# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Lepidium campestre is widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. campestre is native to much of Europe and to parts of temperate Asia; also widely naturalized outside of its native distribution (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread in Europe and common where it occurs.

habitat:
L. campestre is found on sandy, stony ground as well as roadsides, fields and along paths (Polunin 1969, Rich 1991). In the UK this lowland species prefers sandy or gravelly soils and is often found in open grassland and arable fields as well as on roadsides, walls, in gardens and waste areas (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 26 germplasm accessions of L. campestre held in European genebanks, 19 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 16 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, brassica crops and garden cress, L.  sativum. Research has shown that with winter hardiness and high seed yields, L. campestre has the potential to become  a new oilseed crop (Andersson et al.  1999). It is also eaten as a vegetable in some areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium cardamines L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lepidium cardamines is assessed as Least Concern because although it occurs in a specific habitat type (gypsum soils and inland salt marshes), it is locally common and does not currently face any major threats.

range:
L. cardamines is native to south and central Spain (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Spanish experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in April 2010, its presence in southern Spain is uncertain.

population:
It is locally common in suitable habitat.

habitat:
It grows in gypsum soils and inland salt marshes.

threats:
There are currently no known major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.L. cardamines occurs in protected areas and SCIs. Conservation and maintenance of the salt marsh habitats in which it occurs will be critical for its continued survival.EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of L. cardamines held which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium carrerasii J.J. Rodr. is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family. However, Euro+Med PlantBase has recently been updated for the Brassicaceae family and the taxon is now considered to be a synonym of L. spinosum  Ard. (Marhold 2011) (although the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean has not yet been updated in line with this change). Tutin et al. (1964) and The Plant List (2010) (based on data from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families in review) also record the taxon as a synonym of L. spinosum. The taxon is a wild relative of brassica crops and of garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lepidium carrerasii is assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated in line with the recently revised data in Euro+Med PlantBase for the Brassicaceae family.

range:
L. carrerasii was recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to the Balearic islands.

population:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. spinosum;  therefore, no population information for L. carrerasii is recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the assessment of L. spinosum.

habitat:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. spinosum;  therefore, no habitat information for L. carrerasii is recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the assessment of L. spinosum.

threats:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. spinosum;  therefore, no threats information for L. carrerasii is recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the assessment of L. spinosum.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of L. carrerasii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).As this taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. spinosum, any information for L. carrerasii related to its conservation status that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the assessment of L. spinosum.

useAndTrade:
The taxon is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium cartilagineum (J.C. Mayer) Thell. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. Three subspecies are native to Europe: L. cartilagineum (J.C.Mayer) Thell. ssp. cartilagineum, L. cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium (Waldst. & Kit.) Thell. and&#L. cartilagineum ssp. pumilum (Boiss. & Balansa) Hedge.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lepidium cartilagineum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
L. cartilagineum is native to central and eastern Europe, as well as to the Russian Federation, Turkey and the Middle East (Marhold 2011). Although it is recorded by Marhold (2011) as native to Germany, according to R. Vögel (pers. comm. 2010), the taxon does not occur there.In Hungary, it occurs on the Great Hungarian Plain (Little Alföld region, Danube-Tisza köze region, Danube region, Tiszántúl region: rare)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species grows in saline areas (Tutin et al. 1964). In Hungary, it grows in Solontsak meadows (Puccinellion peisonis) and Artemisia salt steppes in calcareous, salt-enriched soils, loose, wet salt, and sandy soils (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.In Hungary this species is not protected (Király 2007)  .EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of L. cartilagineum #held in European genebanks; however, none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium cordatum Steven is a wild relative of cress, L. sativum L. as well as other edible Lepidium species such as L. campestre (L.) R.Br. and L. latifolium L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Although #Lepidium cordatum is recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to Norway, it is not considered native to Europe by experts present at a European vascular plant Red List workshop convened in Portugal in April 2010. It is therefore regionally assessed as Not Applicable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), L. cordatum is native to Norway. However, according to experts present at a European vascular plant Red List workshop convened in Portugal in April 2010, this species is not native to Europe.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.This species is not native to Europe; therefore, no conservation actions are in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
L. cordatum is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to cress, L. sativum as well as other edible Lepidium species such as L. latifolium and L. campestre.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium graminifolium L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. Three subspecies are native to Europe: L. graminifolium L. ssp. graminifolium, L. graminifolium ssp. iberideum Rouy & Foucaud and L. graminifolium ssp. suffruticosum (L.) P.Monts (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006)

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Lepidium graminifolium is widely distributed in central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
L. graminifolium is native to central, eastern, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as north Africa and western countries of temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is widespread within its native distribution but rare at the periphery of its range. For example, in Romania extremely small populations exist at its northern limits.

habitat:
This species is often found in ruderal sites, wastelands, roadsides, cultivated fields and vineyards (disturbed habitats). In Hungary it grows in trampled weed associations (Sclerochloo-Polygonetum avicularis) and pastures (Cynodonto-Festucetum pseudovinae)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. It is classified as Endangered (EN) in Hungary (Király 2007), Critically Endangered in Romania (Dihoru and Negrean 2009) and Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).       EURISCO  reports six germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, all of  which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild  accessions, five originate from within Europe; one from France and four  from Spain. All five of these wild accessions are stored in the Banco de  Germoplasma, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur naturally in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
L. graminifolium is a wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lepidium heterophyllum is widespread in its native distribution, and is naturalized in other parts of Europe. As there is a lack of major threats to this species throughout its range, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. heterophyllum is native to northern Europe (Ireland and the United Kingdom) and southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) (USDA, ARS, National Germplasm Program 2010). According to Atlas Florae Europaeae (Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum Natural History 1999), it is also native to Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands; however, other sources indicate that the species is introduced or probably introduced to these countries.

population:
This species is widespread in the western half  of France although not recorded in  the southwestern departments of  Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne,  Tarn, Haute-Garonne and Gers., and is largely absent in the eastern half of the  country (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010). It is also widespread throughout Wales, Scotland and the eastern half of Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002). Its distribution is patchier throughout England although it is widespread in the southwest of the country (Preston et al. 2002). According to Preston et al. (2002), it is decreasing in the southeast of England.

habitat:
This species occurs in coastal areas, slopes, ditches, rocky places, grasslands and mountains, on mostly siliceous soils. In the UK this lowland species prefers acidic soils in dry, heathy and gravelly areas, and can also be found on shingle, railway ballast and embankment as well as arable fields (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.  EURISCO reports 12 germplasm accessions of L. heterophyllum held in European genebanks, 10 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, six originate from within Europe; one from Greece (stored in Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and five from Spain (stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma, Spain) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium hirtum (L.) Sm. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. Eight subspecies are native to Europe: L. hirtum ssp. anticarium (Valdés Berm. & G.López) Greuter & Burdet, L. hirtum ssp. atlanticum (Ball) Maire, L. hirtum ssp. calycotrichum (Kunze) Thell., L. hirtum (L.) Sm. ssp. hirtum, L. hirtum ssp. nebrodense (Raf.) Thell., L. hirtum ssp. oxyotum (DC.) Thell., L. hirtum ssp. petrophilum (Coss.) Thell. and&#L. hirtum ssp. stylatum (Lag. & Rodr.) Thell.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lepidium hirtum has a wide distribution in Europe and is relatively abundant where it occurs. As its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category; it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. hirtum is native to Greece, Italy, France and Spain (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006), as well as to parts of north Africa and temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
According to experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, it is widespread in Spain and the subpopulation is stable, but is less common in Italy. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species occurs in scrubs and degraded Quercus forests, as well as being found at the edge of fields and streams.

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species. However, future climate change and the potential for increasing numbers of droughts is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.    EURISCO reports 15 germplasm accessions of L. hirtum held in European genebanks, all of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 10 originate from within Europe; two from Italy and eight from Spain. All 10 of these wild accessions are stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium latifolium L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. One subspecies and one variety are native to Europe: L. latifolium L. ssp. latifolium and L. latifolium var. velutinum Thell (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)        Lepidium latifolium is widespread throughout Europe, with a lack of major threats, and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
L. latifolium is native to large parts of Europe, as well as to tropical and temperate Asia and north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species is known to be widespread in Portugal, Spain and France, but rare in Estonia. In Finland it is at the northern limit of the species distribution and is found in the southwestern part of the country. Native occurrences in the UK are confined to East Anglia, the southeast and  along the southern half of the English border with Wales (Preston et al.  2002). It also has a patchy distribution throughout central and  northern England as well as Scotland and it occurs in one locality in  Northern Ireland, however these occurrences are recorded as alien  (Preston et al. 2002). In Ireland this species is only known in five localities across the country however all of these occurrences  are recorded as alien (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
The coastal distribution of this species is stable in the UK however the distribution appears to be increasing inland (Preston et al. 2002). It is common and scattered in Spain, and widespread in the centre and south of Portugal but not frequently found. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range

habitat:
This perennial species occurs in salt marshes, ditches and wet sandy areas near the coast in the southern part of its distribution in Europe (Davies and Gibbons 1993, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). In Britain this species occurs in similar habitats such as ditches, sea walls, open brackish grassland and the upper parts of estuarine salt marshes in coastal areas of southeast and northeast England; but is introduced elsewhere and occurs as a casual on waste ground dockland, railways, roadsides.and riverbanks (Rich 1991, Preston et al. 2002).Where found in the Russian Federation it occurs on the banks of rivers, alluvial, ruderal and weedy areas.

threats:
Although collected from the wild in Portugal, this is not considered a threat at present. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. It is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland (Rassi et al. 2001), Critically Endangered (CR) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Vulnerable (VU) in Luxembourg (Colling 2005).As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur naturally in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites, particularly in countries where it is known to be threatened.     EURISCO reports 14 germplasm accessions of L. latifolium held in European genebanks,  six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild  accessions, four originate from Spain. Two of these wild accessions are  stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma,  Spain and the remaining two are stored in Instituto Nacional de  Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos  Fitogenéticos, also in Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a wild relative of, and potential gene donor to, brassica crops and garden cress, L.  sativum. It is also eaten as a  vegetable in some areas (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and harvested from the wild in Portugal for medicinal and aromatic uses.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium lyratum L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. One subspecies is native to Europe: L. lyratum ssp. lacerum (C. A. Mey.) Thell.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)      Lepidium lyratum is regionally assessed as Not Applicable because although it is recorded by Marhold (2011) as native to Ukraine, according to expert opinion, it is not found in Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Marhold (2011), this species is native to Crimea, north Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Armenia. However, according to V. Melnyk (pers. comm. 2010), the species is not found in Ukraine.

population:
It is thought that this species does not occur in Europe.

habitat:
It is thought that this species does not occur in Europe.

threats:
It is thought that this species does not occur in Europe.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of L. lyratum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium perfoliatum L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lepidium perfoliatum is  regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed in  eastern and southeastern Europe. However, it is threatened in  Slovakia and Switzerland and may be nationally threatened in other countries; therefore, protection, management and  monitoring of populations at national level should be undertaken,  especially in those countries where the taxon is less common. Collection  of germplasm from the European subpopulations is required to ensure  that material that is ecogeographically representative of the species'  entire range is available for future potential use in crop improvement  programs.

range:
L. perfoliatum is native to eastern and southeastern Europe, the Russian Federation, Caucasus and the Middle East (Marhold 2011), as well as to temperate and tropical Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: it is concentrated in the west and southwest; some occurrences are only temporary (Kmeťová 2002). #Cyprus: occurs in the Troodos area (Tsintides et al, 2007).Hungary: found in the northeast (but absent in Sátor-mountain, Börzsöny-mountain, Gerecse mountain), Transdanubia (Sopron, Szombathely, Baranya, Tolna, Siofók) and on the Great Hungarian Plain (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).  Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
The species is frequent to sporadic in Hungary and the subpopulation in Slovakia is stable. It is considered to be a rare species in Cyprus (Meikle 1977, Tsintides et al. 2007).Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In the Mediterranean this annual species occurs in disturbed and cultivated land (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). In Cyprus, it grows in cultivated and waste land and on roadsides from 500 to1400 m (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Hungary, it grows in halophytic vegetation in salt meadows (Puccinellietum limosae) and prefers calcareous, salt tolerant, nitrogen enriched soils (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
It nationally threatened in some countries but further research is needed to gather information about the threats that are affecting this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.Knowledge of the nation threat/conservation status of L. perfoliatum is as follows:Slovakia: evaluated as Vulnerable (Feráková et al. 2001).Cyprus: evaluated as Data Deficient (Tsintides et al. 2007).Hungary: #not protected   (Király 2007).Switzerland: Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of L. perfoliatum held in European genebanks, six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only one originates from within Europe (Spain) and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium ramburei Boiss. is  included as an accepted taxon in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which forms  the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean  (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family.&# However, Euro+Med PlantBase has  recently been updated for the Brassicaceae family and the taxon is now  considered to be a synonym of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium (Valdés Berm. & G. López) Hern.-Berm. (Marhold 2011) (although the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the  Mediterranean has not yet been updated in line with this change). The Plant List (2010) (based on data derived from the World Checklist of  Selected Plant Families in review) also records the taxon as a synonym of Lepidium villarsii ssp. anticarium and according to Spanish experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in April 2010, the taxon is a synonym of L. villarsii. Tutin et al. (1964) included it as an accepted species but within the L. villarsii Gren & Godron taxon concept, noting that "plants up to 22 cm, with leaves glabrous or almost so, pedicels 5–6 mm in fruit and silicula about 7x6 mm, from S.E. Spain, are probably L. ramburei Boiss, Voy. Bot. Midi Esp. 2: 52 (1839) and may represent a third subspecies".  The taxon is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lepidium ramburei is assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated in line with the recently revised data in Euro+Med PlantBase for the Brassicaceae family.

range:
L. ramburei was recorded by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as native to Spain.

population:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium;  therefore, no population information for L. ramburei is recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this  taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the  assessment of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium.

habitat:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium;  therefore, no habitat information for L. ramburei is  recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this   taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the   assessment of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium.

threats:
This taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium;  therefore, no threat information for L. ramburei is   recorded in this assessment. Any such information related to this    taxon that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the    assessment of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of L. ramburei are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).As this taxon has recently been confirmed as a synonym of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium, any information for L. ramburei related to its conservation status that is forthcoming in the  future will be relevant for the assessment of L. villarsii  ssp. anticarium.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium ruderale L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Lepidium ruderale is widely distributed in central, north, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. ruderale is native to much of Europe and temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: distributed throughout the country (Kmeťová 2002).Finland: concentrated in southern parts of the country, not present in the north.Spain: found in the centre and north.Romania: common throughout.Portugal: found in the centre of the country.France: widespread throughout the country although not recorded in 22 departments and Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  UK and Ireland: relatively widespread across England with the exception of northern parts where the distribution is very patchy (Preston et al. 2002). It also has a patchy distribution within Wales and Scotland and is only recorded in three localities in the east of Northern Ireland and in four localities in Ireland—one on the east coast and three in the southwest (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species consists of mostly large subpopulations with many individuals. It is common in Romania and Slovakia and has increased in number in Poland. However, in the UK there has been a decrease in the last 60 years.

habitat:
This annual species is tolerant of saline conditions (Rich 1991) and is an  indicator of primary saline habitats in central Europe. It is often found on banks and bare wastelands near the sea, as well as roadsides, rubbish tips, gardens, waste places and salted road verges.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.  EURISCO reports 18 germplasm accessions of L. ruderale held in European genebanks, 13 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, seven originate from within Europe; five from Germany (stored in Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and two recorded from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma, Spain) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium spinosum Ard. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Lepidium spinosum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is insufficient information about the overall population size and trend to make an informed decision. Information is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, and potential threats in Bulgaria and Turkey. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
Native to southeastern (Bulgaria and Greece, including Crete) and southwestern (Balearic Islands) Europe, as well as to parts of western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Bulgaria, it occurs on the Black Sea coast and in Greece it is found in Crete, the East Aegean Islands and on the mainland. In Crete, it is found from 0–500 m (Turland et al. 1993).Hernández Bemejo and Clemente (1993) consider this species to be introduced in Spain.

population:
In Greece, the subpopulations are scattered but the species seems to be stable. The population size and trend is unknown in Bulgaria.

habitat:
This species can be found in fallow fields and waste places, favouring damp ground in the Mediterranean (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). In Crete, it grows in weed communities and on roadsides (Turland et al. 1993). It is also found in coastal and inland rocky areas.

threats:
Overgrazing and development for tourism are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. L. spinosum is known to occur  in protected areas in Greece. It is recommended that population  monitoring is incorporated into the management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of L. spinosum stored in European collections, only one of which is recorded to be of wild origin and which was collected in Adana, Turkey (stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed.Research is needed into the population size, distribution and trends,  life history and ecology, and potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
L. squamatum Forssk. was listed as a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family. However, in a recent revision of the Brassicaceae family, Marhold (2011) includes this species as a synonym of Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. The taxon is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lepidium squamatum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for  Europe and the Mediterranean is updated in line with the recently  revised data in Euro+Med PlantBase for the Brassicaceae family.

range:
Hanelt and IPK Gatersleben (2001) note that this species (recorded as Coronopus squamatus) is probably only found in its wild form in the  Mediterranean area and that it is widespread over Europe as a weed and  ruderal plant. According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), L. squamatum is found in Croatia but it is recorded as 'distribution incomplete'. According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), this species (recorded as L. coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz) is distributed widely across Europe, and is also found in temperate Asia and Africa. In a recent review of the Brassicaceae family, Marhold (2011) included this species as a synonym of C. squamatus; therefore, the list of occurrences is recorded in this assessment according to the distribution of C. squamatus recorded by Marhold (2011).

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. No germplasm accessions of L. squamatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).The native distribution of this taxon requires verification.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to brassica crops and garden cress, L.  sativum. It was historically collected as a medicinal and salad  plant and cultivated in gardens in west and central Europe (known from the 16th–18th centuries) (Hanelt and IPK Gatersleben 2001).


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium subulatum L. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepidium subulatum is regionally assessed as Least Concern because the European population is widespread and it does not currently face any major threats.

range:
L. subulatum is native to Spain, as well as to Algeria and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It grows in dry scrublands and in gypsum soils.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.It occurs in protected areas and SCIs. No in situ conservation measures are currently needed for the European population of this species.       EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of L. subulatum held in European genebanks, seven of which are reported to originate from Spain. Five are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, one at the Instituto Andaluz de Investigación Agroalimentaria y Pesquera, Centro de Investigación y Formación Agroalimentaria Almería and one at the Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Centro de Investigación de Zamadueñas (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) noted that Lepidium syvaschicum Kleopow is a doubtful species, close to L. cartilagineum (J.C. Mayer) Thell. and therefore listed it as a preliminary accepted species. In a recent review and update of Euro+Med PlantBase, Marhold (2011) lists the taxon as a synonym of L.  cartilagineum. In this assessment, data are provided for subpopulations of the taxon which is recognized as L. syvaschicum in Ukraine. The taxon is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There are no more than 10 localized subpopulations of Lepidium syvaschicum which only grows in salt marshes on the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. The taxon is threatened by ecosystem degradation through overgrazing and flooding of the salt marshes with fresh water. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009); however, the justification for this assessment is not currently available to inform the global assessment. Furthermore, while the taxon is recognized in Ukraine, it is listed as a synonym of L. cartilagineum in the recently revised Euro+Med PlantBase data (Marhold 2011). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient and should be re-evaluated once the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated with the most recent Euro+Med PlantBase data.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
L. syvaschicum is endemic to southern Ukraine where it is distributed on the coasts of the Azov Sea (Syvach creek) and Black Sea (in Crimea—Chersonska and Zaporizska #regions).

population:
No more than 10 localized subpopulations are found in Churuk Islands, Tubek Peninsula, on the shore of Overjanivske Lake, Arabatska spit, Tup-Tarchan Peninsula and on the islands of Dzarilgach and Bechtjari. The subpopulations are very small and restricted in area, and while some have a high population density (20–30 individuals / m2), others have a low population density of only 3–5 individuals / 10 m2.

habitat:
It is only grows in the coastal salt marshes of the Azov Sea (Syvas creek) and Black Sea in communities of Salicornietea fruticosa.

threats:
It is threatened by excessive overgrazing with cattle and flooding with fresh water from the north Crimean irrigation canal.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.L. syvaschicum is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It occurs in Syvach National Park and Dzarilgach Regional Landscape Park. Monitoring and conservation management of all subpopulations is needed. # No germplasm accessions of L. syvaschicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this taxon is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium turczaninowii Lipsky is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. It was suggested by Jalas (1996) that this species should be treated as Lepidium meyeri ssp. turczaninowii; however, Ena (2001) showed strong evidence for specific status.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)    EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Lepidium turczaninowii is assessed as Critically Endangered because it has an area of occupancy of 0.25 km², an extent of occurrence which is much less than 100 km² and is only found at one location. It is confined to a very specific habitat of clayed sea buffs and slopes which is not currently protected. The quality of this habitat is declining due to competition from other species; further, nearby housing developments and terracing of slopes are also impinging on the habitat and could potentially result in the loss of this species altogether. The species would also qualify for Vulnerable under Criterion C2a(ii) and D2.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to the surroundings of Feodosija in eastern Crimea. It has recently only been found in Ilyi Capes   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Subpopulations at five other localities on the shores of the Black Sea recorded in the early 20th century have now gone extinct. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are well below the thresholds for Critically Endangered.

population:
One known population of 5,000 individuals was discovered in 1996   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). In 2010, 3,000 individuals were counted in five localities that are very close to each other and cover an area of 0.25 km². The maximum density of the population is 230 individuals per 100 m². Correlation among young and adult individuals is 2:3.

habitat:
It grows on clayed sea bluffs and slopes (45–60o), 20–30 m asl. The soil substrate of these habitats is very specific, comprising clay of the early Cretaceous, which is only found in Feodosiya district. It is ecologically sensitive, adapted to permanent erosion of soils, moisture deficit and avoids closed plant communities.

threats:
The main threat to this species is competition from other herbs growing on the cliffs. Another threat near the localities of this species is construction work for housing and the terracing of slopes for stabilization.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. #No germplasm accessions of L. turczaninowii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. It is difficult to recreate the exact environmental conditions in which to grow this species; therefore, it is not cultivated ex situ.It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) but not protected in situ. Protection of the site has been requested but this has not yet been taken forward.


taxonomicNotes:
Lepidium villarsii Gren. & Godr. is a wild relative of brassica crops and garden cress, L. sativum L. Three subspecies are native to Europe: L. villarsii ssp. anticarium (Valdés Berm. & G. López) Hern.-Berm., L. villarsii ssp. reverchonii (Debeaux) Breistr. and L. villarsii Gren. & Godr. ssp. villarsii.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lepidium villarsii is relatively widely distributed in northern and southern Spain and occurs in the Alps in France, with a small, marginal subpopulation in Italy. Although the subpopulation in Spain is thought to be decreasing, overall, the population is not thought to be under any immediate threat and is not declining at a rate that is likely to qualify it as Near Threatened or threatened in the foreseeable future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), L. villarsii is native to France and Spain. Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) records the taxon as native to France, Spain and Andorra; however, experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop convened in April 2010 did not record the species as occurring in Andorra but noted that it is present in Piamonte, Italy. In France it occurs the three southeastern departments of   Drôme,   Hautes-Alpes and   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

population:
The subpopulation in Piemonte, Italy is very small and localized and the subpopulation in Spain is believed to be decreasing. There is no information available about the size and trend of the subpopulation in France.

threats:
As this species grows at a high altitude, it could be particularly affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
The genus Lepidium is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.L. villarsi ssp. anticarium is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the 2008 Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of L. villarsii which originate from Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be undertaken. A review of the in situ conservation status of L. villarsii is also needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Malcomia lacera ssp. lacera and Malcolmia lacera ssp. gracillima are very similar and can be confounded (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to south Portugal with a restricted range. The number of localities, the population size and trend are not known. A few threats such as agriculture, urbanisation, and quarrying have been described but it is not clear how those affect the populations. Therefore, this subspecies is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Malcolmia lacera ssp. graccilima is native to south Portugal covering a geographic range of 1,503 km². The area of occupancy is 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no population data available for this taxon.

habitat:
This subspecies occurs in sands and dunes with annual grasslands. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands

threats:
The main threats described are cultivation, grazing, sand and gravel extraction, urbanisation and tourism infrastructure development (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Malcolmia lacera ssp. gracillima is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. More information on size and trend of the populations and how the threats are affecting the subspecies should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Murbeckiella boryi is found in Portugal and in 16 provinces in Spain. It is not included in the Spanish Red List and therefore assumed to be of Least Concern.

range:
Murbeckiella pinnatifida ssp. herminii as included in the EC Habitats Directive has been reported to be synonym to Murbeckiella boryi (Castroviejo et al. 1993, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010) in which case its distribution ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to North Africa. In Portugal, this species has an area of occupancy of 700 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Spain it has been reported from 16 provinces (Castroviejo et al. 1993).

population:
Population in Portugal is 10,000 individuals but the trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species is characteristic of acid siliceous inland cliffs preferably facing north and between 850 to 1,900 m asl. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8220 "Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats for this species are the construction of skiing complex and mountaineering or rock climbing activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Murbeckiella pinnatifida ssp. herminii. It is not included in the Spanish Red List.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to north and west Portugal with an area of occupancy of 1,200 km². The total population counts between 600 and 1,500 individuals which is just around the threshold for Vulnerable D1. The population trend is unknown but there are threats to the species and its habitat such as grazing, quarries, communication networks and mountaineering activities. The species is precautionary classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion D1.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it is found in the north and west. Its area of occupancy is 1,200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population is between 600 and 1,500 individuals with an unknown trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It occurs between 280 and 1,450 m asl. in acid siliceous inland cliffs. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8220 "Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are grazing, quarries, the construction of communication networks, and mountaineering activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Murbeckiella sousae is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Information on the population trend should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Parolinia schizogynoides is classed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution and low number of recorded specimen. It has only two subpopulations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 10 km2, and population size reported to be around 550 individuals. Grazing was an important threat for this species in the past but now its negative impact has decreased and the species starts to recover.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it grows at low altitude on the western part of the island (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).It can be found distributed into two subpopulations: Barranco de Argaga and Barbolán (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Two more subpopulations were reported in the past. One of them was not re-found in 2003; the other reference is imprecise and the presence of this subpopulations has not been verified on the field. Its AOO is 1-1.5 km2.

population:
A total population size of 554 individuals was recorded in 2003 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). From these, only one mature individual occurred in Barbolán. No information on the evolution of population size is available but there is no evidence of declining trends (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This rupicolous plant occurs in steep slopes and embankments of altered environments within Grenovio-Aeonietea associations. It is also found among scrubs of Launaeo arborescentis-Schizogynetum sericeae (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Grazing has been reported to be the main threat to this species in the past (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), but its impact on the species has been reported to be currently negligible.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It occurs in the SCI Barranco de Argaga.


taxonomicNotes:
Raphanus raphanistrum L. is a wild relative of radish R. sativus L. It can form hybrids with the crop species, as they share pollinators and often co-occur (Snow 2001). This species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary   wild relative of Brassica crops   (Maxed et al. in prep). Five subspecies are native to Europe: R. raphanistrum ssp. landra (DC.) Bonnier & Layens, R. raphanistrum ssp. maritimus (Sm.) Thell., R. raphanistrum ssp. microcarpus (Lange) Thell., R. raphanistrum L. ssp. raphanistrum and R. raphanistrum ssp. rostratus (DC.) Thell.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Raphanus raphanistrum is widely distributed in central, northern, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is naturalized outside of its native distribution. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
R. raphanistrum is native to much of Europe, as well as western Asia and the Caucasus, and north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In the UK and Ireland R. raphanistrum ssp. maritimus is a strictly coastal species occurring along the south coast of England, along the Welsh coastline, the majority of Ireland’s coastline and along the southwestern coastline of Scotland (Preston et al. 2002). In addition, this subspecies has been recorded in 20 localities along the eastern coast of England and Scotland particularly occurring in East Anglia (Preston et al. 2002). In contrast, R. raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum is widespread throughout England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species is widespread across its native range and is noted as common where it occurs in Romania, Poland and Slovakia.  R. raphanistrum ssp. maritimus is common along the coast of northwest Europe (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). The dynamic nature of this species can be seen in the fluctuations in numbers observed in some countries. In the UK, Rich (1991) notes that it has declined in number as it is now controlled by herbicides, although according to Preston et al. (2002), R. raphanistrum ssp. maritimus has become more frequent over the last 100 years.

habitat:
This species is found  in coastal, plains, hills, plateaus and montane habitats (up to 2,800 m) across Europe. It can be found on shingle, cliffs and dunes near the coast and grasslands and meadow  areas, as well as occurring as a weedy species in roadsides, wasteland and arable land (Polunin 1969, Rich 1991, Fletcher 2007). It can be found in sandy, chalky, saline, or rich nitrous  soil (Warwick et al. 2009).

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species. However, where it occurs as a weedy species in arable land, the use of herbicides may lead to a decline in number (Rich 1991).

conservationAction:
The genus Raphanus is   listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 224 germplasm accessions of R. raphanistrum held in European genebanks, 208 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 175 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
R. raphanistrum is a  wild relative of and potential gene donor to radish R. sativus, and can readily cross with the crop species (Snow 2001). Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include herbicide  resistance, disease resistance and pest resistance (Warwick et al. 2009). This species is also within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary wild relative of Brassica crops (Maxted et al. in prep).This species is also an important plant for bee pollinators and is collected from the wild in some areas for food and medicinal uses.


taxonomicNotes:
There are issues with the taxonomic validity of this subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are issues with the taxonomic validity of this Portuguese endemic. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This subspecies is considered as endemic to Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population is around 10,000 individuals with an unknown trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica

threats:
In Portugal, urbanised areas, human habitation and invasion by a species have been described as its main threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Rhynchosinapis erucastrum ssp. cintrana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Research to clarify its taxonomic status is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa amphibia&#(L.) Besser is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #Rorippa amphibia is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm  from the European population is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
R. amphibia occurs from Europe south to north Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus and Siberia to Kazakhstan. It occurs more or less throughout Europe except Iceland and Norway.

population:
R. amphibia is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland but otherwise is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. amphibia typically occurs on the margins of mesotrophic to eutrophic water bodies, such as ponds, lakes and large lowland rivers.

threats:
There are no known past or ongoing threats to this species and it is unlikely to face any major threats in the foreseeable future.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed    in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for    Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.    EURISCO reports only four germplasm accessions of R. amphibia held in European genebanks. Two are reported to be of wild or weedy origin but none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm  from the European population is a priority for this species.  R. amphibia is classed as   Vulnerable in Switzerland and protected in the Provence-Alpes-Côte   d'Azur region of France.

useAndTrade:
R. amphibia is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Rorippa austriaca is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is widely distributed in central, eastern and southeastern Europe and is known to be common in Slovakia, Hungary and Germany.

range:
R. austriaca is native to central, eastern and southeastern Europe, as well as to temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010, Marhold 2011).The species is widely distributed in Slovakia (Tomšovic and Goliašová 2002), Hungary (Soó 1966, Simon 1992) and Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
It is common in Slovakia, Hungary and Germany.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This is a diploid perennial species, and is described as being invasive in parts of central Europe (Bleeker 2007). It is self-incompatible and rarely sets seed, with spread thought to occur through the dispersal of rhizome fragments (Rich 1991).In Germany, it grows in eutrophic grassland and in ruderal sites. Soó (1966) and Simon (1992) note that in Hungary, this species grows in weedy vegetation along roadsides, in wet pastures (Rorippo–Agropyretum), mesotrophic wet meadows (Alopecuretum pratensis), and in association with Bidentetea-Plantaginetea vegetation. It grows in a range of different soil types and is salt tolerant (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for     Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.R. austriaca is not protected   in Hungary (Király 2007).No germplasm accessions of R. austriaca are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
R. austriaca is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa brachycarpa (C.A. Mey.) Hayek is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Rorippa brachycarpa is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available about the species' distribution, its population size and trend, and the potential threats it faces to make an informed decision. Data need to be gathered in order to evaluate this species against the Red List Criteria in the future. In the meantime, complementary in situ and ex situ conservation measures are recommended for the more isolated populations in North Russia and Crimea.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
R. brachycarpa is native to Ukraine (including Crimea), Moldova and the Russian Federation (Marhold 2011), including western Siberia and the Caucasus (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). In European Russia, this species is found in the northern districts of Karelia and Murmansk, and in the eastern part of Central Russia, namely the lower Don and lower Wolga river basins. It is present in the central and eastern  #part of Ukraine and in Crimea (Dorofeyev 2002). This species is native in all natural zones of Ukraine; from the zone of coniferous and deciduous forest in the north, to lesosteppe (forest steppe zone), to the steppe zone, including the lowland part of Crimea where it grows in Kerczenskij Peninsula. The Ukrainian localities are near the western limit of its range.

population:
The species' range in European Russia is disjunct with a small area of occurrence in the North and a larger area in Central Russia. In Ukraine, isolated subpopulations are more frequent in the Siverskij Donez river basin in Charkivska and Luganska regions and the lower part of the Dnieper basin in Chersonska and Mykolajivska regions. In Polyska lowland and in Crimea, this species is very rare. In Crimea, there are very few subpopulations—here, it is only found in the lower part of Bijuk-Karusn River in the central area of Kerczenskij Peninsula (Rubzov 1972).

habitat:
It is found on flood plains, inundated parts of rivers and lake shores. It also sometimes occurs along roadsides as a weed (Dorofeyev 2002). It is a component of Phragmiti–Magnocaricetea, Bidentetea–ripartiti, Galio–Urticeta and Festuco–Puccinellictea communities (Diduch 2007).

threats:
In Ukraine, the main threat is drainage.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for     Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.  In Ukraine, R. brachycarpa occurs in the Danube Biosphere Reserve, Dniprovsko-Orilskij, Kanivskij and Luganskij Strilcivskij Steppe, and Staniczno-Luganskij departments reserves.Complementary in situ and ex situ conservation of the more isolated subpopulations in north Russia and Crimea is recommended.No germplasm accessions of R. brachycarpa are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa dogadovae Tzvelev is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Rorippa dogadovae is regionally assessed as Least Concern due to its relatively widespread distribution and suspected stable population in European Russia, and because it is not subject to any major threats. The main area of distribution of this species is in the Asian part of Russia and a potential rescue effect has been taken into account for this assessment.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to Ukraine and the Russian Federation, including western and eastern Siberia. In European Russia it is found in the Volga River basin in the central-eastern part of the region. In Ukraine this species is at the western limit of its range. It occurs very rarely in the lesostep (forest steppe) zone and is known from one locality in the coniferous and deciduous forests of Poliska lowland.

population:
It is a relatively widespread species in European Russia and it is suspected that the population trend is stable. In Ukraine it is only found at a few localities and the populations are small; however, here it is at the westernmost part of its range.

habitat:
It is found on open, sandy shores of lakes and rivers, and beside streams, pools and ditches (Jonsell 1968, Diduch 2007) in Isaёto-Nanojuncetea communities (Diduch 2007).

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for     Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.No germplasm accessions of R. dogadovae are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It is not protected in Ukraine.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa hispanica (Boiss. & Reut.) Willk. is included as an accepted taxon in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Brassicaceae family. However, Euro+Med PlantBase has recently been updated for the Brassicaceae family and the taxon is now considered to be a synonym of R. pyrenaica  (All.) Rchb. (Marhold 2011) (although the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean has not yet been updated in line with this change). The Plant List (2010) (based on data derived from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families in review) also records the taxon as a synonym of R. pyrenaica, a view shared by Spanish experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in April 2010. Tutin et al. (1964) included it as an accepted species but within the R. pyrenaica (Lam.) Reichenb. taxon concept, noting that it has "subcylindrical fruits equalling the pedicels".The taxon is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium  officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
Rorippa hispanica is assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated in line with the recently revised data in Euro+Med PlantBase for the Brassicaceae family.

range:
Tutin et al. (1964) recorded R. hispanica as native to Spain and the Pyrenees. The taxon occurs in France and Spain (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). In France, Rorippa stylosa (DC.) Allan ssp. hispanica (Boiss.   Reut.) Kerguélen (syn. R. hispanica) is found in the three southern departments of Pyrénées Orientales, Ariège and Haute-Garonne (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

population:
There is no information available about the population size or trend of this species as it is considered in Spain to be a synonym of R. pyrenaica and population data for the subpopulation in France (where it is recorded as R. stylosa ssp. hispanica) were not available for this assessment.

habitat:
There is no information available about the habitat of this taxon.

threats:
There is no information available about the poteential threats to  this species as it is considered in Spain to be a synonym of R. pyrenaica and data for the subpopulation in France (where it is recorded as R. stylosa ssp. hispanica) were not available for this assessment.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for     Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of R. hispanica held in European genebanks, all of which originate from Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
R. hispanica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa hungarica Borbás is recorded as an accepted species by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006). However, it is thought that this taxon is a hybrid between R. amphibia and R. austriaca (Rich and Wurzall 1988, Tomsovic and Goliašová 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Rorippa hungarica is regionally assessed as Data Deficient because its taxonomic status requires clarification.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), R. hungarica is native to Hungary and Slovakia. In Slovakia, this taxon is recorded as R. x hungarica and has only been found in the Podunajská ní?ina Lowland, Ipe?sko-rimavská brázda Region, Východoslovenská ní?ina Lowland and near Kysak (east Slovakia) (Tom?ovic and Goliašová 2002).

population:
This taxon is possibly widespread in Europe but it is not clearly distinguished.

habitat:
It occurs in lowland areas in wet meadows.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for     Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.There is some uncertainty about the status of this taxon as it is recorded as an accepted species by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) but reported to be a hybrid between R. amphibia and R.  austriaca by other sources. The taxonomy therefore requires clarification.

useAndTrade:
R. hungarica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium  officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. Two subspecies are native to Europe: R. islandica ssp. dogadovae (Tzvelev) Jonsell and R. islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. islandica.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Rorippa islandica is widely distributed in northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and has a stable population, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
R. islandica is native to most of Europe, as well as Greenland (North America) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:  Spain: occurs in a scattered distribution in the northern half of the country.  UK: confined to south Wales, 20 localities in Scotland and with a sparse and patchy distribution within Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: patchy distribution with the majority of occurrences recorded in the western half of the country (Preston et al. 2002).Norway: the distribution of this species is limited.Romania: widespread across the country.France: occurs only in the six departments of Alpes-Maritimes,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence,   Hautes-Alpes,   Isère, Savoie and   Haute-Savoie in the southeast and the department of Vosges in the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is thought to have a stable distribution in Europe. However, some sites in the UK have been lost leading to a decrease of this species, however it is unclear whether this is a continuing trend. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
R. islandica is found in high mountain sites in the southern part of its distribution in Europe (1,300 m), along the shores of mountain streams and lakes (Tomšovic 1974). In northwestern Europe this species is found in the open sandy shores of lakes, streams, pools and ditches (Jonsell 1968). In Britain this species is usually found near to the sea in open sites, occurring in open muddy habitats, near small ponds, pools, ditch banks and in depressions in pastures, and very occasionally on rocks by rivers (Rich 1991, Preston et al. 2002).

threats:
Human alterations to sites, such as the canalisation of rivers and pond drainage has led to a loss of habitat in the UK. As this species is found on exposed sites in mountainous areas in Spain, global temperature increase will effect the habitat.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa is   listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.. R. islandica is classified as Endangered (EN) in Norway (Kålås et al. 2006) and Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).  As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur naturally in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.   EURISCO reports 13 germplasm accessions of R. islandica held in European genebanks, six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
R. islandica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa kerneri Menyh. is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. Soó (1968) considers this species to be a salt marsh ecotype of R. sylvestris (L.) Besser.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Rorippa kerneri is relatively widespread and common in parts of central Europe. Although land drainage and agricultural intensification are threatening this species in some parts of its range, these threats are not likely to have a significant impact on the population overall. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Native to central Europe where it is found in Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Former Yugoslavia, Hungary and Macedonia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). It is also native to Romania. In Bulgaria, it is found north of the Black Sea in the Standja and Trakian valleys. In Hungary it is found in the Duna region, Tiszántúl, Nyírség and Pécs (Soó 1968, Simon 1992).

population:
This is a widespread and common species and the population is stable.

habitat:
It is mainly found in marshlands and orchards. In Hungary it is found in salt marshes.

threats:
Land drainage and agricultural intensification are impacting this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of R. kerneri are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It occurs in protected areas in Bulgaria (Standja). It is recommended that a monitoring program is implemented at these sites.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa lippizensis (Wulfen) Rchb. is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Rorippa lippizensis is relatively widespread in south–central and southeastern Europe. Although it is rare in Romania and Greece, it is relatively common in Bulgaria and the overall population trend is thought to be stable. While it might be impacted by overgrazing in some areas, this does not pose a major threat to the European population overall. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.   Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs. Population monitoring is also recommended.

range:
Native to south–central and southeastern parts of Europe—namely Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Turkey-in-Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

population:
It is rare in Romania and Greece, but relatively common in Bulgaria. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in wet grasslands and pastures. It prefers sub-montane habitats.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of R. lippizensis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.   Research is needed into the species' distribution and a monitoring programme should be implemented.


range:
R. microphylla occurs from Europe south to North Africa, and east through the Middle East to the Himalayas. It has apparently been introduced to Yemen, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States.

population:
R. microphylla is classed as Extinct in the Czech Republic and Endangered in Austria, Switzerland and Sweden but appears to be widespread and abundant throughout much of its European range.

habitat:
R. microphylla will grow in a very wide variety of wetlands, including streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, canals, flushes and seasonally inundated hollows in pasture.

conservationAction:
R. microphylla is classed as Extinct in Czech Republic and Endangered in Austria, Switzerland and Sweden but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
The commercially grown watercress is usually R. ×sterilis, but it is possible that R. microphylla may be locally grown or harvested.


range:
R. nasturtium-aquaticum is native to Europe, the Middle East, Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Himalayas. It has been introduced to much of Africa, parts of the Middle East, China, Japan, the Indian Sub-continent, South-east Asia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Mexico and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. nasturtium-aquaticum is classed as Extinct or probably Extinct in Estonia, Endangered in Austria and in Sweden, otherwise it is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. nasturtium-aquaticum will grow in a very wide variety of habitats, from the margins of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and canals, to flushes, seasonally inundated hollows in pasture, cattle drinking areas and even highly enriched farm outflows.

conservationAction:
R. nasturtium-aquaticum is classed as Extinct or probably Extinct in Estonia, Endangered in Austria and in Sweden (B2ab(iii)), otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
The commercially grown watercress is usually R. ×sterilis, but it is possible that R. nasturtium-aquaticum may be locally grown or harvested.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa palustris&#(L.) Bess. is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #Rorippa palustris is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm  from  the European population is however a priority for this species to ensure  that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement  programs.

range:
R. palustris is native throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe south to north Africa and Ethiopia, east through the Middle East, Himalayas in Bhutan, India and Pakistan, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and throughout China to the Russian Far East, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, as well as throughout most of North America. It also occurs in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand where it may not be native. It has been introduced to Central and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. palustris appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. palustris typically grows on organic mud on the margins of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and reservoirs, in temporary pools and on disturbed ground in marshes.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa # is listed     in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources  for    Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.    EURISCO reports only five germplasm accessions of R. palustris held in European genebanks, none of which originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm  from the European population is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa prolifera (Heuff.) Neilr. is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Rorippa prolifera is a rare species with a scattered distribution. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be relatively small—probably below 2,000 km2—and the quality of its habitat is decreasing due to overgrazing in some areas. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) B2b(iii). Further research is needed on the distribution and population trend of this species for re-evaluation against the Red List criteria. A review of its in situ and ex situ conservation status is also required.

range:
R. prolifera is native to parts of east and southeast Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be relatively small—probably below 2,000 km2.

population:
R. prolifera is known to be rare in Europe. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species occurs in grasslands, pastures, and along riversides.

threats:
It is threatened in some areas by overgrazing.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of R. prolifera are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
R. prolifera is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.

redListAssessors:
Economou, G., Uzundzhalieva, K., Maxted, N. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa pyrenaica (L.) Rchb. is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    R. pyrenaica is widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
R. pyrenaica is native to central, southern, southwestern and southeastern parts of Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).In Slovakia R. pyrenaica occurs only in the Nízke Poloniny Mountains and the ?ergov Mountains (northeastern Slovakia), with around 14 known localities # (Tomšovic and Goliašová 2002).

population:
This species is known to be common in Romania and the north of Spain, but rare in Slovakia. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
R. pyrenaica can be found on river banks, in meadows, orchards and forest edges.

threats:
The threats to this species are currently unknown, despite it being classified as threatened in national assessments.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa is   listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Endangered (EN) in Slovakia (Tomšovic and Goliašová 2002).No germplasm accessions of R. pyrenaica are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
R. pyrenaica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N. microphyllum.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium  officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. Two subspecies are native to Europe: R. sylvestris ssp. kerneri (Menyh.) Soó and R. sylvestris (L.) Besser ssp. sylvestris.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Rorippa sylvestris is widely distributed in central, northern, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
R. sylvestris is native to most of Europe and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and is generally widespread throughout its distribution.

population:
This species is common throughout its range, increasing in the number of sites and the number of individuals at some sites. It is known to have expansive/invasive properties in certain circumstances and has become more widespread in the UK since the 1950s.

habitat:
R. sylvestris is a self-incompatible perennial species (Bleeker 2007) that is found in damp areas including shingle and sandy shores of lakes and streams and pond margins (Jonsell 1968, Polunin 1969, Rich 1991). It is also found in brackish swamps and damp ground in more open sites (Rich 1991), with Polunin (1969) noting that it is often found in salt-rich areas. It can be occasionally found in gardens, roadsides, arable land and harbours (Jonsell 1968, Rich 1991). In the UK this lowland species grows on damp bare ground, margins of rivers, streams, canals and ditches, by lakes and ponds and in depressions in pastures (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa is   listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of R. sylvestris held in European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe. These two wild accessions originate from Spain and are stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma, Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
R. sylvestris is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to watercress, Nasturtium officinale and N.  microphyllum. A trait of possible future use for breeding programs is its tolerance to salt, as it is able to survive in areas with high salt levels (Polunin 1969).


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa thracica (Griseb.) Fritsch is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Rorippa thracica is widespread and common in parts of southeastern Europe and the population is stable. It is threatened by development for tourism and overgrazing in some areas, but these threats are unlikely to have a significant impact on the European population overall. # It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs. Population monitoring is also recommended—in particular, the effects of climate change.

range:
Native to parts of southeastern Europe, as well as to Asian Turkey (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Although Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) record it as native to Romania, experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in Portugal, April 2010 did not consider it to occur in Romania. It is found at altitudes of 500–1,500 m in Greece (Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009).

population:
This species is relatively widespread and common and the population trend is stable.

habitat:
In Greece, this species is found in damp meadows and clearings in woods (Lafranchis and Sfikas 2009). In Bulgaria, it occurs in grasslands and pastures.

threats:
Development for winter tourism is impacting this species in some areas and overgrazing may pose a further threat. As a high altitude species, it is likely to be highly threatened by climate change.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of R. thracica are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. Research into the species' distribution and population trend is needed and a monitoring program should be implemented.

redListAssessors:
Economou, G., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Rorippa valdes-bermejoi (Castrov.) Mart.-Laborde & Castrov.  is a wild relative of watercress, Nasturtium  officinale W.T. Aiton and N. microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb.It is possible that this species is conspecific with R. africana Maire, but further research is needed to clarify this.

redListCategoryRationale:
Rorippa valdes-bermejoi is classed as Critically Endangered because it is known from only one small population at a brook that occupies an area of less than 100 m² and counts 84 individuals of which only a very small number is mature. This plant has very low reproductive success. The only other site known has disappeared. The population is in a well protected area but is still vulnerable to changes of the water regime or competition with the natural vegetation.

range:
R. valdes-bermejoi is endemic to the Parque Nacional de Doñana in southwest Spain (Huelva). Only one population is known that occupies an area of # less than 100 m². It has disappeared from Almonte, the site it was originally described from.

population:
The species was originally described from Almonte from where it has disappeared now due to degradation of its habitat which was related to the logging of eucalyptus trees and the subsequent silting of its habitat with sandy sediments. A new population has been discovered in Palacio del Acebrón, in the brook of Rocina but its situation is critical. It has only four stands with 84 aerial stems of which less than 15% develop accessory fruit. There is not enough seed production to maintain the population by sexual reproduction but only by vegetative reproduction.

habitat:
This plant grows in a shady grove in peat dust over limestone. The forest where the population occurs is very dense with deciduous trees and tall tussock helophytes with a fringe of cork oaks and vines. It is accompanied by the following taxa: Fraxinus angustifolius, Frangula Alnus, Vitis vinifera, Salix atrocinerea, Carex panicea, C. cuprina, C. paniculata ssp. lusitanica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Thelypteris palustris and Samolus valerandi.

threats:
The hope that the only known population maintains stable in situ is minimal due to the small number of individuals and the low sexually reproductive success. In addition, an alteration of the hydrological regime of the brook of Rocina together with competition with the natural vegetation, could quickly lead this species to extinction. Logging of eucalyptus trees and the subsequent silting of its habitat with sandy sediments led to the extinction of the other known population.

conservationAction:
The genus Rorippa is listed      in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources   for    Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex.The population of R. valdes-bermejoi is within the Parque Nacional de Doñana - a well protected area and its site is currently fenced off. The plant has been successfully cultivated from seeds in glasshouses but a reintroduction of plants in 2002 was not successful. No germplasm accessions of R. valdes-bermejoi are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.   It is furthermore recommended to continue the reintroduction efforts, to monitor the population, and to ensure maintenance of the water regime of the brook of Rocina.It has been assessed as Critically Endangered A2acde, B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v);C1+2a(ii)b in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and on the Red List of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

redListAssessors:
de Vega Durán, C., Ortiz-Herrera, M., Berjano Pérez, R., Cobo, D., Talavera Lozano, S. & Lansdown, R.


taxonomicNotes:
M.G. Alexeenko (1946) divided Schivereckia podolica into five species: S. podolica (Besser) Andrz. (western Ukraine, Moldova, Romania), S. mutabilis (M. Alexeenko) M. Alexeenko (eastern Ukraine, Middle Russian upland in Russia), S. berteroides Fish ex Alexeenko (Bachkortostan and south Ural), S. monticola M. Alexeenko (central Ural) and S. kuznezovii M.Alexeenko (northern Ural). Modern systematic (Cherepanow et al. 1999) regarded Schivereckia podolica as single species with geographical and ecological variations of characteristics. So far strict diagnostic signs, for differentiation of these geographical races as independent species, are absent.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Schivereckia podolica has a disjunctive distribution area in eastern Europe ranging from Dobrodgea upland in Romania to the Ural Mountains. The population trend differs and is stable in the Ukraine and the Ural mountains with tens of thousands of individuals but is decreasing in other parts. The main threats are posed by mining activities and abandonment of pastoral   activities which leads to vegetation succession. However, it is unlikely that the species is declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories in the near future and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.In Romania, Schivereckia podolica is known from only one site with no information on the population size, trend or threats. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient for the EU 27.

range:
Schivereckia podolica has a disjunctive distribution area in eastern Europe ranging from Dobrodgea upland in Romania to the Ural Mountains. It consists of four geographical populations distributed in: 1) Romania, Moldova, western Ukraine; 2) Middle Russian upland and eastern Ukraine; 3) Volga river basin; 4) Ural Mountains and adjacent plain territory of European Russia.In Romania, Schivereckia podolica is known from Stepanechty village in Botochany county (Dobrogea upland). In Moldova, it grows near Varatice, Cabani, Duruitoarea communes; near Costesti town, Baldi county; near Coryenti, Gordinesti communes Edinet county; Ofatinti commune, Durosari county; Trebujeni commune, Orhei county (Dectiu 2002). In western Ukraine, the species grows in the Podolian upland, mainly in the Podolian Tovtry ridge and in the Dnister river basin on the territories of Kchmelnicka, Ternopolska, Lvivska, and Ivano-Frankivska regions. A single isolated population is located at the shore of Khadjibejskij liman (estuary) of the Black Sea near Egorivka and Otradove village near Odessa.In eastern Ukraine, Schivereckia podolica is known from only three localities: Marjina gora in the valley of Donec river in Artemivskij district, Donecka region; near Serebrjanka village, Lisischanskij district, Luganska region; and in the vicinity of Ochrimivka village in valley of Vovgha river in Vovczanskij district, Kharkivska region. In the Russian Upland it grows in Belgorodskaja, Voronezskaja, Kurskaja, Lipeckaja regions.This species is present in European Russia in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Komi, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Orel, Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Sverdlovsk, Voronezh, Volgograd, Ulyanovsk. In the Volga river basin, Schivereckia podolica grows in the Jiguli upland from Usolje village to the Shirajevskaja valley (70 km) in Samara region, Saratovskaja region. Some isolated localities are known from the left bank of Volga river including a single locality in Tatarstan.This plant is found in all the Ural Mountains: from Polar Ural and the adjacent territory of the Komi Autonomic Republic local populations of Schivereckia podolica are distributed across the central Ural to southern Ural and adjacent plain territory of Bachkortostan.

population:
The population trend is different in different parts of its area. In Moldova populations consist of about 100 individuals and the number of individuals is continuously decreasing (Dectiu 2002). The trend of the Ukrainian populations is stable with ten thousands of individuals (Diduch 2009).In the Central Russian upland some populations (e.g. in the landscape units Doctorova gora, Sokolova gora, Galiczja gora, in the valley of Bistra Sosna river) populations occupy hundreds of square metre. In other places such as the valley of the Chichora river, only some individuals remain (Kasakowa 1984).In the Jyguli Upland in Volga river basin, the largest population of Schivereckia podolica occupies 5-6 ha. Here, the species dominates the vegetation. In Tatarstan, a single population occupies a very small place (Czchechovskich 2006).There are nearly 100 local populations in the Ural Mountains and adjacent plain territory of Bachkortostan. The population trend of the Ural populations is mainly stable with thousands of individuals. However, some populations near Niznij Tagil city are decreasing. In northern Ural and in Komi of Schivereckia podolica are small in area and number of individuals.

habitat:
This perennial plant flowers from April to June, and sets fruit in June. It grows in rocks and stony slopes on chalk or gypsum. In western Ukraine, it is a component of plant communities of Alysso-Sedetalia ordo, Asplenietea trichomanis and Festo-Brometea classes. In eastern Ukraine, it forms part of the Helianthemo-Thymetea class (Diduch 2009).In the Middle Russian Upland, Schivereckia podolica grows in rocky steppes with thinned plant cover together with Spiraea crenata and Chamaecytisus ruthenicus in river valleys (Kazakova 1994).In the Juguli upland in the basin of the Volga river in southern and central Ural, Schivereckia podolica grows on wet shaded slopes. In northern Ural, it grows in light and warm places on the rocks near forest edges or high above the forest belt (Kazakova 1984).

threats:
The destruction of the species habitat by extraction of limestone, chalk and gypsum is a main threat along with abandonment of pastoral activities and the subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees. Infrastructure development and recreational activities also affect this plant.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is listed in the Red Data Book of the former USSR (1984) as Endangered, in the Red Data Book of Moldova (2002) as Vulnerable, in Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) without status. It is included in regional Red Data Books: Red Data Book of the Pridnestrovian Moldaian Republic (2009) us Vulnerable; Red Data Book of Doneckaja region, Ukraine (2010) as Endangered; Red Data Book of Autonomous Republics of Russian Federation; Bachkortostan (2001) as Rare, Komi (1998) as Rare, Tatarstan (2006) as Critically Endangered.In Moldova, Schivereckia podolica is protected in the landscape reserve Trebujeni. In Ukraine, it is protected in the Medobory reserve, in the national park Podilski Tovtry, in the landscape park Dnistrovskij Canjon, in zakazniks Panivecka Dacha, Cykivskij, Satanivska Dacha, Sovyj Jar, Marjina Gora; with ex situ protection in botanical garden of Doneck, Kyiv and Kamjanec-Podilskij. In Russian Federation, it is protected in Bachkirskij, Centralno-Chornozemnyj, Galichja Gora, Ilmenskij, Jygulowskij, Pechoro-Ilychskij reserves, with ex situ protection in Moscow, Samara, Sverdlovsk, St. Petersburg botanical gardens.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Sinapidendron is endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex.

redListCategoryRationale:
Sinapidendron angustifolium is assessed as Critically Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2, its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be 10 km2 or less, the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat due to development pressures. Research is needed to determine the exact population size and regular monitoring should be undertaken with management interventions where necessary.

range:
S. angustifolium is endemic to Madeira where it occurs on the south coast of the island from Madalena do Mar to Praia Formosa. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be 10 km2 or less.

population:
The population is distributed between Madalena do Mar and Praia Formosa.

habitat:
It grows on sea cliffs and in rocky sites.

threats:
The species is threatened by road construction, urbanization and development for tourism. It is also affected by alien invasive species and occasionally by landslides.

conservationAction:
This species does not occur in a protected area. A survey is needed to assess the current status of the population. Ongoing monitoring should be undertaken to ascertain the affect of the various threats to the population.EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of S. angustifolium held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm is also stored in the genebank of the Madeira Botanical Garden and University.

useAndTrade:
It is a potential gene donor for cultivated Brassica species.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Sinapidendron is endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex. Two subspecies of S. frutescens (Sol) Lowe are recognized: S. frutescens ssp. frutescens and S. frutescens ssp. succulentum (Lowe) Rustan.

redListCategoryRationale:
Sinapidendron frutescens is assessed as Endangered. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be less than 500 km2. The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due the impact of road construction and invasive alien species. There are also extreme fluctuations in the number of localities in which the species occurs. The population of S. frutescens ssp. succulentum is Critically Endangered D1 as it is suspected to comprise less than 50 mature individuals and is threatened by road construction and invasive alien species.

range:
S. frutescens is endemic to Madeira. The two subspecies are geographically separated on Madeira island—S. frutescens ssp. frutescens is frequent in the mountains of the central part of the island, while S. frutescens ssp. succulentum occurs on the north coast. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of both subpopulations is less than 5,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
The exact size and precise distribution of the subpopulations is not known. However, it is suspected that there are less 1,000 mature individuals of S. frutescens ssp. frutescens and less 50 mature individuals of S. frutescens ssp. succulentum.

habitat:
S. frutescens ssp. frutescens grows in the ravines and on the peaks of the central mountains of Madeira in shady areas, while the S. frutescens ssp. succulentum grows on sea cliffs on the north coast.

threats:
It is threatened by road construction, invasive alien species and landslides.

conservationAction:
More than 50% of the S. frutescens ssp. frutescens population is inside the boundaries of a protected area (Natural Park). However, the population of S. frutescens ssp. succulentum is not in a protected area.   EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of S. frutescens stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm is also stored in the Madeira Botanical Garden.

useAndTrade:
It is a potential gene donor to brassica crops.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sinapidendron gymnocalyx is assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly meets the thresholds for criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to the effect of alien invasive species. Although the number of locations is likely more than ten, development of road infrastructure presents a significant threat which is likely to eventually cause the population to become severely fragmented.

range:
S. gymnocalyx is endemic to Madeira where it is widely distributed on the north coast of island from Ribeira do Tristão to Ponta de São Jorge, from sea level to 100 m, although in some places the altitude can reach 200 m or more (e.g., at Montado do Pessegueiro). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500  km².

population:
This species is widely dispersed on the north coast, but each subpopulation is small, comprising only 2–20 mature individuals each.

habitat:
The main habitats are sea cliffs and rocky places. However, it can sometimes also be found on forest edges and in agricultural land.

threats:
The major threats to this species are road improvements, human intrusion and disturbance and habitat degradation due to invasive alien species.

conservationAction:
Some subpopulations occur in Madeira Natural Park. No germplasm accessions of S. gymnocalyx are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, germplasm is stored in the genebanks of the Botanical Garden and Madeira University.

useAndTrade:
It is a potential gene donor to cultivated Brassica species. There is some local limited use of the plant for fodder.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sinapidendron rupestre is endemic to Madeira where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 500 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be less than 20 km2. Less than 50 individuals have been recorded in five or fewer subpopulations and although around 50% of the population occurs within protected areas, it is adversely affected by several threats, including grazing pressure, invasive species and natural catastrophes. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered. It would also qualify for Endangered under criterion D2.

range:
S. rupestre is endemic to Madeira where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 309 km2 (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be less than 20 km2.

population:
Between 40 and 50 individuals have been recorded (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The number of subpopulations is five or fewer.

threats:
The Commission of the European Communities (2009) reported a number of threats to this species; including grazing, sand and gravel extraction, erosion, natural catastrophes and landslides, invasive species and damage by game species.

conservationAction:
S. rupestre is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Around 50% of the population occurs within protected areas.EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of S. rupestre held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a potential gene donor to cultivated Brassica species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sinapidendron sempervivifolium is endemic to the island of Deserta Grande where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 10 km2, its area of occupancy (AOO) is no greater than 1 km2, and the population comprises less than 250 mature individuals. Although it has a restricted distribution and the population is quite small, the removal of rabbits and goats from the habitat of the species has allowed the population to recover. However, until the population shows a significant increase in the number of mature individuals, it is assessed as Endangered under criterion D. If grazing was reinstated in the habitat, it would also qualify for Vulnerable D2 due to the very restricted AOO. Long term monitoring of the population and habitat should be carried out to ensure that the species continues to thrive following the removal of grazing animals.

range:
S. sempervivifolium is endemic to Deserta Grande in the Madeira archipelago (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 10 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is no greater than 1 km2.

population:
The population comprises less than 250 mature individuals. Since the elimination of rabbits and goats from the habitat of this species, it has been able to recover (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

habitat:
It is a perennial, herbaceous to suffrutescent shrub that grows in rocky areas (Warwick et al. 2009).

threats:
It was threatened in the past by grazing of introduced species (rabbits and goats) (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Landslides are a continuing local threat.

conservationAction:
S. sempervivifolium is listed in Annex I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species occurs within the Natura 2000 network.No germplasm accessions of S. sempervivifolium are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Sinapis alba L. is a primary wild relative of mustard S. alba L. Three subspecies are native to Europe: S. alba L. ssp. alba, S. alba ssp. dissecta (Lag.) Bonnier and S. alba ssp. mairei (H.Lindb.) Maire.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Sinapis alba is widely distributed in east, southeast and southwest # Europe, and is naturalized elsewhere. As this species is widespread, with stable populations and a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
S. alba is native to parts of east, southeast and southwest Europe, as well as north Africa and parts of temperate and tropical Asia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006,  USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It has been introduced to northern Europe, the Americas, Australasia and eastern Asia (Rich 1991). However widespread cultivation has obscured its native distribution.

population:
This species is common throughout its native range in southern Europe.

habitat:
This species is found on coastal plains, hills and montane habitats in open woodlands, brush, and damp steep rock faces. It is also found as a weedy species in roadsides and waste places, fields, crops, vineyards and olive groves. It can be found on calcareous, nitrous soils (Warwick et al. 2009). In the Mediterranean, it a weed of cultivated and disturbed ground (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004); for example, in Crete it is found in olive groves and other cultivated land, roadsides and maritime sands from 0–500 m (Turland et al. 1993).

conservationAction:
The genus Sinapis is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 851 germplasm accessions of S. alba held in European genebanks, 85 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 57 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
S. alba is a primary wild  relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated mustard, S. alba. This species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary    wild relative of Brassica crops    (Maxted et al. in prep.). Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high erucic acid content, pest control properties (mucilage), disease resistance (e.g black leaf spot and Turnip mosaic virus) and insect resistance. It has also been suggested as a candidate for future diversification of forage, fodder and green manure crops (Warwick et al. 2009). This species is used as a spice and for oil, as well as for medicinal purposes and is both taken from wild and cultivated for these purposes. Historically S. alba has been used to treat tuberculosis in native American people (Malecite and Micmac) (Warwick et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Sinapis arvensis L. is a wild relative of mustard, S. alba L. One subspecies and one variety are native to Europe: S. arvensis L. ssp. arvensis and S. arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W.D.J.Koch & Ziz.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Sinapis arvensis is widely distributed across Europe, does not face any major threats and the overall population trend is thought to be stable. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
S. arvensis is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and temperate and tropical Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, widespread naturalization may obscure the native distribution of this species. It has been introduced to the Americas, Australasia and South Africa (Rich 1991).

population:
S. arvensis has a generally stable population trend in Europe. However, while widespread in Poland, the number of sites is decreasing and number of individuals at each site is decreasing. It is a common arable weed in Slovakia in lowland and hilly areas, and is rare in mountainous areas (Šípošová 2002).

habitat:
This species is found in coastal plains and montane habitats up to 1,800 m. It can be found in cultivated or disturbed ground, such as dry stream beds, roadsides, railways, waste places and fields, often on calcareous soils (Polunin 1969, Blamey and Grey-Wilson  2004, Warwick et al. 2009). Seeds of this species can persist in the soil for over 50 years (Rich 1991).

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species. However, it is less frequent in arable lands in the UK due to herbicide use.

conservationAction:
The genus Sinapis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.EURISCO reports 108 germplasm accessions of S. arvensis held in European genebanks, 86 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 49 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
S. arvensis is a wild  relative of and potential gene donor to mustard S. alba. This species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is also a tertiary    wild relative of Brassica crops    (Maxted et al. in prep.). Traits of possible use for future breeding programs include high erucic  acid content, pest control properties (anti-mosquito), high photosynthetic rates, herbicide resistance and disease resistance  (e.g., black leaf spot) (Warwick et al. 2009). It is also an important plant for bee pollinators.


taxonomicNotes:
Sinapis flexuosa Poir. is a wild relative of mustard S. alba L. The species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary wild relative of Brassica crops (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Sinapis flexuosa is widespread in southeastern Spain where it grows in a wide range of habitats and does not currently face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, the subpopulations on the Canary Islands of Gomera and Tenerife are extremely localized and further research is needed into the exact population size and trend, as well as potential threats. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species, especially from the subpopulations on the Canary Islands.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), S. flexuosa is native to Spain and the Canary Islands, as well as Algeria and Morocco. However, according to Izquierdo et al. (2004) and Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), its origin in the Canary Islands is uncertain.

population:
This species is extremely localized in the Canary Islands (on la Gomera and Tenerife) but widespread in southeastern Spain.

habitat:
This species grows on non-arid to semi-arid coastal plains and montane habitats up to 1600 m (Warwick et al. 2009). It can be found on cliffs, in sandy areas, dry pastures, open woodlands and brush, often on chalky soil (Warwick et al. 2009). According to Gómez Campo #(1993), it is found in arable land, abandoned agricultural areas, temporary rivers, in calcareous soil from sea level up to 800 m.

conservationAction:
The genus Sinapis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.It occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of S. flexuosa which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. In particular, material needs to be collected from the subpopulations on the Canary Islands.

useAndTrade:
S. flexuosa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to mustard S. alba.


taxonomicNotes:
Sinapis pubescens L. is a wild relative of mustard, S. alba L. This species is within the tribe Brassiceae and as such is a tertiary   wild relative of Brassica crops   (Maxted et al. in prep). One subspecies is native to Europe: S. pubescens L. ssp. pubescens.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Sinapis pubescens is distributed in parts of southwestern and southeastern Europe. It is reported to be common in Sicily and and there are currently no known major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore national level monitoring is required.

range:
S. pubescens is native to Albania, Italy and France in Europe and parts of northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France it is confined to the departments of Aude to the south and Alpes-Maritimes to the southeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is common in Sicily. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is found in found in non-arid to semi-arid coastal, plateau, hill and montane habitats, often on chalky soil (up to 2,300 m). It can be found in rocky areas, on shaded grassy slopes, in gullies, rubble, scrub, open woodlands and brush, dry pastures, fields and meadows (Warwick et al. 2009).

threats:
S. pubescens is threatened by the use of herbicides where it is found in arable land. However this does not pose a major threat to this species at present.

conservationAction:
The genus Sinapis is listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex.It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Albania (Vangjeli et al. 1995) and as Critically Endangered in one region in Italy (Conti et al. 1997).A review of the in situ conservation status of this species is required.  EURISCO reports 13 germplasm accessions of S. pubescens held in European genebanks, 11 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, six originate from Italy and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the rest of the European range of this species is needed.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to mustard, S. alba. Research has shown that S. pubescens could be a potential gene source for improvement in Brassica napus (Inomata 1994).

redListAssessors:
Donnini, D., Draper, D., Duarte, M.C. & Branca, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sisymbrium cavanillesianum is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy is 16 km², it is found in six locations, and extreme fluctuations have been observed in its area of occupancy, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals due to climatic conditions and perturbations related to agricultural activities.

range:
Sisymbrium cavanillesianum is endemic to central and southern Iberia. There are only two disjoint nuclei in the provinces of Madrid, Toledo and Albacete, without any continuity found between these two areas (Suárez et al. 2006). Its populations appears distributed into six locations: three in Madrid-Toledo and three in Albacete, with an area of occupancy of 17 km². There are also citations for Ciudad Real, Zaragoza and Granada, but they have not been reported again for decades or have been searched for without success.

population:
Its presence has been confirmed in six subpopulations (Suárez et al. 2006). The census of 1995 showed significant decreases in population size caused by drought events.It tends to present fluctuations in population size due to climatic conditions and perturbations related to agriculture. Total population size has been estimated in 636,408 individuals.

habitat:
It grows currently in secondary habitats, on clays or loams, frequently close to streams, within ruderal communities or communities associated with crop areas. Accompanying species are, among others, Sisymbrium runcinatum, Sisymbrium austriacum ssp. hispanicum, Salsola vermiculata, Marrubium vulgare, Asteriscus aquaticus, Scolymus hispanicus, Thapsia villosa, Ziziphora aragonensis and Iberis pectinata.Annual or biennial herb that reacts quickly to rains in spring and autumn, germinating profusely and quickly completing the reproduction cycle.For the small size of their flowers, autogamy has been suggested.

threats:
Agricultural land abandonment threatens this plant as it is linked to agricultural activities, and changes in land use could affect it. Two subpopulations of El Moral (Albacete) occur in fields abandoned for the installation of wind turbines. Other potential threats include herbicide use and excessive trampling. It can also suffer from the natural competition with other species, like S. runcinatum.Subpopulations in northern Toledo have been affected by the construction of railroads for high speed transportation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and in the regional catalogues of threatened species of Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid. It is listed as VU B2ac(ii,iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (2008).The subpopulations of Albacete occur within the protected area SCI # La Encantada, El Moral y Los Torreones and the reserve of La Encantada has been created to ensure the maintenance of agricultural activities in the area. In Madrid it occurs within the SCI Vegas, cuestas y páramos del Sureste. Plantations were developed in El Moral (Albacete) in 2004.Population reinforcement measures should be implemented. Plan material should be collected from every subpopulation and stored in germplasm banks and cultivation should be developed in botanic gardens.

redListAssessors:
Moreno Saiz, J.C., Ferrandis Gotor, P., Copete Carreño, M.A., Herranz Sanz, J.M., Suárez, L.D., González Talaván, A. & Domínguez Lozano, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Sisymbrium confertum has a very restricted range being endemic to the Crimean Peninsula and European Turkey. The threats and the population size and trend are unknown but it is not classed as threatened in the Ukrainian Red Data Book and it occurs in protected areas. However, due to the lack of information it is classed as Data Deficient.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Crimea in the Ukraine and the European part of Turkey where it is confined to the shore of the Black Sea (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). In the Crimean Mountains it grows at the eastern Black Sea coast from Balaclava to Maloreczenskoje.

population:
The species is very rare in the Ukraine where it is confined to the Crimean peninsula. The subpopulations have only a few individuals but the population trend is unknown. There is no information on the Turkish subpopulations available.

habitat:
The main habitat of this annual species are salty lagoons and salty grounds near the sea side where it grows on rocky slopes.

threats:
The threats to the species in the Ukraine and Turkey are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is not classed as threatened in the Ukraine and not included in the national Red Data Book. One site is protected in the Jaltinskij reserve.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sisymbrium supinum is endemic to Central Europe. The populations have suffered from declines in the past but are nowadays stable in most if its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, due to the declines some populations are small so they need conservation attention and monitoring should be continued throughout its range as the species is still subject to habitat loss and degradation.

range:
Sisymbrium supinum is endemic to Central Europe where it extends from France to Estonia and Sweden. It has been described as an adventive species in Northwestern European Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Germany, it is classed as introduced (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).There is one single occurrence in Denmark. Latvia used to have one locality which is now extinct. In Sweden, it is found on two small islands with an area of occupancy of 672 km². In Switzerland, it can only be found at Lac du Joeux, 1,000 m asl. with an area of occupancy of 6 km². The plant is extinct in the Netherlands.There are 84 localities (70 locations) in France.

population:
The number of individuals in Sweden is 100,000 - 200,000 individuals and in Estonia 100,000 - 115,000 individuals with a stable population trend in both countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In France, there are less than 5,000 individuals but the population is stable.In Switzerland, very strong fluctuations have been observed from one year to another because of changes in the water level. During the last 10-20 years the population has been more or less  stable until a water company started to  control the water level.  Now it is estimated that there are less than 100 individuals.The populations are fluctuating, as it is an annual plant.

habitat:
Sisymbrium supinum is an annual plant but can be rarely biannual. This plant occurs in perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes, almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements and recently abandoned above-ground spaces of industrial sites   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).   It has been recorded in dry alvar grasslands with moderate disturbance by wild boars or domestic animals, in open cast mining areas, along paths, grass verges, car parking areas and different grit stone covered places. Potentially coastal limestone cliff areas may be suitable   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  It has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats:3270 Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6280 Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocks8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree8240 Limestone pavements

threats:
The modification of cultivation practices or abandonment of pastoral systems and reduced grazing lead to vegetation succession and closure of its habitat. Mining and quarrying leads to habitat loss, forest planting is a potential threat. The management of rivers and canalisation affects this species which grows on muddy river margins. The use of fertilisers and air pollution impact this plant as it can't grow on acidic soil. In Switzerland, the only population of this species is threatened by the artificial regulation of water level performed by a water company. Concrete walls have been established on some shores of the lake but as shores are a suitable habitat for this species, the establishment of more of these hydraulic structures will destroy more suitable habitat. The species needs the water level fluctuations to progress. Now the water level is artificially controlled by the water company and these  seasonal changes are just occurring every five or six years instead of  every year. The population decreased since this company started to  control the water level.

conservationAction:
Sisymbrium supinum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Sweden, it is protected and listed as Near Threatened. Some populations are in protected areas. It is also assessed as Near Threatened in Estonia.The French Red List classes the species as Least Concern, it is regionally protected in Ile-de-France and Picardie.In Switzerland, it is classed as Critically Endangered and legally protected. The company controlling water levels has been contacted by the local government and informed about the situation. This species is typically distributed throughout the Baltic countries; more research should be developed to determine how this species reached the lake and how long has it been in there. The natural habitats occupied by the species are protected. It is recommended to keep the habitat open.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #    This species is classed as Least Concern as most of distribution falls within northern Europe. In Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland and Faroe Islands, this is a common plant, especially within the boreal zone where it is often abundant on soft or gravelly bottoms. This species has disappeared from 6 out  of 22 European countries, but most of these occurrences were only  marginal and happened more than ten years ago. However, populations in the marginal areas of its distribution deserve special conservation attention.

range:
S. aquatica has a circumboreal distribution, occurring from Europe east through Siberia to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East and throughout much of northern North America. In Europe, it occurs from sea-level in Scandinavia and Iceland south to montane lakes in the Alps and Pyrenees.

population:
S. aquatica is classed as Extinct in Belgium, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and probably in the Ukraine and as Critically Endangered in Denmark. However, the species was always rare in the countries named above and at the edge of its range. The species is widespread and abundant in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and the United Kingdom.

habitat:
S. aquatica is an amphibious plant. It grows from near the mean water line down to depths of c. 2–3 m, but can also be found further up on shore segments that are only temporarily inundated but never dry out completely, e.g. in depressions or on seepage. It grows among stones, in gravel, on silt, and on moraine, in transparent water bodies, typically oligotrophic but not necessarily acidic and never dystrophic, such as lakes, rivers, pools, and the brackish northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia.

threats:
Most losses are probably due to eutrophication and changes in land use.

conservationAction:
S. aquatica is classed as Extinct in Belgium, Estonia, Germany,  the Netherlands, Switzerland and probably in the Ukraine and as  Critically Endangered in Denmark. It is protected in the Lorraine region  of France. Outside these areas it appears to be widespread and at least locally abundant with no known conservation needs. More research on the causes of the extinctions and ongoing threats is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy is critical. There are at least two similar and related species in this region.Until recently other populations from northern Hungary (distributed in the Northern Medium Mountains and Pilis Hills and on an isolated locality near Sopron) were included in the species Thlaspi jankae. Plants from these subpopulations are, however, lower, have smaller organs (petals, silicules, styles and pollen grains) and a smaller number of chromosomes (T. jankae has 28 chromosomes, whereas the north Hungarian populations have 14 chromosomes). In 1978 the north Hungarian subpopulations were described as a separate species, T. hungaricum. Several Hungarian authors continue to designate them T. jankae and they included them in this species during its monitoring for the Natura 2000 network in the territory of Hungary (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is precautionary listed as Near Threatened as its area of occupancy might be less than 2,000 km² and it might be experiencing a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat due to abandonment of traditional grazing practices. The number of locations is over ten and there are no signs of severe fragmentation of the population. Furthermore, there is no information about the Romanian population available. Some of the sites are protected.

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, Hungary and Slovakia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The natural range of this pre-Carpathian endemic plant species is disjunctive. It occurs in two areas: on the boundary of Slovakia and northeastern Hungary and in the Iron Gates in Romania.The species occurs in two subareas: in the Zobor group of the Tribeč Mts in Slovakia and in the Slovenský kras Karst, where it reaches from Slovakia to the Hungarian part of the mountain range (the karst area near Aggtelek and Jósvafő). The occurrence in other localities in Hungary and from the Danube surroundings in Banát (Porţile de Fier) in Romania, needs verification. In Slovakia there are approximately 20 localities in the southern part of the Tribeč Mts and in the Slovenský kras Karst (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
This plant can be locally abundant. In Hungary, the population is between 139,000 and 140,000 individuals with a positive trend. In Slovakia, there is a stable population of 20,900 to 69,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovakia, where the species is found in approximately 20 localities, there are hundreds of individuals in a single locality, with a density of  as many as 200 individuals per m².  Within a wider locality the species typically creates several micropopulations. The size of subpopulations and their  number in Slovakia are more or less stable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
This plant is found among grassland communities on sunlit rocky slopes, oak dry forests and their margins, and on carbonate rocks (limestones, dolomitic limestones) in hilly regions (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Occasionally it grows in abandoned orchards and vineyards. Thlaspi jankae can also be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) 6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands

threats:
The main threat is the abandonment of grazing leading to natural succession and succession of invasive species (Robinia sp.). Apart from that there are minor threats impacting the species such as quarries, forestation, fires, urbanisation, recreational activities and eutrophication.

conservationAction:
Thlaspi jankae is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Hungary but it is not on the Red List. It was a qualifying species for Natura 2000 sites (more than half of the localities).In Slovakia, it is classified as Critically Endangered and occurs in three Natura 2000 sites, covering 87% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).


taxonomicNotes:
In the Russian Flora this species is treated as Arenaria pseudofrigida.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)At European level, this subspecies is classed as Least Concern as it is relatively widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the subspecies going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, the taxon seems to be rare in other parts and there are threats present. The populations should therefore be monitored.  #For the EU 27, the Finnish populations are found at only two locations with an extent of occurrence of 806 km² but the populations are stable.

range:
This plant has an arctic distribution and is native to Norway, Finland, Svalbard and North European Russia, extending to Greenland and into the tundra of North America. The range of the subspecies in Finland is 806 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Norway, it occupies a small area on the Varanger Peninsula, and  is mainly limited to Båtsfjord municipality, with a small locality group  in Vardo (Pers Fjord). It occupies an area of about 600 km² (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Svalbard, it  has been reported from western Spitzbergen in limestone areas and  fjords. The Finnish populations are found at only two locations (45 small sites) with an extent of occurrence of 806 km².

population:
In Finland, the total population counts 5,100 tufts and has a stable trend. In Norway, it is quite frequent within its limited area, however a population decline due to habitat loss of 15-30% is expected in the near future (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Russia, local populations are small and occupy a limited area (several square meters).The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This tufted plant forms carpets and is found on limestone soil or lime rich gravelly ground, rocks, ravine, and screes.

threats:
Trampling, overuse and competition with other species are the main threats for this plant (Commission of the European Communities 2009). For Norway, overgrazing is a threat together with an expected increase in temperature that will cause the decline of this arctic subspecies (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Russia, habitat destruction, landslides, and recreational activities pose the main threats.Overall, it is noted that the subspecies is often found in very remote areas with no human pressure. As a weak competitor, it is also in need of disturbance and unstable soil in order to establish new individuals.

conservationAction:
Arenaria ciliata ssp. pseudofrigida is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is included in regional Red Data Books as rare species in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is listed as Near Threatened approaching A4c on the Norwegian Red List, but classed as Least Concern in Svalbard (Artsdatabanken 2010). This plant is classed as Least Concern in Finland.In Finland the subspecies is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005) and nearly 90% of the existing sites are in Oulanka National Park or in other areas included in the Natura 2000 network. It is included in protected areas in Russia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The European distribution of this arctic plant comprises Sweden, a few sites in Spitzbergen (Svalbard), the Rybachij Peninsula in Russia, and Norway. It is found at 17 sites in Norway and 15 sites in Sweden. The Swedish populations are stable and found in remote areas but the Norwegian sites are small and vulnerable. Arenaria humifusa is only found on  basic and ultra-basic scree and rocks and needs open and  often damp clay soil and snow patches. In Norway, climate change and the rise of  temperatures has been identified as a future threat that will lead to an estimated population decline of 15-30% in the  near future. No threats have been reported for Sweden and no information for Russia or Svalbard is available. The species is precautionary classed as Near Threatened as it is believed to approach Criterion B2ab(iii).In the EU 27, the species is only found in Sweden and is classed as Near Threatened. The extent of occurrence is 2,556 km² and the area of occupancy is 52 km². The populations count 2,000-5,000 mature individuals with a  very stable population trend. The 15 known localities are very fragmented and  isolated as it is only found on ultra-basic rocks and this is a scarce  habitat. No threats have been reported as the plant is found in remote areas with no human pressure. However, climate change could lead to habitat degradation in the future and the species would then qualify for Endangered B2ab(iii). A rescue effect from neighbouring populations is unlikely.]

range:
Arenaria humifusa extends from North America, Greenland to northern Europe. It is found in Sweden, Svalbard, Northern European Russia and Norway, where it hosts the most populations. In Sweden, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 2,556 km² and 52 km² respectively. In Svalbard, it occurs at a few sites in Spitzbergen with an area of occupancy of less than 20 km². In Norway the area of occupancy is less than 500 km². In Russia, it is found in the Rybachij peninsula.

population:
The populations in Sweden count 2,000-5,000 mature individuals with a very stable population trend. The localities are very fragmented and isolated as it is only found on ultra-basic rocks and this is a scarce habitat. There are 15 localities in total (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Norway, 17 occurrences scattered in five separate areas have been reported from northern Norway. The sites are small and vulnerable especially to temperature rise and overgrowth because they grow in open and often damp clay soil and snow patches. A population decline of 15-30% is expected for the near future. In Svalbard the whole population is smaller than 1,000 individuals (Artsdatabanken 2010).No information for Russia available.

habitat:
The species has very special ecological demands and is only found on basic and ultra-basic scree and rocks in the alpine zone. It grows in open and often damp clay soil and snow patches (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Artsdatabanken 2010). The plant is difficult to identify and to find in nature. Little information is available about it.

threats:
There have been no threats recorded for Sweden, as species is found in remote areas with no human pressure. The only potential future threat could be mining of the rocks. In Norway, climate change and the rise of temperatures has been identified as a future threat that will lead to habitat degradation (Artsdatabanken 2010). However, climate change will probably have very little impact on the Swedish sites as the ultra-basic rocks and screes are very unfriendly for other species and A. humifusa is nearly the only vascular plant growing in the sites. Most scenarios for climate change will instead improve the situation for the species (M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2010).There is no information for Russia.

conservationAction:
Arenaria humifusa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened on the national red list (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected by law.In Norway, it is also classed as Near Threatened, approaching Criteria A4c; B1a(ii)b(iii)+2a(ii)b(iii) on the national red list and in Svalbard as Vulnerable D1+D2 (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Arenaria nevadensis is listed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy do not exceed 2 km² and the species has a very scarce and specific habitat which is declining due to livestock and climate change. It is known only from one subpopulation, which undergoes extreme fluctuations, and does occupy an actual area of less than 1 km².

range:
This species is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Spain, where it can be found in one single location. Its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence is 2 km² (Gutiérrez and Blanca 2004). It is confirmed that the species does not occur in the Almirez (Almeria's part of Sierra Nevada).

population:
There is a single population, comprising 2,533 individuals, with five nuclei populations who respond to the presence of water from melting snow. Because of its status as an annual plant, there are significant variations annually in the number of individuals.

habitat:
This annual herb grows at the most elevated summits, at altitudes between 2,950 and 3,300 m. It grows on earthy sites between pebbles with certain mobility and in sandy level stretch with oligotrophic water supply from melting of the permanent snow of the most elevated summits.The domain corresponds to the series de Festuca clementei (Erigeronto frigidi-Festuceto clementei S.). Although the community has very low coverage, it can be found in the vicinity of Linaria glacialis, Viola crassiuscula, Galium rosellum, Hormathophylla spinosa, Festuca clementei, Arenaria tetraquetra ssp. amabilis, Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina, Saxifraga nevadensis, Coincya monensis ssp. nevadensis, Crepis oporinoides, Holcus caespitosus, and so on.All individuals flourish at the end of the period of growth. Each flower produces ten seeds, of which between 40-60% fail in pre-fertilization. It is estimated that 69% of the flowers produce viable seeds.The fact that it is a therophyte is quite exceptional since in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada it is almost exclusively chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes. Its development is in summer, with its growing season vegetation less than 30 days. It is pollinated by insects (mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera), the maximum Anthesis occurs in early August, although it can often overlap between different stages of phenology. The dispersal of seeds is passive and often falls in the vicinity of the mother plant, caught between the stones. It doesn't reproduce vegetatively and plagues or diseases of consideration have not been detected.

threats:
The principal threats are of natural origin; the fragility of the habitat, the fluctuations of the population due to climate conditions. It is threatened by its strict water supply requirements which make it sensitive to climate changes. Secondly it is threatened by the displacement of soil caused by the possible impact of wild herbivores and livestock and hikers.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed Critically Endangered (CR) B1ac(iii,iv)+2ac(iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada (SCI). A recovery plan has been drafted and some of its activities are already underway. There are also some seeds stored in the germplasm bank of Sierra Nevada.


redListCategoryRationale:
This French endemic is found in 16 communes with an area of occupancy of 20-30 km². It is an annual species that is difficult to count but the populations seem stable. However, potential threats to this species are posed by recreational activities and fires, and it is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion D2.

range:
Arenaria provincialis is endemic to the south of France. Its extent of occurrence is 240 km², the area of occupancy is between 20-30 km².

population:
The species is known from 16 localities, 450 data points from 1 to 5,000 individuals. The species is a small annual that is difficult to count. Individual and population numbers seem stable.

habitat:
Arenaria provincialis is a biannual heliophilous plant that can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8130 "Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species are the use of its habitat by motorbikes, trampling outside hiking tracks, pollution with rubbish, and habitat closure. This species is also sensitive to fires.

conservationAction:
Arenaria provincialis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at national level in France. The localities near Marseille-Cassis and Massif de l'Allauch are in Natura 2000 sites (Marseille-Cassis will become National Park).


redListCategoryRationale:
Cerastium alsinifolium is native to the Czech Republic where it has an extent of occurrence of 133 km² and has been recorded in 37 localities with stable populations. Abandonment of pastoral systems, forestry management, eutrophication, and invasive species have been described as threats and the species is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Red List. However, there is no indication of a continuous decline and the number of mature individuals is not known. It is therefore assessed here as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This species is native to the Czech Republic where it has an extent of occurrence of 133 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Cerastium alsinifolium has been recorded in 37 localities and its population trend is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Cerastium alsinifolium can be found with chasmophytic vegetation of siliceous cliffs, serpentine pine forests, different habitat on shallow serpentine soils (dry and also wet) – meadows, heaths, springs and forest ways   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems, forestry management, eutrophication, and invasion by a species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Cerastium alsinifolium is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
Cerastium dinaricum is found at one locality in Slovenia with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 50 km² and a declining population. The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent competition and mountaineering activities. It is assessed as Vulnerable for the moment but could be more threatened if more information on the population size becomes available and whether there is any current protection in place.

range:
Cerastium dinaricum is endemic to Slovenia with an EOO of 50 km² where it is found at one locality (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population is decreasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems which leads to competition and habitat degradation as well as species disturbance due to mountaineering activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Cerastium dinaricum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
Dianthus arenarius has four subspecies: arenarius, borussicus, pseudoserotinus, and pseudosquarrosus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). There is some discussion over the subspecies distribution. It is very complicated even for a specialist to identify  ssp. arenarius from more common ssp. borussicus. However, studies  are underway at the Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu.

redListCategoryRationale:
Dianthus arenarius ssp. arenarius is  native to  Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden. In Lithuania, it  occupies only one with 300 individuals. In  Sweden, the area of occupancy is 176 km² and it is found at 44  localities, but the subpopulations are severely fragmented and declining. In Estonia, it is found at six  localities. The main reasons for population and habitat declines are the abandonment of grazing activities, forest plantations, urbanisation and road  infrastructure. In Latvia, there are #40-60 localities with a stable population trend and this seems to be the stronghold of the species. This suggests that the species might face a low risk of extinction at European scale and it is therefore classed as Least Concern. However, it is recommended to check this assessment with an expert on the Latvian flora.

range:
Dianthus arenarius ssp. arenarius is native to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden. In Lithuania, it occupies only one site in the south with a few hundred square metre. In Sweden, the area of occupancy is 176 km² and it is found at 44 localities.

population:
In Estonia, it is found at six localities. There is insufficient observation data for a longer period, as before 2000, the species has been treated sensu lato and was not protected in Estonia. In Lithuania, 300 individuals were counted at the only location and this population is decreasing as the site is overgrown by  pine trees. In Latvia, there are #40-60 localities with a stable population trend. From Sweden,&#at least 150,000 mature individuals have been reported, but the number of individuals as well as the range and number of sites are declining and the sites are reported to be severely fragmented (ArtDatabanken 2010).

habitat:
This perennial tufted herb can be found in thinned pine forests and their clearings, forest edges, open dry calcareous sand, heathland, sandy soil on limestone not acidic, sometimes in old dunes and in continental dunes.It has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).1620 Boreal Baltic islets and small islands2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region4030 European dry heaths6280 Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocks9010 Western Taïga

threats:
The main threat to the species comes from habitat loss due to natural succession facilitated by the abandonment of grazing activities, by forest plantations which close the canopy, urbanisation and road infrastructure.

conservationAction:
Dianthus arenarius ssp. arenarius is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Sweden, it is classed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) and is found in protected areas. In Lithuania, the species (D. arenarius) is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List. It is found in protected areas and Natura 2000 sites. # The national red list status in Estonia and Latvia is not known.It has to be stressed that the species is moderate disturbance dependent and that has to be taken into account in conservation management. It is therefore recommended to preserve the habitat by grazing the area to keep low grassland and to use horses.

useAndTrade:
In Sweden, it is a common garden plant, and has been found many times escaped from gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no evidence of population or habitat declines for this Czech endemic however it is classed as Critically Endangered at national level. Therefore, it has to be assessed as Data Deficient as there is clearly information missing.

range:
Dianthus arenarius ssp. bohemicus is native to the Czech Republic. Its geographic range is around 263 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population has been estimated at about 2,000 tufts and the trend is increasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This subspecies grows mainly in sand and shallow soil grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It forms part of the associations Plantagini-Festucion ovinae and Corynephorion canescentis.

threats:
The main threat to the species is the abandonment of pastoral systems and the subsequent succession which makes it difficult for the species to compete.

conservationAction:
Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Red Book and Red List (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Holub and Procházka 2000). It is protected in the national natural monument Kleneč near Roudnice nad Labem.


taxonomicNotes:
Dianthus cintranus ssp. cintranus may have been confused with Dianthus gaditanus, in Spain (Cadiz) (Castroviejo et al. 1990).

redListCategoryRationale:
Its very restricted area of occupancy and the issues with fires and invasive species qualify this subspecies for a Vulnerable category under D2. It is close to meet the thresholds for an Endangered category, under the B criteria, as the population is considered severely fragmented, the number of locations are probably only two, but as it is found in a protected area, the quality of habitat is not considered to decrease at the moment. If that was to change, due to invasive species for example, this subspecies might quickly become Endangered.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to Sintra, in the centre west of Portugal. The area of occupancy is 18 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are two main subpopulations in Cabo da Roca and in Punto do Assobio of some thousands individuals and several small subpopulations dispersed some kilometre apart from each other and with low numbers (ICNB 2006). The population size has been estimated between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals but its trend is unknown   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It occurs in skeletal soils on granite, sands and rock fissures and can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
Natural fire and invasion by other species, such as Acacia melanoxylon, have been described as threats. Urbanisation and forest plantations are also impacting the subspecies habitat (ICNB 2006).

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is considered as Vulnerable at the national level (Ramos Lopes and Carvalho 1990) and in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). The plant is protected at national level and its populations are found in the Parque Natural de Sintra-Cascais (ICNB 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) EU 27 regional assessment: # Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Dianthus diutinus is native to Hungary and Serbia. #The main range of the species is in Hungary and the overall area of occupancy (AOO) is expected to be less than 500 km². In Serbia it was historically found in six localities but is now only present at one locality with a population of less than 1,000 mature individuals. The Hungarian populations have been stable in the last ten years but count as severely fragmented. The habitat quality and extent of the species are declining mainly due to the invasive locust tree. Plantations of this tree have been one of the main causes of extinctions in Serbia together with transformation of natural habitats into  agricultural lands and, to a lesser extent, grazing. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Dianthus diutinus is native to Hungary and Serbia. The area of occupancy is expected to be less than 500 km² and the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km².In Serbia it was found in six localities in the sandy steppes in north Vojvodina (Suboti;ko-Horgo Sands) and along the Danube in northeastern Serbia. It is now extinct from five localities, while only one subpopulation survives in the Kladovska Sands in northeast Serbia.Therefore the overall area of occupancy is still expected to be smaller than 500 km².

population:
The population for Hungary has been estimated to be at least 13,000 to 16,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The trend of the population has been stable in the last ten years. Some subpopulations are threatened but they are included in Natura 2000 sites. However, the subpopulations count as severely fragmented.In Serbia the size of the single remaining subpopulation in Kladovska Sands is  estimated at less than 1,000 mature individuals, distributed over a few hectares only  (Niketić and Butorac in: Stevanović 1999).

habitat:
Dianthus diutinus is found in primary sand steppes, in calcareous sand only. # This is a rare habitat type. In Serbia it inhabits continental sandy-steppe from the alliance Festucion vaginatae and it is member of the community Alysso-Festucetum vaginatae. It has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6260 Pannonic sand steppes91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)

threats:
The main threat to the Hungarian subpopulations is walking and trampling and some subpopulations are in military areas. Competition with the invasive locust tree is still an issue and leads to slow habitat declines.In Serbia the main causes of extinction are forest plantations with locust tree on the sandy steppe, transformation of natural habitats into agricultural lands and, to a lesser extent, grazing.

conservationAction:
Dianthus diutinus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Hungary, it is classed as Endangered on the national Red List and strictly protected (Király 2007). Over 80% of the populations are in protected areas in Hungary. In Serbia the species is protected by law, however, the single locality is not protected. It is classified as Critically Endangered (B1+2cd) on the national Red List (Niketić and Butorac in: Stevanović 1999).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is classed as Vulnerable as it is only found at one location. The population is stable, there are no major threats and the entire population is included in a protected area. However, this protection is not very secure at the moment and the loss of the protected area status could lead to a rapid species decline mainly due to tourism and recreational activities.

range:
The species is endemic to the Ukraine where it only grows in granite slopes of the river Pivdennij Bug.

population:
The species has many thousand individuals but is still considered a rare species. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
It is found on granite slopes of the river Pivdennij Bug.

threats:
Building of the south Ukrainian electric extensions in the 1920s led to an elevation of the groundwater level and part of the populations were inundated. Seeds of the remaining plants were collected and preserved in the national botanic garden of Kiev. Eighty years ago this critical situation ended by reintroducing the plants and the populations are increasing now.There are no threats to the species at present as its only locality is currently protected. Potential threats could come from tourism and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Ex situ protection in national botanic garden in Kiev was successful and the species was reintroduced into its natural habitat. This ex situ protection is still ongoing. It is included in the Ukrainian Red Data Book (Diduch 2009) as rare. The territory where the species is found is included in a national park.


taxonomicNotes:
It is known as Dianthus praecox ssp. lumnitzeri in Slovakia and also&#as D. plumarius ssp. lumnitzeri and D. plumarius ssp. regis-stephani. There is some taxonomic disagreement if this is a species or a subspecies. But taxonomic studies are underway at the University of Heidelberg and the Corvinus University in Budapest.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  It is widespread and stable, most of the populations are included in protected areas but it is still subject to a few threats. However, it is currently assessed as Data Deficient as the taxonomy of Dianthus lumnitzeri needs to be clarified.

range:
This species is a pre-Carpathian subendemic and native to Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary. Total geographic range is 1,194 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovakia, 46 sites are recorded (Polák and Saxa 2005), 12 of them were selected for monitoring in five year intervals. The pure type is supposed to occur only at the locus classicus (Devin castle rock near Bratislava). There are about 20 microlocalities in the Malé Karpaty Mts.In the Czech Republic, it is found at four sublocalities. In Austria, it occurs only in Hainburger Berge, where it is quite common. The information for Hungary is for D. plumarius ssp. regis-stephani, but there is no data for the subspecies lumnitzeri.

population:
The overall population size is stable.In Slovakia, the populations are stable at most places. According to Polák and Saxa (2005) most of the localities have hundreds of individuals, on only seven sites there are less than 50 individuals. In Czech Republic, there are less than 300 individuals with a stable trend. There are two localities where it was planted. In Hungary, it is found in five small regions but there is no actual data about this species. The populations have a stable trend in Austria.

habitat:
This plant grows in tufts and usually occurs on rock-outcrop vegetation with Festuca pallens, narrow-leaved dry grasslands, Sesleria grasslands, shallow rock soils on limestone in hilly areas. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands8160 Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
There are a few threats affecting this plant. Small scale collection from the wild for horticultural use is minimising the number of individuals. Invasive species, closing of the tree canopy, high numbers of game species, and recreational activities impact this plant. Forestation with pine poses a threat at some sites. Natural succession in steppic grassland communities leads to increased competition.

conservationAction:
Dianthus lumnitzeri is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Slovakia and Austria, it is protected and classed as Vulnerable in the national red lists. It occurs in many nature reserves and four areas of European importance (89% of localities) in Slovakia and is also found in protected areas in Austria. Ex situ conservation is carried out by the University of Vienna. In the Czech Republic, it is listed as Endangered, is protected, and found in sites of community importance and protected areas. It is also strictly protected in Hungary, but classed as Data Deficient. All the Hungarian localities are in Natura 2000 sites and protected areas. Taxonomic research to determine its status of species or subspecies is underway.

useAndTrade:
This Dianthus sp. is sometimes collected and planted in private gardens but the transfer of adult plants is usually unsuccessful.

redListAssessors:
Dostalova, A., Bernhardt, K.G. & Király, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Dianthus marizii is native to northeast Portugal where it has an area of  occupancy of less than 1,000 km². The plant has been described as abundant in parts of its range but there is no information on the population size or trend available. Urbanisation is one of the main threats to the species together with the  planting of forest in its habitats, and quarrying. However, it is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This species is native to northeast Portugal where it is found in the massifs of Bragança-Vinhais and Morais (ICN 2006). The area of occupancy is less than 1,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

population:
The plant is abundant on the ultrabasic rocks of Bragança-Vinhais but becomes less frequent in Morais towards the south. There is no information on the population size or trend available.

habitat:
Dianthus marizii is a woody shrub of up to 30 cm height. This species is characteristic to xerophile communities on skeletical soils originated from ultrabasic rocks. Other habitat where this species can develop is Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Urbanisation is one of the main threats to the species together with the planting of forest in its habitats. The plant is found on ultrabasic rocks and therefore extraction and disposal of the inert material also leads to a degradation of this habitat. Succession processes and the replacement of the natural vegetation is making it more difficult for this Dianthus sp. to compete (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Dianthus marizii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and protected by national law in Portugal.The plan for the Natura 2000 network in Portugal (ICN 2006) recommends to manage the species' sites in a way that controls urbanisation, quarrying and forest planting in its habitats. Controlled fires to stop vegetation succession is also suggested.


redListCategoryRationale:
Dianthus moravicus is endemic to the Czech Republic with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 300-400 km² and a stable population counting around 4,700 tufts. Threats known for this species include collection, paths and trampling, mowing, and invasive species. It is  classed as Endangered in the Czech national Red List and is a strictly protected plant in the Czech Republic. However, the number of locations is not known neither whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment but very probably needs to be placed in a threatened category.

range:
Dianthus moravicus is commonly known as Moravian Pink and it is endemic to the Czech Republic with an AOO of 300-400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population has been estimated as 4,700 tufts and it is believed to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Dianthus moravicus grows among rock-outcrop vegetation with Festuca pallens, Sesleria grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are collection of the species, paths and trampling, mowing, and invasive species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Dianthus moravicus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is  classed as Endangered in the national Red List (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Holub and Procházka 2000) and is a strictly protected plant in the Czech Republic. Information on the number of locations and how the threats are affecting the species is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Dianthus moriasianus belongs to the complex of D. sylvestris Wulfen and shows similarities with D. sardous, from which it is differentiated by the ecology and some morphological characters (Bacchetta et al. 2010).&#Dianthus morisianus was considered as subspecies of&# D. siculus (Arrigoni 2005), but is now accepted as a separate species (Bacchetta et al. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Dianthus morisianus is endemic to  southwest Sardinia, where it grows in a single population. It has an  extent of occurrence (EOO) and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km². The number of individuals is unknown. The extent and quality of the habitat are continuously declining due to recreational activities and trampling by tourists, and a large conifer plantation. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Dianthus morisianus is endemic to southwest Sardinia, where it grows in a single population. It has an EOO and an AOO of 4 km².

population:
Dianthus morisianus occurs in one population near Portixeddu, corresponding to the locus classicus, in stabilized sandy dunes. The number of individuals is unknown.

habitat:
Dianthus morisianus grows on stabilized dunes, with high amount of organic matter, quite far from the coast (Fenu et al. 2010).

threats:
The main threats to the species are associated with the exploitation of the sites for recreational purposes and for agriculture. In particular a large plantation of conifers has modified part of the dunes. Moreover, trampling by tourists is affecting the species.Other threats are the risk of fire and inbreeding depression due to the small size of the population (Fenu et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
The growing site of D. moriasianus is included in a SCI (site of community interest) "Is Compinxius-Campo dunale di Buggerru – Portixeddu” (ITB042247) and the species is the subject of a conservation project, PRIN, entitled "Conservazione ex situ e caratterizzazione tassonomica, ecofisiologica e genetica di specie minacciate della flora spontanea italiana".Seeds of the species are stored in the Seed Bank of Sardinia (BG-SAR).


taxonomicNotes:
The species is divided into two subspecies:&#Dianthus nitidus ssp. nitidus and D. nitidus ssp. lakusicii. The nominate subspecies is an endemic to the Western Carpathians, with its occurrence limited to the territory of Slovakia. Dianthus nitidus ssp. lakusicii is found in Montenegro and Serbia.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Dianthus nitidus is a European  endemic which is native to Slovakia, Serbia, Montenegro and Poland, but is assumed to be extinct in the latter.It  has been recorded recently at approximately 30 localities in Slovakia with a long term decrease in the number of localities but the populations are currently assumed to be stable. In Montenegro, it is classed as Critically Endangered D which  implies  that there are less than 50 mature individuals in total. The subspecies D. nitidus ssp. nitidus is recorded at a single location in each of Serbia and Montenegro, with a very small geographic range. The main threats are the collection and trampling of # the plants near   tourist trails, altering of the ground by erosion and falling of rocks,   the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to overgrowth by woody   plants and forestation by dwarf pine. In Serbia the main threat is the development of skiing complexes. The species is classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii,iv). In the EU 27 member states it is only present in Slovakia and possibly extinct in Poland. In Slovakia the area of occupancy is 1,800 km² and it occurs at 30 localities. There has been a long term decrease, but the populations are stable at the moment and all the sites are protected. # As there are current threats to the species, it is classified as Near Threatened, approaching Criterion B2ab(iii,iv).

range:
Dianthus nitidus is a European endemic. It is native to Slovakia, with a defined # geographic range of 1,800 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Poland, the plant was recorded in Mt. Pieniny in the 19th century but has never been observed there again and is now very probably extinct.In Slovakia, it has been recorded recently at approximately 30 localities  in the Krivánska Malá Fatra Mts, the southern part of the Veľká Fatra  Mts, the Chočské vrchy Mts, Západné Tatry Mts and in the limestone parts  of the Nízke Tatry Mts. An isolated occurrence has been recorded in the  Súľovské skaly rocks (as a #relict at an altitude of 370 m asl) and in  the Lúčanská Malá Fatra Mts. In the past the species also grew in the  Strážovské vrchy Mts, the Súľovské vrchy Mts, in the northern part of  the Veľká Fatra Mts, in the surroundings of Mt. Choč, in the eastern  part of the Nízke Tatry Mts, in the Slovenský raj Mts and on the Slovak  part of the Pieniny Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).It is represented in Montenegro and in Serbia (Mt Prokletije) by the subspecies lakusicii T. Wraber (V. Stevanović pers.comm. 2010). The small range of the ssp. lakusicii is more than 800 km south from the main range of the species in Mts Velika and Mala Tatra.

population:
There are no data on the number of individuals but it has been recorded in 31 localities in Slovakia   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In spite of a #long term decrease in the number of localities in Slovakia, the species  is not threatened with extinction  (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). There is no information on the population size of Dianthus nitidus ssp. lakusicii. It is recorded at a single locality in  both Montenegro and Serbia. The extent of occurrence is 100 km2 in each state, while the area of occupancy is significantly smaller and is less than 10 km2 in both cases. In Montenegro, it is classed as Critically Endangered D which implies   that there are less than 50 mature individuals in total (Petrović et al. 2008).

habitat:
The plant is found in clear-cut areas, rock pastures, rocks and scree in montane to subalpine vegetation belt on limestones and dolomites (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Serbia and Montenegro it grows both on limestone and siliceous rocky grounds in the subalpine zone, between 1,250 and 1,750 m asl, inhabiting ass. Gentiano-Anemonetum elatioris from class Caricetea curvulae, order Seslerietalia comosae, alliance Jasionion orbucularis. In Slovakia it is a member of ass. Seslerieto-Sempervivetum fatrense on subalpine limestone and dolomite bedrocks. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests

threats:
The main threats are the collection and trampling of the plants near tourist trails, altering of the ground by erosion and falling of rocks, the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to overgrowth by woody plants and forestation by dwarf pine (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).The species is also threatened by the development of outdoor sport and leisure facilities, for example, in Serbia the construction of skiing complexes is one of the main threats.

conservationAction:
Dianthus nitidus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Montenegro, the species is protected by national law (Official Register of the Republic of Montenegro, no 26/06). It is classed as Critically Endangered in Montenegro and Serbia. Dianthus nitidus ssp. nitidus occurs in eight protected areas (SACs), covering 100% of its localities in Slovakia. The status in Slovakia is Near Threatened (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

useAndTrade:
In Slovakia the plant is threatened by collection (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListAssessors:
Ferakova, V., Mereďa, P., Hodálová, I., Eliáš, P., Petrović, D. & Stevanović, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Dianthus plumarius ssp. regis-stephani is endemic to Hungary where it has a restricted # geographic range of 2,077 km². The number of sites is not known, nor whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented. The main threats described are natural succession of dry grasslands and trampling by humans and livestock. However, the population as well as the habitat are stable at the moment and the subspecies benefits from national protection.

range:
Dianthus plumarius ssp. regis-stephani is native to Hungary where it has a geographic range of 2,077 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population has been estimated between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 individuals with a currently stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands

threats:
The main threats are natural succession of dry grasslands and trampling by humans and livestock. Further potential threats described are related to the conversion of its natural habitat for mining, urbanisation or forest plantations. However, the habitat is stable at the moment (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Near Threatened on the national Red List (Király 2007) and is protected under national law.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three subspecies in Italy: Dianthus rupicola ssp. aeolicus (Lojac.) Brullo & Minissale (endemic to Sicily)Dianthus rupicola ssp. lopadusanus Brullo & Minissale (endemic to Sicily)Dianthus rupicola ssp. rupicola

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it almost meets criteria B2 with an area of occupancy between 500 and 1,020 km² and a continuing decline of the quality of its habitat, but it is found at numerous locations.

range:
Dianthus rupicola is a native species to southern Italy and Sicily, Mallorca (Spain) and Tunisia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The area of occupancy in Italy is between 500 to 1,000 km². In Mallorca, the area of occupancy is only 20 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species is considered as locally abundant. Population estimated for Spain is 500 individuals. In Italy, the species has been recorded in 65 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and many sub-populations are known (more than 100).

habitat:
This species is found in coastal cliffs and inhabits the Habitats Directive habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Competition with invasive species such as Carpobrotus spp. and Opuntia spp. is a major threat. Locally, it can also be impacted by fires and urbanisation.Taking and removal of flora and mining have been described as further threats for this species          (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected at national and regional level in Spain and is classified as Vulnerable on the Italian and Spanish Red Lists. The spp. aeolicus is listed as Endangered in the Italian Red List. Many subpopulations are found in protected areas. Monitoring of vegetation changes in relation to invasive species and controlling the urban sprawl in tourist areas are the main conservation measures. More research on the population size and trends are also needed.

redListAssessors:
Moreno Saiz, J.C., Gargano, D. & Montagnani, C.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species is questionable and more research is needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Central and Eastern Europe and is found in  Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Poland, Austria, and Slovakia. Information on population size and trend was only partially available for the species range and there are also taxonomic uncertainties around this species that need to be clarified. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Central and Eastern Europe and is found in Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Poland, Austria, and Slovakia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).In Hungary, there are scattered populations in the lowlands between the Danube and Tisza rivers and on the foot of the hills in the surrounding areas. The extent of occurrence in Hungary is estimated to be about 10,000 km². In Serbia it is recorded only in the Subotičko-Horgoška Sands near the border with Hungary. Old records of the species occurrence in Mt Fruška Gora (in the Srem province of Vojvodina) appear to be erroneous.The species has been erroneously reported from Ukraine, but this reference is to a herbarium specimen collected in Slovakia (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

population:
In Hungary, it is not rare on calcareous sandy soils whereas in Austria, it is rare on calcareous sandy soils in one locality (Marchfeld, protected area "Sandberge"). In Serbia there is a single subpopulation with an estimated 150 mature individuals growing in a very small area in the Subotičko-Horgoška Sands (Boža 1997). There is no information for the other countries available.

habitat:
The species has been reported from Pannonian dry grassland on calcareous sandy soils and sometimes also from acidic sandy soils. It can be found at the following Habitats Directive listed habitats:6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands6260 Pannonic sand steppes91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)

threats:
One of the main threats is forestry management, e.g. in Robinia stands, by using methods to dig up the soil. It is also affected by the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to succession and invasion of the habitat. In some military areas, trampling and motorised vehicles affect this plant.In Serbia sand-steppe habitats are threatened by forestry plantation with pine and locust trees or conversion into agricultural lands. The spread of invasive species Asclepias syriaca and picking for ornamental purposes also harm the plant.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Hungary, it is protected and classed as Near Threatened on the Red List (Király 2007). Most populations are in Natura 2000 sites and protected areas. It is classed as Data Deficient in Croatia (Flora Croatica Database 2004).In Austria, it is considered as Critically Endangered, ex situ and in situ programmes are underway and seeds are stored in a gene bank (Bernhardt et al. 2008).In Serbia the species is protected by law and the single population occurs in the Selevenjske Pustare Nature Reserve in the Subotičko-Horgoška Sands area. There the plant is classed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book   (Stevanović 1999).The taxonomy of this species needs to be clarified.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Bulgarian endemic is currently only known from two localities near Sofia. There is no information available on the population size or trend, area of occupancy and how agriculture is affecting this species. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria and occurs at two sites near Sofia (one of it is Mt. Ljulin). It was believed to be extinct but has been rediscovered (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
Only two subpopulations near Sofia are known (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

habitat:
Perennial herb that grows in grasslands mixed with trees (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
The main threat is agriculture (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Italian region  Veneto where it  occurs at 15 severely fragmented localities with an extent of occurrence of less than 100  km². Its total population counts less than 250 mature individuals with a stable trend. The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems and the subsequent changes in native species dynamics. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy where it is found in the region of Veneto and was also doubtfully recorded from Trentino-Alto Adige. It occurs at 15 localities with an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km².

population:
The population counts less than 250 mature individuals with a stable trend but it suffers from severe fragmentation.

habitat:
This plant can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8120 "Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems and the subsequent changes in native species dynamics (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Gypsophila papillosa is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


taxonomicNotes:
Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011) treats this species as Minuartia verna ssp. verna in which case the distribution would be more widespread.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomic status of this species is doubtful and it is sometimes treated as a synonym of the more widespread M. verna ssp. verna. Should Minuartia smejkalii continue to be treated as endemic to the Czech  Republic only, it will very probably be at least Endangered, as its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 268 km², the area of occupancy is smaller than 10 km² and the total population has only around 336 individuals (tufts). It is found at four  localities which are threatened by forest cutting, plantations, and mining. It is assessed as Data Deficient for taxonomic reasons at the moment.

range:
Minuartia smejkalii is endemic to the Czech Republic its EOO is 268 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The actual area occupied by this species is 50 ha.

population:
Population in the Czech Republic has been measured in 336 tufts   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Only found at four localities with one of them being in a very bad condition. Three localities are close to each other and one is a bit further away.

habitat:
This perennial, tuft forming plant is present in chasmophytic vegetation of siliceous cliffs and boulder screes and Peri-Alpidic serpentine pine forests (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is a weak competitor.

threats:
Threats include trampling by people and forest management. Especially clear cutting for planting new trees, is destroying the subpopulations and the subsequent overgrowth steals the light. Some localities are threatened by mining of the serpentine soils.

conservationAction:
Minuartia smejkalii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is categorized Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and protected at national level at the highest category. A rescue programme is under preparation but has not started yet. Forest management that only cuts selected trees is needed for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moehringia fontqueri is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy is very reduced and although the species seems to be not particularly threatened at present, it has a severely fragmented range and could be easily affected by stochastic events. There are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
This species is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Almeria and is found mainly on the north slopes. It also appears  in the ravine of  Ohanes on the south slopes (Peñas de Giles and Lorite 2004). Its geographic range is 200 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been considered a single population, although very large and severely fragmented into 71 subpopulations comprising a total of 115,000 individuals.  The actual area of occupancy is less than 2.4 km².Fluctuation was observed in individuals reproductive rate and a high rate of abortion of seeds (40%) is evident, with few seeds apparently viable for flowering.

habitat:
It grows in steep areas, developing in cracks and crevices of vertical siliceous rocks, usually in favourable microclimate without direct sunlight. It forms part of the phytocenosis of chasmophytes of the alliance Saxifragion nevadensis (Centrantho nevadensis- Sedetum brevifolii and communities of Saxifraga nevadensis and Moehringia fontqueri). Plants living in similar territory are Androsace vandellii, Saxifraga trabutiana, S. nevadensis, Asplenium septentrionale ssp. septentrionale, Centranthus nevadensis and Cystopteris fragilis.It is a Hemicryptophyte that germinates and sprouts in the middle of May. Flowering begins in early June (in individuals who are at lower altitudes) and continues until early August (for those that live at higher altitudes), with a peak in mid July. In some individuals fructification occurs in July but most do in August, ripening towards the end of this month. The dispersal of seeds occurs immediately after fruition, the capsules adopt a mature pendulous, so that seeds often get very close to the parent plant, often remaining on the same cleft or in the same crevice.

threats:
There are no direct threats to the species. But the extreme fluctuations of the population, low ecological flexibility and the restricted habitat make the species vulnerable to natural disasters like fires, droughts, diseases etc.  Human activities do not threaten  the species directly at present, but some subpopulations are potentially threatened by stock-breeders, roads and trails and reforestation activities.

conservationAction:
Moehringia fontqueri is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The distribution area is included in the Biosphere Reserve and National and Natural Park on the Sierra Nevada mountain range (proposed as a SCI). Seeds are stored in seedbanks.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moehringia hypanica is endemic  to the Ukraine where it is restricted to the southern part of the  Pridnjeprovian upland in the Mykolaiv region. Only five localities are known in a restricted area with an extent of occurrence (EOO) below 5,000 km². The populations are very small with only  30-50 individuals in every populations. It therefore assumed that the whole population counts less than 1,000 individuals and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. The main threat are changes of ecotopes due to recreational activities but it is not clear how that affects the populations and more information needs to be collected.

range:
Moehringia hypanica is endemic to the Ukraine where it occupies an area in the southern part of the Pridnjeprovian upland in the Mykolaiv region. Only five localities are in the canyons of the rivers southern Bug (near Yuznoukrainsk town and Bogdanivka village) and Mertvovod (near Actove and Petropavlivka villages and in the landscape unit Labirint). The EOO is below 5,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations are very small in area and number of individuals: only 30-50 individuals in every subpopulation. It is only known from five localities.

habitat:
This perennial grows on granitic outcrops and corniches (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
The main threat are changes of ecotopes due to recreational activities.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Rare and is protected in the national park Buskij Gard and in the protected landscape unit “Labirint”.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is native to Bulgaria and Romania. In Bulgaria, there are three known populations in northeastern  Bulgaria and eastern Stara planina mountains that are  severely fragmented. One locality is threatened by erosion of its limestone rock habitat; tourism and  recreational activities are further potential threats. There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for the Romanian population. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is native to Bulgaria and Romania (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Bulgaria, it is found in northeastern Bulgaria and eastern Stara planina mountains and the populations are severely fragmented.

population:
In Bulgaria, there are three known populations, but two are fairly close to each other. Two localities with three locations. There is no information on the Romanian populations available.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows on vertical rocks on limestone, but is also found on silica.

threats:
At one locality, the limestone is not very hard causing erosion of the rock and that leads to changes in the population. Tourism and recreational activities in the designated World Heritage site might also affect this species.

conservationAction:
Moehringia jankae is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Endangered (EN) D (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). The species is protected at national level and found in natural parks and Natura 2000 sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. The species becomes more common towards Russia. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and research into the causes of those declines as well as adequate measures to prevent this are needed.Even at European 27 level and although classed as threatened in various countries, the species does not reach any of the thresholds for a threatened category and is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, conservation measures for the declining populations should be kept in place and intensified if necessary.

range:
Moehringia lateriflora ranges from  Europe to Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East, and North America. The European  range is mainly in Scandinavia and the northern and central part of  East-European plain. This species is native to Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, and Central, Eastern, Northern and Northwestern European Russia. In Ukraine, Moehringia lateriflora reaches southern limit of area. It is known only from three localities near northern boundary of Chernigivska region. In Sweden, it occurs in the northeast only and is found on four islands with an area of occupancy of 24 km². In Lithuania, it went probably extinct 50 years ago due to the passing of electricity power cables. In Estonia, there is only one location in the northeast. In Norway, it occurs in Finnmark only in at least twelve locations.

population:
In Estonia, 700 individuals have been counted (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Sweden, there are 2,500 reproductive individuals that are severely fragmented as they occur on a few islands, and the populations are slowly declining (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, the populations underwent a major decline due to river regulation in 1959 but new populations have been found since then. Overall, the populations still have a declining trend. Moehringia lateriflora was found in Ukraine in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. The current state of the populations is unknown. It is possible, that this species is extinct in Ukraine.

habitat:
This species grows in non-riverine woodland with Betula, Populus tremula or Sorbus aucuparia (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Ukraine it was found in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests.

threats:
The main threats are urbanisation, and modification of hydrographic functioning, such as management of water levels. Abandonment of pastoral systems and forestry clearance have also been described as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Moehringia lateriflora is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It included in the following national red lists:Estonia: Endangered (Lilleleht 2008)Finland: Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010)Norway: Vulnerable A4c (Artsdatabanken 2010)Sweden: Vulnerable B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv); D2 (Gärdenfors 2010), it is protected by law and some populations are in a national park.In Russia, it is considered as Least Concern.

redListAssessors:
Ericsson, S., Hodálová, I. & Rasomavicius, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)This species is very restricted, with an area of occupancy of probably less than 100 km². There are three to five locations, and a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, the quality of habitat (due to climbing) and number of individuals. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v).

range:
Moehringia tommasinii is endemic to Croatia, Italy and Slovenia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It has been estimated that the range in Italy is 1 km² whereas in Slovenia it has been measured to be is 80 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Croatia, it is only found at one to three sites in Istria. This concludes that the area of occupancy for this species is clearly below the threshold of 500 km². The number of locations is estimated to be between three and five as the locations are close to each other.

population:
This species has been recorded in one site in Italy and three sites in Slovenia   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Croatia, there are only one to three sites (Nikolić and Topić 2005, Flora Croatica Database 2010). The population trend is decreasing in all three countries.

habitat:
This species grows on vertical limestones cliffs and is found in cracks of calcareous rocks (Potentilletalia caulescentis). It occurs in the Habitats Directive habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats for this species are recreational activities such as mountaineering, rock climbing, speleology, taking or removal of flora and vandalism (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classified as Vulnerable in Italy, Rare in Slovenia and Endangered in Croatia. It is protected under national legislation in Slovenia and regional legislation in Italy. Some sub-populations occur in Natura 2000.Restriction of climbing on the sites of occurrence of this species is the only measure needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Slovenian endemic has a restricted range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 1,000 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 600 km². It is found in 53 localities with a stable population but forestry management and landslides have been described as threats. It is not known how those threats affect the species and the plant is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Slovenia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). Its EOO less than 1,000 km² and the AOO is 600 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Moehringia villosa has been recorded in 53 localities across Slovenia with a stable population (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats for this species are general forestry management, collapse of terrain and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Moehringia villosa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Petrocoptis grandiflora is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with presence confirmed in only five locations. Habitat availability and human alteration are the main factors limiting its expansion.

range:
Petrocoptis grandiflora is endemic to the provinces of Ourense and León, Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). It can be found in five locations, with an area of occupancy of 26 km² (Carbajal et al. 2011).

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 48,740 individuals (Carbajal et al. 2011). The number of specimens in each subpopulation ranges from 407 to 21,680 depending on habitat availability. The population is in general stable and it seems that recruitment is appropriate (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This pioneer hermaphrodite herb grows on cracks and ledges of calcareous-dolomitic walls (Carbajal et al. 2011). Frequent accompanying species are Leontodon farinosus, Saxifraga trifurcata, Campanula adsurgens, Erinus alpinus and Rhamnus pumila ssp. legionensis, among others.

threats:
Open cast mining, mountaineering and rock climbing have been described as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The taxon is included in the regional catalogues of protected species of Galicia and Castilla y León. It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Carbajal et al. 2011).The majority of subpopulations occur in the protected area Parque Natural Serra da Enciña da Lastra, Ourense. In León, the species occurs within the SCI Montes Aquilianos-Sierra del Teleno. Climbing activities should be forbidden on walls where the species is present and quarrying has to be controlled. The location Sobrado, in León, should be object of strict protection (micro-reserve). Plant material should be collected and monitoring and research about variability should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Garbajal, R., Gómez Valverde, M.A., Navarro, L., Rodríguez-Oubiña, J. & Serrano Pérez, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Due to morphological similarities and proximity observed in phylogenetic research based on molecular characters, this species has been proposed as synonym to Petrocoptis pardoi Pau.

redListCategoryRationale:
Petrocoptis montsicciana is listed as Near Threatened. Although its area of occupancy is restricted and its habitat is affected by human perturbations, its distribution is not fragmented and it is present in more than ten locations. #

range:
Petrocoptis montsicciana is endemic to the provinces of Huesca and Lleida, northeastern Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 22 km2 in Huesca and 32 km2 in Lleida. It is present in nine locations in Huesca, and more than nine in Lleida.

population:
It has been estimated that the population is around 18,008 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in crevices of rocky calcareous areas, always on overhangs and extremely vertical walls, mainly facing south, between 300 and 1,100 m asl (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Mountaineering and rock climbing have been reported as threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Petrocoptis montsicciana is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and classed as "Vulnerable" in Aragón and Cataluña, although in this region it is considered comprised by the taxon P. pardoi. It is listed NT in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).In Cataluña, it occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de la Sierra del Montsec, and five subpopulation in Aragón occur within the SCI Sierra de Mongay (Alcántara et al. 2007). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Jardín Botánico de Córdoba.


redListCategoryRationale:
Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 11 km² and presence confirmed in only five locations. Climbing and road maintenance works are the main factors affecting this species and its habitat.

range:
This species is endemic to the province of Huesca, Spain, where it occurs on the Pyrenees mountains, in Valle del Ésera (Villar et al. 2011). It is distributed into five locations, with an area of occupancy of 11 km², along 20 km of the valley.

population:
Total population size throughout the five known locations has been estimated in 55,665 individuals (Villar et al. 2011). Most of the subpopulations are stable and well structured, considering the high longevity of the species. The number of individuals present in each location ranges from 100 to 50,600.

habitat:
This rupicolous herb occurs on calcareous rocks on steep walls   (Villar et al. 2011) and in caves (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species are Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium fontanum, Asplenium csikii (Asplenium trichomanes ssp. pachyrachis), Lonicera pyrenaica, Saxifraga longifolia, Chaenorhinum origanifolium, Sarcocapnos enneaphylla, Hieracium phlomoides, Cystopteris fragilis and Bupleurum angulosum.It is a hermaphrodite species and does not develop asexual propagation. Predation on fruits has been reported to be variable: it can be negligible or affect half of the total fruit production.

threats:
Mountaineering and rock climbing have been described as threats to this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Maintenance works on the road N-260, which goes through an area where 90% of the individuals occur, have affected and may further affect, this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is protected by law in the region of Aragón. It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Some subpopulations occur within the protected areas SCI Sierra de Chía-Congosto de Seira and SCI Congosto del Ventamillo. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Jardín Botánico de Córdoba. A conservation plan "Plan de Acción para plantas rupícolas en Aragón" is in preparation.Alternatives to the proposed projects to develop works on the road N-260 have to be found and climbing activities should be regulated.

redListAssessors:
Villar, L., Goñi Martínez, D. & Ferrández, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Silene cretacea is native to the East European Russian upland, found in Ukraine, Central and Eastern European Russia, and Kazakhstan. The populations are  very small and isolated but the total number of populations or individuals are not known, and neither is the population trend. This plant faces several threats such as the terracing of slopes, forest plantations, extraction of chalk, infrastructure development, overgrazing, and recreational activities. It is assessed as Data Deficient for the moment and more information on the area of occupancy, potential rates of decline and number of locations is needed to verify whether this species is threatened or not.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Silene cretacea is native to the East European Russian upland. The range of Silene cretacea extends from the basins of Don, Siverskij Donec and lower Volga rivers. In Ukraine, it grows in southern slopes of the East European upland in the regions Kharkivska, Donezka, and Luganska.This species is present in Central and Eastern European Russia: Rostov, Belgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg regions. It also extends into western Kazakhstan.

population:
In Ukraine, the populations are very small in area and in number of individuals, their trend is unknown. The population density is 3-5 adult individuals/m².In Russia, the populations are isolated and small and there is no information about numbers of populations. In the Rostov region, it is present in seven subpopulations.

habitat:
This plant grows on rocky chalk soils (a calciphytic petrophyte). It prefers southern expositions of Cretaceous slopes where the plant cover is very thin. It is a member of the plant community Helianthemo-Thymetea class, Thymo-Hyssopetalia ordo.

threats:
Terracing of the slopes, forest plantations, and extraction of chalk are the main threats to this species. Apart from that infrastructure development, overgrazing, and recreational activities cause habitat degradation and loss.

conservationAction:
Silene cretacea is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009), it is listed as Rare. It is protected in a Ukrainian steppe reserve (department Krejdana Flora), in the botanical zakaznik Krejdana roslinnisc, in Marjina gora nature monument.This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Bardunow and Novikov 2008) and in regional Red Data Books (Rostov, Belgorod, Volgograd, Orenburg regions) as rare species. It is found in protected areas in the Rostov and Volgograd regions.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Greek endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Aeolian Islands: Panarea and Alicudi,  near Sicily. There are two, severely fragmented, subpopulations covering an area of 3-4 hectares and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100  km². The populations are stable and count between 1,000 and 2,500 mature individuals. The main threats are posed by wildfires, grazing by  herbivores, and invasive alien plants. However, the islets of Alicudi and Panarea are nature reserves and several conservation measures are being carried out. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the Aeolian Islands: Panarea and Alicudi, near Sicily. The population covers an area of 3-4 hectares and the area of occupancy is therefore below 10 km². The two subpopulations are situated about 60 km apart and the EOO is less than 100 km².

population:
Recent information states between 1,000 and 2,500 mature individuals with a stable population trend (G. Domina and A. Troia pers. comm. 2011). The two subpopulations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
A perennial herb which grows on the rocky slopes of small volcanic islets.  Silene hicesiae belongs to the "Silene mollissima group", which comprises seven species endemic to the coastal cliffs of the western Mediterranean basin. These different species may have evolved when the Mediterranean became drier during the late Miocene period, about 5 million years ago, and the ancestral species became isolated into several different populations. This is one of numerous examples demonstrating how geographic separation of populations belonging to the same species, for example on islands, can contribute to the formation of new species.It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp." (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats that this species faces include wildfires, grazing by herbivores (e.g. rabbits), invasive alien plants (e.g. Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima), and incorrect management of protected areas. Any of these threats could wipe out either of the two populations.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the European Union 92/43/EEC Habitats Directive. The islets of Alicudi and Panarea are nature reserves at the regional level, where the collection of S. hicesiae is strictly forbidden.  In situ and ex situ: A number of conservation measures have been implemented in the context of the EU LIFE project Conservation of priority species of the Eolian Islands' flora  EOLIFE99: improvement of knowledge on the biology and ecology of S. hicesiae, reinforcement of wild populations with plants propagated ex situ, cultivation in botanic gardens and seed banks, and informing and sensitizing decision makers and the general public. This plant is also included in the GENMEDOC project (an inter-regional network of Mediterranean seedbanks), and seeds are being collected in order to propagate this species.  Actions Needed All populations of the Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima near to where S. hicesiae grows need to be eliminated. The conservation programme initiated by EOLIFE99 also needs to be continued.


redListCategoryRationale:
Silene hifacensis is listed as Endangered because of the regressive patterns observed for its population size. It is distributed into five locations, with a total extent of occurrence reported to be 820 km² and an area of occupancy of 19-20 km². Regressive trends have been identified for its number of locations and subpopulations, and number of mature individuals. Natural hazards, competition and predation by herbivores are the main factors limiting the expansion of the species.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010), where it occurs in the north of the province of Alicante (between Montgó and Morro de Toix) and in the west of the island of Ibiza, Balearic Islands (Blasco et al. 2011). It can also be found in some islets near the coast of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands: S’Espartar, Es Vedrà and Illeta Mitjana in Benidorm. It is distributed into five locations, comprising a total of 14 natural subpopulations and three introduced subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 19-20 km². Its extent of occurrence is 820 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species was believed to be extinct in the Iberian Peninsula until it was re-found in 1987 (Blasco et al. 2011). The six subpopulations in Alicante comprise 91 individuals, while 695 specimens can be found in the 11 subpopulations in Ibiza. Important decrease in the number of individuals has been identified for the last ten years (between 20-77%). One location has become extinct, three subpopulations have disappeared and ten subpopulations comprise less than 20 individuals.

habitat:
This chamaephyte grows in cracks and ledges of coastal crags and cliffs. It can also be found on deeper and better developed soils at the foot of the cliffs. Flowering occurs in spring and fructification in summer. The species can propagate through stolons.

threats:
Main threats to this species are natural hazards such as droughts, sea storms, fires and landslides, as well as competition, predation by goats and small population size (Blasco et al. 2011).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue for Comunidad Valenciana. It is classed Endangered A2ac; B1ab(ii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iv,v); C2a(i) in the Spanish Red Data Book 2010 (Blasco et al. 2011).A recovery plan has been approved, including the storage of plant material in germplasm banks, ex situ cultivation, population management, reinforcement measures and benign introduction.The species occurs within the protected areas Parque Natural de Montgó, Parque Natural de Penyal d’Ifac and Parque Natural de Serra Gelada, and Microrreserva de Flora. In the Balearic Islands, however, the species is not included in any protected area. In Ibiza, population control and monitoring plans should be established, plant material should be stored in germplasm banks, reinforcement and reintroduction plans should be put in place, education and awareness programmes should be developed and presence of herbivores should be controlled.

redListAssessors:
Pilar Blasco, M., Fabado, J., Carrió, E., Güemes, J., Torres, N., Ballester, G., Fos, S. & Pérez Botella, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to the Agean Islands of Greece and the area of occupancy is estimated to be smaller than 500 km2. Despite the relatively inaccessible habitat where this species is found, grazing is a constant threat to the quality of the habitat of this species, the size of the population and the population size. The populations are often isolated on the islands and thus severally fragmented. It is therefore listed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to small islets in the Aegean Sea, Greece (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is a small island specialist. The area of occupancy is estimated to be smaller than 500 km2.

population:
The number of individuals is not stable as annual plants often undergo fluctuations. There are some small subpopulations in one locality, while on other islands it can be common. The size of the population is subject to meteorological conditions and human influences. On the island of Stomata which is not influenced by humans, the population was 5-300 individuals in 1996 and a year later it was more than 2,000 individuals due to favourable conditions (Phitos et al. 2009). The populations are often isolated on the islands and thus severally fragmented.

habitat:
It grows mainly on small islands in coastal areas at sea level. It can tolerate very poor and rocky limestone substrate, even salt spray (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The major threat is grazing by goats and rabbits, that also cause degradation of the habitat due to trampling (Phitos et al. 2009). Despite the relatively inaccessible habitat where this species is found, grazing animals are a constant threat to the quality of the habitat of this species, the size of the population and the population size.

conservationAction:
Silene holzmannii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is protected under the Greek law presidential decree 69/81 and listed as Endangered on the Red List of Greece (Phitos et al. 2009). Eighteen of the islands where it is found are Natura 2000 sites. It is cultivated in the Diomides Botanic Garden in Athens.Access to the species sites should be controlled to avoid further damage by grazing. Ex situ conservation of seeds is necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
The names used for this taxon and its near relatives have been much confused, resulting in a very complex synonymy. The name Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora (Rupr.) Walters. has thus frequently been used for this plant, in spite of actually belonging to the nominate subspecies, Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet ssp. involucrata, which is found in Greenland and on Svalbard.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora  has European occurrences in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern European Russia. The subspecies is rare in all countries. In Norway, it is known from two rivers and there are less than 50 mature individuals. In Sweden, the population is of 3,500 individuals with a stable  population trend and it is found in three localities. In  Finland, the plant is found at only one site with less than 50 mature individuals. There is no information for Russia.There are no threats to this subspecies in Sweden and it is not clear whether there are major threats to the populations in the other three countries. Therefore, the subspecies is precautionary classed as Near Threatened, approaching Criterion B2, but information on the Russian populations needs to be collected.Within the EU 27, this plant is only found at four localities in the member states Sweden and Finland with an area of occupancy of less than 40  km². However, the populations are stable in Sweden at the moment with no major threats. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened, approaching Criterion B2a.

range:
Silene involucrata ssp. tenella is a plant with a dispersed distribution ranging from Norway to Arctic Russia. In the European Union, it occurs only in the mountain and forest regions of northern Sweden and Finland.  In both countries the subspecies is rare. The extent of occurrence in Sweden is 3,724 km² and the area of occupancy is 36 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010). The area of occupancy in Finland is less than 10 km² (Rassi et al. 2010).In Norway, it is known from two rivers: Reisa and the Alta/Kautokeino watercourse (Fi Alta and Kautokeino) (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
In Sweden, the population is of 3,500 individuals with a stable population trend and it is found in four locality groups (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Finland, the plant is found at only one site with c. 300 individuals (tufts), of which c. 40 are flowering. The population has been somewhat declining during the last 15 years, and it is probably extinct at two former localities. It is rare in Norway where only a few individuals (less than 50 mature individuals) remain after a serious decline in the past. In Nordreisa it has been known from four occurrences, but has only been found in two after 1960. In the Alta, it was last seen in 1974 and thorough searches 2006 were without success of finding the subspecies. In Kautokeino, five localities were discovered in 1982-83 in an area that was under development and those localities are probably all lost now. It is possible that the subspecies is found downstream of the river Alta (Artsdatabanken 2010).There is no information for Russia.

habitat:
This subspecies grows in calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland, temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes, and basic and ultra-basic inland cliffs   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Both sites within the southernmost Swedish locality group are situated in rocky canyons among boreal forest (Artsdatabanken 2010).

threats:
There are no threats to this subspecies in Sweden. The threats in Finland are random factors (Rassi et al. 2010). In Norway, river regulation seems to have posed a threat in the past (Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Silene furcata ssp. angustifolia.In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened in the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected. Most localities are included in protected areas. In Finland, it is listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i,ii); D1 (Rassi et al. 2010). The subspecies is  protected by law and named as a taxon under strict protection (Nature  Conservation Decree 913/2005). The only site is in Oulanka National  Park.In Norway, it is listed as Critically Endangered C1; D1 (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Silene longicilia is endemic to  west central Portugal where it has an extent of occurrence of  10,558 km² and an area of occupancy of 3,900 km². The populations on limestone are relatively abundant and mostly in  good condition and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. But the populations on acid substrate are rare and often small with fewer individuals. Those populations are severely fragmented, a fact that is made worse by successive reforestation which inhibits their dispersal. Protection of those sites is recommended.

range:
Silene longicilia is endemic to west central Portugal. It is found on limestone in the west from Figueira to Foz and Coimbra, around Lisbon and Sesimbra, and in the Alentejo. It stretches from the coastal massif of Sintra to the eastern end of the Serra da Sintra (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 10,558 km² and the area of occupancy is 3,900 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations on limestone are relatively abundant and mostly in good condition in the Serras de Aire, Candeeiros, Sicó, Montejunto and Sintra. The populations of the Serra da Arrábida are isolated. The populations that occur on soils derived from volcanic rocks, on the other hand, have a wide distribution but are less populated and have less individuals per subpopulation, suggesting a phenomenon of scarcity. Those small populations have often less than 10 individuals up to more than 60, and are sometimes geographically isolated. There is one lcoation with several hundred individuals.The small population nucleus of Peninha is probably extinct.

habitat:
The plants on limestone occur in open or closed woodland, in loamy soil or marly limestone and rock crevices, from sea level to 650 m asl. It is characteristic and common in the alliances Melico arrectae - Quercetum cocciferae and Calendula lusitanicae - Antirrhinion linkiani. This plant benefits from fires and cutting of woods. It is common in rock crevices as that kind of habitat puts constraints on vegetation succession and therefore reduces the competition with other species. It becomes more rare on slopes with deep soils under closed canopies of coniferous trees (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements9240 Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis Iberian woods9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests

threats:
There are no major threats affecting the populations on limestone apart from the ones in the Serra da Arrábida which are very isolated. The populations on acid substrates suffer from successive reforestation which inhibits their dispersal (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Silene longicilia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under Portuguese national law. For the populations on acid substrate, micro-reserves should be created and the habitat should be kept open and managed appropriately (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Silene mariana is listed as Near Threatened because it is currently known from around ten localities with subpopulations that generally comprise low numbers of individuals and are affected by human pressures, mainly forest exploitation.

range:
This species is endemic to the south of the Iberian Peninsula: Huelva, Sevilla, Córdoba, Málaga, Cádiz, Jaén y Ciudad Real (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

population:
This taxon was reported in 21 sites in Andalucía, from which only two have been recently found (Blanca et al. 2000). Seven more citations have been recorded. Subpopulations have been described as comprising, in general, low number of individuals (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
This therophyte species may grow in ephimeral communities in edges of roads, firewalls, shrubland clearings (Blanca  et al. 2000), grasslands (Cabezudo et al. 2005), and rupicolous communities in vertical crevices and rocky slopes (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It occurs in fissures and on landslides of serpentine rocks within the association Andryalo-Crambion filiformis. Frequent accompanying species are Alysssum serpyllifolium ssp. malacitanum, Armeria carratracensis, Armeria colorata, Biscutella sempervirens, Bupleurum rigidum ssp. paniculatum, Cerastium gibraltaricum, Galium boissieranum, Genista lanuginosa, Herniaria baetica, Linaria tristis, Melica minuta, Saxifraga gemmulosa and Ulex baeticus.

threats:
Forestry management, burning, agriculture and forestry activities, grazing, mines, communication networks and wildfires, have been reported as threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The pilgrimage to the locality of El Rocío is also affecting one location (Blanca et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed NT in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).  Silene mariana is object of a conservation plan developed by the Andalusian Government (Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía). Some subpopulations occur within protected areas: Parque Natural Sierra Norte de Sevilla, Parque Natural de la Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche (Huelva), Parque Natural de la Sierra de Hornachuelos and Parque Natural de Cardeña y Montoro (Córdoba).   #

redListAssessors:
Garrido Fernández, J., Olivares García, C., Muñoz Álvarez, J. & Domínguez Vilches, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Silene nocteolens is listed as Critically Endangered because there are two unique populations with less than 1,000 individuals, representing an area of occupancy of 3 km². Those two subpopulations are severely fragmented and there is continuing decline in the quality of the area due to grazing by rabbits and mouflon, although partially controlled now, as well as a potential threat from infrastructure expansion.

range:
Silene nocteolens is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, with only two known locations in the highest areas of the island: Montaña Blanca and Pico Viejo. References made to several localities in Tenerife must be taken with some reservations, as it may respond to confusion with other species of this genus (S. berthelotiana, S. nutans). Previous reports of sightings on the island of Gran Canaria respond to a different taxon  (Silene tamaranae).The area of occupancy is 3 km².

population:
The subpopulation of Montaña Blanca appears to be stable and in the last few years a slow expansion of the subpopulation has been observed (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). However, the presence of introduced herbivores such as rabbits has occasionally been observed in the area. The subpopulation of Pico Viejo is much more sensitive  to predator influence that impedes its development. In general the population dynamics seems to be very slow, subject to a low annual recruitment of young individuals.Total population size was estimated in 816 mature individuals by Marrero Gómez et al. (2004). In 2008, 2,429 specimens were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009); from these, 558 were adult.

habitat:
Silene nocteolens is a hermaphroditic species. It can produce over 40 flowers, most of which develop well and fruit. The soft perfume the flowers exhale during the night can be interpreted as an adaptation to pollination by nocturnal insects. The capsules, with an average of 35 seeds, when burst open usually do not scatter beyond ten metres from the parent plant. Several ex situ tests reveal no present problems in their germination.It develops above 2,500 m. Their populations are located in environments where pyroclasts constitute the dominant substrate, usually spreading in a layer several centimetres in thickness, below which soils are more or less deep. This layer of pyroclasts helps maintain soil moisture in times of drought, until late summer. The dominant vegetation in these environments, as the area is apparently devoid of vegetation responds to Violetum cheiranthifoliae (Spartocytision supranubii).

threats:
Traditionally the main threat to this species has been posed by rabbits and mouflons, which may have led to extinction in some localities. At present this aspect is partially controlled. The population is located near trails, which could result in future problems for the habitat if developed.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is listed as "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.All populations are located within the Parque National Teide (SCI), which developed a recovery programme that, among other activities, includes intensive study and monitoring of its population biology, sending seeds to germplasm banks, #fencing of some areas and by strengthening relations with the local populations.

redListAssessors:
Bañares Baudet, A., Carqué Álamo, E. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Silene orphanidis is a endemic of the rocky summit area of Mt Athos, Greece with an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy below 200 km². The total population size is less than 100 individuals and although there are no major threats to the species, this small size itself is of concern and the plant is therefore classed as Endangered under Criterion D.

range:
Silene orphanidis is a narrow endemic of the rocky summit area of Mt Athos, Greece (Karydas and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are below 200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are either isolated individuals or small groups of 2-6 individuals. In 2007 less than 100 individuals have been counted (Karydas and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species grows in limestone rock crevices of north-facing calcareous rocks.

threats:
The summit area of Mt Athos is not threatened by human activities. But the small size of the population itself is of concern.

conservationAction:
Silene orphanidis is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81 in Greece and listed in the National Red Data Book as Endangered (EN) D (Karydas and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the southwest coast of Portugal where its  area of occupancy is 400 km². The total population counts 3,440 individuals, but the subpopulations differ in size, ranging from  several hundred to not more than 30 individuals. There is severe fragmentation in the subpopulations and a reduced genetic diversity. Erosion is a potential threat factor. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened but could potentially be Endangered under B if evidence of a continuing decline is found.

range:
This species is endemic to the southwest coast of Portugal where its area of occupancy is 400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population counts 3,440 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The subpopulations differ in size, ranging from several hundred to not more than 30 individuals. The northern subpopulation is 40 km from the other ones and many of the subpopulations are severely fragmented. A very limited genetic diversity has been noted in some subpopulations (ICN 2006).This plant was believed to be extinct until it was refound in 1991 (ICN 2006).The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This plant has a specialised ecology and is found in rock crevices and scree, on stable or semi-stable coastal cliffs and slopes, on compact dolomites of greywacke-schist, phyllite and limestone. It inhabits micro-sites with reduced competition, particularly rocky crevices (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.5410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)

threats:
The reduced genetic diversity, fragmentation, and small size of many subpopulations is the main threat factor. Erosion is also affecting those species (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Silene rothmaleri is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is also legally protected in Portugal. Measures to halt the loss of genetic diversity within the subpopulations should be undertaken (ICN 2006).


range:
Silene sangaria is endemic to Turkey and found in the European and Asian part (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range and is only found in southern Corsica and northern Sardinia. It has been found in nearly 30 sites in total but the total number of individuals is relatively low. The area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be lower than 20 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km². The populations are stable in some parts but declining in others with one site having gone extinct and with fluctuations in the populations. The species are impacted by invasive plants and predation by rats and its habitat is continuously declining due to tourism activities and eutrophication from marine bird colonies. Currently, there is no definite evidence for a continuing decline and Silene velutina is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) or C2a(i).

range:
Silene velutina is endemic to the coasts of southern Corsica, France and northern Sardinia, Italy. In Corsica it has been reported from 26 localities throughout four communes. In Sardinia, it has a restricted distribution in the north from 0 - 100 m above sea level. It is found at not more than three localities (G. Bacchetta pers. comm. 2010). The AOO is lower than 20 km² and the EOO is less than 5,000 km².

population:
In Sardinia, it is found in three localities with stable populations (G. Bacchetta pers. comm. 2010). In Morto, there is deposit of organic matter which has helped expand the number of individuals in this one location (Biondi and Bagella 2005).In Corsica, it has been reported from 26 localities in four communes of which two have recently been discovered. In total, 3,350 individuals have been counted with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation. It is difficult to define an overall population trend, as it is stable and increasing in some parts but there have been important declines and one locality has disappeared. It can only be said that the populations are fluctuating.

habitat:
This perennial plant is found in coastal calcareous (limestone) and granite cliffs. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.1430 Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea)

threats:
Invasive species such as Carpobrotus acinaciformis in Sardinia and Opuntia spp. in Corsica are posing an important threat to Silene velutina. Tourism and activities such as climbing are also impacting negatively on the species. Eutrophication and development of nitrophilous vegetation linked to marine bird colonies or rats eating fruits and flowers of the plant are another threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  It has been assessed as Endangered in the Italian national red list    (Pignatti et al. 2001) and as Vulnerable in the French national red list (Olivier et al. 1995). In France, it is protected by national law and four sites are in Arreté de Protection de Biotope, ten included in a nature reserve, four are in the Conservatoire du Littoral, another four are conserved by CREN Corse, and ten by Parc Marin International des Bouches de Bonifacio. Conservation measures that are currently carried out are the eradication of black rats at one site and control of Opuntia spp. development in another locality (ilot de Ziglione).One site in Italy is included in the Parco Nazionale La Maddalena, the other localities are in Natura 2000 sites.

redListAssessors:
Buord, S., Gargano, D., Gigot, G. & Montagnani, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Atriplex halimus is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is relatively widely distributed in parts of southwestern and southeastern Europe and is known to be common and abundant in its preferred habitat. In coastal areas, subpopulations need to be monitored due to a growing threat from tourist activities. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
A. halimus is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), northern and southern Africa, east and south tropical Africa, and the western Indian Ocean (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Spain, Portugal and Italy it is found in coastal regions. According to Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010) it is present in France within departments along the northern, western and southern borders and is absent from the central departments and those along the eastern border.

population:
This species is known to be common and abundant in its preferred habitat.

habitat:
A. halimus occurs in sandy loam or saline, dry soils and marshes, always with some salinity. In Italy, Portugal and Spain it is found in dunes and coastal areas.

threats:
This species occurs in dune habitats that are susceptible to tourist activities; therefore the habitat may be unstable.

conservationAction:
A. halimus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.  Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only eight germplasm accessions of A. halimus held in European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, four originate from within Europe (Spain) and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. halimus is cultivated for forage; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Bassia saxicola is an endemic species from Capri Island and the Lipary archipelagos of Sicily where three subpopulations are found at two locations. The area of occupancy is less than 10 km². The total population counts 135 individuals but the populations are stable. Landslides and invasive alien species could potentially threaten this species.

range:
Bassia saxicola is an endemic species from Capri Island (Campagna, south Italy) and the Lipary archipelagos of Sicily (Pignatti et al. 2001). There are three subpopulations found at two locations.The area of occupancy is less than 10 km².

population:
The total population counts 135 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are stable and not severely fragmented.

habitat:
It grows on maritime rocks and calcareous or volcanic cliffs between 5 to 90 m        (Pignatti et al. 2001). It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 82 "Rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Potential threats are landslides and invasive alien species. The limited dispersal and restricted range of the species are unfavourable in itself.

conservationAction:
Bassia saxicola is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It is protected under regional laws and partially included in Natura 2000 sites.


taxonomicNotes:
Beta adanensis Aellen (syn. B. vulgaris ssp. adanensis&#  (Pamukç. ex Aellen) Ford-Lloyd & J.T. Williams)  is a primary wild relative of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris  (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (classified in Beta section Beta) (Frese 2004). Although this taxon has been published at species level, a number of genetic diversity studies (Ford-Lloyd and Williams 1975, Letschert 1993, Ford-Lloyd 2005, Villain 2007) have shown B. vulgaris ssp. maritima and B. vulgaris ssp. adanensis to be closely related; therefore, it is generally agreed that this taxon should remain at subspecies level.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) C1+2a(i)Beta adanensis is regionally assessed as Vulnerable because the European population is estimated to comprise less than 10,000 mature individuals with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation, and there has been an estimated continuing decline of at least 10% over the last ten year period. #The population is also severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline  in the area, extent and quality of habitat, as well as the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. Complementary conservation actions are urgently required for this taxon.

range:
Native to Greece, Syria and Turkey (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Its presence in Cyprus is uncertain (G. Hatjikiriakou pers. comm. 2010). In Greece, this species occurs in Crete, the Aegean Islands (Sporades, Dodécanèse and Cyclades) and the south coast of Péloponnèse (CWRIS-AEGRO-PLIS 2007–2010).

population:
The European population is estimated to comprise no more than 10,000 individuals with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals.

habitat:
It grows in marginal cultivated land close to the sea and may also be found in rocky places near the sea.

threats:
Development for tourism is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and B. adanensis is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention). EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of B. adanensis stored in the genebank of the Institute of Sugarbeet, Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is an urgent priority for this taxon, as well as research into the most appropriate sites in which to establish genetic reserves.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). The species is adapted to high sea salt concentrations (Frese 2004); therefore, it is a potential donor of salt tolerance genes to cultivated beets.


taxonomicNotes:
Beta hybrida Andrz. is recorded as an accepted species by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which currently forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Chenopodiaceae family. V. Melnyk (pers. comm. 2010) notes that the species was described by A. Andrjejevski in 1862 but that it has not been recorded since. Morphological characters of B. hybrida correspond with those of B. trigyna, described by Waldstein et Kitaibel in 1802 and in the Flora of Ukraine, B. hybrida is cited as a synonym of B. trigyna (Iljin 1952). There are hexaploid and tetraploid individuals of B. trigyna and it is possible that B. hybrida is a tetraploid form of B. trigyna (V. Melnyk pers. comm 2010). The view that B. hybrida is a synonym of B. trigyna is now supported by Uotila (2011); however, The Plant List (2010) (based on data derived from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families in review) records the taxon as a synonym of B. vulgaris L.The taxonomic status of this species therefore requires clarification.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  The taxonomic status of Beta hybrida in Euro+Med PlantBase (which forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean) has recently been updated and according to Uotila (2011) it is a synonym of B. trigyna. However, The Plant List (2010) records  the taxon as a synonym of B. vulgaris. The taxonomic status of this species therefore requires clarification and it is assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean is updated with the most recent Euro+Med PlantBase data for the Chenopodiaceae family.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Beta hybrida was described from Ukraine, but it is now considered to be a synonym of B. trigyna.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.B. hybrida is recorded  as an accepted species by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) which currently  forms the taxonomic core of the CWR Catalogue for Europe and the  Mediterranean (Kell et al. 2005) for the Chenopodiaceae family. However, Euro+Med PlantBase has recently been revised and updated for the Chenopodiaceae family and the species is now recorded as a synonym of B. trigyna (Uotila 2011). The Plant List (2010) record it as a synonym of B. vulgaris. The taxonomic status of this species therefore requires clarification.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups).


taxonomicNotes:
Beta macrocarpa Guss. is a primary wild relative of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (classified in Beta section Beta) (Frese 2004). B. macrocarpa was given specific rank in a reclassification of the genus by Lange et al. (1999) because it is considered to be distinct in its morphology as well as allozyme pattern, which is maintained even when growing sympatrically with B. vulgaris ssp. maritima (Letschert 1993, Lange et al. 1999).  Ford-Lloyd (2005) gives a detailed review of the taxonomy of the genus Beta. Although further changes have been made to the classification of the Beta gene pool since this publication, this has not changed the specific status of B. macrocarpa in Section Beta.The diploid type of B. macrocarpa is distributed in the Mediterranean Basin while the tetraploid type is endemic to the Canary Islands. B. vulgaris ssp. maritima (2x) and B. macrocarpa (2x) are very likely the parents of the allotetraploid type (Lange and de Bock 1989). Although 2x and 4x B. macrocarpa grow sympatrically on the Canary Islands, they do not cross (Villain 2007). Villain (2007) suggested that Beta macrocarpa 4x should be renamed which would be justified in view of&# the genetic data and the clearly delineated distribution area of the allotetraploid type. The renaming of B. macrocarpa 4x would also allow and justify a separate threat assessment for this unique type.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iv,v)    Beta macrocarpa has an area of occupancy (AOO) less than 500 km2 in Europe, with a severely fragmented distribution and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations. It is therefore regionally assessed as Endangered.

range:
B. macrocarpa is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia, northern Africa and Macaronesia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is >20,000 km2, the species is known from only 24 localities and the area of occupancy (AOO) is <500 km2 (Frese 2005).

population:
Data collected from populations of B. macrocarpa in Spain and Portugal showed a large variation between populations in effective population size (Ne) and in the area populated by flowering and vegetative plants. Of the 17 populations surveyed in Spain, the minimum Ne was eight and maximum 3,000, while the minimum area populated was 0.009 km2 and maximum 10 km2. Of the seven populations surveyed in Portugal, the minimum Ne was seven and maximum 1,000, while the minimum area populated was 0.005 km2 and maximum 10 km2 (Frese et al. 1990, Frese 2004).

habitat:
B. macrocarpa grows in dry sites in full sun and can be found growing on dams beside salt pans (Frese 2004, 2005). It is an annual hermaphrodite, and a mainly an inbreeding self-pollinated species (Frese 2005). It is also found in salt marshes, always in coastal areas.

threats:
The survival of B. macrocarpa is to some extent linked to the traditional management of sea salt producing areas; the species is likely to be under threat if sea salt production methods are modernized (Frese 2004). Aquaculture and tourism are also major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.       EURISCO reports 56 germplasm accessions of B. macrocarpa held in European genebanks, 42 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 30 originate from within Europe—Spain (24), Cyprus (three), Portugal (one), Greece (two)—and all are stored in either Spain or Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
B. macrocarpa is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). It is a highly salt tolerant species (Frese 2004); therefore, it is a potential donor of salt tolerant genes to cultivated beets.


taxonomicNotes:
Beta nana Boiss. & Heldr. is a secondary wild relative of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (classified in section Nanae Ulbrich) (Frese 2004).Kadereit et al. (2006) analysed a representative sample of Beta species with 29 nuclear ribosomal ITS1 sequences, as well as four representatives of Hablitzieae as an outgroup and found B. nana to be closely related to species in Beta section Corollinae. They suggested merging Beta section Nanae into section Corollinae.

redListCategoryRationale:
Beta nana has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 1 km2). It is found at 26 sites but is threatened by overgrazing in some parts of its range and lack of grazing in others. As a high altitude montane species, it may also be affected by climate change. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. Active in situ conservation is  needed for this species, including population and habitat monitoring and an investigation  of the threats posed by grazing regimes and potentially by climate  change.

range:
B. nana is endemic to the mountains of south and central Greece (RBG Edinburgh 1998). The species has been observed on six mountains and at a total of 26 sites; the area of occupancy (AOO) by site ranges  from 10 to 10,000 m2 (Frese et al. 2009). The total AOO was approximately 0.028 km2 in 2005.

population:
Passport data from 20 subpopulations of B. nana were recorded by M.F.G. Dale during a collecting mission in Greece in 1980 (filed at the Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany) (Frese 2004). In his report on collection of B. nana in 1981, Dale (1981) reported that the population was stable. Frese et al. (2009) estimated a total of 5,000 plants with the number of plants per site ranging between a few to > 1,000 individuals. The authors found that the subpopulation on Taygetos mountain (the southernmost part of the natural distribution area) was not in good health; however, the population as a whole is thought to be stable—in 2005, the authors found reproducing plants at all localities described by Dale (1980, 1981) and at one additional locality.

habitat:
B. nana is a high altitude montane species which grows on limestone in areas of short, open turf, often close to snow patches (Strid 1995). It is a perennial hermaphrodite and a self-pollinating inbreeder, which flowers from June to August (Strid 1995).   It is an inconspicuous diploid (Frantzén and Gustavsson 1983) plant species, with a small rosette of leaves approximately 10–20 cm in diameter, depending on the fertility of the soil. The plant is said to be self-fertile, producing few seed stalks with 10–25 flowers per spike between June and August. The monogerm seedballs dehisce to the ground in the vicinity of the seed plant while still green.The general habitat for B. nana is in closed or open depressions with relatively moist soil above 1800 m asl. # The climate at this altitude is cool and moist because clouds often build up around the mountains. The subpopulations are mainly found on ranges facing east or northeast where temperatures are lower during the summer afternoons. Plants also grow in crevices between rocks and in disturbed areas, such as rough tracks or severely grazed open plant communities. The prostrate growth habit protects the head of the storage root from being damaged by grazing animals (Dale 1980, 1981; Frese et al. 2009). # However, it is possible that a certain degree of grazing may keep the associated flora short, thereby promoting the survival of the species.  Dale (1980) noted that germination of the seed has proved difficult and assumed that the extremes of temperatures in the natural habitat, leaching of inhibitors, as well as enzymes in the gut of animals, may all play a part in successful germination. #

threats:
Overgrazing is a threat to this species (Frese et al. 2009), while on the other hand, lack of grazing can also have a negative impact. As a high altitude montane species restricted to limestone habitats, B. nana may also be under threat of rising temperatures due to the effects of climate change.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983), the Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece (Phitos et al. 1995) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).  B. nana is not currently conserved in situ and for biological reasons (genetic drift) ex situ conservation is not an alternative. So far, only two plant explorations to monitor the species systematically have been organized (Dale 1980, 1981; Frese et al. 2009).EURISCO reports 31 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Active in situ conservation is needed, including population and habitat monitoring and an investigation of the threats posed by grazing regimes and potentially by climate change.

useAndTrade:
It is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups).


taxonomicNotes:
Beta patula Aiton is a primary wild relative of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (classified in Beta section Beta). B. patula was given specific rank in a reclassification of the genus by Letschert (1993) and later Lange et al. (1999) based on its distinctive morphology and the fact that it is confined to two small islets off Madeira (Pinheiro de Carvalho 2010). Ford-Lloyd (2005) gives a detailed review of the taxonomy of the genus Beta. Although further changes have been made to the classification of the Beta gene pool since this publication, this has not changed the specific status of B. patula in Section Beta.

redListCategoryRationale:
Beta patula is assessed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 70 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km²; its distribution is severely fragmented and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Although this species occurs in a protected area, it is threatened by invasive alien species, grazing pressure and an increase in the seagull population. There is therefore a need for the development and implementation of a species action plan as special site management is needed.It would also qualify for Vulnerable D2 due to the very restricted AOO, coupled with the threats at these sites.

range:
B. patula is endemic to two islets in the Madeira archipielago,  Portugal: Ilhéu do Desembarcadouro in the region of   Ponta de São Lourenço in the eastern part of mainland Madeira, and   Ilhéu Chão in the Desertas Islands to the southwest of mainland Madeira—both small, uninhabited islets.   Ilhéu do Desembarcadouro covers an area of 1.8 km2, while     Ilhéu Chão covers an area of approximately 0.5 km2. On  Ilhéu do Desembarcadouro, wild beets show a patchy distribution pattern. B. patula has been recorded at six sites on the islet and shares the habitat with B. vulgaris ssp. maritima and Patellifolia procumbens at five of these sites. On Ilhéu Chão, B. patula is found only at one site where it grows alongside B. vulgaris ssp. maritima and Patellifolia procumbens (Frese and Carvalho in prep.). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 70 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
Four hundred individuals were counted at the single site on   Ilhéu Chão in 2009. The total population of Ilhéu do Desembarcadouro is estimated to be 2,500 individuals across six sites, with counts per site ranging from three to 223 (M. Carvalho pers. comm. 2010). This is a biennial species and the number of mature individuals fluctuates.

habitat:
B. patula grows in dry and rocky localities by the sea coast. It is a partially inbreeding, self-pollinated hermaphrodite (Frese 2005).

threats:
The main site is threatened by invasive alien species and the increasing presence of seagulls. According to the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (2006), threats to this species also include tourism and recreation, and grazing by introduced animals—particularly rabbits; the authors also note that Ponta do Sao Lourenço is heavily invaded by exotic species. However, as the sites are protected and not easily accessible, tourism and recreation are not serious threats (M. Carvalho pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
B. patula is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and the genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.The islands on which the species occurs are protected by the Parque Natural da Madeira, which is designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Special Protected Area (SPA) under the Birds and Habitats  Directives. The sites require management to protect this species and ongoing population and habitat monitoring is needed. The development and implementation of a species action plan is recommended.    The International Data Base for Beta (IDBB 2010) reports a number of accessions of which 10 very likely exist as viable seed samples in the following holdings: IPK Genebank, Germany (five), collection of the University of Birmingham, UK (one), Polish Genebank Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR), Bydgoszcz, Poland (one), National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), USA (three). As is it not known whether any of these accessions were collected after 1954 (Coons 1954), all accessions may descend from a single seed source exchanged between genebanks. More recently, seed samples have been collected  from all known sites and are stored in the ISOPlexis Genebank at the University of Madeira, Funchal. Four accessions were collected from Ilheu Chão in 2008 and 2009 and 12 from Ilheu do Desembarcadouro between 2007 and 2009. The sampling strategy employed aimed to collect representative diversity by collecting seed from specimens that compose neighbour's patches at each locality.

useAndTrade:
It is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups).

redListAssessors:
Carvalho, M., Frese, L., Duarte, M.C., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Santos Guerra, A. & Draper, D.


taxonomicNotes:
Beta trigyna Waldst. & Kit. is a secondary wild relative of of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (classified in Beta section Corollinae Ulbrich) (Frese 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Beta trigyna is regionally assessed as Data Deficient because its exact distribution, population size and trend are unknown and while some subpopulations in Ukraine are extinct, the threats that have caused these losses are not known.

range:
B. trigyna is native to east and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and western Asia (USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
It is sporadically distributed in Crimea and is extinct in lowland parts of Ukraine. It is rare in Romania.

habitat:
This species is found in vineyards and cultivated fields in lowland areas.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.It occurs in several protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.      EURISCO reports 18 germplasm accessions of B. trigyna held in European genebanks, eight of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these, four originate from within Europe: two from Germany, one from Poland and one from Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
B. trigyna is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups).

redListAssessors:
Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Melnyk, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Beta vulgaris L. contains two subspecies:  B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris and B. vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang; however, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris is only cultivated or naturalized; therefore, this assessment only relates to the wild form, B. vulgaris ssp. maritima, which is the ancestor of cultivated leaf beet (B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Leaf Beet Group, also known as Swiss chard), as well as garden and fodder beet (Frese 2004). A third subspecies is also recognized in some taxonomic treatments: B. vulgaris ssp. adanensis (Pamukç. ex Aellen) Ford-Lloyd & J. T. Williams (syn. B. adanensis Aellen). In Spain and Portugal (including Maderia), B. vulgaris ssp. maritima is recognized at species level as B. maritima L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima is regionally assessed as Least Concern. The taxon is distributed in parts of northern, middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe where it mainly occurs in coastal areas but also has the ability to thrive in disturbed sites further inland. Some subpopulations are threatened by development for tourism, construction works, recreation and herbicide use but these threats are not currently causing a significant decline in the overall European subpopulation. The taxon is however nationally threatened and in decline in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is recommended.

range:
B. vulgaris ssp. maritima is native to northern, middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to western Asia, the Caucasus, northern Africa and Macaronesia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Europe, this taxon is known from 1,300 localities (Frese 2005).Knowledge of the national distribution of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is available for the following countries:France: occurs in most coastal departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Germany: it occurs along the coast and on islands in the North Sea (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010). The area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 1 km² (Frese 2005).Ireland: widespread around the entire coast (Preston et al. 2002).Italy: along the coastline.Netherlands: occurs in coastal regions (Mennema et al. 1985).Norway: present along the coastline in the southeast; the extent of occurrence is 26,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 132 km².Portugal: Algarve, scattered along the coastline.Spain: around the coast.Sweden: southwestern coast.United Kingdom: widespread along the coast of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; however, in Scotland it is patchily distributed around the coast and absent from the northeastern coastline (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
Knowledge of the population size and trend of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is available for the following countries:Portugal: data collected from 29 subpopulations showed a very large variation between subpopulations in effective population size (Ne) and the area populated by flowering and vegetative plants, with a minimum Ne of 8 and maximum of 1,000, and minimum area populated of 0.001 km2 and maximum of 10 km2 (Frese et al.1990; Frese 2004).Germany: the population size is estimated to be 100 individuals (Frese 2005). The subpopulations have been reported to be fluctuating; for example, at Burgtiefe, the subpopulation size was recorded as 35 in 1997, 100 in 1999 and 17 in 2001, while at Burger Binnensee the subpopulation size was recorded as 20, 40 and more than 70 in the same years (Frese 2005).Norway: scattered subpopulations comprising only a few plants. Some subpopulations are expanding whilst others are destroyed after a hard winter (Å. Asdal pers. comm. 2010).Netherlands: before 1950, the taxon occurred in 25 hour-squares and after 1950 in 45 hour-squares (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) report that the taxon is present in 31–100 km2.

habitat:
B. vulgaris ssp.maritima is mainly distributed along the coast—plants are most prevalent on beaches in a narrow band between the high tide zone and the start of the denser coastal vegetation. The taxon also occurs on cliffs and in disturbed inland sites, including at high altitudes and in depressions (Frese 2004). It is an outbreeding, wind-pollinated monoecious hermaphrodite (Frese 2005).Specific habitat types in Europe include:Spain and Portugal: sandy, saline enclaves, and loamy ruderal areas.Slovenia (Adriatic Sea coast): saline pans.Cyprus: rock fissures and sea walls, salt marshes, occasionally as a weed of cultivated or fallow fields inland, from sea level to 500 ft (Meikle 1985).Germany: eutrophic, salty grassland, cliffs.United Kingdom: according to Preston et al. (2002) this is a lowland subspecies which occurs on coastal rocks and cliffs, salt marsh drift-lines, sea walls and on sand and shingle beaches. It can also be found on coastal waste ground and very occassionally on rubbish tips and roadsides further inland (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: Tamis et al. (2003) report that the taxon can be found in pioneer vegetation on brackish humid soils.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Knowledge of the threat and/or conservation status of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is as follows:Norway: Near Threatened (NT) (approaching B1a+2a) (Kålås et al. 2006).Denmark: Least Concern (LC) (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010).Germany: Red List category 4; not protected (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).EURISCO reports 596 germplasm accessions of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima held in European genebanks, 114 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these accessions, 86 originate from within Europe: Belgium (two), Croatia (one), Cyprus (five), France (15), Germany (four), Greece (nice), Ireland (12), Italy (20), Netherlands (one), Portugal (two), Slovenia (one), Spain (three), Sweden (one), United Kingdom (10) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
B. vulgaris ssp. maritima is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the beet group; including sugarbeet, beetroot, chard, spinach beet and mangels. The taxon is adapted to high sea salt concentrations (Frese 2004); therefore, it is a potential donor of salt tolerant genes. It is also a source of disease resistance genes and is sometimes collected from the wild as a leaf vegetable (Frese 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species grows over a very small area (covering less than 100 km²), the remaining population is severely fragmented, and the area where it grows, quality of its habitat, and number of individuals is predicted to decline unless increased conservation measures are taken. The total wild population is estimated at several thousands, but has not been counted. Some subpopulations have probably disappeared, such as those along the cliffs of the San Pawl il-Bahar-Mistra area on north-eastern Malta.

range:
This species is restricted to the islands of Malta and Gozo (including Fungus Rock). It is rarer than Cheirolophus crassifolius (another listed species) and has a similar, but patchier distribution.

population:
The total wild population is estimated at several thousands, but has not been counted. Some subpopulations have probably disappeared, such as those along the cliffs of the San Pawl il-Bahar-Mistra area on north-eastern Malta.

habitat:
This woody shrub grows on sheer seaside cliffs along the northwestern and southern cliffs of the islands of Malta and Gozo, including Fungus Rock.  This species has several traits considered ancient in an evolutionary sense, such as an unusual chromosome number (10), and an ecological preference for rock crevice habitats. Like other Maltese endemics, it probably represents a relict element of the old Tertiary flora. C. lanfrancoi was described in 1987 and is the only species in this genus. It had long been confused with Halimione portulacoides, a plant of saline marshlands and dunes (not cliffs) also found on Malta.

threats:
Very low regeneration has been observed, probably due to an insect (Eurytoma sp.) that feeds on the seeds. All wild plants tested were infected by an as yet unidentified fungus that apparently limits reproductive capacity (note that laboratory plants free of the fungus are easy to propagate by cuttings). In its natural habitat, the species is also gradually being replaced by invasive alien plants, particularly Agave americana, Carpobrotus edulis and Opuntia ficus-indica.  Cliff habitats are endangered or have already collapsed due to pressure waves from the explosions of nearby limestone quarrying. Dust pollution from quarrying seems to be a minor problem. A number of subpopulations are directly threatened by dumping of tar and wastes, a crime difficult to control.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Internationally, this species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and since Malta’s EU adhesion in May 2004 in Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive. On the national level, it is protected by the Flora and Fauna Protection Regulations of 1993 and the Flora, Fauna and Natural Habitats Protection Regulations of 2003.  All cliffs of the island of Malta and several of Gozo are locally protected, either as Sites of Scientific Importance, Areas of Ecological Importance or Special Areas of Conservation. Fungus Rock ((il-Gebla tal-General), which is located slightly off-shore of the western cliffs of Gozo, is also a Strict Nature Reserve. Access is forbidden, valid scientific reasons excepted.  In situ: Management plans are being drafted for a number of sites, including the Qawra-Dwejra Special Area of Conservation (western Gozo).   Ex situ: This species has been propagated by laboratory methods with great success and is available to nurseries and gardeners.  Actions Needed It is particularly important to protect more cliffs on Gozo because of their ecological importance. The most efficient conservation action needed is habitat protection and management. Law enforcement should be strengthened, especially, over illegal dumping, collection of wild specimens and the introduction of alien species on the easily accessible plateau. More research is needed to identify the factors responsible for this species' population decline and habitat fragmentation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Information on the species distribution, population size and trend, habitat requirements, and threats is needed in order to carry out an assessment. At the moment is only known that the species is present in Southern European Russia and protected under the Bern Convention. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species has been reported from South European Russia and Asian Turkey under the synonym Kalidium foliatum (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). It is being reported as native to Spain in the same source but that presence is highly questionable.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is categorized Data Deficient in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). Information on the species distribution, population size and trend, habitat requirements, and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Microcnemum coralloides has two subspecies: Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides and Microcnemum coralloides ssp. anatolicum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides is listed Vulnerable due its restricted area of occupancy. Negative trends have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat and extreme fluctuations have been observed in the number of locations where this species occurs. Population reduction is expected in the future because of the decrease of the distribution area of the taxon and the degradation and destruction of its habitat, mainly due to agriculture and grazing activities, and the modification of hydrological systems.

range:
Microcnemum coralloides has two subspecies: Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides is present in Spain and Microcnemum coralloides ssp. anatolicum occurs in saline deserts in the Asiatic part of Turkey and Lebanon-Syria (Euro+Med Plantbase  2006-2010). In Spain, it occurs in the provinces of Albacete, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Madrid, Toledo, Valladolid, Huesca, Lérida, Teruel, Zaragoza, Murcia and Granada (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Its presence in Galicia is uncertain. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be lower than 2,000 km2.

population:
Negative trends have been reported for its population size and extreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulations (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
This is a halophile species which grows in inland marshlands, in areas with dry sunny continental climate. Regressive trends have been identified for its habitat (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

threats:
Destruction of habitats, hydrological system modifications, agriculture and grazing have been cited as threats to this species (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The subspecies Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides is listed VU A3c+4c; B2ab(iii)+2c(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Patellifolia patellaris (Moq.) A.J. Scott, Ford-Lloyd & J.T. Williams is a tertiary wild relative of cultivated beets,&#B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). The species was previously classified in Beta section Procumbentes Ulbrich as Beta patellaris Moq.&#   Experimental evidence, derived from cytological and chromatographical analysis confirmed the isolation of Section Procumbentes of Beta and showed that the divergence was so great that the species of section Procumentes should be separated as a new genus (Ford-Lloyd 1973). A valid name for the genus Patellifolia was published by Scott et al. (1977).  The taxonomy of wild beets was re-evaluated by Kadereit et al. (2006), and this study also indicated that section Procumbentes should be separated from the genus Beta. Examining the phylogeny of subfamily Betoideae, a small subfamily of the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae alliance, the authors provided strong evidence for a monophyletic development of this subfamily comprising Beta, Patellifolia A.J. Scott et al. (= Beta section Procumbentes Ulbr.), Aphanisma Nutt. ex Moq., Hablitzia M. Bieb, and Oreobliton Durieu.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Patellifolia patellaris is regionally assessed as Least Concern because although the species has a restricted range, its overall population size in Europe is relatively large and the potential threat from tourism and recreation is not likely to have a significant impact in the foreseeable future. However, individual subpopulations may be threatened—particularly in Portugal and Sicily—and all subpopulations require monitoring.

range:
P. patellaris is native to Spain, Sicily, Macaronesia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), as well as to mainland Portugal. According to the International Database for Beta and CWRIS-AEGRO-PLIS (accessed 12 July 2010), the taxon has been found at 67 localities.  In Portugal, P. patellaris occurs in Extremadura and Algarve provinces (Castroviejo et al. 1990).

population:
This species is common and widespread in the Canary Islands. In Lanzarote, more  than 500 individuals were recorded at Las Brenas, 1 km east of Femes; the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this population  was estimated to be around 10,000 m2 (Frese 2005). In mainland Portugal, only one locality is known and the species is rare in Sicily. In Spain it is local and scattered.

habitat:
P. patellaris can be found in full sun on dry roadsides or ruderal places in or around villages (Frese 2004) and in Portugal it can be found growing in crevices of limestone sea cliffs. It is adapted to arid conditions with annual rainfall between 100 and 300 mm (Frese 2004). It is a mainly inbreeding, self-pollinated hermaphrodite (Frese 2005).

threats:
The tourist industry is likely to have a significant impact on ruderal sites in villages and along roads (Frese 2004).

conservationAction:
The genus Beta (beet) is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and although the genus Patellifolia is not listed, it is part of the beet gene pool.The species occurs in protected areas and SCIs; however, active monitoring and management is required.No germplasm accessions of P. patellaris are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
P. patellaris is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, #B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). The species is adapted to arid conditions; therefore, it may be a potential gene donor for drought resistance.

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Draper, D., Branca, F., Donnini, D., Tavares, M. & Santos Guerra, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Patellifolia procumbens (Hornem.) A.J.Scott, Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams is a tertiary wild relative of cultivated beets,&#B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). The species was previously classified in Beta section Procumbentes Ulbrich as Beta procumbens Hornem., but was later re-classified.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Patellifolia procumbens is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread and common in Macaronesia and is a ruderal species that tolerates habitat disturbances.

range:
P. procumbens is endemic to Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands) and Cape Verde (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Borges et al. (2008), it occurs on Madeira, Porto Santo and Selvagens; however, the assessors believe that its status in Selvagens is uncertain.

population:
It is a common species both in Madeira and the Canary Islands.

habitat:
This species is found in coastal areas, amongst rocks and degraded soils. It is a ruderal species and tolerates habitat disturbances. #

conservationAction:
The genus Beta (beet) is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture and although the genus Patellifolia is not listed in the Treaty, it is part of the beet gene pool.The International Database for Beta reports the existence of 57 germplasm accessions (IDBB 2010).It occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and gene donor to cultivated beets, #B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups) (Frese et al. 2001). The species is adapted to arid conditions; therefore, it may be a potential gene donor for drought resistance.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Frese, L., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Duarte, M.C., Tavares, M. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Patellifolia webbiana (Moq.) A.J. Scott, Ford-Lloyd & J.T. Williams is a tertiary wild relative of cultivated beets, B. vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). The species was previously classified in Beta section Procumbentes Ulbrich as Beta webbiana Moq., but was later re-classified. Wagner et al. (1989) and Jung et al. (1993) suggested that P. procumbens and P. webbiana might not be different species, while more recently, Thulin et al. (2010) have proposed that all members of the Patellifolia clade are treated as a single variable species, P. procumbens.

redListCategoryRationale:
Patellifolia webbiana is assessed as Critically Endangered as its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 8 km², its area of occupancy is no more than 4 km², the population is severely fragmented, and it occurs at only one location which has been highlighted for development. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to the use of the area for military training activities.It would also qualify for Vulnerable D2 because its area of occupancy is very restricted (no more than 4 km²) and it occurs at only one location.DNA analysis is required in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the different reported occurrences of P. webbiana, as well as to clarify the taxonomic relationships within the genus. However, until this is undertaken, the (sub)population on La Isleta is assumed to be the only known population of the taxon and it is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered as a precautionary measure.

range:
According to Izquierdo et al. (2004), P. webbiana is endemic to the Canary Islands of Hierro, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. However, A. Santos Guerra (pers. comm. 2010) considers the only occurrence of P. webbiana to be the plants on La Isleta (Gran Canaria), a complex of small volcanoes close to Las Palmas city, and that occurrences cited from other islands should be treated as P. procumbens (Hornem.) A.J. Scott, Ford-Lloyd   J.T. Williams. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this population is no more than 8 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 4 km².

population:
It is locally frequent on La Isleta; however, the population is severely fragmented as there is a road that cuts through the main subpopulation and the area has been developed for military use, including the construction of houses.

habitat:
P. webbiana is a ruderal nitrophilous species. On La Isleta, it grows on disturbed ancient and recent lava flows where the annual rainfall is probably less than 200 mm and the vegetation mainly consists of Euphorbia communities (E. balsamifera / E. canariensis).

threats:
The population is affected by disturbance from military training activities on La Isleta and there is a road that crosses through the main known subpopulation.Parts of La Isleta may in the future be developed by the local administration of Las Palmas city, but it is not known what type of development is planned.

conservationAction:
The genus Beta (beet) is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for  Food and Agriculture and although the genus Patellifolia is not listed in the Treaty, it is part of the beet gene pool.La Isleta (560 ha) is protected by the Canarian law of 'Espacios Protegidos' (Protected Landscapes) due to its interest as a 'desert landscape'. The area where the species occurs is under military control with restricted human access. Part of this territory could be suitable for population enhancement.  The species in not mentioned in the recent catalogue of protected species of the Canarian Government (2010), nor in the recent catalogue 'Listado de especies silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial y del Catálogo Español de Especies Amenazadas' (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino 2011).   EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of P. webbiana which is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). One accession is also reported by USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According D. Draper (pers. comm. 2010) this accession was collected at El Confital, a locality in the Isleta area, so it probably belongs to the true P. webbiana. #Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.DNA analysis is required in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the different reported occurrences of the taxon, as well as to clarify the taxonomic relationships within the genus. Sampling from all known subpopulations recorded as P. webbiana, as well as from the (sub)population on La Isleta is needed to carry out this research. Existing studies indicating that P. webbiana is not a separate species have been based on inadequate sampling.

useAndTrade:
P. webbiana is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to cultivated beets, B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (leaf, garden, fodder and sugar beet groups). There are no known direct uses of this species. Yu (1984) screened Patellifolia species under controlled conditions in the glasshouse. The three species were all highly resistant, but not immune to the root cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii.


taxonomicNotes:
&#This species is not easily recognisable in the field. It is confused with Salicornia europea and therefore of uncertain distribution.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)Populations are vigorous but the type of required habitat is rare and under much pressure from tourism development. As there is taxonomic confusion with S. europea it is difficult to define the size and trend of the populations. The species is restricted with an area of occupancy of probably less than 500 km², however, the number of locations is less than ten, the habitat faces several anthropogenic pressures and is declining. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Salicornia veneta is endemic to the Mediterranean, extending to the countries Croatia, Italy (Venice lagoon, Po delta, Sardinia) and Slovenia. According to Conti et al. (2005) and Arrigoni (2006) S. veneta is present in northeast Italy and in Sardinia in only one locality. The record for Sardinia is doubtful and under study, and has therefore not been taken into account for this assessment.The species has a very restricted range and the area of occupancy is believed to be less than 500 km². In total, it is not found at more than ten locations.

population:
Salicornia veneta is relatively common over its distribution area, although in regression due to human degradation of its coastal habitats.

habitat:
Salicornia veneta is an annual species, growing in wet brackish environments, on dunes and muddy beaches submerged in winter.

threats:
The brackish environments of the northern Adriatic coast where Salicornia veneta develops are strongly damaged by human activities such as tourism (Croatia and Slovenia) but also industrialisation, aquaculture, urbanisation. Pollution (nitrification) and vegetation succession might also have an impact on the species.The use of the plant is currently very limited but as the young shoots are harvested this can compromise the species reproductive capabilities. This does not pose a threat at present.

conservationAction:
S. veneta is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Italy, it is classified as Endangered in the national Red List of the Italian Flora (Conti et al. 1992, Conti et al. 1997, Scoppola and Spampinato 2005). According to Scoppola and Spampinato (2005) populations from Sardinia are of doubtful attribution. It is assessed as Data Deficient in the Red Data Book of Croatia (Flora Croatica Database 2004).Populations are included in the Ramsar site Ortazzo and in the Regional Park of the Po Delta.Future recommended conservation measures are:- Legal protection (lists of protected species in Croatia and Slovenia).- Application of legal measures of conservation.- Monitoring of the sub-populations and search for new ones.- Evaluation of the size of populations.- Study of the dynamics of populations.- Study of the biology and ecology of the species.- Review findings in Sardinia

useAndTrade:
Salicornia veneta is eaten in oil and vinegar.

redListAssessors:
Foggi, B., Daoud-Bouattour, A., Gammar-Ghrabi, Z., Limam-Ben Saad, S. & Muller, S.D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Salsola vermiculata is distributed in parts of southwestern Europe where it is locally common and stable. As there are currently no major threats to this species, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species.

range:
S. vermiculata is native to France, Italy, Portugal and Spain, as well as to north Africa (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is stable, and locally common where it occurs.

habitat:
S. vermiculata is found in rocky, coastal habitats in the western Mediterranean (Haslam et al. 1977, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004) and is a species of coastal saline conditions in the Canary Islands where it is frequently found in disturbed habitats (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001).

conservationAction:
S. vermiculata is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.The species has been classified as Vulnerable(VU) in Italy (Conti et al.1997).A review of its in situ conservation status is required.  EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of S. vermiculata held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All three of these wild accessions originate from Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
S. vermiculata is cultivated for forage; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to southern Portugal where it has a very restricted area of occupancy of  less than 20 km². This plant is rare and has scattered populations with low numbers of  individuals of a maximum of 100 individuals per  subpopulation. A significant habitat decline took place between 1994 and  1995 due to infrastructure development. Nowadays, the main threats are posed by traffic and car parking along the coastal strip. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal and is mainly located in the south, in the Vicentino plateau. The extent of occurrence is 24 km² and the range of potential habitat available is only 2 km²    (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICN 2006). It can therefore be assumed that the area of occupancy is less than 20 km². The number of locations is not known.

population:
This plant is rare and has scattered populations with low numbers of individuals. A maximum of 100 individuals has been measured per subpopulation. A significant habitat decline took place between 1994 and 1995 due to infrastructure development (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This plant occurs in sandy substrate along the coastal zone and colonizes open spaces, open grassland, wide clearings, or the sides of tracks. The populations can be separated be several kilometres. Only one subpopulation has been observed germinating in the year following the initial observation, which could point to an extreme ecological specialization and that this plant needs conditions that only rarely come together in specific locations (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2230 "Malcolmietalia dune grasslands" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are posed by traffic and car parking along the coastal strip (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Herniaria algarvica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal.Necessary conservation measures are the regulation of traffic and parking outside designated areas, protection of the populations, increase the habitat quality required by this species, benign introductions to secure sites (ICN 2006).Poor prospects - species likely to struggle unless conditions change. #&# (ICNB 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, has a very restricted distribution and occurs at only six locations. The threats to the subspecies include the abandonment of traditional grazing and the subsequent overgrowth with competing plants. However, the populations are stable at the moment. In total, 200 to 250 individuals have been counted in Corsica and 30 to 50 individuals have been counted in Sardinia. It is therefore suspected that out of this total number of individuals there are less than 250 which are mature individuals and the subspecies is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the French island Corsica and the Italian island Sardinia.The range of the subspecies in Corsica is 1,007 km² and it is found in nine sites throughout five locations (on the massif du Rotondo at Punta Lattiniccia, on the massif d’Incudine-Bavella at Bocca d’Oro, and throughout the plateau du Coscione, Bavella), between 1,700 and 2,200 m asl on rocky areas. There is neither evidence of a connection nor a disconnection between the central and southern subpopulations.In Sardinia, the subspecies is found at one location at an altitude of more than 1,600 m asl.

population:
In Sardinia, the population is small with an estimated 30-50 individuals but stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Corsica, the total population is estimated at 200-250 individuals and is stable except in one site (Coscione), where there is perturbation by wild pigs. The populations are not severely fragmented.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows on rocky slopes (schist), on grassland and open shrublands and rocky areas, on oro-Mediterranean and alpine high mountains.It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands

threats:
The main threats to the subspecies in Sardinia comes from vegetation dynamics as a consequence of low cattle and sheep grazing in rocky pastures. Several threats for this subspecies in Corsica have been described such as motorized vehicles and recreational activities, competition with other species due to the abandonment of pastoral systems, and antagonism with domestic animals. Especially the closure of habitat by Alnus spp. due to the modification of agricultural practice, and pig rearing are affecting the subspecies directly.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is under regional protection in Corsica and under national protection in France. It is listed in the Italian Red List as Critically Endangered. Traditional grazing should be maintained to improve the vegetation dynamics. Ex situ conservation measures are taking place and the seeds are stored in two seed banks: Paliri and Cuscione from the Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse.


taxonomicNotes:
In Portugal, the species is treated under the name Herniaria berlengiana (ICNB 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Portuguese Berlenga archipelago with a restricted geographic range of 0.89 km² which translates into an area of occupancy of 3 km². This taxon is frequent but never abundant and the population trend is  unknown. Main threats are posed by the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the non-selective clearing of the hiking paths. As it has recently only been found on two of the islands and as invasive species are a threat that easily spreads, it is assumed that there are two locations. The taxon is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Portuguese Berlenga archipelago where it occurs at the islands Berlenga, Farilhão and Inês (ICN 2006). Its geographic range is 0.89 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It has recently only been observed in Berlenga and Inês (Draper et al. 2003, Tauleigne Gomes 1995, Tauleigne Gomes et al. 2004).

population:
This subspecies has a restricted distribution and is found with a certain frequency but is never abundant. The populations are in good state in Berlenga and were reported to be rarer in Farilhão (ICN 2006). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This biennial or perennial herb, flowers in June and July. It grows mainly in arid sites, skeletal soils and in fissures of granite rocks as well as along hiking trails. Trampling is beneficial for this plant as it reduces its competition by keeping surrounding vegetation low (ICN 2006).

threats:
The main threats are posed by the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the non-selective clearing of the hiking paths (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Herniaria lusitanica ssp. berlengiana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Necessary conservation measures are to study the population dynamics, to research the impact of birds, especially sea gulls on the populations, to control invasive species, and to promote appropriate site/paths management (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the southwestern coastal strip of Portugal ranging from Cabo Carvoeiro southwards. The area of occupancy of this  species is between 1,702 and 2,100 km². There is not much information on the populations available, but they have been described as being of good conservation status  and that a loss of sites took place in the past. There are no significant threats to the species but it can be potentially affected by trampling and urban expansion. It is therefore listed as Least Concern for the moment but the populations should be monitored.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal. It is a coastal species that ranges from Cabo Carvoeiro southwards. It is continuously spread along the coast with some gaps in the northern part of its range and in the southern part where its duneland habitat also becomes scattered (ICN 2006). The area of occupancy of this species is between 1,702 and 2,100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations have been described as having a good conservation status but there is no information on their size or trend. Some localities have disappeared in the northern part of its range (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Herniaria maritima is found in unstable sand dunes and on the higher part of beaches. It prefers to colonize open spaces and can also colonise clearings in low woodlands (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands (‘white dunes’)

threats:
No significant threats have been noted for this species. It is suspected that habitat degradation due to trampling and urban expansion caused the loss of sites in the north (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Herniaria maritima is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. Conservation of its dune habitat, especially protection from trampling, urbanisation and afforestation, is recommended as well as monitoring of the populations (ICN 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
M. fontana has been taxonomically divided into a series of varieties, subspecies or even species. Recognition of these entities is very inconsistent and there appears to be no useful solution to sub-specific treatment of this taxon.

range:
M. fontana has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, from Europe east to Siberia, south to the Middle East and North and East Africa. It also occurs in Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, northern and western North America and western South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe from the Iberian Peninsula north to Iceland, east through Scandinavia to North European Russia and south to the Mediterranean, the Ukraine and the Balkans.

population:
M. fontana is classed as Endangered in Estonia and Switzerland, Near Threatened in Hungary (where all records are referable to M. arvensis) and Data Deficient in Croatia. In Greece, it is found at one locality in the Peloponnisos (only 1 locality), east central and north central Greece, East Aegean Islands (Lesvos   Ikaria) and Kiklades Islands. The subspecies amporitana is recognized in Greece according to Flora Hellenica (Strid and  Tan 1997). It is rare but not threatened. Elsewhere it appears to be widespread and relatively abundant.

habitat:
M. fontana occurs in acidic or neutral, seasonally or permanently wet places, such as springs and flushes, lake, river and stream margins, damp tracks, paths and winter-moist sand or gravel.

conservationAction:
M. fontana is classed Endangered in Estonia and Switzerland, Near Threatened in Hungary and Data Deficient in Croatia, it is also protected at regional level (Picardie) in France, but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Maytenus umbellata is endemic to the Portuguese islands of Madeira and Porto Santo where it occurs in 50 localities with a stable trend. Threats described are urbanisation, disposal of household  waste, construction of roads and tunnels, erosion and landslides but they are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the Portuguese islands of Madeira and Porto Santo (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).

population:
Population has been recorded in 50 localities with a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)

threats:
The main threats to the species are urbanisation, disposal of household waste, construction of roads and tunnels, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Maytenus umbellata is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paeonia clusii ssp. rhodia is endemic to the Greek island Rhodes   where it has an extent of occurrence of 350 km², an area of occupancy of 24-30 km², and is found at five to six locations. The taxon grows in  easily accessible areas allowing it to be  intensively collected for cultivation  in gardens or for commercial  activity. Since rhizomes are being removed  in the process, this results  in population decrease, which would pose a  threat for its survival in  the future. The other main threats are fires that lead furthermore to a degradation of the subspecies habitat. #

range:
This taxon is endemic to the Greek East Aegean Island of Rhodes. The main distribution area of the plant is on Profitis Ilias Mt but it has also been recorded at two sites at the area of Archangelos and two sites at the area of Apolakkia (Carlström 1987). The total distribution area and the number of locations and subpopulations are not accurately known. The plants on Profitis Ilias constitute one subpopulation at one to two locations. The extent of occurrence is small at 350 km², with a known area of occupancy at 24-30 km².   #

population:
Total population is estimated to be between 1,000-10,000 individuals. On Profitis Ilias Mt, where Paeonia clusii ssp. rhodia grows, it is one of the characteristic species of the cypress forest, 50 – 100 individuals may grow in 500 m² of forest at the best sites, but the plant is rare (one to two individuals) or not present at steep slopes or rocky sites. On Attavyros Mt the plant must be much rarer and does not constitute a stable element of the forests.    The plant has never been monitored, so it is not known whether there actually is a population decline or whether there are fluctuations. But due to the threat of collection, a continuous decline is assumed.

habitat:
Habitat preference includes coniferous forest with cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) or less often mixed cypress-pine (Pinus brutia), on calcareous substrate. Rarely in maquis with Quercus coccifera. Recorded between altitudes of 350-650 m.

threats:
Most of the distribution area of the plant is easily accessible. Locals know the plant and it is popular in village gardens. Over-collection for cultivation in gardens or for commercial purposes is a serious threat. Wild fire, intentional or not, may be a threat for the plant due to the presence of the flammable Pinus brutia close to or in its habitat. In fact, Pinus brutia seems to expand at the expense of cypress, which forms the main habitat of the plant, because of its high regeneration ability after fire. The fact that the plant is a geophyte may offer protection.   Grazing is not a serious threat on Profitis Ilias Mt but it may constitute a threat on Attavyros Mt, especially in burned forests.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81.   Most of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 sites GR4210005 and GR4210006. It is also included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995). However, due to the natural threat of wildfire, monitoring of these fires and effect on this taxon need to happen to understand if there is a long-term decline, or if the plant can withstand a certain degree of burning.

useAndTrade:
Over-collection for cultivation in gardens or for commercial purposes is a serious threat. Holes left after the extraction of the plant are a disturbingly frequent sight on Profitis Ilias Mt.


taxonomicNotes:
In Hungary, sometimes also known on the species level.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This plant is endemic to Hungary, Serbia, Romania  and doubtfully to Italy. In Hungary and Serbia, it is threatened and has an area of occupancy of less than 20 km². While the Hungarian populations are  stable, they are presumably declining in Serbia where there is only one location with 40 mature individuals. This subspecies is subject to threats such as clear cutting, forest plantations, succession, pesticides and recreational activities. The size and trend of the populations in Romania is unknown and the subspecies is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Italy. Some experts doubt that this subspecies is known from Italy. In Hungary it occurs only in the eastern Mecsek Mountains. The extent of occurrence in Hungary is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy might be less than 10 km².In Serbia, it is found only in the Deliblatska Sands, while an old record from Mt Fruška Gora was never confirmed. The extent of occurrence is 100 km² while the area of occupancy is less than 1 km².

population:
In north Italy this subspecies has been recorded in 10 localities. In Hungary the population is around 100,000 to 160,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are stable.In Romania, it is relatively common (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2011).In Serbia, there are less than 40 mature individuals restricted to one small site of not more than 1 ha in the Deliblatska Sands (Boža and Stojšić in: Stevanović 1999). It is extinct from the second known locality in the Deliblatska Sands, while its occurrence in Mt Fruška Gora is very doubtful as it has not been confirmed in the field in the last several decades.

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):91G0 Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak–sessile oak forests

threats:
The main threat is clear cutting, forest plantations and other forest works. Natural succession, for example due to the abandonment of grazing activities, leads to habitat alteration and increased competition. The use of pesticides and recreational activities have been furthermore described as threats.

conservationAction:
Paeonia officinalis ssp. banatica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Hungary it is strictly protected and the entire population occurs in a protected area and Natura 2000 site. It is classed as Endangered on the Red List of Hungary (Király 2007). It is easy to grow in botanical gardens as the plants produce many viable seeds. In Serbia it is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) B1+2bc; C2ab; D; E (Boža and Stojšić in: Stevanović 1999). The single locality is under particular measures of conservation in the Delibblatska Sand natural reserve. The taxon is protected by law. In Romania, it has been classed as rare (Boscaiu et al. 1994).Forestry management should be carried out in a way that is appropriate for this plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from a few scattered localities in the region of Sterea Ellas. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km². The total number of mature individuals is less than 2,500 with less than 200 in each subpopulation and the main threat is posed by collection of this species for its natural beauty. It is not known if the plant occurs within protected areas, and a potential future threat is a change in land use of existing locations, negatively effecting the growth and survival of P. parnassica.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from a few scattered localities on Parnassos Mt and Elikonas Mt in the region of Sterea Ellas (Phitos et al. 2009). The AOO is 600 km² and the EOO is less than 5,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total number of mature individuals is less than 2,500 (Phitos et al. 2009) and no more than 200 individuals have been counted at a location.

habitat:
This species grows in margins and openings of Abies cephalonica forest, damp grassy meadows and sheltered places, between limestone rocks on southwestern slopes at an altitude of 800-1,300 m asl. (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat to this plant is collection of rhizomes and the entire plants for cultivation due to its natural beauty and the fact that it is easily accessible. Changes in land use are a further potential threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Phitos et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
Paeonia parnassica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is classed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ac+2ac; C1+2(a i) in the National Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Collection of rhizomes and entire plants for cultivation (Phitos et al. 2009)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The information available is not enough to carry out an assessment. In particular, information from Romania, Russia and European Turkey is missing and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This species with disjunctive range extends from the eastern Balkan Peninsula into Romania, Ukraine and southern Russia, Caucasus, Asia Minor and Iran.It was found fairly recently (about 2008) in northeastern Hungary and is presented by only one population with an occupied area of less than 1 km². There are some doubts whether it is native to Hungary. In Bulgaria, it is found in some of the floristic regions of the country, mostly in the east and in the north, with some localities in western Bulgaria. It is localised and fragmented but not severely fragmented in eastern Bulgaria. The population trend is decreasing with some lost localities even in recent times. It grows up to 700 m altitude. Most localities are up to 0.5 hectares. For Bulgaria the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² as the plant is found in less than 25 10x10 km grid squares.In Serbia, the species is distributed in the Banat province (sand steppe of Deliblatska) where the most abundant population occurs, and in the sand steppe along the Danube near Kladovo and Radujevac (extinct from both sites). Recently, it has been discovered far south in east Serbia in the surroundings of Dimitrovgrad- village Odorovci (Zlatković et al. 2005).

population:
In Serbia, the number of individuals in the most abundant site (Deliblatska Sands) exceeds several thousand mature individuals. In the last 50 years the size of the population has rapidly decreased, and the current population is estimated to be less than 50% in comparison with previous stages. The number of individuals of the newly discovered population in east Serbia is estimated to be less than 200 mature individuals (B. Zlatković pers. comm. 2011).In Crimea, the number of individuals is nearly one million, including 10,000 individuals in the mountain massif Karadag. The density of the population in the Ukrainian Steppe and Luganskij reserves are one individual/m². Many localities are extinct.

habitat:
In Hungary, it is found in dry grasslands. In Bulgaria, it is also found in stony areas and on limestone. In Ukraine, it grows in steppe and is a member of Vinco herbaceae-Caraganetum fruticis, Plantagini stepposae-Stipetum pulcherrimae, Adonidi- Stipetum tirsae associations, Festuco-Brometea class.In Serbia, this plant inhabits meadow-steppe communities and pastures (Chrysopogonetum grylli panonicum and Potentillo-Festucetum valesiacae from alliance Festucion rupicolae). It is not frequent in scattered scrub of Crataegus monogyna together with other steppe plants such as Rindera umbellata, Pulsatilla grandis, Adonis vernalis, Onobrychis arenaria, Iris pumila, Astragalus dasyanthus etc. This plant grows on humus rich sandy pararendzina soil, very similar to chernozem. Habitats of new discovered population in east Serbia are limestone steppe like grasslands and derelict vineyards and backyards.

threats:
In Bulgaria, former threats were agriculture and pine plantations and quarrying. In recent years, the construction of wind farms is becoming a serious threat.In Serbia, the main threats in the sand steppe of Deliblatska Sands natural reserve are pine plantations and the abandonment of sheep grazing which results in the replacement of open steppe communities and pastures with dense Crataegus mongyna shrub formations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is categorized as Critically Endangered (CR A4cd) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Vulnerable and  protected in the Luganskij, Karadagskij, Jaltinskij,  Crimskij steppe reserves. This plant is found in many protected areas of Ukraine; ex situ protection is carried out in the National Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv.In Bulgaria, it is listed as Endangered B2ab(ii,iv,v) and it is protected at national level. In Serbia, it would qualify as Vulnerable C1; C2a; D2 (Stevanović et al. 2005-2011).Information on population size and trend as well as threats in other parts of its range is needed.

useAndTrade:
The petals of the plant were collected for medicinal purposes. It is not officially allowed to collect but there might be small-scale collections going on. This affects the plants seed productions. Small-scale collection or cutting for decorative use and horticulture is possible.


taxonomicNotes:
Some people treat S. nigra ssp. palmensis as S. palmensis and further investigation is required to determine whether it should be elevated from subspecies to species level.

redListCategoryRationale:
Sambucus palmensis is listed as Endangered because it has very small subpopulations, frequently with less than 10  individuals. Even if there are a great number of subpopulations, only  340 individuals in total exist. The populations are declining due to trampling, grazing, agricultural activities, modification of the  hydrology of water bodies, increasing droughts, collection and  hybridisation.

range:
This taxon is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, being present in Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and Gran Canaria. Despite the large number of populations, the actual area occupied is very low, barely exceeding 1 km² (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004).

population:
There are 23 confirmed subpopulations on the four islands: 11 subpopulations on Tenerife with 69 individuals. Nine subpopulations on La Gomera with 214 individuals. Two subpopulations on La Palma with 55 individuals. One subpopulation on Gran Canaria with two individuals.         This adds up to 340 individuals in total    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population is distributed in many small locations, 16 of which are  within protected areas   (Marrero Gómez et  al. 2004).Regressive population trends have been reported for its total population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This tree can reach 4-6 m, is a Hermaphroditic taxon and the fruits can be dispersed by birds. It develops between 600 and 1,000 m and grows best in well preserved areas of "Monteverde" (Ixantho-Laurion azoricae) and heath (Myrica faya - Ericion arboreae) communities, especially in humid river beds and depressions. However, much of its population has developed in marginal areas that are under moderate anthropogenic influence, in the vicinity of orchards and in enclaves that are deeply disturbed. It is usually found in association with Persea indica, Ocotea foetens, Myrica faya, Erica arborea, Gesnouinia arborea, Hypericum inodorum, Salix canariensis, etc (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). In some populations in Tenerife, hybrids with the introduced subspecies S. nigra ssp. nigra have been observed .

threats:
The main threats to this taxon are habitat degradation caused by trampling, grazing, agricultural activities, modification of the hydrology of water bodies, increasing droughts, collection and hybridisation.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority taxon on Annex II of the Habitats Directive is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Sambucus palmensis. In the Spanish national red list it is included as Critically Endangered CR B1ab(iii,iv) (Moreno 2008).  It is included as taxon "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional one for the Canary Islands.Of the known populations, 16 are in protected areas such as Parque Nacional de Garajonay (SCI),  Parque Rural  de Teno (SCI), Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI), Parque Rural  de Doramas, Reserva Natural  Especial de Guelguén (SCI), Parque Natural  Las Nieves (SCI), Parque Protegido de  las Lagunetas (SCI), de  Campeches, Tigaiga y Ruíz (SCI). Most of the subspecies' range is designated as sites of community interest for the Natura 2000 network. There are ex situ conservation measures in place such as the preservation of seeds in a germplasm bank, however, more efforts are needed in this area. In the Parque Nacional Garajonay a recovery program has been developed including monitoring and reintroduction measures. The Department of Environment of the Canary Islands has developed a LIFE project focussing on the subspecies status   (Marrero Gómez et  al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E., Ojeda Land, E., Bañares Baudet, A. & Acevedo Rodríguez, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Bulgarian endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Bulgaria (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
The habitat preferences of this subspecies are unknown.

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(v) in the national Red List under the name Centranthus kellereri (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
The Sardinian taxon has been renamed C. amazonum Fridl. & A. Raynal.

redListCategoryRationale:
Centranthus trinervis is a herbaceous species endemic to Corsica where only a single subpopulation with 140 individuals remains. It is protected at regional, national and international level but a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors could rapidly lead to the extinction of this species in its natural habitat. However, the population and the cliff habitat it survives on are currently stable and the species is therefore assessed as Endangered D.

range:
Centranthus trinervis is endemic to Corsica, and is only known from a single population on the granitic boulders of Trinité near Bonifacio in the southwest of the island. # It can be found at sea level. The extent of occurrence is 140 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 10 km².

population:
The single locality holds 140 individuals. Habitat and population are stable. There was an extreme population fluctuation in 1994 when a fire destroyed 80% of the population but it regenerated afterwards (Montmollin and Strahm 2005).

habitat:
This herbaceous species grows in the shade of rock crevices and along cliff terraces. Only the woody base of this plant persists throughout the entire year, as other above-ground parts dry up at the beginning of summer or are broken by autumn storms. The single subpopulation grows on a cliff.After a fire, partially burned individuals may regenerate from small suckers at the base. The fruits are dispersed by wind, although regeneration has not been observed outside its present location.It can be found in Habitats Directive listed habitat 8220 "Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Grazing by goats is a minor threat in lower occurrences of the population and it tends to  decrease. In 1994 a fire destroyed 80% of the population but it regenerated afterwards (Montmollin and Strahm 2005). On the other hand, natural fires have been reported to have positive effects on potential competitive species such as Smilax aspera. Although C. ruber has not yet shown signs of being particularly  invasive on Corsica, it could hybridize with C. trinervis in  the future. A further potential threat could be human disturbance as the population is not far from already developed urban areas. Climbing was reported as a threat in the past as a "via ferrata" was installed at the cliff but this is not the case anymore.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Internationally, it is included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is legally protected in La liste des espèces végétales protégées en région Corse complétant la liste nationale #(Journal officiel du 15 août 1986) and listed in La liste des espèces végétales protégées sur l'ensemble du territoire français métropolitain (Annex I).  In situ: This species' habitat is included in the Natura 2000 network, it should be managed in a way that favours the conservation of this species. Climbing equipments on the cliff has been removed, population is  regularly monitored. The Conservatoire du Littoral bought the area where this species is present as a way to keep the population protected. Ex situ: Seeds of this species are preserved in several seed banks (e.g. Porquerolles), and cultivated in the botanical gardens of Brest, Porquerolles and in the Jardin Botanique de Lyon (France) and Geneva (Switzerland). Actions Needed Most urgently, the unique site where this species is found needs to be managed to allow the population to increase. It is essential that the habitat be kept open by clearing competing species such as Smilax aspera, and by eliminating the cultivation of Centranthus ruber and other invasive species grown in the area. Climbing associations as well as the general public need to be made aware about the conservation status of rare plant species in the region.  More field studies and regular monitoring are needed to understand the effect of vegetation cover and density, fires and storms on this species. A replanting programme from seeds collected in situ and plants grown in botanical gardens should be launched.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and local conservation actions are required.

population:
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is quite widespread and locally common throughout its range:Bulgaria: It is locally found in the mountains at around 40  localities. The population is declining fast due to collection.Croatia: The populations are declining.Czech Republic: It occurs in the north, west and central part of the country at 10 - 20  localities and is not abundant. Many populations count only 10-20 individuals and are  very threatened.France: It is common in the Alps, the Pyrenees and Corbières, rare in the Jura and very rare in Auvergne.Germany: The populations are declining and the species is threatened in many federal estates and even extinct in some.Greece: It is found in mountains in the north,  centre and northeast at about ten locations  throughout four different areas. It is locally abundant and there is no  information on the population trend. Ireland: It is found in the west of the country.Italy: There are almost 2,000 localities in all of the country except for the southernmost regions and the islands. Stable populations with more than 10,000 individuals, the populations are not fragmented.Lithuania: The distribution in Lithuania is uneven: it is rare in the centre and west, more common  in the east and southeast. The species occurs in small patches and is neither common nor very  rare  and restricted.Serbia: This plant is estimated to be vulnerable (V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010).Slovakia: It occurs scattered in mountain regions in the northwest, north and northeast of the country. Vegetative reproduction is predominant and fruit set is usually lower than 5%. #Spain: It is quite widespread in most regions in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula and a morphologically variable species.Sweden: It occurs in the south at ten localities.Switzerland: It can be found almost everywhere in the Jura and in the Alps and the populations are well connected within   these regions, with a flat area between these two mountainous systems   where the species is just occasionally present. It is a frequent species and several   hundreds of individuals can be found in each location, covering an  area  up to a few hundred km². The total population is estimated to be over 100,000 individuals and the general population trend is stable.Russia: There are a few records from the Leningrad region.Ukraine: The populations are very small in area (0.02-0.03 ha) and are not propagated by seeds. The population trend is unknown. UK: It occurs in the north, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

habitat:
This small shrub flowers from March to July and is found in coniferous forests and mixed forests dominated by conifers such as Pinus spp., in Cytiso ruthenico-Pinion and Erico-Pinion communities, and in alpine and subalpine  Juniperae communities. It also grows in tall forb, shrub or grassland communities below or above the forest line (subalpine) such as Rhododendro ferruginei-Vaccinietum communities and in heathlands. The species has also been reported from limestone, rocks, slopes, river banks, or even in sandy dunes, continental dunes and coastal areas (e.g. Lithuania).

threats:
Eutrophication from nearby agricultural areas or the abandonment of grazing leads to overgrowing of its habitat with shrubs which causes competition and has been reported as a threat. Furthermore reforestation, especially with Robinia pseudoacacia, modifies the species habitat. Collection of the plant is still a threat in some places. Locally, tourism development in the mountains (tracks, skiing) could be considered a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, bark and fruits are subject to this regulation.Bulgaria: Vulnerable A1abd; B2ab(ii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It can be found in three national parks, and two nature parks.Croatia: Vulnerable A3cd (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Czech Republic: Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000). Some populations in protected areas.Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)France: Protected in Poitou- CharentesGermany: Listed as Endangered (level 2) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Greece: It is protected by the Greek Law 67/1991. Some locations are in Natura 2000 sites.Italy: Harvesting is limited in some regionsLithuania: It is not protected. It can be found in protected areas, but the species is not the target. No action needed.Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)Russia: Least Concern (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)Sweden: Protected but not included in the national red list.Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002) but legally protected in three regions.Ukraine: Protected in Poliskij and Rivnenskij reserves and in many zakazniks.UK: Least Concern (Cheffings 2005)

useAndTrade:
The fruit is edible and the leaves are used in tea. It has been used as medicinal plant especially for the treatment of urinary infections as it has antiseptic and antibacterial properties. The leaves contain hydroquinones which can have toxic effects (Plants For A Future 2010, World Health Organisation 2002).It is sometimes cultivated as ornamental and to produce honey.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Dostalova, A., Gygax, A., Melnyk, V., Petrova, A. & Rasomavicius, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is classed as Least Concern at European level as the stronghold of its populations is in a big area in the Ukraine with no major threats and protection measures in place. Due to the disjunct distribution of this species, the smaller and isolated localities outside this stronghold might need special conservation attention.In the EU 27 member states the species has isolated occurrences in Poland, Slovenia and Greece. The area of occupancy of those sites is probably below 500 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. However, there is no information indicating a severe decline of the populations or their habitat at the moment and the species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened. #

range:
Rhododendron luteum has a disjunctive range that includes the Caucasus, Asia Minor which presents the main part of its range, and some localities in Europe. The largest European locality is in Polesia, in the Ukrainian regions of Rivnenska and Zitomyrska, and measures 15,000 km². Around this area additional small and isolated localities can be found. There are six small localities in the Gomelska region in southern Belarus. A single Polish isolated locality is in the vicinity of the village Wola Zarczycka, near Lezajsk in the southeastern part of the country. Furthermore, isolated localities are found in the Alps in Austria and Slovenia and in the Greek East Aegean Island of Lesvos. In Austria, the species is not native and has a local distribution.

population:
In the Ukraine, the number of individuals of Rhododendron luteum is sufficiently high. Despite a high seed production in some years, seedlings are very rare in the Ukrainian populations and large clones with vegetative propagations prevail in the populations.In Poland, 140 to 150 individuals have been recorded with an increasing population trend. In Slovenia, there are between 500 and 1,000 individuals and the populations are stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Austria, there is one individual known in Lendorf, Kärnten (Carinthia) and a few more in lower Austria and Styria. In Greece, it is found on the western part of Lesvos in a small area surrounded by the villages of Pterounda, Vatoussa, Anemotia, Parakila and Chidira. The extent of occurrence in Greece is 40 km² (Bazos and Yannitsaros in: Phitos et al. 2009).

habitat:
Rhododendron luteum is a shrub with an average height of 2 m but reaching up to 3.5 m. It is strongly branched and numerous offshoots grow from shallow roots proliferating in the soil.It is found in podsol, loamy or sandy-loamy skeleton soils above rocks such as granite, gneiss, sandstone or in fluvio-glacial deposits. A strong acidification of the substrate is characteristic for these soils and the pH is lower than 4. This species prefers streambanks, streambeds and stony but humid places.In the Polesian lowland in the Ukraine and Belarus, Rhododendron luteum grows in pine (Pinus brutea and P. nigra), oak (Quercus robur) and mixed oak-pine forests. It is also found in Pinus nigra and Pinus brutia forests in Greece, on stream banks and on volcanic substrates (Bazos and Yannitsaros in: Phitos et al. 2009).

threats:
In the Ukraine, there is no threat for the biggest population in Polesia. The surrounding smaller populations are affected by inadequate forestry management.  In Poland, burning and sand or gravel extraction have been described as threats. In Slovenia, recreational activities as well as forest clearance are impacting the populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Rhododendrum luteum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It is included in the Polish Red Data Book (2001) as Critically Endangered and is protected in the Kolanezania reserve. Ex situ conservation is underway in the reserves Parkowe, Nibieskie Srodla, and in the forest inspectorate Rudka. It is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable D2 and is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81. Part of its populations fall within a Natura 2000 site (Bazos and Yannitsaros in: Phitos et al. 2009).In Belarus, it is classed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book (2005) and is protected in the Prypjatskij national park, in two nature monuments.In the Ukraine, plant communities with Rhododendron luteum are included in the Green Book of Ukraine (2009), a book of rare, threatened and typical plant communities, who are the subject of protection. It is protected in the Poliskij and Rivnenkij reserves, in the Nadsluczanskij regional landscape park, in the Gorodnickij and Sloveczanskij reserves in the Ukraine. The main problem here is how to protect the small and isolated populations in the Ukraine. In Austria, the one existing plant in Carinthia (Lendorf, Drautal) is protected and has natural monument status (Fischer et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
This species is used for horticulture. In the past, it was used for perfumery.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii)+B2ab(ii)This plant is found in Bulgaria, Georgia and Turkey. In Bulgaria, it is only  found in Strandzha mountains with an extent of occurrence of less than  1,000 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 500 km². It is known from four or five locations and the populations are small in most of the localities. The area of occupancy is continuously declining due to inappropriate forest management and logging. There is no information on the Turkish populations, their size or trend, and potential threats available. Vaccinium arctostaphylos is therefore classed as Data Deficient.For the EU 27 member states, Vaccinium arctostaphylos is listed as Endangered. In Bulgaria, it has an extent of  occurrence of less than  1,000 km² and an area of occupancy of less than  500 km². It is known from four or five locations and the populations  are small in most of the localities. The area of occupancy is  continuously declining due to inappropriate forest management and  logging.

range:
This plant is found in Bulgaria, Georgia and Turkey (European and Asiatic parts) (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). In Bulgaria, it is only found in Strandzha mountains with an extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 500 km². It is found at four or five locations in Bulgaria.

population:
In Bulgaria, the populations are small in most of the localities and fragmented, although not severely. Most of the localities were only discovered fairly recently in the last 15 years. The population trend is unknown. There is no information on the Turkish populations available.

habitat:
This shrub can grow up to 3 m in height and is found in shady forest of Fagus orientalis and Quercus polycarpa.

threats:
Forest management causing mechanical damage to the plant and more intensive cuts of the forest change the habitat for this shrub that likes shady places.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii); C1 (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and it is protected. It is in a national park and one population is in a strictly protected nature reserve.Monitoring of the population is needed and appropriate forest management where the species occurs.


taxonomicNotes:
Euphorbia lambii Svent. was considered endemic to the island of La Gomera, Spain. Its synonymy with Euphorbia bourgeauana has been confirmed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Euphorbia bourgeauana is classified as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution. Despite no regressive trend of its population, its area of occupancy is still very small with 17 km², and it is affected by landslides, drought events, fires, competition and anthropization of its habitat.

range:
Euphorbia bourgeauana is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found in the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007, Bañares et al. 2010), growing between 600 and 1,050 m asl. Its area of occupancy is 17 km² (Bañares et al. 2004, Bañares et al. 2010). In La Gomera it can be found distributed into 13 subpopulations, throughout four locations. In Tenerife it is present in three locations: Ladera de Güímar, Afur and Teno (O. Rodríguez, A. García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).

population:
In Tenerife 199 individuals were recorded (Bañares et al. 2004), and 1,341 in La Gomera (Bañares et al. 2010). Population trends have been reported to be stable in Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias 2004) and increasing in La Gomera (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
In La Gomera, this shrub grows near the lower distribution range limit of the communities of laurel-like evergreen forests known as "monteverde", in areas with different degree of humidity and exposure to winds, within associations of scrublands or forests, as Visneo mocanerae-Arbuto canariensis sigmetum, Lauro- Perseo indicae sigmetum, Ilici canariensis-Ericeto platycodonis sigmetum, Pericallido murrayi-Myrico fayae sigmetum, Brachypodio arbusculae- Junipero canariensis sigmetum and Cisto gomerae-Pino canariensis sigmetum.In Tenerife it grows on crags and foothills within the potential distribution range of "monteverde", in associations such as Ixantho-Laurion azoricae or along with more thermophile vegetation Mayteno-Juniperion canariensis, or heterogeneous shrublands Rhamno crenulatae-Hypericetum canariensis, Telinetum canariensis.Frequent accompanying species are, among others: Erica arborea, Myrica faya, Laurus novocanariensis, Ilex canariensis, Maytenus canariensis, Rubus inermis, Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum, Rumex lunaria and Visnea mocanera.It is a monoecious plant that may present asexual propagation by cuttings.

threats:
Main threats are landslides, droughts, fires, natural competition with more aggressive species and anthropization (Bañares et al. 2004, Bañares et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive as Euphorbia lambii. It is also listed as Euphorbia bourgaeana as well as E. lambii under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It will be included as species VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al. 2010). In Tenerife it occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI) and Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal (SCI). In La Gomera most of the subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay and their state of conservation is generally good. Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of the Servicio Biodiversidad Viceconsejería Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias.Proposed measures include population trend monitoring, storage of plant material in germplasm banks and development of ex situ plant production and population reinforcement plans. In some areas exotic pine plantations should be removed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Euphorbia handiensis is listed as Vulnerable because it has a restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 12 km² and presence confirmed in only two known locations. No regressive trends have been observed for its distribution and population size, but the species appears still very restricted and grazing pressure and collection limit its expansion.

range:
Euphorbia handiensis is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 50 to 300 m asl (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004). It occurs in the south of the island at the  Jandia Peninsula, mainly in large colluvial valleys. It is distributed into two relatively dense subpopulations: Gran Valle and Valle de los Mosquitos. The area of occupancy is 12 km².A slight expansive trend has been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
This species can become locally very abundant. Total population has been estimated in 200,000 individuals   (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004). The populations are well structured, with a relative abundance of juvenile individuals. Genetic exchange between the main populations seems to exist. Population size is believed to be stable or slightly increasing (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004, Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
It grows on slopes and watercourses of ravines, in stony soils within xerophitic communities Euphorbietum handiensis and Aeonio-Euphorbion canariensis. It is a hermaphrodite plant adapted to conditions of extreme aridity. Seed production is high and germination rates up to 80% have been observed in ex situ conditions. Seeds are affected by parasites.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been described. Uncontrolled grazing and collection are still affecting the species (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004).

conservationAction:
Euphorbia handiensis is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and as Euphorbia handiense as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The species occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004). A conservation programme of threatened flora in Fuerteventura has been developed, which include among other measures, seed collection and storage in germplasm banks.Proposed measures include population monitoring, a plagues and diseases monitoring plan and research about genetic variability of the populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is only known from one small locality and the number of individuals is declining. The unique population covers a very small area of about eight hectares and consists of no more than 200 individuals.

range:
This species is known only from a single site, along the rocky shore of the islet of Ses Maragalides, close to the northwestern coast of Ibiza in the Balearic islands.

population:
Some 200 individuals grow in one single site.

habitat:
A succulent shrub or small tree that grows in the cracks of friable limestone cliffs and boulders.  E. margalidiana is a perennial plant that requires good light and high temperatures. Two other species of Euphorbia are endemic to the Balearic Islands: E. maresii (which is divided into two subspecies, maresii and balearica) is not threatened; however E. fontqueriana is Critically Endangered and only found on the island of Majorca. (Note these additional species are not yet included on the IUCN Red List).

threats:
An increasingly dry environment and the risk of the collapse of the cliffs where this plant occurs present a threat. Monitoring this species is difficult because the cliffs are unstable and dangerous.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed in Annex II of the Ministerial decree 22112 (1984) as a species of special national interest to be protected in the Balearic Islands. It is illegal to undertake any activity that could damage this plant. E. margalidiana is listed in Annex I (in danger of extinction) of decree 439/90, which guarantees it protection in its native habitat. It is also listed in the Atlas of the Threatened Flora of Spain. Internationally, it is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.  In situ: No measures taken.  Ex situ: This species is in cultivation in several places including the botanic gardens of Sóller (Majorca) and Marimurtra (Barcelona) in Spain. In addition seeds are conserved in seedbanks. Currently studies on the genetic variability of material held ex situ are being undertaken.  Actions Needed Access to the site where E. margalidiana grows should be prohibited. The Government of the Balearic Islands is currently conducting a feasibility study to introduce this species to another islet, but to date there is insufficient data to make recommendations for benign introductions to other sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Euphorbia nevadensis is listed as Least Concern for it includes three subspecies widely distributed throughout the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Although the species is affected by grazing, reforestation, burning, and predation, it is unlikely to become severely threatened in the near future.

range:
Euphorbia nevadensis is endemic to the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula (Blanca et al. 2000). It includes three subspecies: Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. aragonensis, Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. nevadensis and Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. bolosii (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. nevadensis occurs in the mountains of central, southeastern and eastern Iberian Peninsula. Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. bolosii occurs in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.Euphorbia nevadensis ssp. aragonensis is endemic to the continental mountains of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.

population:
This species has been recorded in 53 to 57 localities but no specific data on number of individuals is available (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte can be found in rocky glades and grasslands, sometimes in afforested pinewoods. In Murcia it grows in rocky limestone soils. It can be found with Scrophularion sciophilae in Thalictro valentini-Conopodietum thalictrifolii. Habitat Directive characteristic habitat is 8130 "Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It can propagate by stolons.

threats:
Grazing, reforestation, burning, and predation by game species have been reported as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It occurs within several protected areas throughout its distribution.The subspecies nevadensis is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain.


redListCategoryRationale:
Euphorbia stygiana is endemic to the region São Lourenço on the island Santa Maria of the Azores. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 343 km². The habitat of the species is declining due to agricultural development,  change in land use, and invasive species. The total population counts less than 50 mature individuals and has a declining trend. It is therefore classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Euphorbia stygiana is endemic to the Azores, where it is confined to the region São Lourenço on the island Santa Maria (Martín et al. 2008). Its EOO is 343 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population counts less than 50 mature individuals and has a declining trend (Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
Euphorbia stygiana grows in beech forests (faial) (Martín et al. 2008). It develops in steep areas that are subject to disturbances. There are two types of habitat: firstly forest clearings or ecotones on saxicolous substrates, secondly slopes including banks of streams, hills, or rock walls where it develops in soil. It can be found in or at the edge of the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4050 Endemic Macaronesian heaths5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)9560 Endemic forests with Juniperus spp.

threats:
The habitat of the species is declining due to agricultural development, change in land use, and invasive species and the subsequent increase in competition (Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Euphorbia stygiana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Necessary conservation and research actions are (Martín et al. 2008):Habitat management and protectionManagement of threats such as the control of invasive species and regulation of tourism activitiesSpecies recovery programmesTranslocation of subpopulationsStudies on the taxonomy, biology, ecology and population dynamics


redListCategoryRationale:
Euphorbia transtagana is  endemic to Portugal, has an extent of occurrence of 13,094 km² and an area of  occupancy of 1,200 km². The populations are small with less than ten individuals but the total numbers of individuals is unknown. Its distribution area is decreasing due to urbanisation and removal of forest  undergrowth. However, the species is described as frequent in its area and the current threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Euphorbia transtagana is endemic to the central west and south and to southwest Portugal (ICN 2006). It has an extent of occurrence of 13,094 km² and an area of occupancy of 1,200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are always small with less than ten individuals (ICN 2006). The population trend is unknown, however, the species is described as being frequent in its area.

habitat:
This perennial plant occurs in scrub oak (ICN 2006). It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub9330 Quercus suber forests

threats:
The main threat is habitat loss and degradation caused by urbanisation and urban infrastructure development or by removal of forest undergrowth (ICNB 2006).

conservationAction:
Euphorbia transtagana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Adenocarpus ombriosus is listed as Endangered because of its low area of occupancy, between 1-5 km², and presence confirmed at three locations. This shrub is threatened by grazing, and natural disasters such as landslides or long periods of drought and this leads to a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
Adenocarpus ombriosus is endemic to the island of El Hierro, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 500 and 1,400 m asl, distributed in four locations that are located on the north of the island: Montaña de Jináma, El Salvador, Hoya de Arinés and Hoya de Fileba  (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004). The area of occupancy is between 1-5 km². The subpopulation of Hoya de Arinés was not found in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Four subpopulations known with a total of 339 individuals: 8 individuals in El Salvador, 40 in Jinámar, one in Hoya de Arinés and 290 in Hoya de Fileba. The presence of seedlings in the wild is relatively frequent. However, they tend to be generally low and weak, and often succumb to the summer drought. This leads to very low recruitment dynamics and an extremely slowly growing population (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).These locations were visited in 2007 and 189 individuals were recorded: 42 in Jinámar, 0 in Hoya de Arinés and 141 in Hoya de Fileba (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
It forms part of scrublands within communities of "fayal-brezal" Myrico fayae-Ericetum arboreae, often found in windy areas. Common accompanying species are Erica arborea, Micromeria hyssopifolia, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Carlina salicifolia, Sonchus hierrensis, Phyllis nobla, Pericallis murrayi and Myrica faya. It can also grow within replacement communities on crop fields, along with #Argyranthemum hierrense, Sideritis ferrensis, Bituminaria bituminosa, Rubus ulmifolius, Artemisia thuscula, Rumex lunaria, Euphorbia lamarkii, and again Pericallis murrayi.It is a hermaphrodite plant that does not present evidence of vegetative reproduction.  Experiences of germination ex situ show relatively high success, of between 38 and 53% (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).

threats:
Main threat to this species is grazing. Landslides have been also reported as threats, mainly on Hoya de Fileba and Jinama, as well as droughts (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Populations of Hoya de Fileba, Montaña de Jinama and El Salvador are included in the Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente.Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Population reinforcement and predator control measures should be implemented (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
Anagyris latifolia listed as Endangered because its distribution is severely fragmented, with an area of occupancy of less than 80 km². Continuing decline has been identified in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Grazing, predation by rabbits, competition with native and invasive plants and changes in land use are the main factors affecting the species. The total number of mature individuals is 387, and each of the subpopulations has less than 250 mature individuals.

range:
Anagyris latifolia is endemic to the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Gomera and La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa et al. 2004), where it can be found between 150 and 1,300 m asl. In Tenerife, there are about 30 subpopulations distributed in the western midlands and the south of the island, Anaga and an area of the coast of Icod. There are three known populations in La Gomera, three in La Palma and four in Gran Canaria. Its area of occupancy is more than 10 km² but less than 80 km². Several locations reported in the past have not been found again. Populations remain in retreats on inaccessible rocks and cliffs (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Regressive trends have been reported for its distribution range, especially in La Palma and Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
This  plant appears distributed into small populations with a reduced number  of individuals, sometimes one single individual. A progressive dynamic  has been observed in some locations where grazing was stopped, but the  majority of populations exhibit very low to zero recruitment, although  seedlings have been frequently found (Mesa et al. 2004). Main populations occur in Tenerife, where 27 subpopulations have been recorded, with a total of 208 individuals. In La Palma, there are three subpopulations, totalling 160 individuals. In La Gomera, three populations are known, totalling nine individuals. In Gran Canaria four subpopulations are known totalling 10 individuals.The total population is around 387 individuals. Numerous populations that were known in the past are now extinct (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).The populations count as severely fragmented, as the majority of the known subpopulations correspond to isolated individuals. Apart from that, the populations on Tenerife are very dispersed. Although, the seeds of this plant are dispersed by birds, those birds are moving in a localised and geographically restricted manner, so that a dispersal between populations is unlikely. Urbanisation and agricultural land use inbetween the populations increases the fragmentation affect.

habitat:
A. latifolia is a deciduous shrub of up to 3 m height with yellow flowers (Mesa et al. 2004). #It is a component of the dry scrub found at low altitudes (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).Tenerife populations generally develop on salic materials, from the coast (in the northern side) to 1,300 m asl (on slope facing south), always within thickets of Kleinia neriifoliae-Euphorbietea canariensis, especially in the potential distribution area of Junipero canariensis-Oleetum cerasiformis or transition scrublands from Juniperus sp. forest to pine forest (Mesa et al. 2004). In La Gomera it appears within Brachypodio arbusculae-Juniperetum canariensis; in La Palma it is integrated into communities Rhamno crenulatae-Juniperetum canariensi and in Gran Canaria it grows within Pistacia lentisci-Oleetum cerasiformis. Frequent accompanying species include: Rubia fruticosa, Olea europaea ssp. guanchica, Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Hypericum canariense and Kleinia neriifolia.It blooms from mid-autumn to mid-winter. Fruits ripen from January to March and pulses around April and May, which is also the season from which the leaves begin to be lost. It has been observed that the flowers are pollinated by bees (Apis mellifera). It is suspected that dispersal is carried out by birds, even as large as ravens. Seeds viability can last more than four years.

threats:
Major threats to the species are grazing and the predation by rabbits which eat young plants and seedlings. Competition with native and invasive plants has negative effects on A. latifolia. Some populations grow near roads and areas of urban or agricultural expansion (Mesa et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Anagyris latifolia is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed as CR B1ab(iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Some populations occur within protected areas. Part of the populations are located in the Reserva Natural Especial Guelguén (SCI), Parque Rural Anaga (SCI), Parque Natural Corona Forestal (SCI), Paisaje Protegido Siete Lomas, Parque Rural Teno (SCI), Reserva Natural Especial Barranco del Infierno (SCI) and the Parque Rural Majona (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente (Mesa et al. 2004).Proposed measures include population reinforcement actions at the most isolated sites and development of habitat restoration programmes. Seed collection from isolated shrubs is crucial to maintain a relatively large genetic diversity for future reintroduction needs (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Naranjo Suárez, J., Santana López, I., Alfonso Jiménez, L., Hernández González, A., Rodríguez Martín, B. & Acevedo Rodríguez, A.


taxonomicNotes:
A. lemanniana has close affinities with A. vulneraria of which it is probably only a subspecies (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
A. lemanniana is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where the total population counted 1,000 individuals with an increasing population trend. It is a rare plant growing in rocks but is out of reach of grazing mammals and can be found in protected areas. Nevertheless, climate change and fires have been reported as threats. The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
A. lemanniana is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. This species occurs between Serra de Agua, Pico Ruivo and Pico do Areiero (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
The total population counts 1,000 individuals, with an increasing population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, the main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
This species is a rare plant growing in rocks out of reach of introduced grazing mammals such as rabbits or goats (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). It is a small perennial herb of 15-40 cm height, with pink, red and cram flowers.

threats:
The main threat climate change (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) and fires (J.A. Carvalho, unpublished data). Further potential threats reported are collection of the plant, and natural catastrophes such as collapse of the terrain (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There was a major fire in the Central Mountain Massif in summer 2010.

conservationAction:
Anthyllis lemanniana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Its habitat is under protection in the Parque Natural da Madeira (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) and in the Natura Network 2000 (Jardim et al. 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Anthyllis vulneraria L. ssp. lusitanica (Cullen & Pinto da Silva) Franco (Franco and Afonso 1994).According to Flora Ibérica, this taxon has no validity. It is an annual form of the subspecies gandogeri (Sagorski) Maire.

redListCategoryRationale:
Anthyllis lusitanica is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and occurs in northeast and centre-west Portugal with a geographic range of 4,668 km². There is currently no information on the population size, their trend and potential threats available. Furthermore, there are taxonomic uncertainties regarding the validity of this species. Therefore, it is classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. gandogeri occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and north of Africa. In Portugal, the presence of Anthyllis lusitanica has been reported in the northeast (Trás-os-Montes - Bragança) and in the centre-west. It has a geographic range of 4,668 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no information on the population size and their trend available.

habitat:
Occurs in small clearings of open low shrubland, at dry and arid places. It is found in annual communities of the order Trachynetalia distachyae, composed of Trachinion distachyae and Anthyllido lusitanicae-Brachypodietum distachii which evolve on limestone, among Teucrio capitati-Thymetum sylvestris scrubs, in the centre of Portugal. In the northeastern province Trás-os-Montes it develops frequently in clearings on slate, in community with annuals of the order Tuberarietalia guttatae, and in coexistence with Tuberarion guttatae and Anthyllido lusitanicii-Tuberariteum guttati (Franco and Afonso 1994).

conservationAction:
Anthyllis lusitanica is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. More information on the population size and trend and potential threats to the species and its habitat should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Bulgarian endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient. However, the subspecies is listed as Endangered in the national Red List of Bulgaria.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to Bulgaria (ILDIS 2010).

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed under the synonym Astragalus aitosensis in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List, the subspecies is classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,v); C2a(ii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Astragalus algarbiensis is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. In Europe, it was only known from the Algarve near Faro where it is now classed as Regionally Extinct after extensive surveys proved unsuccessful in locating the species. It has been recently found in western Andalucía, but information is scarce and, therefore, the species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
Astragalus algarbiensis is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco.In Europe, it was only known from the Algarve in Portugal. The plant was found in 1847 between Faro and Nossa Senhora da Saude, and  has recently been detected in Morocco where it is abundant. It is probably extinct in Portugal (ICN 2006). It has been recently found in western Andalucía, Spain (J.C. Moreno pers. comm. 2011).

population:
The thorough search for this species between 1994 and 1996 was unsuccessful and therefore the species is now believed to be extinct in Portugal (ICN 2006). There is no information on the population in Andalucia.

threats:
The reasons for the species' extinction are not known but it was likely caused by intensive agriculture or urban expansion (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Astragalus algarbiensis is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal and was classed as Extinct by Ramos Lopes and Carvalho (1990).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This Eurasian species has European occurrences in France, Italy, Bulgaria, and European Russia. The populations and the habitat trend in Italy and France are stable, but the species has a very restricted range in Bulgaria and is threatened and there is no information on the Russian populations available. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.For the EU 27 member states, this species is classified as Least Concern as the populations and the habitat trend in Italy and France are stable, and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future. There is no information for the species in Bulgaria available and although it is classed as threatened, the risk of the species going extinct in the EU 27 is still low.

range:
This species is native to France, Italy, and Bulgaria and extends its range into Russia, China, the Caucasus and Turkey (ILDIS 2010). In France, this species is known from 27 sites in the regions Hautes Alpes, Alpes de Haute-Provence and in Corsica. In Italy, it is very localised in Vale de Aosta.

population:
In France, there are 27 localities in 28 communes but the number of individuals has not been estimated. There is one population in Corsica. In Italy, it exists nowadays in two localities, in one it is quite frequent and in the other  one, it is rather rare. In both countries the populations are stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is no information for Bulgaria or European Russia available.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry mountainous grasslands on sunny slopes. It has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests

threats:
The main threats are collecting, abandonment of mountain pastures leading to growth of shrub, building of infrastructure, forest planting and overgrazing (especially in Corsica) (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Astragalus centralpinus. It is protected at the national level in France (Annex I) and by regional law in Italy. It is classified as Lower Risk in the Italian Red List but was classed as Vulnerable in the French Red List (Olivier et al. 1995). In Bulgaria, it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the national red list (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).

useAndTrade:
This species may be collected for horticulture purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Astragalus aquilanus is endemic to Italy where it is found in Abruzzo. There is no information about the size and trend of the populations available and the species is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Astragalus aquilanus is endemic to Italy, where it has been recorded in Abruzzo. It is no longer reported from Calabria. The geographic range is 1,439 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been described in nine localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). No further information is available.

habitat:
It can be found in arid grasslands with south exposure in natural pinewoods or in degraded oak sites    (Pignatti et al. 2001). It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are outdoor sports and leisure activities as well as vandalism (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Astragalus aquilanus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).This species has been listed as Vulnerable in Italy (Pignatti et al. 2001). Information on the population size and trend should be collected.


taxonomicNotes:
Astragalus arenarius L. is a wild relative of the cultivated form, milk-vetch. Two varieties are recognized in the north Baltic region: A. arenarius var. arenarius Bluff. in coastal areas and A. arenarius var. glabrescens Rchb. in the east.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Astragalus arenarius is assessed as Least Concern due to its occurrence in several countries in Europe. However, the species is considered to be nationally threatened throughout much of its range (e.g., Germany, Czech Republic, European Russia, Sweden and Ukraine), is rare in northern Estonia and Latvia, only known  only from several isolated localities in the Czech  Republic, and the overall population trend is thought to be decreasing. Therefore, national level monitoring is needed. The species does occur within protected areas; however, monitoring and active management is required at these sites. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is urgently required from throughout its range.

range:
Astragalus arenarius is native to northern, middle and east Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In northern Europe it occurs in northern Estonia (Laasimer et al. 1993–2003), the northern and coastal areas of Latvia, Lithuania (especially in the southeast), as well as   in the south (Kristianstats) and north (Vasternorrland and Norrbottens) of Sweden and Öland Island (Aronsson 1995).In Germany, it is found in eastern Brandenburg and Saxonia, and in north and northeast Bavaria (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010), while in Poland it occurs in the regions of Nizina Południowopodlaska (mainly in the Bug River valley), Nizina Północnopodlaska, Kotlina Warszawska, Wysoczyzna Dobrzyńska, Nizina Sandomierska and Wielkopolska (Rutkowski 1998, Matuszkiewicz 2002,     Rutkowski and   Krasicka-Korczyńska 2003).In northwest Russia it occurs in the in the districts of Leningrad (mainly Luzshsky region and around St. Petersburg), Pskov and Novgorod (Mstinsky and Mologsky regions) (Tsvelev 2000); in central Russia it is found in Brjansk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Mordovia, Moscow, Nizshnij, Novgorod, Rjazan, Smolensk, Tver' and Jaroslavl, and possibly also in Orel, Tula   and Uljanovsk (Majevsky 2006); while in northeast Russia it occurs in the north Dvina (Severnaja Dvina) basin (Vaga River, Jeletsk, Kholmogory), between the Keldy and Polta rivers, and along the Kuloj River (Tolmachev 1976).

population:
In northern Estonia and Latvia, this species is very rare, but is more   frequent in the coastal area of Latvia and in Lithuania, especially in   the southeast. The populations in the Czech  Republic are isolated with a small number of individuals, while in Poland it is relatively widespread, mainly in one region. Populations along the Baltic coast may be stable because they are located within protected areas; however, there is a decreasing population trend in Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and in the northern part of European Russia. Specifically, in Poland there has been an observed decrease in the number of sites or marked reduction in the numbers of individuals per site over the past ten years (Snowarski 2002–2010).   In Ukraine, the populations are small (1–8 individuals/m² in an area of no more than 40 m² per population).

habitat:
It is found in coastal habitats (including sand dunes), dry grasslands (Meso-Brometum), and boreal heathland. It is also found in continental sandy inland grasslands with little or no humus and occasional patches of bare sand. The Natura 2000 habitat type is 6120 – Xeric and calcareous grasslands (Balevičienė et al. 1998).   In the Czech Republic it is also found in the margins and openings of light pine forests and in wind blown and river deposited sands. It is a diagnostic species for the Jurineo cyanoidis-Koelerietum glaucae Klika 1931 community (Chrtkova and Kubat 1995).   In Ukraine it occurs on sandy ground in Koelerio-Corynephoretea communities and in light dry lichen or moss in pine forest, rarely with a herb layer (Cladonio-Pinetum and Renudano-Pinetum communities) (Diduch 2009).

threats:
The main threat in European Russia where the species is found near St. Petersburg, is habitat degradation due to urbanization. In the Czech Republic, the main threat is habitat disturbance.   The main threats in Ukraine are silviculture in sandy areas, timber extraction, fire and pastoral succession, and recreation. Fixation of dunes was a threat in the past but now this kind of habitat  is under protection in various countries within its range. The species is particularly vulnerable due to its narrow ecological and coenotical tolerance.

conservationAction:
Astragalus arenarius is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  In Germany, this species is classed as Endangered (level 2) in the national Red List   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). A reintroduction project, under the responsibility of a Bavarian landscape care service (a nature protection NGO) has made successful reintroduction efforts by propagating native material in botanical gardens and planting it out in suitable habitats; such as sandy, dry, calcarous soils of open landscapes (Landschaftspflegeverband Nürnberg e.V. 2010).In European Russia, it is under special protection in a few territories and is included in regional Red Data Books   (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). It is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009), Critically Endangered in the 2001 Red List of the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001) and as Endangered in the national Red List of Sweden (Gärdenfors 2005). It was previously listed as Vulnerable in the 1995 national Red List of Sweden (Aronsson 1995).In Ukraine, it occurs in Poliskij Rivnenskij reserves and Pripjate-Stochid national park, as well as in Nyzniovorsklanskij regional landscape park and Ostrivskij zakaznyk. Throughout its range, this species occurs in several protected areas—it  is recommended that it is included in the management plans for these  sites. A particular management requirement is control of wind erosion.

useAndTrade:
Cultivated for forage; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement.

redListAssessors:
Smekalova, T., Holubec, V., Labokas, J., Bulińska, Z., Melnyk, V. & Vögel, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although some populations of Astragalus cicer are known to be decreasing (for example, in Germany) and the threats remain unknown, the species is widespread in Europe and is therefore assessed as Least Concern at regional level.

range:
Native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, east Turkey, the Caucasus and Siberia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). This species is widespread in Europe but does not occur in the north. In Slovakia, A. cicer is relatively abundant in the southern part of the country and scattered in the west Carpathians (Chrtková 1988). Native for Germany, especially in the middle and southern part, not at the northern coast. In Hungary it is frequently found in the Hungarian Mountains and Transdanubia, and also occurs on the Great Hungarian Plain   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In France it occurs in the majority of departments to the east of the country as well as the three departments of Gironde, Lot and   Pyrénées Orientales to the southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2010).According to Podlech (1999), this taxon is probably cultivated and there is no information on whether it has been naturalized.

population:
In central Europe and Germany, the population is decreasing. In Hungary this species is rare on the Great Hungarian Plain (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

habitat:
In Germany it is found in open forests in dry and medium-dry conditions, on grassland with trees, presumably on calcareous soils. It also occurs in ruderal habitats and in lower mountain and hill regions (Ahlmer 2010, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).In Hungary it grows in dry oak woodlands (Festuco-Quercetum roboris, Convallario-Quercetum roboris), woodland margins, chestnut forests, # loess steppe grasslands (Salvio (nutanti nemorosae)-Festucetum rupicolae), steppe woodlands (Campanulo-Stipetum tirsae) and meadows in (Arrhenatheretum elatioris) Origanetalia associations   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It is found in calcareous, warm, loose or adherent, variable wet, clay-, loam-,  detritus-, loeass-, and sandy soils, rich in alkaline minerals   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
In Germany, A. cicer is categorized as Endangered (Category 3) in the German Red List ((Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010) but the species is not protected.  Populations of this species should be monitored at national level throughout its range as a  decreasing trend has been reported in Germany and parts of central  Europe.   EURISCO reports 51 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 26 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 18 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germaplsm collections should be made from throughout the ecogeographic range of the species to ensure adequate conservation of genetic diversity ex situ.In Hungary, this species is not protected   (Király 2007). In France this species is protected in the region of Alsace to the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

useAndTrade:
Cultivated for forage; wild populations may harbour important genetic diversity for crop improvement. Also used for erosion control and is an important bee plant (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
The population of this species is severely fragmented and the number of individuals in decline. The more typical Astragalus macrocarpus, which occurs in the Eastern Mediterranean and is found in Turkey, is not threatened, while the Cypriot subspecies lefkarensis is.

range:
This subspecies only occurs in Cyprus where there are just four subpopulations found near the villages of Lefkara (after which the subspecies has been named), Asgata, Alaminos and Kelokedara.

population:
There are four subpopulations but the number of individuals is unknown.

habitat:
This small shrub grows on mountain slopes in the garrigue, which is a low-growing, secondary vegetation derived from the original evergreen mixed forest. It colonizes sunny, dry, calcareous soil. The plant is drought-resistant due to its thick grey-white hairs. The seeds are dispersed when the ripe beans fall off the plant and then roll due to their heavy weight and elliptical shape. No mechanisms for the seeds to be transported uphill are known, but propagation from rhizomes probably prevents the population from gradually being shifted downwards.

threats:
Since this subspecies produces a very small quantity of seeds, reproduction is mostly vegetative resulting in a very low genetic variability in the four small remaining subpopulations. This may limit its capacity to adapt to environmental changes.  During springtime, an insect species from the Burchidae family lays its eggs onto the flowers. The larvae hatch in the seeds and feed on their nutritive reserves, consuming 50-75% of the seeds. Seed consumption along with fruit and seed abortion are the main reasons for the low reproductive success of this species.  Expansion of tourism around Lefkara brings new threats to the subspecies, including urban development and collectors. A tourist website even notes the occurrence and location of A. macrocarpus subsp. lefkarensis along a popular hiking trail.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This subspecies is protected by the Bern Convention, where it is listed in Appendix I. Based on the results of a LIFE Third Countries Project, it is listed in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, to be published by the Government of Cyprus in 2005.   In situ: In the context of the above project, three sites with populations of this taxon have been nominated as Sites of Community Importance (SCI) by the Natura 2000 Network.   Ex situ: A small number of seeds collected from the Lefkara and Asgata populations are stored in the seed bank of the Department of Botany at the University of Athens. Cultivation attempts are urgently needed.  Actions Needed In situ: The reproductive success of this taxon must be increased by reducing seed predators through biological control. Moreover, the Government of Cyprus needs to inform landholders about the presence of this rare taxon on their property and encourage its protection.  Ex situ: Since the plants have a very low reproductive capacity, collecting large numbers of seeds from the wild and storing them in a seedbank could affect the recruitment of natural populations. Therefore, any collection for ex situ conservation needs to be carried out carefully and documented in order to conserve the maximum genetic diversity in the collections and create the least damage to the wild populations. Cultivation attempts are urgently needed.


