parts of its range, presumed large population, and although it is declining in parts of its range, overall it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or more) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level. However numerous subpopulations are threatened across the range of the species.

Turkey: LC (marginal)

range:
This species ranges from northeastern Spain (isolated populations in the Pyrenees at around 1,800m asl), France, the United Kingdom (isolated and fragmented populations in the south and the northwest), and southern Scandinavia (throughout Denmark and with a patchy distribution in central and southern Sweden), eastwards through Western, Central and Eastern Europe (where it is patchily distributed) into the Caucasus Mountains, Central Asia and Eastern Asia, as far east as northwestern China and northwestern Mongolia. In Europe it ranges south to the Italian Alps (a very few populations in southwestern and northestern Alps only), northern and eastern Albania and northern Greece (where populations are largely isolated in mountain ranges). It occurs up to at least 2,500m asl (Bulgaria).

population:
It can be common in suitable habitat. It is locally declining in across its NW range (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). In Sweden occurs along the southern coast in continuous populations, inland populations are tiny (5-10 individuals) and relictual.

habitat:
It can be found in meadows, heathland, coastal dunes, grassland, steppe, subalpine and alpine meadows, shrubland, hedgerows, open woodland, in alpine areas, traditionally managed agricultural land and rural gardens. Sometimes it is present in sandy semi-desert areas. In the northwest of its range (e.g.. UK) it is largely restricted to open heathland and coastal dune habitats. The female may lay one or two clutches of between four and 14 eggs per year. Incubation period lasts 50 - 55 days.

threats:
It is threatened by habitat loss through urbanization, conversion to intensive agricultural use (especially the loss of hedgerows and other suitable habitats), coastal and alpine tourism development and the loss of traditional forestry practices, and unsustainable management. Many animals are killed on roads in parts of its range (e.g.. Austria). Some populations in Sweden are reported to be suffering from inbreeding depression due to a fragmented distribution (Olsson et al., 1996). There is some predation of animals by cats in urban areas. Open habitats, which this species requires, are being overgrown with vegetation. It is a threatened species in much of the northwest of its range, including the United Kingdom, Scandinavia and northern Germany.

conservationAction:
The species is included into the Red Data Books of numerous countries in the western part of its range. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in most of its range countries (all EU). This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005). It is present in a number of protected areas over much of its range. Habitat restoration projects (e.g.. Estonia) and reintroductions for the species (e.g.. UK) are taking place in parts of its range.

redListAssessors:
Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Martin Kyek, Alexander Westerström, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bartosz Borczyk, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Benedikt Schmidt


taxonomicNotes:
We follow the recent tendency to treat this as a species distinct from Lacerta viridis, but its specific status is only weakly supported by genetic data (Amann et al. 1997; Mayer and Beyerlein 2002). The currently accepted taxonomy of the viridis-bilineata complex requires further research (Crochet and Dubois 2004). According to Godinho et al.(2005) L. bilineata is conspecific with L. viridis as they hybridize and possess reduced genetic differentiations.

range:
This species is restricted to southwestern Germany (where its populations are isolated from the main range), southwestern and southern Switzerland, most of France (except parts of the northeast), Monaco, most of Italy, western Slovenia, western Croatia, southern Austria, and northern Spain. It has been introduced to Kansas in the United States. It is present on the islands of Elba and Sicily (Italy) and Jersey in the Channel Islands (United Kingdom) (and is introduced on Guernsey). It is present from sea level up to 2,160m asl.

population:
It can be a common species. Populations may be locally declining, especially in the north of the species range and in intensively cultivated areas.

habitat:
It is found in grassy areas with scattered trees and shrubs and damp areas with dense vegetation within scrubland and forests (deciduous and mixed). It is also found at woodland edges, and close to fences and hedges in traditionally cultivated land (including vineyards). It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
It is locally threatened by habitat loss through the loss of suitable habitat to intensive cultivation, overstocking of cattle, burning of scrubland and groves, and pesticide contamination. The conversion of traditional agricultural habitats (e.g. vineyards) to intensive methods is a threat to populations.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as L. viridis) and is present in a number of protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in all range states. This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005)

redListAssessors:
Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Benedikt Schmidt, Richard Podloucky, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano


taxonomicNotes:
A phylogeographic analysis of this species (Paulo 2001) indicated two divergent lineages distributed respectively in the Central Mountain System (Sierras de Bejar, Gredos and Guadarrama) and in the rest of its distribution. However, studies in the zone of contact between these two lineages suggest that speciation has not yet taken place (Crochet and Dubois 2004).

range:
This species is largely restricted to the northwestern and central mountain systems of Spain, and northern and western Portugal, with a number of isolated populations in the mountains and coastal areas of southern Portugal and Spain. It can be found from close to sea level to 2,100 m asl (Central Mountain System).

population:
It can be common in optimal habitat, but some fragmented populations are very rare, and overall it appears to be in significant decline. The southern population isolates in both Spain and Portugal are all very rare, and the one on Sierra Morena in Spain is possibly extinct.

habitat:
This species lives in humid, bushy areas of shrubland, woodland edges, open woodland (deciduous, mixed and pine), along river and stream sides, overgrown sites and close to fences in pastureland. It is especially tightly linked to streams in the southern part of its distribution. On average the females lay clutches of 11 to 18 eggs.

threats:
This species is sensitive to habitat alteration. Populations in the south of Spain are threatened by habitat loss, largely through deforestation, forest fires and alteration of streamside habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas. There has been an EU-Life project for this species in Portugal.

redListAssessors:
Paulo Sá-Sousa, Rafael Marquez, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


range:
This species ranges from southern Russia where it occurs in the northeastern Caucasus of Daghestan and Stavropol Territory, through eastern Georgia, Armenia, Azerbajian and northeastern Turkey (vicinity of Mount Ararat, eastern Anatolia), and from the Caspian coast of northern Iran into southwestern Turkmenistan (Baran and Atatur 1998; Anderson 1999). The species may be present in Iraq, although this requires confirmation (Anderson 1999). There is an isolated record of this lizard from Shiraz in southeastern Iran for which the identity has been confirmed (Anderson 1999). It has been recorded from sea level up to 3,000m asl (Turkey). Until recently an isolated population existed in the area of Cape Pizunda in Abkhazia, Georgia.

population:
Over most of the distribution range it is common or even abundant.

habitat:
Populations of this species have been found in areas with rushes, clay semi deserts, lowland and montane steppes, brush, shrubs and similar cover. Animals have been recorded from coastal dunes, hilly areas and pastureland containing some shrubby cover (Anderson 1999). In Turkey it is known from sparsely vegetated steppe plains, or slopes sometimes close to forests (Baran and Atatur 1998). The female lays between six and eleven eggs in a clutch (Baran and Atatur 1998), and lays two clutches each season.

threats:
In some places in the Caucasus the species is declining due to general habitat destruction.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in numerous protected areas. Other than general research activities, no direct conservation measures are currently needed for the species as a whole.


taxonomicNotes:
Mayer and Beterlein (2002) documented genetic divergences among Greek populations of Lacerta trilineata nearly as large as those between Lacerta viridis and L. bilineata. The taxonomic meaning of these results remains to be investigated (Crochet and Dubois 2004).

range:
This species is present from coastal Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, east to Bulgaria, southeastern Romania, Albania, Macedonia, Greece (including the Ionian Islands and many Aegean Islands including Crete, Lesvos and Rhodes), and western and central Turkey. It ranges from sea level to at least 1,600 m asl.

population:
It can be a common species (Kumlutaş pers. comm. 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in dry areas with a Mediterranean climate. It is found on or in bushy areas, sand dunes, boundary walls, orchards, and abandoned cultivated land. It can also be found close to streams and ditches. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Populations in Romania are threatened through by loss of steppe habitat largely due to agricultural intensification (CoE, 2003). A number of distinct island populations are threatened, such as L. t. citrovittata of Tinos Island, Greece. In Turkey, this species is threatened by forest fires.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. In general there appear to be no conservation measures needed for this species. However, there is a need to ensure the survival of distinct isolated populations and to further research threats to this species throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Nazan Üzüm


taxonomicNotes:
We follow the recent tendency to treat Lacerta viridis and L. bilineata as separate species, but this is only weakly supported by genetic data (Amann et al., 1997; Mayer and Beyerlein, 2002; Arnold et al 2007). The currently accepted taxonomy of the viridis-bilineata complex requires further research (Crochet and Dubois, 2004).

range:
This species ranges from extreme north-east Italy, eastern Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, eastern Austria, and Slovenia, east to Romania, Moldova and southern Ukraine, southwards into the Balkan Peninsula in Croatia (including some Adriatic islands), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania and Greece (including some Aegean islands, and excluding the Peloponnese). It is also present in Turkey, where it is largely distributed in the area of Marmara and along the Black Sea coastal region. The species is now extinct in Poland (Bartosz Borczyk pers. comm.). It has been introduced to Kansas in the United States. It is found from sea level up to 2,130m asl.

population:
It can be a common species. Populations at the north-west edge of the species range may be declining, and the populations are fragmented in that area.

habitat:
It is found in bushy vegetation at woodland and field edges, within open woodlands, forested areas and shrubland, hedgerows, and in overgrown areas and cultivated land including orchards. It takes refuge in bushes and burrows. In north-east Germany the species is confined to areas with a mosaic habitats of coniferous forest and sandy open heathlands. The females lay five to 23 eggs in a clutch.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this wide ranging species. It is locally threatened in parts of its range, especially in the north, by general habitat loss, afforestation of suitable sites and predation by cats. In the northern parts of Turkey, this species is locally threatened by the pesticide use causing the absence of prey and ingestion of pesticide tainted prey.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It has been recorded from many protected areas. There is a need to conserve genetically isolated populations especially in the north of the species range.  In Germany, this species is listed on the national red data list as Critically Endangered.

redListAssessors:
Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Petros Lymberakis, Richard Podloucky, Daniel Cogalniceanu, Aziz Avci


taxonomicNotes:
This species is in need of major taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU27: LC
EU: LC
Turkey: LC

range:
This species ranges from northeastern Greece (including the islands of Lesbos, Ikaria, Samos, Patmos, Kalymnos, Rhodes and Karpathos) and southeastern Bulgaria through Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, southern Russia, Iran, northern Pakistan and northwestern India. It is also present in Cyprus; northestern Algeria (isolated population in the Aures Mountains); northeastern Libya, Egypt (northeast Sinai) and central and northern Israel, western and northern Jordan, throughout Lebanon, Syria and northern Iraq. It ranges from 400m below sea level (Dead Sea) up to 2,000m asl, but may be found at higher elevations.

population:
It is generally a common and abundant species.

habitat:
This is found in arid or dry areas of sparse grassland, shrubland or cropland, and sclerophyllous woodland. In Armenia it occasionally occurs on sands, in central Armenia it is known in sparse oaken woods. In hot time of summer it prefers to be in immediate proximity to water. In Egypt, it inhabits well-vegetated rocky hillsides. It may be found hiding in crevices, dense vegetation and in sand at night. It is an egg-laying species; females lay two clutches of 3 - 6 eggs in a season.

threats:
In general there appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole In Israel it is believed to be declining in some areas through the use of agrochemicals. In Egypt, it is threatened by overgrazing, collection of firewood and quarrying.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. Further taxonomic studies and research into the distribution of this species (particularly in North Africa) are needed.

redListAssessors:
Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Pierre-André Crochet, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Yehudah Werner, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Sherif Baha El Din


taxonomicNotes:
Formerly included as a subspecies of Lacerta laevis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus, where it generally occurs throughout much of the island.

habitat:
This species is distributed in a range of rocky habitats, Mediterranean shrubby vegetation, and may be found within rural areas and possibly more urban locations. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole.

conservationAction:
It has been recorded from a number of protected areas. Other than general research, no direct conservation activities are currently needed for this species as a whole.


taxonomicNotes:
We treat Podarcis carbonelli as a separate species from P. bocagei, following Sá-Sousa (2000a), Sá-Sousa and Harris (2002) based on genetic differences (see also: Harris et al. 2002; Harris and Sá-Sousa 2001, 2002; Pinho et al. 2003).

range:
This species is found from northwestern Spain and northern Portugal, south to the River Douro. It occurs from sea level to 1,900m asl.

habitat:
This species is found in open deciduous woodland and Atlantic scrubland (Taxus or Erica), on coastal sand dunes and in rural areas including villages. The females may lay two to four clutches of two to nine eggs annually.

threats:
Although the species is not significantly threatened overall, some populations may be threatened by forest fires, conifer agroforestry, degradation of coastal dune habitats, and the development of tourism facilities.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in some protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was formerly a subspecies of Podarcis bocagei, but was raised to species rank (Sá-Sousa 2000a, Sá-Sousa and Harris 2002) based on genetic differences (see also: Harris et al. 2002; Harris and Sá-Sousa 2001, 2002; Pinho et al. 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in its Extent of Occurrence, in its Area of Occupancy, in the extent and quality of its habitat, in the number of locations, and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
This species occurs only in highly fragmented populations in western and central Portugal, occurring more contiguously in Aveiro in central Portugal. In western Portugal it occurs down to sea-level in many fragmented sites, while in central Portugal it occurs in hilly sites above 500m. In Spain it is known from two areas in on the northern slopes of the central mountain system at 500-1,200m. It also occurs at Coto Doñana in southwestern Spain at sea-level, and on the Berlenga Islands in Portugal (as a separate subspecies, P.c. berlengensis).

population:
It can be common in suitable habitat. The southern populations are generally very small, but can be abundant in tiny areas. However, many populations are probably in decline, especially in the south of its range.

habitat:
In Spain and central Portugal it occurs in oak forest. At sea-level it lives only in sand dunes. It lays one to three egg clutches a year, with one to five eggs in each.

threats:
The southern populations are almost certainly at risk from climate change. Loss of habitat due to touristic developments in the south, and wood plantations (pine) in central Portugal are also serious threats. Fires are an additional threat.

conservationAction:
Many of the southern populations are protected (including in the Coto Doñana National Park). In central Portugal and Spain, some populations are in natural parks.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly included within Podarcis erhardii.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to the island of Crete (where it is found only in suitable habitat in the western part) and associated small islets. Its extent of occurrence is c.3,000 km2 and is severely fragmented. There are ongoing declines in extent and quality of habitat for this species, caused by urbanization and tourist development. Consequently this species qualifies as Endangered.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete and its satellite islands. On the island of Crete it is present only on the western part, mostly to the west of a north-south axis ‘cutting’ Crete at the town of Rethymno. In this area it is found from sea level to 2,000m asl. The satellite islets are: Elaphonisos, Artemis, Gaidouronisi (=Chryssi), Mikronisi (immediately east of Gaidouronisi), Kavalloi, Elasa, Paximada, Dragonada, Prassonisi (immediately north of Dragonada) Avgo, Dia, Karga, Ag. Nikolaos (in the gulf of Souda) and Ag. Theodoroi (=Thodorou)(Lymberakis et al. 2008). Its altitudinal range is from sea level to 2,000 m.

population:
The population size has not been quantified. It is common in suitable habitats but very patchily distributed.

habitat:
It occupies shrubland, rocky areas, and dry river beds.

threats:
Habitat loss and degradation from urbanization and tourist development are the main threats.

conservationAction:
It occurs in a number of protected areas. It is protected under Appendix II of Bern and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as part of P. erhardii).


range:
This species is endemic to the Balkans, and ranges from southern Bulgaria, extreme southern Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, and much of mainland Greece (excluding most of the Peloponnese). It is also present on many of the Aegean Islands (including the Cyclades, Sporades and Astypalaia in the Dodecanese). It occurs from sea level up to 2,000m asl. In many places it is known from isolated localities, rather than a continuous range.

habitat:
It is found in rocky areas of Mediterranean type scrubland. Island populations can occur in more open areas such as sand dune systems. The females lay one to five eggs in a clutch.

threats:
There have been some localized declines of populations caused by habitat loss for tourism developments, but there are no threats to the species overall at present.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation over a number of its range countries, but this legislation requires better enforcement. Its range includes several protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Milan Vogrin, Wolfgang Böhme


taxonomicNotes:
There are five distinct subspecies P.f. filfolensis (Filfola Island, Malta); P.f. generalensis (the General's Rock, Malta); P.f. kieselbachi (Selmunett Islands, Malta); P.f. laurentiimuelleri (Linosa and Lampione Islands, Italy); P.f. maltensis (Malta).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, it is common, adaptable, and does not appear to be in decline.

range:
This species occurs in Malta where it is found on the islands of Malta, Gozo, Filfola, Selmunett Islands (=Saint Pauls Islands) and the General's Rock (=Fungus Rock), and on the Italian islands of Linosa and Lampione. It has been introduced to the island of Lampedusa, Italy (Claudia Corti pers. comm.).

population:
This species is abundant in most places, and their populations are generally stable.

habitat:
This species is found in scrubland, rocky areas, traditionally cultivated land and gardens. It lives in seabird colonies in some places. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
Certain populations, such as the one on Lampione Island, might be intrinsically threatened because they are confined to small islands. But in general the species does not face any significant overall threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive. It occurs in a few protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was raised to species rank by Gruber (1986), with two subspecies, gaigeae and weiglandi (Grube and Schultze-Westrum 1971). Although this status was not recognized by Gasc et al. (1997), it is supported by additional genetic results (Harris and Arnold 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because it has a very small area of occupancy (probably <20 km2), it is known from fewer than five locations, and it is plausible that it could be highly threatened by introduction of predators to its range.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece where it occurs in the Skyros archipelago and on Piperi Island in the northern Sporades Islands of the Aegean Sea. It is a lowland species.

habitat:
It is found in bushy vegetation or bare areas on some of the smaller islands. It is an egg-laying species. On some small islands cases of gigantism in this species have been recorded.

threats:
Although the species has a restricted range there appear to be no major threats at present. It is possible that the potential introduction of predators could threaten populations on some of the smaller islands. Human-caused fires (and wildfires) are an additional threat.

conservationAction:
Its range is effectively protected on Piperi island, as there is a Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) population present, and access to the island is restricted.


taxonomicNotes:
The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. This taxon is a complex of at least five species (Harris et al. 2002, Harris and Sá-Sousa 2002). Part of Andalusia is inhabited by Podarcis vaucheri, which was previously treated as a subspecies of P. hispanicus, from North Africa (but which has now been found to be present in the south of the Iberian Peninsula [Harris et al. 2002]). It was elevated to species rank by Oliverio et al. (2000) and is treated as a separate species here. Podarcis atrata (Boscá, 1916) from the Columbretes and Chafarinas Islands was raised to species rank by Castilla et al. (1998a,b), but it is most likely to be conspecific with mainland animals in northeastern Iberia for which the name P. liolepis (Boulenger, 1905) has priority (Carranza et al. 2004, Crochet and Dubois 2004). We treat P. atrata within P. hispanicus, pending resolution of this complex. Podarcis hispanicus contains at least two other species that await formal description (Crochet and Dubois 2004).

range:
This species is present throughout most of Portugal and much of Spain (excluding parts of the south and the northwest, but including the Columbretes Islands and the Charfarinas Islands), ranging into southern France as far as the Rhone River. The species occurs from sea level up to  3,481m asl.

population:
It can be a common species in suitable habitat.

habitat:
This species is generally found in climbing over rocks, in overgrown areas, on stone walls, on rock outcrops in alpine meadows, in bushy vegetation and in rural buildings. The females lay one to five eggs, with several clutches produced in a season.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Habitat loss and the introduction of competitors or predators are potential threats to the subspecies Podarcis hispanica atrata, the populations of which are confined to islands.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and it is presumed to be present in several protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Vulnerable as it has a tiny range (it is restricted to two uninhabited islets with a total area of c.2km2). While the islets it is found on are isolated and have no significant human impacts at present, the species is likely to rapidly decline with the introduction of predators (such as cats) or through any degradation of habitat.

range:
This species is only found on the islets Pori and Lagouvardos, north of the island of Antikythira, between Crete and Peloponnesos (Greece).

population:
Although the population size has not been quantified, it is presumably small overall, even though the species is common on the larger of the two islets.

habitat:
This species occupies rocky areas and Mediterranean-type shrubland (frygana). It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
There are no threats known to affect the species at present, but it would be highly vulnerable to introduced predators (e.g. cats), or to the introduction of goats which would severely overgraze the species' habitat.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It is recommended that restrictions are placed on visiting the islands, to prevent the introduction of new species that might prey upon P. levendis or destroy its habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is restricted to small, rocky islands off the larger islands of Menorca and Mallorca. It also occurs on the Cabrera Archipelago south of Mallorca. The species was once present on the islands of Mallorca and Menorca. It is a lowland species.

population:
It is extremely common on some islands, although populations may be small on some of the smallest islands. Until around 2000 years ago, the species was abundant on the islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Some small populations are still liable to be lost.

habitat:
This species occurs in arid rocky areas and in scrubland. The females may lay three clutches annually consisting of one to three eggs.

threats:
It is believed that the introduction of cats and other predators resulted in the extirpation of the species from the main islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Extant populations are threatened by the translocation of invasive predators between islands by visitors, and the illegal capture of animals for the pet trade. This species may also be threatened through eating poisoned bait left for seagulls and rats, and the loss of vegetation on some islands due to overgrazing by goats. Some populations are inherently at risk because of their small sizes and restricted ranges.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Appendix II of CITES. This species is present in the Parque Nacional de Cabrera and the Parques Naturales de Dragonera and Albufera des Grau. An education campaign is in place. There is a need to control visits to the islands where this species is present.


range:
This species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones from extreme northeastern Italy through southwestern Slovenia, Croatia, southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Montenegro to northwestern Albania. It is present on many Adriatic islands. The species ranges from sea level up to 1,400 m asl.

habitat:
It is found in dry open woodland, scrub, pastures and overgrown areas. It can be found on cliffs, rocks and stone walls. The females lays two to eight eggs per clutch.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species overall. Some distinct island populations may be threatened by the introduction of cats and other predators (such as the Indian mongoose on some Adriatic islands [Roberto Sindaco pers. comm., October, 2008]).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive. It is known from the Skadar Lake Protected Area in Montenegro. There are no further conservation actions currently needed.

redListAssessors:
Rastko Ajtic, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Roberto Sindaco


taxonomicNotes:
Podarcis gaigeae was separated from this species by Gruber (1986). Although this status was not recognized by Gasc et al. (1997), it is supported by additional genetic results (Harris and Arnold 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy is very small (probably <20 km²), and it is plausible that the species is vulnerable to stochastic events.

range:
This species is endemic to the Aegean islands of Greece, where it is restricted to the Milos archipelago (Milos, Kimolos, Polyaigos and Antimilos), the Ananes archipelago, Falkonera island and Velopoula island. It ranges from sea level up to 685m asl.

habitat:
It can be found in open areas of traditionally cultivated land, open scrubland, sand dune systems and damp marshy coastal areas. The females lay repeated small clutches of one to three eggs.

threats:
This species has a very restricted range. It was threatened by overcollection of animals in the past but this is no longer considered to be a threat.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Its range includes a few protected areas covering part or all of the islands on which it is found.


taxonomicNotes:
Additional research is needed to understand the status of several described subspecies.

range:
This species is widely distributed in Europe. It ranges from northern Spain, northwards to northern France, southern Belgium, Luxembourg, west-central Germany, much of Austria, southwestern Czech Republic, central Slovakia and central Hungary, and eastwards to central Romania, Bulgaria, most of the Balkans (excluding most of the Aegean islands) and northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. It occurs on Jersey in the Channel Islands (United Kingdom). It is largely absent from Northern Europe (it occurs as small patchy, isolated populations in the north of its range), southern Iberia (though there are fragmented, isolated populations in central Spain), and parts of southern Italy and its larger islands (Sardinia, Sicily, and Apulia). It has been introduced to the United States. Many southern subspecies of P. muralis have been introduced to Switzerland, where they are mostly found along railway lines (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). It is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl.

population:
It is generally an abundant species in suitable habitat.

habitat:
In dry areas, the species is largely found in humid or semi-humid habitats. It the more northern parts of its range it is mostly found in the driest areas. It can be occur in rocky and scree areas, scrubland, deciduous and coniferous woodland, orchards, vineyards, fields, stone walls, and on buildings. It is often found in human settlements including large cities and villages and railway lines which may be a possible method of dispersal. The females lay two to three clutches of two to six eggs per year. This species has been introduced in many places in Germany and the United Kingdom, often presumably by hobbyists (e.g. terrarium owners).

threats:
There generally appear to be no major threats to this adaptable and widespread species. Populations are locally threatened in parts of its range, including those on islands or in mountains (for example through the development of alpine tourism in the Central Mountains of Spain). Several populations, principally in Northern Europe, are threatened by the loss of suitable habitat to agricultural intensification and overuse of pesticides. This species is frequently encountered in the pet trade, however the overall impact of this is not considered to constitute a major threat. The introduction of non-native subspecies may represent a threat to some localized populations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries (e.g.. Switzerland), and occurs in a number of protected areas. The subspecies P. m. rasquinetti is listed as DD on the Spanish National Red List. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Hans Konrad Nettmann, László Krecsák, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Benedikt Schmidt, Petros Lymberakis, Richard Podloucky, Roberto Sindaco, Aziz Avci


taxonomicNotes:
The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern since, although its currently known Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under significant threat, it has a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is restricted to the Peloponnese region of southern Greece. It is also present on the island of Psili in the Gulf of Argolis, Greece. It occurs from sea level up to 1,600m asl.

population:
It is a relatively common species. It has not been surveyed since the Peloponnese fires in 2007, which may have caused a decline in this species.

habitat:
It occurs in dry scrubland, rocky areas, olive groves and vineyards, in traditionally cultivated areas and in old buildings. The females lay two clutches of one to six eggs annually.

threats:
It is locally threatened by habitat loss through fire, and by urbanization.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Its range includes several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because although the species appears not to be in overall decline, its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, and there are potential future threats, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to the islands of Ibiza and Formentera, and nearby rocky islets, in the Balearic Islands of Spain. It is known from 42 different populations. It has been introduced to Muella de Palma (Mallorca), Barcelona (where now extinct), Aleria town (southern Spain) and San Juan de Gaztelugatxe (northern Spain). It ranges from sea level up to 475 m asl.

population:
It can be common, especially on small islets. A few populations are declining, but overall it is stable.

habitat:
This species is largely found in vegetated areas, such as cultivated land and gardens, close to and around human habitation. It also occurs in rocky areas, especially in coastal regions. The females lay between one and four eggs.

threats:
In general there are no major threats to this species. A number of islet populations are threatened by disturbance by visitors, introduction of cats and rats to the islands, and accidental poisoning with bait left for seagulls.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Appendix II of CITES. A public education programme is in place with posters on the small islands. It occurs in some protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 10km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in the Aeolian Islands, Italy. This species is close to extinction.

range:
This species is restricted to the Aeolian Islands (Italy) where it inhabits a very few isolated places on Vulcano Island, and in tiny areas of three very small rocky islets: Strombolicchio, La Canna and Scoglio Faraglione.

population:
The populations are very small; the estimates are: Strombolicchio and Scoglio Faraglione: 200-400 individuals; La Canna: 20-30 individuals; on Vulcano Island the species is close to extinction (Capula and Lo Cascio 2006).

habitat:
The species lives in suitable habitats present on the volcanic islands: rocks, macchia, shrublands. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
The main threats are the introduction of alien species (mostly the competitor P. siculus), stochastic events due to the extremely small areas inhabited by the species and its small population size (less than 1,000 individuals overall). Collecting may also be a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It is not in any protected areas, though the area is an unprotected World Heritage Site. A recovery programme is urgently needed, probably including captive breeding as a component.


taxonomicNotes:
The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. It is possible that this is a complex of several species (Oliverio et al. 1998, 2000), but the differences noted could represent intraspecific variation (Capula and Ceccarelli 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: NA
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, large population, and because it is an increasing species.

In Turkey, this species is evaluated as Not Applicable because it was most likely introduced after 1500.

range:
This species ranges throughout Italy south of the Alps, including on Sicily, Sardinia, and many other islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in extrem southern Switzerland, Corsica (France), and along the Adriatic coastal area from southwestern Slovenia, through western and southern Croatia and extreme southern Bosnia-Herzegovina to Kotor, Montenegro. It also occurs as isolated introduced populations in southern France, the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Menorca in the Balearic Islands (Spain), on both sides of the Bosphorus in Turkey, Ile La Galite (Tunisia), and Isola di Lampedusa (Italy). It has been introduced to a number of sites in the United States, and might have been introduced to Libya and Tunisia. It ranges from sea level up to 2,200m asl.

population:
It is a very common species except in the northern part of its range. There are many isolated populations, and in some places it is an aggressive invasive species. Overall, its population is probably increasing.

habitat:
It is found in grassy areas, roadside verges, hedgerows, scrubland, woodland edges, inside pine plantations, vineyards, orchards, meadows, coastal dunes, parkland, urban areas, and on stone walls and buildings. In the northern part of its range, it mainly lives in riparian or coastal areas. It thrives in habitats disturbed by human activities in the southern part of its range. It is an egg-laying species (Sindaco and Romano, pers. comm. 2008).

threats:
There are no major threats to this adaptable species.  In the northern part of its range, it is threatened by small scale agricultural conversion of its riverine habitats.  Localized or insular populations may be vulnerable by predation by cats, but generally it is an invasive that can displace native populations of other species in its invasive range (the southern part of its range and in the areas where it has been introduced).  Because it is locally common, this species is collected for use as food for pet snakes.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Appendix IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in a number of its range states. It occurs in many protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Aziz Avci


redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: LC
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern because it is common in suitable habitats despite its relatively small range.

range:
This species ranges from southern Ukraine (including the Crimean Peninsula), through southern Moldova, and eastern and southern Romania (excluding the Danube Delta), to Bulgaria, Macedonia, eastern and southern Serbia, Albania, mainland Greece and the Ionian Islands, and northwestern Turkey (on both sides of the Bosphorus). There is an isolated population in eastern and central Hungary, ranging into northern Serbia. This mostly lowland species occurs from sea level up to 2,350m asl.

population:
It is a common species in suitable habitat.

habitat:
It is a largely terrestrial species found in open areas of steppe, grassland, meadows, field edges, olive groves, traditionally cultivated land, rural gardens, sparsely vegetated sandy dunes and sometimes in open scrub. The females lay two clutches annually containing between two and ten eggs.

threats:
This species is locally threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss through agricultural intensification and pollution (largely from the use of agrochemicals), but overall it is not at significant risk.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive, and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. It occurs in a number of protected areas. No further conservation actions are needed.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, László Krecsák, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Podloucky, Daniel Cogalniceanu, Aziz Avci


taxonomicNotes:
Although the generic epithet Podarcis is masculine  (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998), tiliguerta is a noun (meaning "lizard" in the local Sardinian language) and therefore it is not conjugated. This taxon possibly consists of at least two separate species, one on Sardinia and one on Corsica (C. Corti pers. comm.).

range:
This species is restricted to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), and on most of the adjacent smaller islands. It occurs from sea level to over 1,800 m asl.

population:
The species is locally abundant, chiefly in mountainous areas, but there is some evidence that it might be locally decreasing. It may be abundant on small islands.

habitat:
This species is found in arid scrubland, maquis, rocky areas, scree, open woodland, field edges, sandy coastal places with vegetation and occasionally in traditionally cultivated fields. The females lay clutches of six to 12 eggs.

threats:
The species is not threatened as a whole, but insular populations are potentially threatened by introduction of predators or overcollection. Podarcis siculus (probably introduced in Sardinia in historical times) perhaps out competes this species when the habitat is opened for agricultural land and pastoral land. It is probably also affected by fire and land-use change.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and is protected by national legislation in France and Italy. It occurs in several protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formally treated as a subspecies of Podarcis hispanicus, but it was raised to species rank by Oliverio et al. (2000). It was originally considered to be a North African species, but it has been shown also to be present in southern Spain (Harris et al. 2002). Populations in Tunisia might be another species.

range:
This species occurs in southern Spain, central and northern Morocco, northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It occurs from sea level up to 3,100 m asl.

population:
This species is very common throughout its range.

habitat:
It is generally found climbing over rocks, in overgrown areas, on stone walls, on rock outcrops in alpine meadows, in bushy vegetation and in rural buildings. The females lay one to five eggs, with several clutches produced in a season.

threats:
Local populations might be affected by habitat loss for agriculture, but overall this species is not significantly threatened.

conservationAction:
Its listing on the Bern convention is unknown. It is known to exist in several protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
We follow here the recent publication by Böhme & Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. The taxonomic rank of the subspecies P.w. marettimensis from Marettimo Island needs to be elucidated.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, occurring on the island of Sicily, where it is absent from the northeastern part of the island, the Egadian Islands (Favignana, Levanzo and Marettimo), and on Isola Grande dello Stagnone and Maraone. It occurs up to 1,600 m asl.

population:
It is a relatively common species, and generally has stable populations, except perhaps some populations on smaller islands.

habitat:
This is a largely terrestrial species found in areas of scrubland, woodland edges, pasture, cultivated land and rural gardens. The females lay clutches of four to six eggs.

threats:
The populations on Sicily appear to be stable, although on small islands it could be threatened by competition and hybridization with P. sicula. A number of insular populations (e.g., that of Marettimo Island) might be threatened or declining, possibly due to invasive predators.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It presumably occurs in some protected areas. The subspecies P.w. marettimensis is probably seriously threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on good quality habitat, and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species occurs on humid, isolated plateaus and mountain areas of northeastern Morocco (with an isolated population in the Alhucemas region [Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008]), northern Algeria and northwestern Tunisia. This species may occur in the Spanish North African enclave of Melilla (old unconfirmed records). It generally occurs from 1,000m to 1,200m asl.

population:
It can be common in suitable habitat in Algeria, but it is very rare in Morocco and Tunisia, where it is at the edge of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in areas of broad-leaved and pine woodland, scrubland, thorn-cushion vegetation, meadows, pastures, open areas and steppes. The female lays four or five clutches of between two and four eggs per year.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but any change of habitat can favour other species. It is presumably threatened by forest loss for agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
It occurs in Djurdjura National Park in Algeria.

redListAssessors:
Joger, U., Slimani, T., El Mouden, H., Martinez-Solano, I. & Geniez, P.


range:
This species is found in much of Portugal and Spain (it is largely absent from the north of Iberian Peninsula), and in the south of France. It may be found up to 1,700m asl.

population:
It can be a common species. There are strong interannual fluctuations in population size.

habitat:
It is found in areas of open, loose soil, especially those with a sparse Mediterranean-type scrub. It can be found in coastal dunes and grassland. The females lay two clutches of two to six eggs.

threats:
This species is locally threatened by the loss of scrubland to intensive agriculture and fires, and the urbanization of coastal areas, but overall it is not significantly threatened.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas. It has been successfully re-introduced at some former sites in Spain.

redListAssessors:
Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was previously considered part of algirus, but was described as a separate species by Busack et al. (2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the distribution limits of this species are poorly defined, it is known to have a large range and it faces no major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species occurs in eastern Spain and southern France. Its western distribution limits (where it overlaps with P. manuelae) is imprecisely mapped and requires further clarification.

population:
A widespread species that is common in suitable habitats. One population on a small island on the north-eastern coast of Spain has gone extinct.

habitat:
It occurs in coastal sand dunes, pine and oak forest and shrubland.

threats:
No major threats to this species are known.

conservationAction:
The species probably occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (as part of P. algirus). Research is needed to determine the distribution limits of this species.


range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula, where it occurs in Portugal and western and central parts of Spain. The range limits of this species in the east (where it overlaps with P. jeanneae) is imprecisely mapped and requires further clarification.

population:
A widespread species that is common in suitable habitats. Densities of 13-25 specimens per hectare, and up to 178 individuals per hectare, have been recorded (Gil Costa 1992).


range:
This species occurs in the humid parts of the Atlas Mountains and coastal areas of central and northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria. It has been introduced to the island of Menorca, in the Balearic Islands of Spain and to the Habibas Islands of Algeria. It occurs up to 2,800 m asl.

population:
It is common in parts of its range in North Africa, and is abundant in parts of Menorca.

habitat:
This species is found in climbing rocky areas such as mountains and cliffs, in scrubland, on stone walls and in other rural habitats. The females lay one to three eggs.

threats:
Although the threats to this species are poorly known, it is not believed to be significantly threatened. In Menorca, it is locally threatened by predation by cats and by isolation of populations.

conservationAction:
It occurs in Toubkral National Park in Morocco.

redListAssessors:
Philippe Geniez, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


range:
This species is endemic to Portuguese islands of La Gartixa de Madeira, the Desertas Islands, Porto Santo Island and the Selvagens Islands. It was introduced to the Azores Islands (where it is widespread) before 1860, and more recently to the harbour area of Lisbon (where it is localised). It is found from sea level up to 1,850m asl.

habitat:
This species is generally found in arid areas with sparse vegetation. It may also occur in open woodland, rocky and cultivated areas. The females lay two to three clutches of eggs annually. Animals have been observed being accidentally transported on ships.

threats:
There are no known major threats to this species. It is often considered to be a pest species, and is controlled in vineyards as it eats grapes.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in some protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described as Lacerta, but it is now placed in the genus Timon (Mayer and Bischoff 1996; Fu 1998, 2000; Harris et al. 1998; Harris and Carretero 2003), though Montori and Llorente (2005) and Sindaco and Jeremčenko (2008) retain it in Lacerta. It consists of a number of distinct genetic lineages of uncertain taxonomic status. Paulo (2001) suggested that the subspecies Timon l. nevadensis is a distinct species, but other lines of evidence are more indicative of subspecific status (Mateo et al., 1996; Mateo and López-Jurado 1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years), probably mainly because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is widely found in Portugal and Spain; it is found as isolated populations in southern, south-central and western France (north to Oleron Island), and in extreme northwestern Italy. It also occurs on some Atlantic islands along the Spanish and Portuguese coasts. It is present on a few Mediterranean islands. It ranges from sea level up to 2,500m asl. The subspecies T.l. oteroi is endemic to Salvora Island in northwestern Spain.

population:
Although it has been recorded at densities of up to 50 individuals per hectare, populations appear to be strongly declining in many parts of its range. Some insular populations as well as Italian ones are close to extinction. The subspecies T.l. oteroi numbers fewer than 10,000 individuals.

habitat:
This species is found in open and dry areas of woodland, scrubland, olive groves, vineyards, meadows, arable areas and sandy or rocky sites. It is generally present in areas that have refuges such as bushes, stone walls, rabbit burrows and other holes. The females lay clutches of five to twenty two eggs.

threats:
It is generally declining because of ongoing habitat loss, pesticide pollution and poisoning. Predators might also be eating this species more, due to the decline of rabbits. Also reduced livestock grazing might be reducing open areas suitable for this species. Current attempts to revive the former tradition of eating this species would also be very detrimental.

conservationAction:
Further studies are needed in order to understand the recent population declines of this species better. It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and is present in a number of protected areas, though it has nearly disappeared from a number of these.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was included in the genus Lacerta, but it is now placed in the genus Timon (Mayer and Bischoff 1996; Fu 1998, 2000; Harris et al. 1998; Harris and Carretero 2003). We follow Mateo et al. (1996) in treating animals from Morocco previously considered to be Timon pater as T. tangitana. True Timon pater occurs in Tunisia and Algeria.

range:
This species occurs in much of Morocco (except the southwest, based on current records) and in northwestern Algeria. There is an apparently isolated population in northern Western Sahara, however recent surveys have failed to locate any specimens and it is possible that this population is now extirpated (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). This species may occur in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla (old unconfirmed records). It occurs up to 2,500m asl.

population:
It is a relatively common species, except in Western Sahara.

habitat:
It occurs in Mediterranean scrubby habitats and middle-elevation mountain forests. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
The main threat to the species is habitat destruction as a result of wood extraction. It is also harvested for local use for traditional medicinal use. In general, these threats are localized and the species is not believed to be significantly threatened.

conservationAction:
It has been recorded in the Reserve de Grouka in Morocco.

redListAssessors:
Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, El Hassan El Mouden, Juan Pleguezuelos, Tahar Slimani, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
This species is placed in the genus Zootoca, rather than Lacerta, following Mayer and Bischoff (1996). The species contains a number of different lineages, some of which might constitute separate species (see Bea et al. (1990), Surget-Groba et al. (2001, 2002), Mayer and Böhme (2000), and Mayer et al. (2000) for further details).

range:
This extremely widespread species ranges from much of northern, western, central and eastern Europe, across most of northern Asia to China and Japan (Hokkaido Island). In Europe it ranges as scattered populations throughout Britain and Ireland, and through most of Scandinavia, the southern limit of its main distribution running through central France, southeastern Austria, northern Italy, along the Dinaric Alps (in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania), western Hungary , southern and central Romania, northern Moldova, and central Ukraine. Isolated populations occur in northern Spain and southwestern France, and also in Serbia, western Bulgaria and extreme northeastern and northwestern Macedonia. It can be found from sea level up to 2,900m asl (Bulgaria).

population:
It can be a locally abundant species. Populations have locally declined in parts of its range (e.g., in the Netherlands) (Council of Europe, 2003). The lowland populations in Italy (Po plain) are almost extinct.

habitat:
This species has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats including grassland, meadows, humid scrubland, hedgerows, open woodland, woodland edges, peat bogs, stream edges, coastal areas (sea cliffs and sand dunes) and rural gardens. In most areas the female gives birth to between three and 11 fully formed young. In northern Spain, adjacent France, Austria, Italy and Slovenia, the female lays between one and 13 eggs in a single clutch. In the northern portion of the range and at high altitude it is viviparous, in the southern portion it is oviparous.

threats:
This species is locally threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss resulting from agricultural intensification, urbanization and development of tourism facilities (for example in alpine regions). It is suspected that populations have declined in the UK (John Wilkinson, pers. comm.). Some populations of this species that could be specifically distinct might prove to be threatened. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in some range countries (e.g.. Switzerland). It occurs in many protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Ulrich Joger, Marc Cheylan, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Bartosz Borczyk, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Alexander Westerström, Benedikt Schmidt


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly considered to be a subspecies of Ablepharus kitaibelii, but was raised to species rank by Schmidtler (1997). A recent study has confirmed A. budaki as a genetically distinct form (Poulakakis et al. 2005).

range:
This species occurs in southern Turkey (from eastern part of the Taurus Mountains, the Amanos Mountains and the Mediterraenan coast), in Syria (west of the Orontes River), and throughout Lebanon and Cyprus.

habitat:
This species is found in the leaf litter of woodland, forested and shrubby humid areas. It can be found in rural gardens. It is an egg-laying species.

threats:
This species is threatened by forest fires in Turkey. There appear to be no threats to this species in Cyprus. It is possible that deforestation is a threat to this species in Lebanon.

conservationAction:
In Lebanon it is present in two protected areas, and it is present in protected areas in both Turkey and Cyprus. More research is needed in to understand the taxonomic diversity of this genus, particularly in southern Turkey.

redListAssessors:
Petros Lymberakis, Pierre-André Crochet, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu


taxonomicNotes:
Schmidtler (1997) raised the subspecies budaki, chernovi, and rueppellii to full species status, thus restricting Ablepharus kitaibelii to southeastern Europe and west and central Turkey. However, the taxonomy of this species is currently under review (P. Lymberakis pers. comm.). Ljubisvljevic et al. (2002) examined geographic variation in parts of the Balkan peninsula. Poulakakis et al. (2005) showed that A. kitaibelii is not monophyletic, and that the population on the Kastelorizo island group (Greece, off the Lycian coast of southwestern Turkey) is particularly distinct and deserves specific status. The remaining populations of A. kitaibelii consist of two clades, one comprising the populations inhabiting continental Greece and the west Aegean (Cyclades and Kithira) and Ionian (Leukada) islands, and the other comprising populations that inhabit the East Aegean islands (including “Crete”) and Turkey.

redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: LC
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

In Europe and EU27, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species ranges from southern Slovakia and Hungary, through most of Serbia, the most eastern parts of continental Croatia (and newly discovered on Papuk Mountain in the central part of Croatia [Dušan Jelić, in press]), southern Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania (lowland areas), Greece (including many Ionian and Aegean islands) and Turkey (western and central ). There is a single record from eastern Bosnia Herzegovina. Populations of the species in Hungary and southern Slovakia are very fragmented. Records from Cyprus refer to Ablepharus budaki. It is found up to 2,000m asl (in Turkey).

population:
It is generally a common species, but it is notably rarer at the edges of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in dry areas including south facing slopes, meadows, scrubland and clearings in woodland (both deciduous and pine). It is generally found close to ground cover such as leaf-litter, dead wood, stones, bushes and other vegetation. The female lays a clutch of two to four eggs.

threats:
This species is threatened by forest fires in Turkey.  Overall, there appear to be no major threats to this species. In parts of its European range the species is threatened by afforestation, deforestation and conversion of suitable habitat to agricultural, forestry or industrial use (Gasc 1997; CoE, 2003).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It occurs in a number of protected areas. Further taxonomic studies are needed for a number of populations of this species.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Bogoljub Sterijovski, László Krecsák, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Dušan Jelić


taxonomicNotes:
Some well structured clades are genetically and morphologically identified. For a review of these clades see Carranza et al. 2008. The subspecies Chalcides bedriagai pistaciae is sometimes considered to be a valid species, but evidence for this is lacking (J. Pleguezuelos pers. comm.). It is treated here as a subspecies of Chalcides bedriagai.

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It occurs widely in Spain (except the north) and Portugal, but is extremely patchy in its distribution, and is absent from many areas. It is found on the Atlantic islands of Islas Cíes, Ilha do Pessegueiro, Isla de Ons, and Isla de Sancti Petri, and is present on the Mediterranean islands of islas del Mar Menor and Isla de Nueva Tabarca. It is found from sea level to 1,750m asl.

population:
It can be quite abundant in areas of good ground cover, but is believed to be in significant decline, and most of its populations are highly fragmented. Some island populations have undergone significant decline.

habitat:
This diurnal species is associated with open, sandy areas with sparse vegetation. The species can also be found in scrubland and areas of open woodland, and can burrow into loose soil. It can live in lightly modified areas. The females give birth to one to four fully formed young.

threats:
Modification of habitat, especially in coastal regions, has led to localized declines in this species. Some of the insular populations are considered to be threatened. Some populations are threatened through intensive afforestation of their habitat with pine trees (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). It is also probably affected by the impact of increasing Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) populations.

conservationAction:
It is protected by international legislation and it occurs in a number of protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
We treat Chalcides mertensi as a separate species, rather than as a subspecies of Chalcides chalcides, following Caputo (1993). There are two recognized subspecies: C. c. chalcides, endemic to Italy and Sicily, and C. c. vittatus from North Africa and (probably introduced in historical times) Sardinia.

range:
In Europe this species occurs in Italy (where it is widespread south of the Po river), including the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Elba and on a number of smaller islands. In North Africa it is found in northeastern Algeria, northern Tunisia and northwestern Libya. It can be found from sea level up to 1,270m asl.

habitat:
This species is found in sunny areas with dense vegetation. Habitats include, grassland, meadows, areas close to streams, hedges, open cork-oak forest and the edges of cultivated areas. It can also be found in arid and degraded areas. The females give birth to three to thirteen fully formed young.

threats:
The species is not considered to be threatened over much of its range, but habitat loss through intensification of agriculture may be the main threat to the species in some areas. It is considered to be threatened in the freshwater/coastal zones of its range, especially as a result of habitat loss due to urbanization and tourism development.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a high degree of genetic variation in this species particularly between the extreme western and eastern populations. Taxonomic work is need to clarify if this is indeed a single species. Populations from the Hoggar region of southern Algeria were sometimes allocated to C. ragazzii (Roberto Sindaco pers. comm.).

range:
This very widespread species occurs in northern and northeastern Africa and west Asia, and in a few parts of southern Europe. In Africa it ranges from central Mauritania (single confirmed locality), Western Sahara (a single confirmed locality), southern, central and northeastern Morocco, Melilla and the Chafarinas Archipelago (Spain), through northern Algeria, Tunisia and northern Libya to northern Egypt, south along the Nile Valley to Sudan, with isolated populations in Chad, Niger, southern Algeria and Somalia. In West Asia it occurs in western and southern Turkey, western Syria, Lebanon, Israel, western and eastern Jordan, coastal parts of the Arabian peninsula (in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Kuwait), and in Iraq, Iran, and southern Turkmenistan to western Pakistan. In Europe it is present in Italy (on the islands of Sardinia, Sicily, Lampedusa, Linosa, Lampione and Conigli; with mainland populations near to Naples), Malta, and a few parts of mainland Greece (and the islands of Crete, Chios, Kea, Euboea, Rhodes and Karpathos). It also occurs on Cyprus. It is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl (Morocco). Records from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kenya are now referred to other species. [NOT YET MAPPED IN CHAD, NIGER, Somalia]]

population:
It is a very common species in many parts of its range. Some populations are expanding with land reclamation in arid areas, and the species is well able to colonize new areas wherever it is introduced.

habitat:
It is a highly adaptable species that is often associated with arid to moist sandy, open areas or places with sparse scrub. It is found in coastal dunes and stabilized vegetated dunes further inland and It is also found in orchards, vineyards, fields, oases, rural gardens and urban areas. A terrestrial species found close to ground cover such as stones and vegetation. It is largely nocturnal in the summer and diurnal in the winter. The females give birth to between two and twenty fully formed live young.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Some populations may be locally threatened by overgrazing and intensification of agriculture, including the use of agrochemicals. It is heavily collected for the pet trade and scientific research in parts of its range (e.g.. Egypt).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Berne Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas. Research is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this possible species complex (S. Baha El Din Pers. Comm.).

redListAssessors:
Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Tahar Slimani, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Sherif Baha El Din, C. Varol Tok, Roberto Sindaco


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its coastal habitat.

range:
This species occurs along a narrow coastal strip of approximately 250km between Nador in northeastern Morocco and Cape Carbón in northwestern Algeria. It is also present on the Chafarinas Archipelago (Spain). It is found from sea level to 30m asl.

population:
It is not an abundant species and is thought to be rare along its narrow coastal range.

habitat:
This coastal species occurs in sandy areas, overgrown dunes with Mediterranean vegetation and pine and Eucalyptus plantations. This species can be found among and under stones. It is not known to exist in modified habitats. Females give birth to fully formed young.

threats:
Development of coastal areas for tourism and military purposes are major threats to this species. It is possibly threatened by loss of ground cover habitat, such as the collection of driftwood by local people for firewood.

conservationAction:
It occurs in Chafarine Hunting Reserve in Spain and in the Sebkha Bou Areg and Embouchure Moulouya protected areas in Morocco.

redListAssessors:
Philippe Geniez, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, Juan Pleguezuelos, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands of Spain. It is also present on the small islet of Gando. This species is found from sea level up to elevations approaching 1,950m asl.

population:
It is abundant, but easily overlooked, over most of the island.

habitat:
It is found in a wide variety of habitats including, humid meadows and valleys, arid gullies and sandy areas, woodland and plantations (the species is rarer in these habitats), cultivated land, especially stony areas or sites with stone walls. The females give birth to between two and seven fully formed young.

threats:
There is some collection of this species for the pet trade, but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species. There is also predation of the species by cats, but this is also unlikely to be a significant threat.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by national and international (Bern Convention) legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species used to be considered as a subspecies of Chalcides polylepis, but it was separated as a full species by (Pasteur et al. 1988; Brown and Pestano 1998). According López Jurado (1998), the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the valid name of this taxon is C. simonyi, and not C. occidentalis.

range:
This species is endemic to the islands of Fuerteventura (the central area with an isolated population in the south), Lanzarote (in the north only) and Lobos in the Canary Islands, Spain.

habitat:
It lives in fields, orchards, gardens and in rocky areas. It is usually found in areas with well-formed soil. The females give birth to fully-formed young.

threats:
The main threat is fragmentation of populations due to climatic changes (increasing aridity), loss of soil due to erosion. The main population was probably lost in a volcanic eruption in the 18th century. Feral and domestic cats are also a threat.


range:
This species is found in fragmented populations in Portugal and Spain (it appears to be absent from much of eastern Spain), southern France and extreme northwestern Italy (Liguria). It occurs on several islands in northwestern Spain. There is an isolated population near Bordeaux in western France. It can be found from sea level up to 1,800m asl.

population:
It is a very common species in some places. Extremely isolated, and hence threatened, populations occurs in southeastern Spain and Liguria (Italy).

habitat:
This species is found in sunny meadows, grassland, pastureland, open shrubland, hedges and open abandoned cultivated land. It western parts of its range it is also present in drier scrubby and coastal areas. The females give birth to one to twelve fully formed young.

threats:
It is threatened by intensification of agriculture, afforestation with pine trees and the abandonment of traditional meadows (resulting in scrub encroachment). Global warming is considered to be a threat for the southernmost populations (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).This species is persecuted in parts of its range as it is mistakenly believed to be poisonous. Populations of this species are often fragmented by unsuitable habitat.

conservationAction:
It is listed on the Bern Convention and it occurs in many protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon will probably be separated into several different species (J. Mateo pers comm.).

range:
This species is restricted to the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro in the Canary Islands (Spain). It also occurs on the small islets of Roque de Anaga de Fuera and on Roque de Garachico. It has been introduced to the island of La Palma where two individuals have found in the Llanos de Aridane. Records of this species from Madeira (Portugal) and Morocco are believed to be misidentifications. It occurs from sea level to 2,800m asl.

population:
It is a common species that is easily overlooked.

habitat:
It is found in most coastal, arid and moist habitats, being only largely absent from densely wooded areas. It can be found in urban areas on Tenerife. The females give birth to one to six fully formed young.

threats:
It is locally threatened by predation by cats.


taxonomicNotes:
Further taxonomic studies of this species are needed. Specimens from Mount Sinai and the Near East differ from those in North Africa and Southwest Asia (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). The subspecies E. s. princeps Eichwald, 1839 occurs in the Caucasus and in Middle Asia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

Turkey: LC

range:
This species ranges from North Africa, where it is present in northeastern Algeria, central Tunisia, northern Libya and northern Egypt (including Sinai), into southwestern Asia where it is found in Israel, west and central Jordan, Lebanon, western Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, northeast into the Caucasus and Central Asian regions, where it is found in southern Russia, eastern Georgia, southern Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan (restricted to the Mekram coast and Ormara and Astola islands [Minton, 1966]) and northwestern India. It also occurs on the island of Cyprus. It can be found up to 1,800m asl (Turkey).

population:
It is locally common in good habitat, however it is usually fairly rare and dispersed. On the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, it is rare and localized.

habitat:
This species occurs in a wide range of arid habitat types, including Mediterranean shrubland, semi-desert and rocky areas. Animals are not foundin forested habitats. It can be found in open vegetation close to oases, in bushes and steppe grassland, sandy hills, dry cultivated land and semi-desert. The female lays a clutch of between three and 20 eggs.

threats:
Numerous subspecies are declining across much of its range from habitat loss due to agricultural conversion. There are minimal threats to the species as a whole, and mostly from habitat loss and urbanization, but overall its status is secure. In Egypt it is threatened by heavy overcollection for the pet trade, and by overgrazing, quarrying, collection of firewood, land reclamation for agriculture and off-road vehicle use.

conservationAction:
It is known from protected areas in Tunisia, Egypt and elsewhere in its range. Further taxonomic studies are needed for this species. Research into the trade of this species in Egypt is needed. In Egypt the species is under notable decline and may be considered to be locally threatened. It is included into the Red Data Book of Armenia (1987) as a rare species, and is also included within the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). In Russia it is listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2001) - "Annotated list of taxa and population required a special attention to their condition in the wildlife". The species is considered to be 'endangered' in Russia where it is found in only two localities within Southeastern Daghestan.

redListAssessors:
Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Philippe Geniez, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Wolfgang Böhme, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Sherif Baha El Din, C. Varol Tok


redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: DD
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

In Turkey, this species is listed as Data Deficient because not enough is known about the species' natural history and range to assess its status.

In Europe and EU27, in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs in Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula and on the Greek islands of Kythira in the Aegean Sea and the island of Kastelorizo off of the southwestern Turkish coast, and in parts of southwestern Turkey.  One record from southeastern Greece is doubtful and requires verification. This is a lowland species occurring up to 600m asl.

population:
This species is rare in Turkey and Greece.

habitat:
This species burrows in soil and can be found hiding under stones. It occurs in open areas of grassland, scrubland, and low vegetation with loose soil. It can be found in olive groves.

threats:
The threats to this species are not well known. It is unlikely that there are major threats given its habitat preferences, but more research is needed.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is listed under Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It has been recorded from a few protected areas in Greece and in Turkey. Further enforcement of protected areas in which this species occurs in Greece is needed. There is a need for more taxonomic studies for both the Greek and Turkish populations. More research is needed to better understand the biology of this species.

redListAssessors:
Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu


redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: LC
Europe: NA
EU 27: NA

This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This widespread species ranges from the islands of Rhodes, Symi, Kos and Samos (Greece) through much of Turkey (except the north). It is found up to 1,200m asl.

population:
It is common in Turkey, but is uncommon in Greece (where it is on the edge of its range).

habitat:
This species is found in rocky and well vegetated areas that are often close to water. It can be found in cultivated land, among ruins and in rural gardens. It is an ovoviviparous species, the female gives birth to between three and eight young.

threats:
There do not appear to be any threats to this widespread species.

conservationAction:
It is present in protected areas in Turkey and Greece. No further conservation actions are needed.

redListAssessors:
Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Göran Nilson, Ferdi Akarsu, Uğur Kaya


redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: LC
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

In Europe and the EU 27, this species is listed as Least Concern despite its presence on only in Cyprus because it is common there.

range:
This species ranges through North Africa from north-central and northeastern Algeria and central Tunisia, northern Libya and northern Egypt, central and northern Israel, western Jordan (with an isolated locality in the east), Lebanon, much of Syria, and central and southern Turkey. It also occurs on Cyprus. This species is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl.  In Turkey, it is found from sea level up to 1,000m asl.

population:
It can be a common species, particularly in Lebanon, southern Turkey, and Cyprus. In Egypt, it is uncommon to rare.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide variety of habitats. It occurs in open areas of sandy or stony soil with sparse grass or bushy vegetation. Animals may also be found at the edge of fields, on the banks of irrigation canals, or in rural gardens. In Egypt is found near to wetlands and in coastal areas. In Tunisia the species is largely restricted to areas of oasis. It is an ovoviviparous species, the females give birth to between three and six young.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread species. Populations may be locally impacted by conversion of land to agriculture or habitat loss to tourism development. There is some commercial collection of this species in Egypt.

conservationAction:
It is known from a number of protected areas throughout its range. Research into the range and collection of this species in Egypt is needed.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, S, Hraoui-Bloquet, M. Saïd Nouira, Sherif Baha El Din, Petros Lymberakis, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu


range:
This species ranges from southeastern Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, and southern Bulgaria, to Greece (including the Ionian and Aegean islands of Rhodos, Korfu, Salamis, Naxos, Lesvos, Lefkas, Patmos, Samos, Evia, Dilos, Rineia, Andros, Skyros, Kos, Kythera, Kastelorizo), through most of Turkey (though absent from most of the north), western Syria, Lebanon, western Jordan and northern and central Israel. It also ranges eastwards into Iran and Iraq, and northwards into the Caucasus region of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and southern Russia. It is also present in Central Asia occurring in southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and possibly Pakistan. The species is also found from Cyprus, and has been recorded once from Dugi Otok island (Croatia) where its current presence is uncertain (Dušan Jelić pers. comm., October 2008). It is present in northern Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). It might be present in Bosnia-Herzegovina although this requires confirmation. This species ranges from sea level up to about 1,700m asl.

population:
It is generally a common species. In Egypt it is a rare, localized and declining species. In Macedonia the species has a very patchy distribution.

habitat:
This largely subterranean species is associated with moist, sparsely vegetated, open areas. It is often found in grassy fields and slopes. It is found under rocks and occupying burrows made by worms. Animals are generally only found during the springtime. The females lay between four and eight eggs in a clutch. This species shows an aggregation behaviour for either mating or moisture conservation (Disi, 2002). It is found in traditional agricultural areas, among ruins and even in urban areas. Pairing occurs from the spring to the beginning of summer. The female lays 2 to 10 eggs in underground passages in second part of summer.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species over most of the Mediterranean region. In Albania and Egypt it is threatened by habitat loss through intensive agriculture and land reclamation. Populations of this species in the Caucasus are threatened by the conversion of habitat to intensive agricultural use.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention.  It is found in a number of protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. In Egypt, further research into the range of this species is needed. It is protected on the territory of Khosrov Reserve in Armenia

redListAssessors:
Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Idriz Haxhiu, Sherif Baha El Din, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Wolfgang Böhme, Dusan Jelic


taxonomicNotes:
The nominative G. h. halys inhabits the eastern part of the species range; G. h. caraganus is found in western areas including Kazakhstan and Middle Asia; G. h. caucasicus is distributed in Azerbaijan, northern Iran and northwestern Afghanistan

range:
This widespread snake generally ranges from the Caucasus and northern Iran, through Central and Middle Asia, to southeastern Russia, Mongolia and northeastern China.

population:
This species is generally a common species within appropriate habitat; exceptionally it is uncommon in the Caucasus region.

habitat:
This species has been recorded from a number of habitats. Populations have been found in scrubland, mountain and hill habitats, forested areas and among rocks (Latifi, 1991). Between 3 to 14 young are born.

threats:
It lowland parts of the species range populations may be threatened by overgrazing of their habitat by domestic livestock. It is generally not threatened in more montane localities.

conservationAction:
The Caucasian subspecies G. h. caucasicus was included into the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan (1985) as a rare subspecies (category 3); however, it is now excluded from the list of protected species (Red Data Book of Turkmenistan, 1999). This species has been recorded from many protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, Steven Anderson, Göran Nilson


taxonomicNotes:
Six subspecies are generally recognized, M. l. lebetina  from the island of Cyprus; M. l. obtusa (Dwigubsky, 1832) from Turkey, Iraq, western Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and isolated populations in eastern Transcaucasia (Dagestan); M. l. euphratica (Martin, 1838) from Iraq; M. l. transmediterranea (Nilson and Andrén, 1988) from North Africa; M. l. turanica (Chernov, 1940) from southern Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; and M. l. cernovi (Chikin and Szczerbak, 1992) recorded in Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran, Turkmenistan and western Uzbekistan.

range:
This species ranges from southwestern Jordan (where there appears to be an isolated population) and Israel (where it is extinct), north to southern and eastern Turkey, eastwards through the Caucasus Mountains (in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, southern Russia), Iran, and Iraq to Central Asia as far west as Kashmir. It is also present in Cyprus. Records from Saudi Arabia are misidentifications (W. Böhme pers. comm.). The subspecies, Macrovipera l. transmediterranea, has also been recorded from isolated relict populations in Algeria and Tunisia. However, these North Africa records appear to be based on old specimens without precise distributional details (populations not mapped here), or collection localities, and their occurrence has never been confirmed (R. Sindaco in litt.. October 2008). It can occur from sea level up to 2,500m asl.

population:
This species is very common in Lebanon, widespread but rare in Turkey and rare in Jordan. The species appears to be very rare in North Africa. It is now extinct in Israel, this extinction may be linked to a recent reduction in precipitation levels. In the Transcaucasian area it is locally a common species, although in the northern Caucasian area it is very rare.

habitat:
This species is known from semi-arid stony slopes, rocky ravines, dry foothills and mountain valleys. It is found in the very diverse desert and montane-steppe biotopes. Populations can be found in grassland and cultivated areas, in shrubland, in open pistachio woodlands, on the banks of irrigation channels and it is regularly recorded close to small water courses. It is an ovoviviparous species, females give birth to between 8 and 43 live young.

threats:
This large viper is generally persecuted throughout its range. The species is heavily persecuted in Cyprus, principally for sport, and may be threatened on the island although new legislation and active public awareness campaigns aim to protect the species. If they are found to exist, the populations in North Africa are relictual with very restricted ranges and may be significantly threatened by persecution. There is some illegal exportation of this species for the pet trade from Turkey. Locally the populations have been seriously affected by intensive collecting for venom. Lowland populations in Central Asia are declining because of habitat conversion from agriculture and associated irrigation schemes; populations in montane regions where there is little development are more stable.

conservationAction:
This species has been recorded from protected areas in Jordan, Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. The Caucasian subspecies are included into the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan (1996)  (category 2) and the Russian Federation (2001) - category and status 2. There is a need to develop education programmes for the conservation of this species throughout its range. Populations on Cyprus should be monitored. The isolated population in Jordan is considered to be threatened.

redListAssessors:
Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is not much greater than 100km2, it is known from only four small islands, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The population trend may now have more or less stabilized, but this is a recent change and could easily be reversed.

range:
This species is endemic to the western Cyclade Islands (Milos, Syphnos, Kimolos and Polyaigos) of Greece. It is found from sea level up to 400m asl (the highest point on the islands).

population:
The population probably totals around 3,000 individuals, with about 2,500 of these on western Milos. Subspecies syphnoensis (from island of Syphnos) is very rare, with only occasional specimens recorded. The population is now more or less stable, but over the last 30-40 years there have been significant declines as a result of collecting and road kills.

habitat:
It can be found throughout the islands on dry, sunny hillsides and in traditionally cultivated land, in densely vegetated areas close to water with rocky outcrops, and also in pools of water. Its most important habitat is small creeks. The female lays a clutch of between four and 11 eggs.

threats:
It is threatened by illegal collection of animals, direct persecution when encountered, accidental mortality on roads and ongoing habitat loss through mining and quarrying concessions. Illegal collection, mortality and mining are still ongoing, but at a lower level than before as a result of regulation and conservation measures. Fires (caused by humans) and tourist development are also important threats. In the species' stronghold in western Milos there are tourist developments causing habitat loss and increased shortage of water.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation. The entire island of Polyaigos is protected and southern Milos is also protected by the European network of protected areas. The species has been monitored for many years. Snake tunnels have been constructed at four sites, and more are planned; studies have showed that these are an effective method to reduce road kills in this species. Agreements have been reached with the mining company to reduce road traffic, especially at night.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Claes Andrén


taxonomicNotes:
This species is included in Montivipera following Nilson et al. (1999) and Lenk et al. (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Global: LC
Turkish: LC
Europe: LC
EU 27: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found in northeastern Greece and in Turkey (western, southern and central Anatolia). In Greece it is also present on the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Patmos, Leipsoi, Leros, Kalymnos, Kos, Symi, Chalki and Oenousses. It ranges from sea level up to 2,000m asl.

population:
It can be common in upland areas and on islands.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland and mountain steppe habitats. It can be found in rural gardens, cultivated land, olive groves and among ruins. The females give birth to between two and 15 young.

threats:
A number populations in western Anatolia, Turkey, appear to be threatened by overcollection for the pet trade. There is some illegal export of this species from Turkey. There is some localized persecution of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is present in many protected areas in southeast Anatolia, Turkey and in Greece as well.

redListAssessors:
Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu


taxonomicNotes:
This species is in need of taxonomic clarification, as the delineation between Vipera ammondytes and V. transcaucasiana is considered by some experts to be unclear. Vipera transcaucasiana, is considered by some authors (e.g.. Baran and Atatür 1998; McDiarmid et al. 1999; Tomovic 2006; Ursenbacher et al. 2008) to be a subspecies of Vipera ammodytes. We tentatively retain it here as separate from Vipera ammodytes with details for populations currently allocated to Vipera transcaucasiana provided in a separate account and map.

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.

EU27: LC
EU: LC
Turkey: DD The listing in Turkey will depend on the decision on the species range, it is not common.

range:
This species ranges eastwards from southern Austria and northeastern Italy into the Balkan region and southern and southwestern Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and Greece (including a number of the Cyclades Islands). It Turkey it ranges to the west of the Bosphorus (east of the Bosphorus is V. transcaucasiana). The species ranges from sea level up to 2,500 m asl.

habitat:
This species is associated with rocky areas but can be opportunistic in other habitats. It can be found in dry, often rocky habitats, including open woodland and scrub, sand dunes, hillsides, screes, stone walls, traditionally cultivated land, gardens and vineyards. The species is ovoviviparous; females give birth to between four and 15 young.

threats:
It is  locally threatened by overcollection in parts of its range (e.g., in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania and isolated populations in the Alps) by collection of animals for venom extraction. As with many snakes, this species is generally persecuted by people.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. It is present in many protected areas. There is a need for further taxonomic studies into the relationship between Vipera ammondytes and V. transcaucasiana.

redListAssessors:
Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Roberto Sindaco, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Ljiljana Tomović, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Ulrich Joger, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Goren Nilson, Dušan Jelić


taxonomicNotes:
The specific rank proposed for the subspecies Vipera a. hugyi (from Montecristo Island and southern Italy), and V.a. francisciredi (from central and northern Italy), and V.a. zinnikeri (from the Pyrenees) (Zuffi 2002; C. Corti pers. comm.) is controversial. While some of these proposals might be valid, more analyses are required (Crochet and Dubois 2004). Recent studies by Ursenbacher et al. (2006), suggest that V. a. atra is not a valid subspecies.

range:
This species ranges from north-central and northeastern Spain , through much of France (where it is absent from the north and the Mediterranean coastal area), southwestern Germany (where it is known only from a single locality in the Black Forest), western and central Switzerland, throughout Italy (including the islands of Sicily, Elba and Montecristo; in the latter is very probably introduced), and western Slovenia. The species has not been recorded from Croatia ((Dušan Jelić pers. comm., October 2008). Records of this species outside of the current range need to be confirmed. It can be found up to 3,000 m asl.

population:
It is a common species in much of its range. The species appears to be expanding its range geographically and altitudinally in France, however the extent of this change needs to be determined.

habitat:
This species is found in dry, rocky areas, open scrubland, open woodlands, closed forest, hedges, pastures and stone walls. It often occurs on the edge of natural habitats, and is characteristic of chestnut woods in Italy. The species is common in mesic habitats. It is rare in suburban areas and arable land. The females give birth to between five and 22 young.

threats:
This species is threatened by loss of habitat through agricultural intensification, and to a lesser degree loss of habitat resulting from the development of tourist facilities and urbanization. The species is often found in open areas and overgrowth of these sites is an additional threat (for example in the Jura Mountains) (Jaggi and Baur, 1999). The species is persecuted by people, and illegally collected for the pet trade. Some populations are threatened through mortality on roads.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range (e.g.. Switzerland). It occurs in many protected areas. The subspecies V. a. aspis is categorized as Critically Endangered in Switzerland; V. a. atra is categorized as Vulnerable; and V. a. francisciredi is categorized as Endangered (Monney and Meyer, 2005).

redListAssessors:
Claudia Corti, Juan Pleguezuelos, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Ulrich Joger, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
Preliminary data on the phylogeography of the species based on mtDNA sequences identified several independent evolutionary lineages (Joger et al. 2003; Carlsson et al. 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.

range:
This widespread species ranges southwards from Scandinavia (where the species is patchily distributed in the northern part of the range) and the Baltic region to France and the United Kingdom (not present in Ireland), and eastwards through Europe (excluding Iberia, peninsular Italy and most of Greece) to Russia (as far east as Sakhalin), Mongolia, the People's Democratic Republic of Korea and northwestern China.  On the Balkan peninsula it is largely restricted to montane areas and has a very fragmented distribution. It has been recorded from sea-level up to 2,700m asl (the Alps and in Bulgaria).

[[ASIAN DISTRIBUTION NOT YET MAPPED]]

population:
It can be common in suitable habitat. In some mountainous parts of its range, such as Bulgaria and Greece, it is a rare species (Alexander Westerström pers. comm.). In Germany there have been population declines and some local extinctions. Lowland populations from Po plain in northern Italy are extinct in the past century.

habitat:
It is present in a wide variety of habitats including, open woodland and shrubland, hedgerows, field edges, heathland, moors, grasslands, alpine meadows, dunes and marshes. It generally requires humid habitats. The female produces between three and 18 young.

threats:
In Europe, populations of this species have been significantly fragmented by the intensification of agricultural methods and development. Populations of this species are susceptible to persecution and collection for the pet trade (Ursenbacher, 1997). It is threatened in Romania by illegal collection of animals for venom extraction (CoE, 2003). In some parts of its range afforestation, and succession as a result of abandonment of traditional agricultural practices, are threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. It is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. There is a need to conserve separate evolutionary lineages of this species, as some may represent currently unrecognized species. This species is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).

redListAssessors:
Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Ljiljana Tomović, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Ulrich Joger, A. Westerström, B. Borczyk, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Robert Sindaco, Dušan Jelić


taxonomicNotes:
Both spellings (latastei and latasti) appeared in different places in the original description by Boscà and were subsequently used by different authors. David and Ineich (1999) acted as the first reviser and selected latastei as the valid spelling. However, the name is still under dispute (Montori and Llorente 2005), and is under discussion in the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (V. Pérez-Mellado pers. comm.). Populations in the Atlas mountains of Morocco, currently assigned to a separate species V. monticola, may in fact belong to this species (Brito et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because this species is probably in significant decline (at a rate of more than 30% over three generations [approximately 20 years]) because of widespread habitat loss and persecution through much of its range. Localized extinctions in parts of its range are possible (e.g. Tunisia, Spain).

range:
This species ranges from northern Morocco to northern Algeria, and extreme northwestern Tunisia in North Africa, and it is also present on the Iberian Peninsula where it has a fragmented population in both Portugal and Spain (being absent from the north of Spain). The species has been not recorded in Tunisia during the last 55 years, despite targeted and intensive searches (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). Populations of vipers from the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco formerly allocated to V. monticola are now recognized as belonging to V. latastei (Brito et al. 2006). It occurs from sea level up to almost 3,000 m asl.

population:
It is a species that is increasingly rare and fragmented throughout its range.

habitat:
This species is found in generally moist, rocky areas, in dry scrubland and woodland, hedgerows, stone walls and sometimes in coastal dunes. The females give birth to between two and 13 young. On average, females give birth only once every three years.

threats:
This species has declined throughout much of the lowlands and even in the montane areas of Iberia. Threats identified include direct persecution when encountered, coastal urbanization, afforestation with coniferous trees, burning of suitable habitat, intensification of agricultural practices, and accidental mortality (particularly of males) on roads.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. The species does occur in protected areas in the Iberian peninsula and Morocco.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly treated as a synonym of Vipera ursinii. We follow Joger and Stumpel (2005) in restricting Vipera ursinii to the remnant, disjunct, populations of Europe west of Ukraine. Three subspecies are distinguished: the nominative V. r. renardi (occupies the most part of the distribution range, except for some Central- and Middle Asian populations); V. r. tienshanica Nilson and Andrén, 2001 (is found in Kyrgyzstan, eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan and south-eastern Kazakhstan); V. r. parursinii Nilson and Andrén, 2001 (is found in northern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region in China). The taxonomic status of the populations from the Kazakh Altai remains unclear. This species is within the subgenus Pelias (Nilson et al. 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Vulnerable because it has experienced habitat loss of over 30 percent over the past 3 generations (18 years). Habitat loss and fragmentation is continuing throughout its range.

range:
It inhabits steppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert zones of south-eastern Europe, Central Asia and north-west of Middle Asia, including the Crimea, the southern Ukraine, steppe regions of Ciscaucasia, and the Great Caucasus, of Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, and into China.  There is an isolated population in Transcaucasia.  In the north the distribution range attains the Volzhsko-Kamsky Territory, in the east - Altai and Jungaria. In the mountains it goes up to 2500m asl.

population:
It is common in areas of suitable habitat.

habitat:
It is primarily associated with open meadows and hillsides. Upland subspecies are generally found on well-drained rocky hillsides, steppe and meadows, while the lowland forms are found in either steppe, or dry or damp meadows. It occurs in plain and sagebrush steppes, alpine meadows transformed into steppe, solonchaks (saline land) semi-deserts and stabilized sands. This species is absent in cultivated lands and remains only ravines, roadsides and river banks. Thus, for instance, in the lower left bank area of the Dnieper river in the Zaporozhskaya, Dnepropetrovskaya and Khersonskaya regions the viper is found only in the narrow strip of a steep bank with bush vegetation in the area between water and arable land. It is an ovoviviparous species. Pregnancy lasts up to 3 months. Young appear (up to 17) in July - August. It is active in Azerbaijan from the beginning of April up to beginning of October.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the conversion of traditionally farmed meadows to intensively cultivated and grazed land because it prefers open meadows and other suitable land suitable for agriculture.  Development for agriculture has also led to significant fragmentation throughout its range. There is a small international pet trade of this species which is not a significant threat. Montane populations may be significantly impacted in the future by climate change.

conservationAction:
There are protected areas within the range of this species. There is a need to protect the specific meadow and grassland habitats of this species. The species is included on the Red Data Book of the Ukraine (1994) - category 2 and of Uzbekistan (2003) - status and category 2, VU:D, as well as into the "Annotated List of Taxa and Populations required a Special Attention to their Status in the Wildlife "(Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001).

redListAssessors:
Göran Nilson, Claus Andrén, Boris Turiyev


range:
This species is restricted to extreme northern Portugal, northwestern and north-central Spain and extreme southwestern France. It occurs from sea level up to 1,900 m asl.

habitat:
This species is found in areas of low scrubland, woodland edges and open areas. It known also to occur in pastoral and agricultural land. The females give birth to three to 10 young every two years.

threats:
This species is threatened by direct persecution when encountered, loss of habitat through fire, and the intensification of agricultural methods, in particular the destruction of hedges in pastureland.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano


taxonomicNotes:
Crochet and Dubois (2004), reported that there are nine subspecies, and a new taxonomic revision would probably produce at least three species. They also reported that Nilson and Andrén (2001) had raised one European and several Asiatic subspecies to species status. However, Crochet and Dubois (2004) suggested that these results needed to be corroborated by complementary approaches. Joger and Stümpel (2005), recently recognized V. ursinii as being restricted to Europe, ranging as isolated populations from France in the west to Moldova in the east. They further recognized populations east of Moldova, formerly allocated to V. ursinii, as belonging to V. renardi (Christoph, 1861). Joger and Stümpel (2005), further considered the disjunct population from southwestern Turkey, to be the distinct species, V. anatolica Eiselt and Baran, 1970. The current arrangement of Joger and Stümpel (2005) is followed here as the most recent publication on this complex group. This species is within the subgenus Pelias (Nilson et al. 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is believed to be less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The northern and eastern lowland subspecies of V. ursinii are especially threatened and are considered to be nearly extinct.

range:
This species has a very fragmented range in southeastern France, the central Appenines of Italy, western and central Hungary, northern and southern Croatia, central and southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, southern Serbia, northern Albania, northwestern Macedonia, western Greece and central and eastern Romania. It is considered extinct in Austria and Bulgaria, and is close to extinction in Hungary and Moldova. It occurs up to about 2,700m asl.

population:
It is generally uncommon or rare, and patchily distributed. It is now presumed to be extinct in Austria, Bulgaria and possibly also in Moldova.

habitat:
It is primarily associated with open meadows and hillsides. Upland subspecies are generally found on well drained rocky hillsides, steppe and meadows, while the lowland forms are found in either steppe, or dry or damp meadows. The lowland subspecies are sometimes found in marshy areas. It gives birth to live young; the female has between two and 22 young.

threats:
The conversion of traditionally farmed meadows to intensively cultivated and grazed land has caused significant declines in populations of this species in Central and southern Europe, most especially among lowland subspecies. Also, afforestation of alpine grasslands (because of abandonment of traditional agricultural practices) is a threat to the species in some areas.  Construction of ski-runs and roads are significant threats to montane populations. Montane populations of this species may also be affected by increasing climate change, in particular the impact of temperature change on populations of important prey species (e.g.. Orthoptera) and breeding biology. In the Balkans, it relies on prey species (Orthoptera) which is highly sensitive to pollution, hence it may be used as a habitat quality indicator.  In France, some well known localities in Italy, and other parts of the range it is collected for the pet trade, and like many species of snake it is persecuted.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. Populations of this species from Europe are listed on Appendix II of CITES.  Its range includes several protected areas. In-country conservation measures, such as maintaining suitable areas of meadow habitat, are underway to conserve some populations (e.g.. Hungary and Romania) (CoE, 2003). Detailed recommendations for conservation action to protect this species can be found in Edgar and Bird (2006).

redListAssessors:
Ulrich Joger, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Sterijovski Bogoljub, Alexander Westerström, László Krecsák, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Roberto Sindaco


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. Further research is strongly recommended to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any specific threats.

range:
Andrena abbreviata is found in Greece (Crete, East Aegean islands, and the mainland), Cyprus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, and southern European Russia.

population:
There is a scarcity of available data on the population abundance of this species, but the species is apparently rare throughout its range. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in xeric grassland habitats. The females forage mainly on Asteraceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

threats:
There is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species. However, the species is presumably threatened by the reduction of specific habitats in steppe areas due to the growth of shrubs and tree from the increased rainfall caused by the changing climate.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km2, the populations are scattered and may be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat due to the disappearance of Fabaceae species. Thus the species is close to qualify as Vulnerable under B2ab(iii).

range:
Andrena aberrans is a central European species and is known from Germany (Enslin 1922; Kraus 1998; Stoeckhert 1950, 1954; Gauckler 1962; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Mandery 2003; Wickl 2005), Austria (Molitor 1942, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Mazzucco and Ortel 2001, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Switzerland (without precise locality) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Italy (Hellrigl 2003, Quaranta et al. 2004), Slovenia (Vogrin 1955, Gogala 1999), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Kocourek 1963, 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. Pridal 2007, Přidal and Veselý 2011), Slovakia (Zavadil 1951, Kocourek 1963, 1966, Přidal 2004), Poland (Krysinski 1957) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Romania (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Greece (Warncke 1988), Ukraine (Noskiewicz 1922, Osychnyuk 1977, Dughina 2009), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), and Bulgaria (Warncke 1973).  Also the species is found in European part of Russia (Evermann 1852, Osychnyuk 1977, Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Azerbaijan (Maharramov 2009, Ascher and Pickering 2013). Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species is uncommon, scattered in distribution and may be severely fragmented. There are no data on population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Andrena abberans is found mainly in a range of mesic habitats from dry calcareous grasslands to the edges of steppe woodlands. The females are known to be oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species of the Fabaceae family (Chamaecytisus). The males are known to visit flowers of Prunus sp., Cytisus sp., Taraxacum officinale and Salix spp. The flight period is from the end of April to June.

threats:
This species is possibly affected by loss of habitat through reforestation, natural succession of woody vegetation in open habitats, and changes in agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011); Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Ukrainian State Reserve “Myhajlovskay virgin land” (Dughina 2009). Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size, habitat and ecological requirements and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research is needed so as to establish the actual status of the species.

range:
In Europe, Andrena abjecta is only found in northern Iberia. Elsewhere, it is recorded from the Maghreb, with scattered subpopulations in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information about either the overall population size or population trends. The population seems to be fragmented both in Spain and north Africa.

habitat:
There is no information available about the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is known that in north Africa the species is found in various parts of the Atlas mountain range.

threats:
The threats to this species in Europe are not known, although the montane regions of the Atlas, north Africa, are often subject to overgrazing, a practice that can lead to removal of floral resources.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Andrena abrupta is restricted to southern Iberia. Elsewhere, the species is found in northern Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available of the overall population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
There are few details of habitat or ecology, but as this belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, the species will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. The flight period is during the spring, and the bee is on the wing from April to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further research and monitoring are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.

range:
Andrena aciculata is distributed from eastern and southeastern Europe, European Russia and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and southwestern Asia (Iran).In Europe, it is recorded in Austria (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Franz et. al. 1982, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Ebmer 2003), Czech Republic (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2011), Romania (Zilahi-Kiss 1915, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008, Tomozii 2010), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Moldavia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Bulgaria (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Warncke 1966), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Greece (Warncke 1965a), Crete (Ebmer 2003), the East Aegean islands (Samos, leg. A.W. Ebmer, Milos, leg. R. Neumeyer) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1949) and European Russia (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 1978).In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded in Azerbaijan (Morawitz 1886, Warncke 1966b).Outside of Europe, the species was recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1974b) and Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
Populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena aciculata is found in xerophytic habitats, both in lowland and mountainous areas. It is found on fallow lands, roadsides and shelterbelts, but rarely in river valleys and meadows (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations flying per year; the first one flying from April to June and the second one from July to August (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et. al. 2005).   The females collect pollen from flowers of the Asteraceae family (Anthemis, Senecio vernalis), Apiaceae (Falcaria, Anthriscus, Daucus carota, Pastinaca), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria) and Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), but prefer the Brassicaceae (Berteroa incana, Erucastrum armoracioides, Isatis tinctoria, Sisymbrium altissimum, S. loeselii, Barbarea vulgaris, Lepidium draba, Sinapis arvensis, Rapistrum perenne) (Franz 1982, Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). Females nest on their own in dry places and sandy soils (Kocourek 1966).

threats:
The specific threats for this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).  It occurs in protected areas in Ukraine, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve and Kaniv State Nature Reserve (Osytshnjuk 1977), and also in Romania at Macin Mountains National Park (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation actions. Further research and monitoring are required in order to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)This species is listed as Not Applicable since the population lying in Europe (Canary Islands) represents less than 1% of the global population of this species. The majority of the population is distributed through north Africa and the Levant, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.

range:
This is a North African species with disjunct distribution. In Europe the species is restricted to the larger eastern Canary Islands. In north Africa it is found in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and in the Levant it is known in Israel, Palestine and western Jordan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There are no precise data on either the population trend or the overall population size of the species in the Canary Islands. In north Africa, the species can be abundant in suitable habitats. It is very likely that less than 1% of the entire global population is found in the Canary Islands, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.

habitat:
Details of the habitat in the Canary Islands are lacking, but in Morocco the species is associated with sandy, sparsely vegetated desert edges. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Asteraceae, although it has also been reported to visit Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Data gathered from specimens and observations list Launea angustifolia, and other yellow-flowered Asteraceae as forage plants in both Egypt and Morocco (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). This is an univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, flying early in the year from January to May. The species is strongly sexually dimorphic. The female is well marked with red on the abdomen and the male is dark. While in the subspecies cannabina most males are black, in the other subspecies males are normally red.

threats:
The detailed threats to this species in Europe are unknown, but they could include tourist infrastructure development. However, in north Africa and the Levant the threats appear to be minimal.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed in order to define the population size and trends to determine further aspects of the ecology, identifying any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, research is needed in order to establish the species' population size and trends and it should be monitored closely.

range:
The species is found in north Africa, southern and eastern Europe, Caucasus region to Asia Minor and Central Asia. In Europe, the species has been recorded in Portugal (Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, D. Baldock and J. Smit  pers. comm. 2013), Spain (Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner 1984, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), France (de Gaulle 1908, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, J. Smit pers. comm. 2013), mainland Italy (Dalla Torre 1877, Magretti 1884, Schletterer 1887, Bezzi 1892, Gräffe 1895, Quaranta  et al. 2004), Sicily (Gusenleitner 1984), Austria (Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Switzerland (Frey-Gessner 1899-1907, Frey-Gessner 1903, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Amiet et al. 2010) Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Croatia (Warncke 1969a, Gusenleitner 1984) Czech Republic (Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Jaeger 1934, Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Warncke 1966a, 1967a, 1973, Atanassov and Vasileva 1990) Macedonia (Jaeger 1934, Warncke 1973), mainland Greece (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1965a, 1966a, 1973), Crete (Strand 1915, J. Smit pers. comm. 2013) and Rhodes (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013), Hungary (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1967a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Serbia (Jaeger 1934, Vogrin 1955, Warncke 1966a, 1967a, 1969a), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003, Ban and Tomozei  2006, Tomozii 2010), Moldavia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Ukraine (Noskiewicz 1930, Osytshnjuk 1977), European Russia (Morawitz 1874, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 1978, Osytshnjuk et. al. 2005) and Cyprus (Strand 1915, Ascher and Pickering 2014).In the Caucasus region, the species has been recorded in Armenia (Alfken 1927c, Warncke 1966b), Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b) and Georgia (Warncke 1966b).In North Africa, the species has been found in Morocco (Warncke 1974a) and Algeria (Alfken 1914, Warncke 1974a).In Asia, the species has been recorded in Turkey (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1974b, 1965b, 1969a), Israel (Warncke 1969b), Iran (Popov 1967), Turkmenistan (Kocourek 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Kazakhstan (Popov 1954, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Tadzhikistan (Kocourek 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Presumably populations are large, but there are no details on its size or trends at a continental scale.

habitat:
In Europe, Andrena aeneiventris seems to prefer warm steppe biotopes, while in Central Asia it prefers humid ones. The species flies from April to August in lowland areas and from May to August in mountainous regions. The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to June and the second one from July to August, although it may occasionally be observed early in September. The females from the first generation seem to visit mainly Brassicaeae, while the second generation mainly visits Apiaceae. They nest solitarily in xeric areas (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Gogala 1999, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

threats:
The main threat of this species is the reduction of suitable habitats in xeric areas, for example due to the changing of the plots in fallow lands into intensively cultivated ones with consequent reduction of flowering plants diversity. Also, the species may be found near entomophilous crops, which may be the target of chemical treatments. Agricultural activities on the fields may also destroy the species' nests.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is found in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Research is needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena aerinifrons is widespread across the southern parts of the Mediterranean basin, and in Europe is found in Iberia and in Sicily. In north Africa, it is known from the Mediterranean zone of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), the Jbel Akhdar (Libya) and it is widely distributed through the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Andrena aerinifrons ssp. levantina is also found eastwards to Turkey and Iran.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
There are few details available on either the habitat or ecology of this species, but it is known from Mediterranean shrublands and disturbed areas on the margins of agricultural land (Quaranta et al. 2004). The species flies as a single brood from late February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and to the end of May (Warncke 1976).

threats:
The detailed specific threats to this species are not known, although Mediterranean phryganic habitats are often subject to intense and increasing grazing pressure and there is an increase in the threat from uncontrolled fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is need to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends (although it has a large extent of occurrence), and little is known about its habitats, ecology and threats.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, and is found widely distributed through Iberia, southern France and the Wallis region of Switzerland (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Amiet et al. 2010). The species is also known from northern Italy in Aosta Valley and Vintschgau (Steinmann 2002, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
Although there is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, it does seem to be widely present in Iberia, and there have been 29 records from Switzerland since 1990 (Amiet et al. 2010).

habitat:
There are no details of the habitat of this species available, but it is known to fly as a single generation each year, and is on the wing from the end of May to the end of July in Switzerland. Although the species forages pollen from several different plant families, it shows a preference for various Brassicaceae species (Amiet et al. 2010).

threats:
Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Brassicaceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, and herbicide application could have a negative impact on their forage provision.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Although it is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, it is very likely that it does, given its widespread distribution in Spain. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats, especially within its European range.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or exploited commercially


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena agilissima is distributed from southwestern and central Europe to north Africa (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Rasmont et al. 2013).

population:
There are no exact data about the overall size of the population and its actual trends, but it is thought to be decreasing. There is evidence of a subpopulation over 100 individuals in the Kraichgau region, Germany (Westrich 1996).

habitat:
Andrena agilissima is a thermophilous species with preference towards warm biotopes. It is found on sandy areas, river banks, coastal grasslands, hollow ways, ruderal areas and field margins where Brassicaceae flowers are found. The species has one generation flying from late March to September (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). This species is communal and nests in the crevices of sandstones and clay walls, outside house walls forming large aggregations (Rode 1962, Paxton et. al. 1999, Westrich 1996, Dylewska and Wisniowski 2003, Giovanetti et al. 1999, 2003). The females collect pollen mainly from Brassicaceae flowers (Sinapis, Brassica, Erysimum, Barbarea vulgaris), but also from Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), Asteraceae (Hieracium, Taraxacum), Saxifragaceae (Ribes) and Boraginaceae (Myosotis) (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1996, Dylewska 1987, 2000, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). It is also known that A. agilissima has a kleptoparasite, which is Nomada melathoracica (Westrich 1996).

threats:
The documented threats for this species are related to loss of suitable habitats, including appropriate nesting sites (e.g., vertical walls) and forage sites with Brassicaceae flowers. These two elements are important for the reproduction and survival of the species. In Germany, the species visits mainly wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), which grows especially in unsprayed summer grain fields or in ruderal places (Westrich 1996). The species can survive and reproduce in areas where forage sites lie close to potential nesting sites. Intensive agricultural management of the landscape may remove potential nesting sites nearby the species' preferred foraging sites and this can threaten the species. It is able to forage up to five kilometres (Edwards and Williams 2004) and therefore, the presence of Cruciferous plants in its range is vital for the survival of the colonies. Due to the fact that the species may be found near to field crops, it may be affected by the use of chemical treatments.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters et al. 2003) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Andrena agilissima was found in protected areas as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).For conservation of local populations of Andrena agilissima in Germany, Westrich (1996) describes a few recommendations. These include the promotion of Cruciferous plants, preferred by this bee, in agricultural landscapes, through the creation of unsprayed border stripes, especially in summer grain fields to create a germination medium for species as wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) which in Germany is of a great importance for A. agilissima and other bees. Another recommendation would be to let cultivated fields rest for one or two years in order to allow annual plants to regenerate naturally. The fields should be rotated or ploughed after one or two years, usually in early spring to promote wild mustard or late autumn to allow overwintering annuals to germinate. For the fields intensively used in the past, Westrich (1996) also recommends sowing wild mustard in the spring, adding other annual and biannual plant species preferred by wild bees and changing the site every one or two years. Additionally, research is needed regarding population size, distribution and trends but also threats and their effects on the plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no specific information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Andrena agnata is a species with a western Mediterranean distribution. In Europe, it is found through mainland Spain, France, Slovenia and Italy, and also in Sicily. In North Africa it is found across the Maghreb, in the Mediterranean zones of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
There are few details of habitats or ecology, but as this belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. The flight period is in the spring, and the bee is on the wing in March and April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and into May (Gogala 1999, Quaranta 2004).

threats:
Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on their forage provision.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the national Red List of Slovenia as Endangered (Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena albopunctata is found in southern and eastern Europe, European Russia, the Caucasus, north Africa, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk 2008, Rasmont et al. 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
The overall population size is unknown, although it is presumably large. However, there is an overall decreasing trend.

habitat:
Andrena albopunctata is found mainly in xeric biotopes of plains and mountains (over 2,000 metres asl in Middle Asia) on virgin and fallow lands, roadsides, dry slopes and shelter belts. It flies from April to August and it is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations every year. The species nests solitarily in steppe areas (Kocourek 1966). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females collect pollen from Brassicaceae,  Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Geraniaceae or Valerianaceae. In Poland, the bee was recorded in 11 plant species from eight different families, although it mainly visited Brassicaceae species (33%) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk 2008).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, A. albopunctata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through human activities such as mowing during the flowering period and soil ploughing, which disturbs the species' nests. Also, plant chemical treatments and reduction of natural steppe areas, through transformation into intensive agricultural arable lands, can cause the death of individuals.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is found in protected areas from Ukraine, such as Karadag Nature Reserve (Crimea) (Ivanov 2002), but it is not a target of any specific conservation actions. Research is needed regarding the species' population size and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena alfkenella is distributed from Europe and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and north Africa (Morocco) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena alfkenella is found in a variety of biotopes, although it has preference for the moist ones (edge lawns, meadows). It has two generations flying: the first one from May to June and the second one from July to August, although in Crimea the first generation flies from April. The females forages on plants from Brassicaeae (Berteroa incana, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba, Thlaspi, Isatis sp., Brassica sp.), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna, Fragaria sp.), Asteraceae (Bellis perennis, Matricaria inodora, Hieracium sp.), Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare, Veronica chamaedrys), Apiaceae (Pimpinella sp., Daucus carota, Angelica sylvestris, Pastinaca sp., Anthriscus sp., Falcaria sp.) and Campanulaceae (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylaewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. alfkenella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Látrányi Puszta Natura Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003).   Further research should be conducted to determine the trends and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena alfkenelloides is a species of the eastern Mediterranean, with records from Bulgaria, Greece and the Aegean Islands, Crete and Cyprus. Beyond Europe, the species is found in Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
No details are available on the overall population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
There is little information regarding the habitats and ecology of this species in Europe. However, given its distribution, it is likely to be closely associated with Mediterranean shrublands, as it is in Palestine. In Jordan, this species is regarded as a wild pollinator of almonds and cherries (Grace 2010). Data labels in the Oxford University Museum of specimens caught in Palestine indicate foraging visits to Hirschfeldia incana and Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Although it has also been recorded visiting Prunus dulcis, it is mainly found on yellow Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The flight period of this species is from March to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The precise threats to this species are unknown. However, like other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It is not known whether the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely given the breadth of its known range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially within its European range.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or exploited commercially.However, it is regarded as a wild pollinator of almonds and cherries in Jordan (Grace 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no specific information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats, and its taxonomic situation needs to be clarified as well. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
While Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) state that Andrena allosa has a scattered distribution north of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from northern Spain eastwards through the Alps to the Balkan mountains and into Anatolia, Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the true A. allosa seems to be restricted to the western Alps. This is based on about ten specimens from there, and all of them are clearly the same species as the holotype of A. allosa. All the other specimens from outside of the Alps are certainly not A. allosa, but a distinct species (currently undescribed).

population:
No details are available on the overall population size or trends of this species.

habitat:
Little is known of its habitat requirements or ecology, however museum labels show it to be a univoltine species, in that it has a single generation per year, flying from late April to early July. A. allosa is, apparently, a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although details of its forage requirements are not available (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely, given the breadth of its known range. Research is needed to establish its taxonomy, population size and trends, to determine further details of the species' habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats, especially within its European range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe, the bee seems to be abundant in suitable habitats. It is also present in large protected areas where the postulated threats are reduced or absent.

range:
In Europe, the species is restricted to southern Iberia, where its range extends across the more coastal regions of Andalucía (Spain) northwards to the Lisbon area of Portugal. Outside Europe, the species is found widely in Morocco. According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), a disjunct subpopulation occurs in Tunisia, but this is based on a single male collected by Warncke in Tunis. This specimen is probably mislabeled or mixed up with the very similar male of A. aegyptiaca (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, in southern Andalucía, Spain, the species is plentiful in stabilized sandy areas near the coast and the populations are assumed to be substantial (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2003).

habitat:
Andrena alluaudi is found in open sandy areas in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities and in Pistacia lentiscus/Quercus suber dehesas in Spain (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2003). The bee has a single flight period each year and is on the wing from March to May, occasionally until June. It is probably oligolectic, restricting its pollen foraging to various low growing yellow-flowered Asteraceae species. Nests are constructed in dense aggregations in loose, sparsely vegetated sand.

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are unknown, but given that it is found in sandy coastal areas in southern Spain and Portugal, and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by the development of tourist infrastructures and also from an increased incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, but it is found in protected areas, such as the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana (Spain) and the adjacent Parque Natural. Further research is needed to determine full details of population size and trends, and to identify any specific threats, establishing further details of the ecology and life history of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data.

range:
Andrena alutacea is distributed from central and southeastern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan) (Schmid-Egger 2005).

population:
Populations are small, but there is no information available on the trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena alutacea occurs often in warm dry open sites, such as xerophilous grasslands in Germany, and also up to 1,700 m altitude in Turkey. In Switzerland, it was found in meadows on the species Antriscus sylvestris. In Bavaria, it was found in the edge of Juniper heaths on Daucus carota, while in Slovenia it was found on Laserpitium siler (Gogala 2011). The species seems to be oligolectic on Apiaceae. It flies from the end of May to end of August (Schmid-Egger 2005).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because although the population of this species is presumably small, the species is regularly found. In addition, there will be a rescue effect from the population in the Anatolian Peninsula and the Caucasus, which are outside of the European range.

range:
This species is distributed from eastern and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and south-western Asia, with the majority of occurrences in Asia Minor and Iran. In Europe, this species is recorded from Macedonia (Warncke 1967, Warncke 1973), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Tomozii 2006) and the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a). Outside of Europe, the species is recorded from the Araks Valley in the Caucasus (Warncke 1966b), Nahicevan and Talysh (Azerbaijan) (Osytshnjuk 1977).In Asia, the species is known from Turkey (Alfken 1935; Warncke 1965b, 1974b), Lebanon (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Warncke 1967), Syria (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
The population of this species is presumably small, but no specific information is available regarding population size or trends overall. In Ukraine, the species, whilst being rare, is still regularly found in its few localities (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013).

habitat:
This species is found on uncultivated land, roadsides, dry slopes and ditches. Andrena anatolica prefers xeric habitats, steppe and dry calcareous grasslands. The species flies from May to June. The females are oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species of the Brassicaeae family (Barbarea vulgaris, Lepidium draba, Bunias orientalis, Crambe tataria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sisymbrium sp., Sinapis arvensis, Isatis tinctoria). Males have been found also on Ranunculus sp. (Osytschnuk 1977).

threats:
In general, the species may be threatened by the loss of specific habitat through human intervention. Overuse of fertilizers and herbicide application, ploughing and re-seeding may damage and destroy some Cruciferous species. Overgrazing by sheep, cattle and horses, especially during the summer can adversely affect the species-richness of ground flora. Scrub encroachment when the grazing is absent can result in a decline in the richness of typical flora species which the species forages upon.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the further threats.This species was found in protected areas from Ukraine ("Khomutovskaya Steppe" National Reserve, "Provalsky steppe" Natural Reserve) (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Romania (Macin National Park, Dobrudja Region) (Tomozii 2006).

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of available information on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field work, since most of the published records are old and coming from disparate sources.

range:
Andrena angustior is distributed from south and central Europe eastwards to the western part of Germany. Elsewhere, the species was also recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Libya) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena angustior prefers humid habitats such as forest edges or mesophilous grasslands. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, flying from May to June on Salicaceae (Salix), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pillosela), Rosaceae (Potentilla erecta, Fragaria vesca), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys), Onagraceae (Epilobium angustifolium), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus catharticus), Alliaceae (Alium ursinum), Brassicaceae (Brassica napa), Caryophillaceae (Stellaria holostea) and Fabaceae (Cytisus) (Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. angustior may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Marsland Nature Reserve, United Kingdom (Saunders 2012). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large populations and large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although the overall trends are not clear, it is thought that even if the trend is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this species in a threatened category at the continental and global scale.

range:
Andrena anthrisci is widely distributed across the western and central parts of continental Europe, from Spain north eastwards to northern Germany and Slovakia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). The species is endemic to Europe.

population:
There are no details available on either the overall population size or any trends.

habitat:
Andrena anthrisci is known to inhabit meadows, field edges and ruderal places (Westrich 1989). It is an univoltine species, in that it has a single generation each year, and is on the wing from the end of April until mid-August (Amiet et al. 2010). This is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it forages upon a wide range of different plant species, with Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae) published as pollen sources (Westrich 1989).

threats:
There are no details of any specific threats to the species. However, since it is associated with temperate grasslands and ruderal margins of the fields, it could be threatened by the application of nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Endangered (Amiet 1994) and the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, and there is no information on whether the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely to given the broad distribution. Research is need to establish the overall population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trends are not clear, it is thought that even if the trend is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.

range:
Andrena antigana is distributed through Iberia and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There are no details available on the overall population size and trends of this species. However, there are plenty of records from both Spain and Portugal, where it seems to be fairly common (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
Little is known about its habitat requirements or ecology, although the distribution in Iberia shows that the species is typical of sub-maritime habitats, being absent from the interior areas.

threats:
There is no specific information available about threats to this species. However, given the importance of sites either at, or near the coast, habitats are likely to be under pressure from urban development and tourist infrastructure expansion.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely to given the Iberian distribution. Research is needed to establish the overall population size and trends, to elucidate details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries and as most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources.

range:
Andrena apicata is distributed from Europe and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.

habitat:
Andrena apicata prefers humid biotopes such as river valleys, forest glades and edges, road sides or orchards. This spring species flies from March to May on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara), Salicaceae (Salix) and Rosaceae (Cerasus, Prunus). It is recognized as an effective pollinator of fruit trees (such as cherry trees) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. apicata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat by intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species is recorded in only a few localities in Europe and very little is known about the population size and trends, habitat and ecological requirements and any existing threats.

range:
Andrena apiformis is distributed from continental Europe eastwards to Asia Minor. In Europe, the species is known from a few countries: Croatia (Kriechbaumer 1873, Friese 1887, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Slovenia, Macedonia (Warncke 1973, Ascher and Pickering 2013), and the Greek mainland (Friese 1893, Stoeckhert 1930, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In Asia the species is recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
This species is very rare, with a scattered distribution. The actual population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found on xeric habitats including grasslands and dwarf shrub communities. In Turkey, the species flies from mid-April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b). There is a scarcity of data available on the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify any existing threats. The presence of this species in protected areas is not documented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, since most of the published records are old and from disparate sources and as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena argentata is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan) and the Russian Far East (Altay, Transbaikalian region, Primorsky Kray) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena argentata occurs in humid biotopes such as forest edges, glades and roadsides, both in plains and mountains. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, flying from July to September. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, including Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium, Crepis paludosa, Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Hieracium, Cirsium, Eryngium campestre), Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaria), Onagraceae (Epilobium angustifolium), Alismataceae (Sagittaria sagitifolia) Brassicaceae (Brassica), Dipsacaceae (Succisa pratensis), Rosaceae (Sorbus, Crataegus, Potentilla verna, Prunus), Salicaceae (Salix), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus) and Apiaceae (Heracleum, Selinum carvifolia, Sicum latifolium). The species nests in sandy soils in small aggregations (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. argentata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.

range:
Andrena asperrima is found across Iberia, southern France and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no specific information available on the overall population size or trends of A. asperrima. However, there are plenty of records of this species from across its European range, where it seems to be fairly common (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
The species is typically associated with waste places, field margins and ruderal roadsides in the Mediterranean climate zone, and also in degraded shrublands. The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of different plant species for pollen, including Apiaceae and Brassicaceae families, for which it has an obvious preference (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It has also been recorded at flowers of Sedum cf. sediforme (Crassulaceae) (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013), Sinapis arvensis, Salix, Pirus, Diplotaxis, Prunus dulcis, Reseda, Matthiola cf. maroccana and Cynoglossum (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
There is no specific information available of the specific threats to this species. However, given the importance of sites either at, or near the coast, habitats are likely to be under pressure from urban development and tourist infrastructure expansion. As it is often associated with flowers of ruderal sites, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage. In common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species is found in Ukraine, (the Donetsk, Lugansk region and Crimean regions), and European Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Azerbaijan, Asian Russia, and western Siberia (Maharramov 2009, Krainov 2013).The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species preferably inhabits humid biotopes such as forest edges, rivers valleys, meadows and virgin soil hills within the Ukraine and European Russia. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Ranunculaceae (Adonis spp., Ranunculus ficaria), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Liliaceae (Tulipa ophiophilla), Lamiaccae (Glechoma hederacea) and Brassicaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The flight period is from mid-April to May.   In Azerbaijan this species collects pollen also from the Fabaceae family (Ononis spinosa ssp. antiquorum) and in the mountains, it is found at altitudes up to 800 m (Maharramov 2009).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books, although it has been included in the Red List of the Donetsk region of Ukraine (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine 2012). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends,and threats to the species. The species occurs within the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve and the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve (Osytshnyuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information about population size, trends and specific threats as a result of its unclear taxonomic status. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data.

range:
In Europe, Andrena assimilis assimilis is distributed through the Caucasus region (where it was described from), through Greece, Macedonia, Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972) and Bulgaria (Warncke 1973). Elsewhere, it is found on Turkey, Kazahstan (Shebl and Tadauchi 2011) and Kirgistan (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).On the other hand, A. assimilis barnei appears in north Africa (Morocco) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osythsnjuk et al. 2008, B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2014).

population:
Populations are presumably small, but there is no information available on the population trend, as most of the published records are more than 20 years in age.

habitat:
Due to the issues regarding the taxonomy, it is unknown if the habitat and ecology information found in the literature is addressed to Andrena assimilis or Andrena gallica.  In eastern Turkey, Andrena assimilis flies from mid April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Despite its general scarcity, there are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large populations, albeit within a restricted geographical area. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place the species in a threatened category at the continental scale.

range:
This species is distributed through the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it is restricted to the islands of Crete and Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is known from Anatolia, the Caucasus region and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
No details are available on the overall population size or trends of Andrena astica. However, there are plenty of records of this species from both Cyprus and Crete, which indicates that it may be fairly common in there (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
There are few details of habitats or ecology in Crete and Cyprus. However, it is likely to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrub communities (as it is in Israel), and it is a specialist forager on Asteraceae flowers, including records from Israel such as Cichorium pumilum as a forage plant and Leontodon tuberosus (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The flight period is in the spring, and the bee is on the wing in March April and May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
Details of the specific threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage. Much like other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in both Crete and Cyprus, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena astrella is an Iberian endemic species, whose distribution is restricted to Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002)

population:
There are no details available on the overall population size or trends of this species. However, there are plenty of records of this species from Iberia, implying that it may be common there (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known whether the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in Portugal and Spain, this seems very possible.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population which does not seem to be in decline. However further studies are needed to identify the main threats affecting the species.

range:
Andrena athenensis is distributed from eastern and south-eastern Europe, to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor. In Europe this species it is recorded from: Macedonia (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke 1965a, Tomozii 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), south-European Russia, and the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In the Caucasus region it is recorded from Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Armenia (Warncke 1966b). In Asia, the species is known from Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
Presumably the populations are small, but there are no precise studies available regarding the population size and trend, so further research is necessary on these issues. There is no evidence of decline from any part of the known range.

habitat:
This species was found on roadsides, fallow lands, and shores of rivers (Nipru river, Ukraine). It prefers xeric habitats from open steppes and coastal areas of Black Sea and Azov Sea to mountainous region of Caucasus (Talysh Mt.) and semi-arid region of central Anatolia (Konya basin). The flight period is between mid April (in Greece) to the end of June. The females are presumably oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species on Brassicaeae (Erucastrum armoracioides, Sysimbrium loeselii, Sinapis arvensis), but also have been found visiting flowers of  Euphorbia sp. Males have been found on flowers of Veronica sp., Euphorbia sp.

conservationAction:
This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify any existing specific threats. This species was found in the protected area, Khomutovskaya Steppe National Reserve, in the Donetsk region of Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information available on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range based on new updated data.

range:
Andrena atrata is distributed through south and eastern Europe. Elsewhere, it is found in north Caucasus and Central Asia (Uzbekistan and western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Populations are presumed to be small, but there is no information available on the trend of the species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.

habitat:
Andrena atrata occurs in various habitats, including roadsides, fallow and virgin lands, steppes and forest steppes, grasslands and coastal areas. The species has two generations flying from May to the beginning of August. Females prefer pollen from Brassicaceae (Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis, Sysimbrium loeselii, S. polymorphum, S. orientale Barbarea vulgaris, Berteroa incana, Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Nasturtium, Rapistrum perennis), but they were also found on Apiaceae (Daucus) and Asteraceae (Carduus acanthoides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. atrata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species has only been recorded from a few localities in Europe and very little is known about the population size, trend, habitat, ecological requirements and the existing threats.

range:
Andrena atrotegularis is distributed from south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and south-western Asia. In Europe, the species is recorded from Macedonia (Friese 1923, Warncke 1965a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), the Greek mainland and Peloponnese Peninsula (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972) and the Czech Republic (Friese 1923).The species is also recorded from the Caucasus region in Armenia and Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b) and in Asia, this species is recorded from Turkey (Alfken 1935; Warncke 1965b, 1974b; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Syria (Warncke 1967).

population:
It is a very rare species in Europe and presumably the population is quite small, but there are no precise details regarding the size and current trends.

habitat:
There is a scarcity of data available regarding the habitat preferences and general ecology of this species. Presumably this species prefers xeric grassland habitats and it flies from June to July.

conservationAction:
This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species has been recorded in the National Red List of Hungary (Extinct; Józan 2011). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. The presence of this species in protected areas is not documented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the current status of this species.

range:
Andrena avara is found across the western Mediterranean. It is known from Iberia, southern France and (possibly) Sicily. Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa in Morocco, Tunisia, western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and in Israel (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There are few details of the species' habitat requirements or ecology. It is, however, known to be a univoltine species, flying as a single brood from March to June, and occasionally into July (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been recognized as a distinct species, and there is still very little information on its distribution, population size and trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This taxon is believed to be endemic to upland regions of south-central Europe. In Austria the species was found at altitudes up to 1,400 m in Heiligenblut, Kleine Fleiß in the Hohe Tauern National park (Ebmer 2003); in Greece up to 1,550 m in Nomos Imathia, Mt. Vermion (Ebmer 2003); and in France the species was collected in Parc National du Mercantour at 1,700 m altitude (Schmid-Egger 2011). In Switzerland the species was found in Graubünden Swiss National Park at 1,200 -1,500 m (Beaumont 1958). In Italy the species was collected from southern part of the Ötztal Alps (Ebmer 2003) and from Parco delle Alpi Marittime at 1,700 m (Schmid-Egger 2011). It also found at lower altitudes as far north as Belgium, the Baltic area (Alfken 1912a), Poland (Alfken 1912b, Möschler 1938) and northern Germany (Alfken 1913, Wagner 1914).   Zilahi-Kiss (1915) describes this species from Mons Czibles-Transsylvania (Romania) at 1,200 m as Andrena cziblesana.

population:
Generally a very rare species, but details of population size and trends not known.

habitat:
This species is known from a range of temperate grasslands. It is considered a polylectic species, in that takes pollen from a wide variety of plants (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). The species has two generations, in the south Alps it flies from April to May and from July to August. The same months were also recorded from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Kocourek 1966). No other ecological information is known about this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.Further research is needed into the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded but is valued as a pollinator of plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data, since it is considered threatened in several European countries.

range:
Andrena barbilabris is a Holarctic species. In the Palearctic region, it is distributed through Europe, Asia Minor, west and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East (Yakutia and Primorje Kraj) and Japan (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Populations are presumed to be large, but there is no information available on the trend of this species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.

habitat:
Andrena barbilabris occurs mainly in humid areas, including river valleys, meadows, forest edges and orchards. It nests in sandy soils forming aggregations, preferring sandy banks or rivers and lakes (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species flies from April to August on a variety of flowering plants, including Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Salicaceae (Salix), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna, Crataegus oxyachanta, Spirea, Sorbus, Rosa canina, Rubus, Pyrus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria media), Grossulariaceae (Ribes grossularia), Berberidaceae (Berberis), Lamiaceae (Salvia pratensis), Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus) and Ericaceae (Erica). In Ukraine, the species is known to be a pollinator of fruit trees, such as the cherry tree.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. barbilabris may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). Due to its wide distribution, it occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava Natonal Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998).There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the habitats, population size, trends and specific threats and its uncertain taxonomic status. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.

range:
Andrena batava it is distributed through central and northern Europe (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
The species is known to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Salix species. Females fly from the end of March to mid April (Schmid-Egger and ScheuchI 1997). There is no information available on the habitat preferences of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. batava may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic, restricted to mainland Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, the species has a widespread distribution throughout Spain and Portugal.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in both Portugal and Spain, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no recent information available on the population size and trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. The latest finding of this species dates back to the 1970's. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is distributed in the central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula and is also found in the western part of north Africa (Warncke 1967a, 1976, 1980, Ceballos et al. 1956, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 348,780 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2.

population:
The current status of Andrena bellidis populations have not been investigated. The latest find of this species dates back to the 1970's. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The females of the species fly from early April until late May (and middle June in Algeria), and the males fly from the beginning of March, occasionally much earlier, until May with a few specimens caught in October and November (Warncke 1976). Therefore, this species probably has two generations per year. The data on its general habitat is absent from the literature, although as it is predominantly found in Spain and Portugal we can suspect it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Algeria the females collect pollen from Anacyclus clavatus (Asteraceae) (Saunders 1908).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. The latest data on this species dates back to the 1970's. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is distributed from the eastern part of Aegean Sea on the islands Lesbos, Samos, and Rhodes. It is also found in the central, southern and eastern parts of inland Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).

population:
The current status of Andrena biarmica populations are not investigated. The latest data on this species dates back to the 1970's. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The data on the species' habitat is absent in the literature however it can be suspected to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a spring species that has a flight period from the end of April until early June (Warncke 1974b, 1975). Warncke (1974b) recognizes two generations in Turkey: the first generation occurs in April; and the second appears at the end of May to beginning of June. However data from the Aegean shows that the first generation appears at mid or end of March (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.

range:
Andrena bicolor is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran, Israel), Central Asia (north Kazakhstan) and China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on the trend of this species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.

habitat:
Andrena bicolor occurs in a variety of humid and dry habitats including open woodlands, calcareous grasslands and orchards up to 1,800 m asl in the Alps (Osytshnjuk 1977, Else 2006). The species flies in two generations from the end of March to August on Salicaceae (Salix), Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara, Petasites, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, L. hispidus, Tragopogon), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia), Iridaceae (Crocus scepusiensis), Boraginaceae (Pulmonaria), Liliaceae (Gagea lutea), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna,  P. humifisa, Rubus, Prunus, Cerasus), Primulaceae (Primula elatior), Brassicaceae (Cardamine, Capsella bursa pastoris, Sinapis arvensis, Dentaria glandulosa, Calepina irregularis), Cistaceae (Helianthemum), Ericaceae (Vaccinium myrtillus), Asparagaceae (Scilla), Campanulaceae (Campanula, Jasione montana), Brassicaceae (Berteroa incana, Ballota nigra, Arabis), Lamiaceae (Thymus), Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare), Rosaceae (Rubus), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus arvensis), Resedaceae (Reseda lutea) and Malvaceae (Malva). In Ukraine, the species is considered one of the main pollinators of cherry trees (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. bicolor may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. Its wide distribution overlaps with protected areas, such as Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004) and Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because the species seems plentiful in suitable habitats. It is presumed that the overall populations are large and the presumed threats are not causing significant declines.

range:
Andrena bicolorata is found widely across the Mediterranean basin, from Iberia eastwards to southern Anatolia, and it is also present on many of the larger islands. In north Africa it is found in the Mediterranean climatic zone of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) and an outlying subpopulation is present in the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no detailed information about overall population size or trends for this species. However, regarding the information from specimen labels, the species seems plentiful in suitable habitats in at least some parts of its range (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991, 2003).

habitat:
Specific habitat details are unknown for this species. However, it is recorded from flowery disturbed areas with ruderal herbs at the back of sand dunes (Crete), in floristically diverse lightly grazed fields (Libya) and Mediterranean shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The species flies in the spring as a single brood, and is on the wing from February to May. Andrena bicolorata is oligolectic, foraging on various plants of the Brassicaceae family. In France, D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2013) reports that males will collect nectar from Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae), while E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) notes pollen collecting from Sinapis arvensis (Algeria), Diplotaxis species (Morocco), Cardamine pratensis (France) and nectar gathering by a male at flowers of Crataegus monogyna.

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in sandy coastal areas (e.g., in northern Crete) and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be negatively impacted by the development of tourist infrastructure, inappropriate grazing regimes and from an increased incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known either if Andrena bicolorata is found in protected areas, although it is likely.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena bimaculata is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Iraq) eastwards to Mongolia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although the species is widespread, it is generally scarce and very local (Falk 1991). Populations are presumed to be large, but there is no information available on the trend of this species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.

habitat:
Andrena bimaculata is present through a variety of humid habitats including mesophilous grasslands, crop borders and orchards. The species flies in two generations: the first one from end of March to May on Salicaceae (Salix) and the second one in July and August on Brassicaceae (Sinapis, Brassica napus, Sisymbrium), Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), Rosaceae (Rosa), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus) and Asteraceae (Succisa pratensis). It is considered a pollinator of orchards and it nests solitary in sandy soils (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. bimaculata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Endagered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).   Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena binominata is found across the western Mediterranean region. It is known from Spain (including the Balearic Islands), southern France, mainland Italy, Sicily and Malta. In north Africa, it is restricted to the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends.

habitat:
The species is found through ruderal lands, banks, vineyards and urban waste ground, and it is always associated with Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae). It is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year: the first brood emerges in late January or early February and flies until April or May, and the second brood emerges in June (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013). In Spain, the first generation has been reported to fly from mid March to mid April, while the second generation flies from August to the beginning of October (Warncke 1976).

threats:
The specific threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae) flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application in agricultural areas could have a negative impact on forage provision. A favoured foraging site in towns and cities for this species is urban waste ground, which is subject to housing and industrial infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population although it is declining in the marginal edges of its distribution. The status of the species has to be monitored closely.

range:
Andrena bisulcata is widely distributed in southern and central Europe from Italy (Warncke 1967, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) to eastern Europe, including Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Pachinger 2003, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Hungary (Friese 1887, Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Czech Republic, Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Albania, southern Serbia (Warncke 1973), Greece (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, 1973), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Poland (this species is indicated for Poland in different databases, without precise locality (Ascher 2013), but in various publications on the fauna of Poland this species is not specified), Moldova, southern Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), and Macedonia (Warncke 1973).Outside of Europe it is found eastwards from southern Ural (Lykov 2004), Caucasus (Warncke 1966b, Skhirtladze 2002), Turkey (Warncke 1965b) to Israel (Alfken 1935, Warncke 1969).

population:
This species, throughout its entire area, is very rare. There is little information available on the current population trend and status of this species for most countries in Europe, but declines are noted from the margins of its known range (e.g., of the Czech  Republic, where this species is Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005)). In Ukraine, it occurs very rarely and in the last 40 years there were only two females collected in Crimea in 2004 (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). Recent findings also show that only three females were found in Austria in 2001 (Pachinger 2003), and one female was found in Romania in 2005 (B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2013). From other countries in which this species was previously recorded, there are no data from the last 15-20 years.

habitat:
Andrena bisulcata occurs mainly in xeric biotopes (a thermophilic steppe species) on dry slopes and fallow lands, and in mountainous regions of Asia (Talysh in Azerbaijan) it has been recorded at an altitude of 1,600 m.A.bisculcata is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) whereby the females of the first generation fly from mid-April to May and usually visit flowers of the Brassicaceae family (Barbarea vulgaris). Females of the second generation fly from June to August and collect pollen from Apiaceae spp. (Pimpinella peregrina, Anethum graveolens, Daucus carota). They nest in the soil of xeric areas.

threats:
One of the main threats affecting Andrena bisulcata is the reduction of suitable habitats, i.e., plots of virgin land on which the flowering plants have not been mowed. A. bisulcata is able to settle on the fields of entomophilous crops and due to chemical treatments of the plants this can cause death of individuals. Also tillage (ploughing, cultivation, etc.) of the fields can destroy the nests and offspring.

conservationAction:
Andrena bisulcata is listed in the Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded from the Nature Reserve Hundsheimer Berge in Austria, as well as the Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine.For the conservation of this species it is necessary to create additional protected areas. Further research should be conducted to establish the population size and trends of this species and if the two generations constitute a single species or two species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena blanda is found across the western Mediterranean region, and in Europe, it is restricted to mainland Spain. It is also known from north Africa, where it is found across the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

habitat:
There are no details available of either its habitat requirements or ecology. However, in Spain it seems to fly from March to June and it is probably oligolectic on Reseda species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).


range:
Andrena boyerella (sensu Warncke 1967) is known from the western Mediterranean region. It is widespread in Spain, Portugal and southern France. There are also records from southern Italy and Sicily. In North Africa, the species is found across the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread but localised in the Mediterranean zone and on the coast of Biscay in France. Therefore the subpopulations, even though they are dispersed, they are probably quite large overall (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
Andrena boyerella inhabits a range of thermophilous and dry habitats such as meadows, lawns, track and roadside verges. These habitats support populations of Leucanthemum, Anthemis and Chamomilla, from the Asteraceae family. This species is a specialist forager on this family, as the rest of the species belonging to the sub-genus Chlorandrena.

threats:
Specific threats to the species are unknown. However, as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if it is found in any protected areas, although given its wide distribution, it seems likely. Further research is needed to establish the true taxonomic status of the species, full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on the population size and trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Andrena braunsiana is distributed from central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor.  In Europe, the species is recorded from Austria (Warncke 1967, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997), Romania (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013), Ukraine main part and Crimea (Osytshnjuk 1977), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Friese 1887, Mocsary 1900, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 1996), Poland (Stöckhert 1933), European Russia (Pesenko 1974, Kuznetsova 1990), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986) and Bulgaria (Pittioni 1939, 1941; J.A Kalas pers. comm. 2004).  Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the Caucasus countries such as Azerbaijan (Warncke 1975) and Georgia (Skhirtladze 2002).  In Asia, the species is recorded from south-central Turkey (Warncke 1974b).

population:
The species is rare throughout its range but the size and trend of its population remain largely unknown. However, there are no known modern records from Hungary (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013).

habitat:
This species is found on road sides, steppe habitats up to the mountainous regions. This species is polylectic, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on flowers of Taraxacum officinale, Lepidium draba, Ranunculus repens, Veronica austriaca, Veronica chamedrys, Sisymbrium altissimum, Linum austriacum, Linum perenne. The species flies from end of May to end of July (Osytschnuk 1977).

threats:
The species is rare and, presumably, it is likely to be threatened by the loss of habitat and habitat modification in steppe area through the increase of shrubs and trees caused by the increased rainfall due to climate change (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify the existing specific threats. This species was found in protected areas from Russia (Morozova Gora sector of Nature Reserve “Galich’ya Gora”) and Ukraine (Natural Reserve Khomutovsky Steppe).


range:
In Europe, the species is restricted to Spain. Outside Europe, the species is found in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

population:
There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends.

habitat:
There are no details available on either its habitat requirements or ecology. However, females have been recorded visiting flowers of Erysimum popovi in Spain (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although the distribution map shows that the species is very likely to be present in the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana, Andalucía (Spain).Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Andrena brumanensis is found across the central and eastern Mediterranean area, with populations ranging from southern France and Corsica, eastwards across the Balkans to Crete and Cyprus. It is also known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, field work conducted in Attiki (Petanidou 1994) and in Lesvos (Nielsen et al. 2011) reveals the species to be plentiful in these places.

habitat:
A. brumanensis is widely associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands, and is also found in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland. The species is univoltine, flying as a single brood from March to May. It is presumed to be a polylectic species, since it is known to forage at a range of plants in the families Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Apiuaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. However, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its wide distribution, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size and trends. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field work.

range:
This European species is distributed through southern England, northern Spain, Italy and central Europe eastwards to Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Andrena bucephala is found through open deciduous woodland, pastures, calcareous grasslands, parklands, disused gravel pits and gardens (Else 2009). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females collect pollen from trees and shrubs of Rosaceae (Crataegus, Cerasus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus), Salicaceae (Salix) and Aceraceae (Acer). It nests in the soil solitary or in small aggregations (Osysthnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The species is affected by habitat loss as a result of an intensification of development, agriculture and forestry, and the stabilization of coastal landslips (Falk 1991). The decline in traditional land use has led to scrub encroachment and the loss of nesting and foraging sites. Whilst this species almost certainly requires spring flowering shrubs and trees for foraging, it also needs warm and sunny situations, which favour nesting. In woodlands, the shading out of rides and clearings is likely to prove deleterious. The communal nesting habits and much localized occurrence of A. bucephala at a site make it very easy to wipe out an entire population through indiscriminate disturbance.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998).  Several management actions are proposed by Falk (1991). These include the maintenance of bare or sparsely vegetated soil, or short cropped vegetation, in warm sunny situations to favour nesting, where south facing banks and slopes may prove especially important. A reasonable amount of spring flowering shrubs and trees needs to be ensured, as well as the prevention of shrubs or coarse vegetation encroachment onto open habitats, by continuing any established management (e.g., grazing, cutting), or disturbance that contributes to the overall character and stability of the site. In woodlands, shading out of sunny rides and clearings should be prevented, maintaining the presence of sunny slopes or banks and spring flowering shrubs and trees. Further research is needed in order to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species is known only from a few localities and there is no information available regarding the population size, trends, ecology and the threats affecting it.

range:
Andrena bulgariensis is distributed from eastern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).  In Europe, the species is known from Ukraine, Crimea Peninsula (Warncke 1965a, Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Moldova (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Andreev et al. 2012) and Bulgaria (Warncke 1965a).

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only a few specimens of this species have been found in the recorded localities.

habitat:
This species is found from steppe areas to mountainous regions up to 1,730 m altitude. The species flies from April to May. The females are known to visit flowers of Lonicera sp. (Caprifoliaceae).

conservationAction:
This species is known only from a few specimens. Further research is required to clarify the status of this species throughout its range and to identify any potential threats affecting this species. This species is included in documentation from the Biotica Ecological Society regarding protection of the species in the Republic of Moldova - it appears that this species is considered Vulnerable (Andreev et al. 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large population. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this species in a threatened category at the continental scale.

range:
Andrena caneae is found through the eastern Mediterranean, with European populations in mainland Greece, Crete, the Peloponnese (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Cyprus. Outside Europe, it is known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the western part of Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, subpopulations are presumed to be large.

habitat:
The species is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and flies as a single generation from March to May. It is believed to be a polylectic species and flower visitation has been reported from various species in the families Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Papaveraceae (Petanidou 1994), while in Turkey it has been recorded predominantly on Erodium, and sometimes on Salix species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its distribution in Crete, Greece and Cyprus, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena caneibia is known only from the island of Crete (Greece) and the Asian part of Turkey. Warncke (1966a) suggested that this species might also be found in Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania and Bulgaria, but it has not been found in these regions as of yet. This assumption seems to be explained by the fact that this species was discovered in the extreme north-west of Turkey (Adapazari), close to the Balkan Peninsula.

population:
The current status of Andrena caneibia populations remain unknown as it has only been found from one locality. The latest this species was found dates back to the 1960's. Afterwards, Warncke (1974b) and Ozbek (1976) considered the species as a junior synonym of Andrena alfkenella. This means that the species may have been under recorded due to being identified as A. alfkenella. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The data on the species' habitat and trophical links are absent from the literature, although it can be suspected that, as it occurs in Crete, it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species flies from May to mid-July.


range:
Andrena canohirta is found across the eastern Mediterranean, with European populations occurring in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, mainland Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), and doubtfully from Cyprus (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Outside Europe, the species is known from Anatolia.

habitat:
There is no information available on the ecology and habitats of this species, although it is certainly found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species has been observed in Turkey exclusively on Erodium species, flying from March to April (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown, but similarly to other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to the increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its distribution in Greece it is likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Andrena cantiaca has only been found on the island of Lesbos (Grace 2010), Samos, and the Greek mainland (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe it is widely distributed in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Özbek 1976) and also it is found in the northern part of Syria and Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Two males from the Greek mainland (Paleopanagia/ Lakonia, leg. A.W. Ebmer) and one male from Samos (leg. Ebmer) were found. In Turkey, the species is widespread but rare and local.

habitat:
The species flies from the end of April (Warncke 1975) until mid-July (Özbek 1976). The species was recorded in Turkey visiting the flowers of Anthemis sp. and other Asteroideae (E.Scheuchl pers. obs. 2005). Most of the related species to Andrena cantiace are oligoleges on Asteroideae. Any further data on the species habitat and ecology is unknown, although as it has been found on Lesvos, it can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution in Europe, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, it is known only from two localities in the east European Russian region of Bashkortostan in the village of Novo-Zirgan (Nikiforuk 1957) and also in the Perm region (Lykov 2004).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.

population:
The information on the current status of Andrena capillosa populations in Europe is not available. There are no data on population trends.

habitat:
This species occurs in mountainous and pre-mountainous regions, at altitudes of 1,200-1,800 m, on steppe and steppe-like grasslands with shrubs. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salix spp. (Salicaceae), Gagea (Liliaceae), Juniperus (Cupressaceae) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In the western Tianshan Mountains, Andrena capillosa is an effective pollinator of Crocus alatavicus (Iridaceae) and lives at altitudes up to 2,100 m (Zhang and Tan 2009) and up to 3,000 m in All-Tan (Kazakhstan) where this species flies until mid-June (Shebl and Tadauchi 2009). Generally the species flies from early March to early May.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

redListReviewers:
Roberts, S., Nieto, A., Scott, J.A. & Scheuchl, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because the distribution of this species remains unclear, it has only been documented from Crimea in Ukraine and there is no information about the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. It is recommended that thorough surveys should be carried out in the wider area to determine its presence and compile further information to assess the species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, Andrena caprimulga is only found in Alushta, Crimea in Ukraine (Warncke 1975). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Turkey.Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4km2.

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only three females and one male of this species have been found in Ukraine and they all belong to the type locality.

habitat:
This species is found in open woodlands and flies in the early summer, from June. Its trophic links and nesting behaviour remain unknown.

threats:
The threats are unknown due to the fact that the species has been so rarely encountered.

conservationAction:
Since this species has been documented in Europe only in the type locality, in the Crimea in Ukraine, a thorough search in the areas in which the species has been found should be performed. It is important to determine the species' occurrence elsewhere in Europe. Further studies should be conducted to identify the ecology, population size and threats affecting the species. Protected areas should also be created.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of steppe plants.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Michez, D., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the existent problems regarding its taxonomic status and the lack of information on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species based throughout its range based on updated data, and solve its taxonomy issues.

range:
Andrena carantonica is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region northwards to western Siberia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on their size and trends.

habitat:
Andrena carantonica occurs in humid habitats, including gardens, orchards, mesophilous grasslands and forest edges up to 1,000 m asl in the Carpathians and the Alps. The species flies from April to August and it is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, in the southern part of its distribution area. It is polylectic, so females prefer to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Ukraine, the first generation visits flowers of Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus communis and Glechoma hederaceae, while the second generation visits Telycrania sanguinea. In Finland, females were recorded on flowers of 22 plant species. In Poland, the females were recorded on 22 species from 10 plant families. The species is communal, nesting in aggregations in the soil of gardens, forest edges and meadows (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. carantonica may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but due to its wide distribution it is present in protected areas across Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species and clarify its taxonomic status.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology or threats. Further research may show that this species, which is a Cyprus endemic, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina is currently known only from Cyprus, from where it is considered to be an endemic species (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known.

habitat:
Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina flies from mid-March to mid-June, and is known from the coastal city of Limassol (Warncke 1974b). There is no further information on the habitats or ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and coastal sandy areas. The details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.

threats:
Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.

conservationAction:
Andrena cervina is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine any specific threats and to identify further details of habitats and ecology of the species.

redListReviewers:
García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitats and ecology. Further research may show that this species, which is restricted to Cyprus, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
In Europe, Andrena (Aenandrena) chaetogastra is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, this species is also known from Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. In Europe, the species is known from a very small area.

habitat:
In the Troodos mountain range (Cyprus), Andrena (Aenandrena) chaetogastra flies in mid-June (Warncke 1974b). There is no further information on its habitats, although it is known to be a montane species. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.

threats:
In Europe, A. chaetogastra is only known from a small area. Being the species montane in Cyprus, severe climate warming could therefore threaten its distribution by reducing the amount of suitable habitat. However, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' overall geographic range.

conservationAction:
Andrena chaetogastra is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trends and the habitats and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size, trends and habitats of the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Andrena (Taeniandrena) chalcogastra is endemic to the Canary Islands. This species occurs in the four western Islands (La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

habitat:
Andrena chalcogastra is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generation per year, that flies from January to April and from May to July (Warncke 1968). Males have been recorded visiting: Asteraceae (Calendula arvensis, Launaea arborescens, Sonchus canariensis, Tolpis laciniata), Boraginaceae (Echium aculeatum, Echium auberianum), Brassicaceae (Descurainia bourgeauana, Hirschfeldia incana), Ericaceae (Erica arborea) and Fabaceae (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus sp., Spartocytisus supranubius). The females have been recorded on Boraginaceae (Echium auberianum), Brassicaceae (Erysimum scoparium), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia obtusifolia) and Fabaceae (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus campylocladus, Spartocytisus supranubius) (Hohmann et al. 1993). There is no information available for the habitats of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

threats:
This species is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use or through tourist infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish the population size, trends and habitats of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research may show that this species, which is a Greek endemic, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena (Aciandrena) chelma is an endemic species to Greece. According to Grace (2010), the species occurs in the Chelmos mountains in the Peloponnesos.

population:
There is no information available on the population size, abundance and trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.

threats:
The specific threats to Andrena chelma are not known. However, Mediterranean phryganic habitats are often subject to intense and increasing grazing pressure, and there is also an increase in the threat from uncontrolled fires.

conservationAction:
Andrena chelma is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish its population size and trends, habitats and ecology and to identify any specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of data on the population size and trend, general ecology and threats affecting the species. Additional research is needed to estimate the status and threats to the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, Andrena chersona is only recorded from southern Ukraine, Crimea Peninsula (Warncke 1972, Osytchnjuk  1977). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (Osytchnjuk et al. 2005).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,719 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.

population:
There are no data available on either the population size or the current population trend, but a number of specimens have been found in recent years in Crimea (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
This species prefers xeric grassland habitats. It has been found on uncultivated fields, in coastal areas of the Black Sea to the Talysh Mountains (Caucasus region) and semi-desert areas of Turkmenistan (Badkhyz). The species flies from late April to early June. The females forage mainly on Brassicaeae (Cardaria sp., Lepidium draba, Sisymbrium orientale), but also have been found on Asteraceae (Achillea leptophylla) (Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk  1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place and the species is not found in National Red List or Red Data Book. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology and threats to this species. This species is found in protected areas such as the Askaniya-Nova Biosphere Reserve (south of Ukraine).

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B


range:
Andrena chrysospus is present from central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena chrysospus occurs in xeric habitats, including steppes and steppe forests. It flies from May to June, and occasionally from late April to July. The females prefer pollen of Asparagaceae (Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus tenuifolius), and they are rarely found on Brassicaceae (Barbarea arcuata) and Rosaceae (Potentilla humifisa), while males have been found visiting flowers of Taraxacum officinale. The species nests solitary in soil (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The main threat to the species is presumed to be related to the reduction of the food source, represented by Asparagus species in their specific habitats. The effect of certain pathogens, such as Fusarium, is one of the influencing factors of this decline (Wong and Jeffries 2006).Additionally, it may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into mono-specific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008). It is not a target to any conservation actions, but it occurs in protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe National Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena chrysopyga is distributed from southern and central Europe eastwards to European Russia (Bashkiria), the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on their actual size and trend.

habitat:
Andrena chrysopyga occurs especially in dry habitats, including steppes and steppe forests. In Ukraine, the species was found on the coastal area of the Black Sea (Osytshnjuk 1977). It flies from May to the beginning of July and it is polylectic. Females prefer to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, including Aceraceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae and Geraniaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. chrysopyga may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Estonia (Rare; Lilleleht 2001), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). In Sweden, Andrena chrysopyga is found on the list of the species which will benefit from the Conservation Action Plans prepared for Andrena gelriae and Andrena labialis for 2011 - 2016 (Karlsson 2011). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena chrysosceles is distributed from southern and central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and Central Asia (western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena chrysosceles occurs in a variety of habitats, although it has preference towards the humid ones, including mesophilous grasslands, forest borders, clearings and plantations (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species flies from May to June on a variety of flowering plants, and the females visit those belonging to the families Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.), Brassicaceae (Isatis tintoria), Asteraceae (Eryngium campestre), Fabaceae (Onobrychis), Salicaceae (Salix), Rosaceae (Crataegus sp., Prunus) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys). Males have also been found on Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. chrysosceles may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be large. However, further research is needed to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena cineraria is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran), Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan), Siberia until Khabarovsk Kray, India, Mongolia and China (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on the trend of the species.

habitat:
Andrena cineraria occurs in various habitats from plains to mountains up to 1,700 m asl (Alps) and 2,000 m asl (Pamir) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It is present in uncultivated fields, grasslands, road sides, gardens and valleys (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species is found on open sunny areas usually on sandy sites (open woodland, moorland, coastal sites, river banks, old quarries). It is also present on friable chalk, silt and clay sites, and urban areas (garden lawns, golf courses). In southern England, it is mainly found on calcareous grasslands (Archer and Else 2002). The species flies from April to August. It has two generations, although in the northern part of its distribution (Yakutsk region) the species is univoltine, having one generation per year. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females visit Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Salicaceae, Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae species. It is considered an effective pollinator of fruit trees. It nests isolatelly or in small aggregation in the soil. A small aggregation of 10 nests was found by Osytshnjuk in the Kiev region (Ukraine) on a surface of one square metre on a mound slope (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. cineraria may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Andrena cinerea is distributed from southern Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus to north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the and trends of this species.

habitat:
There is not much information about the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is known that Andrena cinerea is a spring species found in grasslands and forest edges. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and therefore females visit Salix, Taraxacum officinalis, Prunus cerasifera. Males of Andrena cinerea pseudocopulate flowers of Ophrys sicula, Ophrys lutea and Ophrys phryganae (Orchidaceae) (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in the following Natura 2000 sites in Italy: Cava Grande del Cassibile, Cava Cinque Porte, Cava e Bosco di Bauli, Cozzo Ogliastri, Valle del Fiume Anapo, Cavagrande del Calcinara, Cugni di Sortino, Monte Lauro, Torrente Sapillone, Grotta Monello, Monti Climiti and Bosco Pisano (European Environment Agency 2014).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range.

range:
This species is found from south-eastern Europe, Cyprus (Warncke 1965a), Caucasus Region (Warncke 1966b), Asia Minor (Warncke 1965a, 1965b, 1974b) to Afghanistan (Warncke 1973) and Israel (Warncke 1969). In Europe the species is recorded from Romania (Warncke 1967), Bulgaria (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990, Warncke 1966a), Macedonia, Greece - Mainland & Aegean Islands (Euboea, Crete, Rhodos, Naxos, Lesbos, Kos) (Warncke 1965a, Paulus and Salkowski 2007), and Cyprus (Warncke 1965a). In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Derbent (Dagestan) (Warncke 1966).

population:
The species is presumably locally abundant on the Greek mainland, Aegean Islands and Asia minor. There is no information available on the population trend. Still, further research is necessary in order to assess the size of the populations and current trends.

habitat:
Andrena cinereophila is found from lower altitudes up to the mountains. It is a spring species and in Greece it flies in March and April, in Turkey from March to mid-May, and in the mountains in early June (Warncke 1965b, 1974b). Females have been found on Fabaceae (Vicia vilosa) (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990). It is an oligolectic species, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, specialising in Asteraceae pollen (in common with other Chlorandrena species). Data gathered from specimens and observations list the following forage species: Crepis sancta, Scorzonera sublanata, Scorzonera cana (Asteraceae); Asphodelus ramosus (Liliaceae); Prunus ursina (Rosaceae).Andrena cinereophila males are known for the behaviour of pseudocopulation with the flowers of Ophrys cinereophila (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).

threats:
There is no information on the threats regarding this species. A general threat, particularly in Greece, may be the loss of the specific habitat through anthropogenic activities such as reforestation and residential and commercial developments for tourism. Further research is necessary in order to identify the specific threats for this species.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range. It occurs in protected areas.


range:
Andrena clarkella has a Holarctic distribution. In Europe, it is present through the north and central areas eastwards to European Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the rest of Russia (west Siberia, Yakutia, Transbaikalia, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Chitinskaya Oblast', Khabarovskiy Kray), northern USA (Alaska) and Canada (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumably large, there is no information available on the trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena clarkella occurs in humid biotopes, including woods, heaths, moors and disused sand and gravel pits. This is an early spring species, flying from late March to May. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salix. In Finland, the species was recorded on 18 plant species (15 species of Salix and Acer platanoides, Tussilago farfara, Arabis bellidifolia). In Poland, it was recorded on flowers of 14 plant species from six families, preferably on the Salicaceae (70%) and Asteraceae (21%) ones. The species nests in aggregations in the soil in forest edges, glades and parks. The species Nomada leucophthalma (KBY) is a kleptoparasite of A. clarkella, in that it parasites its nests (Else 2001, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. clarkella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008). The species is not subject of any conservation actions but, due to its wide distribution, it does occur in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because it is rare and only known from a few specimens while there is a lack of information on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. Therefore there is insufficient data to evaluate it.

range:
In Europe, Andrena clusia is only known from the central part of the Balkan Peninsula in Macedonia (Warncke 1973), northern continental Greece (Grace 2010) and the Bulgarian border.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11,132 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.Outside of Europe, Andrena clusia was described from the Ganja-Gazakh Region in north-western Azerbaijan. In Asia it is also known from Turkey, Iran, south Turkmenistan and south-eastern Uzbekistan.

population:
All known European populations of Andrena clusia are located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and it is a very rare species as it is only known from a few old specimens. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.

habitat:
Andrena clusia is mainly found in xeric mountain biotopes and flies from late March-early April until May, although in the mountains this species was recorded in June. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Rosaceae (Crataegus spp., Pyrus spp., and Prunus spp.) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The nesting behaviour of this species is unknown.

threats:
The threats to this rare species remain unknown.

conservationAction:
A thorough search in the Mediterranean regions of Europe should be performed to further determine the ecology, distribution and population size, population trends and the threats to this species. The establishment of protected areas in the area of its detection should be designated to ensure greater protection.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, large overall population and no major threats. However, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.

range:
Andrena clypella extends eastwards to European Turkey and the Dodecanese island of Rhodos (Warncke 1974b). It is considered to be a member of the sub-Mediterranean element of the fauna (Dylewska 1987).  In Europe, the species was recorded from France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Austria (Gusenleitner et al. 2001), Italy mainland (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Sardinia (Priore 1982, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Slovakia (Warncke 1986, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973), Greece mainland (Warncke 1973), Rhodos, Corfu (Warncke 1973, 1974b), Crete (Strand 1921, Alfken 1942, Mavromoustakis 1956b, Gusenleitner and Warncke 2002), Ukraine and the European part of Turkey (Warncke 1974b).Outside of Europe, the species has been found in Israel (Judean Foothills) and from Asian Turkey (Aydın, Muğla) (E. Scheucl pers. comm. 2013).

population:
The population size and trends for this species are unknown. Some records from Macedonia, Greece (mainland) and the Aegean Islands suggest that the species is locally abundant, but there are no clear data on size of the population throughout its range. Dedicated surveys are necessary in order to establish the current status of this species within its area of distribution.

habitat:
Andrena clypella is a thermophilous species that prefers xeric habitats. The species is univoltine, i.e., it has one generation, and flies from the end of April to June. It is an oligolectic species, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, specializing in Asteraceae pollen. There is no information regarding the species' nesting behaviour.

threats:
There are no major threats for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia where it is listed as presumably Extinct (EX) (Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena coitana is distributed from Europe to Russia (Amur, Primor'ye, Sakhalin), China and Japan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena coitana occurs solely on humid habitats (open woodlands, moorlands, commons, lowlands, fens and coastal habitats), especially in mountainous regions. It is a late summer species flying in one generation from late June to August. The species flies on Asteraceae (Leontodon hispidus, Centaurea carpatica, Cirsium, Hypocaeris radicata), Campanulaceae (Campanula rapunculoides), Rosaceae (Rubus, Potentilla erecta), Apiaceae (Heracleum sphondylium, Angelica sylvestris), Onagraceae (Oenothera), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus flammula), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria graminea) and Malvaceae (Malva) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Else 2005).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. coitana may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into mono-specific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species is listed as a Species of Principal Importance for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Northern Ireland under Section 3 of the Wildlife and Natural Environment Act (2011). It occurs in protected areas such as Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004) and Gauja National Park, Latvia (Pilāts 2007).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena colletiformis is distributed from south and eastern Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan). It has also been recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena colletiformis occurs mainly in dry habitats (grasslands, dry slopes) and occasionally in mountains. The species has two generations flying from April to August, and in southern areas (Israel) from March to July. In northern areas, the species is monovoltine, in that it has one generation per year. The females visit flowers of Brassicaceae, Apiaceae (Ferula tatarica, F. caspica, Chaerophyllum), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia virgata), Rosaceae (Potentilla), Asteraceae (Achillea) and Rubiaceae (Gallium), but prefer flowers of Apiaceae (Pimpinella peregrina, etc.) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. colletiformis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas from Ukraine: Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve in the Kherson region and Kamennye Mogily Steppe Reserve in the Donetsk region (Osytshnjuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient because there is very little information known about this species as it is only known from five localities in the Ukraine and Russia, the data dates back to the 1970s, and there is no information about the threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species is known only from the Donetsk region of Ukraine and in the Rostov and Volgograd regions of Russia (Pesenko 1972, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  Outside of Europe, Andrena colonialis was found in the Ganja-Gazakh region of north-western Azerbaijan (Radchenko 1972).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45,938 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2.

population:
Andrena colonialis is a very rare species that occurs extremely locally, and within a restricted geographical range. In Europe it is only known from five localities (two in Ukraine and three in Russia). The last collected material of this species dates back to the year 1977 (Radchenko 1982). There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.

habitat:
Andrena clusia is found in mainly xeric habitats. It is a late summer species and flies from late July until early September. It is oligolectic on Asteraceae species (Pesenko 1975, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994) and has been recorded on the flowers of Cichorium inthybus, Callistephus chinensis, Lactuca spp and Picris spp. The nesting of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
A thorough search for this species in the areas of its previous findings in Europe should be performed to find further data on the species ecology, distribution and population status, while taking into account that this species flies in late summer and is only found on the flowers of the Asteraceae. Also additional research should be conducted to identify any threats to this species. It occurs in protected areas such as the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve (Radchenko 1982) and is listed as Vulnerable in the regional Red List of the Donetsk region of Ukraine.

redListAssessors:
Michez, D., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
In Europe, Andrena combaella occurs from Austria and Italy eastwards to European Russia. Elsewhere, it is present through the Caucasus region (Azerbaijan, Georgia) and Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena combaella occurs in xeric habitats (fallow lands, shelter belts, etc). The species flies from May to June on Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus) and Asteraceae (Leucanthemum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia, Anthemis tinctoria, Anthemis vulgaris) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. combaella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania (B. Tomozii pers comm. 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Andrena combinata is distributed from southern and central Europe and north Africa (Algeria) to the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel), Central Asia and Siberia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and to China (Wu 1982, Tadauchi and Xu 1995).

habitat:
Andrena combinata occurs in a variety of habitats, including vegetation along railroad tracks, roadsides and forests borders. The species flies in two generations from the end of April to August on Fabaceae (Trifolium, Medicago, Lotus corniculatus), Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgaris), Apiaceae (Aegopodium podagrariae), Campanulaceae (Campanula), Rosaceae (Rubus, Potentilla argentata) and Geraniaceae (Geranium), Asteraceae (Matricaria inodora, Melilotus officinalis, Inula britanica, Ріcris hieracioides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. combinata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is not the target of any conservation actions.   The species occurs in protected areas, such as Mecsek Mountains in Hungary (Jozan 1996) and Gauja National Park in Latvia (Pilāts 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitat and threats. Further research may show that this species warrants listing in a threatened category, as it has disjunct European distribution (Sardinia and Sicily), and could potentially have a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
In Europe, Andrena (Nobandrena) compta is only known from the large Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Sicily. In North Africa, the species also occurs from Morocco eastwards across the Maghreb to Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). There are old records from southern France (Rasmont et al. 2013), but they have been traced back to Dours, 1874 which have definitely proven to be misidentifications (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
Andrena compta seems to prefer yellow Brassicaceae flowers, where both females and males have been recorded (Schmiedeknecht 1900). Moreover, a female was recorded on Reseda alba (Alfken 1914), a male on Reichardia picroides, and both on Sinapis arvensis (Benarfa et al. 2014). The phenology of the species in Algeria, according to Alfken (1914) is from the end of April to the end of May, while according to Warncke (1974a) in the Maghreb is from the end of March to the end of May, and in Cyrenaica (Libya) from the beginning of March.There is no information on the habitat of this species, but Quaranta et al. (2004) report both sexes flying at the end of April in northwestern Sardinia in agricultural landscapes.

threats:
The threats to this species remain unknown.

conservationAction:
Andrena compta is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends and habitats, and to identify any specific threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km2, the population is severely fragmented and there is a decline in the quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to anthropogenic activities such as mowing of wild flowering plants and the ploughing of the soils, which disturbs the nests. The species is therefore listed as Endangered.

range:
Andrena comta is widely distributed in the Palearctic from central Europe to eastern Europe. In Europe the species is found in: European Russia (Eversmann 1852, Osytshnjuk 1978), Belarus (Arnold 1885, 1901), Hungary, Serbia, Romania (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Austria (Gusenleitner et al. 2012, one single record in 1940) amongst other countries.Outside of Europe the species spreads as far east as Japan, and is also found in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, south Siberia, the far east of Russia, Mongolia, China, and South Korea.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,892,291 km2 and the known area of occupancy is (AOO) is 148 km2, and even if this is an underestimate, it is still likely to be less than 500 km2.

population:
This species is very rare throughout its range. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in most of Europe, with the exception of Hungary (Kovács 2011) and the Ulyanovsk region of Russia (Popova 2008), where this species is decreasing in abundance. Its extant populations now seem to be severely fragmented, with little chance of genetic exchange or recolonization. The most recent data on this species, obtained from other European countries, dates back more than 40 years.

habitat:
This species occurs in different habitats such as steppe areas, meadow steppe, floodplain meadow, the slopes of gullies and ravines, roadsides, the edges of fields, and areas with ruderal plants. It feeds on the flowers of plants of the family Labiatae, Fabaccae, Rosaceae, Onagraceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium spp.), but it usually prefers Asteraceae species (such as Carduus, Sonchus, Centaurea, Inula, Mulgedium, Solidago). In Europe, the species flies from May until September and is classed as a bivoltine species i.e., it has two broods or generations per year.

threats:
In the European part of Russia, Andrena comta was recorded only for the Ulyanovsk region, where it is included in the regional Red Data Book as a species in decline (Popova 2008). The reason for this decline is due to the loss or degradation of natural habitats due to human activities such as mowing of wild flowering plants and the ploughing of the soils, which disturbs the nests.

conservationAction:
This species was proposed for inclusion in the IUCN Red List as an Endangered species by Aliyev et al. (2009) and is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ulyanovsk Region (Popova 2008). The species has been recorded in the protected area Galich’ya Gora in the Lipetsk Region of Russia (Kuznetsova 1990).Research is required on the ecology, current population trend and status of this species in Europe, while additional studies should research the threats.For real conservation of this species it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a large variety of flowering plants in their habitats. It is also important to prohibit mowing wild species of plants during their flowering and given that this species builds nests in the soil, it is necessary to prohibit ploughing the land near its nests.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed  as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the southern Balkan region, the population seems quite large and there are no clear current threats to the species at a  continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.

range:
The south European species of Andrena (Ulandrena) concinna is known from the Balkan peninsula in Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although it is a regular (if somewhat scarce) species in systematic surveys in Greece (Petanidou 1994). Therefore populations are presumed to be quite large overall.

habitat:
This species is known to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. Andrena concinna is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from April to June, and it has been recorded on various Brassicaceae species according to Warncke (1966a), although this is possibly a mistake. Specimen data from Attiki (Greece) report visitation to various Asteraceae species (Petanidou 1994). Moreover, all related species of A. concinna, largely regarded by Warncke as subspecies of A. concinna, are oligolectic on the Asteraceae subfamily.

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books    and is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It is not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research   is required to establish the details of the population size and trends and to identify any current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the taxonomic issues require further clarification.

range:
A central and southern European species, ranging from Denmark south to Iberia (Dylewska 1987), and east to Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, Poland (Celary and Wisniowski 2003), Ukraine (Lebedev 1933, Osytshnjuk 1977), Russia (Mocsáry and Szépligeti 1901, Sitdikov 1986, Dylewska 1987, Lykov 2004). Outside of Europe, it has also been found in Turkey (Warncke 1981), Tunisia (Warncke 1981; only 1 female in coll. Schmiedeknecht probably mislabelled the species), and the Levant.

population:
In parts of its range it is rare (e.g., Ukraine) but in other parts of its range it can be locally common (e.g., Germany and Great Britain). The population trends across the whole range are not known. Overall it is assumed that the species has a large population, despite regional and local differences in abundance.

habitat:
In Ukraine, and other eastern parts of the range, it is known from humid biotopes, and montane regions, whereas in the UK it can be found on calcareous grassland and sandy areas on heathland/woodland edge. It flies in two generations, the spring brood from April to May and the summer brood from July to September. It is broadly polylectic: in Germany, the species forages for pollen from certain species in the families Aceraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Valerianaceae (Westrich 1989). Celary and Wisniowski (2003) (citing Dylewska 1987) list plants from the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Saxifragaceae. Recent records from Poland include females caught at flowers of Libanotis montana (Apiaceae).

threats:
General threats include inappropriate grazing regimes which remove flowering plants in the flight period, and development of tree and shrub cover on open sites which shade suitable nesting areas.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries/regions: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), and Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987). The species is known from protected areas.Further research is required to establish the details of the population size and overall trends, and to identify any specific threats. The taxonomic issues require further clarification.

useAndTrade:
The species is not exploited commercially.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends and threats. As it is seemingly a rare species, further research may show that A. corax warrants listing as threatened.

range:
In Europe, Andrena (Poliandrena) corax is known from central and western Spain and Portugal (Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Tunisia in the eastern Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
The evidence suggests that this is a rare species (Rasmont et al. 2013), but there is no precise information available on its population size or trend.

habitat:
Andrena corax is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year; the first one flying from the end of April to mid-May, and the second one from the end of June to early July (Warncke 1976). The species has been collected on Reseda sp., and considering that the closest relatives of A. corax are oligolectic, in that it only forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Reseda sp., then it is possible that this is also the case for A. corax (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The full details of the habitats of this species are not known, although it does inhabit temperate grasslands.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books  and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size and trends, and to identify any current or likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Andrena cordialis occurs from central and southeastern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan) to China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
Although populations are small, there is no information available on the trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena cordialis prefers xeric habitats (grasslands, edges of steppe forests) in both planes and mountains up to 2,000 m asl (such as Bechenaksky Pass and Chatcalsky Range). The species has two generations flying from April to August. The females visit flowers of the Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The females of the first generation prefer flowers of Brassicaceae, while the ones from the second generation prefer flowers of Apiaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. cordialis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country. It occurs in protected areas, such as Boronka – Melleki Landscape Protected Area (Jozan 1992), Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003) in Hungary.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed   as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size,   trends and threats, and the details of its ecology are also not fully understood. As it is an endemic species with a very restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO),  further research may show that A. corssubalpina warrants listing within a threatened category.

range:
Andrena (Micrandrena) corssubalpina is only known from Corsica, where it is endemic (Theunert 2007).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this recently described species.

habitat:
There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species. Andrena corssubalpina is montane and inhabits rocky  slopes in the upper sub-alpine to alpine levels. It forages on  the endemic plants Ligusticum corsicum (Apiaceae) and Cerastium  soleirolii (Caryophyllaceae), with pollen collection being, apparently, restricted to the morning in full sunshine and in wind-free conditions (Theunert 2007, 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books  and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The entire known population's range of the species overlaps with protected areas in Corsica (such as Parc Naturel Régional de la Corse). Further research  is required to establish the details of the population size and trends, habitats and ecology and to identify any current or  likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed   as Least Concern as the species is widespread in southern Greece and in the eastern Aegean, the population seems strong and there are no clear current  threats to the species at a  continental scale. The subpopulations in the  eastern Greek islands would be subject to a possible rescue effect from  Aegean Turkey. However, research should be conducted to determine further details of the population size, trends and ecology of the species.

range:
In Europe, Andrena (Poecilandrena) crassana is only known from Macedonia and Greece (Kuhlmann et al. 2014). According to Grace (2010), the species occurs on a mainly littoral, mountain range in the Peloponnese (mainland Greece) and on some of the eastern Aegean islands (including Lesvos and Rhodos). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Turkey, Syria and Israel. The subspecies Andrena crassana inka Warncke, 1969 was described from northern Israel and Turkey.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, the populations seem to be strong across their European range.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece and in the eastern Aegean Sea. In the Peloponnese (mainland Greece), the species occurs on a mainly littoral, mountain range (Grace 2010). In Lesvos, it has been found in open Quercus macrolepis woodland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether the species is oligolectic or polylectic, but it has been recorded at low levels on various small Geraniaceae, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae (Petanidou 1994). Andrena crassana flies from mid-April to the end of May and is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year (Warncke 1974b). The specific information on the nesting biology and pollen forage requirements of the species are not known.

threats:
The specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books   and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not  known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research  is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed   as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Further research may show that A. crebrerrima warrants listing with  a threatened status.

range:
In Europe, Andrena (Zonandrena) creberrima is known from Crete (Paulus 1997, Grace 2010), Italy and Greece. Some specimens have also been examined from Portugal, and there is also a specimen from Spain in the Warncke collection (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, the species is present in Algeria, from where it was described (Saunders 1909, Alfken 1914, Alfken 1939, Warncke 1974a, J. Ascher pers. comm. 2014) and Morocco (Nadig and Nadig 1933).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is presumed to occur in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, at least in parts of its range. In Crete, the males are pollinators of Ophrys creberrima (Ophrys fusca s. str.) (Paulus 1997).

threats:
The details of the specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given   the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed to   inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of   fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size,   trends and threats. Further research may show that A. cubiceps warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe. The subpopulations in northern Greece and European Turkey would be subject to a  possible rescue effect from  Anatolian Turkey.

range:
In Europe, Andrena cubiceps is only known from Macedonia, northern Greece and Rhodos (where the type of A. meyeri Alfken, 1940 was described), European Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Bulgaria (Atanássov and Vasileva 1990). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the whole of Turkey with the exception of the Black Sea coast, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Israel and Jordan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The variety Andrena cubiceps var fulvopilosa Friese, 1922 was described from Syria and Turkey.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species in Europe.

habitat:
The habitat details are lacking for the species in Europe, although it is very likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands at least in parts of its range. In the Middle East, it has been found in the Jordan Valley occupying xeric habitats in the Indo-turanian steppe-desert transition formation (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Dipsacaceae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The bee has been observed foraging on Scabiosa sp. (Dipsacaceae) for pollen (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and various Asteraceae species (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000). The records from Turkey predominantly show visits to Knautia integrifolia, while in Israel it has been recorded on Cephalaria joppensis (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena cubiceps flies from the end of May to early August  (Warncke 1974b). However, there are museum specimen data (S. Roberts  pers. comm. 2014) that show the species flies from February to August,  and so it is likely to fly in two generations. The nesting details are not available.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is presumed to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also present outside of Europe, and so sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books    and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research   is required to establish the details of the population size and trend and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as the population in Europe represents less than 1% of its global population and so it can be regarded as only a marginal European species.

range:
In Europe, this species has only been found on the Greek island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence in Europe (EOO) is 1,636 km².  Outside of Europe, the species has been described from the Caucasus, especially from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. In Asia it also known from Russia, the Republic of Dagestan, Turkey, Syria and Israel.

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Europe. In the Caucasus this species is rare and its population is now in decline (Aliyev 2013). It is likely that the population in Europe represents less than 1% of its global population and so it can be regarded as only a marginal European species.

habitat:
Andrena curiosa is a rare local species that lives mainly in the mountains and in Mediterranean shrublands. The species flies from April to July depending on the altitude above sea level. It most probably prefers moist habitats and has been observed on the flowers of Fabaceae (Özbek 1976) and Lamiaceae (A.Z. Osytshnjuk pers. comm. 2013). In Turkey the females have often been found collecting pollen on Papaver rhoeas (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
In order to conserve this species it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a variety of leguminous plants in their habitats while prohibiting the mowing of wild species of plants during their flowering. Research is required on the current population trend, status, life history, ecology and threats to this species in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed     as Data Deficient as although the species is widely distributed, there is little or no information available on population size,    trends, habitats and threats. Further research may show that A. curtula requires listing as a threatened species.

range:
Andrena curtula is a European endemic species and is known from Portugal eastwards to Slovakia (Rasmont et al. 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Pittioni et al. 2014).

population:
There is no precise information available on the population size and current trend of this species. However, it has declined to the point of being regarded as Regionally Extinct in both the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).

habitat:
Little is known about the habitat or nesting ecology of this species. It is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a large number of flowering plant species, although Dylewska (1987) lists only a narrow range of forage plants: Brassica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) and Daucus sp. (Apiaceae). Pittioni et al. (2014) report visitation to Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) and Ranunculus ficaria (Ranunculaceae) in France, and to Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) in Austria.Andrena curtula is a bivoltine species, flying in April and May, and (presumably) from late June to August (Dylewska 1987). The first generation prefers to forage upon Brassicaceae species, while the second generation prefers Apiaceae species.

threats:
The threats to Andrena curtula are not known. However, as the species is considered as Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic and Switzerland, it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is  not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends and habitats, and to identify any specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European   regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.

range:
Andrena curvana is endemic to central and south-eastern Europe and has a continuous distribution. It has been recorded from Albania, Austria (Gusenleitner 1984, Ebmer et al. 1994), Italy (Ebmer et al. 1994), Croatia (Ebmer et al. 1994, Jozan 2009), Slovenia, Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Czech Republic (Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Ebmer et al. 1994), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ebmer et al. 1994), Bulgaria (Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner 1984, Ebmer et al. 1994), Ukraine, Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Montenegro (Ebmer et al. 1994), and mainland Greece (Warncke 1965, Kocourek 1966, Gusenleitner 1984).Recently the species has been found in Stuttgart/Germany by H.R. Schwenninger. Ebmer et al. (1994) mention a specimen from Saxonia from Warncke's collection. They regard it as mislabelled, because it was collected so far away from the known distribution area, but the records of Schwenninger put a different complexion to this.

population:
Most of the records come from Austria and Romania. There is no clear information on population size and trends.

habitat:
This species prefers mesophilous habitats, especially grassland. The species is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, and specializes on Apiaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Gogala 1999). It flies from June to September.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing specific threats and current trends. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Andrena curvungula is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pichering 2014).

population:
Presumably populations are small, but there is no actual information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena curvungula occurs in various habitats, preferring humid ones (mesophilous grasslands, forest borders, woodlands, wetlands) in valleys and mountains up to 1,600 m asl in Transcaucasia and 1,700 m asl in the Alps. The species flies from May to June, sometimes to early July in Crimea. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and females forage mainly on flowers of Campanulaceae (Campanula), occasionally visiting flowers of Geraniaceae (Geranium), Rosaceae (Potentilla), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and Malvaceae (Lavatera). They nest in large aggregations in the soil (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. curvungula may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing Campanulaceae hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species is not target of any specific conservation actions. It occurs in protected areas in Romania, such as Piatra Craiului National Park (Tomozei 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Not Applicable as it is considered that the two European  sub-populations host less than 1% of the global  population, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is thought to be centred around central Asia (Tadauchi 2008), with its western range edge reaching the Crimean Peninsula. In Europe the species is only found in Ukraine (Crimean Peninsula) and the European part of Russia.In Ukraine, it is only found in the Crimean mountains: Roman-Kosh Mountain, Yalta Yayla, Ay-Petri Yayla Mt., Chatyrdag plateau, the Angarskyi Pass (Osytshnjuk 1977).In the European part of Russia the species is known from Sarepta, Lower Volga region (Warncke 1967), southern Bashkiria and Orenburg region (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).Outside of Europe, the species is recorded in the Caucasus region from Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Azerbaijan (Моrаwitz 1886, Wаrnсkе 1966b, Osytshnjuk 1977) and Russian Caucasus (Teberda) (Wаrnсkе 1966b). In Asia, the species was recorded from: Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976), Tajikistan (Popov 1967a), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan (Tadauchi 2008), Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), and north-west India (Cockerell 1917).

population:
Population is presumably small, only a few number of specimens are known from Europe and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. In view of the widespread distribution in Central Asia, and the small size of the two European sub-populations, it is considered likely that less than 1% of the global population is within Europe.

habitat:
This species occurs in humid biotopes, mainly in mountains (subalpine and alpine meadows, forest edges), recorded at altitudes of 3,000 m. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Rosaeae (Potentilla, Crataegus), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus acer), Asteraceae (Helianthemum hirsutum), Cistacecea. The flight period is in late May-July, occasionally to early August but usually June-July (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Tadauchi 2008).

threats:
The threats are unknown due to the gaps existing in the knowledge of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats. It occurs in protected areas (Crimean Nature Reserve).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed      as Data Deficient as, although the species is widely distributed, there is no information available on the population size,    trends or  threats. Further research may show that A. cyanomicans  warrants listing as threatened as its subpopulations are thought to be severely fragmented.

range:
In Europe, Andrena cyanomicans is only known from Spain and Portugal (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco, Algeria (Benarfa et al. 2014) and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), and according to Ascher (pers. comm. 2013) also in Iran.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. The European subpopulations are severely fragmented from one another and from the extralimital centres of distribution in the Maghreb and the Levant.

habitat:
In the Iberian Peninsula, the species has been recorded on Mediterranean  coastal areas and on the southern Meseta (Warncke 1976). Andrena cyanomicans is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year; the first one flying from mid-April to early May, and the second one from mid-October to mid-December (Warncke 1976). The species seems to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Brassicaceae, as its close relative A. suerinensis, even if the males of the second generation are often found on Dittrichia (=Inula) viscosa (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1976, E. Scheuchl, pers. obs. 2014).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Moreover, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. However, these extralimital areas are disjunct, and very unlikely to allow genetic transfer between subpopulations or to provide any rescue effect in the event of local extinctions.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books     and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is  not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further  research   is required to establish the details of the population size  and trends and identifying any  current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size,    trends and specific threats. Further research may show that A. cypria  warrants listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena cypria is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is known from central and eastern Turkey, Israel, Jordan and Iran.

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance and trend of this species.

habitat:
Andrena cypria is restricted to open montane slopes in the Pinus nigra forest zone of Cyprus (1,520-1,680 m asl) from May to mid-June, flying on Alyssum sp. (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1953, cited in Grace 2010). The records of flower visits in Turkey include Lonicera sp., Salix sp. (Özbek 1976) and Malus domestica (Özbek 1978); and Vicia (Fabaceae), Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae), Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) and Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Iran (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012). The further details of pollen requirements and nesting behaviour are not known.

threats:
This species is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations. This species flies in the montane region, therefore a severe climate warming could threaten its distribution.

conservationAction:
Andrena cypria is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books      and is not subject to any targeted conservation actions. It is   not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further   research   is required to establish the details of the population size   and trends and to identify any specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Further research may show that A. cypricola requires listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
Andrena cypricola is an endemic species to the island of Cyprus.

habitat:
The habitat details are unknown, although it is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. Andrena cypricola flies from March to the end of June, and forages on almond tree flowers, pear tree flowers, plum tree flowers, Sorbus aria cretica, Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae), Cistus salviifolius (Cistaceae), Ferula communis anatriches (Apiaceae), Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) and Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1953, 1954). The species has been collected at altitudes ranging from 250-1,680 m asl (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1953). Its nesting requirements are unknown.

threats:
This species is only known from a very restricted area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books       and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is    not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further    research   is required to establish the details of the population size    and trends, and to identify any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats and threats. Future  research may show that A. damara  warrants listing in a threatened category, considering that it is endemic to the Canary Islands and therefore it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena damara is a Canary Island endemic species (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). The species occurs in the two eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.

habitat:
Andrena damara has been collected from February to March (Warncke 1968). In common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it is probably an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specialising in Asteraceae pollen, with records from Chrysanthemum coronarium, Sonchus sp. and Sonchus tenerrimus (Hohmann et al. 1993). There is no information on the habitat requirements of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books        and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further     research   is required to establish the details of the population  size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient due to its uncertain taxonomic status and as its distribution, population size, trends and threats are not known. Further research is therefore needed to assess the current status of this species.

range:
Andrena danuvia has been recorded in Vienna, Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt, 1943, Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950) and although its general distribution is not completely known, it is present through southeastern Europe. It has also been recorded as A. cineraria ssp. danuvia in Turkey (Warncke 1974).

population:
The species seems to be locally abundant, but the overall size and trend it is unknown. Fraberger (2005) recorded more than 21,000 nests in Vienna in 2003.

habitat:
Andrena danuvia is found in mesophilous biotopes and urban areas as parks and gardens (Fraberger 2005).The species nests in large aggregations and in Vienna it has been recorded nesting in soil beds of maple trees along the avenues in the city centre (Fraberger 2005).It flies during the spring, from mid March to the end of April (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Andrena danuvia is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females have been observed foraging on Apiaceae (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943), Salicaceae, Rosaceae (Crataegus crux-galii, Malus floribunda, Prunus serrulata, Sorbus aucuparia), Fabaceae (Cytisus scoparius), Aceraceae (Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus), Cornaceae (Cornus sanguinea), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera sp.) and Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale).

threats:
No threats are documented for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.Further research is required to investigate and clarify the taxonomic status of this species, and to establish its current distribution and identify existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Listed      as Data Deficient as although the species is quite widely  distributed, there is  no information available on the population size,    trends and threats, and  further information is necessary on both the  habitat and ecological  requirements. Further research may show that A. dargia  warrants listing in a threatened status within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena dargia is only known from Macedonia, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is present in Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although the species is quite widely distributed.

habitat:
There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books         and it is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It  is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.  Further     research   is required to establish the details of the  population  size    and  overall  trends, in addition to developing a  fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species  and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena decipiens is distributed from south and central Europe to European Russia, the Caucasus region, north Africa and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Andrena decipiens occurs mainly in xerophilous habitats (steppe slopes and grasslands) and is also found in clover crops. The species flies from May to September and the females collect pollen from flowers of Apiaceace, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaeace species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. decipiens may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous; 2002). However, it is not target of any specific conservation actions.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future research may show that A. delphiensis  warrants listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena delphiensis is only known from mainland Greece and the east Aegean islands of Lesvos and Limnos (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although there are very few specimens in collections.

habitat:
There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this  species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic  Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range. In Turkey, the species prefers to forage on yellow Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given   the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to   inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of   fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books          and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It   is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.   Further     research   is required to establish the details of the   population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a   fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species, and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena denticulata denticulata is distributed from central and north Europe to the mountainous regions of southwestern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, including southern Siberia, Primorye and Sakhalin (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Andrena denticulata seneciorum Hirashima, 1964 is a valid subspecies distributed through Russia (Kurils, southern Sakhalin, southern Primorye) and Japan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

population:
There is no actual information regarding population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Andrena denticulata occurs in moist habitats (mesophilous grasslands and forest edges), where there is a good representation of yellow Asteraceae flowers. This is a late summer species flying from July to the end of August or beginning of September. Females forage especially on Asteraceae (Solidago virgo aurea, Solidago canadensis, Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondilium, Hypocheris radicata, Tanacetum vulgare, Cichorium intybus, Leontodon, Centaurea jacea, Hieracium pilosella and Senecio species). In Finland, the species was reported on 26 different species of plants (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. denticulata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing Asteraceae hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas from Hungary such as Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998), Boronka-melleki Landscape Protected Area (Jozan 1992) and is also present in Gauja National Park, Latvia (Pilāts 2007). However, there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable because this species is widespread in Central Asia, and it is considered that the European sub-populations host less than 1% of the global population.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Andrena dentiventris is distributed from European Russia, the Caucasus Region to Central and south-western Asia (Popov 1958; Warncke 1965b, 1974b). European Russia and Asia Minor could be the westernmost parts of the range of this species.  In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Daghestan (Morawitz 1874) and Azerbaijan (Popov 1958).  In Asia, the species was recorded from Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (Popov 1958; Warncke 1965b, 1974b).

population:
Population is presumably small as only a small number of specimens are known from Europe and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. In view of the widespread distribution in Central Asia, and the small size of the European sub-populations, it is considered likely that less than 1% of the global population is within Europe.

habitat:
This species prefers xeric habitats, being found in steppe areas up to Central Asia. In the southern part of its area of distribution the species flies from the beginning of April; in the northern part of Central Asia the species flies from the end of April and beginning of May. In Turkey the species has been predominantly found upon Brassicaceae (Raphanus, Brassica, Erysimum, Lepidia, Isatis) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action in its European distribution part. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. derbentina  requires listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
The east-European species Andrena derbentina is only known from the Greek island of Lesvos (Grace 2010, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is known from the Asian parts of the Russian Federation, eastern Turkey and the Caucasus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). It has also been reported from Ashgabat and Kara-Kala in Turkmenistan (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species in Europe.

habitat:
On the island of Lesvos, the bee is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, but the details of its nesting requirements are not known. Likewise, nothing is known of its foraging preferences. In Turkey, Andrena derbentina flies in mid-June (Warncke 1974b).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. Nevertheless, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species    and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed       as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements. Future   research may show that A. dinizi  warrants listing in a threatened category within Europe.

range:
Andrena dinizi is only known from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is present in both Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is very rarely found.

habitat:
There is very little information on either the habitats or ecological requirements of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Andrena dinizi is known to fly in March (Warncke 1976).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a     fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species     and to identify any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed   as Least Concern because, although the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, the populations seem strong, occur within major protected areas and there are no clear current  threats to the species. The population could be subject to a possible rescue effect from northern Africa. However, research should be conducted to determine fuller  details of the population size, trends and ecology of the species.

range:
In Europe, Andrena discors is only known from Spain in Andalucía, Alicante (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Mallorca (Baldock 2014). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the overall population size and trend of this species. However, the species seems to be quite plentiful in suitable habitat in the south of Andalucía (Spain).

habitat:
The records from Andalucía are from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and mature open dehesa. The details of the nesting and forage requirements are not known. The species flies in the spring, with records from late March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1997).

threats:
The details of the threats to this species remain unknown, however, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and  sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain  within the species' geographic range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is found in protected areas across its range, such as the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana in Andalucía.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a      fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the  species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena distinguenda is distributed through south and central Europe eastwards to Romania and Bulgaria. It has also been recorded in north Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, these records referring to A. obsoleta (Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
This species is rare and presumably the populations are small, but there is no actual information on its population size and trends.

habitat:
Andrena distinguenda occurs in mesophilous grasslands and set-aside ﬁelds (Beláková 1972, Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke 2001). The species flies from April to June on Brassicaceae (Cardaria draba, Barbarea  vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Brassica, Crame tatarica), Asteraceae (Crepis, Leontodon, Taraxacum) and Fabaceae (Melilotus) species (Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. distinguenda may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), but it is not the target of any specific conservation actions. The species occurs in protected areas such as the Natura 2000 site Monte Lauro in Sicily, Italy (Anonymous 2011).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, life history and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends and threats, and  further information is  necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements. Future  research may show that A. djelfensis  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe, considering the severe fragmentation of the population.

range:
A southern European species, Andrena djelfensis is known from the Iberian Peninsula, and there is an unverified record of the species from Lazio (Italy). Outside of Europe, it also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although the subpopulations are severely fragmented across southern Europe, allowing little opportunity for the exchange of genetic material.

habitat:
The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland. Warncke (1966a, 1976) has mentioned the species at 500 m asl along the Mediterranean coast. Andrena djelfensis is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to June (Warncke 1966a, 1976). Details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in the knowledge of the species' population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.

range:
Andrena dorsalis is distributed from central Europe eastwards to Asia Minor (Warncke 1974b, 1967) and central Asia (Turkmenistan) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  In Europe, the species is recorded from Austria (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997), Italy (Pagliano 1994, Quaranta et al. 2004), Slovenia (Alfken 1932, Vogrin 1955, Gogala 1999), Serbia (Warncke 1967), Slovakia (Warncke 1986), Croatia (Jozan 2009), Hungary (Alfken 1932, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2011), Bosnia, Montenegro (Maidl 1922), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Greece (mainland) (Brulle 1832, Warncke 1965a).

population:
There are no data regarding the population size and trends. The species is recorded from European countries based on a small number of specimens.

habitat:
This is a polylectic species, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants (A. Gogala pers. obs. 1999). It has a single generation and flies from April to June. The data are lacking on the general ecology. There is information available on the habitat preference for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to investigate its general ecology and to identify any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Despite its wide distribution and presumably large populations, further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered Regionally Extinct in Sweden.

range:
Andrena dosata is widespread through Europe, except for the northern part, eastwards to the Caucasus region and the Ural Mountains (Bashkiria). It has also been recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran, Israel) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

population:
There is no information available on population size and trends of this species. However, populations are presumed to be large.

habitat:
Andrena dorsata occurs in a variety of wet, humid habitats such as mesophilous grasslands and dry habitats up to mountainous regions. The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to May and the second one from July and August. The females forage on flowers of 14 different families of plants. They are frequently found on Rosaceae and Brassicaceae, but also on Apiaceae, Asteraceae (Tusilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria holostea) and Salicaceae (Salix). It is considered a pollinator of fruit and pumpkin crops (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. dorsata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), but it is not the target of any specific conservation action.  Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range in Europe, including Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003) and Vanatori Neamt Nature Park in Romania (Tomozei 2005).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size and trends and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Andrena dourada has been recently described from several localities in the island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran Archipelago (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, it is assumed to be widely distributed on Porto Santo (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).

habitat:
Andrena dourada is found throughout a range of altitudes from sea level up to 310 m asl and at the highest point of Pico do Facho (517 m asl). The individuals of the species are primarily found in the infra-Mediterranean and lower thermo-Mediterranean thermotypes (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013). It has been reported visiting four plant taxa belonging to two plant families: Calendula arvensis L. and Leontodon taraxacoides (VILL.) MERAT (Asteraceae); and Rapistrum rugosum (L.) ALL. and Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae). Additionally there is one observation made by Cockerell (1922) on Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the subject to any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas throughout its range. Research should be conducted into the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on   population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats, and  further information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements, and its taxonomic status needs to be clarified as well. Future   research may show that A. doursana  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena doursana ssp. citreola is only known from Spain. Outside of Europe, Andrena doursana ssp. gadira and ssp. bengasia occur in the Maghreb, from Morocco to coastal Egypt. There are reports from Turkey and the Middle East, but they belong to A. mizorhina or A. mucronata, which were treated by Warncke as subspecies of A. doursana.

habitat:
The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. The taxonomic issues also require further clarification.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)       Listed      as Data Deficient as there is  no information  available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further  information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological   requirements. Future   research may show that A. dubiosa  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena dubiosa is only known from mainland Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey and Syria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
The lack of records of this species suggests that it is rare. There is no information available on its population size and trend.

habitat:
The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean  shrubland. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking although it is known to visit Carthamus lanatus (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1974b) and Anchusa (Warncke 1965b). Andrena dubiosa is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from the end of May to mid-July.

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. It is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large  areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species'  geographic  range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It      is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and  overall  trends and specific threats to the species, in addition to developing a      fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the  species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as the species has only been recently described and it is only known from a single locality (the type locality on Samos). There is  no information   available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further   information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological    requirements. Future   research may show that A. ebmerella  warrants listing in a threatened category.

range:
Andrena ebmerella was recently described from the east Aegean island of Samos (Scheuchl 2011).

habitat:
The type series was collected in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland on the island of Samos at an altitude of 300-350 m asl. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking although all specimens captured were found at flowers of Salix (Salicaceae) in March (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to Andrena ebmerella are not unknown as the species has only recently described and is currently known from a small area in Samos. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it  is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an  increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the  species. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could also lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing  an understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the   species     and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Andrena ehnbergi has been classified as Data Deficient due to the fact that in Europe, this species is only known from the Bashkortostan region of Russia and the last recordings of this species was 50 years ago, therefore there is very little recent information on its population size and status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe it is known only from four localities in Russia: three of them are in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Nikiforuk 1957) and one is in Perm Krai, in the southern Urals (Lykov 2007, 2008).Outside of Europe, Andrena ehnbergi has been described throughout Russia (Republic of Buryatia (A. Z. Osytshnjuk, unpublished data), Omsk (Proskuryakova, 2012), Kemerovo (Eremeeva et al. 2011), Irkutsk (Tadauchi & Xu, 1999), Chita, Amur Regions and Primorsky Krai of Russia), Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 14,150 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Europe as it is a rare species throughout its distribution. It was last found in Europe 50 years ago.

habitat:
Andrena ehnbergi occurs predominantly on the flowers of Rosaceae, especially on Potentilla spp. It flies from June to August and the nesting of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
Since this species has only been documented in three localities in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, a thorough search should be performed in the wider area of where it has been found to establish its distribution and population in Europe. Research should also be conducted into the threats to this species.  This species occurs in protected areas in the far east of Russia (Osytshnjuk 1995) but not in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information  available on   population size,     trends, habitats and threats. Future   research may show that A. elata  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe, since it is an Spanish endemic species with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Andrena elata is a Spanish endemic species, and it was described from material collected in Madrid (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There are only a few records of this species in collections, so it is assumed to be rare. However, there is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat or nesting requirements of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. In common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, this species is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising on Asteraceae. Andrena elata flies as a single generation from April to June.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It  is not known if it is found in protected areas.      Further     research   is required  to establish the details of the      population  size, trends and habitats, and to identify any     current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Most of the available records are old, and as there are gaps in the knowledge of this species, further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status throughout its range, based on updated field data.

range:
Andrena elegans is distributed from continental Europe to the Caucasus region (Warncke 1966b, Osytshnjuk 1977), Asia Minor (Friese 1921, Warncke 1974b) and central Asia (Khazakstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977).In Europe, the species is recorded from France (Warncke et al. 1974), northern Italy (Giraud 1863, Schmiedeknecht 1882), Slovenia, Croatia (Schletterer 1901), Albania, Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and the European part of Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977). One female from Slovenia has also been found (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

population:
This species is very rare throughout its distribution range and information is based mainly on old records. Overall population size and trends are unknown.

habitat:
This species was found on road sides, uncultivated fields in xeric grassland habitats from the coastline of the Black Sea to the steppe areas of Central Asia. In Ukraine it flies from the end of May to July. In Turkey, it flies from June to September (Warncke 1974b). It is a polylectic species, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on Melilotus officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Galium sp. (Osytshnjuk 1977), Thymus sp., Chamaedrys sp. (Schletterer 1901). In Turkey the species seems to prefer Anthemis and similar Asteraceae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not present in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is required to establish the current population status, trends and ecology of the species throughout its range and to identify any threats. It occurs in protected areas from Ukraine as Voznesensk State Reserve, Khomutovskaya steppe Nature Reserve (Osytshnjuk 1977).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. elmaria  requires listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena elmaria is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in central and southeastern Anatolian Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and Iran (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, it is apparently a rare Levantine species, as there are very few specimens in collections.

habitat:
There is little is known about the habitat or ecology of this   species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic   Mediterranean shrublands. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been recorded from Leontodon tuberosus, Prunus dulcis and Ferula communis in Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The specific threats to Andrena elmaria in Europe remain unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject to any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and to identify any    current or   likely threats.


range:
Andrena enslinella is found from south and central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and the Urals (Bashkiria). The species is also found in Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) Kazakhstan and the Altai region in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species, although presumably populations are small.

habitat:
Andrena enslinella is found especially on xerothermic habitats, including uncultivated lands, fallow lands and steppe forests. The species flies from May to June and it is presumably oligolectic on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), including Crambe tataris, Sinapis arvensis, Isatis tinctoria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sisymbrium polimorphum Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Brassica. However, it is also found on Fabaceae (Medicago), Rosaceae (Fragaria, Potentilla), Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Leontodon, Eryngium), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. enslinella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as Mecsek Mountains Landscape Protection Area in Hungary (Jozan 1996). However, it is not the target of any specific conservation action. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the population size, trends and any existing threats. Further research into the status of this species is necessary.

range:
Andrena erberi is distributed from Europe and Transcaucasia to south-western Asia and north-eastern Africa.    In Europe, the species was recorded from Macedonia (Friese 1923, Warncke 1973), Ukraine (Bramson 1879, Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Nedialkov 1914, Vasileva 1994) and Greece mainland (Schmiedecknecht 1884, Alfken 1927, Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1965a), the Cyclades Aegean islands (Morawitz 1871, Dours 1873, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Rhodos Island (Mavromoustakis 1959), Euboea Island (Warncke 1965a), Crete (Alfken 1927; Warncke 1965a, 1967; Ascher and Pickering 2013).In the Caucasus region, the species is recorded from Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b), Georgia (Morawitz 1877, Friese 1921).  In Asia, the species is recorded from Turkey (Radoszkowskj 1876, Alfken 1935, Warncke 1974b), Iran and from north Africa (Egypt; Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

population:
This species is rare throughout its European distribution range. Presumably most of the European populations are small (although some records coming from the mainland of Greece and the Aegean Islands suggest that the species may be locally abundant). There is no clear information available on the population trends.

habitat:
This bivoltine species (one that has two generations per year) occurs in xeric biotopes from plains to mountains at altitudes up to 1,500 m. The species is polylectic, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on flowers of Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae. It flies from April to May (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
Andrena erberi is not subject to any protection measures and it is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. This species is found on protected areas such as the Kazantip Nature Reserve on the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) but further protected areas should be created to protect this species.Further research into the taxonomy of this species is necessary, as is data on its ecology, population size, threats and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of its debatable taxonomic status and since there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Andrena erythrocnemis is distributed from southern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Syria) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).

habitat:
Due to its uncertain taxonomic status, published information regarding the ecology of the species could be confused with data from Andrena chrysosceles.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future research should clarify its uncertain taxonomic status and may show that A. elmaria needs listing in a threatened category.

range:
The European species Andrena espanola is only known from Portugal, Spain and southwestern France (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species has been recorded foraging on yellow Brassicaceae species in Spain (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available on the habitats and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, habitats, ecology, habitats and to identify any current or likely threats. Its taxonomic status also needs further clarification.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. exigua  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena exigua is only known from Spain. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although it is apparently a rare species and there are very few specimens in collections.

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends, in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species    and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient because this species is known only from a few localities and there is no information available regarding the population size, trends, ecology and the threats affecting the species.

range:
Andrena exquisita is known in Europe from Bulgaria (Nessebar, Burgas region) (Warncke 1975, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the European part of Turkey (Büyükdere/Istanbul (Warncke 1974b, 1975; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).In Asia, the species it is known from north-western Turkey (Cagis bei Bigadig/Balikesir) (Warncke 1974b, 1975; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Specimens have also been found from Israel and Jordan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only a few females of this species have been found in the recorded localities.

habitat:
Andrena exquisita presumably prefers xeric grassland habitats. This species flies in April. The species has been found upon Senecio vernalis in Israel, and on an unidentified yellow Asteraceae (Cichorioideae) in Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is known only from a few specimens. Further research is required in Bulgaria and European Turkey in order to clarify the ecological requirements, population status, trends and to identify the potential threats affecting this species. The species should be protected by establishing protected areas in the areas where it is found.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available  on  population size,     trends and threats to the species. Future   research may show that A. fabrella  requires listing as threatened within Europe.

range:
In Europe, Andrena fabrella is known from the western and central Mediterranean region, from the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands (Warncke 1976, Hohmann 1984, Baldock 2014) eastwards to Croatia. J. Ascher (pers. comm. 2013) mentions it from Sardinia, but confirmation of this is required. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Morocco.

habitat:
There is little known about the habitat of this   species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic   Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range. It has been recorded on the following flower species: Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus laurifolius L., Halimium sp. (Pérez-Iñigo Mora 1983), Euphorbia serrata, Sonchus tenerrimus and yellow Compositae (Hohmann 1984). The males of Andrena fabrella fly from early April to early June, and the females fly from mid-April to mid-June (Warncke 1976).

threats:
The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is assumed to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size, trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends of the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Andrena falsifica is distributed through Europe, the Caucasus region, the south of the Urals (Bashkiria) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and the Altai region in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).

population:
There is no information available on population size and trends of this species, although populations are presumably small.

habitat:
Andrena falsifica is found in a variety of habitats (forest borders, sub-alpine grasslands, calcareous grasslands, heathlands, moorlands and sunny steppe slopes) up to 1,000 m asl in the Carpathians (Osytshnjuk 1977, Falk 1991). This species flies in April and May, and in the Carpathians from May to June. It visits flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Crepis, Bellis perenis), Brassicaceae (Lepidium draba, Sisymbrium loeselii, Alyssum tortuosum), Cistaceae (Helianthemum hirsutum), Liliaceae (Тulipa ophiophilla, Аllium jajle), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus, Ficaria verna, Anemone, Adonis), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifisa, P. erecta, P. anserina, P. argentata, Fragaria vesca, Rosa, Spirea, Prunus spinosa) and Salicaecae (Salix) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).

threats:
The species is threatened by the loss of suitable habitats (moorland, heathlands, grasslands) through development, agriculture and intensive forestry. Also, changes in land use and scrub encroachment lead to the loss of nesting and foraging sites. On unimproved grassland and moorlands, intense grazing and the use of pesticides and fertilizers may threaten this species, through the loss of flower rich areas and other changes in the vegetation (Falk 1991).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010), although it is not target of any specific conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas such as Landscape Protected Area of Boronka-melleki, Hungary (Jozan 1992).  Falk (1991) proposes as management for this species the following actions: maintaining sites in a reasonable open state with areas of bare or sparsely vegetated soil in sunny situations for nesting (e.g. banks and south facing slopes), and plenty of flowers for adult foraging. It is also recommended to continue carrying out any established management (e.g., grazing or piecemeal cutting and burning), or disturbance that contributes to the overall character and stability of a site, holding back succession. The introduction of management in unmanaged sites should be considered, especially where succession it is a problem. Light trampling by walkers and poaching by grazing stock may create nesting opportunities for this species, and possibly, encourage the presence of flowers known as a source of pollen and nectar for Andrena falsifica.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


