# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum excelsior has been assessed as Data deficient, although it maybe a candidate for Critically Endangered.# It is a species that has not been recently refound at the type locality, or other sites.# Given the threats of declining water quality, it is considered as  possibly threatened, however as it is a groundwater species, not normally seen at the surface, except in flood materials ejected from the groundwater system, at present the assessment follows the National Assessment as Data deficient. Data from surveys during times of high water flow from the groundwater system are needed to verify the status of the species.

range:
Bythiospeum excelsior is endemic to Austria.                 This species was recorded from alluvial deposits of the brook Fischach downstream of Maria Sorg (perhaps coming from the mountain Hochgitzen or from the gravels of the brook Fischach), discharge of a spring at the Gaisberg near Guggental and at the Heuberg above Schwandt.  However, Patzner (2006) notes that this species has not been found since it was first collected.

population:
There have been no living specimens of this species found recently. There is no information available on the historic or current population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs, groundwater and the water found in rock fissures.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. It is possibly threatened by pollution from agricultural practices and groundwater extraction as other Bythiospeum species endemic to Austria that are found in the same type of habitats are under these kinds of threats.

conservationAction:
This species is not known to exist in a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is not protected by Austrian law. This species is deemed to be Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat should be conducted, along with research into population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum excessum has been assessed as Data deficient (DD). This species has a very restricted range and no living individuals have been observed, as the records come from floodline debris. The threats of groundwater pollution may impact the species and it is not currently under any conservation measures, however given the difficulty in sampling groundwater species, and the lack of knowledge of the range, the assessment should follow the national assessment as Data Deficient. It is suggested that monitoring of the water quality of the habitat of this species is conducted as a proxy for monitoring the population trend.#

range:
Bythiospeum excessum is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the northern Alps in the western parts of the province of Salzburg. It is only known from the type locality in the floodline debris deposits of a brook north-east of Schwandt .

population:
There have been no living individuals of this species found recently.

habitat:
This species occurs in freshwater springs and groundwater,#occasionally it is also in water found in rock fissures.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown. This species could be threatened by pollution from agricultural practices and groundwater extraction as other Austrian endemic species found in the same type of habitat are under these threats.

conservationAction:
This species is not known to occur in a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is also not currently protected by Austrian law and is found to be Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008)  discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues  with the nomenclature on the taxon. Bythiospeum exiguum is now regarded as a local endemic in a  single groundwater basin, the Randecker Maar, and Bythiospeum exiguum was examined anatomically by and listed by Hans Boeters as his "Species 2" (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category R (rare) by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the two locations, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from freshwater spring at Randecker Maar (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters. It may be declining due to groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered this species to be category R (rare), an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for#full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Given that Bythiospeum francomontanum is widespread in France and Switzerland, and occurs in an area relatively free of human impacts, this species can be considered least concern.

range:
Bythiospeum francomontanum is listed for France and Switerland. #In France it is is known from the departments of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saône and Haut-Rhin. In Switzerland, it is known from the Neuchatel and Berne cantons.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by the French law.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
In 1996 this species was listed as Vulnerable (Vu D2), based on the past information on restricted distribution, however recent surveys by Prie (pers. comm., 2009) shows the species is now known to have a wider range in the subterranean habitats that are difficult to sample, and as such the listing is revised to Least Concern.

range:
Bythiospeum garnieri is endemic to France, where it is found in throughout the lower Rhone drainage systems in Departments Ardeche and Rhone.

habitat:
This small freshwater gastropod lives in subterranean waters.

threats:
As this species is widespread, it is only locally threatened.#                  Species that live in subterranean habitats# are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum geyeri has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1a,b(iii), although it is placed on the#Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN). This assessment is based on a limited number of outflow points, the restricted range#and the threats to the species.#However the current population trends are unknown and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitats of this species is conducted along with research into the population trend.

range:
Bythiospeum geyeri is endemic to Austria. It is known from the border zone of the northern granite and gneiss highlands and the Pannonian flat and hill countries. Specifically it is found in the sand and gravel plains of#Schoenbuehel#Bay (Dunkelsteiner forest) and the#River Danube, between 154 and 226 metres above sea level.

habitat:
This freshwater species is found underground in gravel deposits.                This is the only species of Bythiospeum which also lived in the deeper parts of a spring in Schönbuehel, from where living specimens could be obtained. Approximately up to the 1980's. Since then living specimens were not found again.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat destruction, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution.

conservationAction:
This species is placed on the Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN) and is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria.#It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Falkner and Niederhöfer(2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues with the nomenclature of the taxon.This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for#full analysis for the group.#

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. However it is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. In Germany, the species was considered as Category 0 (Possibly Extinct) by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given its single location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from Degenfeld (Quellen der Lauter) (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

population:
The population trends are uncertain but few shells are known. It is described as possibly extinct by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and outflow springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). It is believed to have declined due to groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 0, a species that is possibly extinct in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but survey through groundwater sampling is recommended in order to determine whether these populations are extant.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally viewed as part of B. acicula, but is now split into several species (Falkner et al. 2003).This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Given that this species is known from only one location within a groundwater system that is potentially   threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as   Vulnerable (VU) D2. The species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given  that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however  the assessment has been made on a precautionary basis to protect the species  and its habitat pending these results. If the threats accelerate, then the species may  qualify for Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
This species is recorded from a single locality, in Weihermuehle, one kilometre west of Neuessing, in Bavaria (Germany).

population:
There is no population trend data available for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner et al. (2003).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.

threats:
Any threats impacting this species are unknown. Given that the species is found within a groundwater system there is the potential threat from pollution or over-abstraction of water.

conservationAction:
This species was considered as Critically Endangered in the 2003 Bavarian Red List (Falkner et al. 2003). Falkner et al. (2003)  considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely  rare species with a geographical restriction in Bavaria,  Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this  species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish  potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations  is difficult. Surveys to attempt to increase the known range of the species are also advised.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally regarded as a synonym of B. acicula, and has now been segregated as a distinct species.This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 1 in Bayern, Germany by Falkner et al. (2003), and given one location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2). If the threats accelerate, prior to the results of the taxonomic review, then the species may qualify for Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Bayern in Germany where it is only known from one groundwater system, but collected from an overlying spring.

conservationAction:
Falkner et al. (2003) considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Bayern, Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
Falkner and Niederhof (2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of  the species and various issues with the nomenclature on the taxon. For  example, Turner et al. (1998: 79) put Bythiospeum helveticum (Clessin  1882) in the synonymy of Bythiospeum diaphanum sterkianum (Clessin  1882).

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group. However, given the two location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water, the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending the results of the taxonomic review. The species was considered as Category Rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).The species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from Waldshut (Rheingenist) and known from a second locality some 60 km away (Falkner and Niederhof 2008).# The presence in Switzerland requires further research, given the taxonomic complexities discussed by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species.# It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and outflow springs (Falkner and Niederhoefer 2008).

threats:
Main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwaters.

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhof (2008) considered the species to be category R, rare, extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range occurring in one locality. However, there are no specific threats currently operating at this site, hence it does not qualify at a high threat level, although the realistic potential impact of agricultural pollutants in the future provide the basis for an assessment as Vulnerable (D2).

range:
This species is endemic to south-western Hungary, where it is restricted to the karst area of the Mecsek Mountains.

population:
There is no data available on population size and trend.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean karst water.

threats:
The species is vulnerable to any pollution events that take place on the Mecsek Plateau, as the species lives in the subterranean karst water. Thus any water leaching into the system carrying pollutants from agricultural sources would degrade the water quality and impact the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although habitat monitoring is recommended, as the species would be vulnerable if the ground water becomes polluted. Surveys to attempt to expand the known range are advised.


taxonomicNotes:
One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Recently reviewed and confirmed as a separate taxon. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as threatened in Germany by Falkner et al. (2003) and given one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is believed to be endemic to Germany, where it is only known from the type locality, from groundwater on the banks of the Ruhr river, near Schwerte, southeast of Dortmund (Glöer 2002).   There are fossil records from the Netherlands, but there are no recent records to confirm that the species lives today in the Netherlands.

population:
The population trends for this species are unknown. The species is very difficult to sample, as it lives in groundwater, and is only found in low density. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner et al. (2003) and in recent leaflet.

habitat:
This species is a subterranean species living in groundwater and interstitial waters.

threats:
This species is threatened by a possible decline of habitat, as currently the site is used for water extraction and is also affected by water pollution.

conservationAction:
Falkner et al. (2003) considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. However, given the characteristic shell, this is undoubtedly a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum klemmi is endemic to France. It was originally assessed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2, based on small range and few locations. Since 1996, further research has been undertaken into the species status, refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species, and at present no other species have been synonymised. This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes and given the low number of sites and small area of occupancy it meets the criteria for a higher threat category and is considered now as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv).

range:
Bythiospeum klemmi#restricted to the#Department of#Gard in southern France, where it is known from the type locality which Girardi and Rosello (2001) noted it was difficult to refind but was between Uzes and St Hippolyte-de-Montaigu.# Other localities have been located near Collias including numerous springs at "la Grotte de Pâques à Collias" as well as along the left bank of the river Gardon, about 500m from Collias (Girardi and Rosello 2001).

habitat:
This species occurs in freshwaters within a subterranean cave system, with two closely adjacent localities near one village. One site has springs within the cave system with other possible exit locations. The third location was not found again, and is possibly lost due to habitat degradation.

threats:
Main threats are water abstraction and pollution.# The groundwater is used for domestic supplies to the village at Collias (Giraudi and Rosello 2001).# Future threats may include poor recharge with fluctuating precipitation patterns.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures. Communication actions and monitoring of the habitat are recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In this problematic genus, they continued to list all the 70 species and subspecies in CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but they note that, as long as we adhere solely to identification based on the shells, there will be no progress on resolving the taxonomic issues. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem. A conservation assessment is made from  Falkner and Niederhof (2008) based on data from shell morphology pending the results of molecular analysis for the group. Unless there was recent species survey data (using appropriate techniques), any species listed as# 'Extinct' or 'Extinct?' in Falkner and Niederhof (2008) have been placed into threatened categories, pending new survey data.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum labiatum#was not originally assessed in 1996. Research has been undertaken into the species status in Germany refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species. This species is only known from two spring sites close to each other, with an area of occupancy of 8 km2, and is vulnerable to the over-exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes, therefore it has been listed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it was originally found in two meadows (coldwater springs) at Wilhelmstal (near Degenfeld).

habitat:
This freshwater snail lives in coldwater springs (10 to 12° C) situated in meadows.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown, but it is vulnerable to the over-exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes. .

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures for this species. Research into the population size, distribution and trends, and threats to the species are recommended. Communication to users about the biodiversity of the springs is recommended to prevent the over-exploitation of the water source.


taxonomicNotes:
Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to 3 species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group  using Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct  or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was not originally assessed in 1996. Research has been undertaken into its status in Germany refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species. This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes and water pollution, and given the low number of locations (2) and small area of occupancy (AOO = 8 km²) it is considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is found in Germany in springs in the villages of Staufen and Hurben, in Bavaria.

population:
There is no information on the population size and trends.

habitat:
This species was found in freshwater springs and probably lives in subterranean water.

threats:
This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source (for domestic purposes) and water pollution. This species requires very clean water.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status. The species limits in some countries have been doubted by some researchers, however as yet there is no data on Romania. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania and has several subpopulations in different mountain ranges. The threat status of the species has not been evalutaed in Romania, althougth there is a potential threat from water contamination that needs to be researched. The lack of threats currently and its distribution across mountain ranges means this species is considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed regionally: EU27: Least Concern Europe: Least Concern

range:
This species is endemic to Romania and is currently known from springs in the Apuseni Mountains (Grossu 1981). The samples were collected from cave water and interstitial water from Coiba Mare Cave, Casa de Piatră (Bihor Mountains), Vadu Crişului Cave (the basin of the Crişul Repede  River)  (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is no population data on this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits springs, cave-water and interstitial water in caves.

threats:
There is possibly some water contamination in the region of the Apuseni Mountains, Romania, however it is not known whether it impacts this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species and the conservation status has not been evaluated in Romania. No conservation measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered by Bernasconi (1990) as a synonym of B. diaphanum but raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002), this species lies within one of the groups of subterranean taxa that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum michaudi was#described from#the Rhône river alluviums north and south of Lyon (France), and as#this species is known only from river alluviums, it may have come from anywhere upstream in the catchment. #Hence nothing is know about its habitat, its distribution area and the population trends. Given the issues of species limits in this genus, the taxon urgently requires review, and is placed as Data Deficient (DD) on basis of poor geographical data and taxonomic status.

range:
Bythiospeum michaudi is only known from the type locality, the Rhône alluviums north and south of Lyon (France). It is impossible to know where it actually lives, as this range is large, but the species has not been collectedly recently and therefore to map its distribution.

conservationAction:
More detail on distribution and taxonomic status is required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered by Bernasconi (1990) as a synonym of B. diaphanum but raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon has been regarded as a synonym of another taxa by some authors, as well as a valid species by others, so its identity requires fuller investigation, and as such at present it is regarded as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is found in the region of the Jura.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.# Given the uncertain taxonomic status of the species, more research is required, that includes conchological, anatomical and molecular characters (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum nocki has a very restricted distribution and is only recorded from three outflow points from the groundwater system where the species lives. However, living specimens have not been collected only dead shells have been found.# It is considered Critically Endangered in Red List of Austria 2007, and there are current threats posed to this species and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area.# Further research is needed to confirm its presence, this species is very difficult to sample.# The species is currently listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), based on the number of known sites and the threats to the overall habitat quality.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. It is known from the limestone Alps in eastern Upper Austria. The type locality is Reutersteinquelle, which feeds into a brook that drains into the Krumme Steyrling river (Glöer 2002). Although recorded from# three sites, the location maybe a single location as the groundwater system underlying may feed all, but treated as 3 sites given the distance between the two main sites (see map in Reischutz  Reischutz, 2009).

population:
There have been no living individuals of this species recorded, only empty shells were found. It is considered to be very rare or possibly extinct.

habitat:
The species inhabits groundwater and rock fissures and is recorded from outflow points such as freshwater springs.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also a threat from pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischutz  Reischutz# 2007, 2009). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of Hydrobids that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis of group. This species has been placed in the genus Paladilhiopsis and Paladilhia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum noricum is endemic to a region of Austria, where it is not protected by law, it is not present in protected area and it is not subjected to any specific recovery plan. At present, exact distribution and population trends are unknown therefore it is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into population trends. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the threats to the species from overabstraction of groundwater and pollution of groundwater. Previous assessment on the Red List (1994) listed this species as Endangered,# and as noted by Haase (1995) cited in Reischutz and Reischutz (2007) ' A study of the Upper Austrian-sources and ground water has long overdue. It is expected that the species has a wider distribution.# As there is no new data on the distribution of the species, this species could be listed as Data deficient, Critically Endangered or Endangered. # It is retained as Endangered, as the groundwater system may be larger than 100km2, with from overabstraction of groundwater and pollution of groundwater and as such it is currently placed on the Red List as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the northern limestone Alps in eastern Upper Austria. The exact distribution is not known, as the type description was based on shells from floodline debris of alluvial deposits (Gaflenz Weyer, Oberösterreich), consequently the groundwater source is uncertain.

population:
There are no comprehensive data about population trend available.

habitat:
The species occurs in groundwaters and rock fissures. It is rarely found, usually in floodline debris from rivers.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat degradation as a result of water pollution and the abstraction of groundwater lowering the water table.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
The relationship of this species with other Bythiospeum forms (e. g. with B. geyeri# which occurs in the Vienna Basin) is unclear and deserves further studies. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known to occur within a restricted range (area of occupancy = 4 km2) in Hungary, with a potential threat, therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2). Future hydrological changes (water level) and other possible negative effects caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam are the main threats, but given that the biotope of the species is essentially hidden, it is difficult to get access to study the populations and monitor the impact of changing water levels. If there is evidence in the future that the Gabcikovo Water Dam is negatively affecting this population in the Szigetköz area, the species will qualify for the higher category of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is currently believed to be endemic to Hungary, although Fauna Europea list the species for Hungary and Slovakia (Bank et al. 2006). According to Feher  Solymos (pers. comm. 2009) the entire global population lives in the Szigetköz area (north-west Hungary). It has also been found in floodline drift of the River Danube in several localities, but due to its inaccessible habitats, live specimens have only been found to date in a single site at Kisbodak. Empty, but fresh shells, have been found in other sites, indicating that this species probably inhabits other springs in the region.

population:
There is no information available on the populations trends of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits the subterranean part of underwater springs in the riverbed of River Danube.

threats:
Changes in the water regime are likely to negatively affect populations although there is no evidence of a direct impact yet. Future hydrological changes (water level) and other possible negative  effects caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Proposed conservation actions include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect any negative impacts on the species from changes in the water regime caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam.


taxonomicNotes:
Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group  using Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct  or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as category 1 in Germany (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). Since it occurs in only one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is here listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type locality, alluvial gravels of Necker River in Stuttgart Bad-Cannstatt.

threats:
The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution (nitrates from agricultural sources) and over-abstraction of groundwaters (for domestic supply).

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered this to be a category 1 species in Germany and noted that it was an extremely rare species with a geographical restriction. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum pfeifferi has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It is endemic to Austria. At present it has a very restricted range with only one known location and is under threat from ground water extraction and pollution. It is also not found in a protected area, subject to a specific recovery plan or protected by law. However, population size and trends remain unknown.Bythiospeum pfeifferi was reported as Extinct in 1992 (Wells  Chatfield 1992, Gloer, 2002) as it hadn't been seen for 40 years.# The rediscovery of some specimens in endemic to Austria in 1993 when it as found alive in a spring at Kremsmünster led to the revised listing as Endangered.# However given that it is only known from a single site, which is exploited for domestic water supplies it probably should have been listed as Critically Endangered in 1996, as the second site had not produced specimens for nearly 50 years and wasn't well prescribed.

range:
Bythiospeum pfeifferi is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from#Kremsmünster in the Northern Alps, between 340 and 380 metres above sea level where it's known from a spring which feeds a pipeline (Reischütz  Reischütz, 2009).# According to Reischütz  Reischütz (2009) the  species was first found around 1887 from the area of  Kremsmünster , but no precise location. It was then lost for decades until it was rediscovered in 1949 by F. Mahler, but again no exact location is given (Reischütz 1994a). It was not until 1993 when it was found alive in a spring at Kremsmünster (Reischütz 1995).

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in subterranean environments such as caves, where it inhabits groundwater and rock fissures.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat destruction, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution in the form of eutrophication.

conservationAction:
This species is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered.#This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.# There are two subspecies currently recognised: Bythiospeum puerkhaueri puerkhaueri (Clessin, 1877) and Bythiospeum puerkhaueri gibbula (Flach, 1886) (Gloer 2002).Gloer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies of the Check List of European Continental Mollusca (CLECOM) list, but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group  using Falkner  Niederhof (2008). However, unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as Extinct  or possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, given the presence at 12 localities within two groundwater systems which are possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water. This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to Germany where there are two different subspecies found in 12 localities within 2 different river catchments:Bythiospeum puerkhaueri puerkhaueri (Clessin, 1877) has been recorded from in Main-Taber River Catchment. Specific localities include Auswurf der Schandtauber, near Rothenburg, Bayern, as well as in the springs Vorbach, Tauber, Bettenfeld, Ober-Rimbach, Schorzberg, #Krailshausen, Hachtel (Oberamt Gerabronn), Heimberg, Wildenthierbach (Gloer 2002).  Bythiospeum puerkhaueri gibbula (Flach, 1886) has been recorded from the type locality at Aschaffenberg (Gloer 2002).

population:
There is no data on the species' population status.

habitat:
The species is recorded from freshwater springs (Gloer 2002), but probably originates from the underlying groundwater system.

threats:
Specific threats to this species are unknown, however the species is likely to be threatened by# changes in water quality (Pollution from agricultural and domestic sources) or changes in groundwater levels due to over-abstraction of water for domestic supplies.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed on the IUCN list of Globally Threatened species, 1996. It is listed as Endangered Level 2 on the Bayern State list (Falkner et al. 2003). Habitat monitoring is important as spring snails species can be vulnerable to changes in water quality or levels.


taxonomicNotes:
Glöer  Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to 3 species, so while there is# not a viable approach for this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem. Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) discuss taxonomic and nomenclature issues for this species.There are currently 2 subspecies listed for this species putei (Geyer, 1904) and# roesleri (Geyer, 1904). This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) report that no  survey has located B. putei roesleri in the wells where it was described. There is no evidence for either B. putei  putei or B. putei roesleri in collections or surveys since 1961. The species is listed as Critically Endangered  (Possibly Extinct) CR (PE) C2a(i,ii), on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  its habitat given there is one location for each  subspecies, within groundwater systems threatened by pollution and  over-abstraction of  water, pending further surveys to confirm whether  both subspecies are still extant.

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type localities of two subspecies; Kohlberg bei Nürtingen (Treitschachbrunnen) and Dischingen (Quelle zwischen Gulde- und Buchmühle).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, but neither subspecies have been recorded since 1961. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 0, "probably extinct" and  noted it was an extremely rare species with a geographical  restriction. There are no known conservation actions in place for this  species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish  whether the species is still extant, as sampling of these populations is  difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
There are currently 4 subspecies listed for this species; quenstedti (Wiedersheim 1873), ara (Geyer, 1905), turbinella (Geyer, 1905) and weinlandi (Geyer, 1904). Glöer  Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different   "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling   (1965) to 3 species, so for some periods there was little recording. In   this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and   subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely   to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is   urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing   for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from   shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group   using Falkner  Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated   active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct   or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.

redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution of this species is under review in Germany and is considered to be one of the few taxa within the genus Bythiospeum  that is less problematic (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). It may be more  widespread, as some of the other species are possibly conspecific with  the species and as such the range maybe greater than previously believed  (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). The species could be assessed as Vulnerable (based on the more restricted view of the range sensu Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008), Least Concern (based on the belief that it is more conspecific with other taxa) or Data Deficient pending the outcome of the ongoing species review. It is currently placed as Least Concern (LC), as it has four subspecies, some with more than one site.

range:
The distribution of this species is under review in Germany and is considered to be one of the few taxa within the genus Bythiospeum that is less problematic (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). It may be more widespread, as some of the other species are possibly conspecific with the species and as such the range maybe greater than previously believed (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) regarded this as more restricted, with four subspecies with several locations.

population:
The species is widespread and hence believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is present in interstitial and groundwaters.

threats:
There are localised threats as                 subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
The taxonomic status and the distributional data require review and this is currently underway. This species is listed as Category 2 (Highly Endangered) in Germany (Falker and Niederhöfer 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was considered by Bernasconi (1990) to be synonym of B. diaphanum charpyi but it was raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002). # This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits.# A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Because Falkner et al. (2002) gives no argument for considering this taxon as a valid species and because the whole group is in need of taxonomic studies to clarify the species concept, this species is considered as taxonomically Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Bythiospeum racovitzai is only known from its type locality in the#department of#Jura, France.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean freshwaters.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There is no species-specific conservation actions for this species.# Taxonomic research is required to confirm the status as a full species, and if shown then habitat monitoring will be required.


taxonomicNotes:
This species name has been change by Girardi (2009) from Bythiospeum and it has been placed in the genus#Meyrargueria: #M. rasini.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other aquifers nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of groundwater, given the presence in a populated area.

range:
Bythiospeum rasini is currently only known the type locality in the#department of#Bouches-du-Rhône in Southern France.

population:
There is no data available on the population trend for this species as it was described in the last 10 years.

habitat:
This small freshwater snail lives in subterranean waters.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.#The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. More research on taxonomy, population and habitat trends is required. The site where this species occur should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum reisalpense has been assessed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii), based on 6 locations. This species has a restricted range and has undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'common' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.

range:
This species is endemic to the north-eastern Alps in Lower Austria, where it is recorded from a small area (area of occupancy of 600 km2). It was first described from "Kalter Brunnen" in Kleinzell im Halbachtal, springs ca. 200 m NW of Haus Nr. 114 (Gendarmerie) at 475 m ASL.# It is known from another 5 springs in Niederösterreich.

population:
This species was considered 'common'. However, a decline in the population has meant this is now described as 'rare'.

habitat:
The species occurs in groundwater. It is occasionally found in the water in rock fissures and in outflow from groundwater at springs.

threats:
This species is threatened by the abstraction of underground water and the lowering of ground water levels. It is also affected by pollution mainly from the over-use of fertilizers due to agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#Bank et al (2006: Fauna Europea) considered turneri Bernasconi, 1997 as a subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum rhenanum#is relatively widespread in Germany, Switzerland and France and although it may be locally threatened through habitat degradation, it is not considered to be threatened at regional or global levels.

range:
Bythiospeum rhenanum lives in Germany, where it is relatively widespread, in Switzerland (Berne and Neuchatel Cantons) and in France in the departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin.

threats:
Lives in subterranean habitats which are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.

conservationAction:
This species is currently known to be widespread, and as such is not in need of species-specific conservation actions, however more research is needed on the taxonomy to establish species limits.


taxonomicNotes:
Most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri, have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005, and as such, the nature of this species for a conservation assessment requires a further review. It is still listed by Fauna Europaea, so presumed to be a valid species, after the other taxa have been removed from the species concept.

redListCategoryRationale:
Most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri,  have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005 leaving much of the data regarding distribution and population invalid, and as such  the nature of this species for a conservation assessment requires a  further review. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is endemic to Germany. However, the current distribution is uncertain, as most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri, have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005.

population:
This species could be declining due to groundwater pollution.

habitat:
This species is known from groundwater and interstitial waters.

threats:
The main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwater. However, it is uncertain whether this impacts the species, as the current distribution is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. The species distribution requires review, as does the taxonomic and nomenclatural status. Monitoring of known habitats is required to determine if the species is indeed in decline due to groundwater pollution.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are currently recognised: Bythiospeum saxigenum saxigenum (Geyer, 1905) and Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale (Geyer, 1907). This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale was considered as category 1 (Falkner et al. 2003) and given one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water. However, the other subspecies are present in at least two other groundwater systems that are also threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water. Therefore, the species has been listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis, based on limited range and threats to the groundwater systems, to protect the species and its habitat pending the results of the taxonomic reviews.

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type locality, Mahlstetten (Lippachquelle), and Tieringen, Weiblequelle in Vohbachtal. The subspecies Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale is found in the Donau groundwater in Germany.

population:
There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).

habitat:
It is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.

threats:
The main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwater.

conservationAction:
Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale was considered as category 1 (Falkner et al. 2003) as was Bythiospeum saxigenum (Falkner and Niederhof 2008). There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different "species" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to 3 species, so while there is not a viable approach for this problematic genus, they continue to list those species and subspecies of CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca) list, but noting that as long as we adhere solely to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem.      This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is  currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the  taxonomic status of the species and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Falkner and Neiderhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names, so it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending confirmation of the species status.

range:
Falkner and Neiderhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names.

habitat:
There is no habitat information available.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is needed as Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names.


taxonomicNotes:
One subspecies is currently recognised: lauterborni (F. Haas, 1936): Germany.   Bythiospeum moenanum (Flach, 1886)  is now considered to be a subspecies of Bythiospeum clessini, although in the past it was considered to be a subspecies of B. sterkianum. This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that  taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the  species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as  Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhof (2008), and given the single  location, a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by  pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (B2  ab(iii,v)).

range:
The species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by Glöer  Meierbrook (2003). The species, along with other species of Bythinella, have been re-established from their synonym. The type locality for Bythiospeum sterkianum sterkianum in Baden-Wurttemberg is specified by two localities - Epfenhofen am Randen and Grenzach Horn - the subspecies lauterborni only from the locus typicus "well house at Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl" a site which must be currently regarded as lost (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). The presence in Switzerland is uncertain, although one location lies close to the border.

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, but one site has been lost.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Germany. The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 2 in Germany by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the presence in 5 locations, fed by groundwater systems that are potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
The species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by  Glöer  Meierbrook (2003). The species is found living in the springs of the stream above the Diessener Haugensteinmühle, as it is though to be present in the groundwaters feeding these springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

threats:
The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwaters.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult. It was listed as Category 2 in Germany by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Germany. The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. This species was considered as Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the single location, within a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (EN B2 ab(iii)).

range:
This species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by Glöer and Meierbrook (2003). The species, along with other species of Bythinella, have been re-established from their synonym. The type locality for the species was a spring#between Gulde and Buchmühle at Dischingen. This site has been destroyed but the species is still present in the groundwaters, as fresh shell fragments have been recovered from other springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

population:
There are no population trend data for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Bythiospeum requires a global taxonomic revision. This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.

range:
This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear.

conservationAction:
#The species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is placed by some researchers in the genus Paladilhia.   This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status. No research is available on the species limits for the Romanian species. A conservation assessment is being made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania and it is found only in 3-4 mountain locations and is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), as at present there is little information on threats to these caves, however given the few locations, on a precautionary basis it should be noted that the species would be vulnerable to overabstraction of water from the water table or pollution of the groundwater.

range:
This species is endemic to Romania where it is found in the Apuseni Mountains.# It has been collected from different localities, through interstitial probing or from caves (Vadu Crişului Cave from the basin of the Crişului Repede River, Şuncuiuş Cave from Pădurea Craiului Mountains (Grossu and Negrea 1984)).

habitat:
The species lives in underground water, especially in caves, as well as in cold springs; it is considered a glacial relict.

threats:
There are no known threats to the species.

conservationAction:
The conservation status of this species in Romania has not been evaluated. No conservation measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum tschapecki was previously assessed as Ex? in 1990 and Endangered in 1994. This species  has not been found since the building of the road. Prior to construction of the exploratory tunnel of  Plabutschmann tunnel in the  early 1980s. Bythiospeum# tschapecki was frequently seen in material washed out from the groundwater system. Repeated inspections have been taken since the construction phase but# no further evidence of specimens, therefore in the Austrian Red List it has been listed as Extinct, as they say it must be assumed  therefore that the species has died out. For the IUCN assessment purposes, as it is less than 50 years since the species was last seen, we have several options.# It could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), based on no recent specimens, it could be listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) based on possibility that as the groundwater system is possibly more extensive and difficult to sample, the species may still be extant or to list as Extinct, as sampling has taken place in the last known place for the species. Two differing views are held, as Reischutz  Resichutz (2007) consider it extinct, but Haase considers that it is difficult to sample, and thus difficult to show that it is extinct, and suggested Endangered (Haase, 1995, IUCN Red List).# On a precautionary basis it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), based on single known site, with a note that as the sampling of ground waters is difficult, the species may still be extant and new and novel methods of sampling these groundwater systems are needed to find the status of these rare species.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the calcareous Alps region near Graz, Styria, but has not been recorded since the 1980's. The type locality was 'Höhle bei St. Martin am Fuße des Bruchkogels [sic]) bei Graz, Steiermark'.

population:
The population trend for this species is currently unknown. However it is suggested that this species may be extinct due to the building of a road highway in the species locality.

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits ground water sources and rock fissures. It is rarely found in the mouths of springs.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, the building of a road is thought to have destroyed this species locality.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously considered as a synonym of B. acicula, and lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Haase, pers. comm., 2010 and Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as Category Extinct by Falkner et al. (2003), and given the single location, within a groundwater system that was possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water, in the past it is listed as Critically Endangered (Possible Extinct) B2ab(v).

range:
This species is known only from Germany, where it is only recorded from the type locality and hasn't been recollected recently (Falkner et al. 2003)

population:
There is no data on the species' population and it is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003).

habitat:
The habitat is believed to be groundwater and it is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003).

threats:
The species is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003) and although threats to the species are unknown,# the causes are likely to have been groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. There is very little information available. Research is required to establish the species' population status as well as its distribution, habitat preferences and any threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum vallei was originally placed as Rare in the earlier Red Lists. Currently in Italy the species is considered Near Threatened based on limited range, small number of sites but no known threats, however this species is possibly close to Vulnerable B2ab(iii), as there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted #to northern Italy and recorded from 6 localities within 310 km squares (EOO 200km2, range restricted species).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater in Karst region.

threats:
Possible threats facing this species are exploitation of water sources (domestic) and pollution of groundwaters (agriculture).

conservationAction:
The species was first listed in Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe, Wells  Chatfield (1992) as rare. The species is currently listed as Near Threatened (CK map, version 5.3.8) in the Italian Red List, but there are no conservation actions in place. Recommended Actions include habitat monitoring and resolving whether the Corsican populations are extant.


redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given  that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the  species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  it's habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as  Category Rare by Falkner et al. (2003), and given the two  locations, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by  pollution or overabstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from two locations, Neuessing and Riedenburg (links der Altmühl gegen Gundelfing). The range may be more extensive, but currently known from type localities.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.# It is believed to be declining due to groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
Falkner et al. (2003)  considered the species to be category 2, in Bayern  State.# The species  was not assessed for the National Red List. There  are no known  conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat  monitoring  is recommended in order to establish potential changes to  the  populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum wiaaiglica is endemic to Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List where it is deemed to be Extinct  (EX), based on no recent shells in the last 20 years found at the type locality. This species has a restricted distribution and it is subject to habitat degradation from pollution and groundwater extraction. Current population trends are unknown, further research is needed to confirm its presence, as it may be extinct.#For the IUCN assessment  purposes, as it is less than 50 years since the species was last seen,  we have several options.# It could be listed as Data Deficient (DD),  based on no recent specimens, it could be listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Possibly Extinct) based on possibility that as the groundwater system is possibly  more extensive and difficult to sample, the species may still be extant  or to list as Extinct, as sampling has taken place in the last known  place for the species. Two differing views are held, as Reischutz   Resichutz (2007) consider it extinct, but Haase considers that it  is a problematic taxa (Haase 1995, IUCN Red List). On a  precautionary basis it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), based on  single known site, with a note that as the sampling of groundwater is  difficult, the species may still be extant and new and novel methods of  sampling these groundwater systems are needed to find the status of  these rare species.

range:
Bythiospeum wiaaiglica is endemic to Austria, specifically the north east Alps in Lower Austria on the  northwestern outskirts of the Pielach Schwarzenbach and it is only known from the type locality, where only dead shells have ever been found, and none for the last 20 years.

population:
This species is considered very rare, possibly extinct, as there have been no living specimens collected in the last twenty years.

habitat:
This freshwater species is known from dead shells from groundwater sources and water from rock fissures.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also a threat from pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This species is strictly protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List where it is deemed to be Extinct (EX). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; but no syntypes were found for review for Logvinenko and Starobogatov (1968) (Kantor et al. 2009). #It is need of taxonomic review, as few of these species have had their generic status established by data other than conchological data.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described from middle and southern Caspian Sea; but no syntypes were found for review for Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968 (Kantor et al. 2009). In Europe, in the Black Sea, the species is considered to be extinct, as only known from subfossil shells, but the age of the extinction is not known. As such the distribution and the taxonomic status are uncertain, and the threats to the species are unknown, therefore it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found in Romania and Ukraine, however the main range where it has been described from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; 30-81 m (Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968) (Kantor et al. 2009). According to Ciobou (pers. comm. 2010) the species is not extant in the Black Sea, being only recorded as subfossil shells.

population:
The current population trends for this species are unknown, however not known living in Europe, only in Black Sea.

habitat:
This species is found in muddy bottoms in various habitats, slightly   brackish waters in the limans, at various salinity and depth ranges.   This species is commonly found living on species from the Family   Dreissenidae (the species lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads and hence are found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).

conservationAction:
The conservation actions are unknown for this species. Research is required on the taxanomic status, distribution and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread within it's range and occupies a range of habitats, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (LC), although there maybe localised threats to specific populations.This speices has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:# Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is #known from middle Caspian Sea between 50-75 m depth, but also in the mouth of Dnieper river in#Ukraine, as well as#the limans of Black Sea, and the delta of Don River, Russia (Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968, Kantor et al. 2010)

population:
#The population trends of this species are unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in muddy bottoms in various habitats, slightly  brackish waters in the limans, at various salinity and depth ranges.  These species are commonly found living on species from the Family  Dreissenidae (the species lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads and hence are found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).

threats:
There are threats within the estuarine habitats from dredging to keep the estuaries navigable, but in the limans and deeper waters this species should be less stressed. There are minor levels of pollution in these habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. No conservation measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The generic status of this species is uncertain, as it was originally listed as Caspiohydrobia, but in Kantor et al. (2010), this species is listed as#Caspia#makarovi##and so Fauna Europea is now listing under this name as well,#Caspiohydrobia seems to apply to the Aral Sea species only.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread; it is found in the mouths of several rivers and the limans of the Black Sea, and faces no known threats, therefore it is regarded as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC).

range:
In Ukraine this species has died out in some habitats, but has probably remained on some sites in the Dnieper Estuary, however surveys in recent years did not find live specimens. It is also known from the Don estuarine area (Russia). Fauna of Russia (Kantor et al. 2009) lists the range as mouths of Dnieper, Don, Dniester rivers and limans of the Black Sea; 0-3 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Anistratenko 1998a).

habitat:
This species is commonly found living on species from the Family Dreissenidae (it lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads, hence it is found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species and no conservation measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is endemic to 2 caves in Bulgaria and may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from two sites, Dushnik cave near village of Iskrets, and Yamata cave at the village of Tserovo, both in western Stara Planina mountains in Bulgaria.

habitat:
This species is troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment), it is present in springs and streams in caves.

threats:
A possible threat could be the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation activities present at the present. Monitoring of the habitat trend is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of the small spring-snail species that is only reliably identifiable from anatomical and molecular analyses, and as such is difficult to identify dead shells with confidence. Only one species is recognised in this genus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of approximately 358 km², and some springs in its surrounding catchment. Even though the distribution (extent of occurrence) and the number of locations have diminished in comparison with Radoman (1983), only marginal populations and small number of mature individuals have been lost. It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. However, should the pollution in Lake Ohrid  increase significantly, with a subsequent decrease of the suitable habitat, this species might fall in a threatened category Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, Macedonia (Bank et al. 2006). It is restricted to Lake Ohrid and adjacent springs at Studenica, Bejbunar, St Naum,   Tušemišta, and Zagori  čan (Radoman 1983). However, in recent surveys, between 2003 and 2009 ( T. Hauffe pers. comm. 2009), the species has only been recovered in the lake and one single spring (Tušemišta), so it has been lost from four adjacent spring sites.

population:
This is a very abundant and common species in the lake, but in the spring system it is now considered as rare.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater lake and the surrounding springs where it is mainly found in the littoral zone and springs where it is restricted to sandy bottoms.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. This eutrophication is enhancing macrophyte growth, and broad reed belts at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the area of suitable habitats for this species. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted.  #

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Pollution in the watershed should be managed in order to avoid ecosystem degradation and loss of suitable habitat for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect changes to level of threat to the species.

redListAssessors:
Albrecht, C., Erõss, Z., Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Seddon, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Chondrobasis is a genus with only one known species, C. levantina.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered Near Threatened (NT) by Verdu and Galante (2009), on the basis of reduction in number of known sites, however, as it is still present over a wide region, the species does not qualify for a higher threatened category.

range:
Chondrobasis levantina is endemic to Spain, and has been recorded from the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, Alicante, Teruel and Cuenca. The type locality was San Miguel spring, Viver, provinces of Castellón (Arconada and Ramos 2001). There are five locations in Province Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010).

population:
No population trend data is available for this species.

threats:
The principal threats to this species are overabstraction of water from the springs for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from domestic and agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is listed as "Near Threatened" for Spain (Verdu and Galante 2009) and Vulnerable B2ab(iii), D2 in Castilla_La Mancha (Bragado et al. 2010). The species is vulnerable to habitat changes, and so was proposed for inclusion on the list "Catalogo Regionale de Especes Amenzenadas de Castilla-La Mancha' as ''Sensible a la alteracion de su habitat'. Habitat monitoring is required for this species, as the springs are under pressure from overutilisation in the region, as well as increased frequency of drought reducing the recharge.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cilgia dalmatica is known from  two areas with freshwater springs, Svitavsko (Bosnia and Herzegovina)  and Plat (Croatia).# However there is no recent data on the status of these populations nor the threats to the species. As such it has to be considered as Data Deficient, pending new information.

range:
Cilgia dalmatica is known from freshwater springs near Sopot, south bank of Svitavsko (and elsewhere) and from Plat in S. Dalmacjia (Croatia) and today is considered to be restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.#

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown.

threats:
There is no knowledge on current threats to this species, although if restricted to these two sites, then the species could be threatened by degradation of# water sources.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on threats and population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic  to Croatia where it is known from a small spring near the entrance to some cement  works. Recent surveys show the species is still present in the groundwater  feeding the springs, but the shells are rare and not abundant and no  living specimens have been recovered (Biljana Rađa, pers. comm. 2011). Although the subterranean fauna is protected in Croatia the site is still threatened with declining habitat quallity due to pollution and over-abstraction of water. Therefore the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Further research is required to determine the population status, and   habitat monitoring will allow the identification of future trends at   the site.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from a small spring near the entrance to a disused cement work in the valley of Jadro, near Spilt.

population:
Recent surveys show the species is still present in the groundwater feeding the springs, but the shells are rare and not abundant and no living specimens have been recovered (Biljana Rađa pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
The species is known from freshwater springs of the River Jadro.

threats:
This species is known from a small spring near to the entrance to disused cement work in the valley of Jadro, near Spilt. The cement works are unlikely to resume. The major threats come from run-off from nearby roads, over-abstraction of water, as the springs are linked springs and there is polluted water seepage from an overlying waste disposal site.

conservationAction:
The subterranean fauna is protected in Croatia. This species is endemic to Croatia, known from a small spring near the entrance to cement works. Further research is required to determine population status, and habitat monitoring will allow the identification of future trends at the site. Unless other locations are discovered this site should ideally be managed more sensitively.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although Dabriana bosniaca qualifies for Critically Endangered or Vulnerable D2, based on the single restricted location, at present we have no reason to believe that the species is immediately threatened, as the biotope is currently in a good state.# There has been no sampling to confirm the presence of the species, and this is recommended to determine the continued presence of the species in the cave. This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Not Applicable (This species is is not present in the 27 member states of the European Union)Europe: Near Threatened (Vu D2)

range:
Dabriana bosniaca is endemic to Bosnia and was described from a cave Dabarska pećina , near source of Dabar River, south of Sanski Most.

population:
There is no recent population data for this species.

habitat:
This species is found in the subterranean freshwater in karst systems.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action for this species at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is an endemic to Croatia, however there is no recent data on population, habitats, threats or distribution, so the status is uncertain. It was only recorded from shell remains found at a spring near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia,  in the 1970's, however, attempts to re-discover the spring in the last few years have failed, and it is possible  that the location has been lost to development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011). The species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), or on a precautionary basis as Critically Endangered. Given the likelihood that the site has been lost and the species may inhabit other springs in the area, it is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
Dalmatella sketi is endemic to Croatia. It was only recorded from shell deposits found by Sket in a spring under a power station near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia in 1970. However, attempts to re-discover this locality have failed, and it is possible that the location was lost to development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011).

population:
There is no data on population trends, although it is thought that the spring may have been lost to development.

habitat:
The shells were discovered in freshwater springs.

threats:
It was only recorded from  shells found at a spring near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia,   in the 1970's. Attempts to re-discover the spring in the last few  years have failed, and it is possible  that the location has been lost to  development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia which includes this species. Lajtner and Slapnik (2009, unpublished list of Threatened Cave Snails) suggested that the species should be listed as Critically Endangered (CR), however this taxon was not included in the Red List for the Underground Fauna of Croatia (in press). Further surveys are required to relocate the species in the region surrounding the last known location and to establish the present location, population status and threats to make an informed conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to small area (area of occupancy = 300 km²) where the main threat is the disturbance of springs caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over abstraction of water for drinking and irrigating needs and tourist pressure. It is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), given its range and threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the type locality,#from the spring Daphne in the Tempe valley and#two springs close to the railway station Agia.

threats:
The main threat for this species is the disturbance of springs caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over-abstraction of water for drinking and irrigating needs, and tourist pressure.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Greece. The area where it has been found is included in the protected sites of Natura 2000 network: GR1420002-Delta Pineiou-Tempi and GR1420005-Aisthitiko dasos Koiladas Tempon. Appropriate site management is needed to prevent habitat degradation, and users needed to be made aware of effects of disturbance of the spring on biodiversity.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and only found in one site (extent of occurrence = 4 km², area of occupancy = 4 km²). These springs have been exploited for centuries without impacting the species, however, recently populations have been observed to decline in abundance, and as such the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), reflecting recent changes to the population abundance at the site.  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)European regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. It was described recently from artificial pools near the springs at Kessariani, near to Athens (Falniowski and Szarowska 2000).

population:
Population decline has been observed in recent years.

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring species, where the site was modified many centuries ago by Hadrian to allow water to be used to supply drinking water to Athens.

threats:
This site has been used for the supply of domestic water for centuries. Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) notes that originally the species could be found in abundance, however recently the population abundance has changed, since the introduction of fish to the pools.         High tourism pressure at this site leads to disturbance of the outflow point and the reservoir. Also, pollution and over-abstraction of water for irrigation is a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Daphniola louisi is not protected in Greece, but the Monastery of Kessariani is a part of the protected site: GR3000006 “Ymittos-Aesthitiko Dasos Kessaianis-Limni Vouliagmenis” of Natura 2000 network. Appropriate site protection is needed to prevent further habitat degradation and population declines. Research is needed relating to the extent of the impact of the fish introduced to the pools on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is described from only one location (Lake Amvrakia) with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 15 km². Since the species was described there has been a massive change in the habitat extent and quality in relation to pollution and water abstraction. Albrecht et al. (2006) commented that the habitat is almost completely 'terrestrial' implying the lake has reduced in size and that the only species found along the shoreline were Dreissena spp. Dianella schlickumi has not been observed for more than 25 years, despite several surveys in this lake. It is considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), because if the habitat is restored there is still the potential that the species may reappear from a small area of habitat that has not been found.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27  assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))European assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))Mediterranean  assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Amvrakia, in the south Adriatic-Ionian region of Greece (38°45' N; 21°11' E). This is a small, deep oligotrophic lake with steep western shores.

population:
This species has declined since 1973, when Radoman reported it from Lake Amvrakia. Szarowska et al. (2005) were unable to find this species during their fieldwork several years prior to their paper being published; there are similar reports from Reischütz and Reischütz (2002). Recent surveys by Albrecht et al. did not find the species, but only dead shells (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). This is one of the species that Regnier et al (2009) considered to be extinct, in their review of Molluscan Extinctions.

habitat:
Lake Amvrakia is a deep oligotrophic lake with steep western shores. The northern part is shallow with small reedbeds (Phragmites ). This species was described as living in the sub-littoral part of the lake, on soft substrate.

threats:
Excessive water abstraction for agriculture (tobacco and maize field), coupled with extremely dry summers, led to abrupt changes in water levels, with the disappearance of the northern extent of the lake where the species was originally recorded. Heavy pollution from the surrounding fields resulted in high eutrophication of the water. As a result, nowadays, there is no gastropod species found in this lake.

conservationAction:
There are no species specific conservation actions in place. Further research at the lake is required to confirm the species' presence, however as the habitat has been modified significantly site protection and management would not suffice to protect this species if it is still present, instead habitat restoration would be needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies close to a sister species Dianella schilickumi, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece (Albrecht et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has declined severely at its only known site since 1985, when it was thought to be common. Recent surveys in the last 10 years, have all shown the species to be rare, with either few living specimens or dead shells recorded, and the most recent surveys have only found it at sites on the northeast edge of the lake (Albrecht et al. 2009). The species is under threat from multiple changes in the lake waters, as well as competing with the invasive mud snail from New Zealand, Potamapyrgus antipodarum. Since the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake, the most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake or lack of rainfall that would lead to changing lake levels. Other threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. This species is described from only one location, has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of# 94 km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 2 km². There is a decline in the AOO and in the habitat quality in relation to pollution. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)) European: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)) Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is now known only from the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009), but was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985). The lake has a surface area of 92.4 km², and is at its deepest point a 58 m depth (Zacharias et al. 2002).

population:
This species has declined since 1985, when Radoman reported that it was very common throughout the lake. Szarowska et al. (2005) reported finding few specimens in their fieldwork several years prior to the paper. Similarly Reischütz and Reischütz (2002) found only dead shells. Most recently Albrecht et al. (2009) could only find it at one sampling locality on the lake during their surveys in 2005 and 2007, for the first time in 20 years.

habitat:
Lake Trichonis is a freshwater lake, warm karstic waterbody, with relatively low nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, where the species is found amongst gravelly sand on the lake-bed between 10 and 27 m depth on the north-east shore.

threats:
Water pollution from domestic sources is contaminating the lake, as there is insufficient treatment of sewage in some areas. Presence of pesticides and fertiliser from agricultural run-off are also affecting habitat quality. The species is also threatened by a competing invasive mud snail from New Zealand, Potamapyrgus antipodarum. Other potential threats include over abstraction of water from the  lake or lack of rainfall that would lead to changing lake levels as the  species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Lake Trichonis is a site of the Natura 2000 network (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).


taxonomicNotes:
One of many small spring-snail species that can be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
It has not been found since 1988, although no intensive surveys have been carried out. Therefore, more research is needed to re-discover the described sites. For now, the species is considered Data Deficient (DD). The species was originally assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for the 1996 Red List, as the species is restricted to springs in a small geographical area. However,# individuals have not been found since 1988.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Falniowskia neglectissima was first described from Brama Krakowksa Rocks in the Pradnik Valley, Ojców National Park, Poland. It occurs also in Ukraine. According to the data given in the National Red Data Book of Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009) its biology, abundance and distribution are poorly known, and it was recorded only from the Ojców National Park and the closest environs of Kraków. It may be under-recorded as it is very difficult to find because of its small size and small populations. It has not been found since 1988, although no intensive surveys have been carried out (Falniowski, in litt., 2009). #

population:
There is no information available about populations and its trends.

conservationAction:
It is considered to be Critically Endangered in Poland, and is listed in the National Red Data Book of Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009). In Poland it is protected by law and its locality is protected within a national park. Firstly, efforts should be made to re-discover the two previously identified locations.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a valid species, confirmed by molecular analyses (Wilke et al. 2001 ; Prié, unpublished data).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Near Threatened# (meeting the criteria B1b (iii)) due the eutrophication which leads to a "sealing off" the hyporheic zone of the rivers. There is therefore a huge loss of the habitat where the species is found, as for example, in the Gardon river in Anduze where one Islamia sp. which lives in a similar habitat, has been impacted. The river has become eutrophic and thus can no longer support the species, while the adjacent tributaries, which are free of nitrates and domestic sewage, are very rich in their molluscan fauna.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is#mainly#known from the Vaucluse to the Departments of Bouches-du-Rhône and Alpes Maritimes.

habitat:
This species lives in the waters flowing below the riverbeds and maybe living in subterranean waters as well.

threats:
Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Over-extraction is another important threat for small stream, as it may completely dry out in summer, thus effecting directly the species. Increased frequency and intensity of summer droughts (possibly climate change), are also a potential threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
At present Fissuria planospira is only known from 12 locations in central Italy, and as such is a range restricted species, so the species should be considered as Near Threatened mainly because of  pollution of groundwaters and over abstraction of water could lead to  loss of localities, that will lead to the species becoming Vulnerable  B2a,b(iii).# If the rate of threats accelerate, then the species could be reassessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy found in the Appeninic region of central Tuscany where it has been recorded from 12 locations (unpublished data compiled for the Italian mapping project CK Map version 5.3.8.).

population:
No data on population decline as there is limited data on this species.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments (Manganelli et al, 2000).

threats:
Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species is vulnerable to groundwater abstraction for domestic purposes and/or pollution from agricultural sources and domestic sources. (Manganelli et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8) (Manganelli et al, 2000).# Further survey work on range and threats to the species as well as monitoring of habitat trends are recommended to evaluate future changes in the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described in the genus Horatia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Fissuria raehlei is known from groundwaters on two islands, and is probably threatened by groundwater abstraction and pollution. It could be considered as Vulnerable (VU B1a, D2), however, the distribution and hence the number of locations in the aquifer is uncertain, however, given the level of groundwater exploitation on a precautionary basis it is listed as Near Threatened, although it might qualify for Endangered or Vulnerable (B1ab(iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Near Threatened (NT)Europe:# Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean:# Near Threatened (NT)

range:
This species is endemic to Greece on islands of Kephalonia and Zakynthos (Ionian Sea, West Greece) (Bodon et al. 2001).# It was originally described from a well at Poros, Kephalonia.# Full estimates of the number of sites where it is found are unknown as this is a cryptic species found only in groundwater, and thus is only found in samples from wells and springs.

habitat:
This species was recorded from water in the bottom of a well, so it is assumed to be present in subterranean waters.

threats:
The major threat to the species will be extraction of groundwaters drying the well, as well as pollution to the groundwaters.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species. Site management is needed to control water abstraction and pollution, and users of the well need to be made aware of the impacts of their actions on biodiversity of the well and groundwater. Research is needed to establish the distribution and population trends of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies recorded for this species: G. munda munda and G. munda sublitoralis, both within Lake Ohrid.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2. Although there are threats to the species from declining quality of habitat, the widespread presence in the lake means the species is less threatened than other taxa as at present the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly  impact this species unless the level of pollution increased. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly or an invasive species impacts on this species.# It is currently listed as Vulnerable D2.

population:
Ginaia munda is relatively abundant in Lake Ohrid and common in suitable habitat.

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral and sub-littoral zone on various substrates such as Dreissena shells, stones and gravel.

threats:
#Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area and increasing sediment load impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from agriculture run-off and from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.    #

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.

redListAssessors:
Albrecht, C., Erõss, Z., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gocea ohridana is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is found in a small area (AOO of less than 10 km2) and it has very specific hydrological requirements in the littoral zone. In# addition to threats from water pollution, the increased frequency of fire hazard in the region, with the related erosion causing changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected as an important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
#This species is present in a very restricted area of the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.

population:
This species is strictly restricted to the rocky south-eastern shore and is found only in low abundances.

habitat:
This species is living in rocky areas of the shore of Lake Ohrid where it is found in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956) .

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod, diminishing its ability to filter water. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake.#Agriculture near the Prespa lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region, threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species, although Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.

redListAssessors:
Hauffe, T., Erõss, Z., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species was first listed as Extinct in 2000. Population declines were first noted in the 1970s when lake levels were lowered. In 1988 a massive outflow event resulted in a catastrophic drop in lake level of 60 cm, isolating the zone were the species is normally found. This combined with interference of inflow streams, and hot, dry summers have led to extensive damage to the entire lake's littoral zone. Repeated visits to the area between 1992 and 2000 failed to locate the species leading to the conclusion that the species should be considered extinct. However some shells of this species were collected in 2009 (Fischer et al. 2009), so there are two possible conclusions a) these are subfossil shells washed out from sediment b) that it is possible that the species may have survived in a small groundwater source and that species is extant. As the species was not live collected, it is still considered Extinct, however if more dead shells continue to be found then the species should be considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) and intensive surveys and rehabilitation programmes will be required. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: : Extinct (EX)EU 27: Extinct (EX)  Mediterranean: Extinct (EX)

range:
Graecoanatolica macedonica was endemic to Lake Dorjan, on the border of Macedonia and Greece. It was first described from shells taken from a site on the western shore of the lake, on the border of Macedonia and Greece (Ryan and Griffiths 2001).

population:
The population was noted to have suffered declines in the 1970s as the lakes water levels lowered from maximum depth of 10.4 m in the 1930s to 5.6 m in 1995. In 1987, densities were estimated at 2,500 individuals per m², however, in 1988 the lake's water level decreased by a further 60 cm as a result of a single outflow event (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). The species was not recorded in the area between 1992 and 2001 (Griffiths pers. comm. 2001). The species was thought to be extinct as a result of habitat loss through water abstraction (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Water abstraction is still ongoing in the area as the lake's feeder streams and underlying aquifer continue to be used for agricultural purposes. Recently (2009) some fresh looking shells have been found at the lake, suggesting that it is possible that the species may survive in a small pocket, or has modified its habitat. Further survey work is required in order to identify whether these shells are 'subfossil' or whether the species survives somewhere at the lake.

habitat:
Graecoanatolica macedonica was a freshwater species. It was restricted to stony and sandy substrates in the littoral zone of Lake Dorjan, usually at depths of 0 to approximately 50 cm (Ryan and Griffiths 2001).

threats:
The species is thought to have become extinct as a result of habitat loss through water abstraction (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Lake levels declined from maximum water depth of 10.4 m in the 1930s to 5.6 m in 1995, and water abstraction is still ongoing in the area as the lake's feeder streams and underlying aquifer continue to be used for agricultural purposes (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Recently, shells have been found at the lake, suggesting that it is possible that the species may survive in a small pocket, or has modified it's habitat.

conservationAction:
Further survey work is required in order to identify whether the recently collected shells are 'subfossil' or whether the species survives somewhere at the lake.   As water quality needs to be good for these small freshwater gastropods, the use of fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced.

useAndTrade:
This species is currently assessed as Extinct and is therefore not utilized. It was also not known to be utilized before its extinction.


redListCategoryRationale:
Graecoanatolica vegorriticola#was originally known from the Petron and Vegorritis lakes in Greece. It was last seen in numbers in the 1980s (Schütt 1985). Recent surveys in 2007 and 2008 failed to find individuals in the Lake Petron, but rediscovered numerous individuals in Lake Vegorritis. The population size of this species seems to be fluctuating extremely, by an order of magnitude more than 10. For these reasons this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).European assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).Mediterranean assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Vegoritis and Lake Patron, in the northeastern part of Greece. However, Lake Petron is now so modified by eutrophication and water fluctuation, that it is not a suitable habitat for this species any more.

population:
The population of this species shows extreme fluctuations.

habitat:
This is a littoral species that lives on stones on lake margins.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to water level drop (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Water abstraction for filling the reservoir of a hydro-power plant is also resulting in additional major fluctuations of the water level (up to 30 m) (Skoulikidis et al. 2008). Run-off from mining in the south reaches the lake through the Pentavrisos River, carrying heavy metals and sediments. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Measures to reduce the contamination from mining should be taken.


redListCategoryRationale:
Graecorientalia vrissiana is considered Critically Endangered (CR), as at present it is known only from a single site, a spring  (Szarowska 2006)#found near#Makrinitsa, a village on mount Pilion, Thessalia, Central Greece. Given the loss of the other sites following spring capture, the major threat is considered to be capping of this spring. If other sites were to be found for this species, then its status would change, depending on the number of sites, and the potential threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).#

range:
An endemic species to Greece, Bank (2006) noted that Graecorientalia vrissianawas described from a spring near Vrissia on the road between Larisa and Athinia. According to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the site at Vrissia (the type locality) has been lost due to the presence of a water intake which was built over the spring, so now there is ' neither water nor snails on the earth surface’. Reichschutz (pers. comm. 2010) found it#living in a tiny spring east of Agios Konstantinos (east of Lamia) in 1987, however this site is also now destroyed. Currently it is restricted to#a single site, a spring  (Szarowska 2006)#found near#Makrinitsa, a village on mount Pilion, Thessalia, Central Greece.

habitat:
The species inhabits freshwater springs.

threats:
The threat to this species is loss of habitat due to water abstraction for domestic purposes.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently conserved. Research into potential presence at other locations is required. Appropriate management and protection is required to maintain suitable water levels at the current known site.


taxonomicNotes:
The attribution to the genus Graziana is provisional based on shell characters and requires confirmation (Reischutz and Reischutz, 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from the type locality, a spring. Upstream of the site is a recreation centre and this is causing pollution downstream which is impacting this spring (Reischütz pers. comm. 2010), hence it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). Conservation actions are required to prevent run-off into the spring and to maintain groundwater levels for the species at this site and further surveys are required to establish if the species occurs at other sites. Finding other subpopulations would reduce the threat status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from Austria, where it is restricted to one spring in a limestone valley in the Kalte Rinne (in the Adlitzgraben), west of Schottwien, in state of Lower Austria (Glöer 2002, p.116; Reischutz and Reischutz 2009).

population:
The current population status at the site is unknown.

habitat:
The species was recorded from a small brook leaving a freshwater spring (Reischutz 2010 pers. comm.), not from underground sources as speculated by some researchers.

threats:
Upstream of the site is a recreation centre and this is causing  pollution downstream which is impacting the spring (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). Further threats come from water table reduction (causing the springs to dry out temporarily) and contamination of the groundwater (mainly agricultural sources) Resichutz and Reischutz (2009).

conservationAction:
No actions are known to be in place for this species, although the valley is in a protected area,   (UNESCO World Heritage Site, for the Railway which uses the valley) and the species is listed for state level protection. Conservation actions are required to prevent run-off into the spring and  to maintain groundwater levels for the species at this site and further  surveys are required to establish if the species is restricted to this  site, and finding other subpopulations would reduce the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread through northern Italy, and although some populations may be threatened through exploitation of the springs, it is unlikely to lead to extinction in the near future.It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
This species is widespread in northern Italy (see CK Map version 5.3.8), found in most areas of Lombardia, Piedmonte and Liguria. It is not known whether the species is reducing in range, but likely that some populations are threatened through exploitation of sources.

threats:
This species is widespread through northern Italy, and although some populations may be threatened through exploitation of the springs by nearby villages, it is unlikely to lead to extinction in the near future.   The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water sources, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs.# There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are specifically in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927."(Kabat  Hershler 1993).Closed to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana cezairensis#is known from 2 locations in a very restricted area (AOO being 8 km2) in SE France. Freshwater springs are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use in this region. The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv).

range:
Graziana cezairensis is endemic to south-east France where it is found in the alpine regions.

threats:
Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction.

conservationAction:
Most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, so actions to protect the sites as well as education about the importance of these sites .


redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana klagenfurtensis has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). The species was originally listed as Endangered in the 1990 and 1994 assessments. It is still restricted to springs near the source of the River Sattnitz near Klagenfurt in Austria, where the number of springs was believed to be six in 1994. As these springs are very closely located and are suffering from the pollution and ground water abstraction, it is considered, on a precautionary basis, that the number of locations is actually less than five. It is not known whether the species exists within a protected area and there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.

range:
This species is restricted to springs near the source of the River Sattnitz near Klagenfurt in Austria; it was originally described from Georgsquelle (Haase 1994). Haase (1994) suggests that it is present at six springs within close proximity.

population:
There is no population information available.

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in springs and in the interstitial waters of river beds of the Sattnitz, close to the springs.

threats:
The major threats to this species lie in the exploitation of the water source, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs. There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies. A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana lacheineri was originally listed in the 1994 Red List, but amended to Least Concern on recommendation from Martin Haase, who had undertaken research on the species.# The species is considered Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) due to some localised threats to springs and loss of some sites in Styria, however the species was not in danger of extinction. The current status of the species has not changed;# there are still localised threats, but the number of sites ensures that the species is unlikely to become extinct in the near future.

range:
Graziana lacheineri has an alpine distribution and is found in Switzerland (Turner et al, 1998), Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2009) and Slovenia (Radoman 1983). According to Bank et al (Fauna Europea website), the range extends to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

population:
The species is abundant at spring sites across the range.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwaters and freshwater springs.

threats:
Although there maybe localised threats to populations of this species through the use of springs, the range is so extensive that it will not lead to extinction in the near future.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions specifically for this species.# In some regions, it is considered rare.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to the protected Papuk Geopark in south-eastern Croatia,  where it is found in Jankovic Stream and on the tuffaceous waterfall.  Other sites are all within the area of Mount Papuk. As the known sites are all within a protected area the habitats at present are not considered to be threatened. However, the area of occupancy is thought to be 100 km2 and there are five locations, and therefore it is suggests that the species should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) approaching category B. If hydrological conditions were to change, then the species would be a candidate for Vulnerable (D2) or Endangered B2a.

range:
This species is restricted to Papuk Geopark in south-eastern Croatia, where it is found in Jankovic Stream and on the tuffaceous waterfall. Other sites are all within the area of Mount Papuk. Radoman (1983) listed springs one km from Jankovac by road to Velika; Spomen Cesma, a spring near Tresnjevica (five km from Vocin); a spring south of Papuk, seven km north of Velika and 12 km from Slavonska Pozega.

population:
There is no data on population trend, but it has been seen in recent surveys.

habitat:
It is found in freshwater springs, waterfalls and rock crevices in streams.

threats:
The major threats to the species would be disturbance of the flow regime of the stream, waterfall and spring, and water-pollution.

conservationAction:
The species is only known from the Papuk Geopark, where it is restricted to the streams and waterfalls. However, this geopark is protecting the geological history of the region, as well as having several endemic invertebrates such as beetles and snails as well as rare bats and flora. There is on data on population trends so research in this area is recommended through monitoring the habitat quality of the sites.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927."(Kabat  Hershler 1993).#Close to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana provincialis is only known from 3 sites, in a very restricted area (AOO of 12 km2), in southern France. The quality of habitat is decreasing, as all freshwater springs in this region are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use. The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv).

range:
Graziana provincialis is endemic to southern France where it is restricted to 3 sites.

habitat:
Grazina#species are freshwater spring snails.

threats:
Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer ; or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling speciezs are threatened with general habitat destruction.

conservationAction:
Site and habitat protection are needed to ensure the survival of this species. More research is also needed on the taxonomy.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has various synonyms that need to be added to the record; Paludinella pupula Westerlund, 1886, Belgrandiella alzonae A.J. Wagner (1928); see Gloer, 2002 p. 115.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was originally listed as Vulnerable in the 1994 Red List, but amended to Least Concern on recommendation from Martin Haase (pers. comm. 1996), who had undertaken research on the species.# It was considered to be more widespread, and although there were localised threats to some springs, the species was not in danger of extinction.# The current status of the species has not changed;# there are still localised threats, but the wide range of the species ensures that the species is unlikely to become extinct in the near future.# This species is therefore listed as Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level: EU27 regional assessment: This species is listed as Least Concern within the 27 members states of the European Union.European regional assessment:# Least Concern

range:
Graziana pupula is restricted to north-east Italy and western Slovenia (Haase 1994; Gloer 2002, p. 115). It is widespread in region, with many records from Italy (see Checklist and Maps of Italian Fauna, version 5.3.8).

population:
This is a widespread species, even though there is no specific population data available.

habitat:
This widespread species is found within springs.

threats:
There are no known threats of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from two springs in Switzerland. The potential future threats from human disturbance are considered plausible, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2. If the threats escalate, and if further sites are not found, the assessment would need to be upgraded.

range:
This species is endemic to Switzerland, where it was found in two springs on Monte San Giorgio, close to the border with Italy in canton Ticino (Haase 2003). Haase (2003) considered that it may also occur in Italy, but at present it is restricted to Switzerland.

threats:
The major threats arise from the depletion of springs due to the water being captured for settlements, damaging the surrounding flora and fauna. This, at present, is thought to be only a future threat.

conservationAction:
This species has the status 'Potentially Endangered' (Category 4) in Switzerland (Turner et al, 1994). As a recently described species, efforts should be focussed on expanding the known range, particularly as Haase (2003) considers that it may also occur in Italy. In the meantime, monitoring of the habitats at the two known springs is also necessary as there are plausible future threats identified.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where, although it is expected that it is more widespread, it is known from a single site, the Jankovic Stream within the area of Mt Papuk (Radoman 1983). The major threats to the species would be disturbance of the flow regime  of the stream, waterfall and spring, and water-pollution. However, at present these are thought to be future threats, as the site lies in a protected area. Therefore, the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on these potential threats and the restricted populations.

range:
Graziana slavonica is endemic to Croatia where it was described from the Jankovic Stream within area of Mt. Papuk (Radoman 1983).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, although the site lies in a protected area.

habitat:
The species is found in freshwater springs (Radoman 1983).

threats:
The major threats to the species would be from the disturbance of the flow regime of the habitat and water-pollution.

conservationAction:
Graziana slavonica#is only known from the Papuk GeoPark, where it is restricted to the streams and waterfalls. However, this geopark is protecting the geological history of region, as well as having several endemic invertebrates as well as rare bats and flora. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (Ministry of Culture 2009). It is thought that further sub-populations may be present in the park, so research is recommended in this area.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927."(Kabat  Hershler 1993). Close to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994). Considered previously (Boeters 1970) as a subspecies of Belgrandiella saxatilis, this taxon is considered as a valid species by Falkner et al. (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana trinitatis is only known from a few localities. Springs are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use due to water extraction as they can become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the  ground lowering the subterranean water level (at least in summer)# or water is extracted directly from the spring.# The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv)..

range:
Graziana trinitatis is only#known from only a few localities in France. One is the type locality, La Trinité near Nice, and a few others are given by Falkner et al. (2002) from Corsica.#Because we do not know the exact number of localities, neither AOO nor EOO can be calculated. Nevertheless, it is believed that there are fewer than 5 locations.

habitat:
Species from the genus Graziana##are freshwater spring snails.

threats:
Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer ; or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, unless they lie in protected areas.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring is suggested for this species, as well as new surveys to determine how many localities occur on Corsica.


redListCategoryRationale:
Graziana vrbasensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD). It could be considered Near Threatened (6 locations) or Vulnerable (6 locations and declining quality of habitat), however the lack of recent data on the range and threats to make a difficult to make a definitive assessment of status. Once these sites have been reviewed and there are recent site surveys, the species is likely to move to a higher threat category.#

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is known from# Bjelaš-nica, a site that also holds Radomaniola bosniaca and is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is found directly to the southwest of Sarajevo.##It is restricted to the Vrbas River catchment. It was described from 6 springs or brooks within the catchment (Radoman 1983). Spring between Jajce and Mrkonjiće-grad, 8km from Jajce#; spring below Barevo village 8km N of Jajce#; spring between Mrkonjiće-grad and Kljuće, 2-3km from Mrkonjiće-grad, Sredinace spring 5 km of Jezero and 4km N of Šipovo; Žlicino-vrelo by Ćirakovac, 10km from Mrkonjiće-grad.

threats:
Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer or water extraction is taken directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, unless they lie in protected areas.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is listed as endemic for the Mountain. More information is needed on the distribution and the population. Habitat trends should be monitor.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a recently described species, known from two localities in the Rhodopes Mts. in Bulgaria. Gregoriev (2009, pers. comm.) suggests that the species probably has a wider distribution than currently known as the area is relatively unexplored. There are potential threats from#pollution and extraction of the spring waters, but these are not considered to be plausible threats at present, particularly as further sites are expected to be discovered. Therefore it is assessed as#Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it has been found in the Rhodope mountains (near Bachkovo and Pavelsko), and in Mesta River Valley. As a recently described species in an area with little survey work, it is expected to be present in other locations in the mountains.

population:
This is a recently described species, so there is no data on population trends.

habitat:
The species lives in small rivers and springs with various temperatures.#The water temperature at the Bachkovo water source was 12° C, oxygen was 9.3 mg/l, at Pavelsko they were respectively 8.2° C, and 8.4 mg/l. It is possibly a calcareous species because it was found in areas of visibly calcium rich waters.

threats:
The major threats to the species are from water pollution from agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources, and habitat degradation resulting from piping of the spring waters.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. As this species may be more widespread, further survey work is required to establish the range and any threats.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), this species has six subspecies, namely G. e. euxina, G. e. macedonica, G. e. remesiana, G. e. serbica, G. e. skupica and G. e. vurliana.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known to occur in several localities within a relatively wide range. Though some of the populations are affected by environmental stresses (e.g. pollution and habitat disturbance) other populations live in relatively untouched habitats. Recent findings of this species in some new localities (including Greece, Albania and Bulgaria) indicates that it might occur in more localities than currently known. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:#Least Concern (LC)Europe:#Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: #Least Concern (LC).

range:
Grossuana euxina is known from localities in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Macedonia (Radoman 1983, Bank et al. 2006). It was also found in Albania recently (Fehér and Erőss 2009).# There are more than 50 reported localities (Radoman 1983). Several new localities were discovered recently (Albania, Greece, Bulgaria) so the number of existing populations is  probably higher than the currently reported range (Feher pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Information on the population status or trend is not available for this species.

threats:
This species is threatened by pollution of# its spring water habitat, arising from agricultural, industrial and domestic sources.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions required for this species. No conservation measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Grossuana thracica is restricted to a single spring, emerging from one of the few lowland caves of Upper Thracia in Bulgaria. The EOO is estimated to be about 10 km2, while the AOO is 4 km2. The site is currently impacted by habitat degradation from animal trampling, mainly cows from the nearby villages into the wetland area, which are reducing the habitat quality#of the species. There is also water extraction (pumping from the pond for irrigating the nearby agricultural lands), which could impact the water levels, leading to further#habitat degradation. There is no protection on the site. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found at one site only. This site is the area where the water emerges from the spring of Chirpan Bunar Cave, and flows into a small pond. The total area of inhabitance is approximately 2 metres of the spring's length. The cave is situated 3 km east of the village of Bolyarino, in the Upper Thracian Lowland, Bulgaria.

habitat:
This species occurs in a limestone lowland area, where running surface waters emerge from a cave and fill a small pond. This type locality is the spring of a small river that is surrounded by pastures and agricultural lands.

threats:
Threats to this species include direct damage from cattle, extraction of water from the pond for irrigation of agricultural lands, and the nearby use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
The prevention of entrance to the site by cattle, the limitation of water extraction and the careful control of any pesticide use are all recommended conservation actions. Further, the full protection of both the area and the species by law is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009) as there is no information on the population trends.# However, as it is only known from 3 locations and potentially faces threats from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of water, on a precautionary basis it has been assessed as Vulnerable. However, in the future it may be uplisted to Endangered, depending on further information on habitat trends and the likelihood of threats escalating in the region.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D2)European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it only known from the type locality in the interstitial water in the river beds of headwaters of the Guadalquivir, Spain and two other sites in close proximity#in the provinces of Jaen and Sevilla (Arconada et al. 2007):     ###### Mogon, Rio Guadalquivir, Province Jaén (UTM grid square VH9714), interstitial water   ###### 2km upstream of Pueta de Segura, Rio Guadalimar, Province Jaén (UTM grid square WH2345), interstitial water   ###### South side of Alcolea del Rio, Province Sevilla (UTM grid square TG6466), dug well

habitat:
This species inhabits interstitial groundwaters.

threats:
The threats to the species are uncertain, however, the general threats to groundwater and springs in the region is pollution from agricultural sources, and overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
Listed as Data Deficient for the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados (Verdu and Galante 2009). Research is needed relating to population trends of the species. Habitat monitoring is required to monitor the impact of pollution and overabstraction of water on the habitat quality, as this could affect the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galente 2009), presumably as the species was recently described. If we take a precautionary attitude to the distribution occuring only in one location in the North East of Spain, and facing plausible threats, then the species should be considered as Vulnerable (VU D2).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean:#Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, only known from the type locality in a spring, Merindad de Río Ubierna, in the province Burgos, Spain.

population:
There is no data on population status of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits groundwaters feeding springs.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species. As the species is only known in one locality, monitoring of the population is important to detect a decline. Appropriate land and water management are needed in the area to prevent threats negatively impacting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Data deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galente 2009), presumably as the species was recently described.# If we take a precautionary attitude to the distribution, where the species occurs only in one location in the North East of Spain, with threats from abstraction of the water sources and agricultural pollution, then the species should# be considered as Vulnerable (VU D2).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean:#Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
This species is restricted to Spain, where at present it is only known from the type locality in a spring, province Jaen, (el lado Sur de la carretera J 701 Siles-Cotillas, 2km de Siles, Jaén (UTM: WH3850, 900 m ASL)).

habitat:
This species lives in groundwaters feeding springs.

threats:
The threats to the species are uncertain, however, the general threats to groundwaterand springs in the region is pollution from agricultural sources, and overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring is required to detect any future changes in habitat quality. Appropriate land and water management is needed in the area to protect the site from over abstraction of water in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Europe.# It has a relatively limited range being found in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, as it is present at a single site and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009), whereas although known from 6 sites in Italy, it is considered Least Concern in the Italian Red List. Hence given the more extensive range in Slovenia and Italy an assessment of Least Concern has been given, although there is pressure on the use of water in these regions, and as such an evaluation of Least Concern will need regular review.

range:
This species is endemic to North Eastern Italy, North Western Slovenia and Croatia (Schutt 2000). It is only known from 6 10km squares in Italy (e.g.# Sorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle del F oSorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle del Sorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle de Natisone, a monte di Stupizza, com. Pulfer)In Croatia, only in a small periodic spring on island of Rab between town of Rab and village of Barbat.In Slovenia,the range is unknown.

population:
This species has no known population data.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found within caves and is regarded as a stygobiont.

threats:
This species is known in Italy where it is considered Least Concern, however is it susceptible to groundwater pollution and grounwater abstraction.In Croatia, only in a small periodic spring on island of Rab between town of Rab and village of Barbat. The site is likely to be threatened from pollution, tourist development and infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
This species has also been assessed at a regional level:EU27:# Least Concern Europe:# Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least ConcernItaly: Least ConcernCroatia:# Critically Endangered.# All the caves and the cave fauna are strictly protected by law within Croatia.# However the status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.

redListAssessors:
Bilandzija, H., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hadziella deminuta is endemic to Italy and Slovenia, where its  total extent of occurrence is 5000 km2, in 10 locations. It is considered rare in both countries and occupies a vulnerable habitat.# In Slovenia, the species is found just in interstitial water of the rivers Sava near Ljubljana and Savinja near Celje, and some thermal springs in central Slovenija (Bole and Velkovrh 1986), where the species is threatened by the degradation of its habitat, the pollution of groundwaters, the construction of roads and through management of the river channels. In Italy, it is considered Near Threatened, due to the presence in alluvial groundwaters that are vulnerable to pollution. Therefore this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).

range:
Hadziella deminuta is endemic to Italy and Slovenia.   In Italy it is known from 3 sites in the groundwater of the river Isonzo (Bodon  Giovannelli 1994).# In Slovenia, the species is found in groundwater of the rivers #Sava near Ljubljana and Savinja near Celje, and some thermal springs in central Slovenija (Bole  Velkovrh 1986).

population:
There are no population data, as it is a species difficult to sample.

habitat:
This freshwater species is living in groundwaters of alluvium and the thermal springs.

threats:
This species is threatened by pollution of the water, urbanization, regulations of rivers, construction of motorways near rivers.

conservationAction:
The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened  Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24  September 2002). There are no conservation actions in place but research  into taxonomy, population and distribution, and habitat trends would be  of benefit.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hadziella ephippiostoma is considered threatened in Italy and Slovenia.# In Italy it occurs at one site, whereas in Slovenia it is known from at least 13 sites, spread over several groundwater systems, usually found at outlets from the aquifers in springs in the area.# The area of occupancy (AOO) lies close to the limit for Vulnerable, and if there is loss of several springs or pollution of the underlying groundwater systems then the species will qualify at a higher level as Near Threatened/Vulnerable depending on the level of loss.    Other threats that may impact groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns.# Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave ecosystems following #to changes to rainfall patterns causing in the changes to groundwater recharge. Hadziella ephippiostoma has also been regionally assessed:EU27:# Vulnerable D2 (based on single site, with low level of threats) within the 27 countries of the European Union.Europe: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least Concern

range:
Hadziella ephippiostoma is endemic to Italy and Slovenia. In Italy it is only known from a single site close to the border with Slovenia (CKmap version 5.3.8; Spring 1 km in Valle di Bodigoi, UTM UM80). In Slovenia, it is present in at least 13 sites, in four main areas: 11 different springs which occur in two areas (Cerkniško jezero and Ljubljansko barje), and two isolated localities (river Vipava (VL17) and river Idrija (VM 20) Slovenia (Slapnik, pers. comm, 2009).# Bodon et al. (2001) also collected# it in the Soca Valley near Lozice (UM9201); several springs near Gorenje Jezero - Cemun Spring (VL56) and Obhr Spring (VL56), Mocilnik springs, Vrhnika (VL49) and Verd Village springs (VL48) and noted that it was originally described from Springs near Podgora (near Lublijana).

population:
There is no data available on population trends of Hadziella ephippiostoma.

habitat:
Hadziella ephippiostoma lives in freshwater springs and groundwaters in the karstic regions.

threats:
The major threats to this species lie in the over-exploitation of springs where the species is found, and through pollution of groundwaters from both domestic and agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions are in place in Italy. As this species lies close to the limits of a threatened status, the monitoring of populations and habitat trends would be recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hadziella krkae is described as a species rarely found in Slovenia (Bole and Velkovrh 1996) and is endemic to springs and caves in the upper part of the Krka catchment, an area of high endemism, with some levels of threats to the water quality, as listed the the Slovenian government CBD report. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to springs and caves in the upper part of the Krka catchment in the central part of southern Slovenia.

habitat:
This species occurs in caves and freshwater springs (Sket pers. comm. 2010). The springs at the upper part of the Krka river are rich in calcium, as this river is the only Tufa forming river in Slovenia.

threats:
Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result  of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural  area (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009), however the levels of impact on this species are uncertain, and require further investigation, but on a precautionary basis, the species is listed as a result of these threats, as it is known to be rare.## The impact on non-native species is lighted as a general threat to freshwater molluscs in the Slovenian Government report to the CBD.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as 'Rare' on the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. The Krka River catchment is a Natural Monument,# according to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72) and is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area potential Site of Conservation Interest. In the CBD government report# this species was one of two highlighted and the site at source of the Krka near Trebnja Gorica is one of the most notable cave sites in Slovenia. There should be work undertaken to monitor the changing quality of habitat in these cave and springs for all of the endemic freshwater snails.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found in a single cave system (extent of occurrence = 4 km2, area of occupancy = 4 km2), threatened by pollution and roads. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)).

range:
Hadziella rudnicae is endemic to Croatia. It is known from Rudnica rijeka/River, Kamenica, Tounj (UTM: WL20) where it is found in a cave; Rudnica Cave VI .

population:
There is no data available on populations trends of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater cave habitats, but it it is not known whether it is found in cave streams, stagnant, rapids, endogenous or exogenous rivers (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Rudnica Cave VI is threatened by the building of access roads and highways, pollution of groundwaters from domestic sources due to the lack of sewage systems, seepage of water from landfill sites and the use of pesticides and fertilizers on the surrounding agricultural land.

conservationAction:
All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (unpublished manuscript 2009). Recommended conservation actions include habitat monitoring, implementation of water protection (runoff scheme for road and sewage treatment). Educational programmes should be introduced to raise awareness of endangered species, hence the need to set up an educational and informative table of type of sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from two locations, which lie about 45 km apart and the level of the threat is mainly in the future development for pipeline development, tourist complexes or construction of hydroelectric dams for electric generation. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the  draft of the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). As this species is localised at two localities, separated by 45 km, and the threats are all for future developments, and given that one location lies within a protected area, it has been assigned a status of Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found in two locations; Spilja kod Obrovca and Spilja kod mlina na Miljacki. One location (Spilja kod mlina na Miljacki) is now within the Krka National Park .

population:
There is no data available on the population status and trends of this species.

habitat:
This species has been collected from freshwater within cave systems but it is not known whether the species inhabits the cave streams, stagnant, rapids, endogenous or exogenous rivers (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Currently both locations lie in  in separate river catchments with few threats. There is no agricultural development within the region. One location lies within a protected area and as such this area has restricted access for protection of the water sources. There are small dams planned for the future on both rivers. The other possible long-term threat is the placement of a gas pipe-line in the catchment.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation due to use of springs) and the Endangered listing in Slovenia suggests that the species may be Vulnerable, however further data is required on the species to confirm this listing. It is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Hadziella thermalis is endemic to eastern Slovenia and the adjacent region in Croatia.

habitat:
This species is present in hypothermal springs.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia danubialis has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii); D2. This is due to the recent population decline and its restricted occurrence (AOO less than 600 km2). Although it does exist in a protected area, there are also ongoing and potential threats to this species across its restricted range.

range:
The species is endemic to Austria. It occurs in the Pannonian hills and flats regions, specifically from the River Danube in Austria and has been recorded from six sites.

population:
This species is considered to be rare and has recently experienced a population decline.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species that occurs in river deposits and gravel beds as well as in groundwater sources.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the abstraction of ground water for drinking, the lowering of ground water levels and pollution, mainly from agricultural practices. The building of power stations and hydrological dams may also degrade this species' habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Austria. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN). It is also present in the National Park Donauauen.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Although this taxon has been placed in the genus Hauffenia, this placement#is based on conchological characters and#has not been proved yet (Bodon et al. 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia edlaueri is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.# It is restricted to a few cave sites and the springs outflowing from these caves. The threats to the species are uncertain, although it is likely to be threatened by water abstraction and groundwater pollution, and so could merit an assessment of Vulnerable D2.# Given the lack of information on threats and recent distributional information, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Hauffenia edlaueri is restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.# It was originally known from from three springs in the Neretva River delta. Schütt (2000) reported that it could be found frequently in outwash from the spring at Ombla, near Dubrovnik (Croatia), and he assumed that it should be found elsewhere in the Popovo Polje.

population:
There is no data on populations for this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater cave systems.

conservationAction:
More research needs to be carried out on distribution and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The placement of this species in the genus Hauffenia is based on shell characters and requires further research (Eross and Petro 2008)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to a single groundwater system which is under threat of drying out due to over-abstraction of water. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Research is needed  to find out more about the species' distribution and trends, habitats and threats. If groundwater extraction continues at its present rate,  this and other species will become extinct, so water management plans  are required that take account of the subterranean groundwater  biodiversity.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and was recently described (Reischütz and Reischütz 2004) from the region of Arkadia, in the northern Peleponnes.

population:
The population status of this species is unknown, but it is believed to be declining due to drying out of the habitat, with few shells appearing in samples.

habitat:
It is a subterranean species. We found in ten years of surveys only dead shells lying in a pond at a freshwater spring, which had been dried out in July 2009 due to water extraction.

threats:
Reischütz and Reischütz (pers. comm. 2010) over ten years of surveys found only dead shells lying in a pond at a  freshwater spring, which had been dried out in July 2009 due to water  extraction. No other species were found at this spring, and were believed already lost. The spring showed no  rest of humidity. It is not known how deep into the ground water  the extraction of water reaches.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population distribution and trends, habitats and threats to this species. If groundwater extraction continues at present rate, this and other species will become extinct, so water management plans are required that take account of the subterranean groundwater biodiversity.


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known  about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to  habitats in the region (habitat degradation due to use of springs) and  the Endangered listing in Slovenia suggests that the species may be  Vulnerable, however further data is required on the species to confirm  this listing. It is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is restricted to Slovenia, where it is endemic to northwestern Slovenia (including the cave Babja Luknja near Medvode and other caves and springs area around Medvode, North-West of Ljubljana).

population:
#No information on the population is available.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and caves (Sket pers. comm. 2010)

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known, but the general threats to habitats in the region are habitat degradation and overabstraction of water.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends and threats


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are listed by Fauna Europea:	Hauffenia jadertina jadertina Kuscer, 1933	Hauffenia jadertina sinjana Kuscer, 1933Some authors have considered Hauffenia sinjana to be a distinct species. #However, the species are only known from shells and there is no anatomical data to support their placement in Hauffenia nor there species status.

redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia jadertina is considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). #In Croatia, it is known from a single site which is threatened by a variety of pressures, currently exploited for water and the future possibility of contamination from a seepage to the groundwater from a waste disposal site. In Bosnia the range and current status is uncertain, but it is possibly present at two locations. The total area of occupancy has therefore been estimated to be less than 100 km2. The status in Bosnni is uncertain, but based on the latest CBD report from Bosnia there are considerable threats to freshwater species in cave systems, and as such, on a precautionary basis, this species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) rather than Data Deficient.

range:
Hauffenia jadertina is listed by Fauna Europea from Bosnia and Croatia (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea). #One subspecies#Hauffenia jadertina#jadertina#is recorded from both Bosnia and Croatia, although Sket (pers. comm. 2010) doubts the locality data for Bosnia.# The other subspecies#Hauffenia jadertina sinjana#is endemic to Croatia and at present is only known from one locality, a spring in river valley of Jadro, near Spilt.

habitat:
This species occurs in a freshwater spring emerging from a cave system. It is possible that the species occurs within the cave system. The cave water is exploited for drinking water.

threats:
The threats are:extraction of water for drinking (ongoing)road passes close to the spring, major road, with traffic with large lorries, oil spills# possibility for# road accidents. run-off from road into the underground aquifer - pollution.planning to build a refuse disposal about 30 km away, however the site has been tested and links through subterranean waters to this site. [Future large problem- regional disposal].

conservationAction:
It should be protected from water extraction. Conservation actions would be to change plans for dumping site.# Proper drainage from road is needed to stop seepage to aquifer.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia.##The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies: Hauffenia kerschneri kerschneri and Hauffenia kerschneri loichiana Haase, 1993

redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia kerschneri#is endemic to Austria, where#it#occurs in a restricted range and is known from only five sites. The population trend is declining and the number of mature individuals species has recently declined.#There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend. This species is considered to be Endangered (EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)).

range:
This species is endemic to Austria, where it occurs in the limestone Alps in the Lower Austria region.

population:
This species is considered to be very rare and has recently experienced a population decline.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species that inhabits groundwater ecosystems and springs and lives on the roots of trees (Resichutz pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
The main threats to this species are abstraction for drinking water and the lowering of ground water levels. There are also threats from pollution, mainly from agricultural practices and habitat destruction from the building of power plants.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Austria. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). There are no known species specific recovery plans and it is not known to be present in any protected areas.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Its conspecificity with Hauffenia sp. (Steffek and Grego 2008) is conceivable, therefore the Hauffenia group in the Carpathian region needs further study.

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from single site, however, it may have a range that extends to a further 30-35 localities where Hauffenia sp. lives and which might be conspecific with Hauffenia kissdalmae. Hence this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until the taxonomic issues have been resolved.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The type locality is in the Börzsöny Mountains in North Hungary where it is known from one confirmed locality. However, there are further sites where Hauffenia is found which may be conspecific with Hauffenia kissdalmae and so its range might in fact extend north-westwards to Horehronske podolje in Central Slovakia and to Slovak Karst and Aggtelek Karst eastwards.

population:
It is difficult to record this species and therefore insufficient data is available to determine the population size and structure and trends.

habitat:
The species is found in ground waters in cave systems.

threats:
There are no known threats, but the distribution has not yet been established for this recently described species.

conservationAction:
There are no present conservation actions. Further data is needed on the range and taxonomic status of other sub-populations of Hauffenia that may be this species. Until this is resolved the known location's habitat should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in both Croatia and Slovenia.# This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in prep.).# The species is also threatened in Slovenia. The threats are pollution of water, urbanization, management with water from springs. Listed as Rare (Bole 1988, 1992) and Vulnerable (Sket and Velkovrh 2002) on Red list of Slovenia. Based on a restricted number of sites and potential threats to these sites, the species is therefore listed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Based on the distribution of the species in Slovenia and the threats to these sites, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)

range:
Hauffenia media#is restricted to Croatia and South Eastern Slovenia (Dolensko Cave).# In Croatia, it is only known from a single locality: Vrlovka Cave, close to the border of Slovenia, with an entrance on the Kupa River (the cave may extend into Slovenia). Hauffenia media was also found# in caves and springs in Dolenjsko, South-East of Slovenia (7 localities around Novo mesto, Brežice, Metlika, Črnomelj).

habitat:
It lives in water pools on walls, under rocks and on pieces of rotten wood, and feeds on dead organic matter.

threats:
The Croatian site is a tourist cave where almost the whole cave is used. Species disturbance and decline habitat through creation of walking routes. Small creek where species lives in the cave is alongside the tourist path. Pollution from sewage from adjacent villages and from agricultural on surface (nutrients, pesticides).

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). In compliance with the Red List of Croatian Cave Fauna, it is classified under the Critically Endangered (CR) category.# As with all cave species it is legally protected in Croatia.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia nesemanni has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It#is endemic to Austria and is only known from the type locality at#Moosbrunn. Although there is very little recent data, the species is considered#Critically#Endangered (CR) on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz  Reischütz 2007), as the groundwater is at risk of pollution as well as eutrophication.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, at the#spring of the Schlauchgraben south of Moosbrunn, Southern Vienna Basin, Lower Austria.

habitat:
This freshwater species lives probably in interstitial parts of groundwater and gravel deposits, since it was found in a drainage pipe (only empty shells).

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat destruction, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater and pollution in the form of eutrophication.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List, as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends and#surveys of other springs in the region.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia plana is present at 8 locations in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and possibly Montenegro.# This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia and assigned a status of# Vulnerable D2 and is known from 2 locations in Bosnia  Herzegovina. At present the species lies within the thresholds for Vulnerable B2ab(iii), and so we have assigned Near Threatened, as it is possible the species occurs at other intervening locations.

range:
The species is from Croatia and Bile (BiH) and has been found at 7, possibly 8 locations.# It has been found in outwash from the springs at Ombla (Croatia). Schütt (2000) collected and found the species to be frequent at the Ljuta source near Dobrota (Croatia), in the spring at Vrgorac Stinjevac (east of Biokovo)(Croatia), in the springs at Mlini Plat (Croatia); in Mühlquelle in Zaton Mali (Croatia), in the spring Bileca (BiH) and# the main springs at of Trebinjica, Bile (BiH). There is a possible record from Montenegro, but this requires further survey data to clarify the presence.

population:
There is no data on population status for this species.

habitat:
This species can be found in Freshwater springs emerging from caves.

threats:
A Dubrovik tourist development is leading to degradation of the species habitat.# Pollution from agriculture (nitrates), Sewage at Ombla, as well as construction of a dam taking water since the 1970s at Ombla. Water extraction for drinking water and irrigation for agriculture is also another threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known specifically for this species, although Cave fauna is protected in Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia subcarinata is probably endemic to Western Slovenia where it is found in groundwater springs in the Soca Valley. Using the precautionary principle H. subcarinata is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as it is appears to be restricted to a small region, however this species requires further review as although it is considered an Endangered species in Slovenia, the distribution and threats require further data to come the restricted nature of the range.

range:
Hauffenia   subcarinata is endemic in Western Slovenia (and possibly in adjacent Italy), where it is known from springs along upper reaches of Soča river (Sket, pers. comm. 2010). It was first described from                 a freshwater spring in village Ložice near Deske in Soča valley (Slapnik, pers. comm, 2009).

population:
Hauffenia subcarinata has no data on population trends.

habitat:
Hauffenia subcarinata is a small species and is found in freshwater springs.

threats:
There is no information on specific threats for Hauffenia subcarinata, although plausible threats are                  over-exploitation of springs where the species is found, and through pollution of groundwaters from both domestic and agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
Hauffenia subcarinata is considered to be Endangered #in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket Velkovrh 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia subpiscinalis is  restricted to Italy and Slovenia.# In Italy it occurs at 9  sites, whereas in Slovenia it is known from In Slovenia, it is present in  at least 13 sites, spread over several groundwater systems, usually  found at outlets from the aquifers in springs in the area.# The AOO lies  close to the limit for Vulnerable, and if there is loss of several  springs or pollution of the underlying groundwater systems then the  species will qualify at a higher level as Near Threatened/Vulnerable  depending on the level of loss.    Other threats that may impact  groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and  towns.# Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave  ecosystems following #to changes to rainfall patterns causing in the  changes to groundwater recharge. Regional assessements include:EU27:# Least Concern, although vulnerable to decline through loss of springs,  and thus requires monitoring. Europe: Least ConcernMediterranean:#  Least Concern#

range:
Hauffenia subpiscinalis is widespread in central  and western Slovenia and known in at least 12 locations in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. (Bodon  Giovannelli, 1993). (CK Map 5.3.8).                                  Not a range restricted species, although present in small area (extent of occurrence 150 km x 150 km).

population:
The population trends for Hauffenia subpiscinalis are unknown.

habitat:
Hauffenia subpiscinalis inhabits cave groundwaters from 5-200 m ASL, and can be found in outflow from springs.

threats:
Hauffenia subpiscinalis is threatened by loss of springs and pollution of the underlying groundwater systems from agricultural pollution. Other threats that may impact groundwaters include the pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns. Longer term threats are the potential degradation of habitats following changes to rainfall patterns causing changes to groundwater recharge.

conservationAction:
There are no actions in place for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended. The species is listed as Least Concern in Italy (CKMap 5.3.8) and


redListCategoryRationale:
Although some sites will be threatened by pollution of the groundwater, the wide range in Italy and Slovenia suggests that this species is not currently threatened.

range:
Hauffenia tellinii is endemic to North Eastern Italy and Western Slovenia.# In Italy it is recorded from 27 sites over a wide area whereas it is restricted to only Western Slovenia in Slovenia.

population:
The population trends for Hauffenia tellinii are unknown.

habitat:
Hauffenia tellinii is found within subterranean groundwaters and the outlets at springs.

threats:
The pollution of groundwater from agricultural sources and domestic sources will threaten Hauffenia tellinii, which is considered to require clean waters.

conservationAction:
Considered to be Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000) and Rare in Slovenia. There are no specific conservation actions for this species, although habitat monitoring would be recommended to establish whether the species is suffering from impacts of pollution and groundwater lowering from exploitation.

redListAssessors:
Manganelli, G., Giusti, F., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hadziella tovunica is only known from a single site in Croatia, where it is restricted to the groundwaters in cave system under an active quarry. The site is threatened by pollution of the groundwater #from the quarry and adjacent #town, and although the site and species are both protected by legislation, the threats still prevail. This species was considered to be Critically Endangered in the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press 2010), and has been assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia. It is known from a single cave system,# Tounjčica Tounj, in Karlovac County near to the city Ogulin (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater species living in groundwaters in karst cave habitats. It is not known in stagnant or running waters, rapids, rivers, lakes, or pools.

threats:
The cave at Tounjčica is currently threatened because of mining and quarry expansion in Tounj which is located near the cave and lies directly above the groundwater#. There is pollution of groundwater from waste and sewage water from the villages near Oštarija and various pollutants (oil derivatives, oil, waste water) from a quarry and roads near Tounj. Other threats that may impact groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns.     Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave ecosystems following changes to rainfall patterns causing changes to groundwater rechargeThere is a possible threat from illegal collecting of the cave fauna, as the cave is often visited without any supervision.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species is currently covered by legal  protection as it is a strictly protected species and lies in protected  cave habitats according to the existing Nature Protection Act (NN 70/05,  139/08).   #The implementation of monitoring measures and conditions  listed in the nature protection plans Tounj space and Karlovac County needs to be improved. Proposed conservation measures include implementing protection for biological natural monument. rehabilitating and protecting the construction of a sewerage system for the town to prevent further pollution.  preventing uncontrolled use of the quarry in Tounj.  preventing the introduction of species and their habitats in water management within the special protection area of the river water slijevnog Zagorske Mrežnica.(Red Book for Cave Fauna of Croatia, in press 2010)


redListCategoryRationale:
Hauffenia wagneri is endemic to Slovenia and was found 4 locations in an area of declining habitat and is listed as Rare on the Red list of Slovenia. It is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2 given the range and threats (mainly pollution).

range:
Hauffenia wagneri is endemic to# south-eastern Slovenia , recorded from four locations,# a cave Raja peč near Sevnica (type locality), one spring near Sevnica and springs north from Trebnje (springs in the basin of river Mirna).

habitat:
This species occurs in caves and in springs.

threats:
The main threat to this species is groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Rare on Red list of Slovenia (Bole Velkovrh 1986, 1992, Slovenian Gazette, September 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently listed on the Global Red List (1996, based on the old categories and criteria version 2.3) and the Austrian Red List as Endangered (1998).# At present, based on the current distributional information, the category remains Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), based on restricted range, number of locations and the threats from water abstraction and pollution.

range:
Hauffenia wienerwaldensis is endemic to Austria, where it was first found in wells at Klamm near Wienerwald (Haase 1992).# Glöer (2002) notes that the range now extends to Klamm, Pressbaum and Baden, all south of Vienna (Wien). Reischutz (1996) found it in the outflow of water storage reservoir beside road between Lindhutten and Alland (Weinberg).

habitat:
The species occurs in the groundwater systems within the karst area and is collected from outflow springs where shells are found in debris.

threats:
Hauffenia wienerwaldensis is threatened by declining water quality, partly from agricultural sources (nitrates, pesticides) and partly from human settlements, as well as habitat degradation, as the result of cleaning of the spring sites and formation as reservoirs to take-off water for settlements, and to abstract water from groundwater system (Reischutz  Resichutz, 2009).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for this species, although population monitoring and habitat monitoring are recommended.# Awareness that there are endemic species restricted to the groundwaters would also be beneficial for planners and environment agencies.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally described as a "Valvata", named Arganiella exilis#in the French list of protected species, the name has been changed to Heraultia by Bodon et al. (2001) and then to Heraultiella by Bodon et al. (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread, but local in the Herault catchments in France where it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 5,817 km2. However, it has been declining in range size, and some sites, especially the type location have already been lost, so the extent of occurrence is decreasing. #It is restricted to 3, possibly 4 river catchments, where the major threat is overexploitation of water which impacts throughout the range and over many sites which occur in close proximity and secondary threats from groundwater pollution, which is more variable over the catchment. #The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(i,ii,iii), based on loss of sites and ongoing impact of lowered groundwater tables in the region. #Future threats are also lack of recharge, as this zone has seen recent changes in seasonal rainfall patterns.

range:
Heraultiella exilis is endemic to France, and believed to be restricted to the Hérault départment in southern France.

population:
There are no population data available for this species. However, a decline can be inferred from decline of habitat quality and the extirpation of some of the population known in the past (including type locality).

habitat:
This species lives in the water flowing under the river beds; it has never been found in truly subterranean habitats.

threats:
Hyporheic habitats (i.e. habitat beneath and lateral to a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water) are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Habitat degradation resulting from over-exploitation of the aquifer feeding the streams is another important threat for small streams that may become completely dried out in summer, thus directly affecting the species. Occasional droughts, possibly resulting from climate change, are also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by the French law (under the name Arganiella exilis). More research on the population and the main threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia,  where it is widespread in springs in the Cetina Valley, as well as other type localities for species now synonymised. There are no known threats for this species, as although there are hydroelectric  dams on the river, the species is mainly found in the freshwater  springs, throughout the valley, hence it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Habitat monitoring is recommended as the species is vulnerable to exploitation of the springs.

range:
This species is listed as endemic to Croatia and Albania in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006). In Croatia the species was first described from a Spring near Ribaric in the Cetina valley and Szarowska and Wilke (2004) confirm that it is also present at a spring of Vrana River, between Vrana and Radosinovci. Feher and Eross (2009) doubt that the record from Albania is from the current geographical region for the country, so the presence there is uncertain. Radoman (1983) noted that it is widespread in springs in the Cetina Valley, as well as other type localities from species now viewed as conspecific (see Bodon et al. 2001)

population:
There is no data on population trends, although live material has been collected in the last 20 years at springs.

habitat:
This species is mainly recorded from freshwater springs.

threats:
There are no known threats for this species, as although there are hydroelectric dams on the river, the species is mainly found in the freshwater springs, throughout the valley.

conservationAction:
#Habitat monitoring is recommended, as the species would be vulnerable to exploitation of the springs it inhabits.


redListCategoryRationale:
Horatia lucidulus is only found in a single locality, on the Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria, where  the decline in the quality of lake water is likely to impact  significantly this species in the next ten years.# It is considered to be Critically Endangered, (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from one locality in South Dobridza, Black Sea Coast. According to Bodon (pers. comm. 2009), this species has not been found since 1960 and so the current status is uncertain.

population:
There is no data about the population size of the species.

habitat:
It is a troglophilic species, which means that it can live either inside or outside a cave, which is living in a deep well at the seaside.

threats:
The pollution as an outcome of agriculture and domestic activities using the well water where this species occurs. A high touristic pressure may be a threat on this species.

conservationAction:
#Habitat monitoring is required. No current conservation activities are put in place.


redListCategoryRationale:
This# species is endemic to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, where it is known from four springs, and as such the threats are  likely to be changes in the habitat due to extraction of drinking water to supply  villages, groundwater pollution by nitrates from agriculture and changes  to precipitation recharging the springs and their groundwater supplies  with increased frequency of droughts. As such the species is listed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU D2). Further research is required on distribution, populations trends and threats, as  this species maybe more threatened, if threats are actively impacting  sites, or less threatened if more sites can be established showing a  wider range.

range:
This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, where Radoman (1983) described it as being present in four springs. One spring lies 15 km west of Skopje (spring at Matka Gorge), the other 3 lie further south near Kiceve, on springs near roads to Ohrid and Bitola.

population:
There is no recent data on the populations of this species.

threats:
This species is known from four springs, and as such the threats are likely to be changes in the habitat due to extraction of drinking water to supply villages, groundwater pollution by nitrates from agriculture and changes to precipitation recharging the springs and their groundwater supplies with increased frequency of droughts.

conservationAction:
There are No known conservation actions for this species.# Further research is required on distribution, populations trends and threats, as this species maybe more threatened, if threats are actively impacting sites, or less threatened if more sites can be established showing a wider range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single site in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and as such maybe threatened by loss of the habitat due to increased frequency of droughts. It is not known whether the species is present at other springs in the region, and hence it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) rather than Critically Endangered. Further data is required on population, distribution and threats to the species to refine the conservation assessment.

range:
This species is only known from the type locality, a spring near Novo Selo, in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Radoman 1983). This spring lies just north of Struga town, north of Lake Ohrid.

population:
There is no recent data on the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs in the river valley of Sateska, draining into the Crna Drim.

threats:
The spring where this species is present lies just north of Struga town and therefore maybe capped to provide drinking water. Other threats come from pollution of the groundwater due to intense agriculture and increased frequency of droughts impacting the springs in the region.

conservationAction:
Further data is required on population, distribution and threats to the species to refine the conservation assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
Until recently Hydrobia acuta was regarded as a Mediterranean species and Hydrobia neglecta Muus, 1963 as the north-west European endemic. Giusti et al. (1995) suggested that it was very closely related to the Mediterranean taxon H. acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) and Hoeksema (1998) concluded that a Biscayan population was synonymous with H. acuta. In the Clecom List (Falkner et al. 2001) the specific epithet neglecta Muus, 1963 was retained and the species placed in a separate Genus Obrovia Radoman, 1973. Wilke et al.  (2001), however, found only small genetic differences between study  populations in the western Mediterranean and north-west Europe and  concluded that both should be referred to Hydrobia acuta, with the north-west populations distinguished only at the subspecific level, i.e. as Hydrobia acuta s. neglecta.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal lagoons and estuaries and is is often abundant when present, and not considered to be declining. This species is not considered to be  threatened across the range, although there will be localised threats  due to harbour developments and as such it is listed as Least Concern at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.The subspecies H acuta neglecta is considered to be threatened locally in various countries due to the limited range.

range:
Fauna Europaea# (Bank et al. 2006) give the species a more restricted range, with countries listed as:#  France (Mainland), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Croatia, Ukraine, where it is found on the Mediterranean coastal lagoons and estuaries and treated H. a. neglecta as a separate species from H. acuta. However Wilke et al (2001)s show H. a. neglecta is conspecific which extends the range to the Atlantic coasts, with records from Iceland, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), France (Mainland).# It# is also found in the Sea of Azov, Black Sea and western Russia (Selifonova 2008).

population:
This species is often abundant when present, and not considered to be declining.

habitat:
The species occurs in coastal lagoons and brackish water habitats along the estuaries of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines.

threats:
This species is abundant in suitable habitats and not considered to be threatened across the range, although there will be localised threats due to harbour developments and other developments which lead to habitat loss across the range.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions known for this species and none are considered necessary at a European level. The subpecies# H. a. neglecta is listed as Endangered under B2ab(iii,iv) on the Irish Red List (Byrne et al. 2009) and there are proposed conservation actions where marine developments threat the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously considered to be part of Hydrobia (Ventrosa) ventrosa. Boeters (1988) separated this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was segregated from V. ventrosa, by Boeters and#Beckmann (2007), who recorded it#from Mallorca (S'Illot, S'Albufera) and from Menorca (Cala Torta). As this species is likely to be under-recorded due to the confusion with the more widespread species#V. ventrosa, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was segregated from V. ventrosa by Boeters (1988). Boeters and#Beckmann (2007) provided additional records from Mallorca (S'Illot, S'Albufera) and from Menorca (Cala Torta).#

population:
The population trends for this species are unknown.

habitat:
The habitat for this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Hydrobia cattaroensis was described by Schutt in 1959, however the current genus is not known and taxonomic review of the status of this species is required.

redListCategoryRationale:
Hydrobia cattaroensis was described by Schütt (1959) from the region of  Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status  of this species, so it is considered that this species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending a review of the taxonomic status and distribution.

range:
This species was described by Schütt (1959) from the region of Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently, however, this species requires more research on taxonomy and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
Hydrobia declinata was described by Frauenfeld, 1863, however the current genus is not known, and taxonomic review of the status of this species is required.

redListCategoryRationale:
Hydrobia declinata was  described by Frauenfeld, 1863 from the region of  Montenegro, but there is  no current data on the distribution or status  of this species, so it is  considered that this species should be listed as Data deficient,  pending a review of the taxonomic status and distribution.

range:
Hydrobia declinata was described by Frauenfeld, 1863 from the region of Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, however, distribution and taxonomy need to be researched.


taxonomicNotes:
Should be named "Obrovia glyca" according to Falkner et al. 2002. Based on molecular analyses from Wilke et al (2000) and Wilke Pfenninger (2002), the name is applied to populations spread from Brittany (France) to Morocco.

redListCategoryRationale:
Hydrobia glyca has a range from France to Morocco based on recent molecular work on samples from suitable habitats, however the detailed picture of the range is uncertain, as it may have been confused with other species. As this species has a wide range with suitable habitats scattered across the range, it is expected that the species should be assessed as Least Concern.Regional assessments are:EU27: Least ConcernEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Not Applicable

range:
This species is recorded from Brittany (France) to Morocco along the Atlantic coast.

population:
There are no population data available for this Hydrobia glyca.

habitat:
Hydrobia glyca species lives in brackish waters.

threats:
The threats to Hydrobia glyca are unknown.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is listed in Fauna Europea, and attributed to Schütt (1959).# In his paper in Archiv fur Molluskunde (88) only Paladilhiopsis montenegrina was described, which is now Saxurinator montenegrinus, also assessed in the Red List. #This listing is uncertain and requires confirmation.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are no data on the status of this species. This species is listed in Fauna Europea, and attributed to Schütt  (1959).# In his paper in Archiv fur Molluskunde (88) only Paladilhiopsis montenegrina was  described, which is now Saxurinator  montenegrinus, also assessed in this Red List. #This listing is uncertain and  requires confirmation. Therefore Hydrobia montenegrina is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
There is no data on the current range for this species, although it is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, however, there is a lack of knowledge in taxonomy, distribution and population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is currently in need of taxonomic review as some authors considered this to be a form of the widespread Hydrobia ventrosa.# In Fauna Europaea, the following are regarded as synonyms of this species:Caspiohydrobia convexa Logvinenko  Starobogatov, 1966Caspiohydrobia eichwaldiana Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966Kantor et al. (2009) regard all of the above as potentially available species names.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) due to the taxonomic issues surrounding the species, as some synonyms are regarded as full species in some areas. These taxonomic issues need resolving to determine the true category of the species.  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in one of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is currently in need of taxonomic review as some authors considered this to be a form of the widespread Hydrobia ventrosa (Kantor et al. 2009).Caspiohydrobia convexa is found in the Southern Caspian Sea, estuarine areas of the Black and Azov seas, and in the Aral Sea between 0-10 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968, Andreeva 1987).# Its type locality is Great Kirov Bay, Caspian Sea (Kantor et al. 2009).  Caspiohydrobia eichwaldiana is found in the Southern Caspian Sea, and the limans of the Black and Azov seas between 0-35 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968).# Its type locality was Odessa. Some authors considered this to be Hydrobia ventrosa (Kantor et al. 2009). Son (pers. comm., 2009) suggests that only dead shells were found in the estuarine Kujalnik Liman (Ukraine) and also in Don estuarine system (Russia).

habitat:
The habitats for this species are unknown.

threats:
In some areas there is evidence of changing salinities and damning on the river, but these threats are not impacting the majority of the populations.

conservationAction:
The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed to determine the real distribution and population trends of this species, and to resolve taxonomic issues.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is now considered to be a synonym of Ventrosia maritima# (Milaschewitsch, 1916) based on recent molecular work by Kevrekidis et al. (2005) who reviewed the taxonomic status based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from specimens recorded from Evros delta, Greece. In the past this#species was considered to be part of#V. ventrosa#by many authors#(Van Damme pers. comm. 2009), however, V.ventrosa is now considered to be a separate taxa to#V.maritima based on the data from#Kevrekidis et al. (2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered to be part of V.ventrosa by many authors (Van Damme pers. comm. 2009) but other more recent publications have placed it in Ventrosia maritima.#V.maritima and#V.ventrosa are both widespread species in their ranges.This species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to taxonomic issues. However once the taxonomic issues are solved, it will probably qualify for Least Concern (LC) as a synonym of Ventrosia maritima.# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Evaluated (NE), as this species does not occur in the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope: Data Deficient (Taxonomic Issues, probably LC as synonym of#Ventrosia maritima#)Mediterranean:#Data Deficient (Taxonomic Issues, probably LC as synonym of#Ventrosia maritima#)

range:
This species is now considered conspecific with V. maritima, which is recorded from Evros delta, Greece, Romania,#Ukraine and on the Black Sea coast of Russia.

population:
There is no data available on population trends

habitat:
This species inhabits brackish water lagoons and coastal margins.

threats:
There are no know threats towards this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to its population trends and threats towards the species.


taxonomicNotes:
A close relationship between North American and European taxa of the H. ventrosa clade has been suggested by Wilke et al. (2000) although this relationship has not been tested at a molecular level (see Anderson 2005). Some have considered that this group merits generic standing as Ventrosa, however the use of a separate genus to distinguish this species is contentious and Haase (1993) considered this to be unjustified on genetic distance criteria.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is localized in many parts of its range, and the sites can be threatened by local development as the lagoons and estuaries are often used for ports and harbours, the range of the species at present is widespread and there is no information about any decline in the overall population. As such, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread but localised in Europe and the Mediterranean. The range extends from Ireland and the UK in the west through Finland, Germany and France to# countries such as Russia and Romania in the east.

population:
This species is widespread but localised, and can be locally abundant where it occurs. There is no information on population trend.

habitat:
This species is a brackish water species found in estuarine and lagoon habitats. Hydrobiid snails will ingest any type of particles of the right size. In a natural sediment, they ingest a certain size spectrum of mineral particles and diatoms, as well as other micro-organisms. When on a solid surface (or a mineral grain too large to be swallowed) they ingest smaller particles associated with the surface that are not too firmly attached (Fenchel 1988).

threats:
The main threats to the species include any factors such as barrages, sluices or water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies. Large Barrage projects do impact this species, changing the estuarine conditions and the mud where it lives. Other localised threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills, etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species and none are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Also known as Ecrobia vitrea (Risso, 1826), which is considered a subgenus by some authors and a genus by others.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is localized in many parts of its range, and the sites can be threatened by local development as the lagoons and estuaries are often used for ports and harbours, the range of the species at present is widespread, and, as such, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed this species under the name Ecrobia vitrea (Risso, 1826) and give a Mediterranean distribution as:# France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Malta, Spain (Mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Albania and Croatia. There is a possibility that this species may also occur in north Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) but due to poor recording data and possible confusion with closely related species there are no literature records.

habitat:
This species is a brackish water species found in estuarine and lagoonal habitats.

threats:
The main threats include any factors such as barrages, sluices, water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies. Large barrage projects are known to impact this species, changing the estuarine conditions and the mud where it lives. Other localised threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills, etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species and none are considered necessary. More data on distribution throughout the range would be useful, but not essential at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD), as it is recently described in 2007 and there is insufficient data on distribution and threats to the sites.# Although at present the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), if the range is more extensive then it may qualify as Least Concern (LC), however there are likely to be localized threats, as although there are no known threats to this species, general threats  include management of spring sites so to 'containerized' and improve the  sites for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.

range:
Iberhoratia aurorae is endemic to Spain, where it is found in Provinces Cáceres, Toledo and Salamanca (Arconada et al. 2007).# The type locality was a spring between Hervás and Jerte, Cáceres, UTM: 30TTK551596

population:
This species is recently described and hence there are no data on population trends.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species, however general threats include management of spring sites so to 'containerised' and improve the sites for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. New surveys are required to confirm the presence in springs in the region, to determine distribution and threats. Conservation actions include the implementation of spring management plans to keep the water well oxygenated and clean, reduction of the# management of spring sites so that they are not 'containerised' for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is localised, and found only in one cave system. The Spanish Red Data book (Verdú and Galente 2006) listed the species as Data Deficient (DD), whereas the Andalucian Red List (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) considered the species to be Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii), D2). Using a precautionary approach, given that this species is only known from a single site and has not been recollected since 1980 despite surveys, the global listing could be Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), based on possible future threats to the cave system. However, as the site is currently stable and there is limited recreational access# the species could also be considered as Vulnerable D2, based on the level of threats at the site. At present it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, however if the levels of threat to the site escalate, then  Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) would then apply.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is recorded from one site in the region of Andalucia from the Cueva del Gato, a karst cave in the province Malaga (Parque Natural de Grazalema). It is only known from the specimens taken when it was first described by Boeters (1980), since further field surveys have failed to locate additional specimens (Arconada et al. 2009). There are two entrances to the cave:# the huge entrance of this cave, Cueva del Gato# is a  river cave of the subterranean river Gaduares.# The other  entrance of the cave is called Boca de Hundidero, also an enormous  portal, about 4km away. This cave entrance at Boca de Hundidero has several paths and  suspension bridges, along with an old hydroelectric dam where the  Compañía Sevillana de Electricidad, tried to dam the river in the 1920's.  The Cueva del Hundidero is a swallow hole, where the waters of the  river Gaduares enters the cave system. The main passage, the  subterranean river bed, is used for trips by experienced pot-holers. This set of karst systems has lakes and waterfalls which have only been explored in part because it includes regions that are hard to get to, and as such the much of the system remains unexplored. The extent of occurrence for Iberhoratia gatoa is estimated as under 10 km², based on the length of the river within the cave.  The underground part of the River Gaduares lies within the Natural Park.

population:
This species has only been collected at its type locality, and is only known from the original specimens in spite of recent surveys in the last 10 years.

habitat:
The species is restricted to karstic groundwaters, and was found in the outflow from the cave.

threats:
The major threats to the species within the cave are from any alteration to the hydrobiology of the system. This is likely to be a very sensitive species to changes in in the ecosystem, such as pollution of the groundwater (domestic, recreational or agricultural sources) or disturbance of the water channels, such as concreting areas for recreational access to the caves or use of the sites for water extraction# for domestic supplies or hydroelectricity (Arconada et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The water catchment for this species lies within a Parque Natural. The recommended activities in the Andalucian Red List include:1)# Investigation of cave system to locate new sub-populations2)# Control of the hydrological regime within the cave system3)# Information board outside the cave giving information about the threatened species and the conservation needs.


redListCategoryRationale:
This freshwater species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii), as it is endemic to southern Spain, where although it is found in a wider area than the other two species in this genus, it is restricted to a few springs sites, ponds and artificial tanks with# an area of occupancy of less than 200km2.# The ongoing threats have the potential to impacted many of the sites given the high demand for domestic water supplies and water for agriculture, as well as the increasing frequency of drought events in the region.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to southern Spain. This species was found in the provinces of Cadiz, Sevilla, and Malaga (Arconada et al. 2007)). The populations in Almerıa and Huelva have tentatively been assigned to this species as Iberhoratia cf. morenoi until new specimens are studied (Arconada et al. 2007). Localities are the following: spring in Prado del Rey, Cadiz (type locality) (UTM 30STF8160); Benamahoma, Cadiz, UTM TF87;# spring Los Palominos, Zahara, Cadiz, UTM TF87; spring El Canajoso, Coripe, Sevilla, UTM 30STF848928; Casarabonela, Malaga, UTM 30SUF3572; spring Matiana, El Chorro, Malaga, UTM 30SUF4386; spring La Quemona, Malaga, UTM 30SUF0581; spring El Valentın, Alozaina, Malaga, UTM 30SUF3366.Locations that have been tentatively assigned to the species as Iberhoratia cf. morenoi (Arconada et al. 2007)): spring in Berchul, Felix, Gador mountains, Almeria, UTM: 30SWF298813; El Marchal de Anton Lopez, Almerıa, UTM: 30SWF3383; spring las Mimbreras, Zufre, Huelva, UTM: QB39.

population:
There is no population data for this species as it has only been recently described.

habitat:
This species live in springs with clear water and aquatic vegetation. In this typical habitat of Iberian valvatiform Hydrobiidae, they can be found on the roots and leaves of aquatic vegetation, stones, or even in the sand (Arconada et al. 2007).

threats:
The major threats to this species include changing water management practices which change the habitats at the sources, so that these freshwater springs can be used for drinking water supplies and to irrigate agriculture.

conservationAction:
Although the species is listed as Vulnerable in the Andalucian Red List of Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón 2008), there are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, population trends and threats towards this species. Conservation actions include need to establish better habitat management to allow water offtake without damaging the spring sites (Springs, Ponds and artificial pools/tanks). If future surveys do not result in an expansion of its range, then ex-situ breeding programmes maybe required to implement a recovery programme.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica absoloni was not included in the list of species assessed for the Croatian Red List of the Cave Fauna.#The major threats to this species are groundwater pollution, from different sources, within the cave systems. #However, given the wider distribution of the species, it is questionable whether this species is likely to be threatened with extinction in the next 10 years, hence it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Iglica absoloni is listed for southern Dalmacija (Croatia), southeastern Hercegovina (BiH) and Montenegro by Bole and Velkovrh (1986). Schütt (2000) listed the species from the Baba cave near Trebinje in Herzegovina (Type locality), as well as from material washed out from the Ombla cave system, where it was not frequent, but consistently represented. The distribution includes the extended area around the Popovo Polje as well as Trsteno, N. Dubrovnik (Schütt 1975).

population:
No population trend data on Iglica absoloni, but the species is never found in large numbers (Schutt, 2000).

habitat:
Iglica absoloni is found within groundwaters in Caves.

threats:
The major threats to this species are groundwater pollution, from different sources, within the cave systems.

conservationAction:
Iglica absoloni was not included in the list of species assessed for the Croatian Red List of the Cave Fauna.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.#

range:
Iglica acicularis is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from two sites, Dushnik cave near village of Iskrets, and Yamata cave at the village of Tserovo, both in western Stara Planina mountains in Bulgaria.

population:
There is no data on this species population.

habitat:
This species is troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment), it is present in springs and streams in caves. Based on climatic and  geological similarities, this species is considered to be Mediterranean.

threats:
Although at present there is no evidence of habitat degradation, the cave is used, and hence a possible threat could be the pollution caused by visitors (Human or Animals) to the cave in the future.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures set for the species, although it is recommended that given the small area, that a habitat monitoring programme be put in place for the species so that future changes in status can be seen.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been placed in the subgenus Raphica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the species distribution is not specific and more research is required on its populations, habitats and threats towards it. Given the limited range, as currently known, the major threat to this species is probably the degradation of its habitat due to water pollution (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) European regional assessment : Data Deficient (DD) Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This species is endemic to Greece where it was described from a dam in Alfios river (Olimbia, Ilia Peloponnisos) (Reischutz and Reischutz 2004).

habitat:
This species was found in a freshwater reservoir, however it is not certain the original habitats for the species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown, although the major threat to this species is probably the degradation of its habitat due to water pollution (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. New surveys are required to confirm the continued presence in the reservoir. Conservation actions include the implementation of catchment management plans to keep the water clean and management of reservoir so that water levels are maintained in habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica bagliviaeformis#is a species living in the groundwaters found in caves in Croatia, and has a small extent of occurrence (EOO = 490 km2)and is known from 5 locations.#It is listed as Endangered on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna and has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab (iii)). This species qualifies for the Endangered category, as its habitats are declining due to water pollution from pesticides used in agriculture as well as off-take and control of water water resources for hydroelectric production and domestic supplies. The species is protected by law in Croatia, but habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the species is continuing to decline.

range:
The species is found in Croatia where it was first described from the Ombla-Hohle. The species is rarely found living, but has been found frequently in processed materials from outwash from the cave system, and as such its distribution is difficult to estimate. It is also occurs in other coastal cave systems in southern Dalmatia (Schütt 2000).#The other localities where it was found are a spring in the South of Svitavsko blato near Metkovic, the spring Izvor kod Mlina near Plat, the Ljuta spring in Konavle and the Jazova cave near Cavtat (Red Book of Croatian Underground Fauna, in press 2010).

population:
There is no information available about the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species has been collected from springs emerging from cave systems.

threats:
Low levels of decline have been observed in the habitats. In the 1970s dam construction in Popovo polje (Herzegovina) impacted water levels which supply the springs from near Metkovic to Dubrovnik. In recent years, the region around Metkovic is now a highly productive agricultural area, with the use of pesticides. In addition there is little sewage management, and so these waters pollute the groundwater. A further threat for the future of the systems is 3 dams being constructed upstream of Metkovic, which will have a major impact by taking water from the system, as well as increasing the rate of inflow from the sea, causing increased salinity, and hence mortality of the species. The conditions of the Ombla spring will be altered due to the construction of a dam that is in plan. The area around Dubrovnik and Cavtat is under stress during the tourist season, being affected by water extraction and pollution.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna. Some of these sites are planned as part of the Natura 2000 network, but this is not yet implemented.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
In Bosnia, the range and current status of Iglica bosnica is uncertain, but it is possibly only present at a small area near Sarajavo, and as such, as the threats and status are uncertain, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to central Bosna (near Sarajevo) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

population:
There are no recent data on population trends.

threats:
The latest CBD report from Bosnia suggests that there are considerable threats to freshwater species, but no specific information is available for this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species.This species requires more research on distribution, population trends and threats


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a limited range, but no known threats, although there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters. (CK map, version 5.3.8). # It was considered to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al, 2000), and is listed here as Least Concern, based on the lack of threat and range, but it should be monitored on a regular basis, as this species would be vulnerable to changes in water levels in the groundwater system should there be a combination of increased frequency of drought combined with increased exploitation of water resources.At a regional level of assessment,# Iglica concii is:EU27: Least ConcernEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean: Least Concern

range:
Iglica concii is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine regions of Lombardia, where it is present in at least 23 locations in an area that covers about 140km x 60km.

population:
There are no known data trends for the population of Iglica concii.

habitat:
Iglica concii is found in the groundwaters within rocks.

threats:
Since Iglica concii inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures for Iglica concii are known and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia. There is limited data on distribution, trends and threats and as such the species is provisionally listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending better information, as at present it is only known from two locations, and hence vulnerable to the potential threats in the future and stochastic events. Currently the threats to this species are uncertain, as although the caves in the River Krka National Park are likely to be secure, the site at the source of the Jadro is possibly threatened by groundwater pollution. Research is currently ongoing on the  fauna of Croatia (Latner  Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such  further data may provide information on whether these threats will  impact the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and has been found in surveys of caves in the River Krka National Park (Slapnik and Janko, pers. comm., 2009). A further record from the source of the rivers Jadro situated in the Middle Dalmatia region of Croatia was recently reported (Biljana Rađa and Sanja Puljas, 2010).

population:
There is limited data on populations, but the trend is unknown. Only dead shells were obtained on the surveys of Jadro Springs (Biljana Rađa, pers. comm., 2011).

habitat:
The species is found in freshwater rivers and cave systems.

threats:
Currently any threats to this species are uncertain, as the caves in the River Krka National Park are considered secure. However, groundwater pollution at the source of the River Jadro near Spilt, may have an impact on the species. Research is currently ongoing on the fauna of Croatia (Lajtner and Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such further data may provide information on whether these threats will impact the species.

conservationAction:
The species is found in River Krka National Park, which is a protected area and the underground fauna is protected (Janzic, pers. comm., 2009). Research is currently ongoing on the fauna of Croatia (Lajtner   Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such further data on populations, habitats and threats may provide  information on whether the threats will impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, however the species has only been recorded as dead shells, and hence there is no current data on distribution, trends and threats and as such the species is provisionally listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better information.

range:
This species is endemic to central Slovenia; where it is found along Sava River east of Ljubljana. Only dead shells have ever been recorded (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
Conservation actions are not known, however, this species requires more research on population trends, distribution and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica forumjuliana has a limited range, but no known threats throughout the range, although  there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and  pollution of groundwaters. (CK map, version 5.3.8). It was considered  to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al 2000), and is listed here as  Least Concern, based on the lack of threat and range, but it should be  monitored on a regular basis, as this species would be vulnerable to  changes in water levels in the groundwater system should there be a  combination of increased frequency of drought combined with increased  exploitation of water resources.Regionally Iglica forumjuliana is considered as:EU27: Least ConcernEurope:  Least ConcernMediterranean: Least Concern

range:
Iglica forumjuliana is endemic to Italy and North Western Slovenia, where it is restricted to a small region, c. 70km x 60km, with at least 15 known locations.

population:
The population trend for Iglica forumjuliana is not known.

habitat:
Iglica forumjuliana is found with the groundwaters in karst regions.

threats:
Since Iglica forumjuliana inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This species and its habitat should be monitored.

useAndTrade:
Iglica forumjuliana is not known to be traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is thought to have a limited range and has only been found as shell deposits in south-east von Skoder, Albania and as such the status of the populations are unknown. The species has never been found living, but is assumed to be living within groundwater of the mountain range. Further data is required on the status of the species, although it will be very difficult to get given the difficulty of sampling these habitats. Until more information is available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This recently described species is currently believed to be endemic to Albania, and it was described from ‘Abfluss des wasserwerkes' in Vau i Dejes, south-east von Skoder, Albania (Reischutz  Reischutz 2008). Reischutz (pers. comm, 2010) commented that it was only found in debris ejected from these three springs, but was believed to be present in the underlying groundwater system. However, it was not found in surveys of other adjacent springs.

population:
As a newly described species there is no data on population trends.

habitat:
This#species#lives#in groundwater and subterranean#fissure#water#in Karstic areas. Reischutz examined springs around the original region and failed to find any living or dead specimens (pers. comm, 2010).

threats:
The potential threats to this species would be pollution of the groundwater, but at present these threats are not known

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions are in place for this species. As a newly described species further data on its distribution, population status, habitat preference and trends as well as threats are required before a conservation assessment can be made.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently thought to be restricted to Italy, but occurs close to the border, and so could occur in Slovenia. This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8) as it is known from 3 locations, and is viewed as rare. It currently qualifies as Vulnerable D2 for the IUCN Red List, but as the severity of the threat is unknown, the species is downlisted to Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine section of the River Isonzo, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and occurs close to the border, and so could occur in Slovenia. It is known from 3 locations, and so currently viewed as rare.

population:
This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica gracilis is only known from a restricted area where there is a potential threat from water pollution, and as such the species is considered to be vulnerable to future changes in the habitat. #If the species is shown to be present at more sites (more than 10) within the region, then the threat status will need to be reviewed. # In the future abstraction of groundwater water and groundwater pollution may pose a threat as this could cause the declining quality of the species' habitats and possible loss if the frequency of seasonal droughts increases.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range and habitat monitoring is recommended to establish the threats to the species. As it has been previously listed as Vulnerable at a national level, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii); D2 on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Data Deficient.

range:
Iglica gracilis is endemic to Slovenia where it is found in the caves and springs in basin of river Krka. Di Mattia (2007) reported finding this species at                 the karstic springs Poltarica near Krška Vas, Grospulje but shows a wider range in his distribution map of the slovenian species of Iglica covering much of the catchment of the river Krka to the junction with the Sava river.#

habitat:
This small freshwater species inhabits caves and freshwater springs (de Mattia 2007;# Sket pers. comm. 2010)

threats:
Direct threats to this species are not known, but its habitat is vulnerable to water pollution.# In  the future abstraction of groundwater water and groundwater pollution  may pose a threat as this could cause the declining quality of the  species' habitats and possible loss if the frequency of seasonal  droughts increases.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Vulnerable in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket and Velkovrh 2002).                 Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of the allied species including molecular characters, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs and caves for freshwater biodiversity.


taxonomicNotes:
Haase (1995) considered this species to be a 'problematic taxa' known from few specimens all taken from a 'poorly defined locality'.

redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica gratulabunda is endemic to Austria. It was originally considered to be possibly Extinct (Wells  Chatfield 1992, IUCN 1994). Haase (1995) pointed out that further taxonomic research should also be  undertaken, as the species is currently based on few specimens, and he  recommended listing as Data Deficient in the 1996 Red  List. However in a precautionary approach, the 2008 Austrian Red List has maintained this species as Critically Endangered. Given that the species is difficult to sample, as it is probably restricted to groundwaters, an assessment of Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) B2ab(iii) would be appropriate for the species until more survey efforts can demonstrate extinction and a taxonomic review confirms the species' status.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria and it was first described from the flotsam of the Mürz River in Steiermark (Boeters, 1988) and in Salzerbad (Glöer 2002). These two localities are probably in separate groundwater systems, but Reischutz  Reischutz (2009) show that it is currently only known from one location and with a second pre 1950 location (Murz River). However, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris# it is difficult to establish population trends or range (Haase, 1995).

habitat:
Iglica gratulabunda is recorded from floodline debris within freshwater rivers and is most probably present in subterranean waters, like other representatives of this genus.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted upon by threat processes.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the record, as it is currently only known from one location and with a second pre-1950 location. However, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures it is difficult to establish population trends or range. The abstraction of groundwater water may pose a threat as this could cause the loss of the species' habitats.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the records. As it has been previously listed, it is maintained at the national assessment on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Data deficient. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. In the past, this species has been classified as Possibly Extinct (IUCN 1994). Further research is recommended to ascertain whether this species still exists, and if it does then to clarify the extent of its distribution and identify any threat processes impacting upon it.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy where it occurs close to the border, and the status in Slovenia is also Near Threatened. This species is recorded from 11 locations and so currently viewed as rare, with few records. It is listed as Near Threatened (VU B2(iii)), but should there be any change in the number of localities, then this species will qualify as Vulnerable, under the range and threat criteria.

range:
This species is a restricted range freshwater mollusc found in groundwater systems in Italy and Slovenia. In Italy it is known from six locations and is currently viewed as rare.  In Slovenia it is known from just a few localities in a very small area (caves and springs north and northwest of Ljubljana; small village Dobeno, 10 km north of Ljubljana) which is also the type locality for Iglica hauffeni.

habitat:
This species is found in the groundwaters in karst areas.

threats:
The threats to this species are pollution of groundwater and anthropogenic changes.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket and Velkovrh 2002).

redListAssessors:
Slapnik, R., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica illyrica was described  from the Balkans, but the precise range, threats and habitats are  unknown. Surveys are required to establish the range and threats to the  species to enable a conservation assessment. Until such data are available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was described from the Balkans, but the precise locality is unknown.

threats:
This species was described from the Balkans, but the precise range and habitats are unknown. Hence it is not possible to assess threats.

conservationAction:
Iglica illyrica was described from the Balkans, but the precise range, threats and habitats are unknown. Surveys are required to establish the range, population trends and threats to the species to enable a conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has been found in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and possibly in Serbia, as the site lies close to Skopje, within the underground Karstic waters. There is no information about threats to this species, although groundwater pollution is a known issue in the region. As such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research on the range, population trends and threats to this species.

range:
This species has been found in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and is thought to possibly occur in Serbia, as the site lies close to Skopje, within the underground Karstic waters (Kabat and Hershler 1993), but further details are required on type locality and research needed on other known sites, as distributional details are uncertain.

habitat:
This species is found in karstic groundwater.

threats:
There are no confirmed threats, however groundwater pollution is a known issue in the region.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is required to determine if the potential threats of groundwater pollution are impacting the species. Research is required on the range, population trends and threats of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally viewed as a subspecies of Iglica gratulabunda (Gloer 2002).# The shell form is variable, as shown by Gloer (2002, p. 142)

redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica kleinzellensis is known from a small area, where has only been found as dead-shells in the outflow springs from the Karst groundwaters. The species is believed to need clean water, and there is the possibility of pollution of the groundwaters from agricultural sources. These outflow springs are known to dry-up due to abstraction of the water sources (P. Reischutz pers.comm 2009), but it is not known to which extent these potential threats are impacting the species. Therefore the species is considered as Vulnerable D2. However, should the impact of these threats increase, the species would qualify for Endangered, B2 ab(iii).

range:
Iglica kleinzellensis is known from a small area and has only been found as dead-shells in the outflow of springs from karst groundwaters.  This sites are springs north of Ortstrand, near Kleinzell im Halbachtal, Niederosterreich.# Gloer (2002) notes that in addition to the type locality, it is known from two other springs in the immediate vicinity near Kleinzell (Kalter Brunnen 500m s. of town) and a temporary karst spring at Gutenbach near to the Hisrchkogel. Sites lie in the valleys of Turnitz and Traisen (Haase pers, comm 1996).

population:
It has never been collected as living specimens, it is only known from dead shells (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This species is known as dead shells from freshwater springs, and is presumed to live in the groundwater feeding the springs.

threats:
The main threats are changes to the groundwater system, either through over abstraction of water (leading to drying of the outflow springs) or pollution of groundwater from agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
Iglica kleinzellensis is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian National Red List, as well as the Lower Austria List as A1.# Further research is required to know if the species is still extant in the groundwaters of the region, although sampling these sites is very difficult, and possibly only habitat monitoring will reveal changes to that would impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica langhofferi is known from only 2 locations in Slovenia and Croatia, and as such is only known from a restricted area where there is a potential threat from water pollution, and as such the species is considered to be vulnerable to future changes in the habitat. #If the species is shown to be present at more sites within the region, then the threat status will need to be reviewed. # This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# This species is listed as Vulnerable D2 at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to the level and  proximity of threat, although technically it may qualify as Endangered,  as the range is smaller. European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (Vu D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (Vu D2)

range:
This species is restricted to Croatia and Slovenia. #In Croatia Iglica langhofferi#is recorded living in Cucerje stream (Medvednica National Park). #In Slovenia ,it is found in the cave#Glija jama between# Celje and Zidani Most and dead shells have been taken from sediment in river# Savinja near# Celje, but these latter records are not considered to represent sites, it is only considered to be living at#Glija jama.#

population:
There is no data on population trends in either Slovenia or Croatia.#

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater in Karstic regions (Freshwater) in Slovenia and Croatia.#

threats:
The major threats are considered to be water pollution and urbanization.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Bole 1988, 1992, Sket and Velkovrh 2002) , although there are no specific conservation actions known for this species in Slovenia. However all cave-dwelling species are protected in Croatia, although again no specific plans are in place for this species. Monitoring of the population and the habitat is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is found in at least three locations in the Ljubuliana River Catchment, these protected areas reduce the level of the threats to the species, and as such, the species is currently listed as Near Threatened, however, any change to the rate of threats would ensure that the species should be considered as Endangered (based on area of occupancy, number of sites and declining quality of habitat).

range:
Iglica luxurians is endemic to Slovenia, where it is first described from a spring near Podgora (near Vrhnika ). #It is listed in the Notranjski Regional Park, on the Ljubljanica river and in a Natura 2000 site with unique underground and surface stream;#Cerknisko Jezero and#Ljubljansko Barje (EUNIS 2010).

habitat:
This small freshwater snail is found in groundwater in karst.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. It is found in 3 protected areas in Slovenia.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from one location but has little data on distribution, population trends or threats and therefore is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until further data is available. General threats to freshwater habitats in Greece would make it likely that the species should be considered as threatened, especially given the pressure on water resources on#Rhode island, so it is of importance that this information is obtained as soon as possible.

range:
Iglica maasseni is endemic to Greece, where it was described by Schütt (1980) from the Islands. It is only known from the type locality at Kalavarda, Rhodes.

habitat:
The species was found in freshwater springs however, the species is probably present in the groundwater feeding the spring.

threats:
There is no data on threats to the species, however there is tourism in this#village which could be considered as a potential threat. The species is probably present in the groundwater feeding the spring.

conservationAction:
Research should concentrate on expanding the known range and monitoring the known habitat to determine any threats that may be impacting. If no further sites are found the known location should be protected by sensitive management.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica pezzolii#is restricted to groundwaters around Monte Fenero and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000). #Threats identified in the region also include increased frequency of forest fires (erosion and increased sediment in the water leaching into the groundwater system) and possible disturbance of the caves for recreational activities and illegal excavations.#This species has a restricted range, with 3 locations and 7 known sites. It currently qualifies as Vulnerable B2a, but as the likelihood of the threat is unknown, the species is listed as Near Threatened based on the probability that the species is vulnerable to future changes.#Manganelli#et al. (2000)#is listed the species as Least Concern in Italy.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine region of Monte Fenera, Piedmont. This species is known from 3 Locations (7 sites) within a small region, and so currently viewed as rare.# #The locations are Grinasco, Valduggia and Borgosesia (UTM MR46 and MR45).

habitat:
The species is restricted to groundwaters and outflows (caves, resurgences and springs).

conservationAction:
Monte Fenera is highlighted in the Provinca di Vercelli Conservation Strategy, with Iglica pezzolii mentioned as a species of conservation interest.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is very little information available. Research is required to   establish the species' population status as well as its distribution,   habitat preferences and any threats. Until further information is  available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This species is endemic to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is recorded from the area close to Skopje. However, there is no recent information regarding the species' distribution.

population:
There is no recent information regarding the species' population status.

habitat:
There is no information regarding habitat preferences for this species, but is probably found in groundwater systems given the habitats of other similar species.

threats:
Any threats to this species are unknown, as at present the detailed distribution near Skopje is uncertain, however if the species is restricted to groundwaters, then pollution and overabstraction would be possible threats in the region.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species. There is very little information available. Research is required to establish the species' population status as well as its distribution, habitat preferences and any threats.

useAndTrade:
There is no trade information available for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica sidariensis# has little recent data on population trends or threats, although it is listed from a single site. General threats to freshwater habitats in Greece would make it likely that the species should be considered as threatened, especially given the pressure on water resources on#Kerkyra (Corfu) island. #There are some caves on#the steep rocks near the sandy beach which has pressure from high tourism#activity since it has thousands of visitors annually. This species#is listed as Vunerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis, as more data is needed on recent range and habitat monitoring is required to assess the status of the species.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vunerable (VU D2)EU27: Vunerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vunerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is only known from the type locality#Sidari on#Kerkyra island (Corfu), north Ionian Sea, Greece#(Schütt 1980).#Sidari is a small seaside village. There are no recent records of this species from the island.

population:
There is no data on recent trends in populations.

threats:
There is no data on recent threats however this area experiences high tourism#activity since it entertains thousands of visitors annually.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research into other possible sub-populations is required and monitoring of the one known population is needed to assess any impacts the threats may be having on it.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Italy, where occurs near the border, and to Slovenia. It is known from 9-10 locations and is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy and Rare in Slovenia. #The species is suffering from declining quality of habitat at a few sites, and therefore lies close to the Vulnerable/Near Threatened boundary. #At present on a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii), however, it may be downlisted to Near Threatened if the rate of decline is habitat quality slows or halts.

range:
Iglica tellinii is endemic to Italy and Slovenia. #In Italy, it occurs close to the border and is#known from 7 locations and is currently viewed as rare. In Slovenia, it is known from#two sites (spring Perilo and cave Turjeva jama near Robic, Kobarid (Bole and Velkovrh 1986) which could be just one locality, and#alluvial gravels in the valley of the river Natisone.

habitat:
The species is known from groundwaters in alluvium, with outflows in Caves and Springs in Slovenia.

threats:
The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000; R. Slapnik pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in Italy. #In Slovenia it is considered to be 'Rare' and R. Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) suggests this would be equivalent to Vulnerable (VU D2) in Slovenia based on current Red List Criteria. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended, as well as communication campaigns for the local communities.

redListAssessors:
Slapnik, R., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica velkovrhi#is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#the hypo-thermal springs at Klunove Toplice in eastern Slovenia. This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance. Actions recommended include habitat monitoring and further surveying to establish the full distribution in the region. A provisional assessment of Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii) is given, as the water is exploited.

range:
This is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#the hypo-thermal springs at Klunove Toplice, in the small village of Bušeca Vas, seven km south-west of Brežice, Krško, in eastern Slovenia.

population:
The population trend is unknown as the species was only recently described.

habitat:
The species has been found in freshwater hypo-thermal springs at 26-28 °C.

threats:
This species is a thermal pool specialist, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Actions recommended include habitat monitoring and further surveying to establish the full distribution in the region. The known locality should be protected unless other sites are discovered.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica vobarnensis is endemic to Italy known from 11 locations and is currently viewed as Near Threatened.# It is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000). #The vulnerability to change and the potential threats suggest that the species is close to being categorised as Vulnerable, and following Manganelli et al (2000) it is listed as Near Threatened (Vu B2biii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine regions of Lombardy and Veneto, where it is known from 11 locations, varying from 150m-980m above sea level.

habitat:
The species is restricted to groundwaters and outflows (springs, resurgences and caves).

threats:
The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
Manganelli et al (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#


redListCategoryRationale:
Iglica wolfischeri#is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#Greece. This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance. A provisional assessment of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) is given, as the species is only known from one site where the water source is exploited. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Europe regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it was recently described from the Alfios river (Peloponnisos, Greece) in July 2004.

population:
No data on population trends as this species was recently described.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species restricted to thermal pools.

threats:
This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions recommended include habitat monitoring to detect imapcts of water use on the species, and further surveys to  establish the full distribution of the species in the region. Management of water is needed to prevent disturbance of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species could be assessed as either Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) or Vulnerable D2, depending on the view of the severity of the threats caused in the future from pollution by different recreational activities as well as the off-take of water for domestic purposes. This species was currently assessed as Vulnerable D2, as at present the habitat degradation is not severe, and it may be that although the species# presence is confirmed only on the type locality, it could be in other closely adjacent springs.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in spring near a sink-hole, close to Polaten village in the western Stara Planina Mountains (Georgiev in litt. 2009).# The total area of the distribution is uncertain, and hence has been estimated as less than 100 km2.

population:
There is no information on population trends for this species.

habitat:
Insignia macrostoma is a freshwater species living in a cold spring in a cave. The habitat quality may be in doubt due to exploitation of the cave.

threats:
In the future, the pollution caused by the visitors may affect the cave ecosystem to a limited extent (depending on the accessibility to public).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures taken for this species. It is recommended that a programme of habitat monitoring be implemented to determine whether potential use of the cave for tourist activities will change the water quality.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is endemic to the Island of Mallorca,  where it is only known from the type locality. Further distributional data is required to establish whether it is restricted to a single site, or whether it is more widespread. As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as at present no threats are known to the site.

range:
This recently described species is endemic to the Island of Mallorca, where it is only known from the type locality, a small spring on the edge of a stream at Torrent de Sa Farinera, near Sta Tafona, just over three km south-west of Capdepera, Mallorca.

habitat:
The species was found in freshwater springs close to small stream. It is thought that the species is possibly present in the groundwater underlying the site.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Further distributional  data is required to establish whether it is restricted to a single  site, or whether it is more widespread and to identify any threats to these sites. Following this a revised conservation assessment can be made.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from only a single thermal spring in Lerida Spain that is used by people as a public bath. The actual site has been altered by road construction, and frequent surveys in the 1990s failed to find any specimens, so according to the Spanish Red List (e.g., Verdú and Galante 2009) it has been classified as Extinct (EX).# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Extinct (EX)EU27 regional assessment: Extinct (EX)Mediterranean regional assessment: Extinct (EX).

range:
This species was only known from Balneario de San Vicente, Lerida (northeastern Spain). The Spa of San Vicente was built near a hot spring, and in the origi.

population:
In spite of several surveys over the last decade, no specimens have been found. So this species is only known from the original description in 1969. As the species has not been found and the habitat has been altered, consider the species to be extinct.

habitat:
This species occurred in springs: hot spring where on a wall ... flowing hot water smells of sulphur".

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Extinct (Verdu and Galante 2009), so the remaining measures can only be regular resurvey of last known locality.

useAndTrade:
This species is assessed as Extinct and is therefore not utilized. It was not known to be utilized before it became extinct.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range, with an area of occupancy of 96km2, and is only known from 6 sites in Asturias, Spain. The species is vulnerable to habitat disturbance, mainly cleaning of the spring, destroying the vegetation in the spring where the species lives.The species requires clean water and vegetation. The possible threats to the species and the listing as Vulnerable in Spain, suggest the species should also be listed as Vulnerable (VU).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))Europe: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is only known from six localities in the province of Asturias.

habitat:
This species lives in clear freshwater springs with moderate oxygen levels, under leaves or submerged branches. Its biology is unknown.

threats:
The main risk factors for this species are alterations to its habitat,  which are usually the result of human actions. Drying up of springs when intentional tasks such as"cleaning" is performed  frequently for water off-take management, removing the entire plant substrate which is necessary for the  survival of this species. The alteration of natural flow of these  springs by transformation of its regime by pipeline. Other threats include the contamination of the aquifers that feed the springs, and direct  discharges of organic and inorganic pollutants (agricultural,  urban and industrial sources).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, although it is listed on the Spanish Red List as Vulnerable (Arconada et al. 2009). Recomennded actions include habitat monitoring to measure the impacts of water use and vegetation clearing on the species and communications to raise awareness of the species and consequences of disturbance of the habitat through human activities.


taxonomicNotes:
Although the shells look similar to Horatia (Daphniola) exigua this can not be assigned as there are anatomical differences (Reischutz 1988).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species meets the range criteria to qualify as Endangered (EN), however, given that the species has not been found in recent surveys and the disturbance to its habitats it is here considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). This assessment is based on the population decline data, as it is lost from all five known locations within the last ten years, so there may have been a loss of all individuals. Further research is needed to establish whether the species is still extant, the results of which will affect future assessments.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c)European regional assessment: Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and was originally known from five locations, all on the island Samothrace: the type locality; Sources and Bach above Therma; and two other sites (Bach Katsabas below Chora, and sources at the roadside near Palaiopolis). Recent surveys in 2004 and 2008 have failed to find the species at the river near Alonia village, the small stream above Therma village, and the two water sources above Hora and Xeropotamos River (Radea and Georgiev pers. comm. 2010). The species is considered Possibly Extinct (Radea pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
There are no recent data relating to the threats towards this species, but at the time of first collecting it was considered to be highly threatened (Reischütz pers. comm. 2009) as the thermal springs in this area are exploited as a tourist attraction, with small hotels and thermal pools available to visitors, so there is exploitation of the freshwater springs to provide water for domestic purposes.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Given that no individuals have been found in recent surveys further research is required to establish if the species is extant. If found to be extant further conservation actions will be needed to prevent the species from becoming extinct, such as water management, habitat monitoring and communicating with users to raise awareness of the biodiversity of the thermal pools.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described (Boeters and Falkner 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia bomangiana is known only from a small region in the south of Department of Ardèche, France where it is restricted to 5 aquifers which are vulnerable to pollution events or excessive groundwater extraction. At present the rate of decline in habitat quality and the level of threat does not merit Endangered status, although if threats accelerate, this status should be considered. This species is currently assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
Islamia bomangiana is known only from the type localities in the south of#department of#Ardèche, southern France. Boeters Falkner (2003) list 12 sites, but these correspond to only 5 aquifers and as such 5 locations.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters. It was also be found alive in springs.

threats:
This species is sensitive to water pollution and reduction of groundwater levels as a result of extraction from the aquifer.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and is known from the  type locality at Podgaj, springs along the road between Zenica and Doboj about 11 km from Doboj.# As it is known from a single site, which has not been recently revisited, and the CBD report for the country notes that freshwater systems are highly threatened, the assessment is possibly Vulnerable D2 although the species assessment could also be Data Deficient.# Using the precautionary principle for the single site, it is listed as Vulnerable pending review of the taxonomy, distributions and threats at these sites.

range:
This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and is known from the type locality at Podgaj, above the road at Zenica, 11 km from Doboj.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown. However, freshwater habitat are under high pressure in this region, in relation with over-abstraction, pollution and drought.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place. More research on the taxonomy, the population, distribution and on the main threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Initially described as Valvata bourguignati, it was synonymised by Germain (1931) with Valvata globulina Paladilhe 1866. Later, Binder (1966) considered# V. globulina as belonging to the Hauffenia genus, and this genus name changed again for Neohoratia with Boeters (1998). The genus named has now changed once again for Islamia (Bodon et al. 2001). Bernasconi (2001) like Germain (1932) considered this species as a synonym of Islamia globulina (Paladilhe 1866), however Falkner et al. (2002) considered them both as valid species, and noted that Islamia globulina (Paladilhe 1866) is a synonym of# Islamia moquiniana.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species requires taxonomic review as well as a revision of the distributional data.# It has been considered by some authors to be conspecific with  Islamia moquiniana (=I. globulina) and by others to be separate taxa. If the species is confirmed with the current range, then it is a candidate for listing with threatened status as either Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened, depending on the level of threats and the severity and rapidity of their impact on the species. However at present it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is known only from two#sites in departments of Vendée and Deux-Sèvres in western France.# Falkner et al. (2002) noted that it was originally described from a spring close to the mill at Gauchet (commune de Pissotte) and have reviewed the status of the types in Paris and Geneva.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters and underneath the riverbeds and can also be found in freshwater springs.

threats:
This species is sensitive to water pollution and groundwater absorption.

conservationAction:
Given the uncertainty of the species status, there are no conservation actions required, however more research is needed on the taxonomy, specifically, a combination of conchological, anatomical and molecular studies by appropriate experts, and on its distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Sicily, where it is found at a single site, in the city of Syracuse. Manganelli et al. (2002) considered the species Near Threatened. As the threats to this spring don't seem to decrease significantly the habitat quality, this species is considered as Vulnerable D2. However, if the site gets more threatened and the habitat quality decreases, the species would immediately qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found on the coast of south-eastern Sicily, in Fonte Ciane, Syracuse.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). It inhabits spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#


redListCategoryRationale:
This species may well be extinct, as recent surveys have failed to find it and it was only known from the type locality. However the type locality was not well defined, and so may not have been relocated. The species may well qualify as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR A2c, PE), but as the species was not treated in the Spanish Red List, it is maintained as Data Deficient (DD), pending clarification of the survey information. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: #Data Deficient (DD)Europe:#Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean:#Data Deficient (DD)

range:
Islamia coronadoi is endemic to Spain, where it was found "in the outskirts of Madrid, or at least some of the springs or streams in the#province of Castilla la Nueva " (Bourguignat 1870).#During the successive sampling of recent years it has not been rediscovered in Madrid, so presumably has been extinguished at these sites.

threats:
The sites have been lost, presumably due to urbanisation, and the species has not been relocated in surveys in recent years.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed to confirm that this species is extant, as no specimens have been found in recent surveys.


taxonomicNotes:
Regnier et al. (2009) suggest that Horatia hadea was a synonym of this species, however Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have listed both species, Islamia epirana and I. hadei, and as such, until further research is undertaken they are maintained as separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia epirana was described from the springs north of Lake Pamvotis, an area which dried out, and as such both Regnier et al. (2009) and Szarowska and Falniowksi (2004) considered that the species was probably extinct. However, it was recorded from other sites close to Lake Pamvotis, as well as Lake Amvrakia and the#streams on the island Lefkada. Consequently the species cannot be regarded as Critically#Endangered (Possibly Extinct), as there are recent records of the species from the springs around Lake Pamvotis. A more appropriate assessment is Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)) based on its restricted range (extent of occurrence is around 6,000 km²), seven locations, and continuing decline in habitat quality. Currently the status of the records from Lefkada and Lake Amrakia is uncertain, and as such if these sites are shown to be lost, then the species may qualify for Endangered status.

range:
Islamia epirana is endemic to Greece, where it was originally thought to be restricted to the springs at Perama on north side of Lake Pamvotis (also known as Lake Ioannina) which dried out in the 1980s. K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) notes that I. epirana has been found by Schütt (1962, 1980) [in springs north of Lake Pamvotis and in streams on island Lefkada as Horatia (Neohoratia) epirana], Radoman (1973) [in Lake Amvrakia as I. graeca], Reischütz and Sattmann (1990) [in spring on the eastern outskirts of Amfithea southeast of Perama as Horatia epirana],# Reischütz and Reischütz (2002) [in Lake Pamvotis as Horatia cf. epirana] and recently by Frogley and Preece (2007) [from northeast shore of Lake Pamvotis (road between Amfithea and Perama) as I. epirana].

population:
The population is thought to be decreasing as few specimens have been collected since the spring dried out.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs, streams and lakes and possibly groundwaters supplying the springs.

threats:
The main threats to the spring sites are habitat destruction, for example through road construcrion and drying out of springs. There are plans to construct a road on the lake shore of Lake Amrakia, as well as#over-abstraction of surface water. At Lake Pamvotis the main threats come from agricultural intensification and building around the lake margins,#as well as#over-abstraction of surface water. Reischutz (pers. comm. 2011) reported very high levels of nitrates in Lake Pamvotis in 2010 and he recorded few living specimens in 2011, suggesting that there may have been a die-off related to these high levels of pollutants.

conservationAction:
Birdlife International consider Lake Amrakia as a candidate Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Further research into the population trends and distribution of the species is required, particularly as the records from the springs around Lefkada and Lake Amrakia are uncertain.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a very small region on the island of Elba, and as such is very vulnerable to future development. Bodon et al (2002) assessed the species as Near Threatened (EN B2a, Vulnerable D2), based on 3 locations with multiple sources emerging from the groundwater system. If the threat levels change then this species would immediately qualify as Vulnerable D2 based on small range and threats.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found on the coast of Tuscany.# On the island of Elba there are 3 known localities.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwaters in rocks. The species feeds using its scrapers.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al.#2000).

conservationAction:
Manganelli#et al.#(2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Istriana mirnae is endemic to Europe, found in the Istrian peninsula, in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. It lives in groundwaters and is usually found in outflow springs and caves. In each of the countries the species has been considered rare and vulnerable to extinction. #The major threats lie in changes to the groundwaters through either pollution or overabstraction of water lowering the water levels.#This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable D2 (based on two locations in Italy, with potential threats from pollution of the groundwater) (This species is categorised as#Vulnerable#in the 27 member states of the European Union).Europe regional assessment: Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))

range:
Istriana mirnae#is endemic to a small region, from Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. #In Italy it is found in two locations, San Dorligo della Valle and Trieste. In Croatia it is restricted to 3 sites in Istria, where it is found in a small area around Grožnjan (where it occurs in small springs around the hill where the town is situated) with a second site at Živa voda#and third site at Sitnica (cave spring about 50m long).

habitat:
In Italy it is found in groundwaters in karst and in the outflows. In Croatia it is found in small springs around the hill, where the town is situated.

threats:
In Croatia the major threats are pollution of groundwaters from runoff and sewage from the local towns and over abstraction of water for agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
Italy: Manganelli#et al (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#Slovenia: The species is considered to be Rare in Slovenia and R. Slapnik (pers. comm.,  2010) suggests this would be equivalent to Vulnerable (Vu D2) in  Slovenia based on current Red List Criteria.Croatia:# This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species).This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). #All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia and the sites require monitoring. Implementation of laws protecting the sites would be beneficial, as would an educational awareness programme on the value of cave biodiversity.Actions required include:Further research on population trends and distributionHabitat monitoringCampaign on the awareness of freshwater biodiversity and impact of water extraction and pollution on species.Overall this species is considered to be Near Threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
Josefus aitanica is endemic to Spain. It has been assessed as Least Concern. Although known threats to the species exist in the region it is found, populations are not yet considered to be threatened. Further research is needed to determine if this species is being impacted by human activities. It is close to qualifying for Near Threatened based on the current range and number of locations.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the provinces of Valencia and Alicante.# It is recorded from at least 15 springs in at least# six different locations: Lalacanti, La Marina Baixa, Foia du Bunyol, La Safor, La Vall d'Albaida and Plana d'Urtiel-Requena (Arconada and Ramos 2006)

population:
Arconada and Ramos (2006) recorded this species as declining, although most of the populations are not yet threatened.

habitat:
This species inhabits non-polluted springs rich in aquatic vegetation (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

threats:
This species is threatened by groundwater extraction for engineering projects, as well as other human activities such as channelization and road construction. The majority of populations however, are not yet threatened (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further work is necessary to determine the distribution and population trends and if this species is being impacted by human activities in the region. It was listed as Data deficient in Verdu and Galante (2009)


redListCategoryRationale:
Kerkia brezicensis is endemic from Slovenia. It is only known from the type locality and this small spring lies close to a village and#the local road and there is the possible threat from pollution of#groundwater from agriculture sources and domestic sources and threat of habitat degradation with improvement work on the road or#traffic accidents. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia. Kerkia brezicensis has been recorded just from one site (karstic spring at#the entry to Dvorce village, south-east of Brežice (Slovenia) 33T#WL48 (Bodon and Cianfanelli 1996). This small spring is close to village and the local road.

habitat:
This small species is found in freshwater springs close to the road.

threats:
This small spring is close to village and#the local road and there is the possible threat from pollution of#groundwater from agriculture sources and domestic sources and threat of changes to the site resulting from pollution from#the road or from alterations to the road.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed on the Slovenian Red List and no species-specific conservation actions known.Actions required include: Further research on population trends and distribution   Habitat monitoringCampaign on the awareness of freshwater biodiversity and impact of water extraction and pollution on species especially given the proximity to a road.


redListCategoryRationale:
Kerkia kusceri is endemic from one site in Slovenia, a freshwater river in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks. Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural area.# The cave is currently a tourist destination, partly for it's endemic fauna, however only part of the cave is used. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found only at the source of the River Krka in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks.

habitat:
Freshwater river in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks.# Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural area.

threats:
The major threat to the species is pollution of the groundwater, a current problem, with secondary threat from the use of the cave for Tourist purposes, with possible changes to the microhabitats to the cave.# Only part of the cave is used currently, with part sealed to conserve the environment.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as 'Vulnerable'  on the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. The river catchment is a  Natural Monument,# according to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka  River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72)  and is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area  potential Site of Conservation Interest.# There are no species-specific action plans known, however habitat monitoring is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are little data available on this species since 1983, and as such the status is uncertain.# The current status of the site is believed to be unpolluted, and as such, if this status continues and the species is confirmed as being present, then the species could be considered Near Threatened (B2a), however until this is confirmed the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Lanzaia bosnica is restricted to#Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fauna Europea, Bank et al. 2006). Radoman (1983)# noted that although it was described from source of the Dabra River (about 6-8km south of Sanski Most) and nearby Dabarska pećina .

population:
No recent data on population status is available.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater karstic groundwaters (and emergent springs in cave).

threats:
The main threats to this species are not known. Although the species is apparently restricted to a single catchment, the current condition of the biotope at the cave is considered unpolluted (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010) and as such there is no reason to consider that this species is threatened.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. Surveys for this species would be recommended to determine the presence continues in this cave system and monitoring of the groundwater quality to determine changes in biotope condition.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is little data available on this species, on the distribution, population and threats, and as such the status is uncertain. This species is then listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fauna Europea, 2006) where it is found in the hinterlands of Metković, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B. Sket pers. comm. 2010)

population:
There is no data on the population status for this species.

habitat:
There are no data on the habitats of this species.

conservationAction:
There is no data on conservation actions for this species, however, it does require more research into trends and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Lanzaia elephantota was described in 1824 as a marine organism of the Dalmatian coast. More than 100 years later it was discovered to be a member of the subterranean fauna.#Kabat and Hershler (1993) reviewed the type localities of genera in the spring-snails noting that:#'Bole (1970:99-102; 109) compared Lanzaia with Plagigeyeria Tomlin, 1930 and Saxurinator Schütt, 1960, and described the anatomy of these taxa (Schutt 1968). Nordsieck (1972:172) referred Lanzaia to the new subfamily "Foliniinae" of the Rissoidae. Bole and Velkovrh (1986) listed several phreatic taxa of Lanzaia; however, five of the species are actually nomina nuda'.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the  coast of Dalmatia, and believed to be present on the  lower parts of the  river Zernovica, just south-east of Spilt. Surveys are required to establish the population status, known ranges and threats to this species. Given the lack of recent data on range, population status and threats the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until further information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the coast of Dalmatia, and believed to be present on the lower parts of the river Zernovica, just south-east of Spilt.

population:
There is no data on recent population trends for this species.

habitat:
There is no data available on habitats for this species, but other species of Lanzaia are found in groundwater, and it may be that this species lives in interstitial groundwater as well.

threats:
There are no known threats for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as on the List of Protected Species in Croatia. Surveys are required to establish the population status, habitat preference, known ranges and threats to this species, before a conservation assessment can be made.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single location and is subject to occasional disturbance of the habitat, with potential to seriously threaten the species in the future. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. Monitoring is required and should the rate of habitat disturbance increase then a higher category would be required.

range:
This species is found in a single cave (Kotlua), close to Vrlika in Croatia (Janzic pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is no information on the species' population.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found in springs in a cave.

threats:
The species is known from a closed cave system with few visitors. There is a threat from sheep that enter the cave for water. About a kilometre from this cave there is a factory which uses the spring water for bottling. Although this could be a threat in the future, there is no evidence that this impacts the water supply to the cave at present.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia where all caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law. It was considered to be threatened in Croatia and  assigned a status of Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the  Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press, Bilandzija pers. comm. 2010). The status of the population in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring. Implementation of laws protecting the sites would be beneficial, as would an educational awareness programme on the value of cave biodiversity.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). However, although it is a single locality with an area of occupancy of less than 10 km2, the species is not threatened due to the presence of land mines in the area, which protect the habitat from disturbance and therefore can be considered as Near Threatened (NT). If any threat were to become present, the status would change to Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found only in one locality in the cave Rudnica spilja VI.

population:
There is no information available about the species' population.

habitat:
The species is known from an underground karstic cave.

threats:
There are currently no threats observed for this species. This is an area of land mines and therefore not affected by any human threats.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. It lies in an area that does not suffer much disturbance but will require habitat monitoring to ensure that the population trends continue to be stable. Further survey work to attempt to expand the known range is advised.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is described on the basis of the material from the Germain collection only (MNHN, Paris). It has never been surveyed since, or has never been found again.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from shells in the Germain collection in Paris Museum (MNHN), it has never been found alive, and there is no recent information is known about its distribution, nor has the taxonomic status been reviewed.Tthe species may qualify as Vulnerable D2, as the range is assumed to be small, however as the the threats are not known and the species has been recently described based on old material, so that it's status is uncertain and it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further review.

range:
This recently described species is only known only from the type locality, "Source de la Grozonne" in the Department of Jura, France. The type specimens are from the Germain collection in Paris Museum (early 20th century) and as such, the status of the species is uncertain, as it has not been recollected since first collection.

conservationAction:
Further research is required to establish the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known from 19 different  springs widely separated in the provinces of Lérida  and Huesca, on the southern ranges of the Pyrenees (Arconada and Ramos  2006). This species is considered to be threatened by capping of springs for water off-take (Ramos pers. comm. 2010), hence it was listed on the National Red List of Spain as Near Threatened (NT). It is a candidate for Near Threatened (NT) for the Global List, based on the limited range and known sites, as some of these are supplied by the same groundwater source (Ramos pers. comm. 2010).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known from 19 different springs in the southern ranges of the Pyrenees (Arconada and Ramos 2006). This species is widely distributed in the provinces of Lérida and Huesca (Arconada and Ramos 2006)

population:
This species was reported as abundant, when first described in 1920s, and is still found in numbers at known sites (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

habitat:
Freshwater springs (see list in Arconada and Ramos 2006).

threats:
There are limited threats to this species, across the range, as there is some loss of habitat quality where springs have been concreted for take-off of water for domestic supplies.

conservationAction:
The species was listed as Near Threatened by Verdú and Galante (2009) based on the limited range. The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed relating to its population trends, habitat trends and potential threats towards it.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally known Lake Amvrakia (extent of occurrence (EOO) 22 km²) and was last seen in numbers in 1973. Surveys since 2000 have failed to find any live specimens, although shells have been recorded. It is considered to be possibly extinct, as much of the habitat has changed, as a result of water abstraction and water pollution. Although the species was listed by Regnier et al  (2009) as Extinct, given that there remains a possibility that the  species may survive in a small remnant of lake shore, it is listed as  Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE)EU27: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE)Mediterranean: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE).

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Amvrakia, in the south Adriatic-Ionian region of Greece. This is a small, deep, oligotrophic lake, (38°45'N; 			21°11'E), with steep western shores, whereas the northern part is shallow with small reed beds (Phragmites).

population:
This species has not been recorded recently. Surveys since 2000 have found no live specimens, therefore it is now believed to be possibly extinct.

habitat:
This species inhabits a freshwater lake, with fringing Phragmites reed beds on the northern side. The species was originally found on sublittoral rocks.

threats:
The main threat is the declining quality of habitat, as a result of pollution and over abstraction of water, as the lake is used as a source for both irrigation and domestic water supplies to surrounding villages.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species, although the site has been recognised as an Important Bird Area in the Birdlife International database. Research is needed to confirm whether or not the species is extant. If the population is extant, then further monitoring on habitats trends should be established to detect changes in the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was recorded from a single site on the coast of Greece but recent surveys have failed to find it again. The original spring has been built on to provide a water intake for domestic water supplies and it is possible that the species is no long extant there (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009). Although this species was listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as Extinct, there remains a possibility that it may survive in groundwater or a small remnant. It is therefore listed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:#Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))Europe:#Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))

range:
This species is restricted to Greece, where it is found in a small spring 5 km southwest of Githion (Gythion) (Gittenberger 1982).

population:
The current population trends are unknown as no shells were found at the type locality during recent surveys.

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring species#and is also possibly found in groundwater supplying the springs.

threats:
The type locality has been capped for a water intake for domestic supplies which will affect the quality of habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research is required to determine whether the species is still extant at the site or other closely adjacent sites.


taxonomicNotes:
This new species is not listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006). Two subspecies were described I. henrici henrici (Córdoba populations) and I.# henrici giennensis (Jaen populations).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv), as there is a small area of occupancy (AOO = 28 km2), with only five springs locations known due to the loss of springs in Cordoba subspecies.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.

range:
The two subspecies have a disjunct distribution:#Islamia henrici henrici is known from two locations: a tributary of the Guadalora River in Parque Natural de Hornachuelos, Córdoba (U.TM.: 30STG9788) and La Almarja spring, Parque Natural de Hornachuelos, Córdoba (U.T.M.: 30SUG014869). Islamia henrici giennensis is known from five locations: Spring facing the hotel "Sierra Cazorla ";## #La Iruela, Cazorla mountains, Jaén, (UTM: 30SWG005969); La Toba spring. Jaén, (U.T.M 30SWH3826); Madera River, La Fresnedilla, Segura mountains, Jaén, (UTM.30SWH3644); La Nava de San Pedro, Cazorla, Jaén, (UTM; 30SWG094948).

population:
The number of specimens found at each site was low, suggesting the species is rare. All Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).# Population trends are unknown, but are assumed to be declining, as the number of locations is declining.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs, however all Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

threats:
Islamia henrici henrici and Islamia henrici giennensis are both rare in the springs where they were discovered. Both subspecies have a very narrow distribution and are highly threatened by human activities. The populations of the these two subspecies have been declining since they were first found (Arconada and Ramos 2006). Spring channelization has dried out many of the natural habitats of I. h. giennensis. The species has disappeared from some of the springs that previously held many of the better-conserved populations.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the water quality is declining.# The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was listed as subspecies of I. gloubularis in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006). but raised to a species by Arconada and Ramos (2006) after comparison work was done.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as there is a small AOO (20 km2), with less than 5 springs locations although possibly present at more sites, given that it is present within the groundwater.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.##

range:
This species is endemic to the north-east of Spain and was described from Sot de Can Parés, Gava, Barcelona (U.T.M.: 31TDF120720) and thought to be restricted to the Sierra de Can Parés and Sierra Gaves (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

population:
The number of specimens found at each site was low, suggesting the species is rare. All Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).

habitat:
This species occurs in springs, sinkholes with low water flow, sources of small streams, caves, etc. It always requires clean and oxygenated water with vegetation and organic matter for food. Its biology is unknown (Arconada and Ramos, pers. comm, 2009).

threats:
The main threats include contamination of the aquifers feeding these springs (direct discharges of organic and inorganic pollutants from agricultural sources, urban and industrial) and the alteration of natural flow of these springs capturing through pipelines for domestic water.

conservationAction:
All related to the maintenance of optimal conditions of their habitat. It is therefore necessary to protect the springs from over-exploitation, locate potential sources of contamination directly or indirectly (on the aquifers). Is necessary to also inform the population about the importance of conservation of these freshwater habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it has been found in Miraca  creek near the village of Islam Latinski 20 km south of#Zadar (Radoman  1983). Further distributional  data is required to establish if there are any threats to the site and whether it is restricted to this single site,  or whether it is more widespread. As such it is listed for now as Data  Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it has been found in Miraca creek near the village of Islam Latinski 20 km south of#Zadar (Radoman 1983).

population:
There is no information on population tends.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to this species. The known site should be monitored for habitat changes.


taxonomicNotes:
All Islamia species are similar in shape and show high intraspecific variations. They are therefore often misidentified. Furthermore, the taxonomic of this Genus should be reevaluated on a molecular basis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia minuta is relatively widely distributed and is not particularly threatened. Its distribution might even extend to the Massif Central in France (once the taxonomical uncertainty is solved). It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
No type locality is given by Draparnaud for Islamia minuta, but the author suggests that the locality is in France. It is present in France (Jura, Doubs, Ain) and in Switzerland (cantons of Neuchatel and Berne) (Bernasconi 1975; Bodon et al. 2001)

population:
There is no population data available for Islamia minuta.

habitat:
Islamia minuta lives in subterranean waters and possibly in the waters flowing under the river beds.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption is another important threat for small stream that may become completely dried out in summer, thus affecting directly the species. Casual droughts, and therefore climate change, are also a potential threat to Islamia minuta.

conservationAction:
Islamia minuta is nationally protected. Its habitat (8310-4) is protected under the Habitat Directive. However more research is needed at the taxonomy level.


redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia moquiniana is relatively widely distributed in France and is not particularly threatened. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
Islamia moquiniana is a widespread species within France (Bertand 2004).

population:
There is no population data available for Islamia moquiniana.

habitat:
Islamia moquiniana lives in subterranean waters, and possibly in the waters flowing under the river beds.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption is another important threat for the small stream that may become completely dried out in summer, thus affecting directly the species. Casual droughts, and therefore climate change, are also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation actions needed for Islamia moquiniana but more research on the taxonomy is needed for the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This new species is not listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii), as there is a small area of occupancy (AOO = 12 km2), with only three springs locations known.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.#

range:
This newly described species is known from central Spain, where it was described from a spring in Patones, Patones de Abajo, Madrid, [UTM.: 30TVL603241].# Other sites for this species include# Spring in# Jarama River, Patones, Madrid, La Parra channel, Patones, Madrid.

population:
All I. pallida specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).#   Population trend is uncertain, as the species was recently described, but Arconada and Ramos (2006) note that specimens are rare in samples from these sites.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs, however all Islamia pallida specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006). Decline in habitat quality has been noted at at least one site, due to exploitation of the spring for domestic water supplied.

threats:
Islamia pallida is rare in the springs where they were discovered. Spring channelization for domestic supplies are the main issue, with secondary problems of declining water recharge due to increased frequency of drought. The species has very narrow distribution and are highly threatened by human activities. The populations have been declining since they were first found (Arconada and Ramos 2006).#

conservationAction:
It was considered as Critically Endangered by Arconada and Ramos (2006). There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the water quality is declining.# The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia piristoma is a widespread species but found locally in the Western-Central part of Italy, where it was considered to be Least Concern by Bodon and Cianfanelli (2002) for the Italian Red List.# Although there are localised threats to subpopulations, this assessment follows the Italian Red List, in considering the species to be Least Concern.At a regional level Islamia piristoma is considered:EU 27: Least Concern within the 27 European Union countriesEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least Concern

range:
Islamia piristoma is endemic to Italy, specifically located in the appenninic regions of Tuscany, Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna.

population:
No population data is known for the species Islamia piristoma.

habitat:
Islamia piristoma is usually found in the groundwaters within rocks.

threats:
Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
Manganelli#et al#(2000) considered the species to be Least Concern in the Italian Red List.#No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species Islamia piristoma is not known to be used in trade.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although Islamia pusilla is endemic to southern Italy and Sicily, it is quite widespread, and so is not considered threatened, although there are localised threats to sites, as the springs and groundwater systems are used for domestic water supplies.Regionally Islamia pusilla is concidered to be of Least Concern thoughout the 27 European Union countries and also within Europe and the Mediterranean region.

range:
Islamia pusilla is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appenninic regions of Tuscany, Lazio, Campania, Puglia, Molise, Abruzzo and Sicily so widespread, but quite localised within the range.

population:
There is no population data for Islamia pusilla.

habitat:
Islamia pusilla is found within springs and groundwaters in rocks.

threats:
Since Islamia pusilla inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
Manganelli#et al#(2000) considered the species to be Least Concern in the Italian Red List therefor no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described as a "forma"of Hauffenia minuta by Bernasconi (1979) from "Bléfond, résurgence, Silley". It was the considered as a sub-species of H. minuta by Bernasconi (1985).#It is considered as a valid species by Falkner et al. (2002) although there is no data on the location of type material in the literature.#This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. #A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source. However, the taxonomic status of this species has to be confirmed.

range:
Islamia spirata# is endemic from France. It is known only from a restricted area in the upper catchment of the Doubs river, and in the#department#of#Doubs, in the region east of Besançon in France. Bertrand (2004) gives two locations.

population:
There are no data available on the population for this species.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in France under the name "Hauffenia minuta".


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from only one location, with an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km². There is a decline in the habitat quality related to pollution and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). Although there have been no recent records (hence Regnier et al. (2007) placing this on their list of Extinct species), Albrecht et al. (2009) suggested listing this as Critically Endangered based on the existing dead shells, and the ability of some freshwater species to recolonise from groundwater sources.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))European regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)) Mediterranean regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from only the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis near Mirtia (Albrecht et al. 2009), but it was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985). Regnier et al. (2009) suggested that this species was extinct, based on information in Szarowska et al. (2005), and although there are dead shells, there are no recent living records of this species (Albrecht et al. 2009).

population:
Radoman (1979) reported populations from the northeastern shore near Mirtia, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species is described as living on stones in this freshwater lake, but its depth range is unknown.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture, is a threat to this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agricultural practices in the neighbouring area is also responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the northeastern edge of the Trichonis Lake has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and construction material washed into the lake and further deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.

conservationAction:
The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a Natura 2000 site                  (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia). An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. The use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in agriculture needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Islamia valvataeformis is only known from the type locality based on current data, and there is little information on current status, threats or trends for this species, hence it is listed as Data deficient. #It may well be threatened, as there is data suggesting that the site lies in a tourist area, although the size of the area is such that the species may not be threatened.# Once data on current status and threats are confirmed the species may be a candidate for Near Threatened status.

range:
Islamia valvataeformis is only known from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The type locality is Vrelo Bosne, near Sarajevo. Vrelo Bosna# is a spring and river at the source of the#River Bosna, with a surrounding recreational park in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, twelve kilometres south-west of#Sarajevo.

threats:
The main threats for this species are unknown, but the site deteriorated during the 1990's and has now been restored as a park around the spring. The threats are likely to be pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. More research on the population and habitat trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (B1ab(iii)) based on the change of the habitat quality at the type locality due to damming for hydroelectric power. There is no data to suggest that the species was once more widespread, and as such it is considered a threatened species. Surveys are needed to confirm if the species is still extant.

range:
This species is known from Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River. The river was dammed in its upper course which apparently changed the river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski) intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik); furthermore, since the beginning of the 1990s and the 20th century the towns and villages in Krajina have been uninhabited and any spot in the area was hardly accessible (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004).

habitat:
This species is found in the middle section of the river where it is present (Radoman 1983).

threats:
The current threat status of this species is unknown, however according to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the river was dammed in its upper course for hydroelectric power, which apparently changed the  river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski)  intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik).

conservationAction:
Surveys are required to confirm the findings of Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) and to establish whether the species is still present in the river, and if so whether the threats continue to impact the status of the species. The species is listed on the Croatian List of Protected Species (in press,#Bilandzija, pers. comm., 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to France. It is only known from the type specimen and has not been found since then. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.

range:
Istriana falkneri is known only from the type locality (Reserve Naturelle de la Ramiere, Drome) in France.

habitat:
There are no data available on the habitat of this species. It has only been found in rivers alluviums. It is supposed to be subterranean or spring-dwelling, or living beneath the riverbeds.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution if this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press). The same assessment has been made here, based on a single location, small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy (EOO = 4 km2, AOO = 4 km2) and ongoing decline in habitat quality.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, found in two springs located to close to each other within National Park Krka (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009). One spring site lies close to the power plant for the hydro-electric scheme.

population:
There is no recent data on population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is present in freshwater cave habitats. It is not known whether the species inhabits cave streams, stagnant pools or fast-flowing rivers.

threats:
During the summer many thousands of people visit this site, as it is a popular tourist destination. The springs have travertine barriers creating natural pools which are used for recreational purposes.In addition direct threats come from changes in the flow regime to recharge groundwaters due to hydro-power projects and extraction of water for drinking . A further threat comes from groundwater pollution by urban waste water and solid and liquid seepages from municipal waste dumping sites.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. In the Red Data Book of The Underground Fauna for Croatia (in press)# the following actions will be proposed:monitor the condition of habitats, particularly the quantity and quality of waterestablish management through monitoring species populations and investigation of possible wider distributionex-situ storage in gene banks education programme to raise awareness of endangered speciesthe state, private and local media to inform about the need and ways to protect species implement legislation on illegal visits and illegal waste disposal with high penalties.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al., 2006) lists 3 subspecies for this species, which are all treated as a single species here. However a taxonomic review is required to confirm their status as one taxa given the differences in other groups once molecular characters have been used. Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae Kuščer, 1933 recorded from Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina.#Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri Karaman, 1954#recorded from Croatia.Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata Schütt, 1968#recorded from Croatia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lanzaia vjetrenicae is comprised of three subspecies, all from different locations.# The nominate subspecies, Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae,# is considered to be Critically Endangered in Croatia and the other two subspecies, Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri Karaman, 1954, Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata Schütt,  1968 are recorded from  few locations in Croatia and Montenegro, and as such this reduces the threat to the species. Assuming that molecular systematics confirm that these subpopulations# are all# the same species, then the species should be listed, using the precautionary principle and given the threats to one subpopulation, and the restricted nature of the other sub-populations, as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).# Its aera of occupancy is restricted to 140 km2, it is found in a maximum of 9 locations and the quality of its habitat is declining.

range:
Lanzaia vjetrenicae#was first described from Bosnia  Hercegovina, and the nominate race was found in the Vjetrenica cave system. Two other subspecies are listed from Croatia:# Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri#Karaman, 1954#recorded from Croatia. Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata#Schütt, 1968#recorded from Croatia and in addition Fauna Europea lists the species from Montenegro. The number of subpopulations is uncertain, but there are possibly as few as 4, but it may get up to 9.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwaters in karst subterranean system

threats:
At the type locality for the nominate sub-species, the major threats to the cave system where it lives are related to activities that disturb the special microclimate in the cave. #Increased nutrient load in the water may attract other species that would compete with Lanzaia vjetrenicae. Water abstraction from the groundwaters and the springs feeding the cave would lead to change in the water conditions in the cave. Any use of chemicals, either for work in the cave, or from seepage from above the cave would impact the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific actions known for the species, although habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to check on population decline levels.# The Cave of Vjetrenica, the site for Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae has been protected since around 1900, when the metal gate preventing access was first made. The same gate, slightly modified in early ‘60s, is still there (Ržehak 1965). Legal protection of the cave started in 1914and it was proclaimed a natural monument in 1950.#Speleological Society Vjetrenica - Popovo polje has renewed the pre- war tourist programme, but flashlights are used at the moment, instead of electrical lighting, which is beneficial to the cave fauna.#The 'Popovo polje/Vjetrenica' is listed in the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest.#The B-H Academy made proposal to nominate Vjetrenica as a#candidate#for the World Heritage List.


taxonomicNotes:
This monotypic taxon was compared with Lanzaia Brusina, 1906, and Saxurinator Schutt, 1960 (of the "family" Belgrandiellidae); the type species was one of the nomina nuda listed by Bole and Velkovrh (1986) under Lanzaia (q.v.) (Kabat and Hershler 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
Lanzaiopsis savinica is endemic to Slovenia where it is considered to have 2 locations and is in a region where the groundwaters have excessive levels of pesticides. However as it is in groundwater systems that are difficult to sample and hence it maybe under-recorded, at present it does not merit listing at Endangered, and has instead been listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) pending further research into its population and distribution.

range:
Lanzaiopsis savinica is a narrowly endemic species found in Slovenia. Some specimens were found only in the spring Pecovski izvir north-west from Luce in Savinja Valley. The other localities are small springs and the cave Zavratnikova jama in the surrounding area (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is no data available on population status or trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs in a limestone karst area.

threats:
The presence of pesticides in the groundwater is believed to exceed permitted levels, and hence provides a threat to this species, which is an indicator of good water quality.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Sket and Velkovrh 2002). This species is present in groundwaters that can be difficult to sample, so it may be under-recorded, hence further research into its population and distribution is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of this species is uncertain, as some authors consider it a subspecies or even a morph of Lithoglyphus naticoides, while others, Grossu (1987) and (Bank et al. 2006) stand for its validity (Sirbu et al. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed as being present in rivers draining into the north part of the Black Sea (Romania, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia), the taxonomic validity requires review, to determine that this species is distinct, so is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and Not Applicable (NA) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (as less than 5% of its range occurs in the European Union). If the species is considered valid, then it may be Least Concern, Near Threatened or threatened depending on the extent of the range, potential threats to freshwater rivers close to the coast and the level of decline across its range.

range:
In Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), this species is listed for Romania. In Romania, it is on the River Danube, between Călăraşi and Giurgiu (O. Ciobiou, pers. comm., 2010). In Serbia, it is known from 3 locations on the River Danube (J.Tomovic, pers. comm., 2009).In Russia it is listed as present in the rivers draining into the northern Black Sea (Kantor et al. 2009)

population:
There is no known population trend data for this species although there are recent records for the Danube in Romania (O.Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010)

habitat:
This species is found living on the bottom of large water courses, near the banks, on rocky or sandy substrates (O.Ciobiou, pers. comm., 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species, which is present in Danube and other rivers draining into the Black Sea, are not known.

conservationAction:
Further information is required on the taxonomic status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lithoglyphus fuscus# is widely distributed in the region of central Slovenia and Bosnia, and therefore although sites may be locally threatened, the species is unlikely to be at risk of extinction.# No data on# specific threats to this species, although the middle and  lower reaches of the rivers have been subject to habitat management and  flow management.It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
Lithoglyphus fuscus is widely distributed between central Slovenia and Bosnia.# Radoman (1983) reported the species from the Rivers Una and Vrbas. The#Vrbas is a major#river#in western#Bosnia and Herzegovina,  originating on the southern slope of the#Vranica mountain, at around  1530 metres above the sea level and feeding into the Sava River.

population:
There is no data on population trends for this species, although it is thought to be widespread.

habitat:
This species is found in the middle and lower reaches of large freshwater rivers (Radoman 1983).

threats:
There are no data on the specific threats to this species, although the middle and lower reaches of the rivers have been subjected to habitat management and flow management.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species.# More research is needed on the specific threats for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species that is not likely to be severely impacted by the threats it faces. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a widespread species across Central and Eastern Europe reaching from Netherlands and France to Ukraine and Russia, north to Latvia and Poland and south to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed it from  Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine. It is also known from Serbia (Tomorov, pers. comm., 2009). In France, Mouthon (2007) noted that Lithoglyphus naticoides was observed for the first time in the north of France at the beginning of the 19th century, but since then this gastropod has only succeeded in colonising the eastern half of the country.Kantor et al. (2009) reported the species from rivers of Azov-Black Sea maritime areas, the Volga River delta and the rivers in Russia draining into the Baltic Sea.

population:
This is a locally abundant species in central Europe, but declining locally due to pollution, as well other reasons noted below.In the Saône river, France, L. naticoides is an annual species: spawning occurs from March to June and the juveniles that generally appear in May grow rapidly during the summer then spawn and disappear in the spring of the following year. Different observations suggest that increased water temperatures occurring in the context of global warming and potential/possible interspecific competition are the main reasons for the disappearance of L. naticoides in the Saône river at Lyon since November 2004 (Mouthon 2007).

habitat:
This is a fluvial species, living on solid surfaces (e.g. rocky bottoms) in rivers and streams.

threats:
The main threats are pollution and siltation (from dams and soil erosion). However, compared to other fluvial species, it seems to be more tolerant to water pollution and to siltation.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species and no conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species requires review, although it is currently listed as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed as being present in Croatia and Slovenia, the taxonomic validity requires review, to determine if this species is distinct. Baba (2007) considered all three other species in Lithoglyphus as distinct species. #If the species is considered valid, then the small range and possible threats to the freshwater rivers close to the coast, then the species maybe a candidate for Near Threatened or even Threatened status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Data deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: #Data deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data deficient (DD)

range:
This species is listed by Bank (2006; Fauna Europea) for Croatia and Slovenia. #Baba (2007) listed the species for Ogulin, Leskovac and Stunjica creeks in the coastal areas of Croatia in his biogeographic region of Ponto-Mediterranean.                Sket (pers. comm. 2010) suggests that it is endemic in central and south-east Slovenia and the adjacent Croatia, systems of rivers Ljubljanica, Krka, Kolpa/Kupa.

population:
No data on population status or trends are available.

habitat:
This species inhabits in freshwater rivers close to the coast.

threats:
The general threats to freshwater molluscs in this region include river flow management (for hydroelectric power production), water pollution (from domestic and agricultural sources) and habitat degradation, where habitats are modified during road construction in the river valleys, however the impact on this species is uncertain.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, population and the habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered to be restricted to Romania where it is only  known from freshwater springs of the Danube at Giurgiu (O.Ciobou, pers.  comm., 2010). However there is no data on population status, trends, and threats and further surveys are required to establish this, and as such the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is considered to be restricted to Romania where it is only known from freshwater springs of the Danube at Giurgiu (O.Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010)

population:
There is no recent data on the population status of this species.

habitat:
It lives in cold freshwater springs and cold streams (Ciobou, pers.comm., 2009).

threats:
There is no data on possible threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Data is required on current population status, distribution, and threats to the species to enable a conservation assessment of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The current subdivision of# Litthabitella# chilodia into L. chilodia chilodia and L. chilodia ionica (Schütt, 1980) is rejected by Bodon et al. (1999). Examination of the type material of the latter from the island of Corfu, showed that it includes two different taxa, one of which (the holotype) is a species of Belgrandia and the other L. chilodia.   Bodon et al (1999) report that# populations# living in a brook in the Grotta delTasso in Apulia consists of two distinct coexisting shell morphs, almost without intermediates. They can,be distinguished by shell size and other shell parameters are almost identical, except for a slight difference in the ratio shell height/aperture height (H/h). The larger form also varies more in dimensional characters than the other populations. It lives near the cave entrance where a rather large population has been found. The small form lives deeper in the karstic aquifer (only three living specimens have been found in the cave). Apart from shell dimensions, no anatomical character (eye spots, pigmentation, genitalia) seems to distinguish the two forms.  #  #

redListCategoryRationale:
Litthabitella chilodia is widespread from Italy through to Greece, although it is not frequent, it is considered as Least Concern in the global and regional assessments.

range:
Litthabitella chilodia has a transadriatic-transionian distribution, present in the western Balkans, Ionian islands and southern Italy. Transadriatic and transionian distributions are disjunct being divided by the Adriatic or Ionian Seas.   In the western Balkans (Dalmatia, Montenegro, Ionian Islands of Kerkyra and Lefkas; its presence on other Ionian Islands and in Ipeiros requires confirmation (Bodon et al, 1999).  In Montenegro, it is known from a spring (Quelle) Zwebina in Pridvorje, Dubrovnik.   In Italy is in mainly found in southern regions, with one record near the Slovenian border. spring near the Grotta di Bussento, Morigerati (Morigerati, Salerno, Campania), well near Fonte Nozzola, ca. 1 km E of San Costantino (Rivello, Potenza, Basilicata), spring at Colle San Martino (Civita, Cosenza, Calabria),  spring in Argentino River, ca. 1800 m NE of Orsomarso (Orsomarso, Cosenza, Calabria spring inside the Grotta del Tasso no. 207 Pu (Ischitella, Foggia, Apulia), spring 700 m SW of Case Masella, south of Monte Civita (Ischitella, Foggia, Apulia).

population:
There is no population trend information available for Litthabitella chilodia but is generally considered as not frequent and localized.

habitat:
Litthabitella chilodia is a spring species.

threats:
There are no main threats known for Litthabitella chilodia.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000) and is not listed for Croatia. #No conservation actions are needed given the range.

redListAssessors:
Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Cianfanelli, S. Feher, Z.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lyhnidia gjorgjevici is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is strictly restricted to the feeder spring system (in two locations) close to Lake Ohrid, where it is found in low abundance. The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture and domestic waste as well as over-abstraction of water.

range:
Lyhnidia gjorgjevici is endemic to freshwater habitats in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.# It is found in a small lake near St Naum and   Tusemista (St Naum,   Tušemišta ; Radoman 1985) adjacent to Lake Ohrid and but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment.

population:
Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted this is found only in a few locations and where it is found it occurs in low abundance.

habitat:
This species is restricted to springs in the south of Lake Ohrid and is mainly found on stones near the outflow of the spring.

threats:
The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism and other recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.   Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the waters of Prespa Lake, which# feeds the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load to springs fed in the Lake Ohrid catchment (Matzinger et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
The springs in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) are part of a Protected Area (Galicica National Park).# Monitoring of changing water quality at these sites is recommended in order to determine future changes to the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lyhnidia hadzii is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is restricted to a small area in the south-eastern part, and its potential habitat is less than 10 km2 as it has very specific hydrological requirements. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. The increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Lyhnidia hadzii is recorded from a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), from Pečtani to the beach at St. Naum (Radoman 1985).

habitat:
This species is living in freshwater habitats in rocky areas, in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs, where it is found on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956).

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).  #


redListCategoryRationale:
Lyhnidia karamani is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is found in a small area,# where its potential habitat is less than 10 km2. It has very specific hydrological requirements, and is found under stones around  sublacustrine springs. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. In addition, the increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, through potential decline of quality of habitat leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Lyhnidia karamani is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake  Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).# The known AOO is 2 km2, but the potential AOO is estimated as less than 10 km2, based on possible habitats.

population:
Lyhnidia karamani is a very rare species, and given the cryptic habitat it is difficult to record during surveys.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater in rocky areas in surrounding sublacustrine springs where it lives on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956) . #

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).    #


redListCategoryRationale:
Lyhnidia stankovici is known from only one location where its potential habitat is less than 10 km2 and it has very specific hydrological requirements. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. The increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Lyhnidia stankovici is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake  Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).#  It is found in narrow stony shores between from Pečtani  to the beach at St Naum (Radoman 1985).

habitat:
Lyhnidia stankovici is living in freshwater lakes in rocky areas surrounding sublacustrine springs, where it lives on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956). #

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).  #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has not be found in recent intensive surveys carried out since 2003, but this might be related to sampling difficulties, as this species is sub-littoral and has low abundances and patchy distribution. It is therefore classified as Data Deficient (DD).# If the species range and declining quality of habitat were to be confirmed, then the species may qualify as Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). It is found in sublittoral zone of Lake Ohrid (below 30 m depth) but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985 ).

population:
Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found this species (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater lakes where it is sublittoral (found below 30 m depth).

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. As this species hasn't been recorded in the last six years, a programme of systematic sampling using different survey methodologies would be recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Malaprespia albanica is described from only one location and has a very restricted distribution range of less than 2 km﻿2.# Abrupt drops in lake water level# (of several metres) due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearance of most of the range of the population, with the remaining population surviving only in one area which is continuously fed by a spring. Its habitat is declining due to pollution.# It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Malaprespia albanica is now only found in one sublacustrine spring in the Albanian  part of the small Prespa Lake ("Mikri Prespa") (Albrecht, pers. comm.,  2010).# They speculate that the distribution of this species was broader in the past, but has probably declined as a result of abrupt changes of water level changes and accumulation of organic material (mud) on the shallow rocky banks of the lake.

population:
This is a very rare species, so is assumed to live at low density (Albrecht et al., pers. comm., 2009)

habitat:
The species is living in a spring, that was used to be sublacustrine, but due to considerable water level drop, it is now located outside of the current lake (Albrecht, pers. com, 2010).

threats:
This lake was a nutrient-poor lake (oligothropic), but due to pollution related to intensive agriculture practise in the neighbouring area, it is now more eutrophised. Herbicides might impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Abrupt water level drop (of several meters), due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearing of most of the population range, the remaining population surviving only in one area continuously fed by a spring.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. The remaining population should be monitored.


taxonomicNotes:
The Marstoniopsis species from Western Europe have been synonymised by Falniowski and Wilke (2001) under the name M. scholtzi. This study doesn't include any specimen of Marstoniopsis armoricana. However, it is likely that further studies will show that it is also M. scholtzi.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only known from a single site where it was recently discovered in 2005. Survey data shows that the sub-population from the type locality seems to have been extirpated. Therefore, the number of sub-populations of this species have decreased. This species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(i,iv).

range:
This species was known from the type locality in the north-west of France (Erdre river, near Nantes). Despite several field surveys (Prie, pers. comm. 2009, Bertrand, pers. comm. 2009), the species has never been found again in this locality. But recently, a population attributable to M. armoricana has been discovered in a channel in Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) (Prie, pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little population data available, although the sub-population at Nantes has been lost.

habitat:
This species lives in slow-flowing rivers and channels.

threats:
The main cause of the loss of the sub-population near Nantes is not known.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends and threats to the species. The number of sub-populations has decreased leaving just one known location. Unless further sites are discovered this should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Although Marstoniopsis scholtzi#(A. Schmidt, 1856) and#M. insubrica#(Küster,#1853), have been placed into#one species,#Marstoniopsis insubrica, there is no molecular research on the status of#Marstoniopsis croatica, and hence it is treated as a valid species. Schutt (1979) noted that the shells were#between M. steini and M. insubrica but#larger, with more indented [Type material SMF 229192, NMW 79033].

redListCategoryRationale:
Marstoniopsis croatica#is now only known from few sites in Slovenia. The type locality in Slovenia is partly a show cave, and as such is vulnerable to habitat disturbance and potential of groundwater pollution. The presence in Croatia is doubtful. EU 27: #Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Mediterranean:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Global Assessment:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea for Croatia and Slovenia. Schutt (1974) described this species from the springs near Kostanjevica, 40km W of Zagreb, Slovenia (not Croatia as cited by Schutt), and as such the Croatian record seems to be doubtful.   #

population:
No population trend data is available on this species.

habitat:
Karst groundwaters in caves and outflow springs.

threats:
The major threats to the species lie in groundwater pollution and overabstraction.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).


taxonomicNotes:
Marstoniopsis scholtzi (Schmidt, 1856) and M. insubrica (Küster,#1853), have been commonly accepted as distinct species, partly#because of their allopatric distribution patterns, but there#appear to be no morphological differences between them.##Recent molecular research by Falniowski and Wilke (2001) suggests that these species have#extremely low genetic divergence#and the lack of morphological differentiation they considered all sub-populations they studied to belong to one species,#Marstoniopsis insubrica.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Manganelli et al (2000) considered this species to be Data Deficient in the Italian Red List. #Originally Fauna Europea listed both species for Europe, with#Marstoniopsis insubrica for Italy and Switzerland, and#Marstoniopsis scholtzi for NW Europe, along the Atlantic coasts. Other species of#Marstoniopsis were recognised elsewhere in Europe.#The species assessment, based on the range of both species, should be Least Concern, as it is widespread but local through the range. #If the two species were to be considered separate species again, the range in Italy and Switzerland would still justify Least Concern.Regionally the species Marstoniopsis insubrica is considered:EU27: #Least Concern (within the 27 European Union countries).Europe: #Least Concern.Mediterranean: #Least Concern.

range:
Originally Fauna Europea listed Marstoniopsis insubrica#for Italy and Switzerland and#Marstoniopsis scholtzi#for NW Europe, along the Atlantic coasts. Both species are now considered to be the same species, and hence the distribution is merged.#In UK Marstoniopsis insubrica##is very localised, known only from 7 10km squares. and not#recorded alive at any site since 1982 although it was thought to be#native in Southern England, it was introduced into Canals near Manchester in early 1900’s (Kerney, 1999). #In Italy known from scattered locations throughout northern Italy. In Poland and Germany, a few subpopulations were studied by Falniowski  Wilke (2001).

population:
No data is available on the population trend for species Marstoniopsis insubrica.

habitat:
Marstoniopsis insubrica inhabits lentic and lotic freshwater systems, lakes, rivers and estuaries.

threats:
There are no known threats for species Marstoniopsis insubrica.


taxonomicNotes:
Although the species was listed in Bole Velkovrh (1986), it was not considered to be published sensu ICZN until the subsequent paper in Bole Velkovrh (1987).

redListCategoryRationale:
Marstoniopsis vrbasi is endemic to Bosnia- Herzegovina and is only known from the type locality, a  spring in Bočac in Vrbas valley, 28 km south of Banja Luka (Bole and Velkovrh, 1987). The landscape  totally altered by hydrotechnical works for the powerplant installations. The freshwater springs are no longer# accessible, and may  well have been destroyed, so surveys urgently required to assess if the species is still extant. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
Marstoniopsis vrbasi is endemic to Bosnia-Herzegovina and is only known from the type locality, a spring in Bočac in Vrbas valley, 28 km S of Banja Luka (Bole Velkovrh, 1987).

population:
There are no recent survey data, so population trends not available.

habitat:
This species occurs in freshwater springs.

threats:
The landscape is totally altered by hydrotechnical works for the powerplant installations. The freshwater springs are no longer accessible, and may well have been destroyed.

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for establishing likelihood of extinction at this site.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria anatina has a range on coastal habitats of Northern Atlantic  countries, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands and  Germany and is considered to be Least Concern, although in some parts of the range it is locally threatened by habitat degradation.

range:
Mercuria anatina has a range on coastal habitats of Northern Atlantic countries, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany.

population:
There is no population trend data available for Mercuria anatina, although it can be quite localised and abundant, in some regions habitats are in decline.

habitat:
Mercuria anatina lives in coastal and brackish waters.

threats:
The main threats to Mercuria anatina are unknown.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known or are recommended at present.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered by some as a synonym of Mercuria similis but it is assessed here as a valid species, as listed in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria balearica is recorded by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) from Spain (mainland and Balearic Islands) and Portugal (mainland and Madeira). With uncertain taxonomic status, the lack of distributional data and the lack of information on threats it is difficult to assess this species. However, if the range is confirmed as more widespread then it is likely that the species would be considered as Least Concern (LC). If it is considered as restricted to the Balaeric Islands, then it may be a candidate for a threatened status. Currently it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
In Europe, this species is listed from Spain (mainland), Baleares (Spain), Portugal (mainland) and Madeira (Portugal). Given the uncertain taxonomic status, the distribution may well be under-recorded, as many records may well be listed as Mercuria anatina. Beckmann (2007) listed the species from Menorca where it is known from Barranc de Cala En Porter, Torrent d'Algender bei Cala Galdana, Platges de Son Saura and Mao am Font d'en Simon.

population:
The population size and trends of this species are unknown.

threats:
The threats are not known for this species.

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for a full assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
This species requires a taxonomic review. It maybe conspecific with Mercuria bayonensis, as there is no anatomical information given in Falker et al. (2002); the main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that lie adjacent to each other. It is assessed here as it is considered as a good species by Falkner et al. (2002), who synonymises Amnicola lanceolata Paladilhe 1869 described from St-Jean de Luz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques).

redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria baudoniana is endemic to France. It requires a taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria bayonensis, given that the  main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that  lie adjacent to each other. It could be evaluated using the precautionary principle, which given the threats to the habitat, its restricted range and only two locations, this species would be listed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)c(iii); D2). However it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), on both geographic and taxonomic grounds: more research is also needed on its distribution as it may be more widespread than currently known, and given the need for taxonomic review, the two reasons suggest that it should be listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Mercuria baudoniana is endemic to France, where it is known from two isolated locations: the type locality Le Teich, near the Arcachon bassin (France) and Saint-Jean de Luz (Pyrénées Atlantiques), according to Falkner et al. (2002). Although the species is present in two isolated locations, it maybe present in suitable habitats on the shoreline between these two locations (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in brackish water, estuaries and coastal lagoons.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown, but its habitat is vulnerable to urbanisation, coastal development and pollution (both from domestic and agricultural sources).

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions are in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for full assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
This species requires a taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria baudoniana, as there is no anatomical information given in Falker et al. (2002) and the main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that lie adjacent to each other.

redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria bayonensis requires a  taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria baudonian,  given that the  main  differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that  lie  adjacent to each other. It is evaluated using the precautionary  principle, as it is considered as a  good species by Falkner et al.  (2002).# Given the restricted range (its extent of occurrence is 1300 km2 and its area of occupancy is estimated to be 36 km2) and only a few locations, this  species  is considered Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as habitats are coastal near to towns, and  hence the target for pollution and development. Some more research is  needed on its distribution as it  may be more widespread than actually known.

range:
This species is endemic to France and Spain, where it is local, only known from the Atlantic Pyrenees from St Jean de Luz to close to Bilbao, Spain ( Falkner et al. 2002).

habitat:
This species lives in coastal brackish waters.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown. However, its habitat is vulnerable to tourism development, pollution and dams.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in France. Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of this species to evaluate the status compared to the other french range restricted species identified on shell morphology. Further data on distribution, threats and populations status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. Further data is required  to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population  trends and threats.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution, although Arconada et al. (2003) show the genus in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula.

population:
There is no known data on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This is thought to be a species found in freshwater rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species.# Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) for France (mainland), Spain (mainland) and the Balearic Islands (Spain), but there is no detailed information on its distribution, population trends and threats. Therefore it is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, pending further information.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in France, Spain and the Balearic Islands (Spain). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution.

habitat:
This is thought to be a species found in freshwater rivers and estuaries.

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions are in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for a full assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea# (Bank et al. 2006) as present in Spain, however there there is no  detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. There are no known actions for this species. Therefore this species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.  Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including  distribution, population trends and threats.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsular (Spain). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution, although this is thought to be a species found in coastal lagoons and estuaries.

habitat:
This species is thought to be from freshwater rivers and estuaries.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria meridionalis is considered threatened as it has a restricted range in southern France, in few freshwater springs which are vulnerable to human disturbance, close to settlements where water take-off is required. It is presumed extinct from one of the 2 locations. Therefore, the species is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv).

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is localised and#restricted to the southern parts of the departments Var and Alpes-Maritime on the south-east Mediterranean coast.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions. More research is needed on taxonomy, population size, trends and distribution, threats and habitat trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Falkner et al. 2002 noted that Boeters (1971) suspected this was a valid species based on conchological characters, however the presence of a different species has been confimed by dissection of topotypes from the type locality. However it may have been overlooked by collectors as this group are under-recorded.

redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria sarahae has only been reported from 2 localities, both estuarine situations on the western coast of France. One site is currently under pressure, as the oxbow lake is being slowly filled with mud and as such, this site could be lost without intervention. The other one is a historical record where the species has not been recorded for over 100 years, the locality was not well-defined and has probably been lost to urban development. It is possible that there may be more locations in other estuarine areas between these two sites, and if so then the conservation assessment will change. However given the threats to the northern site, which is at present the only known site, an assessment of Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iii,iv) is made on a precautionary basis.

range:
Mercuria sarahae is only known only from 2 localities : an oxbow lake in the Loire, being slowly filled with mud, but still receiving water at high tide, and a second locality around Rochefort (department Charente Maritime, coll. Morgan, MNHN), western France, where it has not been recorded in the last 100 years.

habitat:
Freshwater species, in areas with a brackish influence at high tide, such as river oxbow and lagoons.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown, although sedimentation is the natural threat to one site.

conservationAction:
Survey work is needed to establish if there are any sites where this species is found within the historical range, as well as taxonomic research on the status of the species incorporating a molecular approach.# Habitat management maybe required at the last known site.


redListCategoryRationale:
EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern. Mercuria similis is possibly close to Near Threatened (CK map, version  5.3.8), as the data from Malta and France are limited and it is  considered to be Near Threatened in Italy, the major part of the range,  where known threats include pollution of# river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change.    European regional assessment:# Least Concern. Mercuria similis is present in southern part of the range,  where known threats include pollution of river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change.  However, the species maybe under-recorded due to presence in marginal  habitats and identification issues, hence placed as least concern.  Mediterranean regional assessment:# Least Concern present in Northern Africa and France, Italy and Malta and the species maybe under-recorded due to presence in marginal  habitats and identification issues, hence placed as least concern although# pollution of# river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change impacts local populations.

range:
Bank et al (2009) gives the range as France, Italy and Malta. It is rather localised in the distribution, but widely scattered.# In Italy it was lost from 4 sites since 1900’s, and hence it is currently viewed as Near Threatened in the Italian Red List. In the mediterranean, it is also known from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco in Africa.

population:
The population status for Mercuria similis is currently unknown.

habitat:
Mercuria similis has been found to inhabit coastal streams and rivers.

threats:
In Italy, the currently known threats for Mercuria similis are pollution of# river waters and habitat degradation at the coast due to urbanisation and land use change.

conservationAction:
Mercuria similis is listed as Near Threatened (CK map, version 5.3.8) in the Italian Red List, based on scattered localities in southern Italy and Sicily (14 localities).# Habitat monitoring would be recommended for this species, to assess whether it would meet the Near Threatened status in the future. #

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Prie, V., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) for Portugal, but as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, pending further information.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsular and is restricted to Portugal. There is little distributional data to refine the distribution.

habitat:
The species is thought to be present in freshwater rivers and estuaries.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species.# Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including information on distribution, population trends and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered as a valid species based on the anatomy (as listed in Falkner et al.,#2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Mercuria vindilica is endemic  to the island of Belle-île de mer, Western France. This is only known from a single location, an small island of 85km², with continuing decline of habitat inferred from pressure on water resources. It has disappeared from its type locality and is still found in small springs and streams on the island (Falkner et al. 2002) and hence it is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv).

range:
Mercuria vindilica is endemic to the island of Belle-île de mer, Western France.

habitat:
This species was reported from in small freshwater streams on the island.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation from water extraction and urban development.

conservationAction:
Further surveys are necessary to confirm the status of the species on the island and possibly develop a plan for conservation action given the level of pressure on water resources on the island.


redListCategoryRationale:
This endemic species is considered Near Threatened as there are 12 known sites on Sardinia and no extant populations known in Corsica. The threats are exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al, 2001)

range:
Bank et al (2009) lists this species' distribution as France (Corsica) and Italy. #In Italy#it is only found in Sardinia, where it is recorded from the western side of the island in about 12 localities. All localities have been surveyed in the last 30 years. The range in Corsica is unknown and there are no records in INPN (French National Inventory of Natural Heritage)

habitat:
The species inhabits coastal streams and rivers.

threats:
The threats to this species are exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al, 2001).

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Near Threatened (Manganelli et al., 2000) in the Italian Red List, but there are no conservation actions in place. Recommended Actions include habitat monitoring and resolving whether the Corsican populations are extant.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Prie, V.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is the only species currently known in the genus Micropyrgula.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Micropyrgula stankovici is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is restricted to a single  location (Lake Ohrid), the rate of change in the declining quality of lake water is  not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels.  However, this species could very quickly become Endangered or Critically  Endangered B2ab(iii) if there are significant changes in water quality  or the water temperature, and so the species would benefit from regular review.

range:
Micropyrgula stankovici is recorded from Lake Ohrid where it is found in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, but at most sites where it is recorded it is present in low abundance.

population:
This species is found in low abundances (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater lake species which is restricted to the sublittoral zone.

threats:
The changes in the habitat quality within the sublittoral zone are not very well studied, and as such the knowledge base relates to generic threats to the lake. At present deforestation in the water catchment leads to erosion and increasing sediment load, which is thought to impact the habitats of this small freshwater gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is also contaminating the water of the lake, leading to declining water quality.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring water quality would enable the status of the species to be monitored, as it is sensitive to water pollution.  #


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is endemic to Spain where it is known from at least 15 locations. Arconada and Ramos (2006) considered the species to be Near Threatened as there had been losses from about 30% of the known sites in the last 20 years. Further surveys are needed to monitor changes in the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. In view of the threats from pressures on water resources in the region it is a potential candidate for a Vulnerable listing if current trends in loss of sites continues. However, at the moment, it is considered to be Near Threatened (NT).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to Andalucia (Arconada and Ramos 2006). It is known from 15-23 locations: Almeria (eight locations); Grenada (nine locations); Cadiz (one location); Malaga (four locations); and Jaen (one location).

population:
In recent decades the region has witnessed the disappearance of species from ca. 30% of the springs because of the drying out of groundwater supplying these springs.

threats:
This species is considered to be threatened due to over-abstraction of water for domestic supplies and for agricultural use. There is also ongoing decline in groundwater recharges with increased frequency of droughts.

conservationAction:
Arconada and Ramos (2006) considered the species as Conservation Dependent, a category that is no longer used in the IUCN Red List assessment system. Proposed research actions include further surveys to determine distribution, population trends and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was originally placed in the Orientaliinae	(Orientaliidae) (Radoman 1973).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in Croatia and Bosnia  and Herzegovina. It is known from 8-10 localities being present over the Neretva River and other catchments, and may be more widespread. There is insufficient data on trends to confirm this however (Radoman  1983). There have been great changes in the water regime of the Neretva River  and its tributaries as a consequence of the construction of the hydro-electric  power plant Capljina which may have threatened the species, as well as drying out of springs. Due to the small range and the low number of sites it is listed as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria B. If the threats are found to be impacting the species the assessment will need to be upgraded.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006)as being endemic to Croatia. However, the type locality was a freshwater spring near the north coast of Bacina lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also known from the lower#Neretva River#(Radoman 1983): localities include Cevljusa village near Ploce Town, Desilo in Barjevci village (Svitavsko blato), Lukavac near Bajevci, spring near Romici village, 10 km from Metkovic town and at Sladinac below tunnel draining Becinsko jezero.

threats:
There have been great changes in the water regime of the Neretva River and its tributaries, and in particular the disturbance of the natural balance as the consequence of the construction of the hydro-electric power plant Capljina, and in some regions large marshes have been replaced by artificial lakes. In other parts of Croatia springs have been drying out, and may impact the species.

conservationAction:
It is listed on the Protected Species in Croatia. There are no conservation actions known for the species. Habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to determine if the potential threats identified are impacting the species. Efforts to increase the known range of the species are also advised.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally placed in the Orientaliinae	(Orientaliidae) (Radoman, 1973). #Some authors have listed this species as Zavalia# vjetrenicae#Radoman, 1973 (e.g. Radoman, 1985), however others have treated#Zavalia as a subgenus of Narentiana (Fauna Europea).

redListCategoryRationale:
Narentiana vjetrenicae#is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is found in a very restricted area (the area of occupancy is estimated to be 25 km2) and is known from 2 locations; the type locality is known as a freshwater spring, Lukavac (below Vjetrenica cave near Zavala, Popovo) emerging from the karst groundwaters of Popovo polje. Threats to the species include the cave becoming a tourist destination in the 19th Century, however no conservation measures have been implemented as electric lighting in the cave has been reverted to flash light utilisation, benefiting the fauna in the cave. No population data is available on the species. Narentiana vjetrenicae is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
Narentiana vjetrenicae#is only                known from the type locality and from the cave Vjetrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The type locality was a freshwater spring,                Lukavac  below Vjetrenica cave, near Zavala, Popovo (Radoman, 1985; Kabat  Hershler, 1993).

habitat:
This species is known from freshwater springs emerging from the karst groundwaters of Popovo polje.

threats:
The Cave has been a tourist destination since the end of 19th Century. A 1250 m long path to Veliko jezero was created, and by the end of 1950s Vjetrenica was a tourist site with electric lighting set up over 1045 m of the cave with a hotel on-site and tourist guides attracting some ten thousand visitors annually. In the 1990's tourism decreased, and in the last 10 years, has been renewed, without the#electric lighting (Sket 2003).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions known for the species, although habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to check on population decline levels. The Cave of Vjetrenica has been protected since around 1900, when the metal gate preventing access was first made. The same gate, slightly modified in early ‘60s, is still there (Ržehak 1965). Legal protection of the cave started in 1914and it was proclaimed a natural monument in 1950.#Speleological Society Vjetrenica - Popovo polje has renewed the pre- war tourist programme, but flashlights are used at the moment, instead of electrical lighting, which is beneficial to the cave fauna.#The 'Popovo polje/Vjetrenica' is listed in the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest.#The B-H Academy made proposal to nominate Vjetrenica as a#candidate#for the World Heritage List.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is the only species currently known in the genus Neofossarulus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Neofossarulus stankovici# is endemic to Lake Ohrid, a lake with an area of 358 km2. It is assessed as Vulnerable D2, as although the range and declining quality of the habitat merit an Endangered status, the current rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be currently significantly  impacting this species unless it worsens in the near future. However, this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the rate of decline of water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is known only from Lake Ohrid, and so is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

population:
This species is found in relatively low abundances and patchy distribution (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in the sublittoral zone of lakes and is thought to be restricted to sandy or soft substrates (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The changes in the habitat quality within the sublittoral zone is not very well studied and as such the knowledge base relates to generic threats to the lake.   Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, leading to declining quality of habitat.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring of the habitat trends in the lake may inform as to changing quality of habitats which would inform as the whether the conservation status will change.


taxonomicNotes:
In Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006), the generic name of this species has listed Ochridopyrgula not  Ohridopyrgula (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). In discussion with Bank (pers. comm. 2009) he has pointed out that this is the correct genus, "as Radoman (1955) described it as Ochridopyrgula, and used this name also in his subsequent papers, he even established in 1973 the subfamily Ochridopyrgulinae. Only in his review paper of 1983 he used the name Ohridopyrgula. Of course, Ohridopyrgula should be treated as an incorrect original spelling and is therefore not an available name (see ICZN Article 33.3) as it is not in prevailing use". Two subspecies have been recognised in different habitats:Ochridopyrgula macedonica macedonica (Brusina, 1896) FYROM, Albania.Ochridopyrgula macedonica charensis Radoman, 1978, FYROM

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridopyrgula macedonica (= Ochridopyrgula macedonica) is one of the most abundant species in Lake Ohrid.# The population is considered stable and it is found in a high number of collection points over the lake (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). The habitat decline is related to the Albanian springs which represents a small percentage of the total population. The current level of threats are not likely to impact all the subpopulations within the near future, it is therefore classified as Near Threatened, almost meeting the criteria B1.

range:
This species is restricted to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found in the Lake Ohrid and in the feeder springs of Sveti Naum and Zagorican.

population:
This species is abundant and found at many collecting points.

habitat:
This is a freshwater lake species found in the littoral zone, but it can be found in low abundance in the sublittoral zone. It is restricted to hard substrate.

threats:
The water quality in the lake is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However, these threats are likely to affect only a part of all individuals because this an abundant species in the#littoral as well as the upper part of the sublittoral zone of the lake and some locations are not threatened.

conservationAction:
This species is present in the Galicica National Park (in the   Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia - FYROM). Futhermore, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. The pollution in the watershed should be managed to decrease the ecosystem degradation and the habitat loss for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Radoman (1985) considered the species to be close to Ohridohauffenia rotonda, with which it lives sympatrically within part of the range.

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohauffenia depressa is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is present only in one location, a lake of approximately 400 km2, and there has been an observed decline in the habitat quality, especially in relation with pollution that is affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate leading to decline of food and the available  habitat for this species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is known from the lacustrine waters of Lake Ohrid within a narrow belt on the eastern shores from Pestani to St Naum. Two separated sub-populations (on the eastern and on the western shores) are present in the two separated habitats of the sandy beaches in the north and the south of the lake (at Struga and Pogradec bays).

population:
This species is found in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species is only lacustrine and is found along the shore in the littoral zone where it lives in the banks, on stones and on Dreissena shells.

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased  sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from  sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water  of the lake. The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with sedimentation and eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing which is diminishing the habitat and reducing food availability for this small gastropod.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.# Habitat monitoring is recommended to indentify accelerated rates of changes for this species, as well as local awareness raising, and national level protection policies.


taxonomicNotes:
Radoman (1985) considered this species to be distinct from the other five taxa in genus Ohridohauffenia and its distribution is different based on the distributional data given in Radoman (1985).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was assessed in 1996 and considered to be Extinct (Mollusc Specialist Group). This was based on comments published by Radoman (1983), who noted that after a great drainage of the Drim River, surveys failed to find this species. Albrecht et al. (2009) and Regnier et al. (2009) considered it to be Extinct.

range:
Endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006) where it was only known from the upper part of River Drim, however it has not been seen since before 1983 (Radoman 1985).

population:
This species was only known by dead shells.

habitat:
This species was originally thought to be living in sediments within springs feeding the River Drim.

threats:
After a great drainage of the Drim River, surveys could not find this species anymore (Radoman 1985).

conservationAction:
This species is believed to have become extinct prior to 1983 and as such there are no conservation actions possible.

redListAssessors:
Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Seddon, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohauffenia minuta had a restricted range and was extirpated at   type locality when site was destroyed due to road construction. Surveys in 2009 showed no evidence of the species. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). Surveys are recommended over next few years in adjacent spring sites to confirm whether this species has become extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Bank et al. Fauna European, 2006). It was only known from the spring at Studenicista (Bej Bunar) near Lake Ohrid (Radoman 1985).##

population:
Recent surveys in 2009 did not find any individuals of this species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
The species lived on stones in a freshwater spring with a constant temperature of 11oC.

threats:
This species had a restricted range and was extirpated from the type locality when site was destroyed due to road construction (C. Albrecht et al., pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place. Surveys over next few years in adjacent springs should be conducted to assess whether the species should be confirmed as Extinct.


