# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 2,000 km2 and the quality of habitat is in decline due to the increased use of fertilisers which has reduced the availability of suitable forage. The species is also listed as Vulnerable in three countries. Further research into the species' population size and trends should be conducted to determine if the species may be threatened.

range:
Lasioglossum majus is widespread in Europe (Ebmer 1988) and is distributed from Spain as far east as Poland and Greece. According to Ebmer (1988), this species occurs in Ural and Tunisia but this is very dubious.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,487,169 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 484 km², however, the AOO is more likely to be closer to 2,000 km2.

population:
The species is localized and not common but the population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit meadows and grasslands. It is presumably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species.

threats:
The species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture which causes the reduction of suitable habitat available to the species. The increase of fertiliser usage causes the reduction of forage available and thus reduces the habitat suitability.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas although it would be good to create to protected areas to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is very common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species to monitor for any potential declines in the species.

range:
A widespread species found from the Azores and the Canary Islands north to England and Denmark, and east towards Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is found in north Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Middle East (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,681,109 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,476 km².

population:
It is a very common species in central and southern Europe. In England, the species has increased in range (a marked northward spread), frequency and abundance in the last 25 years (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size or trend for this species.

habitat:
A eusocial species that nests in aggregations. It is the most studied of the Halictid bees and there is a lot of information available on its behaviour and ecology in the literature (Westrich 1989, Wyman and Richards 2003). In the UK, it inhabits coastal cliffs and landslips, abandoned quarries, commons, chalk grassland and private gardens (BWARS 2014). Elsewhere it can be found on temperate grasslands and shrublands. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period, and it is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage for pollen at a very wide range of plant species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2 and the population is also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations throughout Europe due to its reliance upon salt marshs and other saline habitats. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found in Spain, Switzerland, Greece (including the East Aegean Island of Lesvos), Bulgaria, Romania, the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Macedonia), and Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus and the Middle East (Ebmer 1974, Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,253,678 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².

population:
A rare and very localised species, with a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, due to its reliance upon salt marshes and other saline habitats.

habitat:
The species is found along the coast and perhaps inland, but most of the populations are found in salt marshes and around salinas. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and has been observed at flowers of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) on Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Ebmer (1971) lists Inula (Asteraceae) and Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) as forage plants. Lassioglossum mandiblare is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period from April to October. The details of its nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown.

threats:
The species may be threatened as it relies upon specific saline habitats in most areas of its known distribution and the population is severely fragmented which makes the species susceptible to any threats that may occur (this may include rising sea-levels which could impact negatively on the species). Beyond this, there is no further information available about the threats to these habitats at a continental scale.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species to monitor for any potential declines in the species.

range:
The species is found from Iberia, north to Germany and Austria, and east to Greece (Ebmer 1995, 2004). The species has also been found in southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Israel, Armenia, Pakistan, Indian Kashmir and Nepal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,419,266 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².

population:
It is a common species in much of southern Europe. Further details of the populations size and trends are not available.

habitat:
The species is found on steppic areas, Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grasslands and shrublands. The species will nest in bare ground in loess or clay soils, and in aggregations numbering over 100 nests. It is eusocial, and the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) can live for up to five to six years. In the first year, the gynes raise a few workers (two to six). These long-lived workers then assist the gyne in enlarging the nest and in pollen foraging. The second season will raise further workers (up to 18). In the third year the colony can be increased in size to produce between up to 54 workers, in year four up to 162 workers, and in the fifth year to as many as 486. In the sixth year after establishment, colony sizes can increase up to 1,458 workers (see Westrich 1989). The males emerge in Autumn in much of the range but are active in early Spring in the Levant. Lasioglossum marginatum is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and many flower visitation records have been noted. It is an important pollinator of alfalfa in the steppes of Eurasia (Pesenko et al. 2000). In the Levant, the spring-flying males are pollinators of the localised orchid Orchis galilea through pseudo-copulation (N. Machouka pers. comm. 2013). Knerer (1968) has suggested that the bee Sphecodes ruficrus is a kleptoparasite of this species (one that parasitises the nests of other species) but in Germany (and in many other parts of its known range) there are no known parasites (Westrich 1989).

threats:
It can possibly be threatened by the destruction of their nesting sites much more quickly as opposed to solitary species as they aggregate in large populations. Given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species through the degradation of its habitat. However, throughout Europe the species is not threatened as it is quite common.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km2 and the species' population is severely fragmented, with little possibility of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. The species may qualify for listing as Endangered as it could be in continual decline due to a potential decrease in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and number of subpopulations/locations as it has rarely been found since the majority of the data was collected prior to the 1950s. It has also become extinct in Switzerland. Further research on the species population trends and threats should be conducted as the species may need to be uplisted to a threatened category in the future.

range:
The species is found in central Europe and the Balkans. It has also been found in European Russia (Ebmer 1975, 1997). Outside of Europe, it has been found in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,372,906 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km².

population:
It is very rare in some warm areas of central Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic. In the south, it is also localized and very rare from France to Macedonia and Bulgaria. The most recent records of the species are from Poissy near Paris, France in 2010 and 2011. However, most of the data in Europe were recorded prior to the 1950s. The population of the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.

habitat:
A species of warm and steppic biotopes such as temperate shrubland and grassland, and Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following pollen sources: Bellis perennis, Taraxacum offficinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae). Westrich (2006) adds the following pollen sources: Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae); Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae); Medicago lupulina, Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae); Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae). It has been recorded on Trifolium (Westrich 1990). Males have been recorded visiting Cirsium arense and Picris hieracioides. It has been found in the lower valley of the Don river and Pesenko (1972) reports occurrences upon Salvia tesquicola, Convolvulus arvense, Heracleum sibiricum and Brassica junceum. The species is possibly solitary (Westrich 1989). In Germany, more than 60 females were observed nesting in a vertical, easterly exposed clay cliff, created in 1988 by an excavator doing earthworks (Westrich 2006). The overwintering females emerge from early April and are active until the end of August. The males emerge from the end of July and fly to the end of September. Alfken (1909) cites the bee Sphecodes longulus as a kleptoparasite of this species, in other words a bee that parasitises the nests of other species. Amiet et al. (2001) suggest that Nomada bluethgeni might also be a kleptoparasite of L. marginellum. Westrich (2006) states that the bees Nomada sheppardana and Sphecodes geofrellus are kleptoparasites of this species.

threats:
The species may have suffered declines in its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy as there have been no recent recordings of the species and it has become extinct or near extinct in some countries. However, the causes are unknown and therefore the threats cannot be specified.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat (calcareous grasslands), where its host plants, Salvia, are thought to be in continual decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found in southern France and Spain including the Balearic Islands. It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 422,702 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Salvia spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). These plants occur on calcareous grassland, meso-Mediterranean and xerophytic habitats. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The species is oligolectic upon Salvia and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). The species is very much dependent on these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. maurusium. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation across Europe.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean, the populations are large and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
This species is found in Spain and France and eastwards to Attica in Greece. It is also found in Morocco and Algeria (Packer et al. 1992, Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,595,832 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 280 km².

population:
This species is quite common in the western Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean. There is a disjunct subpopulation in Attiki (Greece). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species appears to be predominantly found on the coast although there are some records inland in mountainous regions such as the Pyrenees. In Attiki (Greece), and doubtless elsewhere, it can occur in phryganic Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The details of the nesting biology and sociality of this species are unknown.It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and visitation has been observed at flowers of Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymelaeaceae), Scandix australis (Apiaceae), Cistus salvifolius (Cistaceae), Eruca vesicaria (Brassicaceae), Euphorbia acanthothamnos (Euphorbiacea), Salvia verbenacaeae (Lamiaceae) and Matricaria sp.(Asteraceae) (Petanidou 1994). Lasioglossum mediterraneum is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying from April to August.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it utilises in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.


range:
A widespread species from Iberia to Greece, Turkey, Ukraine and European Russia (Ebmer 1988). It is also found in Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Middle-East. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,884,257 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 372 km².

population:
A rare species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
It occurs in steppic habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate shrublands and grasslands. In Libya, it has been observed in a floristically diverse disturbed ground with ruderals (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and has been recorded visiting Medicago sativa, Trifollium sp. (Fabaceae), Stachys sp. and Thymus sp, (Lamiaceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. It is active from April until the late summer.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it utilises in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends.

range:
A widely distributed species throughout western Europe, from north to south, from England and Sweden (58°N) to the Azores, the Canary Islands and Sicily. Outside of Europe it can be found in Turkey and as far south as the Sahara (Ebmer 1974, 1976, 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,522,355 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 3,592 km².

population:
A common species in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species mostly nests in sandy soils and can be found on grasslands, semi-deserts and Mediterranean-type shrublands. Westrich (1989) lists sand-, gravel- and clay-pits, mobile dunes, dry grasslands, open areas and a variety of ruderal and anthropogenic habitats in Germany. Perkins (1923) describes the species as often forming considerable nesting aggregations, although these are found today only very rarely. It is probably a solitary species (Knerer and Schwarz 1976).The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae), Bellis perrennis, Taraxacun officinale and Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). Knuth (1906) citing himself and others, reports pollen collecting at Ranunculus aquatilis (Ranunculaceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid April to early October, while the males fly from early July to the end of September. The bee Sphecodes longulus is reported to be a kleptoparasite of this species, in other words it parasitises the nests of other species (Stöckhert 1933). Smith (1848, 1876) reports a stylopised female, parasitised by the flying insect of the genus Stylops.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 512 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' calcareous grassland habitat is known to be in continual decline from the decline in pastoralism and the increase in reforestation. The species is classified as Near Threatened under B2b(iii). The population is fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
This species is distributed from northern Spain to the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland, and southeast towards Greece (Ebmer 1988). It is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,328,044 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 512 km².

population:
A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species occurs on calcareous soils and it nests in open areas, in particular on grasslands and rocky areas. Westrich (1989) lists vineyards, sheep grazed Juniper heathlands, and dry and sparse grasslands. The details of the nesting behaviour are unknown, but it is presumed to be a solitary species (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum minutulum is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae). The overwintering females emerge from the beginning of April, and the males from the beginning of August.

threats:
The species relies largely upon calcareous soils and grassland and these areas, that are mostly restricted to protected areas, are in continual decline in Europe. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and the increase in reforestation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is occurs within protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and further threats to the species.


range:
The species has only been found in Chelmos, the Peloponnese, Greece (Warncke 1982, 1984, Ebmer 1985). It may have also been found elsewhere in the Balkans, Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and Iran.

population:
A very rare species as there is currently only one confirmed record. There is no further population information on the species.

habitat:
The species was found in the mountains of Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the species is very common and there are no major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of species in the future.

range:
A widespread species throughout Europe, from the Azores and Iberia to Scandinavia, and from Great Britain to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found in the Caucasus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,065,914 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,128 km².

population:
A very common species throughout Europe. The population is believed to be stable.

habitat:
The species is ubiquitous and its habitats include anthropogenic places such as town parks and gardens, roadside verges, limestone grassland, chalk grassland, town parks and gardens, and disturbed waste ground (Westrich 1989). A gregarious species sometimes nesting in large aggregations. Chambers (1949) reported that in a Bedfordshire site the females were so numerous that the air was strongly pervaded by their scent for a distance of several feet from the bank in which they nested. The species is presumably eusocial with a summer brood of workers (Knerer 1968, 1969). The species is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Leucanthemum vulgare, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Sinapis alba, Lobularia maritima, Berteroa incana (Brassicaceae); Jasione montana, Phyteuma nigrum, Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae); Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Ranunculus acris, Pulsatilla vulgaris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans and Malus domestica (Rosaceae). The females fly from late March to the end of October, while the males fly from late June to late October (and rarely in early November). The species may occasionally be bivoltine (it has two generations per year) as R.C.L. Perkins (G.M. Spooner pers. comm. 1989) reported "a colony in a Paignton [Devon] garden produced males and females in June: these females paired and provisioned cells, and gave a second brood in August". G.H.L. Dicker (in. litt. 1985) has observed the bee, Sphecodes niger, around the nests of this species in Kent, and S.P.M. Roberts (pers. comm 2014) made similar observations in Middlesex, Wiltshire and in Oxfordshire. In Germany, Westrich (1989) records Sphecodes geoffrellus, S. niger, and Nomada furva as possible kleptoparasites of this species, or in other words bees that parasitise the nests of other bee species. Alfken (1913) additionally lists S. miniatus.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2001). However, the species is right at the northern edge of its extensive European range in Finland. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species in the future. The species occurs in many protected areas.


range:
The species is found from Portugal to Morocco (Ebmer 1976, 1979, A. Pauly pers. obs. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,678 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
The species is rare as it is only found in Portugal and Spain from three localities.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but perhaps it is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the species is quite common and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

range:
The species is predominantly found from Spain to the Balkans and to Germany and Austria (Ebmer 1995). The species is also found in Turkey, Israel and Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,792,563 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,020 km².

population:
The species is quite common and stable within its European range.

habitat:
It occurs within Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitats and it can be found in montane and lowland habitats such as temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands. In Germany, Westrich (1989) reports sand and gravel pits, embankments, sparse grasslands and waste places. Nests may be constructed in sand or loess, and form small aggregations (two to six nests). The species is eusocial, with the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) establishing their nests in the spring. The brood of workers and a few males emerge in the summer. Later in the season, the new generation of gynes and a cohort of larger males are produced (see Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic bee, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Picris hieracioides, Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists Lotus (Fabaceae); Taraxacum, Hieracium, Carduus, Centaurea (Asteraceae); Salvia (Lamiaceae) and Anchusa (Boraginaceae). Lasioglossum nigripes is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge at the end of April or early May, and the males fly from the beginning of August to the end of October. Knerer and Plateaux-Quénu (1970) cite the bee Sphecodes alternatus as a possible kleptoparasite of this species, in other words, one that parasitise the nests of other bee species. Grandi (1931) additionally reports seeing S. pellucidus entering a nest.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It has been found in Mercantour National Park in France and the Swiss Alps. Further research could be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are often quite large in central Europe and there are no major threats to the species. It is listed as threatened in five National Red Lists, however most of these are at the limits of the species' distribution. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
A widely distributed species found from northern Spain as far north as 65 °N in Finland. The species spreads as far east as the Urals and Iran (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The subspecies pseudocombinatum is endemic to the island of Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,402,621 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,884 km².

population:
The species is quite common in Europe. In Great Britain, there is evidence of decline since the late 1980s and it has been rarely encountered in the last 15 years (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species at a broad scale.

habitat:
The species is considered to be a solitary mining bee. It is found in meadows, forests, amongst crops and some sandy habitats. In Great Britain, the species is usually associated with sandy soils, being mainly found in sand pits and on coastal dunes. It uses inland and coastal sites, although in southern England it is predominantly coastal (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). R.C.L. Perkins (1923) and Stelfox (1927) describe this bee in Devon (UK) and Ireland respectively as nesting in large aggregations. In Fife (Scotland) and near Arbroath, L. nitidiusculum is nesting in earth banks where the underlying geology is red sandstone. There is a preference for the lighter soil types in Fife, where in some areas concentrations of burrows can be found along a line of lighter sandy material, avoiding more dense soils (B. Little in litt. 2013). This is a solitary species (Westrich 1989). It is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although it is most often found with pollen from yellow-flowered Asteraceae and Brassicaceae species. In Germany it forages from: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Centaurea jacea, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Alyssum montanum (Brassicaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae) (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum nitidiusculum is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-March or early April to September or October, and males fly from mid-June to mid-September.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2001), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). It does occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.

range:
A widespread species throughout Europe with a number of subspecies. The nominal subspecies is found in western Europe, except the Atlantic coast and British Islands, and north to Sweden (56°N) and southward to Calabria in Italy. The subspecies aeneidorsum occurs in the steppes of central Germany (Berlin), eastwards to the Urals and southwards to the northern Balkans. The subspecies fudakowskii inhabits the Mediterranean zone of the Balkans, from Istria to Asia Minor (Bursa). The subspecies hammi is insular on the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily; it has also been found on a small island near Benidorm (Spain) and on the island Guiglio on the Italian coast. The subspecies cretense is endemic to Crete. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,544,335 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,944 km².

population:
The species is very common and the populations are stable within Europe.

habitat:
It nests in the crevices between rocks on calcareous landscapes and also in old walls in towns and cities. Westrich (1989) lists dry waste places, sunny vineyards, dry walls and earthy banks. Details of nest architecture are unknown and the true social status is also uncertain. Westrich (1989) states that it is probably a solitary species. Pesenko et al. (2000) however suggest that phenological data indicates that the species is primitively eusocial. Lasioglossum nitidulum is a broadly polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, known to visit plants in 12 families. The pollen sources include: Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Inula ensifolia, Cirsium vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Isatis tinctoria, Alyssum saxatile, Alyssum montanus, Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae); Campanula poscharskyana, Jasione montana, Jasione laevis (Campanulaceae); Heliantheum numularium (Cistaceae); Nepeta cataria, Salvia nemorosa (Lamiaceae); Allium porrum (Alliaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae); Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Consolida regalis (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans (Rosaceae) and Verbascum thapsus (Plantaginaceae). A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge from the end of March or early April, and the males form the beginning of July.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Research could be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in pan-Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe. The species does not occur in the EU 27 area.

range:
Lasioglossum niveocinctum is recorded from southern European Russia. There is one record only (Astrakhan). The species is mainly distributed throughout Siberia, central Asia and Mongolia.

population:
The species is rare as it is only known from one locality in the pan-European region.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but perhaps it occurs on temperate grassland.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little to no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A predominantly eastern European species with a continento-pontic distribution. It is found from Poland south towards Greece and Cyprus. It is also found in the Middle East and central Asia (Ebmer 1995). There are two subspecies: the nominal one and L. o. acerbum. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,013,215 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km².

population:
It is a rare species in Europe. There is no further information on the population size and trends.

habitat:
A steppic species of eastern Europe most probably inhabiting Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate shrubland and temperate grassland. The details of the social and nesting behaviour are unknown, although Pesenko et al. (1999) suggest that the species might be eusocial.The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Flower records are only available from the southern part of the species' range. Mavromoustakis (cited in Ebmer 1971) lists the following forage sources in Cyprus: Mentha longifolia, Nepeta troodi, (Lamiacae); Berberis cretica (Berberidaceae); Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae); Lithospermum hispidulum (Boraginaceae); Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymeleaceae); Calendula persica (Asteraceae) and Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). In Lesvos, it is known to visit Cistus (Cistaceae) and Anthemis (Asteraceae). A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period, active from February to August (on Cyprus).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species has only been found in southern Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1974, 1979, Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 60,772 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
A very rare species possibly with a fragmented distribution. There are no further details on the population size and trends.

habitat:
The species has been found in damp places in localities in Spain. In the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural, L. orihuelicum was found flying over exposed sandy paths in areas of mature dehesa (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). It is almost certainly nesting in the sand in these areas. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown although the sandy coastal areas of much of southern Spain and Portugal are under pressure from tourism and leisure developments, in addition to increased market gardening to supply early season soft fruit and therefore increasing habitat loss.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and stable populations. However the species is threatened by warmer winters caused by climate change, and it is also considered threatened in two countries and appears on their National Red Lists.

range:
Lasioglossum pallens is a western Palearctic species that is found in western and central Europe (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies L.p kantharae has been described from Cyprus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,100,824 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 504 km².

population:
Overall, this species is common, although it is very rare in Belgium (where it is at the northern limit of its range). The population trend is stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits meadows and forest edges. The phenology of L. pallens is quite particular as males and females fly in spring while most of Lasioglossum fly in summer. The species is polylectic, in that it forages on wide range of plant species. The females are known to visit Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae), Tarxacum spp. (Asteraceae), Salix spp. (Salicaceae) and Prunus spp (Rosaceae). The species nests in aggregations (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The species is threatened by climate change as sometimes the males emerge in winter (rather than spring) and, at that time of year, there is not enough forage available for the species. This mismatch in phenology between the insects and potential forage plants will prevent successful breeding. As the species aggregates when nesting this means that any threat or change in habitat can affect a larger proportion of nesting individuals.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends, and any further threats to this species should be determined.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and stable, and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to consider the trends in population and to identify any threats.

range:
A west palearctic species from Iberia to Bulgaria and as far north as southern England. In the south it is predominantly found in the mountains such as the Sierra Nevada range in Spain, Aspromontes in Calabria, Italy, mountains in Greece, and the Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Outside of Europe, it is found as far as Iran (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,685,049 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,160 km².

population:
The species is quite common and the populations are believed to be stable in central Europe.

habitat:
Lasioglossum parvulum can be found in meadows, forest edges, montane habitats and presumably Mediterranean-type shrublands. Westrich (1989) lists open areas, dry hillsides, diverse landscapes with vineyards, fields and orchards, sand and gravel pits. The species nests in banks and vertical earth faces and seems to normally nest in small, rather compact aggregations, these having been observed in an open, steep, sandy slope, in the soil adhering to the roots of a fallen tree in woodland (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). Its social status is not known but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).This species is polylectic foraging from: Leucanthemum vulgare, Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides (Asteraceae); Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae); Ranunculus bulbosus (Ranunculaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae)(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Salix (Salicaceae); Campanula (Campanulaceae); Tussilago (Asteraceae) and Salvia (Lamiaceae).Lasioglossum parvulum is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. Females fly from late March or April to late September, and males from late July to mid-September. The bees Sphecodes geoffrellus and Nomada sheppardana are possible kleptoparasites of this species, in that they parasitise the nests of other bee species (Perkins 1923). Westrich (1989) additionally cites the bee Nomada distinguenda as a possible kleptoparasite.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is found within the Sierra Nevada National Park in Spain and Aspromonte National Park in Italy. Further research should be conducted to identify any threats to the species and to study the trends in population.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in western Europe, the populations are strong in the Mediterranean area, and there are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to define the habitat and ecology of the species and to keep populations under surveillance in areas where the species is considered threatened.

range:
A widespread species in western Europe, from Iberia to Greece and Bulgaria, and as far north as southern England (Ebmer 2000). In the south it can found at high altitudes, for example in Spain it is found up to 2,000 m asl in Sierra de Guadarrama. Outside of Europe it is found in the Maghreb from Morocco to Tunisia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,923,112 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,028 km².

population:
The populations are strong in the Mediterranean area. There is no information on population size and trends.

habitat:
It can be found in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrubland and lowland heathland. In southern England, this species shows a strong preference for sandy soils, both inland and on the coast (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000).  The details of the nesting habits and social status are unknown. Lasioglossum pauperatum is probably polylectic (Westrich 1989) and is known to visit Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae); Senecio jacobaea, S. integrifolius, Crepis (Asteraceae) and Centaurium tenuifolium (Primulaceae) but it is not known if these are pollen sources. The bee is univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to mid-October, and the males from mid-July to early October.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Lasioglossum pauperatum occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and ecology of the species and to monitor the status in those countries where it is threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, often very common, there are no major threats to the species at a continental level and because it is apparently increasing in both range and abundance in the northerly parts of its range.

range:
A widespread species from Iberia and southern England to Poland and southeastern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Tunisia, and to the Middle East, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and central Asia (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,533,180 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,256 km².

population:
A very common species that is known to be significantly expanding its range northwards in Britain (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
An ubiquitous species that can be found in meadows, chalk grasslands and woodlands. It nests individually in small to large aggregations, mainly on level, sparsely vegetated soil. The turret-like nest entrance is illustrated by Westrich (1989). Lasioglossum pauxillum is a eusocial species (Knerer 1968, Knerer and Plateaux-Quénu 1966a, 1966b). The colonies can be mono- or polygynous and can contain from three to 25 individuals (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, records include: Acer campestre (Aceraceae); Aegopodium podagraria (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Erigeron annuus, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Tanacetum vulgare, Cirsium vulgare, Cirsium arvense, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Picris hieracioides, (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Stellaria holostea, Lychnis flos-cuculi (Caryophyllaceae); Helianthemum nummularium (Cistaceae); Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina (Fabaceae); Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae); Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae); Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae); Ornthogalum umbellatum (Liliaceae); Linum tenuifolium (Linaceae); Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Consolida regalis (Ranunculaceae); Reseda lutea (Resedaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans (Rosaceae) and Galium mollugo (Rubiaceae) (Westrich 1989). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to late September, and males from July to October. Two possible kleptoparasites of L. pauxillum (species that parasitise the nests of other species) in continental Europe are the bees Sphecodes crassus (Stöckhert 1933) and S. ferruginatus (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It has been found in Mercantour National Park (France), throughout the Alps and parts of the Pyrenees and in many other protected areas elsewhere in its broad range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum perclavipes is a Mediterranean species that occurs in Spain, Italy (mainland, Sicily, Sardinia), Greece, Crete and European Turkey (Ebmer 1972). Outside of Europe, it is also present in Morocco and Algeria.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,383,844 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.

population:
This species is rare and has a fragmented distribution. No further information is available on either the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
In Sicily, Quaranta et al. (2004) states that the species can occur in both agricultural landscapes and in coastal sand dunes. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. At the limits of its distribution in Switzerland, it appears threatened. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A central to eastern Mediterranean species found from Switzerland to Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Israel, Georgia, Armenia and Iran (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 965,584 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

population:
A rare species within Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrublands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
A Macaronesian species found on the Canary Islands, Cape Rhir (Morocco) and on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara (Ebmer 1993, LaRoche in Pesenko and Pauly 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,701 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
A rare species on the Canary islands. There is no information about the overall size of the population or any indication in trends.

habitat:
A sub-tropical species that has been found on the coast so it probably nests in sand and possibly in Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species as it has been recently described. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in Germany, Switzerland and Austria (Herrmann 2001). It has not been found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,407 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km², although these values may be underestimated as it is a recently described species.

habitat:
It has been found in valleys and it probably nests within sandy soils. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2 and it is a severely fragmented species with little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2ba. Research is required to determine the population trends and any threats to the species as it may require uplisting to a threatened status.

range:
A steppic species found in Spain, Switzerland, Sicily, Croatia, Hungary, Greece and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,514,614 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².

population:
A rare species with a severely fragmented population, with little or no chance of genetic exchange between the subpopulations.

habitat:
This steppic species has been found on the slopes of mountains and valleys. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown apart from the fact that the population in Europe is severely fragmented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

range:
The nominal subspecies is transpalaearctic, from Iberia to the Urals, north to Berlin and Belgium. The subspecies atomarium lives in west Asia, Turkey, Israel, Turkestan, Iran, and Egypt. The subspecies pekingense inhabits the north of China and Japan (Ebmer 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,316,484 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,268 km².

population:
A very common and apparently stable species, especially in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean areas.

habitat:
The species occurs in open areas, river levees, sparsely vegetated areas, and diverse landscapes with vineyards, sand and gravel pits and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989) as well as Mediterranean-type shrublands. The nests are constructed in bare ground in sandy or loessic banks (Westrich 1989), and can form large aggregations. The species is eusocial with monogynous nest establishment and a strongly differentiated worker caste. The workers are probably responsible for the rearing of the males in the summer generation as well as the young gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects).A polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae); Jasione montana (Campanulaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Ranunculus polyanthemos (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans, Malus domestica (Rosaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Achillea, Taraxacum, Solidago (Asteraceae); Heracleum, Daucus (Apiaceae); Filipendula, Potentilla (Rosaceae); Campanula (Campanulaceae); Sedum (Crassulaceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae); Salix (Salicaceae); Mentha, Salvia (Lamiaceae); Veronica (Scrophulariaceae) and Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae). A bivoltine species (it has two generations per year). The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of April, and the males fly from the beginning of July to the end of September.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,292 km2, and there is a continued decline in the extent and quality of habitat, and the number of individuals. The coastal and inland dunes need to be conserved in order to protect this species as does sandy lowland heathland.

range:
Lasioglossum prasinum is a western Palearctic species. The nominal subspecies, Lasioglossum prasinum prasinum is present in southern England, France, and Morocco. The subspecies L. p. haemorrhoidale occurs along the Mediterranean basin, the Belgian coast, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Croatia and Greece (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,816,147 km² and the area of occupancy is (AOO) is 1,292 km².

population:
The species is locally common in suitable habitat. As the habitat is decreasing, the population is suspected to be decreasing too. Further information on the population size and trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species mainly inhabits coastal dunes and is known to inhabit inland dunes, in particular those that are covered by bryophytes or are dominated by Erica tetralix, Vaccinium spp., and in the Mediterranean, Cistus spp. In Great Britain and the Netherlands, the species is very closely associated with lowland heathland, dominated by Calluna vulgaris and other Ericaceous dwarf shrubs. The species is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, but it prefers the above stated forage plants. It likes to nest in compacted sandy soils and can form loose aggregations in suitable places (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The coastal dunes are threatened by the urbanization and tourist development and lowland heathland by succession to woodland, urban and infrastructure development, afforestation and mineral extraction.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007). It occurs in protected areas but more coastal and inland dunes should be protected and maintained as should lowland heathland. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and threats to this species.


range:
Lasioglossum pseudocaspicum is distributed in south-eastern Europe (Croatia, Greece, Hungary) and Turkey (Blüthgen 1925, 1931; Ebmer 1974, 1988). It is also found a far north as the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45,656 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².


range:
The species is found in southern France, Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Libya (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 923,362 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².

population:
The species is quite common in southern Spain, but less so elsewhere. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A Mediterranean species that probably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, common and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

range:
The species is found from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and as far north as Finland (62°N). Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies angustifrons occurs in southern Iberia and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,990,523 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 5,732 km².

population:
A common species thoroughout central and northern Europe. There is no detailed information on overall population size or trends

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands, semi-deserts, Mediterranean-type shrublands and heathlands. In Germany it is associated with vineyards, and dry hillsides on limestone and loessic soils, diverse landscapes with orchards, woodland rides and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). It nests in sandy or clay soils but details of the nesting habits and social status are unknown. In Germany the species is recorded from: Tanacetum vulgare, Achillea filipendulina, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium sp. (Asteraceae); Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae); Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens (Fabaceae); Allium cepa (Liliaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Scrophulariaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Erica (Ericaceae) as forage plants. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April to October, whereas the males fly from mid-July to September. Söderman and Leinonen (2003) suggest that the bee Sphecodes miniatus and, possibly, Nomada furva may be kleptoparasites (species that parisitises the nests of others) of this species in continental Europe. Westrich (1989) cites Sphecodes crassus and Nomada furva as kleptoparasites.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). It occurs within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, quite common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental level.

range:
Lasioglossum puncticolle is found from Spain to Poland and from southern England to Greece (Ebmer 1988). The species was also recorded in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,828,108 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,172 km².

population:
The species is quite common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species occurs in meadows, in open woodlands and on the coast (limestone and soft rock cliffs, grazing marshes) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is considered to be a eusocial species, with a brood of workers which cannot be distinguished from the gyne (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) (Westrich 1989). The social behaviour requires further investigation. Ebmer (1971) states that the species is often found in large colonies (aggregations) in the banks of clay pits. In Germany, the species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with pollen being obtained from Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Cirsium vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis and Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). In the summer, the species shows a preference for yellow flowered Asteraceae. Lasioglossum puncticolle is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from late May to late September, the males from mid-August to the end of September.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 904 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' calcareous habitat is thought to be continually in decline. The species would qualify as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The population is somewhat fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and any further threats to the species.

range:
The subspecies pygmaeum is often found on limestone soil and is found from Morocco to Tunisia, and from Portugal, northwards to southern Netherlands, eastwards into the Carpathians and the Balkans where it meets with the subspecies pattulum. The subspecies pattulum spreads from the Balkans and Carpathians to Asia Minor, Afghanistan and Kashmir, and its centre of abundance is in Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,283,256 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 904 km².

habitat:
This solitary species occurs on calcareous soils in meadows, forest glades and edges, dry places and extensive vineyards (Westrich 1989). The details of nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown. Lasioglossum pygmaeum is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. There are records of it collecting pollen from Betula sp. (Betulaceae), Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Westrich 1989). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and the overwintering females appear at the beginning of May and the males in July.

threats:
The species inhabits calcareous grasslands, most of which are now found in protected areas, and are now in decline. Therefore, as the species is rare, it is most probably threatened as a result of declining habitat availability and quality. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy is 788 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy soil habitat is thought to be in steady decline. The population is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be a threat in itself. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population size, trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found from Spain, Italy and Greece in the south and as far north as Finland at 62°N. It is also found in Siberia and Baikal (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,888,883 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km².

population:
The species is quite common in the Netherlands because of the extensive sandy areas available in which the species nests. In the rest of Europe, it is rare and localised. Many of the records are old with some dating back to the 1950s.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate shrublands and is typically found in sandy areas such as mobile dunes, sand and gravel pits, sandy waste grounds and sandy heathlands. In the Kaiserstuhl, it occurs at the edges of vineyards on loessic soils (Westrich 1989). A solitary species which can form large nesting aggregations of over 100 nests (Westrich (1989). Lasioglossum quadrinotatulum is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although no pollen analysis has yet been undertaken (Westrich 1989). It is a long lived, but univoltine species (it has one generation per year). The flight period is from mid-May to late August in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003), In Germany, the females emerge in April and the males fly from the end of July to the beginning of October (Westrich 1989). The bees Sphecodes ephippius and S. hyalinatus have been cited as kleptoparasites of this species (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

threats:
The species is threatened through the reduction in availability of its sandy soil habitats. The extent and quality of the species' sandy habitats within its range are thought to be in continual decline through reforestation and urbanization after the extraction of sand. This habitat loss therefore threatens this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and any further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,300 km2, and the extent and quality of the habitat is in decline as the lowland heath is threatened by succession to woodland, urban infrastructure developments, afforestation and mineral extraction, while the population of the species is considered as declining. The species is also threatened in three countries.

range:
Lasioglossum quadrinotatum is a western Palearctic species that occurs from the UK and Spain, in the west, to Lithuania and Estonia in the east (Ebmer 1988), and as far north as Öland island and as far south as Greece. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Iran and central Asia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,179,027 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,300 km².

population:
Lasioglossum quadrinotatum is rare but used to be common in the past, therefore the population trend of the species can said to be in decline (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
A species of sandy heaths, chalk grassland and woodland (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013, Peeters et al. 2012), and in Poland it is known from open dry areas such as dry meadows and roadsides (Pasenko et al. 2000). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females are active from late March or April to late September, and the males from late July to the end of September. The nesting habits are apparently unknown, although Westrich (1989) states that it is probably a solitary species. It is a broadly polylectic species, and forages at a wide range of plant species.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown, however, lowland heathland is generally threatened by succession to woodland, urban and infrastructure development, afforestation and mineral extraction.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered/Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered (EN) as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2, the species is severely fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species as it is declining in Germany, extinct in Switzerland and no recent records of the species have been found. Research is required to determine any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found in southern and central Europe, from Spain north to Germany and east to Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,042,751 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².

population:
A very rare and localised species. Most of records are very old and are from before the 1950s. There have only been a few recent recordings all from the south of Europe. This would indicate a serious long-term decline in the population in central Europe. This is also justified by the fact that it is has become extinct in Switzerland and is declining in Germany. Overall it seems as though the species population is in continuing decline. Its population is now also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur on steppic habitats such as temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands, including dry bare areas and woodland edges (Westrich 1989). The details of the nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown.It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Sedum reflexum (Crassulaceae); Onobrychis viciifolia; and Trifolium repens (Fabaceae). Ebmer (1971) additionally lists Ballota (Lamiaceae) as a forage plant.Lasioglossum quadrisignatum is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year). The females are active from early April. The details of the phenology of the males are unknown.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown apart from the fact that the population is severely fragmented and in continuous decline.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine any further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Lasioglossum ragusanum is endemic to Europe. There are only two records from Croatia and Montenegro (Ebmer 1975). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².


range:
Lasioglossum rostratum is distributed from European Russia to China (Ebmer 1982, 1998). There is only one record in the pan-European region.

population:
The species is rare as it is only known from one record in the pan-European region.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and stable in northern and central Europe, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

range:
A widespread palaearctic boreo-alpine species found from Great Britain east to Kamchatka and as far north as Finland at 67°N. It is also found at low altitudes, often in the forest, between the Alps and Scandinavia. It does not reach the mountains in the far south of Europe, the southernmost occurrences are in the Alps and the Pyrenees (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985, Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, northwest Iran, Central Asia (one known location: Kazakhstan, Alma Ata), northwest China, North Korea and Kamchatka. In the Nearctic it is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to Ontario and Michigan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,409,189 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,432 km².

population:
The species is common in northern and central Europe.

habitat:
A boreo-alpine species found in alpine meadows, wooded areas in the mountains, woodland edges and clearings, and upland moorlands (Westrich 1989). In Charnwood Forest, UK, Spooner (1946) observed the species nesting in all sorts of earth exposures, including the soil attached to the roots of fallen trees. Gardner (1901c) states that in Lancashire and Cheshire the nesting burrows are excavated gregariously, generally in banks at the sides of ditches. In Warwickshire, Morice (1889) also noted the species nesting in the side of a ditch. It is considered to be a solitary species (Knerer and Schwarz 1976). Lasioglossum rufitarse is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and in Germany, pollen records are from the following species: Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Vaccnium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae) and Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae)(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) additionally lists Solidago (Asteraceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April (later in the mountains of central Europe) to the beginning of October, and the males from mid-July to at least late August.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.


range:
Lasioglossum rupestre was found in Delphi in Greece and also in Turkey (Warncke 1984, Ebmer 1995). There is one record only from Europe.

population:
It is a rare species as it has only been found in one locality in Greece.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but presumably it can inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to habitat loss from reforestation and urbanisation after extraction of sand. It is also fragmented throughout Europe due its specific nesting habitat, although it is not fragmented enough to be severe and therefore listed in a threatened category. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland (Herrmann and Doczkal 1999). The species is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 477,831 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².

population:
A rare species. There is no further information available for either the population size or trend for this species.

habitat:
It can be found on sandy soils and requires a large area of habitat such as heathlands with Calluna sp. (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The species is restricted by its specific habitat which is decreasing in both extent and quality in central Europe due to reforestation and urbanisation after the extraction of sand. It is also rare and therefore it can be considered to be threatened by the loss of habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.


range:
The species is known from Budapest in Hungary, Ukraine, Crimea and eastern European Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and Turkmenistan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 752,247 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) 20 km².

population:
A rare species only known from four localities across Europe. There is no further information on the population size or trends of the species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but it is presumably a steppic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is quite widespread, generally common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species.

range:
A Euro-Siberian species found from England and Sweden at 60° N, south to central Spain, Italy, the Balkans and northern Greece (Chanta Pass in the mountains of Vermion, 1,300 m asl). The species is found outside of Europe in Turkey, the Caucasus, Tajikistan and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,694,945 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,408 km².

population:
The species is quite common and the population is believed to stable in central Europe.

habitat:
This solitary species nests in sandy soils and can be found on heathland, temperate grassland, and coastal and inland sand dunes, and in Germany, on dry sparsely vegetated areas, clay pits and vineyards (Westrich 1989). The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown. Lasioglossum semilucens is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989) but there are no confirmed pollen forage records. Ebmer (1971) lists Taraxacum (Asteraceae) as a forage species. A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-May to early September, and the males fly from the beginning of August to early September.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale, although in sandy habitats, the species may be threatened through habitat loss due to reforestation and urbanisation after the extraction of sand for construction.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 72 km2 and the species has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species as with more data the species may need to be listed in a higher threat category in the future.

range:
The species is found in the steppes of Eurasia and in Europe it is found from Spain, southwest France, Sicily, central Europe, Ukraine (Crimea) and Russia (Ufa, Bashkortostan). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Iran and Syria (Ebmer 1988, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,195,020 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km².

population:
A very rare species with a severely fragmented population in Europe, where it is suspected that there is little genetic transfer between subpopulations. It has only been found from one or two regions in each country of its distribution.

habitat:
The species occurs in steppic habitats such as temperate grasslands and shrublands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 84 km2 and the species has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species as with more data the species may need to be listed in a higher threat category in the future.

range:
The species is found across central Europe, from Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Bulgaria, to Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,020,498 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².

population:
A very rare species with a severely fragmented population in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information about the population size and threats.

habitat:
A steppic species that may inhabit temperate grasslands and shrublands. In the Volyn region of Ukraine, it has also been found in mountain forest areas on the flowers Ranunculus polyanthemus (Ranunculaceae) and Roripa silvestris (Brassicaceae) (Osytshnjuk 1964). In Ukraine, the females have been found on the flowers of Scrophulariaceae (Osytshnjuk 1967) and on Helianthus (Asteraceae) (Radchenko 1982). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2, the sub-populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of open sandy habitats and the number of individuals. It is necessary to manage the species' preferred habitat to increase the number of nesting areas available for the species.

range:
Lasioglossum sexmaculatum is thinly distributed across central Europe and Sweden. Outside of Europe, the species has been found in Siberia (Ebmer 1988). There are also records of populations in the mountains of Switzerland: Graubünden, Ardez-Lavin, and St Maria im Münstertal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,028,230 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².

population:
The species is very rare and only found sporadically, while the population trend of the species is decreasing. The sub-populations are severely fragmented and isolated with little chance of genetic exchange or recolonization (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits high alpine meadows, tundra, heathland, clearings, embankments, and sand dunes. It nests in sandy soils and flies in April and May while a second generation flies from July-September. The information on males is sparse but indicates that they are relatively short-lived and emerge slightly later than females. The species has been recorded pollen collecting on numerous herbs and shrubs including Salix spp. (Salicaceae) and heather Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae), indicating that it is polylectic i.e., forages upon a wide range of plant species (Gärdenfors 2010).

threats:
The species is threatened in Sweden through the degradation of flower rich coastal heathland that has become overgrown (through succession) in many places or developed for recreational purposes. The surfacing of sandy forest roads within the species' distribution area with tarmac (or otherwise) eliminates potential nesting sites for the species (Gärdenfors 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known whether this species occurs in any protected areas. To improve the status of this species it is important to restore the species' former habitat by clearing the overgrown vegetation and thus making more sand available for nesting. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species in countries other than Sweden. Further research is required on the population size and also on the threats to this species in countries other than Sweden.

redListAssessors:
Michez, D., Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km2, the sub-populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. It is Critically Endangered in Sweden and Finland. Protected areas should be created to conserve the species and further research should be conducted to understand the species' population, habitat, ecology and threats.

range:
Lasioglossum sexnotatulum is distributed from northern Europe (Sweden, Finland and Poland) to Siberia (Ebmer 1988, Pesenko et al. 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 659,534 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km².

population:
The species is rare and the populations are sporadic, severely fragmented and in decline (Gardenfors 2010, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is known from two recent localities in Sweden (Gardenfors 2010).

habitat:
The species is found in sandy flower-rich meadows. There is no further information on the ecology of the species.

threats:
The threats listed in the Red List of Finnish species are the overgrowing of meadows and other open habitats, and also by the construction of housing, business, traffic and recreation, road construction, earthmoving and disposal operations relating to construction (Rassi et al. 2010). Elsewhere the threats to the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas however as it is Critically Endangered in two countries protected areas should be created to conserve the species. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,824 km2, and there is a continuing decline of the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of individuals. The restoration or protection of hedgerows is required to conserve this species.

range:
Lasioglossum sexnotatum is a widespread species and occurs in most countries in Europe (University of Mons 2012). Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,348,668 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,824 km2.

population:
The species is widespread but uncommon and the population trend for the species is apparently decreasing due to the decline in habitat quality (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
Lasioglossum sexnotatum primarily inhabits hedgerows and the associated habitats. The females forage on Rubus sp.(Rosaceae) in June, and also visits Scrophularia nodosa (Scrophulariaceae) and Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae). It is therefore considered polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species. The females fly from the end of May/June, and the males fly in summer but they are rarer than females (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture that has led to more open landscapes and the destruction of hedgerows.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in protected areas. Hedgerows should either be restored or protected to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the habitat and ecology of this species, in particular its nesting behaviour.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, common in central Europe and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
A central European species that spreads east towards the Urals, north towards Sweden, and southwest towards to the Pyrenees. It was recently recorded in 2011 from England for the first time (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe it is known from Japan (Sakagami and Ebmer 1996, Herrmann and Doczkal 1999). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,099,938 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,260 km².

population:
A common species in central Europe and a recent arrival in southern England. The full details are not known and there is no further information on the population and trends.

habitat:
A common species in central Europe in a wide range of sandy habitats, including mobile inland dunes, sand pits and sandy waste places, light woodland and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). The species can form small to large aggregations (up to 34 nests per square metre). The species is solitary (Westrich 1989). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla reptans, Malus domestica, Pyrus communis, Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae); Salix cinerea and Salix aurita (Salicaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists Centaurea (Asteraceae) and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) as forage species. Knuth (1906) citing himself and others, reports pollen collecting at Ranunculus aquatilis (Ranunculaceae). L. sexstrigatum is a univoltine species, i.e. there is one generation per year. The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of April, and the males appear in late July. The bee Nomada sheppardana is cited as a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests other bee species (Vegter 1971).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is often common within its area of distribution and there are no known major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.

range:
An Atlantic species, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, Portugal, Spain and France (Brittany), Ireland and southern England. It also occurs in the Azores (Ebmer 1988) and rarely in the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,887,038 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 680 km².

population:
A common species of southern England and Brittany, France. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
It is found in a variety of habitats including temperate grasslands, rocky habitats and crevices in old walls. This species nests gregariously in the soil and in fissures in soft, crumbling mortar joints. The species is presumed to be solitary, but this needs to be verified. The pollen sources are not recorded, but it is considered to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It visits numerous plant species, including Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae); Rubus, Potentilla (Rosaceae); Smyrnium olusatrum, Crithmum, Angelica, Oenanthe (Apiaceae); Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae); Veronica chamaedrys (Scrophulariaceae); Senecio, Pulicaria dysenterica, Solidago, Bellis perennis, Achillea, Matricaria, Sonchus and Taraxacum (Asteraceae) (G. Else pers. comm. 1997). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year. The females are active from late March or early April to late September, while the males from the beginning of July to early September.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Ireland as Data Deficient (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is listed as Endangered as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2, the populations of this species are severely fragmented such that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat are thought to be in decline by habitat from tourism, agriculture and construction. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found in Spain, the Balearic islands, Corsica, southern France, Sicily, Dalmatia, Crete, Algeria, Cyrenaica (eastern Libya), Turkey, Israel and Iran (Bytinski-Salz and Ebmer 1974, Warncke 1975, 1984). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,642,804 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km².

population:
The species is very rare and the populations are severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. However, it has been found regularly in the Bouches-du-Rhône, France.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean coastal areas such as the Camargue National Park, a Ramsar Wetlands site in France. The Camargue is predominantly a wetland area of saline lakes and lagoons. It is not known where else the species occurs although it is certainly a coastal species. The details of the nesting behaviour, sociality and pollen preferences are unknown.

threats:
The species is thought to be threatened as it inhabits coastal areas which are threatened by tourism, conversion of land for agricultural use and construction. The extent and quality of the species' habitat are thought to be in continuing decline as it is now suspected to be restricted to specific habitats only occurring in protected areas such as the Camargue National Park in the south of France.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as the Camargue National Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.


range:
The species is found in the western Mediterranean in Portugal and Spain including the Balearic Islands, and it is also found from Morocco eastwards to Libya (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 347,483 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².

population:
It is rare in Portugal and Spain. There is no further information available on either the population size or trend for this species.

habitat:
A species of Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), however the locality in which this category was based upon is dubious, and the species may never have occurred there. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is found in Spain, the south of France and Sardinia, as well as Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 585,425 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A west Mediterranean species presumably found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats as this species may need to be listed in a higher threat category.

range:
The species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean. The subspecies subaenescens has been found in a few localities from central Spain to Montenegro. The subspecies asiaticus occurs in Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece (Crete and East Aegean islands), Ukraine, Turkey (in Europe and Asia), Israel, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China and Mongolia (Ebmer 1975, 1988, 1997, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,551,366 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².

population:
The species is very rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species has only been found from one or two localities in each country of its known distribution.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type habitats presumably ones such as Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km2, the populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO (as it has disappeared from many countries) and in the number of mature individuals. The habitat that the species occurs in should be protected and maintained while research should be conducted on any major threats.

range:
Lasioglossum subfasciatum is distributed from Spain to Greece, with the distribution being centred around Switzerland and Germany (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and Iran.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,444,330 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 516 km². The given value of AOO includes old records so the current AOO is probably less than 500 km2.

population:
The species is very rare and the population trend is decreasing. The populations are severely fragmented and the sub-populations are isolated with little genetic exchange between them and little chance of recolonisation, should sub-populations become extinct.The species is only known from recent records, i.e., after 1990, from the eastern Pyrenees (Sansa) (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013) and the Alps (Val d'Aoste in Saint Pierre) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). All other localities were identified pre-1990.

habitat:
The species inhabits alpine meadows and forages upon Eryngium bourgati (Apiaceae). Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Acer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae); Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Centaurea scabiosa, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae); Potentilla verna, Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae); Salix alba (Salicaceae); Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae). Ebmer (cited in Grace 2010) lists Tussilago (Asteraceae); Salix (Salicaceae) and Gentiana cruciata (Gentianaceae) as floral hosts.In the past the species possibly used to inhabit extensive pasture land which has now disappeared from much of Europe. The species has also been found at altitudes of 1,800 m.Details of the nesting biology and behaviour are not known, however, the species is presumed to be solitary (Pesenko et al. 2000).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown but it is suspected that due to the disappearance of once extensive pasture land caused by agricultural intensification through fertilisers, that this has caused a decrease in the population and in the area of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas, such as the Reserve Naturelle de Norede, but the habitats of the species should be further protected and maintained to ensure the conservation of this species. Further research should be conducted on the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite strong in the Alps and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

range:
The subspecies austriacum is found from Belgium and France (Massif Central), south east to Bulgaria and north to Sweden at 68° N. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Bursa), the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Alma Ata). The subspecies subfulvicorne is found outside of Europe and inhabits China, Mongolia, North Korea and eastern Russia (Ebmer 1995, 1996, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,486,189 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km².

population:
It is quite common at high altitudes in the Swiss and Austrian Alps but rare elsewhere in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species is predominantly found in the Swiss and Austrian Alps, in the Haute Fagnes in Belgium and in the boreal areas of Sweden. It may be found in temperate and boreal forests and shrublands, alpine meadows and grasslands, and Westrich (1989) states specifically that it is found in wooded areas, clearings, glades and woodland edges in Germany. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum subfulvicorne is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), active from mid-May to mid-September in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although this requires confirmation. It is reported to visit Senecio sp., Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae) and Vaccinium sp. (Ericaceae) (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs within the Swiss Alps and the Haute Fagnes National Park in Belgium. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite strong and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
The species is found from the Maghreb and Iberia into southwestern Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium (Ebmer 1976, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,490,044 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km².

population:
The species is quite common and it could be expanding into the north of France. The last records from Belgium are from over 100 years ago but as the species appears to be moving north it may repopulate its former range in the future. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitat. It occurs within the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range and the Mercantour National Park therefore it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate forests, flower rich meadows and temperate grasslands. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum subhirtum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The pollen samples from the Mediterranean area show pollen of Asteraceae (Cirsium and Helianthus type), Brassicaceae and Cistaceae (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 332 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy soil habitat is thought to be in decline due to the impacts from tourism and construction. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The populations are somewhat fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to list the species as Endangered. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species as it may warrant listing in a threatened category with further data.

range:
A Eurasian species found on sand from Belgium and southwest Switzerland east to Afghanistan (Kandahar), and from Macedonia north to southern Finland and St Petersburg in European Russia (61°N) (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,491,430 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 332 km².

population:
A rare species with a fragmented population throughout Europe, although not severely enough to threaten the species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species is found on sandy soils on the coast of the Netherlands and Germany in habitats such as temperate grasslands and mobile dunes, sand and gravel pits. In northern Germany, it has been found on coastal dunes (Westrich 1989). It has also been found on the sandy soils of river banks in the Alps. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum tarsatum is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis and Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, with an extended flight period. The flight season extends from May to September.

threats:
The species occurs on coastal dunes in northern Europe and the quality and extent of these habitats are threatened and in continuing decline due to the impacts from tourism and construction.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species has only been found in Crimea, Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). There is one record only and therefore it is endemic to the region.

population:
The species is rare as it is only known from a single record. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it is presumably a steppic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite large and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean and has three subspecies. The subspecies transitorium occurs from Trieste and Croatia to Greece and Bulgaria; the subspecies planulum occurs in the western Mediterranean (Iberia, southern France, Switzerland, Italy, large islands of the western Mediterranean, Lampedusa, Malta, Ischia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya); the subspecies uncinum inhabits the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean (eastern Aegean, Crete, the continental islands of Samos, Rhodes, Cyprus, south Asia Minor, west of Syria, Israel, Jordan and Egypt) (Ebmer 1974, 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,778,756 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km².

habitat:
It inhabits phryganic Mediterranean-type shrubland (for example, in Attiki, Greece). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species but confirmation of pollen forage requirements are still not available. The specimen label data show that the bee has been recorded at flowers of Ruta gravaeolens (Rutaceae) (Petanidou 1994). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.


range:
A pannonian species found in eastern Austria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Balkans, east to Ukraine (Kiev), south east to Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 902,348 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km².

habitat:
A steppic species, that presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate grasslands and shrublands. The details of the lectic status and type of pollen preference of this species are not available. However, Ebmer (1971) lists Mentha (Lamiaceae) as a forage plant. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The subspecies tricinctum is found in the western Palaearctic sub-Mediterranean zone, from the Pyrenees to Ukraine, south to the Crimea, Greece, Crete, and as far north as central Germany. The subspecies muganicum inhabits west Asia (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran) (Ebmer 1972, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,115,380 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 532 km².

population:
The species is potentially quite common in the Alps but rare throughout the rest of its distribution. The full details of population size and trends are not available.

habitat:
The species occurs in alpine valleys and warm localities of central Europe so presumably it occurs on temperate grasslands, alpine meadows and forests. It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in April, and the males are active from July to August. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
A southwestern Palaearctic species, from Iberia to Greece, north to Ukraine (Kiev region) and Hungary (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria and Kazakhstan, south to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,732,366 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km².

habitat:
A Mediterranean species. It forages upon Asteraceae in fallow land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
A species from Macedonia, Greece, the Bosporus, Iran, Pakistan and Kashmir (Ebmer 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 139,550 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is presumably a steppic species inhabiting Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate type grasslands.


range:
Lasioglossum vergillanum is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 222,991 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km².

habitat:
It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and forages upon Brassicaceae species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends.

range:
A widespread species found from the Azores and the Canary Islands east to Ukraine and Greece and north to Finland (64° N) (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found from north Africa to Arabia and Mongolia, Japan, northeast China, Russia (Primorskij Kraj), India (Himachal Pradesh), Taiwan and south to Malaysia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,789,528 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,416 km².

population:
A very common species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A generally ubiquitous species that inhabits dry places, river levees, woodland edges, waste grounds, field margins, roadside embankments and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). Plateaux-Quénu et al. (1989) state that females sometimes nest in extensive aggregations in hard, sparsely vegetated patches of soil. Most nests are inhabited by only a single female; multi-female nests are uncommon. The cells are excavated singly at the end of lateral burrows and, when provisioned, are sealed with plugs of soil. The above authors consider this species to be largely solitary, although it exhibits a reduced size in the daughters of overwintered females and a female biased sex ratio, both of which are characters associated with eusociality. Lasioglossum villosulum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, records of pollen sources include Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Senecio jacobaea, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Crepis biennis, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochoeris radicata, Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium umbellatum (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae) and Verbascum sp. (Plantaginaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Achillea, Buphthalmum, Senecio, Solidago (Asteraceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae) and Heracleum (Apiaceae). The females fly from mid-April to late October (occasionally early November), while males from early July to mid-October. The species is bivoltine in Paris, in that it has two generations per year (Plateaux-Quénu et al. 1989). In Ireland, large females of the bee Sphecodes geoffrellus have been noted near the burrows of this bee (Stelfox 1927). Bischoff (1927) lists Sphecodes puncticeps as a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nest of other bee species, on continental Europe and Westrich (1989) and Söderman and Leinonen (2003) add Nomada distinguenda.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2001). It occurs within many protected areas as it is a very common and widespread species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 44 km2, the population is severely fragmented in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat (coastal wetlands, saline lakes and lagoons) are thought to be in decline. Research is required to determine the population size and trends, ecology and any further threats to the species.

range:
This species is confined to the coastal sands of Spain, Portugal, southern France (Herault: Palavas) and Morocco (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 400,496 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
A localised and very rare species that has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations.

habitat:
The species inhabits coastal wetlands and saline lagoons of Spain and Portugal. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The species is restricted to its specific coastal wetland habitat in Spain and Portugal and this habitat, in some locations, only occurs in protected areas. This indicates that there could be a decline in the extent and quality of this habitat as it is now only restricted to protected areas. Habitat loss from urbanisation and touristic developments could be a cause of decline in the habitat which is threatening this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs within protected areas such as the Albufera Nature Reserve in Spain. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is common in the Canary Islands and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.

range:
An endemic species to the Canary Islands. The subspecies viride occurs on Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro; the subspecies cabrerai on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura; the subspecies palmae on La Palma; and the subspecies unicolor on Gran Canaria (Warncke 1975, Ebmer 1993 in Hohmann et al. 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 51,699 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 268 km².

population:
A common species on the islands. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species occurs in sub-tropical habitats such as temperate and sub-tropical grasslands, Mediterranean-type shrublands, sub-tropical shrublands and coastal dunes amongst a variety of others.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as Teide National Park on Tenerife. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is common on the Madeira island group, has a broad tolerance of habitats and there are no clear threats to the species. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, data are still very much lacking and research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to the species as it is endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo.

range:
The species is endemic to the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo (Cockerell 1922). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 894 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
The species is considered to be quite common on these islands (Fellendorf et al. 1999). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits a suite of Macaronesian sub-tropical habitats, being found in open bare areas and sand dunes (Fellendorf et al. 1999). The nests are constructed in loose aggregations in bare ground. The details on the social status of this species are not available. It is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The details of pollen gathering are lacking but the following are recorded as forage plants: Euphorbia paralias (Euphorbiaceae) and Aeonium glutinosum (Crassulaceae) (Fellendorf et al. 1999).Lasioglossum wollastoni is probably univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with year round activity. The specimens are known from January and February, and from May to September. It almost certainly flies in March and April, although records are lacking.

threats:
There are no clear threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, further details of the habitat and ecology, and future threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,872 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to general agricultural intensification and possibly climatic change. It is necessary to protect and restore the species natural habitat especially the species' forage plants.

range:
Lasioglossum xanthopus is a widespread species in Europe, ranging from Spain to Sweden, and England to Turkey (Ebmer 1988). This species also occurs in northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,787,668 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,872 km².

population:
The species is generally rare and the population trend is decreasing (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information on the population status of this species.

habitat:
Lasioglossum xanthopus is mainly encountered on calcareous grassland, coastal landslips and cliffs, and occasionally on arable field margins. The females are active from early April to at least August while the males emerge later than most other halictines, usually from August to mid October, with a peak in late September. There is no record of pollen collected but the species is probably polylectic, in that they forage upon a wide range of plant species (Westrich 1989). In some parts of the range, males can be found flying with the females in early Spring (e.g. in Morocco and in Lesvos- S. Roberts pers comm 2013).Its nest burrows are rarely found, suggesting they often occur singly and are obscured by low vegetation. This species was recorded on Sea Campion (Silene uniflora), Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), clover (Trifolium spp.), Ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea), knapweed (Centaurea spp.) and Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Males have been collected from knapweed and Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
Details of the threats are not fully understood, but agricultural intensification, (for example the increased application of fertilisers and herbicides) decreases the number of available forage plants as they are out-competed and therefore there is less food available for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in protected areas. To conserve the species, the use of herbicides should be reduced and the habitat in the host plants range should be protected and/or restored. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, to establish if, and how, changing climate may affect the phenology of the males and also if there are any other threats affecting the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable and abundant population, and the lack of threats to this species.

range:
Lasioglossum zonulum is widespread in the Palearctic region (Ebmer 1988). In Europe it occurs from Spain to Greece and Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found in north Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Siberia, and China.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,603,501 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,704 km².

population:
This species is common and the population trend is stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). No further information on the species' population trend is available.

habitat:
Lasioglossum zonulum shows a preference for woodland rides, forest edges, meadows, rural gardens and sometimes coastal habitats. There is one generation per year. The females fly from early April to October, males from June to September. The males are widely polylectic, in that they forage upon a wide range of plant species, however it prefers Asteraceae sp., Ranunculus sp.(Ranunculaceae), and Lysimachia sp. (Primulaceae). They nest in areas exposed to the sun (Pesenko et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in the any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the species' population size and trends while any future threats need to be identified.


range:
Nomiapis bispinosa is distributed around the Mediterranean basin in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Sardinia, former Yugoslavia, Greece. This species is also recorded in Hungary and southern Russia. In Asia, it is present from Turkey to Pakistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,918,025 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 236 km².

population:
This species is not common. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
Nomiapis bispinosa is polylectic and communal. It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands. Males and females fly from May to September.


range:
Nomiapis is mainly distributed in southern Europe. Eastward the species goes to Hungary, southern Ukraine and southern Ural, in the  south to Israel. In Asia, it is recorded in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,  Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan and Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,549,265 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 548 km².

population:
This species is common and has a stable population.

habitat:
Nomiapis diversipes is polylectic. The species inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands. Females and males fly from June to September.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Nomiapis equestris is distributed from the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel) to Caucasus, Iran and Turkestan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,031 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².


range:
Nomiapis femoralis is distributed in warm regions of the west-Palearctic, from Spain to Ural. This species is recorded in Germany  (Upper Rhine), Austria, Istria, Croatia (Dalmatia), Greece, Hungary and Ukraine  (Kiev). It is present in Asia, in the Ural, Bashkortostan, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,212,966 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km².

population:
This species is rare and localized. The current population trend is unknown.


range:
This species occurs in south-eastern Europe with one record in Spain. It has a discontinuous distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,362,116 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².


range:
The species is found in Anatolia and has a relict population in Europe in Spain, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Greece and Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,284,938 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
The species is very rare in Europe with isolated populations. The population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
Nomioides deceptor is distributed in northern Africa (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). In the geographical framework, it is recorded in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 26,243 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².

population:
In the Canary Islands this species is common. The population trend is stable.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Nomioides facilis is distributed all around the Mediterranean basin, from Portugal to Greece (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). There is one record in Romania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,163,680 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².

habitat:
The species inhabits sandy soils, shrublands and grasslands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall stable population. However the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 88 km² and is threatened by urbanization.

range:
Nomioides fortunatus has a very particular distribution as it occurs in the Canary Islands and Morocco (La Roche 1992, Pesenko and Pauly 2005). The main part of the distribution is in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,549 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km².

population:
The species is not common in the Canary Islands. The population trend is possibly stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits coastal areas and nests in sandy soils.

threats:
The species is threatened by tourism and urbanization.


range:
Nomioides minutissimus is distributed from southern Europe, to Poland (Torun) and Udmurtia (Izhevsk) in the north (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). This species is also recorded in southwest Asia, in steppes and deserts of central Asia to Mongolia and northern China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,894,684 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 476 km².

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.

range:
Rhophitoides canus is distributed from Belgium to European Russia and from Bulgaria to Poland. This species is also recorded outside Europe to Bashkiria in the east, in Asia as far in the east as Transbaikalia, Mongolia (Hovd, Töv, Selenge, Dornod), Korean Peninsula (first record), and northwestern China (Pesenko and Astafurova 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,820,137 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 504 km2.

population:
There is no information available on population size but the populations are large and seem more or less stable.

habitat:
Rhophitoides canus lives in steppic habitats including dry meadows, xerothermic slopes and forest edges (Pesenko et al. 2000). Also it occurs in agricultural landscapes. The species nests in open places with sparse vegetation. It nests gregariously, sometimes in vast nesting aggregations of up to 100,000 nests at a density of about 130 nests/m2 in suitable habitat. Unusually, in mown sites, the nests are found in the denser grassy area (Pesenko et al. 2000). Females collect pollen on Fabaceae, mainly Medicago (Westrich 1989). It is an important pollinator of Fabaceae crops. It is known to collect pollen from Coronilla varia and Medicago sativa (Fabaceae). Pesenko et al. (2000) state that the species specialises in Fabaceae pollen and lists Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Medicago sativa, Medicago falcata, Medicago media and Lotus corniculatus. They also report visits to Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae); Scrophularia nodosa (Scrophulariaceae); Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae); Plantago media (Plantaginaceae); Allium cepa (Liliaceae); Centaurea cyanus, Taraxacum officinale, Cirsium arvense and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae). These latter species probably represent nectar sources.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Moldova (Vulnerable; Dectiu 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the main threats affecting this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded but Zharinov (1979) highlights the possibility of increasing the abundance of the species for pollination of commercial alfalfa. Its colonies readily nest on specially prepared platforms and propagate rapidly.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from Greece, Macedonia and Sicily. Although it has a large extent of occurrence, its area of occupancy, based on available records, is restricted (24 km2). Given the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, the species is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Europe, where it is recorded from Greece, Macedonia and Sicily (Schwammberger 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 190,754 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 based on available records.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This spcecies is listed as Data Deficient because, although the species has a wide distribution, there is no information on the population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species, in particular because it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is widely distributed throughout central and southeastern Europe, from Switzerland, east to European Russia, north to Poland and south to Greece (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1986). It is found in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and in the Middle East in Israel and Lebanon. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,317,577 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km2 (although this is very likely a severe underestimate).

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands, including dry, sparse grasslands, path verges (Westrich 1989). Females are oligolectic, foraging on pollen of Lamiaceae (genera Clinopodium, Stachys and Ballota) (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1986, Westrich 1989). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single generation from mid-June to mid-July. The bee Biastes emarginatus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Rophites clypealis is distributed in Turkey and Crimea. There is one record only in Europe.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
Rophites foveolatus is mainly recorded in Turkey (Ebmer and Schwammber 1986). There is one described population in Europe (Greece).

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is present in central and southeastern Europe: Austria, Poland, Ukraine, Greece, Hungary, Czech Republic, Greece, Bulgaria and Russia. It is also recorded in Israel and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,108,314 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km2.

habitat:
Rophites hartmanni inhabits grasslands and was recorded to visit different plant families. It is believed to be an oligolectic species, specialising in Lamiaceae (Banaszak 1995). A. Pauly (pers. comm. 2014) lists Origanum (Lamiaceae), and Melilotus (Fabaceae) and other Fabaceae are cited by Ebmer and Schwammberger (1986). It flies from July to September (Pesenko et al. 2000). The species will nest in aggregations. Details of the nest architecture are outlined in Malyshev (1925) and reiterated in Pesenko et al. (2000)

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005). Research is needed into the population size and trend, and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Rophites hellenicus is present in Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). It is distributed in mountains (between 1,500 m and 1,800 m asl in Greece). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 34,988 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

conservationAction:
It is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Rophites leclercqi is recorded in Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,493 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

conservationAction:
It is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.

range:
Rophites quinquespinosus is recorded from Greece to Sweden and from the Pyrenees to Estonia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The species is also recorded in Siberia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,331,882 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologists collect this species with rare, small and dark specimens. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.

population:
Many subpopulations of Rophites quinquespinosus are decreasing or going extinct in a significant part of its range. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Rophites quinquespinosus flies from June to the end of August (Pesenko et al. 2000). Floral visits are recorded on Ballota nigra, Betonica officinalis, Stachys sylvatica, Stachys recta and Campanula rotundifolia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The females are specialists on the pollen of Lamiaceae. Habitat is restricted to steppe and dry areas such as dry meadows, glades, roadsides and xerothermic swards in open woodland (Pesenko et al. 2000). The species nests in small aggregations (Pesenko et al. 2000) in bare ground. The bee Biastes emarginatus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Research is needed into the population size and trend and to better understand the threats affecting the species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Rophites thracius is endemic to Bulgaria and is only known from two localities (Ebmer 1993).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the species' widespread distribution and the fact that locally it is highly abundant. However research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends.

range:
Sphecodes albilabris is found throughout much of Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula towards eastern Europe, and north towards Denmark, Estonia, southern Finland and Sweden. The species is absent from Norway, Britain and Ireland. Outside of Europe, the species' range extends to Asia (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,090,968 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,232 km2.

population:
The species is locally highly abundant (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species usually occurs in warmer regions and can be found on sandy sites, sand dunes, river banks and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus) is the main host of this specialized bee (Blüthgen 1934, Westrich 1989). It has only one generation per year. It is highly probable that the females survive for a long time and fly in early summer, when Colletes is no longer available. In this situation Sphecodes albilabris can accept another (secondary) host. Old worn females have been observed entering nests of Melitturga clavicornis and the larvae of S. albilabris were excavated and described from its nest by Rozen (1965). Blüthgen (1934) also stated Halictus quadricinctus as an unconfirmed host. Females of S. albilabris have been observed invading nests of Halictus quadricinctus at the exact same site as Rozen’s (1965) observation of this species parasitizing Melliturga clavicornis. This was observed at Stroupeč Natural Monument in the Czech Republic (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2011).The suggested parasitic activity of the second generation, e.g., in the nests of Dasypoda hirtipes, seems to be highly unlikely (A. Přidal pers. comm. 2013). Adult females and males emerge in July, mate, and the females find shelter overwinter. There is no place for parasitic activity before overwintering (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

threats:
There are no known major threats for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in National Red Lists of Switzerland as Vulnerable (Amiet et al. 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. The species occurs in at least one protected area (Stroupeč Natural Monument - CZ)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe the species is only found in Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe the species is found in the Maghreb region of north Africa - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 27,655 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the species' widespread distribution and the fact that it is common throughout most of its range i.e., in southern Europe.

range:
A southern European species ranging from the Iberian Peninsula, to Switzerland, Slovakia and Hungary in central Europe, and Ukraine and European Russia, in the east. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Turkey to Turkmenistan, and it is also present in north Africa (Warncke 1992, Amiet 1999, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,644,710 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 992 km2.

population:
It is quite a common species in various warm biotopes in southern Europe and is an abundant species in extensive sandy sites. In central Europe it is rare (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species prefers warm sites, especially sand dunes and it is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate and subtropical grassland, temperate deserts, pastureland, rural gardens, and rocky areas (Bogusch and Straka 2012). It is an abundant species in extensive sandy sites such as military training areas or larger sand quarries. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unconfirmed. It was observed in association with Halictus compressus in Hungary (P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2011). Blüthgen (1934) recorded Halictus patellatus as the likely host and Halictus langobardicus is another likely host.It is a univoltine species, i.e., it has one generation per year.

threats:
There are no main threats important for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species was described by Warncke (1992) although further taxonomic research is needed. This species was formerly recorded only from Turkey (Warncke 1992), however it has been found in Spain and Sicily (Italy) although these records are unpublished. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 449,844 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species as it could become threatened especially as the species is only known from Gran Canaria.

range:
The species was described by Warncke (1992) and is endemic to Gran Canaria, the second largest island of the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,560 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology (including hosts) of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known in Europe from one old unpublished record from Greece and there is lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is known only from Turkey (Warncke 1992) however, one old unpublished record from Greece was found in collections. It is very similar to S. majalis and further taxonomic research is needed to establish the true status of the two taxa.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy, population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
The species is found in Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily, and Greece (Nobile and Turrisi 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 829,577 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 336 km2.

habitat:
It can be assumed that this species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy, population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or utilised commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although this species has only been described recently, studies on the material show that it is common in south-western and south-eastern Europe, as well as the Near East and north Africa. There are no major threats to this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
This species is found in southern Europe from Spain to Greece, and only found as far north as Switzerland (Warncke 1992, Amiet 1999). Outside of Europe it is found in Algeria (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,835,592 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km2.

population:
A common species in open biotopes. There is no further information available for the either the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species can be found in open biotopes of south Europe, both east and west. It probably occurs at warm sites with sandy or loose soils.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population throughout most of its range. Research should be conducted to determine any future threats to this species.

range:
This species is distributed in Europe north to 64° N in Sweden, Finland and Norway and the British Isles. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Iran, and north Africa (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,054,010 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,220 km2.

population:
This is one of the most numerous Sphecodes species in western and central Europe, but relatively rare in southernmost parts of Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend can be considered stable.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It usually occurs in semi-open biotopes with shrubs, forest-steppes, steppes, and forest margins. It can also occur in orchards, gardens and other urban areas. This species is a nest kleptoparasite of smaller species of Halictidae. Sick et al. (1994) experimentally proved Stoeckhert’s (1933) finding of Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck) as a host, Westrich (1989) and Vegter (1993) mentioned also L. punctatissimum (Schenck) as a confirmed host. Other similar species are likely to be hosts as well: L. quadrinotatulum (Schenck) recorded as likely host by Alfken (1912), L. nitidiusculum (Kirby) by Stoeckhert (1933) and L. prasinum (Smith) by Vegter (1993). The hosts can be different in parts of the distributional area, as L. prasinum is rare in central but quite common in north-western Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List of Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the threats affecting this species.It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Glynde, Mount Caburn NNR, Lullingston Heath NNR, Old Winchester Hill NNR, Southaven and Studland Heath NNR in the United Kingdom.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Sphecodes creticus is only known from the Greek island of Crete (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,548 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.

habitat:
The species can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland as that is the predominant habitat on Crete. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occurrence (AOO) is 364 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' preferred habitat, i.e., sandy semi-desert sites, are in decline. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the host species as well the study of the population trends.

range:
The species is widespread throughout most of Europe, north to Sweden, but absent from the British Isles and Balkan Peninsula. Outside of Europe it is known from Turkey, Tajikistan and Mongolia (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,984,303 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 364 km2.

population:
A very rare species and in most countries it is only known from a few records (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit sand dunes, larger sandy sites and possibly rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Blüthgen (1934) mentioned Lasioglossum nigripes (Lepeletier) as the likely host, but this species differs in ecology. Westrich (1989) mentioned Halictus confusus and H. subauratus as likely hosts, without any evidence. In our observations, the most likely host is H. leucaheneus and probably also H. seladonius (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2013). Few specimens of Sphecodes cristatus were collected at places with common occurrence of H. leucaheneus in Slovakia, Hungary and Mongolia and the association seems to be possible (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2001-2011). However, the most likely host, H. leucaheneus, and the kleptoparasite, S. cristatus are both rare in central Europe, and to prove the host association is difficult.

threats:
This species is dependent on its hosts as it is kleptoparasitic, but unfortunately, the host has not been conclusively identified so we cannot make any clear statement on the likely threats. The main threat to this species is likely to be through the loss of habitat, in particular, sandy areas including inland dune systems. It is thought that these areas are in decline due to natural habitat conversion through succession.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010), and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet et al. 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology (in particular the host-parasite relationship), and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 588 km2, and it is specialised on habitats that are threatened by the encroachment of invasive plants and shrubs and the extent and quality are therefore in decline. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Future research on the population trends is important as this may lead to the species being classified as threatened.

range:
The species is found in southern Europe as far south as Cyprus, and it reaches central Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in Russia, Turkey and Morocco (Warncke 1992). Due to the confusion with Sphecodes pseudofasciatus and Sphecodes zangherii, and therefore the misidentification of the species, the distribution may be incorrect. Material was examined from: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain and Turkey (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,965,719 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 588 km2.

population:
A rare species of warm open habitats and very rare in the warmest parts of central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A rare species of warm open habitats, usually steppes or on loose walls, or sandy dunes. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum interruptum is the only published host (Blüthgen 1934, P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2001-2011, M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
This species is specialized to inhabit loose walls (or similar habitats) and steppe biotopes, which are threatened throughout Europe because they are overgrown by invasive plants and shrubs. These steppe habitats are thought to be in decline (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy (to correct the misidentifications and therefore the details of the geographic range), population size, trends, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,614 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

habitat:
It can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean shrubland due to its occurrence on Cyprus. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
The species is found in southern Europe from Iberia to the Balkans, Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Algeria and Turkey (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,087,505 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km2.

population:
Based upon the species' area of occupancy, we can say the species is rare within its known geographic range (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the either the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grasslands, rocky areas, pasture land, and rural gardens (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, and the hosts remain unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, abundant population in most of its range, and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to this species, especially in the Netherlands (where it is Red Listed).

range:
The species is found throughout most of Europe, from Iberia east towards Ukraine and European Russia and from Greece, as far north as 62°N, in Norway and Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Egypt and Turkey, through Asia to Japan (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,767,011 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,064 km2.

population:
A dominant species in central Europe but it is not quite as common in south Europe probably because of competition with other species of the genus (Sphecodes gibbus, S. nomioidis). There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species has no preferred habitat and occurs nearly everywhere, in grasslands, shrublands, semi-desert and sandy areas, agricultural areas (arable land, plantations, pasture land), urban areas, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is a generalist with 18 known hosts. Bogusch et al. (2006) recorded the following species as confirmed hosts with complete references: Halictus tumulorum, Lasioglossum laticeps, L. leucozonium, L. malachurum, L. pauxillum and L. quadrinotatulum. In addition Andrena barbilabris, A. flavipes, A. chrysopyga, A. labialis, A. minutula, A. wilkella, Halictus maculatus, H. rubicundus, Lasioglossum fratellum, L. lativentre, and L. prasinum were published as likely, unconfirmed hosts. The same authors also proved the individual specialization of the females of this species, in that females in certain areas only parasitise the nests of one host species. It could be one of the reasons why this species is so numerous and widespread. Additionally, Andrena argentata was observed as a host of S. ephippius.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands as Vulnerable (Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and if there are any threats to the species. The species certainly occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to this species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout Europe, from the United Kingdom to Greece, and from Spain north-east towards Finland. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Warncke 1992) and also Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,962,016 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,792 km2.

population:
In central Europe the species is widespread but rare and uncommon in its localities. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species usually inhabits grasslands, shrublands and sunny slopes, but not in warm areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum fulvicorne is the only known documented host (Stoeckhert 1933). Similar species such as L. laticeps and L. pauxillum have been published as likely hosts of this species (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Surveys on localities with these species present did not support this as the females of S. ferruginatus were invading only nests of L. fulvicorne (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, abundant population throughout most of its range, and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout much of Europe from southern Spain and Greece, north to Scotland and Finland. Outside of Europe it is also present in Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Near East (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,847,547 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,088 km2.

population:
A very common species in southern Europe while in central Europe it is also widespread and numerous, although recently it has become sparser, probably due to the spread of similar species such as Sphecodes miniatus and Sphecodes nomioidis (Bogusch and Straka 2012). Potentially decreasing in central Europe, although this is not certain.

habitat:
The species has no strong habitat preference but it can be found on termperate grassland and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas, pasture land and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is a generalist that parasitises several hosts: Lasioglossum leucopus, L. morio and L. nitidiusculum (Westrich 1989) and L. pauxillum (Bogusch 2003). There are other possible hosts such as L. fratellum (Field 1996), L. rufitarse (Neumeyer and Obrist 2000), L. sexstrigatum (Vegter 1993) and L. marginellum (Westrich and Westrich 2006). It is possible that this species invades nests of various smaller Lasioglossum species, and the females are individually specialized, as Bogusch et al. (2006) have confirmed in S. ephippius and S. monilicornis (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends. The species occurs in many protected areas.


range:
A widespread species throughout much of Europe, from Iberia east to Ukraine and European Russia, from Crete north to Scandinavia (63° N). Outside of Europe, the distribution area goes far into the Asian mainland and it is also present in north Africa (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,011,759 km2 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,220 km2.

population:
One of the most numerous Sphecodes species in southern and central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species prefers warm open or bushy habitats such as grasslands, shrublands, semi-desert, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species is very variable in appearance and also in host spectrum. The main hosts are larger or medium sized species of the genus Halictus such as H. quadricinctus, H. rubicundus, and H. sexcinctus (Westrich 1989), H. simplex (Bogusch 2003). Bogusch (2003) also confirmed Lasioglossum malachurum as a likely host. Other records of likely hosts are difficult to accept: Andrena vaga (Möschler 1938) and Colletes cunicularius (Riemann 1987). A nesting site of A. vaga was observed for several years, but no attempt to enter the nest by this cuckoo bee was observed, even though the activity of S. gibbus was observed few times in the area. Westrich (1989) also put Halictus maculatus as likely host, which can be accepted. The list of hosts is probably larger than recently known and individual specialization to various hosts across the distribution area is likely.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and future threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and if there are any threats to the species as it has such a small extent of occurrence and require a threatened status.

range:
This species is known to be endemic to the island of Gomera, Canary Islands (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km2 and the area of occupancy is 20 km2.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The habitat of this species is unknown although Andrena chalcogastra is likely to be the host of this cuckoo bee (Warncke 1992).

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. The species occurs in the Garajonay National Park.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
The species is found in Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands. It is also found in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 977,570 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2.

habitat:
The species inhabits grassland, semi-deserts, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,248 km2 and the species' habitat in submontane and montane regions are threatened by afforestation, succession and pollution and the extent and quality are thought to be in decline. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species as it may become threatened in the future.

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of central and northern Europe and it reaches as far north as northern Sweden and Finland, while it is rare in southern Europe (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,066,061 km2 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,248 km2.

population:
In central Europe the species is locally rare, while it is rare in southern Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits sunny sites in cooler regions, and is usually found in boreal and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-deserts, and rocky steppes on non-basic substrate. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Lasioglossum fratellum (Field 1996, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013) and L. fulvicorne (Westrich 1989, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). The biology of L. fratellum and S. hyalinatus was studied by Heide (1992) and Field (1996). The abundance of this species is usually bound to the abundance of the hosts.

threats:
The main threat to the species is habitat alteration and loss of biotopes such as sunny hillsides in submontane and montane regions. Pollution caused by acid rain and aerosols, succession and afforestation all have a detrimental effect on the aforementioned habitats and the extent and quality of them are thought to be in decline due to this.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland as Vulnerable (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened due to the the area of occupancy (AOO) being 112 km2, although this is thought to be an underestimate, and the species' sporadic and severely fragmented distribution. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any threats to this species as it may become threatened in the future.

range:
In the Europe the species is known from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain, Ukraine, and European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Algeria (Warncke 1992). Recently, the species was recorded at Bratčice in south Moravia (Czech Republic) in 2011 (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,123,920 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.

population:
In all countries only one to several records are known, and most of them are very old. The species is very rare and with severely fragmented populations, in that there is little opportunity for genetic exchange between the sub-populations (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The biology of the species is poorly known but it is presumed to prefer warm and dry biotopes such as semi-deserts and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Two specimens were found on sand walls in Bratčice (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The host(s) of this cuckoo-bee remain unknown, but Halictus kessleri could possibly be a host (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The threats to this species are not well known but its populations are considered to be severely fragmented thus exposing it to a greater risk of extinction in the presence of any threats.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005) but Bogusch and Straka (2012) published a new record. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species especially as it is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria and because it could be classified as threatened due to the low extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 860 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is only found in Spain, Portugal and Sicily (Warncke 1992). It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in the Maghreb.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 773,203 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species, although it is rare throughout Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species.

range:
The species is found throughout most Europe, from Iberia through central Europe towards eastern Europe and the Balkans. It is found as far north as the United Kingdom, Denmark and Finland. Outside of Europe it is found eastwards towards Tajikistan (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Sörensson et al. 2009, Madsen and Calabuig 2011, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,813,596 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,808 km2.

population:
It is a rare species of sandy sites and is uncommon where it is found in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits sandy sites, shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, pasture land and rural gardens. This species is kleptoparasitic on small species of Lasioglossum: L. minutissimum is a confirmed host (Alfken 1912b). Vegter (1993) brought evidence of two additional hosts: L. leucopus and L. zonulum, which is possible. Other likely hosts are the following: L. lucidulum and L. sexstrigatum published by Vegter (1993) and L. morio mentioned by Westrich (1989). During our observations nests of L. punctatissimum and L. semilucens were also invaded by females of this species (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2, although this is suspected to be an underestimate, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat is in decline through afforestation and vegetational succession. The species is also bound to its rare host species, Lasioglossum pallens. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population trends to be able to estimate a population decline as this species may well be threatened.

range:
The species is predominantly found in central Europe as well as the Mediterranean. The species also occurs in Asian Russia and Algeria (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,283,270 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2.

population:
A very rare species of steppes and sunny sites whose population is dependent upon its host, Lasioglossum pallens. The population of both species is decreasing and both are very rare (Herrmann et al. 2003, Bogusch et al. 2007).

habitat:
A very rare species of steppes, sunny sites, both temperate and sub-tropical grassland and shrubland, and also pasture land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and it is bound to its host, Lasioglossum pallens. Herrmann et al. (2003) described the biology of both the host and the parasite. The species is only around when its host occurs in spring (both males and females), so it is only recordable during a few days or weeks from March to May, therefore it seems to be rarer than it is (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

threats:
It occurs upon hill slopes and steppes where the host is abundant and occurs only a few weeks a year. These habitats are in decline and are threatened throughout Europe by afforestation and vegetational succession. Both the host and S. majalis are becoming rarer (Herrmann et al. 2003, Bogusch et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) but this species were collected by P. Bogusch, J. Straka and other hymenopterists in the years 2006-2011, and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and presumed large overall population in sandy biotopes. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any threats to this species.

range:
This species seems to be atlanto-Mediterranean (absent from eastern Europe, Scandinavia and the British Isles). S. marginatus is confirmed in the following countries: Belgium, France, Germany (except the north), Denmark, Italy (Sicily), Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Tunisia (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species occurs also in the Netherlands and Lithuania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,504,159 km2 large and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 400 km2.

population:
A very common species in much of western Europe while in central Europe it is very local and rather rare. The population trend of the species is unknown.

habitat:
A species of warm open biotopes, usually sandy sites. In central Europe it is associated with heathlands and sandpits and other open sandy biotopes. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Regarding known hosts, Vegter (1993) cited Dufourea minuta Lepeletier as a likely host. However, the biology of both species is quite different, so this cannot be accepted. According to Bogusch and Straka (2012), small species of Lasioglossum occurring in sandy localities will be the hosts, e.g., L. lucidulum, L. punctatissimum, L. semilucens, L. sexstrigatum or L. sabulosum, but this needs further study (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the threats to this species, as well as into the trend of the population, together with monitoring. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, and presumed overall large population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.

range:
This species occurs in most of Europe (north to southern Sweden and Finland). It is present in southern England, but is rare or absent in southern Europe (confirmed only in the Peloponnese). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Caucasus but it is absent from north Africa (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,723,854 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 956 km2.

population:
It is a common species, especially of warmer and sandy sites in central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012), but it seems to be rare in south and north Europe. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
A species of warm open sandy sites. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Westrich (1989) mentioned Lasioglossum nitidiusculum as confirmed host and Lasioglossum morio as likely host of this cuckoo bee. Vegter (1993) suggested L. sexstrigatum and Bogusch (2003) L. politum Schenck as a likely host. Females of this species have also been observed in association of L. pauxillum and L. punctatissimum. However, females of S. miniatus are similar to S. marginatus, and other small Sphecodes, so study of the specialization in the field is difficult (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List and Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats, together with monitoring to identify its future trend. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and common within its range.

range:
The species is distributed throughout most of Europe, south to Crete and Cyprus and north to 64°N in Finland. Outside of Europe the species spreads towards the east through Asia to Japan, and it is also present in north Africa (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,826,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,596 km2.

population:
A common species, especially in warm habitats. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A common species, especially in warm habitats that inhabits temperate grasslands and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It occurs mainly on steppes and sandy sites. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and it seems to be a generalist with many hosts. Bogusch et al. (2006) summarized all known hosts of this species. The confirmed hosts are the following: Halictus rubicundus, Lasioglossum albipes, L. calceatum, L. leucozonium, L. quadrinotatulum and L. zonulum. L. malachurum is another confirmed host by our research. Vegter (1993) brought data of possible parasitisation in nests of L. prasinum, while Bogusch (2003) of Andrena flavipes, Halictus maculatus, H. tumulorum, Lasioglossum laticeps, L. pauxillum and L. villosulum. Thus the number of hosts of this species is high and the females are individually specialized. Most of the hosts are primitively eusocial and the females of Sphecodes monilicornis lay eggs either into their nests within the solitary phase in spring or summer worker phase (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as it is fairly widespread in Europe and there are no major threats to the species. However, it is not very commonly found in collections despite the abundance of its host and it being numerous in warm biotopes. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species, while determining if there are any future threats.

range:
The species is predominantly found in central Europe from north-east Spain to Ukraine, and north to Latvia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and north Africa (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,336,957 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 964 km2.

population:
The species can be common in warm biotopes, although it is usually not a very common species despite the fact it is widespread (P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). There has been a marked increase of records in the UK since the mid 1990's (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate grasslands and shrublands, pasture lands, rural gardens, and rocky areas. The species is kleptoparasitic and the only confirmed host is Lasioglossum morio. Alfken (1912) also thought L. lucidulum could be a host. However, this species occurs mainly in sandy sites, where Sphecodes niger is uncommon (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the species wide distribution and presumed large overall and increasing population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.

range:
Sphecodes nomioidis seems to be ponto-Mediterranean species (absent from western Europe and north Africa). The occurrence of S. nomioidis was confirmed in the following countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Jordan and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,087,382 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km2.

population:
A common species in south-eastern Europe while in central Europe it occurs relatively locally. The species is currently expanding northwards and becoming more common at sandy sites in central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

habitat:
Ecology of this species is poorly known, because of confusion with S. marginatus. It occurs in warm sandy and loessic biotopes. It is a kleptoparasitic bee parasitising on other bees, however hosts are unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with monitoring of the population trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species especially as it has a relatively small range which means it could become listed as threatened.

range:
The species is only found in Portugal, Spain, south France (Provence), and Sardinia (Warncke 1992). Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 599,376 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common. Research however should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
The species is widely distributed throughout much of Europe. It is found in across the Mediterranean from southern Portugal and Spain to Crete and as far north as 66°N, in Sweden and Finland (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe the species is found in parts of Asia and north Africa.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,282,863 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,512 km2.

population:
The species is locally common (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species, although on sandy lowland heathland sites in Britain the bee can be extremely plentiful (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit sandy sites, sand dunes and semi-desert biotopes. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Alfken (1913) confirmed the host, Andrena barbilabris. Witt (1992) described the biology of this host and the kleptoparasite. Schönitzer and Klinksik (1990) confirmed also A. nycthemera; Sick et al. (1994) confirmed Lasioglossum leucozonium as hosts of S. pellucidus. Other bee species of sandy biotopes were usually published as likely hosts: Andrena argentata, A. bicolor, A. humilis, A. ventralis and A. wilkella. Vegter (1993) mentioned also Lasioglossum prasinum as likely host. This species was probably common in the localities investigated by this author, because it was considered a likely host of many Sphecodes species. S. pellucidus was usually observed in association with A. barbilabris, and S. ephippius from the same localities invaded nests of A. argentata. S. pellucidus is thought to be specialized with A. barbilabris while other hosts are unlikely (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.


range:
The species is endemic to Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 177 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially as it is an island endemic.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is extremely small (100 km2) and the species' distribution is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between sub-populations. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.

range:
In Europe the species is only found in Spain, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy (Sicily), Ukraine, Cyprus, European Turkey and south European Russia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa, Mongolia (Warncke 1992) and Cape Verde (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,792,233 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.

population:
This species is widely distributed in desert and semi-desert regions, where it can be quite abundant, but in Europe is very rare (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend is unknown. The species distribution is severely fragmented, and there is little genetic exchange between sub-populations.

habitat:
The species usually inhabits warm sandy areas and is widely distributed in semi-desert regions, where it can be quite abundant. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species is almost surely a parasite of Halictus lucidipennis on the Cape Verde Islands. It is the only available common bee at the sites with occurrences of S. pinguiculus. Possibly, H. lucidipennis is the main host in most areas of its occurrence, because this Halictus is a common species in desert and semi-desert areas from Mongolia, through the Mediterranean region to Cape Verde. H. smaragdulus is a possible host for the central European region, where the similar H. lucidipennis does not occur (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.


range:
The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 220,004 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.


range:
The distribution is poorly known, because of the previously mistaken synonymisation of this species under S. croaticus by Warncke (1992). Material was examined and thus the distribution confirmed from Austria, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Morocco, Turkey and Ukraine.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,078,588 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2.

population:
This species is collected in low numbers and only a few records are known from each country. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this kleptoparasite is unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are abundant in the species' favoured habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout of Europe, as far south as southern Portugal and Spain, Crete and Cyprus and north to the United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Asia, Egypt, Israel (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992) and Iran (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,534,254 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,768 km2.

population:
In southern Europe the species is quite common and in central Europe it is usually abundant in sandy localities. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits warm sandy biotopes, Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species and the only confirmed host is Lasioglossum villosulum, published by Alfken (1913). Bischoff (1927) put L. brevicorne as a likely host. Both hosts have been confirmed and S. puncticeps has also been observed in association with L. politum and L. sabulosum, but with no evidence (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

threats:
There are no major threats on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is a quite common and widespread species in Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout and is found as far south as Greece and Sicily and as far north as 62°N, present in south Sweden, Finland, and the British Isles. In the Mediterranean it is very rare, and known from Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe it is found east towards Turkestan in Central Asia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,357,494 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,448 km2.

population:
The species is rare within much of its distribution area. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits various biotopes, usually sandy sites, heathlands and sandpits. It is also present in other open or semi-open habitats such as steppes and shrubby sites (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Andrena barbilabris was mentioned as a confirmed host by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934) mentions A. argentata, A. wilkella, Lasioglossum prasinum and L. leucozonium cedri as likely hosts (Blüthgen 1934, Vegter 1993, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of these species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,276 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as in recent years a large decline of its population  has been observed. In addition, there appears to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; coastal grasslands in part of its distribution are declining due to industrial infrastructure and port development and, quarries, sandpits and mining where the species has been found recently, are susceptible to vegetational succession once they are no longer in use by humans. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. A number of National Red Lists have listed the species as threatened (including Regionally Extinct (RE)). However, there is little information available on the population size and trends of the species so further research should be directed towards this.

range:
The species is widespread throughout Europe and is found as far south as southern Portugal and Spain to Crete, and as far north as 56° N, in England and Latvia. Outside of Europe it is found in the Urals, Armenia and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,692,652 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,276 km2.

population:
This species occurs in sandy open habitats and steppe habitats. It was always rare but in recent years a large decline of its population has been observed (Bogusch and Straka 2012). More recently, the species population has improved but in most cases it has only been found at post-industrial sites (Heneberg et al. 2013, P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2008-2013).

habitat:
The species has been found to inhabit open habitats such as sandy sites, sand dunes, coastal grasslands, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, pasture land and steppes. Recently, the species has been found at quarries, sandpits and mining areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and Sowa and Mostowska (1978) have described the biology of Andrena labialis and confirmed it as a host of this species. Blüthgen (1934) also confirmed A. labialis and A. nigroaenea as a likely host of Sphecodes rubicundus. Torka (1925) reported on the possible parasitisation in the nests of A. agilissima. Currently, the above mentioned hosts mostly occur in different biotopes from S. rubicundus (Bogusch and Straka 2012), although S. rubicundus and Andrena labialis have been found flying together in coastal grassland in southern England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is unusual in that the males fly early in the year (May) whereas most Sphecodes species produce males in July and August.

threats:
The species is possibly threatened due to the fact that its suspected host species are not often found in the same habitats as Sphecodes rubicundus. The species has recently been found in quarries, sandpits and mining areas, and these habitats are susceptible to vegetational succession once they are no longer in use by humans (Heneberg et al. 2013, P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2013). Coastal grassland sites in UK are threatened by industrial infrastructure and port development (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered/Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
The species is only found on the Spanish mainland, the Balearic Islands, and on Sicily, Italy (Warncke 1992, Nobile and Campadelli 1998). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 520,580 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean grassland and shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern because it is a common and widespread species with no major threats.

range:
The species is found in south and western European countries such as Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Hungary, European Russia. This species extends its distribution area to north-east Europe (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992). The species is also known from north Africa and the Near East.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,948,256 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 560 km2.

population:
The species is common on sandy sites in southern Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits sandy sites in southern Europe as well as Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, desert, pastureland and rural gardens. Herrmann (2006) described the biology of the hosts. The main host is Andrena humilis, while other possible host species are A. livens and A. taraxaci (Bogusch and Straka 2012). Westrich (1989) also reported Andrena decipiens as a host, but with no further details.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are common in the species' favoured habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout much of Europe and it is found as far south as southern Spain and Cyprus and as far north as Estonia. It is absent from Scandinavia and Britain (Warncke 1992). Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as the Ural River. It is also present in Morocco, Algeria (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,330,729 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,496 km2.

population:
The species is common on loose walls in warmer climates. In central Europe it is quite rare but more abundant in xerothermic habitats. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits warm, open or shrubby habitats (forest steppes) and also grasslands, pastureland, plantations and rural gardens. The only known host is Halictus maculatus, recorded by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934). Sphecodes rufiventris has only been observed in association with H. maculatus (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population trends or threats. However, it is very rare in Europe and is listed on a number of National Red Lists. Urgent research should be conducted in order to determine the current status of this species.

range:
The species is found throughout Europe as far south as Sicily, Italy and as far north to Finland. It is present in England and Wales but absent from the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe it is possibly found in Azerbaijan and Georgia (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,751,664 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,060 km2.

population:
A very rare species of sandy wetlands and in most countries it is endangered or extinct (M. Herrmann. pers. comm. 2011). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in sandy wetlands; a habitat that is endangered or extinct in many countries (M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2011). It is also thought to inhabit temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and the main host is Lasioglossum zonulum (Blüthgen 1934). Blüthgen (1934) also recorded Halictus compressus, H. quadricinctus and Lasioglossum prasinum as likely hosts.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, although in Britain it is susceptible to vegetational succession and afforestation in healthy grasslands and coastal grazing marshes (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014)

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,032 km2, the species has a rare occurrence within its whole range, and it is thought that its preferred habitat is in decline. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it could become a threatened species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout central and southern Europe from north-east Spain, east towards Ukraine and European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and Iran (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,573,005 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,032 km2.

population:
A rare species of warm localities and in most countries it is only noted from a few records (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

habitat:
A rare species of warm localities that is known to inhabit warm temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum discum is thought to be a host due to the similar distribution area, size and appearance (Blüthgen 1934). Grozdanić (1971) confirmed that this species is a host of S. schenckii. In northern Switzerland and in Germany L. discum is missing, so there has to be one or more other hosts, most probably Halictus simplex (M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2011) (Bogusch and Straka 2012).

threats:
The species is rare and only a few records are known from each country. This is possibly due to the threat from habitat loss through afforestation and vegetational succession.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km2 and the extent and quality of the species' preferred habitat - xerothermic grasslands, steppes, sunny hill slopes - is in decline. It is also a rare species and listed in four National Red Lists. However, there is no information available on the population trends and research should be conducted in order to determine if this species should be listed as threatened.

range:
The species is widespread throughout Europe from the south of Spain and Greece north to England and the south of Sweden. It is found as far east as European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and north Africa and the distribution area probably extends east to Asia (Warncke 1992, Edwards and Telfer 2001).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,165,201 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km2.

population:
It is a rare species of warm biotopes. In central Europe, only a few records have come from recent years. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species. In Britain, it is far less plentiful than its host, and absent from many localities in which the host is found (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
A rare species of warm biotopes, usually steppes but also Mediterranean shrubland and grassland, semi-desert, pasture land and rural gardens. In central Europe, it has been recorded only a few times in recent years. The only known host is Lasioglossum xanthopus recorded by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934). The species is unusual in that the males fly in May rather than later in the year (July and August) as is typical of most Sphecodes species.

threats:
The main threat to the species is through the loss of its preferred habitats - xerothermic grasslands, steppes, sunny hill slopes - by the succession from grassland to shrubland. These particular habitats are threatened throughout Europe and are thought to be in decline. Thus, the species is rare within its range.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.


range:
The distribution is poorly known due to the taxonomical problems with this species in the past. Warncke (1992) suggested a wide distribution in south and central Europe, from France to Asian Turkey and north to Germany and the Czech Republic. However, a large part of Warncke’s material was examined and only a few specimens from the Alps in France and Switzerland, north and central Italy and the mountains of Greece and Asian Turkey were found. All other specimens of S. zangherii determined by Warncke were mis-identified as Sphecodes croaticus (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,412,105 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2.

population:
A rare species in the mountains of warmer localities, but sometimes also found at lower altitudes. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
A rare species of warmer localities in mountains, but it is also found in low altitudes on temperate grassland and shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The details of its biology are unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.  Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.

range:
Systropha curvicornis is distributed from Spain to Germany and from Greece to Poland (Baker 1996). The species is also recorded in Turkey and non-European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,061,237 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologists collect this species with rare, small and dark specimens. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.

population:
The subpopulations of Systropha curvicornis seem to be decreasing in a significant part of its range (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
In common with all members of the genus, females are specialists on Convovulaceae. They collect pollen exclusively from Convolvulus (Patiny and Michez 2006) and Convolvulus arvensis is of particular importance (Westrich 1989, Pesenko et al. 2000). The species inhabits grasslands, margins of arable fields and shrublands but the habitat of the species is linked to the host-plant. Systropha curvicornis constructs its nests in sandy soils, often making relatively large aggregations with a high density of nests. (Pesenko et al. 2000). Details of the nest architecture are also summarised in Pesenko et al. (2000). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single brood from Late June to mid August (Pesenko et al. 2000). The bee Biastes brevicornis is a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (especially increases in herbicide application). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species is listed as Vulnerable in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO) (304 km2 - this is an underestimate but the true value is below 2,000 km2), the populations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to agricultural modification and the use of pesticides, which reduce the availability of forage.

range:
Systropha planidens is widely recorded from Spain to Ukraine. The species occurs around the Mediterranean basin, including Turkey (Baker 1996). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,818,656 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2. Although the value of AOO is probably an underestimate, the actual AOO is probably not be larger than 2,000 km2.

population:
The subpopulations of Systropha planidens seem to be decreasing in a significant part of its range (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014).   The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species is oligolectic. In common with all members of the genus, females are specialists on Convovulaceae. They collect exclusively pollen of Convolvulus (Patiny and Michez 2006) and Westrich (1989) lists the following forage sources: Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulus cantabrica (Convolvulaceae). Records from Greece (Petanidou 1991) exist for Convolvulus althaeoides ssp. tenuissimus. The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands (including bare ground in field and vineyard margins) but the habitat of the species is linked to that of the host-plant. Systropha planidens constructs its nests in clay soils, usually making scattered aggregations (Pesenko et al. 2000). Details of the nest architecture are also summarised in Pesenko et al. (2000). The bee Biastes brevicornis is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species is found in Greece (Aegean Islands), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Armenia, Iran (Bluthgen 1955). There is one record in Europe.

population:
A rare species with only one record in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it is suspected to occur in the mountains of eastern Mediterranean, perhaps on Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Israel, the species is found in phryganic shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is believed to be a polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and there is a record from Israel of visitation to flowers of Nepeta parviflora (Lamiaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Despite having an unusually elongated head, the species visits a wide range of flowers which generally do not possess a long corolla (Packer 2000). Thrinocohalictus prognathus is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year. The females emerge from hibernation in mid-March, and males emerge no earlier than mid-May (Packer 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size and trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. More importantly, the taxonomy of some of its subspecies or related species (A. malacopygum, for example) could vary after the use of molecular techniques.

range:
Afranthidium carduele spreads over the eastern Mediterranean, Near East and the Caucasus. It appears in the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria, Macedonia and continental Greece), some Aegean Islands (Ithac, Lesbos), Turkey (Anatolia), Azerbaijan, Israel, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the population trend of this species. The latest records are not recent.

habitat:
Afranthidium carduele is known to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flying period from May to July. It is oligolectic on Compositeae, in that it forages upon a specific plant family, but according to Grace (2010) it has a strong preference for the Cynareae tribe.

threats:
Afranthidium carduele is threatened by general habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution in Europe, the population size and trends, and the specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of  information on its population size and trends. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species. Additonally, the taxonomy of this species and its related species (A. carduele, for example) could vary after the use of molecular analysis.

range:
The species is distributed in the west Mediterranean basin in Spain, Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
The size and trend of this species' population is not fully known. The population is divided into three subpopulations, only one of which occurs in Europe.

habitat:
The biology and ecology of this species is poorly known, but it is presumed that both must be similar to those of A. carduele. The species is known to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to July and is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae.

threats:
Afranthidium malacopygum is threatened by general habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, and the specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 700 km2 and the species is severely fragmented. It is also only known from five localities in Spain. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends and any specific threats to the species.

range:
This species is only found in Spain and Morocco (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008). It has been recorded at a height of 1,800 m asl in the south of Spain, but its limit is surely higher (F.J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. obs. 1985). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2.

population:
Afranthidium schulthessii is rare and its population is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. It is known in Spain from five localities and only a few individuals: one or a couple of old specimens (Dusmet 1908), another two from 1990 (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990) and 1995 (Ornosa and Martínez 1995) and two recent unpublished ones (2009 and 2010; F.J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014).  There is no information available on the current Moroccan population. It was known from the south (Tafraout) and Atlantic coast of Morocco (near Agadir /High Atlas) (Warncke 1980).

habitat:
Afranthidium schulthessii is found on temperate and Mediterranean shrubland and semi-deserts. It has a flight period from April to July and it has been recorded on Asteraceae (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa and Martínez 1995).

threats:
There is no information about specific threats. Generally, it is threatened by habitat degradation, due to deforestation and human activities, such as the use of agrochemicals. Climate change also plays a role through droughts, habitat alterations and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, but in view of its rare distribution it most likely should. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the specific threats, the population size, trends and distribution. It occurs in protected areas such as the National and Natural Park of Sierra Nevada, in the south of Spain.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it occupies a wide range of habitats despite it being a rare species. However, research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends of the species.

range:
Aglaoapis tridentata is a Palearctic species that occurs in Europe, from Spain to Russia and in Asia from the Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan and China (Ornosa et al. 2008, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,100 km2.

population:
It is a rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Aglaoapis tridentata is found in boreal and temperate forest, boreal and temperate shrubland, subarctic and temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other species, and in this instance the nests of different Megachilid bees such as Megachile parietina, Megachile leachella, Hoplitis adunca and Megachile roeweri (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). The species flies in May and July.

threats:
Agloapis tridentata is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Czech Republic as Dioxys tridentata (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it has a wide distribution, although it is a locally rare species, and occupies a wide range of habitats. Further research is required to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A Mediterranean species that reaches Iran in the east. According to Warncke (1980, 1981), the nominate subspecies occurs in Spain, France and Tunisia, and A. breviusculum troodicum Mavromoustakis, 1948 occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon and Iran (Warncke 1980, Ascher 2013).

population:
This species is not frequent, but its population seems to be continuous throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It visits Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Campanulaceae and Asteraceae species (Herrera 1990, Müller 1996).

threats:
This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the population is presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
Anthidiellum strigatum is a Palearctic species, and it is present throughout Europe, north Africa, towards the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran and Russia (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1954b, 1954c, Warncke 1980, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Amiet 1994, Rasmont et al. 1995, Comba and Comba 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ban-Călefariu and Matache 2008, Grace 2010, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Peeters et al. 2012).  Anthidiellum strigatum strigatum is a Palearctic subspecies; Anthidiellum strigatum contractum is found in the western Mediterranean and it is distributed across Spain, Portugal, France, north Africa and Sicily; Anthidiellum strigatum luteum is distributed in southeastern Europe, the eastern Mediterranean (continental Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, continental Greece, Crete, Rhodes), Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Iran; Anthidium strigatum crassepunctatum occurs in Cyprus, Israel, Syria, Iraq and Turkmenistan (Mavromoustakis 1954b, c, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).  Another subspecies exists outside of Europe, in Libya and Tunisia (Mavromoustakis 1954b, 1954c, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 8,000 km2.

population:
There is no information available for the size and trend of the European population, because many of the records are old. However, it has been collected recently (2004, 2008-2012) from different sites in Europe (Denmark, Greece, Romania, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, the Netherlands). It seems to be quite abundant and the population across Europe is presumed to be large.

habitat:
Anthidiellum strigatum is found in boreal forests, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrublands, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to September. It is polylectic, with a strong preference for Fabaceae, according to Müller (1996), but Grace (2010) found the species on Hypericum prolificum, Onobrychis, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea solstitialis and Melilotus officinalis with the range of flowers visited much greater than the other members of Anthidiellum in the eastern Mediterranean and Near East.  This bee is a host to the kleptoparasitic bee Stelis signata (Dusmet 1908).

conservationAction:
Anthidiellum strigatum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species. It occurs in some protected areas. It was listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Slovakia (Belakova 1996), Switzerland (Amiet 1994, Amiet et al. 2004) as Least Concern, in Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and in Finland as Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010).  .


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
Anthidium cingulatum is a western Paleartic species (Ornosa et al. 2008). In its nominal form, it is distributed across central and meridional Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula and north Africa, along the Mediterranean area, up to the Caucasus, Turkestan and Siberia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).   Anthidium cingulatum rufispinum is endemic to Sardinia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).The minimum estimate for the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,500 km2.

population:
This species is quite common but there is no further information on the population size and trends.

habitat:
Anthidium cingulatum is found in temperate forest, temperate grassland, Mediterranean shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has been collected from March until August. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Grace 2010, Vargas et al. 2010).

threats:
This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees, including this species.

conservationAction:
Anthidium cingulatum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in some protected areas. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994). Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 800 km2 and its population is considered to be severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required as the species may warrant listing in a threatened category in the future with additional data.

range:
A northeastern Mediterranean species, found from continental Greece, Lesbos, Rhodes, Corfu, Dalmatia, Croatia, Turkey, Lebanon and Israel (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Warncke 1980, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  The subspecies Anthidium dalmaticum syriacum is found in southeastern Turkey, through Lebanon to Palestine and Israel (Grace 2010).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2.

population:
It   is a rare species throughout its range and currently its   population trend is unknown, although it is considered to be severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The last records of the species were from Warncke (1980) and Standfuss et al. (2003).

habitat:
The species is found on temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Anthidium diadema has a western Palearctic distribution, from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe via central Europe. The species is also found in Morocco and Algeria towards Central Asia (Dusmet 1908, Benoist 1950, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez and Zanden 1991, Diniz 1989, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Güler 2011).

population:
It is not common but there have been recent records in some places in Europe such as in Spain (unpublished data 2009, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014), Greece (Grace 2010) and outside of Europe, in Turkey from 2006-2008 (Güler 2011). There is no further information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to August and according to Müller (1996) it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cardueae (Asteraceae), although it has been also recorded on Onopordu (Asteraceae), Medicago (Fabaceae) and others (Grace 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known; however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts many bees including this species and could lead to a population decline.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
The nominate subspecies is Palearctic and distributed across north Africa, southern Europe, the warm parts of central Europe, the Middle East, central Siberia, the Caucasus, Iran and China, up to 2,600 m asl (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ebmer 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  Anthidium florentinum subspinosum is a subspecies from the eastern Mediterranean, distributed across Greece, Cyprus, the Italian Alps, Syria and Lebanon (Mavromoustakis 1958, Comba and Comba 2001, Grace 2010).

population:
The species is quite common but there is no information available on the European population trend and most of the records are old. However, it has recently been collected from a number of different sites: Switzerland in 2008 (Kouakou et al. 2008), eastern Mediterranean and Near East in 2010 (Grace 2010), and Spain from 2007-2012 (unpublished data, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm 2014) and Slovenia in 2012 (Gogala 2012).

habitat:
Anthidium florentinum inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, tundra, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from June to October. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Crassulaceae, with preference for Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae (Ornosa and Martínez 1995, García-González and Ornosa 1999, Grace 2010).

threats:
The species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
Anthidium florentinum is not subject to any targeted conservation action apart from the general actions of habitat preservation. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species. It occurs in some protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is not used or traded commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, threats and specific threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Anthidium loti is a Euro-asiatic species, distributed from central Europe, across the north Mediterranean, from the Iberian Peninsula to Turkey, the Urals, the Middle East, Iran, to Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh and Transcapia) (Maidl 1922, Mavromoustakis 1958, Warncke 1980, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,500 km2.

population:
Most of the records are old, but a few individuals have recently been collected in certain sites from Greece between 1999-2002 (Standfuss et al. 2003), and Spain in 2008, 2010 and 2012 (unpublished data, F. Ortiz-Sanchez 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthidium loti inhabits temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from June to August and is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae and Boraginaceae families, with a preference for Fabaceae.

conservationAction:
Anthidium loti is not subject to any targeted conservation action, apart from the general actions of habitat preservation. It is listed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is nor traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and there are no specific threats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
Anthidium manicatum is distributed throughout Europe (except at the highest latitudes), from the Iberian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, the Azores and Balearic Islands towards eastern Europe. It is also found in north Africa, the Middle East, north Asia, the Caucasus and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2008). It was a Palearctic species but it was introduced in the United States and it is now established there, as well as in South America and New Zealand (Ascher and Pickering 2013, González and Griswold 2013).  In the U.S., Anthidium manicatum is considered as an invasive species (González and Griswold 2013).

population:
A widely represented species within its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthidium manicatum inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate shrubland and grassland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It was collected from March to September in the Palearctic area. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Grace 2010, Vargas et al. 2010).   The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and in particular, Stelis punctulatissima (Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,600 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying  as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends of this species as it may become threatened in the future due to its isolated mountainous distribution.

range:
Anthidium montanum is a rare montane species located in isolated European subpopulations in Picos de Europa, Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees, Alps, Carpatians, Tatra, in Germany, Denmark and three localities from Asia, in Kyrgyzstan and in China (Warncke 1980, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2013, Ebmer 2010).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 1,600 km2.

population:
Anthidium montanum is rare throughout its range but its population size is unknown. It is also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, as it is located in mountainous areas. It is extremely rare and fragmented in Spain (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2013).   Some records appear recent although they use old data (Comba and Comba 2001, Ebmer 2010). However, new records were recorded from Spain in two localities; four from Picos de Europa in 2010 and one from Sierra Nevada in 2011. The previous records come from 1993 and 1997 and most of the others are older.

habitat:
A montane species that is found in open areas in mountain pine forests, grasslands and alpine meadows. It has a flight period from June to September. It feeds on flowers of the Fabaceae and Crassulaceae families.

threats:
This species is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for tourism, and the use of herbicides and pesticides. If these current threats continue, they will affect the population in future.

conservationAction:
Anthidium montanum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011).Special conservation actions through site/area protection, resource and habitat management, and policies and regulations should be taken to preserve the species' rare distribution and isolated subpopulations. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.  It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any specific threats to the species.

range:
At present, Anthidium oblongatum has a Holarctic distribution.  It is a native western Palearctic species, that spreads from the Iberian Peninsula to the Middle East, the Caucasus and Central Asia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2008, 2011, Grace 2010), and it was also introduced in North America (Ascher and Pickering 2013).    In Europe, the only subspecies is Anthidium oblongatum oblongatum (Illiger, 1806). Anthidium oblongatum berberum Warncke, 1980 can be found in Morocco (Dusmet 1915, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it is presumed to have a large overall population in Europe.

habitat:
The species is found in temperate forests, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. Stelis punctulatissima has been recorded as its kleptoparasite, a species that parasitises the nests of other bee species (Amiet et al. 2004). It flies from May to October. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and Boraginaceae (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees. including this species.

conservationAction:
The species was listed as in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). It occurs in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it has been recorded over a very wide area and it inhabits a wide range of habitat types. The species was classified as Least Concern (LC) in Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Belakova 1996); and as Vulnerable in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).

range:
Anthidium punctatum is a Palearctic species distributed throughout most of Europe. It is also introduced in Ecuador (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  Anthidium punctatum ssp. punctatum presents a Palearctic distribution and spreads from Spain to the northern Europe countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland and southeast towards eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Mongolia (Warncke 1980, Rasmont et al.1995, Amiet et al. 2004, Ban-Călefariu and Matache 2008, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Peeters et al. 2012).  It is also found in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).  Anthidium punctatum ssp. fulvipes is a subspecies from Hungary, the Austrian Alps and Italy (Warncke 1980, Comba and Comba 2001).

population:
There is no information available on the size and trend of the population, because many of the records are old. However, it has recently been collected in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) where its population is in moderate decline.

habitat:
Anthidium punctatum is found on boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, temperate desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to July. It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of flowering plant families, mainly on Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. It is well adapted to the tropical area where it has been introduced (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

conservationAction:
It is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species was classified as Least Concern (LC) in Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Belakova 1996).It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
It is a Eurasian species that spreads from Spain to Siberia, the Urals, Central Asia, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan (Dusmet 1908, Warncke 1980, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance and its distribution is fragmented. There are quite recent records from Austria (2001-2003), where it seems common (Hausl-Hofstätter 2004).

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal and temperate forests, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June to August. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae, Rosaceae (Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. However, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. The use of agrochemicals produces severe impacts in this and other bees and could lead to a population decline.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,200 km2 and it is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and specific threats in case the species needs to be upgraded to a threatened category.

range:
It is a northeastern Mediterranean and Asiatic species. In its   nominal form it spreads from continental   Greece to Croatia, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Iran up to 1,800 m asl (Friese 1899, Mavromoustakis 1956, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).   Anthidium   spiniventre melanopygum is found in Turkey, Crete, Caucasus and Turkmenistan   (Warncke 1980).The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,200 km2.

population:
It is an uncommon species and it is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthidium spiniventre inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-desert. It was collected from April to July and it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on thistles species from the Asteraceae family (Müller 1996a, Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This is a circum-Mediterranean species that also spreads to Iran and Turkmenistan (Mavromoustakis 1958, Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
There is no information available on the current population trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthidium taeniatum inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-deserts. It has a flight period from May to August and is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on flowers of the Leguminosae and also on Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Müller 1995, Standfuss et al. 2003, Grace 2010).

threats:
The threats to Anthidium taeniatum are not known, however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. Agrochemicals produce severe impacts in this and other bee species and could lead to a population decline.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 600 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, meaning there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.

range:
Anthidium undulatiforme is known from Romania, Bulgaria, continental Greece (Lamia), Turkey, Armenia, Palestine and Israel (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1953, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 600 km2.

population:
Anthidium undulatiforme is a very rare species that is severely fragmented into isolated Euro-Asiatic subpopulations with little chance of genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean type shrubland and semi-desert. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010), it is a polylectic bee, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, but it may have a predilection for Labiatae. It flies during May and is found on Phlomis viscosa (in Palestine) (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country and it is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research is required into the species' population size, trends and specific threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Research however should be focused on determining the population trends of the species.

range:
Anthidium undulatum is a Mediterranean and Asiatic species, that spreads from France and Algeria, in the west towards the north-eastern Mediterranean and the Caucassus (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948b, 1948c, 1956a, 1956b, 1958, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).  Anthidium undulatum undulatum appears in southern France, Algeria, continental Greece, Corfú, Lesbos, Crete, Dalmatia (Croatia), Macedonia and Azerbaijan; Anthidium undulatum holozonicum spreads widely in Rhodes, Cyprus, eastern Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon; Anthidium undulatum wahrmanni was recorded in Greece (Attica), Cyprus, Israel, Palestine and Iran; Anthidium undulatum creticum appears in Crete (Morawitz 1874, Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948a, 1948b 1956a, 1956b, 1958, Warncke 1980, Al–Ghzawi et al. 2006, Ascher and Pickering 2012).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,000 km2.

population:
There is no quantitative information on the population size or trends, but it seems to be a fairly abundant species in some of its populations in Greece and the Middle East. It is presumed to have a large overall population.

habitat:
Anthidium undulatum is found on temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It has been collected from May to October, but mainly during June and July (Grace 2010). It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species with a strong preference for Fabaceae but it was also collected on Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae (almond and cherry trees) and Scrophulariaceae (Mavromoustakis 1948b, Müller 1996a, Al–Ghzawi et al. 2006, Grace 2010).  According to Grace (2010), on Cyprus it is found visiting Calycotome villosa, Carlina lanata, Linaria elatine, Satureia incana,Teucrium polium micropodioides, Teucrium cyprium, Marrubium vulgare apolum, Heliotropium villosum and Alhagi maurorum; these flowers typically include members of the montane summer phryganic (East Mediterranean shrub) community.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known from any protected areas and it is not listed as threatened in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any countries in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on its population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened due to its low estimated area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
This species occurs only in two countries in the European area, Greece and Turkey, but it is also found in Syria, Armenia and Iran (Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1980). However, there is no recent   information on this species' wider distribution.   The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km2.

population:
Anthidium wuestneii is a rare species. There is no recent information available on the population size and trends.

habitat:
Anthidium wuestneii is found on Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It was collected in June on Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae) by Mavromoustakis (1960). There are no other records about its flight period or flower preferences.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known from any protected areas and it is not listed as threatened in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any countries in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


range:
In Europe, Chelostoma aegaeicum is only known from Lesvos and Crete, in Greece (Müller 2012a). This species has also been found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

population:
The population size and trend of Chelostoma aegaeicum is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Chelostoma aegaeicum is currently unknown. According to Müller (2012a) this species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae species.

useAndTrade:
There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma campanularum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma campanularum is known from most of Europe but seems to be absent from Wales, Scotland and Ireland in western Europe (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012). This species is also known from northern Africa (Algeria), southwestern Asia (Turkey) and has also been introduced to Canada and the USA (Eickwort 1980).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population. However, it is considered as common in cities.

habitat:
Chelostoma campanularum can be found in several habitats such as temperate grasslands and forest edges, but also in rural gardens and urban areas. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Small pebbles are added to  the outside of the plug (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1929, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp.(Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Chelostoma diodon is known from Greece and Cyprus but this species is also present in several countries of southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

population:
The population abundance and trend of Chelostoma diodon is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.

habitat:
Chelostoma diodon possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in old dried wood (Mavromoustakis 1951). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae, with a clear preference for Asteroideae (Sedivy  et al. 2008, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma distinctum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma disctinctum is known from south, eastern and central Europe until the Caucasus (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012). This species is also known from southwestern Asia.

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Chelostoma distinctum possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and drilled bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems or old galls of Diplolepis mayri on Rosa species. The cell partitions and nest plugs are made of mud (Stöckhert 1929, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Chelostoma edentulum has only recently been discovered in Europe, in a few localities in Spain and Portugal. This species is mostly found in northern Africa (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2008, Torres et al. 2012).

population:
The population abundance and trend of Chelostoma edentulum is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma edentulum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Sedivy et al. 2008, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma emarginatum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma emarginatum has a wide Mediterranean distribution. This species is present in central and southern Europe, but is also known from southwestern Asia in Iran and Turkey (Scheuchl 1996, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma emarginatum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma florisomne is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma florisomne is known from most of the European countries but it is also present in southwestern Asia and northern Africa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Chelostoma florisomne possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Triticum) and bore holes in stems, clay walls or even in glass tubes. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Small pebbles, sand grains, small  snail shells and other particles are embedded in the outer plug  surface. Nectar is added to the mud for the construction of partitions  and plug (Ferton 1895, Friese 1923, Maréchal 1933, Stöckhert  1933, Grünwaldt  1939, Van Lith 1957, Grandi 1961; Bonelli 1967, 1968; Käpylä 1978,  Brechtel  1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Chelostoma forcipatum is only known from Greece but its distribution extends into southwestern Asia (Warncke 1991c).

population:
The population size and trend of this species are not known.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Chelostoma forcipatum is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma foveolatum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population.

range:
Chelostoma foveolatum has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in most of the central and southern European countries and extends to the Caucasus and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma foveolatum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Chelostoma grande is endemic in Europe and it is mostly known from central European mountains (Westrich 1993). It is confined to European higher alpine areas like the Dinaric Alps and the Alps, where it is only found between 1,000 and 2,000 m asl.

habitat:
The natural habitat of the species are mountain woodlands and their surroundings. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and hollow stems. The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of mud mixed with small pebbles  (Frey-Gessner 1880, Friese 1923, Westrich 2002, A. Müller pers.  obs. 2013). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Dipsacaceae (Westrich 1993, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).

threats:
Chelostoma grande could possibly be threatened by climate change due to its occurrence being restricted to high alpine areas.


range:
Chelostoma handlirschi has a Mediterranean-centered distribution and is known from very few countries in Europe. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma handlirschi is currently unknown. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).


range:
Chelostoma hellenicum is endemic to the Greek mainland and Crete (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma hellenicum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).


range:
The only observations of Chelostoma incognitum in Europe are from the Greek mainland and the islands of Rhodes and Lesvos. This species is also known from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

population:
The abundance and population size of this species are not known.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma incognitum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Müller 2012a).


range:
Chelostoma laticaudum is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma laticaudum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).


range:
In Europe, Chelostoma longifacies is only known from the Greek mainland and the islands of Rhodes, Lesvos and Samos in Greece (Müller 2012a). This species is also found in southwestern Asia.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma longifacies is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma lucens is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma lucens has a Mediterranean-centred distribution and is known from Greece, Bulgaria and possibly Cyprus. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma lucens is unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma mocsaryi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma mocsaryi is known from several European countries but it is also present in southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

habitat:
Chelostoma mocsaryi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and hollow stems (Banaszak and  Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ornithogalum spp. (Hyacinthaceae) (Gogala 1999, Sedivy et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma nasutum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma nasutum is known from several European countries but it is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma nasutum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008, Ebmer 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Chelostoma proximum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Chelostoma proximum is known from Ukraine and European Russia but is also present in northern and south-western Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma proximum is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma rapunculi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma rapunculi is widespread throughout Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa, northern and southwestern Asia and has been introduced in northern America (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Chelostoma rapunculi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows, bore holes in dead wood or bark or stems and in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of mud. Small pebbles, sand grains and  other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface. Nectar is added  to the mud for the construction of partitions and plug (Benoist 1929,  Stöckhert 1933, Bonelli 1967, Käpylä 1978, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).


range:
Chelostoma siciliae is endemic to Sicily (Italy) (Müller 2012a).

habitat:
It probably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The nesting biology of Chelostoma siciliae is currently unknown. This species seems polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with preferences for Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and Helianthemum spp. (Cistaceae) (Müller 2012a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma styriacum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma styriacum is a Mediterranean-centred species, that is also found in southwestern Asia (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma styriacum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly also on closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).


range:
Chelostoma transversum is present in Bulgaria and Greece and is possibly present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma transversum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (Sedivy et al. 2008, Ebmer 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma ventrale is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Chelostoma ventrale is present in central and eastern Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma ventrale is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteroideae (Asteraceae) (Sedivy et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Coelioxys acanthopyga is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it occurs in Cyprus (one locality) (Alfken 1940), Greece and Crete (number of localities not specified) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), and in Asia it has been recorded from Israel (one locality) (Warncke 1992). Its presence in Jordan (Ascher and Pickering 2013) is wrong and probably confused with a record from Israel. The species is found between five and 805 m asl.

population:
This species’ population trend is unknown. There are thought to be several geographically separated subpopulations but the total size of the population has yet to be studied.

habitat:
The habitat where this species has been recorded is Mediterranean Quercus spp. forests and as this is degraded it is found in shrublands, grasslands and even cultivated areas.   The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts are unknown yet. However, they most likely belong to the genus Megachile as is the rule with the Coelioxys genus (Michener 2007).

threats:
This species is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development, large-scale logging, and recreational activities. The loss of Quercus spp. forests negatively affects this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species or its hosts. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and there appear to be no major threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
The species is widely distributed throughout the western Palearctic region, from Spain east to Cyprus via Hungary and Ukraine. The species is also found in Turkey and north Africa.

population:
The species is found regularly throughout its range, although the population size and trends are unknown.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The species flies from May to August (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this case, the Megachile genus (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Grace 2010). It has been recorded foraging upon Asteraceae (Cardopatium corymbosum, Centaurea cilicica, C. hyalolepis) and Plumbaginaceae (Limonium virgatum) (Grace 2010).

threats:
There currently appear to be no major threats to this species, although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
The species is distributed in the west-Palearctic, from Portugal to Lithuania, and from the UK to Greece and Turkey, Iran and Oman. In Africa, it is found from Morocco to Tunisia.

population:
The species inhabits many countries but its population is relatively small at the local level due to its kleptoparasitic behaviour, which is when a species parasitises the nests of other bee species. The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
It prefers open and sandy ground, cultivated areas, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate forest, grassland and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are Megachile apicalis, M. leachella and M. pilidens (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Some of the plant species visited are Fabaceae (Onobrychis viciifolia, Lamiaceae (Thymus sp., Teucrium polium, T. cyprium), Asteraceae (Carduus sp., Cardopatium corymbosum), Plumbaginaceae (Limonium), Rosaceae (Rubus ulmifolius) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria elatine).

threats:
This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing timber harvesting, recreational use, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulernable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it is widespread and occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
This species is distributed throughout the Palearctic but it is rare in the majority of countries. It is mainly found in central and northern Europe. There are also records from China, Japan, Russia and Turkey.

population:
A rare and infrequent species that inhabits a wide area. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
It lives in wetlands, sometimes in forests, flood plains, riverbank woodlands, in high lands. It can also be found in forests on dry lands. It flies from June-September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Its hosts are Megachile ligniseca and Anthophora furcata (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004). The species visits Lamiaceae, Lythraceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae (Devalez 2010).

threats:
There currently appear to be no major threats to this species, although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, abstraction of surface water for commercial and agricultural use, abstraction of ground water agricultural use, herbicides and pesticides and droughts. As it is a kleptoparasitic species, one that parasitises the nests of other bee species, it is dependent upon their hosts and therefore what threatens the host threatens the kleptoparasite.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and has a presumed large and stable population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
This species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean, from Spain to Cyprus, via eastern Europe. It is also found in north Africa towards Turkey, Dagestan and Turkmenistan.

population:
The population is continuous throughout its wide range and the species has a presumed large and stable population.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May until September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is the Megachilid bee Creightonella albisecta (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It has been recorded on Chrozophora verbascifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Cardopatium corymbosum, Carlina lanata, Centaurea cilicica (Asteraceae), Marrubium vulgare, Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae), Heliotropium europaeum (Boraginaceae), Eryngium creticum (Apiaceae) and Limonium virgatum (Plumbaginaceae) (Grace 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species has only recently been described and only collected recently from Greece. Research should be conducted in order to determine the wider distribution, population size, trends and threats to this species in Europe.

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean from Greece until Central Asia (Schwarz 2001).

population:
The species is poorly known as it has only recently been described but it seems to be well established within its range. In Greece and Crete it was found in nine localities, in Turkey in 16 localities and sporadically throughout the Middle East.

habitat:
Coelioxys artemis has been collected in xeric and temperate areas, in a varied range of habitats: temporal streams, cultivated land, shrublands, anthropogenic habitats, olive tree plantations, degraded forest and steparian high plateaus. It is probably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, much like the rest of the species in the genus (Michener 2007). Therefore, its pollinator activity is rather low. There is nothing known about the hosts and plants visited by the bee. It has been collected from below sea level (-360 m in the Jordan Valley) to high altitudes (2,100 m asl in Turkey). It is univoltine (e.g., it has one generation per year) and the flying period is from April to July.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but it is likely to be threatened by deforestation and habitat loss.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size, trends and threats for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large, stable and continuous. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
The species is widely distributed throughout Europe from Spain, north to the Netherlands and Poland, east to Greece and European Russia. It reaches as far east as Central Asia.

population:
The population is large and continuous throughout its geographic range. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forests and grassland, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, wetlands, semi-deserts, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September. It has been recorded visiting Asteraceae (Cirsium sp.), Lythraceae, Lamiaceae (Stachys sp., Origanum sp.), Rosaceae and Fabaceae (Onobrychis viccifolia) (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The identified host species are Megachile ericetorum (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Chalicodoma ericetorum, C. levebvrei, Anthophora parietina, and A. plagiata.

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species, although generally the species could be threatened by residential and commercial development, habitat loss, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, ubiquitous in its habitat preferences and there are no major threats to the species.

range:
The species is widely distributed in the western Palearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus and northern Asia. It is also found on the Channel Islands.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend for this species. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and therefore its population is difficult to evaluate.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit forest, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, grasslands, semi-desert, sand dunes, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June (some female specimens from April) to October. The species has been recorded on Crassulaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae (Carduus sp.), Apiaceae (Eryngium creticum) and Fabaceae (Onobrychis viciifolia) (Stöckhert 1933, Grace 2010). As the species is kleptoparasitic, the hosts are thought to be Megachile leachella, M. pilidens (Warncke 1992) and possibly M. apicalis (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
The species is vulnerable to substantial changes to its environment and/or fluctuations of its host species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential commercial development, agriculture and logging, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts, although there are no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species spreads throughout the western Palearctic region, occupying a wide range from southern Europe and north Africa to Turkey, Israel until Central Asia.

population:
The population size and trends for this species are not known.

habitat:
The species prefers montane habitats and can be also found on Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, hot and temperate desert and arable land (Grace 2010). It flies from June until August. There is no information on hosts or flowers visited, although it is a kleptoparasitic species, that parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is assumed that it prefers the same vegetation and environments as its relatives.

threats:
Coelioxys caudata is generally threatened by habitat loss due to human activities such as construction of housing, roads and railroads, herbicides and pesticides from agriculture and also climate change causing droughts and shifting habitats.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and any specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, the broad habitat range, and its presumed large population. It is however listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of six countries, predominantly in northern Europe.

range:
The species is distributed throughout Europe from the Iberian Peninsula and the United Kingdom, east towards Greece, Cyprus and European Russia. It is absent from the northernmost and easternmost areas of Europe. It is also found in Turkey and north Africa.

population:
The overall population of this species is presumed to be large, taking into account its wide distribution. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.

habitat:
This species lives in several different environments, such as boreal and temperate forests, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, coastal sand dunes, arable land, plantations and semi-deserts. It flies from May to September. The host species are Megachile lagopoda, M. maritima, M. (Chalicodoma) ericetorum, Anthophora plagiata (Warncke 1992, Proshchalykin 2006, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). It has been recorded on Ericaceae, Rosaceae (Rubus ulmifolius), Plumbaginaceae (Statice = Limonium) and Fabaceae (Vicia cracca) (Grace 2010).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. The species may generally be threatened by residential, commercial and transport development, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gardenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species occurs in a large area, ubiquitous in its habitat preferences and there are no major threats to the species.

range:
A Palearctic species, known from France and Spain, north Africa and India (Ornosa et al. 2007, Rozen and Kamel 2008, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). Its presence in Portugal needs to be confirmed. It was introduced to the USA.

population:
With the current knowledge of this species, there are three subpopulations: in southwestern Europe, northern Africa and in Asia. However, with further research into the species' distribution the known population will inevitably increase.

habitat:
The species prefers open fields, mixed forests with shrubs and herbs, and even crop edges. More generally the species is found in temperate forest, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land, pasture land and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile minutissima in Egypt, M. rotundata in USA and M. atratula in Spain. It flies from May to September.

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species. The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial developments, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and climatic changes.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
Coelioxys decipiens is distributed from north Africa towards Cyprus, Crete, Turkey, Asia Minor and Central Asia, until the Himalayas (Ornosa et al. 2007, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009, Grace 2010).

population:
The population size and trends for this species are not known although it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Generally the species is thought to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile nigripes (Warncke 1992) and probably Megachile flavipes (Mavromoustakis in Grace 2010). Rozen and Kamel (2006) studied its larvae biology. The species has been recorded on Asteraceae (Onopordum sp.), Verbenaceae (Vitex sp.), Fabaceae (Alhagi maurorum, Trifolium sp., Medicago sp.) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria elatine) (Nadimi et al. 2013, Grace 2010). It flies in June (Nadimi et al. 2013, Grace 2010).

threats:
Generally, the species is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, soil erosion, sedimentation and herbicides and pesticides as well as through climatic change. All of these threats cause habitat loss which could negatively affect this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are continuous and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.

range:
The species is distributed throughout Europe from Portugal to European Russia and as far north as Belgium, Germany and Poland (Rasmont et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). It is also found in Africa and Asia Minor until the Caspian sea. It is found throughout the western Palearctic region except in the coldest countries and regions in the north.

population:
The population appears to be continuous throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species prefers environments with no tree cover, as well as shrub and herbaceous vegetation. More generally the species inhabits temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile apicalis and M. rotundata (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). There are no records of any particular plant species visited by this bee.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Although there are some more general threats from climate change and anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial developments, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides, and these are thought to be causing the loss of the species' preferred habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable, Westrich et al. 2011). It is thought to occur within protected areas as it has a very wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because it has seldom been recorded and is only known from Greece and Cyprus. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
This species is present in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Asia Minor from Algeria eastwards towards Greece, Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Egypt and probably Libya (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).Some of the data come from different authors so the distribution may vary and should be revised and confirmed.

habitat:
Generally the species is known to inhabit temperate and Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May to August. The species was recorded on Plumbaginaceae (Statice = Linaria), Asteraceae (Cardopatum), Lamiaceae (Teucrium) (Grace 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, although there are some more general threats from climate change and anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial developments, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and recreational activities. These threats may be causing habitat loss.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and the lack of major threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of species.

range:
The species is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) east towards Poland, Ukraine, and Greece and as far north as Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).

population:
Its range is very large although it is not commonly found in the field. There is no further information on the population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
The species has mainly been recorded from sandy soils and coastal dunes (Burn 2012). It is also found on temperate forest, grassland, and shrubland, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile bombycina, M. centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. leachella, M. ligniseca, M. pyrenaea and M. willughbiella (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006). It flies from May to September. It has been recorded foraging on Fabaceae and Asteraceae (Centaurea, Cirsium).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate change that cause habitat loss. These threats come from residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick 2006), and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, its population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism developments and construction in the region with a huge number of tourists every year. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.

range:
This species is present in the eastern Mediterranean basin from continental Greece and Crete to Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine and Israel (Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is thought to be under 2,000 km2.

population:
The species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic transfer between the populations within Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is thought to prefer environments with scarce vegetation and hot climates. Generally, it can be found on temperate grasslands, semi-deserts, Mediterranean-type shrubland and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat, ecology or hosts of this species.

threats:
This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from residential and commercial development for tourism, logging operations and the general conversion of land to agricultural use. Tourism in the region is thought to be causing a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Other threats include housing construction, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is found in the eastern Mediterranean from Bulgaria and Greece to Jordan and Turkey. It is known from only a few localities: seven in Turkey, one in Bulgaria, three in Greece and one in Jordan (Schwarz 2001).

population:
This species is extremely rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown. It has only been recorded from four localities in Europe (seven in Turkey) but, due to the low number of specialists in its geographic range and the difficulty to identify it, its real distribution, and therefore population, will most likely be larger.

habitat:
The species' preferred habitat is unknown, but the areas where it has been collected are Mediterranean forest and shrubs, xeric and anthropogenic areas (cultivated lands) and temporal streams. It has been collected from the sea level (Bulgaria) up to approximately 2,150 m asl (Turkey). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, like every other Coelioxys species (Michener 2007), although the host is unknown. The species flies from April to July.

threats:
Generally the species may threatened by habitat loss, deforestation of shrublands and grasslands, and the degradation of streams from construction for housing, rails and roads, and shifting agriculture.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species. Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution as it has only recently been described. If the host species become known, it will be possible to understand more about the ecology of Coelioxys elsei.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted on the population trends of this species.

range:
The species spreads from Spain and France north to Belgium and east towards Ukraine. Outside of Europe it occurs in Morocco and Western and Central Asia (Ornosa et al. 2007, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009, Nadimi et al. 2013). A very doubtful record from far eastern Russia (Proshchalykin 2006) needs to be confirmed.

population:
It can be presumed to have a large overall population due to its wide distribution and ubiquitous nature. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate forest, grassland and shrubland, semi-desert, shrub dominated wetlands, coastal sand dunes and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Megachile leucomalla (Stoeckhert 1933). There is no specific information on the flowers visited but we suppose that this species prefers open flower plants.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts, and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A widely distributed species in the south of Europe, from Iberia to Greece and Romania via Austria. It is also found in the north of Africa east until Central Asia (Ornosa et al. 2007).

population:
This widely distributed species occurs continuously across its range and it presumably has a large overall population. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is found in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Asia Minor and has a tendency to reside at higher altitudes (Grace 2010). Generally the species inhabits temperate forest, grassland, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and plantations. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile rotundata (Grace 2010). The species has been recorded visiting the flowers of Lamiaceae (Vitex, Thymus), Plumbaginaceae (Linaria), Boraginaceae (Heliotropium), Asteraceae (Anthemis), Apiaceae (Eryngium) and Malvaceae (Malva) (Grace 2010, Nadimi et al. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
A widely spread Palearctic species found in most countries in Europe although it is absent in the most northern and southeasterly areas. The species is also found in north Africa (Morocco and Algeria) and Turkey.

population:
The species is rare at the local level, but widely distributed in Europe. There is no further information on the species' population size or trends.

habitat:
Taking into account the species' wide range, the environments where it lives must be varied. In the UK, it has been recorded in coastal sand dunes (Collins 2008). It is thought to inhabit temperate grassland and forest, boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean-type shrubland, alpine and tundra wetlands, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile alpicola, M. bombycina, M. centuncularis, M. leachella, M. ligniseca (not confirmed), M. maritima, M. versicolor, Hoplitis papaveris (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006, Collins 2008) and Megachile lapponica (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). It flies from April to September (sometimes in October). It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Fabaceae and Caprifoliaceae (Collins 2008).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kalas 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded and listed as threatened or Near Threatened in the National Red Lists of six countries, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat and it has a continuous population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the species' population size and trends.

range:
The species is found from Spain to European Russia, but it is found predominantly in central and northern Europe (Erlandsson 1991, Ornosa et al. 2007, Romankova 2003). It is found as far east as the eastern coast of Russia.

population:
The population is continuous from the Pyrenees until the eastern coast of Russia. It is typically a boreo-montane species and in the south of its range it only occurs in the mountains (the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians).

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, temperate grassland and tundra. It flies from May to August. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae (Celary 1995, Warncke 1992). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Its host is Megachile nigriventris (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The species is generally threatened by deforestation, the conversion of land for agriculture or housing developments, herbicides and pesticides use, droughts and any threats against its host species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). In view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, a presumed large and stable population and is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. However, further research should be conducted to determine the status of the species population size and trends.

range:
This species is distributed throughout Europe, from the Pyrenees (although it is absent in the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas) towards European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as Mongolia.

population:
This species' overall population is presumed to be large as the species inhabits a very large extent of land. The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species lives in a huge range of habitats such as boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, tundra, shrub dominated wetlands, semi-desert, coastal sand dunes, arable land, pasture land and rocky areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile circumcincta, M. centuncularis, M. leachella, M. versicolor, M. pyrenaea, Hoplitis papaveris and Hoplitis villosa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). It flies from June to September.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population size and threats to the species.

range:
The species is distributed from Spain to Greece in the south and found as far north as Belgium. Outside of Europe, it is found east towards Turkmenistan (Ornosa et al. 2007).

population:
The species has a wide range, so the overall population could be large although the species is locally rare. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.

habitat:
The species lives in a broad range of habitats, such as temperate forests, temperate and Mediterranean shrublands, temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile giraudi (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from June until September. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Apiaceae species (Ornosa and Martínez 1995).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of this species is very poorly known. It has been recorded from Sweden on the island of Gotland but it is extinct on the mainland of Sweden (Warncke 1992, B. Cederburg pers. comm. 2014). There are two records from the northwest and far east of Russia (Proshchalykin 2006) but these need to be confirmed.

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
From the limited data available, the species lives in boreal and temperate forests, boreal shrublands and tundra. It flies from June to August. The species is presumably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.

threats:
As there are little data on this species, the threats remain unknown. Although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial developments for housing and by herbicides and pesticides.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in National Red List of Sweden as Vulnerable (Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This is a western Mediterranean species that was described from specimens collected in Tunisia (Alfken 1928) and it has recently been recorded in Algeria and Spain (Schwarz 2009, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009). Due to its current distribution and the difficulty to identify it correctly, the species probably has a wider range. It is likely to occur in the north of Morocco and Italy when taking into account its host species' range.

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit temperate forest, Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species within the genus of Coelioxys usually parasitise species from the genus Megachile (Michener 2007). However, the only known host is the Osmiine bee Osmia anceyi (Alfken 1928). Coelioxys osmiae has been seen in the wild from April to June but there are no data about its floral preferences (Alfen 1928, Schwarz 2009).

threats:
Coelioxys osmiae is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as logging and residential or commercial development for housing and tourism. The loss of grasslands affects the species and its hosts. Both direct conversion of grassland for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals produce severe impacts in many bees including this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The Spanish subpopulation is found in the protected areas of Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park and Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution and presumed stable population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
The species is distributed in central and southern Europe, including Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species reaches Dagestan, Iran and Mongolia. Records from Spain need to be confirmed.

population:
An infrequent but stable species. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.

habitat:
It is thought to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, and inland wetlands such as rivers, streams, creeks and freshwater lakes. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile pilicrus, M. deceptoria and possibly Tetraloniella nana (Amiet et al. 2004, Scheuchl 1996, Warncke 1992). The species flies in June and July and visits the flowers of Asteraceae.

threats:
Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change. As the species is kleptoparasitic, it is bound to its host and is therefore threatened by the same factors that affect its host.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
A Euro-Anatolian species that is widely distributed from Spain and Portugal, as far north as the United Kingdom, and east towards Turkey and Siberia in Asia.

population:
This rare species occupies a very broad range and the population, as a whole, must be large as a consequence. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, tundra, temperate grassland, inland wetlands such as rivers, stream and creeks, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September and has been found on Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Collins 2011). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Trachusa byssina, Megachile centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. leachella, M. willughbiella, Anthophora bimaculata, A. furcata, A. parietina, A. plagiata and probably A. quadrimaculata (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006, Baldock 2008).

threats:
The species has no specific threats, but generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it has a wide distribution and it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
The species is distributed in the Palearctic region, from Spain north towards Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, and east towards European Russia. The species is also found in north Africa and the Asian part of Russia.

population:
Like other kleptoparasitic bees, this species, though present in a large range, is rare throughout its range and its abundance depends on that of its hosts.

habitat:
The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. willughbiella, M. ericetorum, Anthophora bimaculata, A. borealis, A. fulvitarsis, A. furcata, A. parietina, A. pilipes, A. plagiata and A. quadrimaculata (Grace 2010, Collins 2009, Amiet et al. 2004, Standfuss and Standfuss 1998, Warncke 1992). It flies from April to September. The species has been recorded visiting plants of the family Asteraceae such as Onopordum, Centaurea, and Carduus species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. Generally the species may be threatened by residential and commercial developed for housing, herbicides and pesticides, climatic effects such as habitat shifting and altering, and droughts.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis acuticornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis acuticornis is largely distributed across Europe, except  in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known from northern Africa, northern Asia and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1991h, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis acuticornis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Ferula, Rubus, Scilla, Vitis and others). The cell partitions consist of pressed particles of pith. The nest plug  is made of a thick layer of pith and covered by a thinner layer of  chewed leaves (rarely also petals). Sometimes the nest plug consists  only of pith. Typically, the brood cells are slightly constricted at  their apex (Benoist 1931, Enslin 1933, Mavromoustakis 1939b, Stoeckhert  1954, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Le Goff 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). The species is known to be strictly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on  Fabaceae (Westrich  1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004) but it might be better classified as polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a  strong preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia acuticornis (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is likely to occur within some protected areas due to its wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis adunca is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis adunca is largely distributed across Europe, except in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known from northern Africa, northern Asia and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1992a, Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis adunca occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites) and bore holes in stems, abandoned cells and burrows of other aculeates (e.g., Megachile parietina, Colletes, Anthophora, Odynerus), holes and crevices in clay and stone walls and in banks. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud without addition of  pebbles. The outer surface of the nest plug is often covered with wood  fibres, sand and dust. There is a clear tendency to line the burrow  walls completely or partially with mud. In the most extreme case, the  nest consists of a uniform mud cylinder containing several cells.  The cells are delimited both in front and in the rear by two mud  partitions glued together, which might indicate remains of the habit to  build entire cells (Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Malyshev 1937, Grandi 1961, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le  Goff 2004b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis agis is only known from Greece. This species is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis agis is currently unknown.


range:
Hoplitis albatera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis albatera is currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as only females have been described), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis albiscopa is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species is also known from northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The only nest of Hoplitis albiscopa found so  far was in a three cm long and vertical burrow in the ground, which was  either excavated by the female bee herself or by an aculeate wasp. It  contained three linearly arranged cells. The  cells were entirely constructed from several layers of pink and blue  petal pieces. The partitions between adjacent cells were made of a thin  wall of mud (C. Sedivy, C. Praz and A. Müller pers. obs. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Cichorioideae, Carduoideae,  Asteroideae), Convolvulaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae  and Linaceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis anipuncta is only known from Cyprus. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis anipuncta is unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis annulata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis annulata is a Mediterranean-centered species known from most southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Le Goff 2003c, Müller 2013).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to its wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.

habitat:
Hoplitis annulata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The species nests in excavated burrows in rather hard soil. The nests are two to eight centimetres deep and  contain one to four cells at the end of the main burrow or of side burrows. The brood cell partitions and nest plug are built from mud, the cells are  excavated from the ground, their walls are smoothed and hardened on the  inside but apparently not newly constructed. The nest burrow sometimes  circumvents obstacles such as small stones. The nest entrance is  hardened and little narrowed, often hidden near a plant base or under a  stone (Ferton 1892, Mavromoustakis 1957, Le Goff 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis anthocopoides is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis anthocopoides is largely distributed across Europe,  except  in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known  from northern Africa and has been introduced in northern America (Eickwort 1970, Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1992, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Hoplitis anthocopoides occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in depressions, cracks or  surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls where the brood cells  are more or less exposed and in small rock cavities containing one to three hidden  cells. The nests contain can contain up to 33 cells, but mostly three to eight cells. The brood cells and nest plug built from rather coarse pebbles cemented  together with mud. Exposed cells finally covered by a continuous layer  of mud and small pebbles (Gerstaecker  1869, Friese 1923, Benoist  1931, Bonelli 1971, Eickwort 1973, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le Goff 2004b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium  (Boraginaceae) (Eickwort 1973, Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia anthocopoides (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis antigae is only known from France, Spain and Portugal. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis antigae is unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Carduoideae), Campanulaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae and Echium (Boraginaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis batyamae is only known from Portugal. This species is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis batyamae possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated vertical burrows (c. 4 cm deep) in horizontal, hard-packed sandy soil with two linearly arranged cells at its end. The two cells, which were separated by a thin earthen layer, were entirely built from the yellow petals of Campanula sulphurea (C. Praz and C. Sedivy pers. obs. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae, Carduoideae, Cichorioideae). Additional pollen sources come from Brassicaceae, Resedaceae and Convolvulaceae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
This species occurs in the south of Spain and north Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) (Ornosa et al. 2008). A citation from Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2012) needs to be confirmed.

population:
There is little information available on the population size and trends of this species but it is assumed to be rare.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite of other bees, like all the species of the genus (Michener 2007). Presumably, it is found in semi-desert areas and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland. Very little else is known about the biology, habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, although they might be similar to the other species in the genus and include habitat loss due to human activities, droughts, high temperatures, as well as any threat that affects the flowers this species feeds upon on.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Dioxys atlantica is endemic to the Canary Islands (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is found on Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, up to 900 m (Saunders 1904, Hohmann et al. 1993).  Warncke (1977) also included a record (as subspecies) from Luxor (Egypt), but it has not been recorded in the region since (Hohmann et al. 1993, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
There is no information available on the current population abundance of this species as the latest records are from the late eighties (Hohmann et al. 1993).  It is a rare species and due to its island distribution (Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote), the population is fragmented and can be said to occur in three localities.

habitat:
Dioxys atlantica is found on sub-tropical grassland and shrubland. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, possibly of Osmia submicans (Saunders 1904).  The flight period runs from February to May (Hohmann et al. 1993) and it was first collected on Echium sp. (Saunders 1904).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation through human activities. Agrochemicals produce severe impacts in this and other bees and could lead to a population decline.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species. It occurs within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.

range:
A species with a western Palearctic distribution known from central and southern Europe from Portugal towards Greece and Romania. Outside of Europe, it is found from north Africa, Israel and as far east as the Caucasus (Dusmet 1921, Popov 1936, Warncke 1977, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2012).

population:
The population is continuous throughout its range although in some areas such as peninsulas, valleys or regions separated by high mountains, geographical sub-populations have been described. Some of them were placed as synonyms of the nominate species but others have been recognised as distinct species. It can be presumed to have a large overall population.

habitat:
Dioxys cincta is thought to inhabit temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Hoplitis adunca, H. anthocopoides, H. benoisti, H. pallicornis, Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina, M. (Ch.). pyrenaica, M. sicula (Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Le Goff 2004b). There is little information on its floral preferences. Grace (2010) recorded it visiting flowers of Fabaceae and it is thought to visit mainly open-flower plants, such as Asteraceae. Its flight period is from April to August (Amiet et al. 2004).

threats:
There are no specific threats known for this species. Generally, this species is threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities. The direct conversion of land for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals affect this species and many other bee species. Also, as it is a kleptoparasitic species, its abundance depends on the availability of its host.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


range:
Dioxys atlantica is an endemic species to the island of Lanzarote (Tkalců 2001).

population:
This species has been discovered quite recently and there is still no other information apart from where the holotype was found.

habitat:
Dioxys lanzarotensis is a kleptoparasitic species, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species, living on a volcanic island (Tkalců 2001). There is no further information on the habitat or ecology.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to investigate the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends, ecology and to identify the existing threats. It was found in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This is a Mediterranean species, described from Sardinia, that is found from Spain to Croatia. Outside of Europe, it is found in north Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia, and Israel (Ornosa et al. 2008).

population:
The population size and trends of this species are not known but it is rare throughout its range.

habitat:
This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as the other members of the genus Dioxys (Michener 2007). Presumably, it is found in semi-desert areas and shrublands, both temperate and Mediterranean. The habitats and ecology of the species are unknown, however they must be similar to those of the other Dioxys species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but they must derive from human activities and the climatic changes that affects temperate and arid areas.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
This is a western Palearctic species. The nominate subspecies occurs in the east Mediterranean basin (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey) and spreads towards Asia Minor (Israel, Syria) and Iran. The subspecies D. p. varipes occurs in the west Mediterranean basin (Sicily, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).

population:
The exact extent of this population is not known, but the subpopulations seem to be isolated from one another.

habitat:
The species flies from April to July and visits the flowers of Boraginaceae. It is unknown where it occurs but it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. The maximum altitude at which it has been recorded, 2,300 m asl, was in Iran (Grace 2010).

threats:
Generally, the species is threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration.


range:
This species is only known to occur in Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and possibly Portugal (Ascher and Pickering 2012). It was described from Israel (Jericho and Oran). There is no further information from Europe.Outside of Europe, it is known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria, Israel and Jordan (Grace 2010).The subspecies E. b. anatolica Heinrich, 1977 occurs in Turkey.

population:
The population size and trends of the species are not known.

habitat:
The species flies in May (Grace 2010). There is no further information on the habitats, ecology and biology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. As the species occupies a fragile habitat and has a small area, it may require listing as threatened or Near Threatened with further data. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eoanthidium clypeare spreads over the northeastern Mediterranean basin, including continental Greece, the Aegean Islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, the Dalmatian coast, Turkey at about 2,300-2,600 m asl, the Middle East and the Caucasus (Mocsary 1884, Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, 1960, Warncke 1980, Müller 1996). Eoanthidium clypeare ssp. hoplostomum is distributed in Syria, Israel and Jordan (Mavromoustakis 1948b, Warncke 1980). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,100 km2.

population:
This bee is locally common in Palestine and Greece (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Müller 1996) but there is no recent information the population size and trends.

habitat:
Eoanthidium clypeare is found upon Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It has a flight period from May to July (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1960, Warncke 1980). In Attica, it was strongly associated with Allium hymettium (Mavromoustakis 1958) and in Rhodes with Thymus capitatus (Mavromoustakis 1960). Müller (1996) recorded this bee flying about on hot xeric slopes amongst stands of Allium sphaerocephalon.

threats:
Eoanthidium insulare is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation from human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial developments and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common in the eastern Mediterranean. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
The species is distributed on northeastern Mediterranean basin, including Greece, Cyprus, Aegean islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, Turkey, the Balkans, southwestern Asia, then east to Iran (Mocsary 1884, Maidl 1922, Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, 1960, Pasteels 1969, Warncke 1980, Michener 2007, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).   The subspecies Eoanthidium insulare persicolum has been recorded in Cyprus, southwestern Iran and Israel.The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,700 km2.

population:
Eoanthidium insulare is an uncommon species that is distributed into isolated Euro-Asiatic subpopulations. It is more abundant locally in the eastern Mediterranean.

habitat:
Eoanthidium insulare inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert and arable land. It has its flight period from May to October. It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year (Standfuss et al. 2003).  It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae and Labiatae (genera Lavandula, Carthamus, Centaurea and Cephalaria and the species Carlina involucrate, Ballota undulate, Satureia thymbra and Thymus capitatus) (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Müller 1996, Grace 2010).

threats:
Eoanthidium insulare is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial developments and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration. The direct conversion of land for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals, in particular, produce severe impacts in this species and many other bees.


range:
In Europe, Haetosmia circumventa is only known from the Canary Islands in Spain. This species is mostly distributed in southwestern Asia, northern Africa and the Afro-tropics (Peters 1974, 1975).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Haetosmia circumventa is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Heliotropium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Hohmann et al. 1993, unpublished data, A. Müller  pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Haetosmia vechti is only known from Greece (Peters 1974). This species is mostly distributed in southwestern Asia.

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Haetosmia vechti is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1954b).


range:
In Europe, Heriades clavicornis is only known from Greece. This species is mainly distributed in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Heriades clavicornis is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades crenulata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Heriades crenulata is present in several countries in southern, central and eastern Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and from northern and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Heriades crenulata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood and stems and also in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of resin. Small pebbles, sand grains,  wood fibres and other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface  (Ferton  1895, Benoist 1929, Grandi 1961, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Vulnerable (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
Heriades labiata in only known from Spain in Europe and from Algeria in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. There are no data available on the ecology of Heriades labiata.


range:
Heriades punctulifera in only known from southern Europe, from Croatia, Sicily, Malta, Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus. It is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. There are no data available on the ecology of Heriades punctulifera.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades rubicola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Heriades rubicola is known from several countries in central and southern Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Heriades rubicola possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Rubus). The cell partitions and nest plugs are made of resin (Ferton 1894, Benoist 1929). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae spp. (Amiet et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades truncorum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Heriades truncorum is very widespread throughout Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).

habitat:
Heriades truncorum possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood or stems, in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Rubus, Vitis), insect burrows in soil (e.g., Odynerus) or holes in walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (mainly from coniferous trees but also from Prunus avium).  Small pebbles, sand grains, wood fibres (gnawed by the females from  wood) and other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface, rarely  also in the partitions. Resin is also used to smooth out irregularities  or to partially line the cell walls (Ferton 1894, Friese 1923, Benoist 1929, Enslin 1933, Stöckhert 1933, Grandi  1961, Bonelli 1967, Käpylä 1978, Maciel de Almeida Correia 1980,  1981b, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al.  1993, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Le Goff 2003b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a distinct preference for the subfamily Asteroideae  (Käpylä 1978,  Maciel de Almeida Correia 1981a, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain as Vulnerable (Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hofferia schmiedeknechti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hofferia schmiedeknechti is known from few countries in southern Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1984b, Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hofferia schmiedeknechti possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae, with a distinct or even exclusive preference for  Carduoideae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis abnormis is only known from Greece. It is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis abnormis is currently unknown. Only a few males have ever been discovered and described.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis benoisti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis benoisti is Mediterranean-centered species known from several central and southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa (Warncke 1992, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nests of Hoplitis benoisti are exposed on rock or stone surface, in small rock cavities containing one to three hidden cells, or exceptionally in insect burrows in the ground. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Benoist 1931, Le Goff 2004). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis bicallosa is only known from Greece. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis bicallosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It has been observed nesting in insect burrows (Morawitz 1876). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis bihamata is only known from Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis bihamata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small rock cavities containing in one case a single brood cell. The brood cells are built from mud intermixed with small pebbles (Ferton 1901b, Benoist 1931). This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, primarily on Boraginaceae (Echium), Lamiaceae and Fabaceae (Benoist 1931, Sedivy et al.  2013a). The females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the  clypeus composed of stiff and apically twisted bristles, which are  probably used to remove pollen from the raised anthers of Lamiaceae  (Sedivy et al. 2013a).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis bispinosa is only known from Greece. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis bispinosa is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis bisulca is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis bisulca is Mediterranean-centred species known from the southern European countries. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
Hoplitis bisulca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in  mostly hard soil with one to five cells either arranged linearly one behind the  other or singly at the end of small ramifications. The females sometimes  also use pre-existing insect burrows in the ground, e.g., burrows  of Cicindela larvae. The cells are entirely constructed from finely masticated leaves (rarely petals) of Scabiosa, sometimes also of Dorycnium. The inner surface of the cells is lined with about two layers of petal pieces (e.g., Papaver, Sisymbrium, Matthiola, Convolvulus, Glaucium, Scabiosa). The nest burrow is closed immediately below the soil surface by a partition made of masticated leaves (e.g., Sanguisorba) and/or petals (e.g., Cichorium),  this partition is eventually hidden below earth crumbs. In sandy soils,  the nest plug is sometimes lacking when it cannot be properly fixed due  to the loose substrate (Ferton 1894, 1897,  1901a, 1905, 1908, 1909; Benoist 1931). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (e.g., Scabiosa, Cephalaria)  (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1931, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis brachypogon is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
In Europe, Hoplitis brachypogon is known from most of the southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis brachypogon is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, Hoplitis cadiza is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis cadiza is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis campanularis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis campanularis is a Mediterranean-centred species present in most of southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis campanularis is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (e.g., Asyneuma) (Morawitz 1877, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis carinata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis carinata is present in southeastern Europe but it also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis carinata is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae with a strong preference for Hedysareae (Özbek 1979b,  Özbek and Zanden 1992, Sedivy et al. 2013a).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. This species is Not Evaluated in the EU 27 region as it does not occur in the EU.

range:
Hoplitis caularis is present in eastern Europe but also in northern and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis caularis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems. The cell partitions are made of leaf pulp (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ciliaris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis ciliaris is present in several southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).

habitat:
This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis ciliaris is currently unknown. This species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014), Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) and Helianthemum (Cistaceae) (Nadimi et al. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis claviventris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.

range:
Hoplitis claviventris is widespread all across Europe. This species is also present in northern and southwestern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).

habitat:
Hoplitis claviventris occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Rosa, Rubus, Sambucus, Verbascum, Artemisia, Onopordum, Cirsium, Arctium) or in decaying wood and twigs (e.g., Fagus), insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated leaf material (e.g., Rosa).  The space (8-12 mm long) between outermost cell partition and nest plug  is sometimes filled with pebbles or grass spikes (Schmiedeknecht 1886, Friese 1923, Enslin 1925, Benoist 1931, Stoeckhert 1933, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le Goff 2001, Amiet et al.  2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae. The additional pollen sources include  Cistaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Crassulaceae,  Hypericaceae and Rosaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).


