# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
Macpherson's Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura macphersoni) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is probably very large and it seems to be abundant - several individuals can often be found within a small area.

range:
Macpherson's Striped Bush-cricket is present in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and northeastern Portugal) (Llorente and Pinedo 1990, Ferreira pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 108,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown, but the population size is probably very large. Several individuals can often be found within a small area (Llorente and Pinedo 1990, Ferreira pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found mainly in shrubland with Cytisus, Retama and especially Echinospartum, with food preference for shrubs of the family Fabaceae (Gangwere and Agacino Morales 1973, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).

threats:
Wildfires are common within the range of the species, but the effects on this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend, its distribution, life history and ecology. Furthermore, research into the major threats to this species is also recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Italian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura stenoxypha) is found in Sicily, Italy, and it also occurs in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Italian Striped Bush-cricket is found in Sicily, Italy, and it also occurs in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,500 km².

population:
This medium-sized bush cricket is relatively common but the population trend is unknown.Morphologically, it cannot be distinguished from O. arcuata.

habitat:
This flightless species lives on shrubland and grassland at elevations between 150 m and 900 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera falcata) occurs from the Atlantic coast of Portugal, Spain and France in the west to China and Japan in the east. In Europe, it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, central Italy and European Turkey in the south to England, southern Sweden and Latvia in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and currently expanding its range to the north.

range:
The Common Sickle Bush-cricket occurs from the Atlantic coast of Portugal, Spain and France in the west to China and Japan in the east (Harz 1969). In Europe, this species occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, central Italy and European Turkey in the south to England, southern Sweden (Östrand 2015) and Latvia in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). It is currently expanding its range rapidly to the north (Hochkirch 2001, Kocarek and Holusa 2006, Kocarek et al. 2008, Böhme et al. 2011, Schuch et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Budrys et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.8 million km².

population:
The Common Sickle Bush-cricket is common and widely distributed. Its population is currently increasing and the species is spreading to the north (Hochkirch 2001, Kocarek and Holusa 2006, Kocarek et al. 2008, Böhme et al. 2011, Schuch et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Budrys et al. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in dry to moist grassland habitats with high grassy vegetation and bushes as well as in ruderal vegetation and forest edges (Zechner et al. 2005). It is a good flyer and therefore able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Kocarek and Holusa 2006).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by transformation of grassland into farmland and by the use of pesticides. However, it benefits from land abandonment (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas and is listed as Least Concern in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014) and France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research into its range expansion, particularly in the eastern part of its range is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Southern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana) occurs in North Africa via the Middle East and large parts of Europe to the Caucasus. In Europe, it is very widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is has a wide distribution, the population size is very large and the population trend is increasing; this bush-cricket is currently expanding its northern range margin.

range:
The Southern Sickle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa via the Middle East and large parts of Europe to the Caucasus (Ragge 1960, Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from the Azores in the west, the south of the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa (Italy), Crete and Cyprus in the south to northern France, western Germany and the Czech Republic in the north, and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). The species is currently expanding its northern range margin (Boczki 2007, Kocarek et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².

population:
The population trend of this species is currently increasing, as the species is expanding its northern range limit to the north. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in grasslands, open forests, shrubland and gardens, where it lives on bushes and trees (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range the species has mainly been reported from vineyards and garden bushes in cities (Zechner et al. 2005), where it is known to live on Rosaceae, such as Crataegus spp. (Boczki 2007). The species has been reported as a pest to vines and other fruits, but also preys on harmful insects (Massa et al. 2012). The eggs are laid on leaves (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

threats:
The species may locally be affected by pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. More research into its range expansion is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arabian Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera sparsa) is widely distributed throughout Africa and some nearby oceanic islands, the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, Madeira and in southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population appears to be stable (or even increasing) and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Arabian Sickle Bush-cricket is widely distributed throughout Africa and some nearby oceanic islands, the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey (Ragge 1980). In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, Madeira and in southeastern Spain. However, it is expected to be found in more localities in Spain. Its presence on Cyprus is uncertain (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 757,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend. However, the species is ecologically not very specialized and therefore it is inferred that the population is stable and may even be increasing (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in bushes and on trees, often along water bodies.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., Odé, B., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Eastern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera spinosa) has a wide distribution from the Danube Delta to the Lower Volga region in European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend, and no declines or major threats to it have been reported. In The EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 70 and 100 km², extent of occurrence (EOO)ca 3,500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Further taxonomic research is also needed to clarify the status of this species which is sometimes considered a subspecies of Phaneroptera gracilis.

range:
The Eastern Sickle Bush-cricket is found in Central Asia and southeastern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in southern European Russia, Ukraine and Romania (Heller 2013). In the EU 28 the species is only found in the Danube Delta. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe it is ca 600,000 km², and ca 3,500 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 70 and 150 km².

population:
This species is very rare in Romania, where it only occurs in the Danube Delta (Iorgu et al. 2008). The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated. However, the population is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015). The situation in the Volga region is less clear, but the species is assumed to be widespread there.

habitat:
This species inhabits sandy areas with tall vegetation such as Salix spp. (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Further taxonomic research is also needed to clarify the status of this species which is sometimes considered a subspecies of Phaneroptera gracilis.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Aegean Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon aegaeus) is endemic to Greece, and is found on several islands in the Aegean Sea. It has been reported from a single spot on Euboea, from Skiros which is one of the island of the Northern Sporades and from the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos, Siros and Mykonos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², area of occupancy (AOO) 300 km²), it is widespread and common in some parts of its range and does not appear to have specific habitat requirements. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Aegean Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found on several islands in the Aegean Sea. It has been reported from a single spot on Euboea, from Skiros which is one of the island of the Northern Sporades and from the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos, Siros and Mykonos (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the degree to which population densities fluctuate from year to year. Based on field experience, this species may be widespread across all the islands from which it has been recorded (except possibly Euboea, where it may be restricted to the central eastern part of the island). It is common on Andros, and does not seem to have particular habitat preferences which might restrict its AOO. Like other short-winged species of Phaneropterinae, assessments about population densities can be made on sight or by recording males producing calling songs (with or without the use of a bat detector). Until more information is available, it is assumed that the total number of individuals of this species runs into the thousands. There may be large fluctuations between years, and there is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
Detailed information about habitat preferences and population densities is lacking, but this species does not seem to have particular habitat preferences. It is an early season species requiring lush vegetation of herbs for its  nymphs to feed on. Adults are found on taller herbs such as thistles which  are still abundant somewhat later in the season, and is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.

threats:
Although this species is not restricted to a particular habitat, human activities aimed at developing facilities for the tourist industry, as well as by agricultural activities like livestock farming pose a threat. Bushfires, although rare, may have devastating effects.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon affinis) is widely distributed in mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and assumed to have a stable population trend.

range:
The Balkan Bright Bush-cricket is found in large parts of southeastern Europe from Ukraine in the northeast to Greece in the south and Croatia in the north (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 805,000 km², and ca 400,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is assumed to have a stable population trend (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are variable in size (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Due to its occurrence in mountains the population is fragmented (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but the fragmentation is not considered severe (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found at forest edges, clearings (Iorgu 2012), in meadows and shrubland vegetation (Chobanov et al. 2013). It is found from sea level up to 3,000 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing, development of touristic infrastructure and afforestation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The White-lined Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it appears to be a common species with no indication of a decline, severe fragmentation or extreme fluctuations. However, more research is needed to clarify its taxonomy and population trend.

range:
The White-lined Bright Bush-cricket is known from some mountain ranges of western Montenegro and the eastern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 88 and 600 km².

population:
The current knowledge on this species is scarce. It might be locally common.

habitat:
Poecilimon albolineatus occurs roughly between 1,000 and 1,800 m Asl. It lives in montane and sub-alpine semi-dry meadows which are rich in dicotyledonous plants. It feeds on nutritive plant parts like fresh leaves, flowers or green fruits.

threats:
This species seems to be relatively widespread and capable to survive in different, even degraded, habitats when the vertical and horizontal structural elements of the vegetation (provided mainly by different herbaceous plants) are present. However, the overgrazing of grasslands and the abandonment of extensive grazing may lead to changes in the vegetation structure, negatively affecting its subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Lost Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon amissus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, it is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 10 and 50 km²), and it occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualify for listing in a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Lost Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found along the western coast of the Asian part of Turkey. In Greece, it is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos (Heller et al. 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 10 and 50 km².

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation. The two sites where this species was found were both near water and semi-wet. It is found from sea level up to 100 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires are a potential threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Enlarged Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) in view of its large range size, the presumably large population and the lack of major threats.

range:
The Enlarged Bright Bush-cricket is known from several countries in the northwestern Balkan Peninsula (along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Montenegro and western Serbia) as well as in some isolated localities in southeastern Serbia and southwestern Romania (Heller and Lehmann 2004). The presence of the species in Albania is uncertain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250,000 km²(in the EU 28 it is c. 235,000 km²).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. In the western part of its distribution the subpopulations are large. The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species is found in shrubland vegetation like phrygana, meadows and road-sides at altitudes between 50-2,000 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pelopponesian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon artedentatus) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the central and northern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is widespread throughout its range, there are no known serious threats and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. However, detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Pelopponesian Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the central and northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,500 km².

population:
This species is probably widespread throughout its range. No information is available on population densities, nor on fluctuations. Being a large Poecilimon species, the overall densities may be lower than for smaller sized species like P. jonicus. Based on the AOO, the overall number of individuals of this species should run into the thousands (possibly tens of thousands) rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
This is an early season species - adults are found in May and June. Adults are found in places with tall herbal vegetation including ferns and meadows. It is found at elevations of 50-1,200 m Asl.

threats:
Threats are mainly related to agriculture and other human activities, like grazing, logging and edge removal, but no studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Athos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon athos) is endemic to Greece, and it has only been recorded from Mt. Athos on the southern tip of the peninsula of Akti on Khalkidhiki, northern Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, and into this species' ecology is required. Fire prevention measures should be carried out in order to avoid population declines.

range:
The Athos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it has only been recorded from Mt. Athos on the southern tip of the peninsula of Akti on Khalkidhiki, northern Greece (Tilmans et al. 1989). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 20 km².

population:
This species has only been found around Mt. Athos. In the area where it is found, it is not rare and is encountered in high numbers. An estimate of the total number of individuals runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
This species is found on open slopes covered with low shrubs and herbs (e.g., Sambucus ebulus), at elevations of 600-2,000 m Asl.

threats:
Threats related to human activities that apply to most parts of Greece do not seem to apply to the peninsula, which is a closed community of monks. Travelling into Athos is restricted; only a limited number of tourists are allowed in, each year. However, there is a threat of accidental wildfires, which occur occasionally in Athos.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, and into this species' ecology is required. Fire prevention measures should be carried out in order to avoid population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Two-toothed Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bidens) is distributed along a rather narrow area from 100-150 km northwest of Istanbul in European Turkey, to about 100 km east of Istanbul in the Asian part of Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is widespread and common throughout its range, the population is assumed to be large, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. This species does not occur within the EU 28.

range:
The Two-toothed Bright Bush-cricket is distributed along a rather narrow area from 100-150 km northwest of Istanbul in European Turkey, to about 100 km east of Istanbul in the Asian part of Turkey (Ünal 2005, Ünal 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km².

population:
It is uncertain, whether this species is still present in the Istanbul region, which has been heavily affected by urbanization (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In the Kirklareli region, it is still common and the population is assumed to be stable. Detailed information on the population density is lacking. No information is available on the degree to which population densities fluctuate from year to year. Like other short-winged species of Phaneropterinae, density estimates can be made through sightings or by recording males producing calling songs (with or without the use of a bat detector). Until more information is available, it is assumed that the total number of individuals of this species in the European region runs in the thousands. It may be more common than it has been recorded so far, and it is assumed to be widespread.

habitat:
This species is found on shrubby vegetation in open forests (Quercus spp. and Rosa spp.), and is found at elevations of 160-895 m Asl.

threats:
The major potential threat to this species is urbanization in the Istanbul region and overgrazing. It may also be threatened by wildfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Bischoff's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bischoffi) occurs in Anatolia and has also been reported from Crimea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km², and it is considered to occur at only one location; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The threats to this species are not well studied but it is likely to be threatened by changes in land use, such as transformation of its habitat into farmland, vineyards and touristic development. Research into its population trend is required and the taxonomic status of the Crimean subpopulations needs to be studied, as it may represent a unique species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Bischoff's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northeastern Anatolia. It is also known from a single locality in southern Crimea (Kaya et al. 2012, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
Nothing is known on the population size or trend of this species. Given that it has been found only at one locality it is assumed to be very rare on Crimea.

habitat:
The habitat of this species on Crimea is the undergrowth of a deciduous forest at 765 m altitude at the southern slope of the Crimean mountains (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The threats to this species are not well studied but it is likely to be threatened by changes in land use, such as transformation of its habitat into farmland, vineyards and touristic development. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of farming and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for the species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research on its taxonomy is needed as the population on Crimea might represent an unsubscribed species. Research into its population trend is also required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Bosporus Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bosphoricus) is only known from three localities in European Turkey. Its taxonomic status is uncertain, and it may be a synonym of other genetically similar species (Poecilimon bidens, P. istanbul and P. miramae). This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, and further research is needed to assess its extinction risk. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Bosporus Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012). Only three localities have been reported from Europe so far (Kaya et al. 2012). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 20 and 50 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km².

population:
In Turkey, the species has been reported as a pest (Tutkun 1981) and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Only three subpopulations are known in Europe. The population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic shrubland and undergrowth, such as Sambucus ebulus, Quercus spp. and Rubus spp. (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threats to this species are insecticides, deforestation, road construction and urbanisation (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its taxonomy and population size and trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brunner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon brunneri) has a wide distribution on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large population size, and although the population is very fragmented in the northern part of its range, it is much more common and less fragmented in the south. However, the population trend is decreasing and further research into it is needed.

range:
Brunner's Bright Bush-cricket is widely distributed on the southeastern Balkan Peninsula. It has an isolated subpopulation in Hungary and occurs from mid Serbia and southwestern Romania to northern Greece (including the northern Aegean Islands) and European Turkey. It probably also occurs in Moldova and the southwest of the Ukraine. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 592,000 km², and ca 540,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In the north of its range (Hungary, Romania, Serbia) subpopulations of this species are usually small and fragmented (I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015), while they are large in Bulgaria, eastern Macedonia and European Turkey (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). One of the largest subpopulations in Hungary is currently affected by construction of new houses (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and in southeastern Serbia (around Niš) the species has declined due to urbanization (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry and mesic grassland habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). At the northwestern range border it is only found in dry habitats, such as steppes (G. Szövényi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It has very low mobility (Vári and Szövényi 2005, 2007). In the southern part of its range it is also found in ruderal vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and moist habitats (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is found from the lowlands up to 1,300 m asl (as an exception the species was reported from 1,750 m asl in the Rhodope Mountains).

threats:
The major threats to this species are abandonment (and encroachment of bushes), transformation of grassland into farmland and urbanisation (G. Szövényi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Near agricultural areas, pesticides may also pose a threat (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), and as Data Deficient on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Hungary, it is strictly protected and one subpopulation occurs in a nature reserve in which grassland restoration has recently been started by a LIFE+ project. More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chopard's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon chopardi) is endemic to Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there are no indications of decline.

range:
Chopard's Bright Bush-cricket is known from the Greek mainland and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 170 and 1,700 km² and in the EU 28 between 160 and 1,600 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,700 km², and ca 18,100 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are often small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) but not considered severely fragmented (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic to dry grassland and shrubland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), and forest edges in dense herbaceous vegetation (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont pers. comm.).

threats:
A potential threat to this species is overgrazing (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon cretensis) is endemic to Greece, and is found on the island of Crete. It is also present in the islands of Dia, Dionisades and Elasa, north of Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Cretan Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found on the island of Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It is also present in the islands of Dia, Dionisades and Elasa, north of Crete. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 8,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km².

population:
This species is widespread across the entire island of Crete. Population densities may vary from very low to high. It is unknown, whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of the AOO, it is estimated that the number of individuals across Crete runs in the tens of thousands rather than thousands. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
This species does not seem to be restricted to a particular vegetation or habitat type. Like other Bright Bush-cricket species, this bush-cricket is an early season species. Its nymphs are most probably dependent on sufficient fresh herbal vegetation to feed upon. The adults, somewhat later in the season, are often found in vegetation types which besides herbal elements consist of a dense cover of prickly bushes in which they tend to hide. This species is found at elevations of 10-1,700 m Asl.

threats:
This species occurs in areas which are of no direct interest to humans except as grazing areas. The most likely threats to this species are heavy grazing by sheep and goats, and bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Dodecanese Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon deplanatus) is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in Kasos, Karpathos and Kos (its presence in Kos needs to be confirmed), and three of the Dodecanese islands in the southeastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,150 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 200 km²), it is locally quite common, the population size is estimated to be large, and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However, livestock grazing and bushfires could pose a threat. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Dodecanese Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in Kasos, Karpathos and Kos (its presence in Kos needs to be confirmed), and three of the Dodecanese islands in the southeastern part of the Aegean Sea (Willemse 1984, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 2,150 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 200 km².

population:
This species is widespread across Kasos and Karpathos, and is found from sea level up to 900 m Asl. Its presence is described as quite common (Heller et al. 2011). It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of the AOO, it is estimated that the number of individuals across the three islands runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. Its habitat is most probably similar to that of other species of Poecilimon found on islands across the Aegean Sea. They are early season species, allowing the nymphs to feed on the abundant herbal vegetation. The adults are found on small shrubs (Cistus spp.) or thorny bushes in which they hide. This species is found from sea level up to 900 m Asl.

threats:
This species is found in areas which are of no direct interest to humans except for grazing livestock. The most likely threats for this bush-cricket are posed by overgrazing by goats and sheep, and by bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. It is also necessary to confirm the presence of this species on the island of Kos. There is reason to believe that the record from Kos was based a result of mislabeling.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Ebner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ebneri) is found in northern Greece, the south of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 600 km², and between 60 and 500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the introduction of cattle into mountains (which leads to transformation of its habitat). Research into the threats and population trend is needed. Introduction of cattle grazing in its habitat needs to be avoided or replaced by traditional sheep grazing.

range:
Ebner's Bright Bush-cricket is known from the southern Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria) (Heller and Lehmann 2004). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 700 km², and between 60 and 500 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 41,400 km², and ca 18,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population size of this species has probably decreased in the last few decades and a continuing decline is inferred from the degradation of its habitat (Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species are usually small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic forest edges and subalpine meadows.

threats:
Introduction of cattle into mountains is a major threat to this species as it leads to transformation of its habitat (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the FYR Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into the threats and population trend is needed. Introduction of cattle grazing in its habitat needs to be avoided or replaced by traditional sheep grazing.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ege Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ege) is found on the island of Samos in Greece, and in the neighboring Anatolian mainland, in Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 630 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 478 km²), it is widespread and common on Samos and the overall population size is estimated to be large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Ege Bright Bush-cricket is found on the island of Samos in Greece, and in the neighboring Anatolian mainland, in Turkey (Ünal 2005, Heller et al. 2008, Willemse and Willemse, 2008 as P. syriacus). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 630 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 478 km².

population:
This species is widespread across Samos. It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of AOO it is estimated that the number of individuals across the island runs in the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana and road-side vegetation, and it is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Elegant Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon elegans) is endemic to Europe and occurs from northeastern Italy to Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the subpopulations are well connected. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Elegant Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Europe and occurs from northeastern Italy via Slovenia to northern Croatia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (R. Kleukers and F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016) but the population is not fragmented. The population trend is unknown but this bush-cricket is quite common.

habitat:
The species is found in bushes and forbs in grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its grassland habitat into farmland (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it  occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and  threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Erimanthos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon erimanthos) is endemic to Greece, and is found in a small area in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus, from the western and southern slopes of Mt. Erimanthos, down to the lowlands of northern Ilia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 540 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 250 km²) and the population size is estimated to be large. However, it may be locally threatened by bushfires, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Erimanthos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in a small area in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus, from the western and southern slopes of Mt. Erimanthos down to the lowlands of northern Ilia (Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 540 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 250 km².

population:
There is no available information about the population density of this species, but it is reasonable to assume that in all the localities from which it has been recorded, there are at least some hundreds of individuals. The total number of individuals likely runs into the thousands rather than the hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
Like most species of Poecilimon, this species does not seem to have a narrow ecological niche and is  found where there is sufficient herbal vegetation to provide food for the nymphs in the early season. This species has been recorded on thistles, blackberry bushes, Astragalus spp. and even in a marshy spot. This species is found at elevations of 150-1,100 m Asl.

threats:
Locally the species might be negatively affected by bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Fuss' Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the wide global population size.

range:
Fuss' Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern and western Bulgaria, northern Serbia, northeastern Croatia, parts of western and northern Hungary, southeastern Slovakia and western Romania (Bey-Bienko 1954, Harz 1969, Chobanov 2009, Szövenyi and Puskas 2012). Former reported localities in Poland and Ukraine concern P. ukrainicus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 340,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 330,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually dense. In the northwestern edge of its range the subpopulations are more fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species prefers open mesic to semi-dry grassland habitats, as well as forest edges and clearings from the lowlands up to 1,500 m Asl.

threats:
The species is affected by habitat change as a result of residential development, transformation of grassland into farmland, overgrazing, land abandonment and the use of insecticides.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Hungary and Slovakia and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gerlind's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gerlindae) is endemic to Greece, and it was described in 2006 from a number of localities in a small area in the eastern part of the Greek mainland, on the edge of Thessaly and Sterea Ellas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 500 km²), it is found in a variety of habitats and the population size is estimated to be very large. However, threats derived from agricultural practices may affect this species, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Gerlind's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it was described in 2006 from a number of localities in a small area in the eastern part of the Greek mainland, on the edge of Thessaly and Sterea Ellas (Lehmann et al. 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 500 km².

population:
There are no references as to the numbers ofP. gerlindae in their natural habitat. Based on general field experience with this group and the size of the AOO, it is assumed (preliminary) that the total number of individuals of this species runs into the thousands rather than the hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
This species inhabits road verges and dry stony hillsides. In early spring these habitats are green due to the spring rain, turning brown very quickly.P. gerlindae seems to be adapted to these habitats, with two other species ofPoecilimon, P. mariannae andP. veluchianus, being adapted to woodlands and wetter plains, respectively. As a result of living in hotter and drier habitats, adults of this species appear two weeks earlier than those of P. mariannae. The availability of appropriate plant material is a key requisite for the occurrence ofP. gerlindae as well asP. mariannae andP. veluchianus, which apparently have picked their own ecological niche by habitat choice and timing of their seasonal occurrence (Lehmann et al. 2006). This species is found at elevations of 100-1,100 m Asl.

threats:
As the species is found close to, and amidst agricultural areas, threats derived from agricultural activities may be more likely for this species than for other species of Poecilimon, which tend to be found in more remote habitats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Epiros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gracilioides) is found in the northwestern part of the Pindos mountain range situated in Epirus and Thessaly, mainland Greece as well as in the adjoining part of southern Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered both in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is ca 2,400 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 100-300 km², and ca 100 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area of occupancy, in the area, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to grazing by sheep and cattle. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the land use (particularly the grazing regime) is needed to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Epiros Bright Bush-cricket is found in the northwestern part of the Pindos mountain range situated in Epirus and Thessaly, mainland Greece (Willemse and Heller 1992, Willemse and Willemse 2008) as well as in the adjoining part of southern Albania (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated at ca 7,600 km² (in the EU 28 ca 2,400 km²) , and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 100-300 km² (in the EU 28 ca 100 km²).

population:
This species occurs quite locally and is not numerous. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline is in the area of occupancy, in the area, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals as a result of grazing.

habitat:
The habitat where this short-winged species has been found consisted of rocky mountain slopes between 1,350 and 1,850 m Asl, covered by a rather rich vegetation of low shrubs, herbs and grasses. On Mt. Tzoumerka the species was mainly found on leaves ofHelleborus spp. together with some other species ofPoecilimon: P. ornatus, P. jonicus, P. zimmeri andP. veluchianus.

threats:
The habitat where this species is found (mountain slopes higher than 1,350 m Asl) is used during the summer by shepherds to graze sheep, and in recent years also cattle. Grazing poses a threat to this and a few other species occurring in, and dependent on, similar habitats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the land use (particularly the grazing regime) is needed to avoid any future population declines.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gracilis) has a relatively large distribution and occurs over a wide range of altitudes with moderate fragmentation of its population. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² and there is no indication of extreme fluctuations or a continuing decline. Thus, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Slender Bright Bush-cricket occurs along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea from southern Austria to northern Greece (Chobanov and Heller 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 190,000 km².

population:
The number of individuals in the subpopulations is usually low. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in shrubland vegetation and it occurs in mesic sub-alpine meadows, albeit rarely. It can also be found in forests and forest edges. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
Deforestation can pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hooked Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon hamatus) is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in western Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from some of the eastern Aegean Islands including Rhodes and Samos, and it has also been recorded in Lesbos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15,500 km²), it is widespread and common throughout Rhodes and the population size is estimated to be very large - in spite of the fact that wildfires are very common in Rhodes. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Hooked Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in western Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from some of the eastern Aegean Islands including Rhodes and Samos (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011), and it has also been recorded in Lesbos. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend, but this species is widespread and common across Rhodes. It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. It is estimated that the number of individuals across the islands runs into the thousands rather than hundreds.

habitat:
This species is found in bushes such as phrygana or road-side vegetation and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires are a potential threat as they are very common in Rhodes.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Heinrich's Bright Bush-cricket has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), which is c. 3,650 km² in pan-Europe and c. 2,100 km² in the EU 28, and a small area of occupancy (AOO), which is 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 150-400 km² in the EU 28. The threat of recently expanding wood logging in the area for wood and charcoal production is causing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). There is no severe fragmentation observed.

range:
This species is endemic to the Strandzha (Istranca) Mountains in southeastern Bulgaria and northeastern European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,650 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 2,100 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 500 km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 150-400 km².

habitat:
This species typically inhabits mesophytic undergrowth in the Pontic type vegetation of the Strandzha Mountains, dominated by Fagus sylvatica orientalis and Quercus spp. between 200 and 800 m Asl. It prefers shady places where it lives on a variety of tall herbs (e.g. Sambucus, Urtica), as well as on low branches of bushes and trees.

threats:
Deforestation has been recently increasing in Strandzha Mountains, which is a national park, and this can pose a threat to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The population of the Heroic Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon heroicus) is severely fragmented.  There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of  subpopulations and number  of mature individuals. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 2,000 and 4,000 km², and as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Heroic Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the northern part of the Caucasus, eastern Ukraine and central European Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954, Heller et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 200,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 4,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of Poecilimon heroicus are very small with little genetic exchange between them, thus that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is more common outside the European area.

habitat:
The species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation at altitudes between 500-1,500 m.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, the use of pesticides and fires (including intentional firing of crop fields and their surrounding land).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon hoelzeli) is found in a small area running from the central and northern part of the Greek mainland (Thessaly and Macedonia) to the southwestern corner of Bulgaria and in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,000 km², and ca 16,000 km² in the EU 28 region), the population size is assumed to be large, and although it is likely to be affected by overgrazing and bushfires, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket is found in a small area running from the central and northern part of the Greek mainland (Thessaly and Macedonia) to the southwestern corner of Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010) and in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,000 km², and ca 16,000 km² in the EU 28 region.

population:
There is no available information on the population size of this species, and the number of individuals per subpopulation is difficult to quantify. However, numbers should be quite high - in the hundreds or even thousands at any one location rather than in the tens, based on the fact that one can hear quite a lot of males producing a calling song when walking through their habitat. As the extent of occurrence is quite large the overall population of the species may well be more than 10,000 individuals. There is no available information on the population trend.

habitat:
This species usually inhabits mountainous areas. Little else is known about its particular habitat requirements. It is one of the species belonging to thePoecilimon ornatus group, which are all found in similar habitats along forest edges and in clearings with tall herbs. It is found at elevations of 100-2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species inhabits mountainous areas which as a rule are outside the agricultural areas. However, part of such areas are used for grazing cattle, sheep and goats. In addition, bushfires are also a threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

useAndTrade:
The species is not being used nor traded in any way.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ikaria Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ikariensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the island of Ikaria in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at three locations, and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper habitat management, particularly with respect to fire and grazing, is needed to avoid population declines.

range:
The Ikaria Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the island of Ikaria in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea, 19 km southwest of the island of Samos (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100 km².

population:
This species is currently only known from the island of Ikaria. There is no available information on the population size and trend, or on this species' subpopulations.

habitat:
This species' habitat and ecology have not been documented. In the publications in which the three localities where this species is found on Ikaria were summarized, the habitat/ecology was not mentioned. It is assumed to occur in shrubland, similarly to other species in the same genus, and is found at elevations of 270-600 m Asl.

threats:
Our knowledge about this species is quite limited, and this extends to the possible threats it may be facing. However, some threats such as wildfires, farming and livestock grazing are thought to negatively influence the natural habitats of the island. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it has not been documented in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper habitat management, particularly with respect to fire and grazing, is needed to avoid population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Intermediate Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon intermedius) occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic over Hungary, Romania and Moldova to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and very common in Russia. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 130 and 600 km² (most likely below 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threats to this species are burning of grasslands, transformation of its habitat into intensive agricultural land, afforestation and overgrowth by bushes due to abandonment. Appropriate grassland management is needed to avoid any further population declines. The species benefits from extensive grassland use (late mowing, bush cutting, extensive grazing) in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.

range:
The Intermediate Bright Bush-cricket occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic over Hungary, Romania and Moldova to eastern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.5 million km², and ca 130,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 130 and 600 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015), but can reach high densities locally (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in the EU 28 are very isolated and therefore the population is considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu, J. Holusa, A. Kristin and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations in the EU 28 (I. Iorgu, J. Holusa and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is still common and can reach very high densities (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic to dry grassland habitats and forest clearings (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). It is mainly found in steppic habitats and rocky grassland. It feeds on dicotyledons, mainly on their flowers and young leaves (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threats to this species are burning of grasslands, transformation of its habitat into intensive agricultural land, afforestation and overgrowth by bushes due to abandonment (G. Szövenyi and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
On the Carpathian Red List this species is listed as Vulnerable, as Endangered in Slovakia, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Hungary, and Data Deficient  in Romania (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is protected in Hungary but no special conservation measures focus on it. Appropriate grassland management is needed to avoid any further population declines. The species benefits from extensive grassland use (late mowing, bush cutting, extensive grazing) in protected areas (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Holusa, J., Kristin, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is in need of a taxonomic study as it is quite similar to P. bosphoricus and P. bidens (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Istanbul Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon istanbul) is endemic to European Turkey, where it was described in 2010. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only two locations, and urbanization in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Research is needed to fill some gaps in our knowledge on habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. Taxonomic research is also needed to confirm this species' status, especially compared to closely allied species. To avoid any future population declines, further urbanization in the Istanbul region needs to be thoroughly planned.

It does not occur within the EU 28.

range:
The Istanbul Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to European Turkey, from where it was described in 2010 (Ünal 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 270 km².

population:
This species is only known from European Turkey, where it was discovered in 2010. No detailed documentation is as yet available on the subpopulation(s) of this species. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.

habitat:
There is no documentation on the habitat or ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are little understood. However, it is likely to be affected by urbanization near Istanbul. Taking into account the extent of the effects of urbanization and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed to fill some gaps in our knowledge on habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. Taxonomic research is also needed to confirm this species' status, especially compared to closely allied species, and an analysis of the sound recordings would be extremely helpful. To avoid any future population declines, further urbanization in the Istanbul region needs to be thoroughly planned.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Jablanica Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon jablanicensis) is endemic to the Jablanica Mountains in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia  (FYRO Macedonia), and probably Albania. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO estimated to be 66-130 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO estimated to be 44-66 km²). The species occurs in only one location. Climate change or changes in land use are possible threats that may affect its population. As the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The species is known only from the Jablanica Mountains, in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and the neighbouring Albanian territory (where its presence has not been proven) (Chobanov and Heller 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 66 and 130 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 44 and 66 km².

population:
The population is large but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in mesic montane and subalpine meadows, where it lives on herbs. Its altitudinal range is 1,800-2,100 m Asl.

threats:
As this species is only known from one mountain, it may be affected in the future by climate change or changes in land use. Based on the threat of climate change, there is only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the FYRO Macedonia (Lemmonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ionian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon jonicus) occurs in the southwestern part of the Balkans from Montenegro to the south of the Peloponnesus and in large parts of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common. In addition, subpopulations are quite large and well connected and only local threats have been reported.

range:
The Ionian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the southwestern part of the Balkans from Montenegro to the south of the Peloponnesus and in large parts of Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 561,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 550,000 km².  There are four subspecies; Poecilimon j. jonicus, Poecilimon j. lobulatus, Poecilomon j. superbus and Poecilimon j. tessellatus.

population:
This species is quite widespread and common (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015) and can build large subpopulations (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in high forbs and bushes in grasslands and forests (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
Wildfires may locally affect this species along the Adriatic coast (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Andros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon klausgerhardi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek Cyclades Islands of Andros and Tinos in the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 575 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to wildfires - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Andros Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek Cyclades islands of Andros and Tinos in the Aegean Sea (Fontana 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 575 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km².

population:
This species was only described in 2004. It is quite widespread across the islands, at times and at particular places (for instance around Ormos, Andros), reaching high population densities with many individuals found per square meter while at other localities densities are low. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but it is widespread and quite common across its range.

habitat:
No detailed information is available on the habitat and ecology of this species. In publications in which the localities for this species were summarised, the habitat/ecology was not mentioned. One of the habitats in which this species was found, common throughout Andros and Tinos, are open hills covered with Cistus species and Astragalus species. It is not known whether this is the only type of habitat in which this species is found. This species is found at elevations of 150-450 m Asl.

threats:
Our knowledge about this species is quite limited, and that extends to the possible threats it may be facing. However, wildfires are thought to negatively influence the natural habitats of the islands where this species occurs.

conservationAction:
This species has only recently been discovered and described (Fontana 2004), and it is known to be present in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Transionian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon laevissimus) occurs in the west of the Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands and the southwestern Greek mainland as well as in the northeast of Sicily. On Sicily it might have been introduced by humans during the Greek colonisation of the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since in Greece it is quite widespread and the subpopulations are usually large.

range:
The Transionian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the west of the Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands and the southwestern Greek mainland as well as in the northeast of Sicily (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa et al. 2012). On Sicily it might have been introduced by humans, e.g. during the Greek colonisation of the island (K.-G. Heller pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
In Greece, this species is quite widespread and the subpopulations are usually large, whereas in Sicily it is quite rare and subpopulations are usually small. Altogether the population is not considered severely fragmented and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in bushes and tall grass, often in ecotone habitats (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species may be affected by the increasing frequency of wildfires and the use of pesticides (K.-G. Heller pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon macedonicus) is found in the northern part of Greece and southern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and there is no evidence of decline. However, the population trend is unknown and further research into it is needed.

range:
The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the northern part of Greece and southern FYR Macedonia. Its occurrence in Bulgaria is uncertain (Popov 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 33,000 km², and ca 27,500 km²  in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 230 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 the known AOO is 184 km² with an upper estimate of 1,800 km²

population:
The population of this species is fragmented but the fragmentation is not considered severe (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Sub populations are of variable size and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on mesic to dry grassland, on clearings, edges of deciduous forest and overgrown wasteland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).It is also found in steppe-like habitats (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires, deforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Marianne's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon mariannae) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the mainland in Thessaly and Central Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,100 km²), it is widespread, common, and even abundant at places. In addition, even though large areas of its range are used for agricultural purposes it does not seem to be affected by these activities. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Marianne's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the mainland in Thessaly and central Greece (Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 2,100 km².

population:
This species has been described in 1992. Within its range, it has been reported to be common and in some places abundant. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.

habitat:
The species was found on thistles and other plants along the roadside and in adjacent fields. It is restricted to plains and plateaus (K-G. Heller pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevation of 100-400 m Asl.

threats:
This species occurs in plains which are used for agricultural purposes and in adjoining hills. However, the threats to this species remain unknown.

conservationAction:
This species has recently been discovered and described (Willemse and Heller 1992), and it is known to occur in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The Marmara Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon marmaraensis) occurs in Bulgaria, European Turkey and northwestern Anatolia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of ca 1,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is only known from Bulgaria with an AOO between 4 and 12 km², it occurs at a single location, and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are overgrazing and mowing. The habitats of remaining subpopulations need to be protected and adequately managed to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Marmara Bright Bush-cricket occurs in Bulgaria, European Turkey and northwestern Anatolia (Chobanov 2003, Heller and Lehmann 2004, Ünal 2010). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 1,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is between 4 and 12 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 30,400 km², and ca 500 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in meadows and shrub land vegetation like Phrygana or road-side vegetation from the sea level up to 1,000 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing and mowing (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing and the restricted distribution of this species in the EU 28, it is considered to occur at only one location at this geographic level.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and no records from protected areas are known. Research into its population trend and threats is required. The habitats of remaining subpopulations need to be protected and adequately managed to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Miram's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon miramae) occurs in Western Anatolia, European Turkey and the adjacent part of Greece and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 2,500 km², extent of occurrence  (EOO) is ca 20,000 km²) and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, subpopulations are still large and well connected. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km², the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 600 km²), and it occurs at between two and five locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Contrary to the situation in European Turkey, no decline has been reported for the EU 28 and the population trend is assumed to be stable. The major threats to this species are urbanization and road construction. Research into the taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.

range:
Miram's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in Western Anatolia, European Turkey and the adjacent part of Greece and Bulgaria (Kaya et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 20,000 km², and ca 600 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 2,000 and 2,500 km², and between 12 and 20 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In European Turkey the subpopulations are large and well connected. One subpopulation in Florya (Istanbul) is extinct and a continuing decline is inferred due to the threat of urbanization and road building projects (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The population trend in the EU 28 is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic shrubland and undergrowth such as Rubus spp., Sambucus ebulus and Urtica spp. (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are urbanisation and road construction (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of road construction and the restricted distribution of this species in the EU 28, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations at this geographic level.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but small parts of a subpopulation near Kilyos are in a protected area (but road constructions also takes place in this area). Research into the population trend and threats is needed. Also, the taxonomy of this species needs to be studied, particularly its relationship to other Poecilimon species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mytilene Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon mytilenensis) is known from the Greek island of Lesbos (=Mytilene) and the neighboring Turkish mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,565 km²), it is widespread throughout Lesbos and very common in places. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Mytilene Bright Bush-cricket is known from the Greek island of Lesbos (=Mytilene) and the neighboring Turkish mainland (Willemse and Heller 1992, Heller et al. 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,565 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread and very common across the island of Lesbos.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation and found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Noble Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon nobilis) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 27,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km²), found in various habitat from sea level up to high mountains, and although grazing poses a threat to subpopulations at higher altitudes, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Noble Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the subpopulations are known to be very large and well connected.

habitat:
This species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation like phrygana or road-side vegetation, and at elevations of 20-1,980 m asl.

threats:
At higher altitudes, livestock grazing is considered a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population trends and threats, Nonveiller's Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Nonveiller's Bright Bush-cricket is known from northern Montenegro in a relatively restricted area in the Durmitor Plateau and in the surrounding canyons (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
The population size and trend is unknown.

habitat:
Poecilimon nonveilleri occurs between 500 and 1,200 m Asl, and occasionally up to 2,000 m. It lives in forest glades and bushes in different forest associations and montane and alpine meadows.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in a protected area. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Obese Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon obesus) is endemic to Greece, and is found in the western part of the Greek mainland, north of the Gulf of Corinth, including some of the Ionian Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²) and it is known from many localities in Western Greece. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into potential threats.

range:
The Obese Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in the western part of the Greek mainland, north of the Gulf of Corinth, including some of the Ionian Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Heller 1988, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.

habitat:
This species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation, and from sea level up to 1,000 m.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into potential threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Orbelicos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon orbelicus) occurs in the mountainous areas of southwestern Bulgaria and across the border, in Greek Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although is has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km²) and this species is quite common. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology, and threats.

range:
The Orbelicos Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the mountainous areas of southwestern Bulgaria and across the border in Greek Macedonia (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the species is common.

habitat:
This species is found  in clearing and along the edges in rather wet deciduous and pine forest areas covered with a vegetation such as grasses, herbs and ferns. It is found at elevations of 1,100-2,000 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas with a good management system in place. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology, and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ornate Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ornatus) is widespread in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and its population trend appears to be stable.

range:
The Ornate Bright Bush-cricket is found on the western Balkan Peninsula from northern Italy and southern Austria to northern Greece (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 435,300 km².

population:
This species is widespread and common. Subpopulations are usually large and the population is assumed to be stable (J. Skejo, T. Zuna-Kratky, S. Gomboc and F. Buzzetti pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in high forbage, bushes and open forests (Massa et al. 2012). At the northern range border it is found on warm montane grassland with low nutrient impact and low grazing or mowing intensity (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing (F. Buzzetti pers. comm. 2015) and abandonment (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Buzzetti, F.M., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Paros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon paros) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three Aegean Islands: Paros, Naxos and Ios. This species is assessed as Endangered since its has very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 733 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it is present at less than five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of of its habitat due to touristic development, wildfires and agriculture. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire and grazing regime management is needed to prevent future population declines, and sustainable tourism needs to be developed.

range:
The Paros Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three Aegean Islands: Paros, Naxos and Ios (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 733 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. In the island of Paros, it is not very common. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality  of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from  the ongoing threats (touristic development, wildfires and agriculture).

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.

threats:
The main threat to this species are bushfires. On Naxos, it could be affected by grazing. Various activities carried out across the islands to improve tourism are also considered a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distributions of this species, it is considered to occur in less than five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not found in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire and grazing regime management is needed to prevent future population declines, and sustainable tourism needs to be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
The Kadiytsa Bright Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the summit of Kadiytsa, Vlahina Planina Mountain, at the border between Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 5-7 km² in pan-Europe and c. 3 km² in the EU 28, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11.6 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5-6 km² in the EU 28. The species is known from one location and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The Kadiytsa Bright Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the summit of Kadiytsa, Vlahina Planina Mountains, at the border between southwestern Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009) and FYRO Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11.6 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5-6 km² in the EU 28, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5-7 km² in pan-Europe and c. 3 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population is relatively dense. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.

habitat:
The species inhabits meadows in the treeless zone of Kadiytsa summit (Ossogovo-Ograzhden mountain group) between 1,600 and 1,900 m Asl. The Habitats Directive habitat type is 62D0 (Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands). Its vegetation is dominated by grass formations (Agrostideta capillaries, Nardeta strictae, Bellardiochloeta violaceae) replacing forests of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.

threats:
The habitat is affected by intensive blueberry picking. Due to the significant anthropogenic presence and the physical habitat disturbance (including motorised vehicles) at the time of blueberry picking, a continuing decline in the habitat’s quality is inferred. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location. The habitat might also be affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas. Considering the very restricted range of the species, its habitat needs to be protected as a nature reserve. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable  (VU)

The Pergamon Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pergamicus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, it is restricted to a very small area on the island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) between 10 and 20 km²), and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future, specially if the area of Moria were to be affected. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire management is needed to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Pergamon Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is distributed in a rather small area in Western Turkey, in the region opposite, and a little north of, the island of Lesbos. In Greece, this species is only known from the East Aegean island of Lesbos, where it has only been found in the southeastern part of the island (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 50 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 10 and 20 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. In Lesbos, this species is not common.

habitat:
In Turkey, this species was found on low herbaceous plants in glades and shrubs at the sides of streams between 200 and 1,300 m Asl. It has not been recorded at altitudes over 1,300-1,400 m (Sevgili et al. 2011).

threats:
The major threat to this species are wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire management is needed to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pindos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pindos) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on three high mountains in the northern part of the Pindos mountain range; Mt. Timfi, Mt.Vasilitsa and Mt. Mavrovouni. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km²), it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the quality of its habitat due to grazing (skiing activities also pose a localized threat). Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid future population declines, the grazing regime and touristic developments need to be managed.

range:
The Pindos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is only found on three high mountains in the northern part of the Pindos mountain range; Mt. Timfi, Mt.Vasilitsa and Mt. Mavrovouni (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 600 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km².

population:
This species is not rare but it is not found in large numbers either. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitats as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of grazing.

habitat:
This short-winged species is found in mountainous/subalpine meadows and shrubland vegetation, and is found at elevations of 1,800-2,200 m Asl.

threats:
The hill and mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing and breeding livestock, and in certain areas this is causing problems to the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations. In the area on Mt. Vasilitsa, where this species is found, a ski center has been built, and the development activities involved in this touristic site can have very serious effects, although localized.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid future population declines, the grazing regime and touristic developments need to be managed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Pliginski's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pliginskii) is endemic to Crimea. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. However, the subpopulations are quite large. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
Pliginski's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Crimea, occurring along the southern coast and the mountains mostly in the eastern part of the peninsula. Further records are known westwards to Taushan-Bazar (Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. However, subpopulations may still be dense in appropriate mesophytic meadows, and recent field observations indicate that it is more common than previously thought.

habitat:
The species occurs is a variety of habitats, from sub-Mediterranean scrub and within forest undergrowth to mesophytic meadows above the tree line. It occurs at altitudes between 1-1,300 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into vineyards, residential development and the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2015) as Critically Endangered and in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015) as Rare. Research on its population trend and taxonomy is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Similar Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon propinquus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the island of Euboea, the adjoining part of the Greek mainland and the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,500 km²), it is found in a variety of habitats - from mountainous areas to lowlands and plains (which are used for agriculture) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Similar Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the island of Euboea, the adjoining part of the Greek mainland and the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,500 km².

population:
This species is widespread but not common. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
There are no specific references about the habitat and ecology of this species. Like other Poecilimon species, it was found on thistles and other plants along the roadside and in adjacent fields as well as in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana. At higher altitudes it prefers sites with higher vegetation of herbs and ferns. This species is found at elevations of 50-1,300 m Asl.

threats:
Bushfires and urbanization near Athens have affected this species in the past. It also lives in lowlands which are used for agriculture, which may also pose a threat to it.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Durmitor Bright Bush-cricket has a relatively small range size with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 16,000 km². However, the species is locally common and there is no indication of a decline. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Durmitor Bright Bush-cricket is known from eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, northern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, Pavicevic et al. 2014, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km².

population:
The species is locally common in meadows and partly forested, relatively humid habitats. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Poecilimon pseudornatus occurs between 600 and 1,600 m Asl. It lives in different montane, sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, bushy ecotones, forest clearings and hayfields. It feeds on different parts of herbaceous plants.

threats:
The main threat to this species is overgrazing of the grassland habitat, which destroys vertical vegetation structures.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Pink Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its presumably large population size and the fact that its population trend is stable. However, the effects of recently developed practices to clear forests for wood or charcoal production need to be studied.

range:
The Pink Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to a restricted area along the southwestern coast of the Black Sea between Varna and the southern edge of Strandzha Mountains (Bulgaria and European Turkey) (Kaya et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,100 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 km² in Europe and c. 800-1,800 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Subpopulations may be large and the population trend is stable. Its population is not fragmented.

habitat:
This species typically inhabits the undergrowth of the Euxinian type vegetation (broad-leaf humid forests of the southern and eastern coast of the Black Sea) in the Strandzha Mountains (southeastern Bulgaria and northeastern European Turkey). Bordering habitats are shady riparian vegetation and forest clearings.

threats:
Drainage and deforestation (especially recently for charcoal production) may be local threats to this species. The effects of these practices on the species need to be studied.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in Strandzha Nature Park. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Saint-Paul's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon sanctipauli) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, this species is only found on the East Aegean Islands, from Samos in the North to Rodhes in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and even abundant in some areas (its extent of occurrence is ca 10,400 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats.

range:
The Saint-Paul's Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in South-West Turkey, from Bergama in the north to Fethiye in the south. In Greece, this species is only found on the East Aegean Islands, from Samos in the north to Rhodes in the south (Heller and Sevgili 2005, Papapavlou 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,400 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. On the East Aegean Islands, this species is widespread, common, and even abundant in some places. The population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schmidt's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon schmidti) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has a stable population trend. However, in the northern part of the range the subpopulations are fragmented and further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this bush-cricket.

range:
Schmidt's Bright Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from southern Poland and Slovenia to northern Greece, European Turkey and the south Caucasus (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 785,700 km², and ca 750,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend is assumed to be stable (A. Kristin, G. Szövényi, S. Ivkovic, I. Iorgu, S. Gomboc and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species are quite variable in size (A. Kristin, I. Iorgu, G. Szövényi, S. Ivkovic, J. Skejo and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In the northern part of the range the subpopulations are fragmented (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in mesic forests, forest edges and on clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It is also found in bushes along streams (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and other types of shrubland (Iorgu 2012) such as cities, villages, gardens, and wooden fences (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevations between 90 m and 1,500 m asl.

threats:
Destruction of forest ecotone habitats and deforestation are the major threat to this species (A. Kristin, S. Ivkovic and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Hungary (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and it occurs in protected areas. In the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Least Concern (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and as Vulnerable in the Red Data book of Ukraine. Research into its ecology and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Heller, K.-G., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Scythian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon scythicus) is found in the eastern part of Ukraine and the southern part of European Russia and its population trend is declining. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals by outbreaks but its population is not severely fragmented as it occurs also in ruderal areas and agricultural plantations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the limits for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Scythian Bright Bush-cricket is a widespread species, occurring in the northern basin of the Black Sea from eastern Ukraine through central and southeastern European Russia to the Volga River. In Europe it occurs at altitudes between 1-380 m Asl. It is also found in the western and central Caucasus up to 1,350 m Asl (Bey-Bienko 1954, Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 630,000 km².

population:
This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Its population is assumed to be declining (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species occurs in mesic to dry steppes and meadows along rivers. It prefers high herbal vegetation (e.g. Centaurea salicifolia) (Bey-Bienko 1954).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Soulion Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon soulion) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from three mountain areas in the north western and central parts of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,650 km², area of occupancy is ca 300 km²), it only occurs at three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the area, extent and quality of this species' habitat due to livestock grazing. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect this species, and future touristic developments need to be planned carefully.

range:
The Soulion Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from three mountain areas in the north western and central parts of the Greek mainland (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,650 km², and its area of occupancy is ca 300 km².

population:
The population size is unknown, but this species is rare throughout its range. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats (grazing). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in mountainous areas with shrubland vegetation, and is found at elevations of 900-2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by anthropogenic land use - particularly grazing. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only three locations. Tourism-related development is also a potential future threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect this species, and future touristic developments need to be planned carefully.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Sureya's Bright Bush-cricket is a common species innorthern Greece.Although there are only very few records from European Turkey, the species is assumed to be widespread and to have an overall large population. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs from northeastern Greece through European Turkey reaching northwestern Anatolia (Asian Turkey) from sea level up to 1,300 m Asl in Europe and up to 1,800 m Asl in Anatolia (Kaya et al. 2012, Chobanov et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 22,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 5,300 km².

population:
Detailed information on the population size and trend is lacking. It is assumed that the overall population size is large. There may be extreme fluctuations between years. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
In Greece, the species is found in montane areas. On Mount Pangaion, it was found in a forest clearing with a lot of high vegetation of herbs and ferns. In Turkey, the species was found in glades (Sevgili et al. 2011). In European Turkey, it inhabits mesic or semi-dry bushy vegetation, living on Rubus, Sambucus, Pteridium, in Mediterranean Cystus associations etc. from the sea level to 1,300 m Asl. It also occurs within sparse forests, albeit rarely.

threats:
In Greece, the species is affected by cattle and sheep overgrazing in mountainous habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crimean Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon tauricus) is only known from southern Crimea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 100 to 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Crimean Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains and the southern coast of western Crimea, westwards from Alushta and Babugan Yayla (Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence is c. 4,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 100 to 500 km².

habitat:
Similar to its sibling species, P. pliginskii, this species occurs is a variety of habitats from the sub-Mediterranean scrub at the Crimean coast and within the undergrowth of forests and mesophytic meadows above the tree line. It is found at altitudes between 1-1,545 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is deforestation. It may also be affected by the numerous touristic activities in the region.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Thessalian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon thessalicus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in a 60 km wide area along the eastern coast of the Greek mainland from north of Katerini to Volos and the Pilion, including the northern Sporades islands of Skiathos and Skopelos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common and abundant at places within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,000 km²). In addition, this species thrives both in the lowlands (in plains which are used for agriculture) and in mountainous areas and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Thessalian Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in a 60 km wide area along the eastern coast of the Greek mainland from north of Katerini to Volos and the Pilion, including the northern Sporades islands of Skiathos and Skopelos (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread, common and fairly abundant. The population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from the lowlands up to, and above, the timberline (100-1,800 m Asl). It has been found on a wide variety of plants, and is sometimes extremely abundant on thistles or stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) (Willemse 1982).

threats:
Overgrazing is a potential threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bellied Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon thoracicus) occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from the southern Carpathians and Serbia in the north to northern Greece in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common and its population is very large.

range:
The Bellied Bright Bush-cricket occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from the southern Carpathians and Serbia in the north to northern Greece in the south. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km² in Europe, and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is common in Bulgaria, Serbia and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, S. Ivkovic  and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The  subpopulations are large and well connected (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont  pers. comm. 2015). At the northern range border the population is fragmented and subpopulations are small (Iorgu 2012). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits meadows, forest edges and clearings.

threats:
Local threats to this species include deforestation and wildfires (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Kranz, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Turkish Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon turcicus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Europe, this species is known from Greece and European Turkey, and is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread within the lowlands of European Turkey (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,000 km²), and the population is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28, this species is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from the island of Lesbos and a spot on the Evros river in mainland Greece, on the border with Turkey. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in this region, since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO is ca 1,300 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. However, the population is assumed to be stable in spite of the known threats (agricultural land-use, pesticide use and wildfires). Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to it is required.

range:
The Turkish Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in the northwestern part of Turkey, around the sea of Marmara (Kaya et al. 2012, Ünal 2004). In Europe, this species is known from Greece and European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012, Ünal 2004), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,000 km². In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from the island of Lesbos and a spot on the Evros river in mainland Greece, on the border with Turkey (Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its EOO is ca 1,300 km².

population:
This species is common and the population is assumed to be stable (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In the EU 28 region, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and the population is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation. In Turkey (Bursa region), this species has been considered a pest of nurseries and vegetable gardens.

threats:
The major threats to this species are agricultural land use (particularly the transformation of its habitat into farmland), the use of insecticides and wildfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to it is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Ukraine Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution. The population is not fragmented (except for the northwestern range margin).

range:
The Ukraine Bright Bush-cricket is known from Ukraine, Moldova, eastern Poland and northeastern Bulgaria (Bey-Bienko 1954, Chobanov 2009, Grasshopper Specialist Group pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in eastern Romania is very likely and some records of P. fussii from this area may concern P. ukrainicus. In eastern Bulgaria, a transitional form between P. ukrainicus and P. fussii is found (with an unclear systematic status), which may also occur in the European part of Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 710,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 250,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are large, and the population is not fragmented (except for the northwestern range margin). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species prefers open mesic and semi-dry grassland habitats with a steppe-like character, as well as forest edges and clearings mostly in the lowlands. A transitional form between this species and P. fussii with unclear status occurs in Bulgaria, where it reaches up to 1,200 m Asl.

threats:
The major threats to the species include residential development, change into agriculture land and overgrazing, which lead to habitat change. It is also affected by the use of insecticides.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is included in The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) as Vulnerable and on the Polish Red List as Vulnerable (Liana 2002). Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Single-spined Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon unispinosus) is found in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, this species only occurs on the Greek island of Chios, opposite the Turkish mainland. Another record has been reported from Lesbos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km²), it is widespread within its range. However, detailed information is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and potential threats.

range:
The Single-spined Bright Bush-cricket is found in Greece and Turkey. Outside of Europe, this species is found in the Manisa and Izmir provinces in western Turkey. In Greece, this species only occurs on the Greek island of Chios, opposite the Turkish mainland (Heller et al. 2011, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Another record has been reported from Lesbos. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO)  is ca 2,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread in the island of Chios.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and it is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and potential threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Veluchi Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon veluchianus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found is the central and south (eastern) part of the mountain ranges of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common  and at places abundant within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km²). In addition, this species is found in a wide altitudinal range (300-2,000 m Asl), the population size is assumed to be very large, and in spite of threats such as livestock grazing (which lead to a decline in the extent and/or quality of its habitat), the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Veluchi Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found is the central and south (eastern) part of the mountain ranges of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1985, Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is slightly over 10,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trends are known, but the species is widespread, common  and at places abundant within its range. The population size assumed to be very large.

habitat:
There is little available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. It has similar habitat preferences to other Poecilimon species which are found in shrubland vegetation like phrygana or road-side vegetation. This species is found from low altitudes (300-400 m Asl) up to high altitudes (1,800-2,000 m Asl).

threats:
At higher altitudes, livestock grazing may pose a threat. The effects on this species are unknown, but may lead to a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. At lower altitudes no threats are known.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Vodno Bright Bush-cricket belongs to a well outlined group of species distributed from southwestern Anatolia to Lebanon. Its presence in the central part of the Balkans is of special taxonomic and phylogeographic interest. The population is severely fragmented and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², which are very small. However, the threats to this species are unknown and there is currently no evidence for a decline. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Vodno Bright Bush-cricket was described from the Vodno mountain near Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Karaman 1958, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Recently the species was also discovered at Stavica and Dunje in the Mariovo region (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont in press). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330 km² and its area of occupancy is 12 km².

population:
Recently observed subpopulations of this species were comparatively dense but overall small and isolated, with little genetic exchange between them, that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species was found on Rubus in a degraded dry warm forest at c. 900 m Asl on Mount Vodno. The species was recently observed in semi-dry meadows with scattered Rosa sp. bushes between groups of beech, as well as in dry meadows at the edge of oak forests. Its altitudinal range is 600-1,150 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this taxon. There are old records from Mount Vodno (Karaman 1958), which is a protected area of the type Landscape with Special Natural Characteristic. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Tekirdag Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) because its subpopulations are large and currently no threats or habitat loss are observed or inferred. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 200-500 km and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,550 km².

range:
The Tekirdag Bright Bush-cricket is known only from the Gelibolu Peninsula and the neighbouring area to the north, reaching the Tekirdag Mountains in European Turkey (Chobanov et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,550 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The population does not appear to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species inhabits mesophytic grass vegetation and low bushes at altitudes between 1 - 300 m Asl. Adults occur from May to July.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Werner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon weneri) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the southwestern corner of the Greek mainland and the western part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trends, its life history, ecology and threats.

range:
The Werner's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the southwestern corner of the Greek mainland and the western part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1985). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
In the Peloponnesus, this species was found on a hedge, bordering cultivated land, along the highway. No other documentation of the habitat of this species exists.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trends, its life history, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Zimmer's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon zimmeri) is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mountain ranges in the northwestern and central part of the Greek mainland, Euboea and the northern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and abundant at places within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,500 km²). This species is found in a wide altitudinal range, and the population size is assumed to be very large. Even though there are threats (grazing) that lead to a decline in extent and/or quality of habitat, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its life history, ecology and threats.

range:
The Zimmer's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mountain ranges in the northwestern and central part of the Greek mainland, Euboea and the northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,500 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread, common and at places abundant. The population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, on various kinds of herbs, from middle elevations to higher altitudes, in a wide altitudinal range (800-1,900 m Asl).

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by anthropogenic land use, particularly grazing which leads to a decrease in the extent and quality of this species' habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its life history, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Zwick's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon zwicki) is found in southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common. It is one of the most common bush-cricket species in northern Greece.

range:
Zwick's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the north of Greece and south of Bulgaria (Kaltenbach 1965). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 32,000 km².

population:
This is one of the most common bush-cricket species in northern Greece (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985). At the northern edge of the range subpopulations are smaller and the species is rarer (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in grassland and shrubland (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985).

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population tend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bull Bush-cricket (Polysarcus denticauda) occurs in large parts of the Balkans, northern and central Italy, southern France to the Pyrenees and reaches central Germany and southern Poland in the north. It is found from lowlands to montane and subalpine grassland habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe and the population size is large. However, at least in the northern part of its range the subpopulations are isolated and decreasing and this bush-cricket is therefore subject to conservation action (e.g. in Germany). More research into its global population trend is needed.

range:
The Bull Bush-cricket occurs in large parts of the Balkans, northern and central Italy, southern France to the Pyrenees and reaches central Germany and southern Poland in the north. A former record from Anatolia (Harz 1969) is erroneous. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.9 million km².

population:
This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size (Kanuch and Kristin 2009, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern parts of its range the species is rare and the subpopulations are quite isolated (Detzel 1998, Liana 2013). Overall, the population trend is decreasing but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in moist alpine or montane grassland habitats (Kanuch and Kristin 2009, Massa et al. 2012). However, in well preserved grassland habitats, it can also be found in the wet areas of the lowlands (Kanuch and Kristin 2009).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the intensification of grassland management, i.e. overgrazing, use of fertilisers, more frequent mowing and other changes in land use (Kanuch and Kristin 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered on the Austrian and German Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011), as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Critically Endangered for the Czech Republic, but as Least Concern for the Carpathians as a whole (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range, it is subject to local conservation action. In northern Bavaria (Germany) a conservation plan was implemented for a subpopulation that was affected by the construction of a highway. In Thuringia (Germany) remaining habitats close to the former inner-German border were bought by a NGO and habitat management has been implemented. In Baden-Württemberg (Germany) the species is one of the 111 priority species for conservation and a conservation plan has been compiled. The species is found in protected areas. More research into its global population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket (Polysarcus scutatus) has a large geographic range, but the distribution is very scattered with only very few subpopulations known. Some of these subpopulations have not been confirmed for a very long time (in Serbia since c. 1950 and in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1907). In France, the only country where more than one subpopulation exists, the species is listed on the National Red List as Endangered. The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 200 and 400 km² in pan-Europe, and 150 to 350 km² in the EU 28, the population is severely fragmented and the species is known to occasionally occur in very high densities, i.e. showing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It remains unknown if these mass occurrences are necessary for its long term survival. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
The Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket has a scattered and very localised distribution in montane areas of the Mediterranean. It occurs near Andorra and the west Pyrenees, in the French Cevennes (around Mont Aigual), in the Alpe du Haute Provence/Alpes Maritime (near Parc National du Mercantour), Korab Mt. (FYRO Macedonia) and in Greece (above Metsovon). Two localities on the Balkans have not been confirmed in recent decades: Velez (Planina) in Bosnia-Herzegowina by Werner (1907) and the type locality in Serbia (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 460,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 320,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 200 and 400 km², and in the EU 28 it is between 150 and 350 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The population is severely fragmented as the distance between subpopulations is very large and the species is flightless, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Maillot 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species lives in open grasslands, where it usually resides on the ground.

threats:
The species is mainly threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural land use (overgrazing). However, an outbreak of this species has been observed in a completely overgrazed area (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), so the effects of grazing need to be studied in detail. It may also be locally threatened by tourism.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed in order to ascertain why the species has such a restricted range. Furthermore, more information on the population trend and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations of the species need to be protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White Sickle Bush-cricket (Tylopsis lilifolia) is found from North Africa across southern Europe to Iran and the Caucasus. In Europe, it is widespread in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and is quite common. In addition, no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The White Sickle Bush-cricket is found from North Africa across southern Europe to Iran and the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in the Mediterranean region from Portugal, Spain, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to western France (area near Bordeaux) and the southern Alps in Italy in the north, and southern Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). It has recently been found also in Normandy (France), but has probably been introduced there (Mace 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.5 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 3.5 million km².

population:
This species is very common and widespread in southern Europe (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006, Massa et al. 2012), but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on shrubs and tall forbs in grassland and artificial habitats (Massa et al. 2012) as well as in Mediterranean shrubland (Boitier et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Two-spined Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha bispinosa) occurs from west Africa to Mongolia. The subspecies P. b. deserti occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and India. In Europe it is only found in the Lower Volga region, where is is presently known from six localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,600 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the population trend is assumed to be increasing. More research on its taxonomy, distribution and ecology is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Two-spined Stick Grasshopper occurs from west Africa to Mongolia (Eades et al. 2015). The subspecies Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and India (Kaltenbach 1980). In Europe it occurs in the Lower Volga Delta in European Russia, where it is known from six localities (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 50,600 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are usually small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the population size is assumed to be increasing (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in moist saline meadows, at the edges of sand dunes and other sandy habitats and the bordering ruderal vegetation (Savitsky et al. 2013).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research on its taxonomy, distribution and ecology is needed (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).


taxonomicNotes:
The species is commonly confused with Pyrgomorpha conica. A taxonomic revision of this species group is needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha cognata) is widespread in northern Africa and western Asia. In Europe, is is assumed to occur only on Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widely distributed in lowland habitats, particularly close to the coast (in dunes, salt marshes, shrubland), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,000 km². However, this stick grasshopper is threatened by touristic development in coastal areas, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed, as this species is difficult to distinguish from Pyrgomorpha conica.

range:
The African Stick Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and western Asia. In Europe, is is assumed to occur only on Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006, E. Tzirkalli, pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,000 km².

population:
This species is common and widespread in the lowland areas of Cyprus.

habitat:
This species occurs near sandy beaches, in dunes and in shrubland.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the touristic development of coastal areas.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed, as this species is difficult to distinguish from Pyrgomorpha conica, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha conica) occurs in North and West Africa, southern Europe and western Asia. In Europe it is found from the Canary Islands to southern France and Cyprus. It is mainly found in coastal dune habitats and dry grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common. However, it is likely to be declining as a consequence of touristic development and urbanisation in coastal regions. Better protection of the remaining coastal dune habitats in Europe is needed in order to avoid any future population declines More research into its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is required.

range:
The Common Stick Grasshopper occurs in North and West Africa, southern Europe and western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus (Heller 2013). On the Canary Islands a unique subspecies, Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis, occurs. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 3.7 million km².

population:
This species is common, but likely to be in decline as a consequence of touristic development in coastal regions. The population trend is therefore decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in sand dunes and other dry habitats with scarce vegetation (Massa et al. 2012), such as dry open grassland habitats (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). It also occurs in dry open pine forests and Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002). On the Iberian Peninsula, it is also found further inland up to an altitude of ca 1,500 m Asl (Llucià-Pomares and Fernándes-Ortín 2009). It hibernates in the nymphal stage and reaches adulthood in spring, but can also be found later in the year (Llucià-Pomares and Fernándes-Ortín 2009).

threats:
The major threat to this species is touristic development and urbanisation along coasts.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Better protection of the remaining coastal dune habitats in Europe is needed in order to avoid any future population declines. More research into its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha cypria) is endemic to the island of Cyprus, where it has been found all over the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and even abundant in some places (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km²). In addition, this species is found in a wide altitudinal range (from sea level up to 1,350 m Asl), the population trend is assumed to be stable, and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, the threats to this species are unknown, and further research into the population size and trend, its life history and ecology is required.

range:
The Cyprian Stick Grasshopper is endemic to the island of Cyprus, where it has been found all over the island (Kevan and Hsiung 1989, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable and very large.

habitat:
This species is found from sea level up to the highest parts of Mt. Troodos (1,350 m Asl), overwinters as juvenile or adult and is the most common species in Cyprus in April. This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland, Salicornia steppes, pine forests and other habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, its life history and ecology is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Serbian Stick Grasshopper is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 16 km², the five known subpopulations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.

range:
The Serbian Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Mount Tara in Serbia, and its distribution was studied by Matvejev (1961). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be 16 km².

population:
The exact population size of Pyrgomorphula serbica is unknown. The population is declining due to the over-exploitation of dead wood on its habitat. The five known subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange, and may become extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. Therefore, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits sparse Pinus nigra forests on sunny stony slopes of serpentine rock at altitudes between 800-1,050 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat is the ongoing exploitation of dead wood from the habitat. As the nymphs hibernate in dead wood, this leads to drastic population declines.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions are in place for this species. Regulation of dead wood extraction in its habitat would be important to stop its decline. It is protected in Serbia and occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its habitat and population trend need to be monitored and an area-based management plan should be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Greenhouse Camel-cricket (Diestrammena asynamora) has been introduced to Europe (probably from East Asia). The species is common in greenhouses but not native to Europe. Therefore, it is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Greenhouse Camel-cricket has been introduced to Europe and is found in greenhouses in many European cities. It was originally described from the Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg but probably originates from East Asia (Japan, China) (Detzel 1998).

population:
The population of this introduced species is increasing in Europe as it is frequently spread among greenhouses.

habitat:
In Europe, the species is only found in greenhouses.

threats:
As the species is introduced in Europe, there are no major threats to it.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is necessary for this species. It does not occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Giglio Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in one cave on the island of Giglio. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and recreational activities in the cave - which is a tourist attraction with lights and guided tours - could drive this cave cricket to become Critically Endangered in the near future. Further research is needed to improve our knowledge on the population trends and threats. Care must be taken that the cave remains in a natural state.

range:
The Giglio Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, being known only from the island of Giglio in the Tuscan archipelago (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and population trend.

threats:
This species is restricted to one cave and susceptible to threatening events, particularly related to recreational activities. The cave is a tourist attraction with lights and guided tours. Taking into account the effects of recreational activities and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but the cave is located in a protected area (Parco Nazionale dell'Arcipelago Toscano). More research into its population trend and threats is required. Care must be taken that the cave remains in a natural state.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Larissa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda annae) is known from four caves in Thessalia, in the Greek mainland. This species assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and occurs at only four locations - thus making this cave-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. In addition, this species is threatened by limestone quarrying and a quarry is found close to one of the caves, which may drive this species to become Endangered rapidly. It is necessary to increase our knowledge about the distribution of this species as well as its population size, ecology and threats.

range:
The Larissa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from a cave in the Larissa region without more details as to the exact location of the cave - this species was collected there in 1971. It is possible that an earlier finding from Mt. Ossa also refers to this species (Boudou-Saltet 1973b, Willemse 1984). Recently, this cave-cricket has been reported from three other caves in the same area (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. Assuming that the major threat (quarrying) would affect each cave separately, the number of locations is four.

threats:
Cave crickets are mainly affected by limestone quarrying. Some quarries are situated close to caves where the species resides.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures exist for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The most important conservation action required right now is to increase our knowledge about the distribution of this species as well as the population size, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spidery Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has a large population size and no declines are inferred.

range:
The Spidery Cave-cricket is known from Dinaric Croatia from Velebit to the south, including southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina and the northern coast of Montenegro (Karaman 1958, G. Szövenyi unpublished data, J. Skejo unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 25,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 16,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 150-400 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population is large and many localities are known. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The Spidery Cave-cricket is a troglophilous species, which is usually found in caves between 1-600 m Asl. Similarly to other troglophiles it inhabits also humid forests, where it stays on leaf litter and in tree or soil hollows during the day and is active at night.

threats:
In Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Montenegro the caves where this species lives are filled up with garbage, which poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is currently well protected in Croatia as all caves are under protection in this country. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Azam's Cave-cricket is an endemic cave-cricket from the southwestern Alps (French South Alps and Italian Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardia), that inhabits various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high hygroscopy (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.) between 120 and 1,940 m altitude. Recent monitoring schemes indicate that the species is rather common (except in the eastern part of its area: D. a. septentrionalis). There are no major threats to the species and its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 41,000 km². Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Azam's Cave-cricket is widespread in France (South Alps) and in Italy (Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardia) (Massa et al. 2012, Allegrucci et al. 2014). It is a sub-mountainous and mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 120 and 1,940 m. Three subspecies are recognised: D. azami azami Saulcy, 1893 (which is widespread in southeastern France), D. azami ligustica Baccetti & Capra, 1959 (which is widespread in southern Piedmont, north-western Liguria and the French part of Roya valley) and D. azami septentrionalis Baccetti & Capra, 1959 (which has the northernmost distribution and it is limited to a small area in Val di Lanzo valley, close to Turin, and in some easternmost caves close to Bergamo). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 41,000 km².

population:
Dolichopoda azami is a discrete species which is rarely observed during diurnal prospection. Numerous new localities of this species in France have been recorded as part of nocturnal investigations and collaborations with biospeologists. The species seems to be common in Italy and France (Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012), except in the north-western and in the eastern parts of its range (Lombardia). There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Dolichopoda azami is a troglophile species, living during the day in various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, ruins or disused buildings. This flightless species is active at night. Specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.

threats:
Dolichopoda azami mainly lives in rocky or endogean habitats. Direct human threats are rare, localised and not believed to have significant impacts on the species. There are no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda azami, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on the population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Baccetti's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Monte Argentino in the province of Grosseto, Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (16 km²) and recreational activities causing habitat degradation and species disturbance could lead the taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

range:
Baccetti's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Monte Argentario in the province of Grosseto, Tuscany. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 16 km².

habitat:
This species resides in caves and other natural cavities in the mountains.

threats:
The main threats to this species are recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed concerning its population trends and threats. The cave needs to be preserved from recreational activities.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bolivar's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda bolivari) is endemic to the Huesca and Lleida provinces in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although its extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (ca 3,300 km²), subpopulations can be quite large and the population trend is presumed to be stable. However, further research should be undertaken on the threats and population trend of this cave-cricket.

range:
Bolivar's Cave-cricket is endemic to the Huesca and Lleida provinces in northeastern Spain (Barranco 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km² with an upper estimate of 150 km².

population:
The number of individuals in some subpopulations is high (Barranco 2011). The species' population trend is presumed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This is a cave-dwelling nocturnal species found in shaded and dark areas in walls, vaults, caves and even in abandoned ruins at altitudes between 550 m and 1,540 m Asl (Llucià Pomares 2002, Barranco 2011).

threats:
Some caves have been closed and this has altered the conditions inside them, which might affect the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species even though caves in Spain are considered habitats of community interest. It is not found in any protected areas. Research on the threats and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bormans' Cave-cricket is endemic to Corsica, living on various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high hygroscopy (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.) between 200 and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 5,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be between 120 and 2,000 km². Recent surveys show that the species is probably rather common, and no significant threats are currently reported. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Dolichopoda bormansi is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a sub-mountainous and mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 200 and 1,500 m, and it is known only from the northern half of central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 5,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be between 120 and 2,000 km².

population:
Dolichopoda bormansi is a discrete species, rarely observed during diurnal prospections. However, recent nocturnal investigations have recorded new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), and the species seemed to be rather common, About 30 observations from 15 municipalities are currently recorded. There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Dolichopoda bormansi is a troglophile species, living during the day in various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures on bridges or aqueducts, ruins or disused buildings, etc. (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The species has been observed under rocks and in the bark of the trees (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). This flightless species is active at night, and specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.

threats:
Dolichopoda bormansi mainly lives on rocky habitats, which are unlikely to become part of any infrastructure development project. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often do not have significant impacts on the subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda bormansi, although it is present on protected areas in Corsica. The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kalymnos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda calidnae) is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from two caves on the Aegean island of Kalymnos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), it occurs at only two locations and incidents resulting from recreational activities in the caves could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The touristic exploration of the cave needs to be managed to avoid future population declines, which means that any artificial lights need to be minimized.

range:
The Kalymnos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from two caves on the Aegean island of Kalymnos (Rampini et al. 2012). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 160 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
The first discovery of this species was made in 2004, and it is only known from two caves on Kalymnos. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.

threats:
Among the sixteen accessible caves on Kalymnos, the two caves where this species has been found are among the three caves considered to be most rewarding to visit, and touristic development is therefore a possible threat. Taking into the account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The touristic exploration of the cave needs to be managed to avoid future population declines, which means that any artificial lights need to be minimized.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Capri Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda capreensis) is a typical wingless cave cricket endemic to Italy, and is only found on the island of Capri, Napoli. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), and recreational activities could drive it to become Critically Endangered in the near future since the island of Capri is a major touristic travel destination. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats.

range:
The Capri Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the island of Capri off the west coast of Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

threats:
The major threats to this species are recreational activities. The island of Capri is a major touristic travel destination.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. The cave where the species lives in is not in a protected area. The cave should be protected. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cassagnau's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda cassagnaui) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in the southern part of the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), occurs in a single cave, and the expansion of a limestone quarry found 3 km to the north of the cave could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, the cave needs to be protected in order to avoid any future destruction through quarrying activities.

range:
The Cassagnau's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in the southern part of the island of Euboea (Boudou-Saltet 1971). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
The species is only known from a single cave on the island of Euboea. Neither the population size nor population trend are known.

threats:
The main threat to this cave-cricket is limestone quarrying.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, the cave needs to be protected in order to avoid any future destruction through quarrying activities.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chopard's Cave-cricket is an endemic species to France, from where it is known from the type locality (Tinée valley, 1,700 m altitude) and another locality 50 km away (Vésubie valley, 1,950 m altitude). Like other species in this genus, Dolichopoda chopardi probably lives on caves or other dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². As the species is only known from two localities and there is no information on the population size and trend of the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species.

range:
Chopard's Cave-cricket is an endemic species to France, where it is known from two localities: the Tinée valley (Baccetti 1966) and the Vésubie valley, which is 50 km apart and has been recently recorded (M. Tardy and S. Puissant pers. comm. 2015). Although little is known about Dolichopoda chopardi, it seems to be a high altitude species (1,700 - 1,950 m altitude). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 70 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
Like other cave-crickets, Dolichopoda chopardi is a secretive species and it is assumed to be nocturnal. Besides the type specimen, only one other recent record is known. Unsuccessful surveys were carried out in Tinée valley in 2007. There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Dolichopoda chopardi is a troglophile species that probably hides during the day in various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as screes, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, ruins, etc. This flightless species is assumed to be active during the night.

threats:
Dolichopoda chopardi probably inhabits mountainous rocky habitats, which are unlikely to become part of any infrastructure development projects. Thus, potential direct human threats are probably rare, localised and do not have significant impacts on the subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda chopardi. The type locality and the recently discovered new locality (Vésubie valley) are in the buffer zone of the Mercantour National Park, but not in its core zone. The species was assessed as "priority 1" (equivalent to Endangered or Critically Endangered) in France by  Sardet and Defaut (2004) because of its small area of occupancy (AOO). More research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cymi Cave-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.), between 450 and 1,500 m altitude. Because it is a nocturnal secretive species, it is easily overlooked. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are relatively small, covering 2,800 km² and 800 km² respectively. However, as the species is rather common and no threat is currently known to affect the species, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Dolichopoda cyrnensis is an endemic cave-cricket to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009), where it occurs between 450 and 1,500 m altitude in mountainous areas (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2,800 km², and since there are only 20 localities known, the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km² with a maximum estimate below 500 km².

population:
Dolichopoda cyrnensis is a secretive species which is rarely observed during diurnal explorations. Recent nocturnal surveys resulted on the discovery of some new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), where the species seemed to be rather common. According to the information available, Dolichopoda cyrnesis seems rarer than Dolichopoda bormansi (Braud et al. 2002, Barataud 2005). About 20 observations from 9 municipalities are currently recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Dolichopoda cyrnensis is a troglophile species that lives during the day in various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, stone walls, ruins or disused buildings, etc. (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). It is also present along rocky streams, and it has been observed under rocks and wood bark. This flightless species is active at night. Specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.

threats:
Dolichopoda cyrnensis mainly inhabits rocky habitats, which are unlikely to be affected by infrastructure development projects. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often without significant impacts on the subpopulations. Currently, no significant threats have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda cyrnensis, and it is not present in protected areas throughout its range.The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kefalari Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda dalensi) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in Argolis, the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and human activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to ascertain whether the Kefalari cave is the only cave where the species occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the species' ecology and threats. Proper management of the cave is also needed, particularly concerning the illumination.

range:
The Kefalari Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in Argolis, the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Boudou-Saltet 1972, Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. This species is only known from specimens which were collected between 1969 and 2005.

threats:
The cave entrances are used for religious, touristic and recreational purposes. They are partly illuminated. It is not known if and to what extent the habitat degradation at the entrances impacts the population.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to ascertain whether the Kefalari cave is the only cave where the species occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the species' ecology and threats. Proper management of the cave is also needed, particularly concerning the illumination.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lefkas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda gasparoi) is only known from a single cave on the island of Lefkada, South of the village of Evgiros, western Greece, where the species has recently (2004) been discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it is occurs at only one location, and there is a limestone quarry found 1.5 to 2 km southwest of the cave - its expansion could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The cave needs to be protected, and any limestone quarrying in the region needs to be avoided.

range:
The Lefkas Cave-cricket is only known from a single cave on the island of Lefkada, South of the village of Evgiros, western Greece, where the species has recently (2004) been discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

threats:
The cave in which this species is found seems to be relatively undisturbed. However, there are limestone quarries 1.5 to 2 km southwest of the cave. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The cave needs to be protected, and any limestone quarrying in the region needs to be avoided.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Bended Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda geniculata) is endemic to the southern half of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread for a cave-cricket and subpopulations in artificial habitats are usually larger than those found in natural habitats, suggesting that it is not very sensitive to disturbance. However, subpopulations are small and the population is severely fragmented. It may be locally threatened by limestone quarrying and more research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Bended Cave-cricket is endemic to Italy where it is found in the southern half (Massa et al. 2012). A single record exists from southern Switzerland, where the species has probably been introduced (Meier et al. 2013). A unique subspecies (Dolichopoda geniculata pontiana) occurs on the Pontino archipelago (Ponza, Zannone, Palmarola) (Massa et al. 2012).

population:
This species is quite widely distributed in Italy but its population trend is unknown. The subpopulations are usually very small, rarely exceed 1,000 individuals and do not fluctuate significantly (Sbordoni et al. 1987). Subpopulations in artificial habitats are often much larger than those in natural caves. The subpopulations are strongly isolated with no genetic exchange between them (Allegrucci et al. 2011) and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in caves (Massa et al. 2012) and artificial cavities (Carchini et al. 1995), including basement vaults (Schmidt 1996). Many cave cricket species are known to have very long developmental times. For this cave-cricket it has been shown that the nymphal stage takes on average 23 months (Carchini et al. 1995).

threats:
The major threat to this species is limestone quarrying. Subpopulations in artificial habitats are usually larger than those found in natural habitats, which suggests that the species is not very sensitive to disturbance.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Megalo Spilio Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda giachinoi) is only known from a single cave situated in the Aetolia-Akarnania region in the western part of central Greece, where the species was recently (2006-2007) discovered. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been discovered, and because of the absence of information on its population size and trend, ecological requirements, conservation status, and threats. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research  is needed into the threats to this species, its population size and trend, and its ecology.

range:
The Megalo Spilio Cave-cricket is only known from a single cave situated in the Aetolia-Akarnania region in the western part of central Greece, where the species was recently (2006-2007) discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
This species has only recently been discovered, and neither the population size nor the population trend are known.

habitat:
This species lives in a cave at 1,000 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown. No quarries are found in the area close to the cave.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research  is needed into the threats to this species, its population size and trend, and its ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Giuliana's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda giulianae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the eastern Aegean island of Samos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and incidents in this cave related to the use of the cave as a church could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The cave also needs to be protected and managed in order to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Giuliana's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, from where it has been described only recently from a single cave on the island of Samos (Rampini et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
This species lives in a cave, 100 m Asl.

threats:
The cave from which this species has been reported is used as a church. In the past it was used to extract limestone blocks for construction purposes. It is not clear if and to what extent the human activities affect this species, but they could likely pose a threat. Taking into account the extents of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is not present in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The cave also needs to be protected and managed in order to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Perama Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda graeca) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave near Ioannina in the northwestern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location and changes in the cave as a result of touristic activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. There is also the need for sustainable tourism practices to avoid any future declines in the population.

range:
The Perama Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave near Ioannina in Epiros (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The species is only known from some specimens collected between 1962 and 1991 in the Perama cave.

habitat:
This species lives in the cave of Perama which is large, has water availability and stable temperature conditions.

threats:
The Perama cave is touristically exploited and adjustments have been made to allow tourists to visit the cave. It is not known if and how the exploitation for touristic purposes affects the species. While the cave is touristically exploited, there are still areas of the cave that remain unexploited.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. There is also the need for sustainable tourism practices to avoid any future declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Naoussa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda hussoni) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a limited number of caves in and around Naoussa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²) and there are no major threats affecting the species. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Naoussa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a limited number of caves in and around Naoussa (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

threats:
This species has been found in several caves situated in a town or in a touristic area (School of Aristotle), but no particular threats are known for any of the caves.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Koutouki Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda insignis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves in the Attica region of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), and it occurs at only one or two locations -  thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. One of the caves could be affected by tourism, but the other one has been closed, and the public has no access it. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Koutouki Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves in the Attica region of the Greek mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

threats:
No particular threats are known for any of the two caves, although one of the caves could be affected by tourism. The cave that is closest to Athens has been closed, therefore there is no potential access from the public to the cave.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ithaka Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda ithakii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Ionian island of Ithaka in Greece, where the species was recently (2004) discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and any future exploration of the cave could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a short time. A renewed investigation of the cave where it occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it. The cave needs to be protected from human disturbance, and other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution.

range:
The Ithaka Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Ionian island of Ithaka in Greece, where the species was recently (2004) discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, as only a few specimens have ever been collected in 2004.

threats:
The cave seems to be undisturbed, but is sometimes used by hobby speleologists. Any future exploration may threaten this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, and it is not present in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where it occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it. The cave needs to be protected from human disturbance, and other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kalithea Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda kalithea) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on Mt. Kerkis, on the Aegean island of Samos where the species was recently (2008) discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 8 km²), the two caves where it occurs are very close to each other and used recreationally (one being used as a church and the other situated along a hiking path), and any increase in touristic activities and/or disturbance could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, detailed information on the population size is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size of this species and gather more information on its ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management of tourism is needed to avoid future population declines.

range:
The Kalithea Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on Mt. Kerkis, on the Aegean island of Samos where the species was recently (2008) discovered (Rampini et al. 2012, Di Russo et  al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 8 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, as only a few specimens have been collected in 2008.

threats:
One of the two caves where this species is known to occur (Sarantaskaliotissa cave) is used as a church. The other cave (Kakoperato cave) is situated along a path used by day-hikers and is one of the attractions to be visited. Any increase in the levels of touristic activity and/or disturbances could pose a significant threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but both caves are found in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information on its ecology and possible threats to it. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Proper management of tourism is needed to avoid future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kiriaki Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda kiriakii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the district of Preveza, Ipiros, in northwestern Greece. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²) and human activities in the cave could lead the species to become Vulnerable in the near future - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion D. However, the threats to this species are unknown, as is the population trend, and a renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Kiriaki Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the district of Preveza, Ipiros, in northwestern Greece (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
This species lives inside a cave, at 270 m Asl.

threats:
Threats to this species are unknown, but the cave is situated next to a village and easily accessible to provide shelter for shepherds or for recreational activities.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species and it is not known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G. & Papapavlou, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
Laetitia's Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda laetitiae) is only known from Italy, in the northern half of the country. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread (may even expand its range in the north), and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Laetitia's Cave Cricket is only known from Italy, where it is widespread in the northern half of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 59,100 km². The taxon is divided in two subspecies (laetitiae and etrusca), the nominal one with a recently discovered isolated subpopulation in Northern Italy.

habitat:
This species lives in natural and artificial underground environments such as caves and mines.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Languedoc Cave-cricket is endemic to the Eastern Pyrenees, where it inhabits various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.), between 400 and 2,100 m altitude. Because it is a nocturnal secretive species, it is easily overlooked. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are relatively small, covering 3,700 km² and 1,500 km² respectively. However, since no major threat is currently reported, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Languedoc Cave-cricket is endemic to the East Pyrenees. This sub-mountainous and mountainous species is widespread on the French side in the Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude and Ariège departments (Defaut et al. 2009, Y. Braud pers. comm. 2015) and on the Spanish side (Girona and Barcelona in Catalonia) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). In France, one introduced subpopulation is known in the Hérault department. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 3,700 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
Dolichopoda linderii is a secretive species which is rarely observed during diurnal exploration. Recent nocturnal investigations and collaborations with biospeologists have recorded numerous new localities of this species in France. The species seems to be rather common (Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006), but its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Dolichopoda linderii is a troglophile species that lives during the day on various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, along river streams, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, stone walls, ruins or disused buildings, etc. This flightless species is active at night and specimens can more easily be observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.

threats:
Dolichopoda linderii mainly lives on rocky habitats and caves, which are unlikely to be affected by any infrastructure development projects. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often without any significant impacts on the population. So far, no major threats have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda linderii, but it is a protected species in Catalonia (Spain), and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Aghias Andreas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda lustriae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two (maybe three) caves in Central Greece, where the species was recently discovered. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), the caves seem to be undisturbed and there are no known threats. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Aghias Andreas Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two (maybe three) caves in Central Greece, where the species was recently discovered (Rampini et al. 2008, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

habitat:
This species lives in caves, and is found at elevations of 1,100-1,150 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, and the caves where this species occurs seem to be undisturbed.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Makrykapa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda makrykapa) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in a small area around Mt. Dirphys, in the central part of the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 145 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²) the caves where it occurs are undisturbed and not visited by tourists, and no threats are known to affect it. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Makrykapa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in a small area around Mt. Dirphys, in the central part of the island of Euboea (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 145 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

threats:
This species is found in caves not used by humans (they are not touristic attractions), and threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor its habitat, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Matsakis' Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda matsakisi) is endemic to Greece, where it has only been reported from two caves situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), occurs in only two caves (one of which is a touristic attraction), and an increase in touristic activity and/or disturbance to that cave could drive the species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. However, detailed information about the population size is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management in the touristic cave is needed, and illumination needs to be minimized.

range:
The Matsakis' Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has only been reported from two caves situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

threats:
One of the caves where this species is found is a big touristic attraction, which is considered a possible threat. No threats are known for the second cave.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management in the touristic cave is needed, and illumination needs to be minimized.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mucedda's Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda muceddai) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few caves in north-eastern Sardinia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and an increase in recreational activities in the future could lead to rapid population declines and drive the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct. Further research is needed into the population trend, and the caves where it occurs should be protected.

range:
Mucedda's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few caves in north-eastern Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
This species resides in caves, but also in artificial underground cavities.

threats:
There are no current threats to this species, but it might become threatened in the future by an increase in recreational activities, which would be very likely to negatively affect it and would lead to a rapid population decline.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the population trend. The caves where it occurs should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Naxos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda naxia) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave on the Cyclades island of Naxos in Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), the cave where it occurs - Zeus cave - is a touristic attraction, and any increase in touristic activity and disturbance could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, detailed information is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed to avoid any future decline in the population.

range:
The Naxos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Cyclades island of Naxos in Greece (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

threats:
The cave where this species is found (cave of Zeus) is a touristic attraction, but is only accessible by foot.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, but the Cave of Zeus is found in a protected area. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed to avoid any future decline in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ochtonia Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda ochtoniai) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the East of the island of Euboea (Evvia) in central Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), the cave seems to be undisturbed. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and its possible threats.

range:
The Ochtonia Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from a single cave in the eastern part of the island of Euboea (Evvia) (Alexiou et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and its known area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
This species lives in caves, and is found at an elevation of 440 m asl.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported; the cave where this species occurs seems to be undisturbed.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and its possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Palpate Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda palpata) is endemic to Italy, and is found in Sicily and Calabria. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Palpate Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, being found in Sicily and Calabria (Massa et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda paraskevi) is known from four caves in the eastern part of Crete, Greece. The caves are accessible to tourists but are relatively undisturbed. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and further exploration of the caves may threaten this species and drive it to become Vulnerable or Endangered in a very short time - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion D. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Cretan Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in the eastern part of Crete (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 130 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

threats:
There are no known threats to this species. The caves where it occurs are relatively undisturbed, but can be accessed by tourists, and an increase in touristic activities could pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Petalas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda patrizii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on the small Ionian island of Petalas in Greece, which is situated close to the Greek mainland (Aitolia-Akarnania). This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 5 km²), the island where this species if found is uninhabited, and the caves are therefore undisturbed. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Petalas Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on the small Ionian island of Petalas in Greece, which is situated close to the Greek mainland (Aitolia-Akarnania) (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 5 km².

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-spotted Groundhopper (Tetrix bipunctata) occurs from Portugal to Korea and has a wide distribution in Europe. While this species is declining in the western part of its range, it is quite widespread and common in the boreal region, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Two-spotted Groundhopper occurs from Portugal to Korea. In Europe, it occurs from northern Greece, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and Central Italy in the south to the north of Scandinavia in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Devriese 1996, Lemos et al. 2016). Another taxon, Tetrix kraussi, is sometimes regarded as a unique species and sometimes as a subspecies or morph of Tetrix bipunctata. In this assessment, the taxon is considered a wing morph of Tetrix bipunctata and therefore included. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².

population:
The population of this species is decreasing, particularly in the western and southern part of its range as a consequence of land use intensification (Hochkirch 2010). It is regionally extinct in Luxembourg and Denmark. In the Netherlands it has recently been rediscovered (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population size is probably very large.

habitat:
This species is found dry montane grassland habitats, heathland and sand pits (Devriese 1996). They prefer short swards with patches of bare ground and rocky outcrops (Sardet et al. 2015). In the boreal zone it is mainly found on sandy habitats and it also occurs in pine forest glades (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007).

threats:
The major threat to this species is intensification of grassland management, particularly the use of fertilisers and overgrazing. It is also threatened by eutrophication and afforestation (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Denmark (Nielsen 2000). It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red List of the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Vulnerable in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France and Austria it is listed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Berg et al. 2005). Due to its threatened status in central Europe, this groundhopper is subject to conservation action. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (NLWKN 2011). Extensive grazing in grassland and heathland habitats has been recommended as optimal management for this species (Hochkirch 2010). It occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of Tetrix kraussi. Furthermore, research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bolivar's Groundhopper (Tetrix bolivari) occurs in southern Europe via the Near East to Iran and Uzbekistan. In Europe, it is quite widespread in the southern region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and the population size is probably very large. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
Bolivar's Groundhopper occurs in southern Europe via the Near East to Iran and Uzbekistan (Harz 1975, Kocarek et al. 2011). In Europe it has a disjunct distribution, being found from southern Spain to northern France and the French Alps on the one hand, and from northeastern Italy across the Balkans Peninsula to southern Greece, Cyprus and southern European Russia. An isolated subpopulation exists in Campania, southern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). As the species was frequently misidentified with other closely related species in the past, its distribution is still not sufficiently clarified. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 3.9 million km².

population:
There is little information on the population trend of this species. It is assumed to be declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In Austria it was previously assumed to be declining (Berg et al. 2005, Bieringer 2009) but many new localities have been discovered recently. New localities have also been found in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is probably very large.

habitat:
This species occurs on clay banks of ponds and salt marshes, saline wet meadows, sand and gravel pits, gravel banks and similar moist habitats with bare ground (Bieringer 2009, Kocarek et al. 2011). It feeds on detritus and moss (Kocarek et al. 2011).

threats:
The major threats to this species are drainage and land improvement (Bieringer 2009). Another threat is natural succession of its habitats after abandonment (Holusa and Kocarek 2000).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sand Groundhopper (Tetrix ceperoi) is a widespread species in southern and Central Europe and it inhabits moist open habitats, often with a sandy substrate. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population size is very large and subpopulations are well connected. It has good dispersal abilities it is able to rapidly colonise new habitats. However, this groudhopper is threatened by drainage, river regulations and recultivation of sand pits and strip mining areas. Protection and restoration of natural river systems and dynamic dune systems is recommended.

range:
The Sand Groundhopper occurs in North Africa and large parts of western, central and southern Europe (Heller 2013). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula to southern Britain, northwestern Germany in the north, and southwestern Ukraine and Rhodes in the east. Its distribution is not yet fully known as the species has often been confused with other Tetrix species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.1 million km².

population:
This species has recently been reported from many new regions. However, this might be a result of better identification keys rather than a range expansion. The species is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats and the subpopulations are therefore probably well connected. In Catalonia it is rare and declining (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In Great Britain the species is classified as "Nationally Scarce", but is probably stable (Sutton 2015). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is very large.

habitat:
The Sand Groundhopper is found mainly in sandy moist habitats, such as dune slacks, sand and clay pits, heath ponds, coal heaps, sandy river banks, ditches, salt marshes, bare patches in moist saline grassland, shores of ponds and paddy fields (Gröning et al. 2005, Gröning et al. 2007, Massa et al. 2012). It has a preference for large areas of bare ground (Hochkirch et al. 2007). The species feeds on detritus, mosses and algae (Kocarek et al. 2008).

threats:
A major threat to this species is degradation of its habitat by coastal protection, floodplain regulation, drainage and subsequent succession of its habitat (Gröning et al. 2007)  and the recultivation of former sand pits and strip mining areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered on the Polish, Swiss and German Red Lists (Liana 2002, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). Due to this status, it is subject to conservation action in the northern part of its range. In Lower Saxony (Germany) it belongs to the priority species for conservation and a conservation plan has been compiled (NLWKN 2011). The species occurs in protected areas and more research into its population trend is needed. Protection and restoration of natural river systems and dynamic dune systems is required for its conservation (Gröning et al. 2007, Hochkirch 2010, NLWNK 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dented Groundhopper (Tetrix depressa) is found in North Africa, southern Europe, the Near East and Central Asia. It is quite widespread and common in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and overall large population size.

range:
The Dented Grasshopper is found in North Africa, southern Europe, the Near East and Central Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found on the Iberian Peninsula, central and southern France, Sardinia, Sicily and Italy, the western and southern Balkan Peninsula, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus, as well as in southern Crimea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².

population:
This species is quite common and the population size is large. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in warm, rocky habitats, usually close to (even small) wet areas (Baur et al. 2006). It has also been reported from dunes, stony rivers, grassland (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012), quarries (Perrotin 2001), ponds and lakes (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016) as well as open forests (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is found from sea level up to ca 2,000 m Asl (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species may locally affected by river regulations or the construction of dams.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Northern Groundhopper (Tetrix fuliginosa) is found in the northern Palearctic, from Sweden to the Russian Pacific Ocean coast. This species seems to be very rare but it is poorly known and has rarely been searched for comprehensively. It is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its exact distribution, population trend and current threats. Even though it is widespread, it is currently not possible to present a reasonable estimate of its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe. It appears to be very rare in the EU 28 with an upper estimate of the area of occupancy (AOO) of 500 km². As a boreal species, it might be affected by climate change in the future, particularly by the increasing severity of droughts. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is recommended. In addition, its taxonomic status in relation to Tetrix brunneri from North America needs to be studied.

range:
The Northern Groundhopper is found in the northern Palearctic, from Sweden to the Russian Pacific Ocean coast (Harz 1975). It has also been reported from the northern Carpathians (Poland, Slovakia), but these records are doubtful (Liana 2013, A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015) and disregarded here. As typical for Tetrigidae, the information on its distribution is scarce. In Sweden, 14 old records (before 1915) exist, but only three recent observations (A. Lehmann pers. comm. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 50 and 500 km².

population:
This species is very rare in Finland, where it has only been found twice during the last decade (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and Sweden, from where only three recent records exist (A. Lehmann pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown. As the subpopulations in the EU 28 appear to be very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, the population is considered severely fragmented there.

habitat:
This species is found in damp habitats but has also been recorded from dry slopes (Sergeev 2011) and dry burned sites (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
As a boreal species, it might be affected by climate change in the future, particularly by the increasing severity of droughts.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, its taxonomic status in relation to Tetrix brunneri from North America needs to be studied (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Karjalainen, S., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Wingless Groundhopper (Tetrix nodulosa) occurs in the west and south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, being present in almost all of the Portuguese territory. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant, it occurs in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Iberian Wingless Groundhopper occurs in the west and south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, being present in almost all of the Portuguese territory (Llorente and Presa 1981, Ferreira et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is higher ca 209,300 km².

population:
This is a flightless species and the size of the subpopulations is normally small, although it can be locally abundant (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). There is no information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is found in various habitat types, preferring southern sites exposed to the sun with low and scarce vegetation. The species is often found close to moist areas, such as wetlands or stream valleys.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it has been recorded from several protected areas. Research is needed into potential threats to the species, its population trend, distribution as well as life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Groundhopper (Tetrix subulata) is widely distributed from Portugal and Ireland in the west to northeastern China in the east. It is very widespread in large parts of Europe, occurs in a variety of habitats and prefers areas with bare ground. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and its population trend is assumed to be increasing.

range:
The Slender Groundhopper is widely distributed from Portugal and Ireland in the west to northeastern China in the east. This species has also been recorded from North America, but these subpopulations are likely to belong to a unique species (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). In Europe, Tetrix subulata is found from southern Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to North Ireland and the north of Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 12 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.6 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common and the population size is therefore large. As it has expanded its range to the north in Great Britain (Sutton 2015) it is assumed to have an increasing population trend.

habitat:
The Slender Groundhopper is found in a variety of habitats, including river banks, moist grassland, open forests, ditches, muddy shores of ponds, lakes and oxbows, sand, clay or gravel pits (Wallaschek et al. 2004, Gröning et al. 2005). It seems to prefer areas with bare ground (Hochkirch and Gröning 2012). The species is able to swim and dive (Gröning et al. 2005). It feeds on algae, detritus and mosses (Hochkirch et al. 2000). It is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats (Detzel 1998).

threats:
The main threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Restoration of natural river systems and creation of flat ponds are useful conservation measures for this species (Hochkirch 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cephalonia Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda pavesii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three caves on the Ionian island of Cephalonia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and although the caves are currently relatively undisturbed, limestone quarries exist close to two of the caves, and quarrying activities affecting the caves could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. The caves need to be protected and any limestone quarrying in the area needs to be controlled.

range:
The Cephalonia Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three caves on the Ionian island of Cephalonia (Galvagni 2002, Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in caves, and is found at elevations of 150-300 m Asl.

threats:
Limestone quarries exist close to two of the three caves, and any quarrying activities affecting the caves will severely threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. The caves need to be protected and any limestone quarrying in the area needs to be controlled.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pan Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda petrochilosi) is endemic to Greece, and it is found in caves in a small area in the vicinity of Athens in Attica. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the four caves where it is found are regularly visited and used by tourists - any incidents related to touristic activities could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed in order to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Pan Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is found in caves in a small area in the vicinity of Athens in Attica (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 184 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

habitat:
This species lives inside caves, at elevations of 490-650 m Asl.

threats:
This species occurs in several caves in the vicinity of the capital Athens, and these caves are well known touristic attractions. Any incidents related to these touristic activities could pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed in order to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Remy's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda rimyi) is known from northern Greece (several caves in the vicinity of Naoussa in Pella district in Greek Macedonia) and a cave in the South of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). This species is assessed as Least Concern in the EU 28 region since the caves in Greece are relatively undisturbed, and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. In Europe, this species is also assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is a limestone quarry close to the cave in FYR Macedonia which is expected to destroy this subpopulation, this will be a one-off reduction which will not affect the subpopulations in Greece, and will not lead to the species becoming threatened. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Remy's Cave-cricket is known from northern Greece (several caves in the vicinity of Naoussa in Pella district in Greek Macedonia) and a cave in the South of the Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Di Russo et al. 2014, Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) for the EU 28 is 187 km², and 829 km² for Europe. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² for Europe and 28 km² for the EU 28.

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. Currently, the population seems to be stable, but the subpopulation in the FYR Macedonia is threatened by limestone quarrying.

threats:
In the only known locality in FYR Macedonia, a limestone quarry has recently been built close to the habitat of this species, which may completely destroy the subpopulation in this region.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Saraolacosi Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda saraolacosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Skyros, one of the northern Sporades islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), one of its two sites lies in an area where quarrying takes place, and quarry expansion could drive this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. A renewed investigation of the sites where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Saraolakos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Skyros, one of the northern Sporades islands, where it was first discovered in the Saraolakos cave (in 1979) near the Kalikri village in the center of Skyros. More recently it was again collected in an abandoned mine near the village of Atsista in the northwest of Skyros (Alexiou et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

habitat:
This species lives in caves, and is found at low altitudes between 50 m and 100 m asl.

threats:
The caves in which the species is found seem to be relatively undisturbed. However, there is a quarry 2 to 3 km northeast of Atsista village and several other quarries exist on Skyros. Quarrying is a plausible future threat to this cave cricket and could lead to rapid population declines.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the sites where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Livorno Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda schiavazzii)  is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Tuscany. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and is probably not strongly affected by human activities. No major threats to this cave cricket have been reported. Further research is needed into the population trends and threats to this species.

range:
The Livorno Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda schiavazzii) which has two subspecies, is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,100 km².

population:
The size of two subpopulations, in Acquedotto del Limone and in Tomba del  Begalaio, have been estimated to 2,000 and 360 individuals respectively. However, the global population size and trend are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corfu Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda steriotisi) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the Ionian island of Corfu. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 83 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it occurs at only four locations, and although the caves where it occurs are relatively undisturbed, limestone quarries exist close to one of the localities and could be a threat in the future - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.

range:
The Corfu Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the Ionian island of Corfu (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 83 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

threats:
This species has been found in several caves which are relatively undisturbed. However, limestone quarries exist close to one of its localities and could thus affect this species in the future. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measure in place for this species or its habitat, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Thassos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda thasosensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the island of Thassos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²) it occurs at only one location, and the presence of a large limestone quarry 1 km from the cave where this species occurs poses a potential future threat, since any quarrying activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about the species' ecology and possible threats. The cave needs to be protected, particularly from limestone quarrying.

range:
The Thassos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the island of Thassos (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

threats:
A large limestone quarry is found 1 km east of this species' only known locality, and any quarrying could significantly affect the population. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it is not present in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about the species' ecology and possible threats. The cave needs to be protected, particularly from limestone quarrying.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Katafygi Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda unicolor) is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southern central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 211 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), the population is assumed to be stable, and there are no known threats to this species. However, detailed information is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.

range:
The Katafygi Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southern central part of the Peloponnesus (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 211 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable.

threats:
The caves where this species has been found are relatively undisturbed, and threats are unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Orchomenos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda vandeli) is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southeastern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 330 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), the population is assumed to be stable, and no threats are known to the caves where this species occurs. However, detailed information on this species is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.

range:
The Orchomenos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southeastern part of the mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 330 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable.

threats:
The caves where this species has been found are relatively undisturbed, and the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Cave Cricket (Troglophilus andreinii) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from South Eastern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Italian Cave Cricket, which has two subspecies, is endemic to Italy, and is only known from South Eastern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,900 km².

habitat:
This species resides in caves, but moves outside to feed on forbs. Complete development from egg to adult takes around three years.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into population trends and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Short-tailed Cave-cricket has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 92,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 20,000 km² in the EU 28. Even though it may be locally threatened by mining and deforestation, overall its subpopulations are large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is widely distributed in montane and sub-montane areas in limestone regions in the Balkans. Its range is divided in two isolated areas: one covering western Serbia, eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and northern Montenegro; and another area in southern Bulgaria and in a small area in the neighbouring southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Karaman et al. 2011). The species is also likely to occur in northeastern Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 92,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 20,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend is unknown. However, subpopulations may be very large in appropriate habitats, such as Belassitsa Mountain in Bulgaria.

habitat:
The species is usually found on mesophytic ground in limestone areas, typically in the montane zone within beech, pine and spruce belts. It rarely occurs on metamorphic rock substrate (as in Belassitsa Mountain, Bulgaria), where it lives in leaf litter. It usually hides in subterranean habitats (i.e. caves, soil crevices, leaf litter, tree hollows) and is active at night, feeding on a variety of litter, dead insects, etc. It occurs at altitudes between 200-1,700 m Asl.

threats:
Threats to this species include limestone quarrying and deforestation.

conservationAction:
The species is strictly protected in Serbia and it occurs in a variety of protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Cave-cricket (Troglophilus cavicola) is widely distributed from Central Europe, south and east of the Alps, southwards through the Balkans, reaching its southern boundaries in Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 430,000 km²), and the overall population is presumably large. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.

range:
The Common Cave-cricket is widely distributed in central Europe, south and east of the Alps (Holusa et al. 1999), southwards through the Balkans (Karaman et al. 2011), reaching its southern boundaries in Greece (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 428,000 km². Within the  EU 28 region, this species is known from northern Italy and Austria, Slovenia and mainland Greece.

population:
Neither the population size nor population trend are known.

habitat:
Unlike species of Dolichopoda, which are exclusively found in caves, this species is also found outside caves. Habitats where they can be found have the common feature of including places to hide during the day (such as crevices, or under old tree logs). Recently, this species was also reported from trees, where they were found in bat-boxes 3-5 m above the ground.

threats:
This species might be locally affected by limestone quarrying or recreational activities. However, these threats are unlikely to affect the global population significantly.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lago's Cave-cricket (Troglophilus lagoi) is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the eastern Aegean Islands of Kos, Tílos and Rodhes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km², area of occupancy between 28-50 km²), the overall population size is presumably large. However, detailed information is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Lago's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the eastern Aegean Islands of Kos, Tílos and Rodhes (Willemse 1984, Baccetti 1992, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km², and its known area of occupancy is between 28 km² and 50 km².

habitat:
This species has been reported from caves and cave-like places. The report from Mt. Attaviros on Rodhes was not specific, and  the species was possibly found outside a cave in the pine forest.

threats:
Limestone quarrying may represent a threat locally.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Lazaropole Cave-cricket is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) as there is no information on the population trend of this species and the threats are unknown.

range:
The Lazaropole Cave-cricket occurs in a restricted area in western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and the neighbouring territories of Kosovo (Karaman et al. 2011) and Albania (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The record from the region of Kumanovo in northeastern FYRO Macedonia (Karaman 1958) is doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 11,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations seem to be small as field observations and samples always reveal small numbers of specimens.

habitat:
The species inhabits carbonate stony and rocky areas and caves in mesophytic forests. It lives in stony screes, under stones and in caves between 1,000 and 1,850 m Asl. It is active at night.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas and is protected in Serbia. It is listed on the Red List of FYRO Macedonia as Vulnerable (Lemonnier- Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The San Torini Cave-cricket (Troglophilus marinae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from  a single cave on the Aegean Island of Santorini. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic distribution (its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both within 4 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of this species' habitat due to touristic activities and touristic development. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Touristic visits of the cave need to be managed carefully and any artificial illumination needs to be minimized.

range:
The San Torini Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Aegean Island of Santorini (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no available information on population size and population trend for this species, but a continuing decline in the quality of habitat is inferred due to touristic development; the cave where this species occurs is a tourist attraction.

threats:
The cave where this species is found is a tourist attraction for the island of Santorini. Taking into account the extent of the effects of touristic activities and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, but it is present in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Touristic visits of the cave need to be managed carefully and any artificial illumination needs to be minimized.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Neglected Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution in the western Balkans and the fact that its subpopulations can be quite large.

range:
The species is currently recorded from two isolated areas, one covering the north of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), Kosovo, eastern Serbia, northeastern Albania and northwestern Bulgaria; and the other area covering a larger range in Croatia, northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, northeastern Italy and Austria (Karaman et al. 2011). It is introduced in the Czech Republic (where it has been found in old military shelters), Germany (where it has been found in old mines) and in Switzerland. The record from Malta is considered by Harz (1986) as native. It is however quite far from the species' range and considering the introductions in Germany and Czech Republic, the origin of the population in Malta remains uncertain. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 340,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 240,000 km² for the EU 28.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations can be quite large.

habitat:
This species occurs in limestone areas between 200 and 1,400 m Asl, where it is commonly found in caves. It also inhabits soil crevices and is active at night.

threats:
The major threat to this species is limestone quarrying.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Montenegrin Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has an overall large population and there are no major threats.

range:
The Montenegrin Cave-cricket is distributed along the Adriatic Sea from Albania to the Istria Peninsula in Croatia, from the coastal areas to 1,700 m Asl (Karaman et al. 2011). Some high altitude inland occurrences and the large differentiation of male titillators may reflect some taxonomic subdivision. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² in Europe and c. 37,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The densities in the southern part of its distribution are low, while the subpopulations along the Adriatic coast are larger. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in caves and buildings, thus its occurrence and mobility outside caves is certain. It also lives in beech forests on limestone substrate, where it remains within leaf litter and in soil crevices during the day. The species is active at night.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spiny Cave-cricket (Troglophilus spinulosus) is endemic to Greece, and is found across the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution in Crete, and an overall presumably large population. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Spiny Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found across the island of Crete (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km².

habitat:
This species lives inside caves, and is found up to 1,000 m Asl.

threats:
It remains unknown whether this species might be locally threatened by recreational activities. Limestone quarries are found close to some localities.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Zoia's Cave-cricket (Troglophilus zoiai) is endemic to Greece, and is found in four caves in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it as a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 123 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This species was only described in 2014, and detailed information about the population size and trend is still lacking. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.

range:
The Zoia's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in a number of caves in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014, Alexiou et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 123 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The four known subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

threats:
One of the caves where this species occurs is located close to a limestone quarry, and if the quarrying activities are expanded it may subsequently drive this subpopulation to extinction. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at four locations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Zora's Cave-cricket has a wide distribution in southeastern Europe and no major threats to this species are known. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). 

The occurrence of the species in Greece is uncertain, but it has been suggested as possible by Karaman et al. (2011). Due to the poor knowledge on the species distribution in EU 28, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species occurs in western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), southern Albania and possibly in northern Greece. It is found between 200 and 1,050 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 40,000 km². Occurrence in EU 28 (Greece) is still uncertain.

population:
The population trend is unknown. Large subpopulations were observed in some caves.

habitat:
The species is usually found in caves in karstic areas, but a wider occurrence in subterranean habitats (soil crevices, mesophyte forests) is suspected (Karaman et al. 2011, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The species is active at night. Nymphs and adults occur throughout the year, but they hibernate in the winter.

threats:
The threats to this species include the use of caves as a shelter for sheep in Albania.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterrenean Groundhopper (Paratettix meridionalis) is widespread in southern Europe, where it is found in damp open habitats such as muddy and sandy banks of rivers and streams. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, it is quite common and subpopulations are well connected. This groundhopper is a very good flyer and is therefore capable of rapidly colonising new habitats.

range:
The Mediterranean Groundhopper is found in North Africa, southern Europe and western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe this species is found from the Azores and the Canary Islands in the east to Cyprus and European Turkey in the west and from Sicily and Crete in the south to the French Atlantic coast and Slovenia in the north. In Romania the species is possibly extinct (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). Old records from Madagascar are erroneous (H. Devriese pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 are both ca 6 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common in southern Europe. Given that it is a good flyer the subpopulations are well connected. It is regionally extinct in Romania. The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is very large.

habitat:
The Mediterranean Groundhopper is found in moist open habitats along rivers, streams and ponds (Hochkirch 1998, Massa et al. 2012). It is a good swimmer (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). The species is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats.

threats:
The species may be locally threatened by river regulations, drainage and the construction of dams.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Devriese, H., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-horned Groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis) is widely distributed from the northern Spain in the west to Siberia in the east. It is widespread in Europe from the northern part of the Mediterranean to central Finland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it may be locally threatened by abandonment of grazing in grassland habitats, it is very widespread and common, and the population size is large.

range:
The Long-horned Groundhopper is widely distributed from the northern Spain in the west to Siberia in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe, it occurs from northern Spain, central Italy and northern Greece in the south to central Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 4.4 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread and common and the population size is large. It might be declining locally in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is usually found in the transition between wet and dry habitats (Hochkirch et al. 1999, Massa et al. 2012). It has been found in grassland habitats, woodland clearings, rocky slopes, sand and gravel pits, river banks and dry spots in marshland and pastures, where it feeds on moss and detritus (Kuravová and Kocárek 2015). It also occurs in gardens, farmland, forest edges and railroad embankments (Baur et al. 2006).

threats:
The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing in dry  grassland habitats and the subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees  (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its population trend is needed. This groundhopper benefits from extensive grassland management (Hochkirch 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Transsylvanian Wingless Groundhopper (Tetrix tanssylvanica) is assessed as Endangered (EN) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO being in the range of 32-200 km²), its severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

range:
The Transsylvanian Wingless Groundhopper consists of two subspecies: T. t. transsylvanica (Bazyluk and Kis, 1960) and T. t. hypsocorypha Skejo, 2014. The first occurs in the southern Carpathians of Romania and the second is known from Hrvatsko Zagorje in northern Croatia (where it has not been found in recent years) and the neighbouring region of Slovenia (Skejo et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 57,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 200 km².

population:
The species is possibly extinct in Croatia. Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
The species inhabits open forests and forest clearings. In Slovenia and Croatia its habitat is moist, usually bare ground at about 200 to 600 m altitude. In Romania, the species is also found in rocky habitats with moss, either in forests with sparse canopy and vegetation or sub-alpine rocky terrains between 600 and 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is deforestation. Urbanisation also poses a threat to its population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Its remaining habitats need to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Alpine Groundhopper (Tetrix tuerki) occurs in the mountain systems of the Balkans, Alps, Carpathians and in mountains of western and central Asia. It is a highly specialised grasshopper species that is found on gravel banks on natural river systems in alpine areas of east and central Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 700 and 1,000 km², and between 500 and 700 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals - mainly caused by ongoing regulations of water courses and dams. Restoration, conservation and appropriate management of natural river dynamics in alpine areas is needed in order to preserve this species. It seems to be particularly dependent on occasional high floods. Research is needed into its population trend and taxonomy, as recent genetic studies have found a strong genetic differentiation between samples from Romania and Switzerland. Immigration from outside the two assessment regions seems unlikely as the distance between subpopulations is very large, and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted.

range:
The Alpine Groundhopper occurs in the mountain systems of the Balkans, Alps, Carpathians and in mountains of western and central Asia (Devriese 1996, Lehmann and Landeck 2007). Its extent of occurrence in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 1.3 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 700 and 1,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is estimated to be between 500 and 700 km².

population:
This species has been reported to be decreasing in several countries and the overall population trend is decreasing. Subpopulations are usually small and found in small isolated habitat patches (A. Liana pers. comm. 2015). These subpopulation may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is mainly found along alpine rivers and streams where it inhabits gravel banks with a larger content of fine sediments (Janßen 2003). It is mainly found on banks that are higher above the water level and only occasionally flooded, but have scarce vegetation (Janßen et al. 1996).

threats:
The major threat to the Alpine Groundhopper is the regulation of alpine rivers and streams including the construction of dams, partly for hydroelectric power production. New projects to produce hydroelectric power are probably the main future threat in Switzerland and Austria (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, gravel extraction threatens the species locally in the Balkans (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red Lists of Germany (Maas et al. 2011), the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is Regionally Extinct in Bohemia (Holusa et al. 2013) and Croatia (Skejo et al. 2014). It is listed as Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Vulnerable in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). In Switzerland the species is a national priority species for conservation. Restoration, conservation and appropriate management of natural river dynamics in alpine areas is needed in order to preserve the Alpine Groundhopper. It seems to be particularly dependent on occasional high floods (Janßen et al. 1996). Restoration of rivers as in Val Müstair (Il Rom) and Kander was started  in areas where the species lost favorable habitats in the past. It occurs in protected areas and there is a need for more research on its population trend. Furthermore, recent genetic studies (A. Hochkirch, unpublished data, 2015) have found a strong genetic differentiation between samples from Romania and Switzerland, suggesting that further taxonomic research is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Holusa, J., Monnerat, C., Iorgu, I.S., Braud, Y., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Liana, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Groundhopper (Tetrix undulata) is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest to northern Sweden in the north and northwestern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in the western and northwestern part of Europe, and occurs in a variety of moist habitats.

range:
The Common Groundhopper is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest to northern Sweden in the north and northwestern European Russia in the east. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.7 million km².

population:
The species is quite widespread and common, and the population size is very large. The global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in moist habitats with patches of bare ground such as forest edges, moist grassland, peat bogs, heathland habitats, shores of ponds, sand and gravel pits (Hochkirch 1997, Gröning et al. 2005, Zechner et al. 2005, Hochkirch 2010). In more humid regions it has also been documented from drier habitats such as sand dunes (Detzel 1998). It feeds on mosses and algae (Detzel 1998).

threats:
This species may be locally threatened by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Wallaschek et al. 2004). In the southern part of its range it may also be affected by drainage, melioration and transformation of its habitat into farmland (Braun and Lederer 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Zapatero's Saddle Bush-cricket (Albarracinia zapaterii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km², and the population is considered severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend and threats.

range:
Zapatero's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in central and eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 203,000 km² and its known are of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species can locally be abundant, but most subpopulations are small. The species is flightless and its subpopulations are rather isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species is found dwelling in trees (Quercus, Pinus spp.) and shrublands (Buxus, Retama, Cytisus spp.) (Pinedo 1988, Llucià Pomares 2002). It is found at altitudes between 700 m and 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
The species may be threatened by wildfires and abandonment of grazing, which could lead to forest development in the long term (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is present within several protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend and threats.

redListAssessors:
Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Vichet's Bush-cricket is endemic to France, occurring in dry calcareous grasslands in the Mediterranean low massifs in Languedoc (Hérault, Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50-250 km². The population of this short-winged and flightless bush-cricket is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals as a result of several ongoing threats (repeated fires, urbanisation, conifer plantations, new railway and decreasing pastoralism). Consequently, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
Vichet's Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is found in plain and low massifs in the Corbières range (Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales) and in the southern part of the Larzac mountain (Hérault) (Delorme 2013). The Larzac subpopulation seems to be very restricted. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 3,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be 50-250 km².

population:
Amedegnatiana vicheti is a very secretive species and was firstly described in 1950. A total of 14 localities are currently known as a result of a recent study (Delorme 2013). Both parts of its range (Corbières and South Larzac) are strongly disconnected, since they are separated by 75 km and the main subpopulation in coastal Corbières is 10 km away from the other subpopulations in inner Corbières. Overall, the population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small, so exchange between subpopulations is highly unlikely.
The presence of coastal subpopulations at La Balme (Aude) and that of the low altitude subpopulations at La Clape (Aude) and Cesseras (Minervois, Hérault) could not be reconfirmed (Delorme 2013); however, its presence there cannot be ruled out completely. Delmas and Rambier (1950) already noticed that the species had been not recorded for two years right after its discovery in La Clape. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Amedegnatiana vicheti is a low altitude thermophilous species, occurring in altitudes between 100 and 750 m in rocky open habitats (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). This species lives in open and xeric calcareous habitats such as dry grassland and pseudosteppic pastureland, and it is mostly found in thyme. The herbaceous vegetation (Xerobromion or Thero-Brachypodietea communities) is generally scarce (40-60 %) with rare (10-20%) shrubs (Buxus, Juniperus) (Delorme 2013).

threats:
Increasing wildfire frequencies are considered a major threat to this species (Delorme 2013), although occasional fires are probably positive to maintain its suitable habitat. On La Clape, where the species has not been recently re-observed, the suitable vegetation seems to have disappeared, with dominance of pyrophytic vegetation like Quercus coccifera and Pinus halepensis, so the bush-cricket may have disappeared (Delorme 2013). Other important threats are land use changes, urbanization (for example in Narbonne), conifer plantations (in La Palme and Treilles), new high speed train (TGV) railroads and decreasing pastoralism.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Amedegnatiana vicheti, and it is not present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). A proper habitat management is required, particularly focused on grazing and fire management. Furthermore, restoration of destroyed habitats needs to be carried out. Research on the population size and trends and ecology of this species is needed, together with local monitoring.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Betico Bush-cricket (Amphiestris baetica) occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only found in the south of Spain where it is quite rare. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural practices, particularly by the transformation of its habitat into farmland and by the use of pesticides. Research into its population trend is needed, as well as into the threats. Better protection of its remaining habitats is recommended.

range:
The Betico Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Spain (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km².

population:
This species is quite rare in southern Spain. When observed, it has only been found in low numbers. It seems that its habitat is declining, both in area and in quality. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred. As the subpopulations of this species are quite small and isolated and the species is flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. Thus, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland and cultivated land as well as the margins of roads and trails (F. Prunier, J. Correas amd P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural practices, particularly by the transformation of its habitat into farmland and by the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed, as well as into the threats. Better protection of its remaining habitats is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S., García, M., Lemos, P. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadusa brevipennis) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the islands of Euboea, Skiros and a number of the Cyclades Islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires. Further research into the population size and trend is required, and proper fire management is important to preserve this species.

range:
The Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the islands of Euboea, Skiros (one of the islands belonging to the Northern Sporades) and a number of the Cyclades Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
There is almost no available information on the population size and the population trend, but there is an inferred continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality of this species, as a result of bushfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species inhabits open places with a vegetation consisting of low shrubs such as Cistus spp. and with sparse herbal vegetation.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures for this species are in place, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend is required, and proper fire management is important to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Ornate Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadura ornatipennis) is known from some of the East Aegean Islands of Greece (Samos, Patmos, Symi and Rodhes) and a small region on the Turkish mainland opposite these islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since although it is quite common across the Greek islands, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to bushfires. Further research into the population size and trend is required. The most important conservation action needed for this species is proper wildfire management.

range:
The Ornate Tonged Bush-cricket is known from some of the East Aegean Islands of Greece (Samos, Patmos, Symi and Rodhes) and a small region on the Turkish mainland opposite these islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa 2010, Unal 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) within Europe is ca 11,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Like the Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadusa ornatipennis), this flightless species inhabits open places with a vegetation consisting of low shrubs such as Cistus spp. and with sparse herbal vegetation. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to bushfires.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the increasing number of bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required. The most important conservation action needed for this species is proper wildfire management.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Retowski's Tonged Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) isc. 3,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 50 to 200 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline of the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

range:
Retowski's Tonged Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the southeastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 200 km².

population:
According to The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009), the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015), and the fact that current infrastructure development its occurring in this species' habitat, its area of occupancy and population trend is decreasing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species occurs only along the coast and foothills in the eastern part of the Crimean Mountains at altitudes between 1-200 m Asl. It inhabits very dry grassy and scrub habitats and stony terrains. It is a thermophilous and omnivorous species. The eggs hibernate and adults occur from June to August.

threats:
The species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat as a result of urban and touristic infrastructure development.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015). No specific conservation actions are implemented, but it occurs in Karadag Nature Reserve. Research on its population trend and threats is required. Its habitat needs to be protected in order to avoid future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus alpinus) is found in the western margin of the Alps and is known to occur in Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread with a large geographic range. While the main subpopulation in France seems to be stable, some isolated subpopulations like in the eastern Alps or in the Jura have a higher risk of local extinction and show local declines. Apart from the anthropogenic pastures, it inhabits native alpine grassland, which extends to higher elevations and offers the potential for colonisation in the case of rising temperatures due to global warming. Monitoring of trends in population size and habitat availability should clarify the impact of the ongoing threats, such as the alteration of suitable habitats due to abandonment and climate change.

range:
The Small Alpine Bush-cricket inhabits the western margin of the Alps from the Department of Hautes-Alpes in the west to the Swiss western Prealps and Alps. It enters Italy only in the upper Aosta Valley. Isolated occurrences are known from the Jura (Chaine du Reculet) and the Arlberg in the Austrian provinces of Vorarlberg and Tirol (based on Carron et al. 2002, Baur and Roesti 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Ortner and Lechner 2015). This species occurs at elevations between 1,150 and 2,400 m asl. In Europe, its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
This species is mainly reported as rare, although in the French Alps it appears to be a bit more common. There have been local declines in Switzerland and Austria, and the overall population trend seems to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species inhabits alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath in montane to sub-alpine elevations. It prefers grazed habitats, typically with Juniperus bushes, so that abandonment of pastures can cause local declines. An important habitat feature is the presence of bare ground due to the presence of stones or as a result of grazing. This bush-cricket lives on the ground and prefers sun-exposed patches with low vegetation cover. It feeds mainly on plants, and to a lesser extent on small insects. Eggs are laid in the ground and need at least two years to develop.

threats:
A local decline is reported from the Swiss and Austrian subpopulations, caused by the overgrowth of habitat due to abandonment of Alpine pastures, which consequently led to the loss of short vegetation and bare parts of the grassland. Consequently it is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as "Critical" in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg (Ortner and Lechner 2015). However, it is not yet known whether this threat plays a major role in the core-areas in France as well. The increase of the mean temperature due to global warming will lead to a shift of alpine habitats to higher elevations, which could restrict the potential occurrence of this species, moving towards the summits (Monnerat et al. 2007). Increased fragmentation and extinction of subpopulations might be expected.

conservationAction:
The maintenance of extensive grazing in the montane and alpine elevations is important to secure the distribution and population size of this species. Monitoring of trends in population size and habitat availability should clarify the impact of the ongoing threats, such as the alteration of suitable habitats due to abandonment and climate change. Some subpopulations live in protected areas in France like the Parc National della Vanoise.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Southern Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus apenninigenus) was described in 1881 on the basis of two specimens in the central Apennines, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has not been found since 1881, despite intensive searches for it. In addition, its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km², it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat which was turned into forests after abandonment of pastures. However, this species might still be found in small patches of habitat and further research is recommended to clarify if the species is still extant.

range:
The Southern Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is restricted to the central Apennines. This species is only know from two specimens collected in S. Ilario, La Consuma (Massa et al. 2012), and its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².

population:
Only two specimens of this species have ever been collected. No further specimens have been collected since the species was described in 1881 despite searches for it. The overall population trend is therefore inferred to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species presumably lives in meadows.

threats:
The disappearance of this species has probably been caused by land use changes. Its habitat has completely been destroyed by transformation into forests after abandonment of pastures. Climate change might also have promoted its disappearance. Taking into account the extent of the destruction of its habitat and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. There have been substantial surveys to rediscover this species, but further searches should be carried out, as it might still survive in small patches of habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus baracunensis) is endemic to the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 200 km²) and occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The population is assumed to be stable and there are no major threats to the species, although potential threats such as abandonment and land use changes can have negative effects on this species. Further research on its population trend is highly recommended.

range:
The Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to the French-Italian Alps, restricted to a very small area in the Queyras (Valle del Guil, Belvédère du Viso) and the adjacent Alpi Cozie (Valle di Carboneri, Colle Baracun) (Nadig 1987, Carron et al. 2002, Massa et al. 2012, Sindaco et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurence (EOO) is only ca 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be no more than 24 km². It inhabits high elevations between 1,750 and 2,550 m asl. Due to the quite recent clarification of the taxonomic status of this species, many citations in older literature refer to other taxa of the genus Anonconotus, especially to A. occidentalis.

population:
This species is reported to be locally abundant in its known sites. The high numbers of specimens in collections are also notable. As a flightless species, its occurrence might be fragmented with only minor exchanges. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits alpine grassland with stony and rocky patches above the tree-line up to the mountain peaks, and it is flightless.

threats:
It is likely that this species suffers from the abandonment of alpine pastures and a subsequent overgrowth of its habitats like the closely related Anonconotus alpinus. Taking into account the extent of the effects of land-use changes and the distribution and low mobility of this flightless species, it is considered to occur at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preferences and potential threats is recommended. This species occurs in protected areas, such as the "Parc naturel régional du Queyras" in France.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus ghilianii) occurs in the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 25,000 km²), is rather abundant and often found in areas without any direct human impact. However, it could potentially suffer from the abandonment of the alpine pastures leading to overgrowth of the important bare and sparsely vegetated patches (like in other Anonconotus species). Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preference and potential threats should clarify the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket is not completely clear, as the Anonocontus alpinus-group was only recently split. Recent publications by Galvagni (2003), Defaut et al. (2009) and Massa et al. (2012) suggest a distribution confined to the French-Italian Alps from the Aosta valley in the northeast to the Piemonte (Alpi Biellesi, Val di Susa, Valle del Chisone, Vall Stura) in Italy and the Alpi, Prealpi and Mont Ventoux-regions in France (Massa et al. 2012). It occupies montane to sub alpine elevations from 1,100 to at least 2,743 m asl (Galvagni and Fontana 2006), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,250 km².

population:
This species is reported to be abundant in its habitats (Galvagni and Fontana 2006, Massa et al. 2012), and in France it is presumed to be stable. However, there is no available information on the overall population trend.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine grassland up to the mountain peaks and can also be found in alpine dwarf shrub heath with Juniperus species. Like other Anonconotus species it prefers sun-exposed areas and lives mainly on the ground.

threats:
Due to the lack of published research, threats to this species are unknown. It could potentially suffer from the abandonment of the alpine pastures leading to overgrowth of the important bare and sparsely vegetated patches (like in other Anonconotus species). If this is true, a continuing decline of this specialised species could be derived.

conservationAction:
This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preference and potential threats should clarify the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Eastern Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus italoaustriacus) is an alpine species and is known to occur in Austria and Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and possibly also in the extent of occurrence (EOO), due to local extinctions in Italy. Furthermore, the extent and quality of suitable habitats, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals seem to be declining as well, mainly due to abandonment of extensive grazing and mowing. An action plan to preserve the remaining subpopulations should be developed, and research should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.

range:
The Eastern Alpine Bush-cricket is an alpine species, and its distribution extends from the Alto Adige in the southwest over the southern slopes of the eastern Alps (Trentino and Veneto) to the Hohe Tauern (Tyrol, Carinthia) and the Lungau in Salzburg (Nadig 1987, Berg and Illich 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Landmann and Zuna-Kratky 2016). It inhabits montane to sub-alpine mountain regions at elevations from 1,360 m to 2,700 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 8,300 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 200 and 300 km².

population:
In Italy, the subpopulations are severely fragmented and believed to be declining (P. Fontana & F. Buzzetti pers. comm 2015). On the other hand, the situation in Austria seems to be more positive, as there are many occupied sites in Tyrol and Carinthia. However, numbers of individuals in the easternmost subpopulation in Salzburg appear to be decreasing. Several old records from the last century could not be confirmed despite intensive mapping activities in the last 20 years (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). The overall population trend is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This flightless species inhabits alpine and sub alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heaths, often interspersed with open soil and stands of Juniperus species. It prefers steep sun-exposed slopes with a southeast to southwest exposition.

threats:
This species is threatened by the overgrowing of their open habitats by bushes or tall herbaceous plants, mainly caused by the abandonment of extensive meadows and pastures in higher altitudes and possibly also due to eutrophication. It is a rather immobile species with a fragmented distribution, so there is only low potential to colonise new habitats, such as natural alpine grassland formations.

conservationAction:
The habitats of this species can be found in a wide area within the southeastern part of the Alpine arch, but its distribution is heavily fragmented in wide parts of its range. Especially in its western range, it is a very rare species. Its habitat requirements are rather special, and its micro-climatic needs are thus only met in certain topographical exposures and undergrounds, which can be supported by extensive human management. Human use should be restricted to extensive mowing or grazing, which can  favour the specific habitat requirements of this bush-cricket. There seem to be a lot of abandoned sites, therefore an action plan to preserve the remaining subpopulations is important. Many subpopulations are covered by protected areas (e.g., Parco Nazionale "Dolomiti Bellunesi", National Park "Hohe Tauern", Biosphere Reserve "Nockberge"), where habitat management measures like extensive mowing of alpine grassland should also take into account the requirements of this species. The subpopulation in Parco delle Dolomiti is being monitored. Research should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus ligustinus) is a western alpine species present in France and Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 665 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Overgrazing could have a negative effect on this species, as could the abandonment of pastures leading to overgrowth of sparsely vegetated patches. At the moment, the population trend is unknown, and further research is needed into the species' population size and trend, as well as into its threats.

range:
The Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket lives on the southern edge of the alpine range of the genus Anonconotus. It occupies the mountains of the Alpi Liguri and Alpi Marittime in Italy and the Alpes Maritimes in France  (Galvagni 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 665 km², and it is found at elevations between 1,700 and 2,350 m asl.

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, and this is probably due to its very restricted distribution and the fact that it was documented as "Anonconotus alpinus" for decades. In Italy, outbreaks of the species have been reported (Massa et al. 2012) and the species is considered to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Italy, subpopulations are isolated and scattered, while in France the subpopulation size seems to be more stable. Most subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species, like other Anonconotus species, occurs in montane to sub alpine grassland, that can be also used for grazing or mowing. There is no published information of its habitat preferences.

threats:
Specific information on the threats to this species is scarce. Overgrazing of their habitats could have a negative effect on this species (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015), or like in other Anonconotus-taxa, abandonment of pastures leading to overgrowth of sparsely vegetated patches could also deteriorate suitable habitats.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in large protected areas like the Parc national du Mercantour and the Parco Naturale delle Alpi Marittime. It could be an important target species for habitat management and conservation actions. Further research is needed into its population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus mercantouri) has a very small range in the western part of the Alpine arc. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 20 km²), it only occurs at one location, and negative effects of land use change like overgrazing could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, in some places this species is rather abundant and its range is covered by a protected area. Research is needed to identify the recent population trend and potential threats to this species.

range:
The Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket has a very small range in the western part of the Alpine arc with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of only 20 km². As far as is known, it only lives in the valley and adjacent mountain slopes of Vallon de Prals in the Alpes Maritims near St. Martin-Vésubie in the "Parc Natural de Mercantour". It was found in elevations from 1,800 to 2,284 m asl (Galvagni and Fontana 2003, 2006).

population:
This species has a very small range, but it occurs in good abundances and in its optimal habitats, like at the Lacs de Prals (Galvagni and Fontana 2003), it can be the most common grasshopper (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). There is no information on the population trend available, but this is also due to the recent discovery of this species, only one decade ago. It is likely that the species experiences fluctuations in its population size, but it is unclear, whether these fluctuations are extreme.

habitat:
This species, like the other alpine Anonconotus species, prefers sun-exposed habitats in alpine grasslands and alpine dwarf shrub heath lands with Rhododendron and Juniperus bushes. Surrounding forests mainly consist of Larix spp. and Picea spp. (Galvgni and Fontana 2003).

threats:
The sites where this species is found are overgrazed (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The effects of land use on the population of this species are unknown, but overgrazing is thought to be a threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
This species carries the name of the national park, which includes the world distribution of this endemic species.  Therefore it could be a flagship species (maybe together with Anonconotus ligustinus) for the conservation of open alpine habitats. Research is needed to identify the recent population trend and potential threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Western Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus occidentalis) is widespread in the southwestern Alps in France and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,000 km²), the species is reported to be locally abundant. In addition, this species inhabits native alpine grasslands along a wide range of altitudes, and there is potential for shifting to higher altitudes as the mean temperature increases (due to global warming). Supporting a low-intensity pasturing in the mountains should be beneficial for this species. Monitoring should focus on the effects of presumed recent habitat change due to abandonment of pastures in the higher altitudes and the intensification of these habitats in the foothills.

range:
The Western Alpine Bush-cricket occupies the southwestern part of the Alpine distribution of this montane bush-cricket genus. It is rather restricted in the Alps in France, but more widespread in the Italian Piemonte mountains (Alpi Cozie, Liguri e Marittime). This species' minimum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,000 km² (Nadig 1987, Carron et al. 2002, Voisin 2003, Massa et al. 2012). It occupies a large range of altitudes with records between 1,250 and 2,900 m asl. The closely related A. baracunensis replaces this species in a small area at the northeastern edge of its distribution.

population:
This species is reported to be locally abundant in its known sites and was often collected in large numbers. As a flightless species, its subpopulations might be regionally fragmented with only minor exchanges between them. It is not known if this causes a severe fragmentation of the population. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species inhabits alpine grassland with stony and rocky patches above the tree-line up to the mountain peaks. Eggs are laid into the ground and probably need  longer than one year to develop.

threats:
Due to the lack of published research, potential threats to this species are mostly unknown, but it may suffer from the abandonment of alpine pastures and a subsequent overgrowth of its habitats like the closely related Anonconotus alpinus. Changes in land use may also affect this species, and the effects of this threat on this species should be monitored. Taking into account the low mobility of this flightless species, negative trends in habitat quality may lead to a decline in the population size. Global warming is not likely to affect this species since it inhabits native alpine grasslands along a wide range of altitudes, and there is potential for shifting to higher altitudes as the mean temperature increases.

conservationAction:
Although it occurs in several protected areas there is no conservation program targeting this species specifically. Supporting a low-intensity pasturing in the mountains should be beneficial for this species. Monitoring should focus on the effects of presumed recent habitat change due to abandonment of pastures in the higher altitudes and the intensification of these habitats in the foothills.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pygmy Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus pusillus) is endemic to the Alpi Graie in the Piemonte and the Valle d´Aosta. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 650 km², and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, there is no available information on the population trend and potential threats. Research on distribution, population size, habitat requirements, ecology and potential threats is needed to clarify the necessity of conservation actions for this species.

range:
The Pygmy Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to the Alpi Graie in the Piemonte and the Valle d´Aosta. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 650 km² in the eastern part of the Gran Paradiso Massif (Carron et al. 2002, Massa et al. 2012). This species was found on mountain slopes from 1,400 m up to 2,400 m asl.

population:
This species is known from only a few localities and the size of its subpopulations seem to be small. Sub-populations are quite isolated and less dense than in other species of Anonconotus, although it can be locally common (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). Information on the population trend is not available. The population seems to be severely fragmented since there is little or no genetic exchange between the subpopulations and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
The genus Anonconotus is a group of bush-crickets occurring in montane habitats in the Alps, like alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heaths. The habitats where this species occurs are sometimes grazed. Unfortunately, there is no available information on the specific habitat preferences and the ecology of this species, but it can be assumed that it prefers similar habitats as other closely related Anonconotus species.

threats:
Due to the lack of research on this species, the existence and nature of threats are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in the protected area of the Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso. Research on distribution, population size, habitat requirements, ecology and potential threats is needed to clarify the necessity of conservation actions for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sibylline Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus sibyllinus) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few localities of the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of sub-populations, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to the increase of cattle grazing in the area and touristic activities. In addition, climate change might also affect this species, particularly extreme temperatures and habitat shifts. Research is needed into its population trend and threats. Proper habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines of the species. In addition, degraded habitat should be restored.

range:
The Sibylline Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few localities of the Central Apennines (Monti Sibillini and Monti Reatini; Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the population size of this species is inferred from the ongoing threats. This species is flightless and the subpopulations are very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is highly unlikely, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows between low vegetation on the ground, with adults probably being found in August and September. It is found at elevations between 1,500 m and 2,100 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are changes in land use, particularly the increase of cattle grazing as well as touristic activities (skiing, tracking). It may also be affected by climate change, particularly by extreme temperatures and habitat shifts.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend and threats. Proper habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines of the species. In addition, degraded habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Swiss Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius beieri) is only known from a single male found in an alpine area in Switzerland. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the geographic distribution, ecological requirements, conservation status and threats to it and also because of its probably doubtful taxonomic status. Research at the the place from which the species was originally collected is needed to clarify its taxonomic status. This species does not occur in the EU 28 region and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated.

range:
The Swiss Mountain Bush-cricket was discovered in 1952 in Switzerland in an alpine area called Sonogmo in the Val Verzasca in Tessin (Harz 1966). All further attempts to find other individuals of this species have been unsuccessful  (Monnerat et al. 2007).

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend since this species was found only once - a single male (Harz 1966).

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat preferences of this species, but it is presumed to occur in alpine habitats.

threats:
As this species is only known from a single specimen without further ecological information, the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Specific research at the place from which the species was originally collected is urgently needed to clarify if the species still exists. In addition, its taxonomic status needs to be studied. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various rocky mountainous habitats (high altitude screes, moorlands, Pinus forests) between 800 and 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1,200 km². Recent monitoring schemes showed that the species is probably not rare in the northern part of the Corsican mountains. In addition, there are no major threats to the species and therefore Antaxius bouvieri is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a montane species that occurs only on the northern half of the Corsican mountainous massif (North of Col de Vizzavona), at altitudes between 800 and 2,500 m (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 120 an 600 km².

population:
Antaxius bouvieri is a secretive species which is rarely observed, and it occurs in small densities (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). Recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors have revealed new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2010). About 30 observations from 11 municipalities are currently known. There is no information available on the population size and trend.

habitat:
Antaxius bouvieri is a montane species that inhabits various habitats generally with big granitic rocks: high altitude rocky screes, Alnus or Juniperus moorlands, Pinus nigra laricio forests with ferns, etc. (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2010). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear it chirping or to find specimens on paved roads.

threats:
Antaxius bouvieri lives on rocky and sloping mountain habitats, which are usually difficult to access. Thus, direct human impacts are rare (forest clearings, touristic development), localised and often without negative effects on the overall population of the species. Currently, no major threats have been reported for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius bouvieri, and it is not present in any protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Pyrenees, where it inhabits various shrubby or forest habitats from 380 to 2,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,000 km². Threatsmay affect some local subpopulations, but overall the species is still widespread and common. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket is an East-Pyrenean endemic bush-cricket. This mountain species is widespread on the Frenchside in Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude (Defaut et al. 2009), Andorra (Poniatowski et al. 2009) and on the Spanish side in Girona, Lerida and Barcelona (Pyrenees and Montseny areas) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be about 1,000 km².

population:
Antaxius chopardi is a nocturnal secretive species which is rarely observed. While in France the species is common, in Spain it seems to be more rare and subpopulations are scarce. It can be abundant in suitable habitats. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Antaxius chopardi occurs in dry and shrubby mountain habitats, from 380 to 2,000 m altitude (Voisin 2003, Olmo-Vidal 2006). It lives on heaths and Buxus scrub, on dry grasslands with shrubs (Ulex, Rosa, Juniperus), on very rocky places (cliffs), and sometimes on Mediterranean forests (Quercus ilex). In Spain, it has been observed mainly on Buxus species. This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song.

threats:
Similarly to other species in the genus, Antaxius chopardi is found on rocky and sloping habitats, which are often hard to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic developments or wind turbines are rather confined, local and often with no significant long-term effect on the species. So far there are no major threats reported, especially for high altitude subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius chopardi, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius difformis) is an endemic habitat specialist, that can be found in a rather large area in the southern Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it covers a wide geographic range, occurs in a broad range of altitudes and there are no documented indications of decline or range contraction. Due to the specialized requirements of this bush-cricket, the subpopulations are often isolated, but its preferred habitat (steep rocky areas in the mountains) is not under threat.

range:
The Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern Alps. It occurs with a scattered distribution from the Wallis in the west across the north-eastern parts of Italy, the south-eastern part of Switzerland (mainly in the Engadin) eastwards to the Italian-Slovenian-Austrian mountain regions of the Julian Alps, the Karawanken mountains and the Kamiško-Savinjske Alps (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012, Gomboc and Šegula 2014, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). This montane species occurs from the foothills up to the summits and can be found between 670 and 2,500 m asl. It prefers higher altitudes in the western parts of its range (occurring only above 1,250 m asl) than in the eastern part (Baur and Roesti 2006, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 43,200 km².

population:
In the western parts of its range this species seems to be quite common locally in suitable habitats (Massa et al. 2012). However, at least the Austrian subpopulations are small, as in almost 80 % of all cases this species was recorded as "rare" (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). In Switzerland the species seems to be stable (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). There is a lack of monitoring of this species, since it lives mainly in hardly accessible habitats. The overall the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry and warm montane habitats. Its needs are best fulfilled on steep rocky and sun-exposed mountain slopes or even cliffs with rather sparse vegetation cover, often intermixed with some dwarf shrub heath like Juniperus spp. (Agabiti et al. 2005, Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). If the ground is rocky enough it can also be found in open forests with Larix or Pinus species. This species is quite fugitive, preferring to hide under some bunches of grass or dwarf shrub or to retreat into the gaps between rocks and screes. In spite of being flightless, the individuals are very active during the day, often moving around in their habitat (Baur and Roesti 2006).

threats:
This species prefers habitats which are remote and hard to access. Thus, direct human impact on this rocky and steep slopes is rare and often without negative effects on the species. Land use changes in some easily accessible areas in the form of abandonment of pastures and changes in the grazing regime can have negative effects on the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Its preferred habitat is only rarely subject to conservation projects.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cangas Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius florezi) is endemic to  the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, it can be found in large numbers and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
This species is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal (Rosa-García 2003, Miranda and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, F. Barros unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend, but this species is common and can be found in large numbers.

habitat:
This species is found in plant associations of Erica sp. and Ulex sp. (Rosa-Garcia 2003).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend, life history, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains, living in herbaceous or shrubby habitats between 1,100 and 2,800 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 25,000 km². The species seems to be rather rare, especially in the western Pyrenees, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. However, some subpopulations are still large and overall the population does not seem to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pyrenees and Cantabrian mountains. This species is widespread along the Spanish, Andorrian and French sides of the Pyrenees mountain range, in Corbières and Aude in France and in the Montseny and Montserrat mountains in Spain (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 25,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers c. 2,000 to 6,000 km².

population:
Antaxius hispanicus is less secretive compared to the other species of the genus and specimens are often visible during the day in open grasslands. Although the species seems to be common in the Spanish part of its distribution (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), it is thought to be "not very abundant" in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and it has not been recorded in the last 20 years on two French departments (Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrénées). There is no information available on its population size, but there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals.

habitat:
Antaxius hispanicus occurs in alpine and sub-alpine heaths and meadows (Defaut 1999, Olmo-Vidal 2006), from 1,100 to 2,800 m altitude (Voisin 2003, Olmo-Vidal 2008). In mountain grasslands, the specimens are often more numerous near shrubs (Juniperus, Buxus, etc.) or along forest edges.

threats:
Since Antaxius hispanicus lives in high altitude grasslands, direct human impacts are rare. Changes in the grazing regime, including decreasing pastoralism and overgrazing, could be negative on the long term due to encroachment of bushes and trees.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius hispanicus, although it occurs on several protected areas throughout its range (including national parks and natural reserves). The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Albarracin Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius kraussii) is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is present in mountainous area of the Albacete, Almería, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Malaga, Granada and Jaén provinces (Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concernsince its subpopulations are usually dense and the population size is presumed to be large. However, as a mountainous species, it may be prone to the effects of climate change. Research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution, population trend, as well as life history and ecology.

range:
The Albarracin Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is present in mountainous area of the Albacete, Almería, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Malaga, Granada and Jaén provinces (Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 57,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km²  with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations are usually dense (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016) and the population size is presumed to be large. The population is naturally slightly fragmented since the species occurs in higher mountains and individuals are flightless.

habitat:
This species inhabits dry grassland and shrubland (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes between 1,460 m and 2,280 m Asl.

threats:
As a mountainous species, it may be prone to the effects of climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is present in several protected areas. Research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution, population trend, as well as life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Mountain Bush-Cricket (Antaxius pedestris) is known from the southern and central Alps, Ligurian Appenines and in southern Jura. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common in the Alps and, even though it may locally be affected by afforestation, abandonment or intensive grazing, the population size is still large and in most parts well-connected.

range:
The Common Mountain Bush-cricket is known from the southern and central Alps, Ligurian Appenines and in southern Jura. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 250,000 km². Its upper elevation limit is 2,500 m asl.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. It is common in the southern Alps and most subpopulations are well connected (Y. Braud pers. comm. 2015). In Italy some subpopulations are quite dense, others very small and usually fragmented (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). In Switzerland the subpopulation is assumed to be stable (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In Austria there has been a decline in records in spite of the increase in searching efforts, although the species is also difficult to find (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found on sunny alpine slopes, stony meadows or rocky habitats with high vegetation cover (often with many bushes) (Massa et al. 2012). In the south of its range it also inhabits forest edges, clearings and meadows with higher vegetation whereas in the north it is more closely associated with rocky sites (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In the southern Alps it is found in areas containing Rubus spp. (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threat to the species is abandonment of grazing on stony meadows which leads to the succession of woods (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). In some areas afforestation and intensification of agriculture are reported as threats (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In Austria, quarrying also poses a threat in rocky areas at low elevations (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Austria it is listed as Data Deficient (Berg et al. 2005) and in France as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research is needed on the population trend.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Braud, Y., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The French Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France, where it lives on various shrub or forest habitats, from the Atlantic plain (where it may have been introduced) to low mountainous eastern areas (Massif Central, where the species is rather common). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 27,000 km² and only some local and insignificant threats have been reported. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The French Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is widespread from the Rhône valley to the Atlantic coast, although until recently the species was only known from the Massif Central area in eastern France (Defaut et al. 2009). The disconnected record from the Atlantic area (Duhaze and Bonifait 2014) might be the result of a passive human introduction. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 27,000 km².

population:
Antaxius sorrezensis is a secretive species and is rarely observed. However, recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors resulted on the discovery of new localities, specifically on pine forests of Les Landes near the Atlantic (Duhaze and Bonifait 2014), where the species is common. There is no information available on its population size and trends.

habitat:
Antaxius sorrezensis is found from the lowland at c. 50 m altitude up to mid-level mountains at 1,250 m altitude. It occurs generally on shrubby habitats, especially rocky Genista cinerea moorlands, but also along forest edges with ferns, in Pinus forest, Buxus sempervirens scrublands and dry mountain grasslands. This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song.

threats:
Like other species in the genus, Antaxius sorrezensis prefers rocky and sloping habitats, which are often hard to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic developments and wind turbines are localised and often do not have significant long-term impacts on the species; so there are no major threats to the species. Furthermore, decreasing pastoralism at intermediary altitudes (especially in Ardèche or Tarn) may have positive effects on this shrub bush-cricket.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius spinibranchius) is widely distributed in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula and has also been reported from Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is presumed to be large and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Iberian Mountain Bush-cricket is widely distributed in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula (Rosa-García 2003, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005) and has also been reported from Madeira. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 556,500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The subpopulations seem to be dense as usually several individuals can be observed in a restricted area (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). The population size is therefore presumed to be large.

habitat:
The species is found mainly in shrubland with plants like Pterospartum tridentatum, Halimium alyssoides and Echinospartum ibericum, but has also been observed in pine forests (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution and population trend.

redListContributors:
Kranz, M., Barros, F. & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Serbian Pygmy Bush-cricket (Anterastes serbicus) is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and northwestern Anatolia. In Europe it is found from southern Serbia and Montenegro to northern Greece and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread in the Balkans and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 600 and 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. However, the population trend is assumed to be stable. The main threat to this species is overgrazing and more research into its taxonomy and population trend is required.

range:
The Serbian Pygmy Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and northwestern Anatolia. In Europe it is found from southern Serbia and Montenegro to northern Greece and European Turkey (Karabağ et al. 1980). There is only one reported locality from European Turkey which so far has not been confirmed, despite recent searches (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). However, the locality (Edirne Süloglu) does not fit the usual alpine habitats of the species and might thus be erroneous (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 3,500 km², and between 600 and 2000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are generally small and there is no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic and dry meadows including forest clearings within the colline, subalpine and alpine habitats (Ciplak 2003, Popov 2007), as well as in stony slopes with Juniperus bushes above the timberline (Willemse 1985; L. Willemse pers. comm.).

threats:
The main threat to this species is overgrazing (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species has been assessed as Least Concern on the Macedonian Red List (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required. In addition, the taxonomy of this species needs to be studied as there are considerable genetic differences among different mountain ranges on the Balkans (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Short-winged Bush-cricket (Ariagona margaritae) is endemic to the Canary Islands. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,000 km², and the area of  occupancy (AOO) is 150 - 300 km². The population is severely fragmented, but it is currently unknown whether there is any continuing decline in the number of subpopulations or individuals or whether the populations fluctuate severely. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed concerning its taxonomy, as unique species may occur on La Gomera and El Hierro. Moreover, there is a need for research on its population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
This species has been reported from Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Recent studies suggest that the subpopulations on La Gomera and El Hierro may represent unique species (H. López pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km², while its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is ca 150 km² with a maximum estimate of 300 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually very small. The species is flightless and colonisation of new or extinct sites is very unlikely. Therefore, the population is considered severely fragmented. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs at grass-rich forest edges. It does not seem to be very specialised concerning the quality of the forest habitat. Its altitudinal range is 700 - 1,400 m.

threats:
This species occurs at forest edges, which are threatened by ongoing urbanisation and rural development in northern Tenerife. Wildfires may also pose a potential threat to this species, together with volcanic eruptions and landslides.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. However, some subpopulations occur in nature reserves. Research is needed concerning its taxonomy (as more than one Ariagona species may occur on the Canary Islands). Furthermore, there is a need for research on its population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket (Baetica ustulata) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,100 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km², with an upper estimate of 800 km²), it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and a continuing decline in the habitat quality as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred and projected. This species is threatened by habitat loss and deterioration as a result of developing touristic infrastructure and ski resorts, as well as by the effects of global warming, which can lead to its habitat shifting upwards(P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). Monitoring of the population size and trend is required. Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied.

range:
The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains of Sierra Nevada (Granada and Almería provinces, southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,090 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km², with an upper estimate of 800 km².

population:
According to Barranco et al. (1995) the population can reach densities of about 500 individuals/ha. Thus, the species is regarded as common throughout its range (Pascual Torres 2011). Individuals are flightless and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing due to ongoing threats. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected due to climate change.

habitat:
This species lives close to the permanent snow line in the Sierra Nevada. It can be found under stones in places with thorny scrub pads and Genista baetica shrubs (Pascual Torres 2011). It is found at altitudes between 2,200 m and 3,450 m Asl (Pascual Torres 2011).

threats:
This species is currently threatened by habitat loss or deterioration as a result of developing touristic infrastructure and ski resorts (Pascual Torres 2011). In addition, climate change may cause the habitat of this species to shift upwards as a result of warming conditions. A continuing decline is therefore projected on the extent and quality of this species' habitat (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Bern Convention (Appendix II) (B.O.E. 1986) and the European Habitats Directive (Annexes II and IV)(CEE 1992). The species is present in a protected area, but there are no specific conservation measures currently in place (MAAMA 2015). Monitoring of the population size and trend is required. Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied. Its status has been classified as "favourable" in the latest report of the Habitats Directive (EEA 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket (Bicolorana bicolor) occurs from the eastern Pyrenees to the Russian Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in Europe, and it appears to be expanding its northwestern range margin as well as its altitudinal distribution.

range:
The Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from the eastern Pyrenees to the Russian Far East. In Europe, it occurs from central Italy in the south to southern Sweden in the north and from central France in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.8 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common. It appears to be expanding its northwestern range margin (Grein 2010) and has colonized higher altitudes in the Alps (Denner 2009). The population trend is therefore assumed to be increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry to moist grassland habitats with long swards (Hein et al. 2007) ruderal vegetation and fallowland (Zechner et al. 2005). It is usually flightless,but long-winged individuals regularly occur (Kindvall 1999). It lays its eggs in the stems of grasses (Detzel 1998).

threats:
This species may benefit from abandonment in the short term (Wallaschek et al. 2004). However, in the long term the encroachment of shrubs and trees on abandoned grassland displaces this species (Detzel 1998, Denner 2009). As the eggs are laid into the vegetation it is sensitive to mowing (Grein 2010). The species may also be affected by overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Croatian Meadow Bush-cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 24,550 km² in pan-Europe and c. 12,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 160-300 km² in the EU 28. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO and in the number of mature individuals. Thus,  this species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B and it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is a local European endemic and inhabits the karstic area in northeast Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia: Prealpe Carniche and Carso Triestino), southwest Slovenia and northwest Croatia (Croatian Ćićarija Mountain ridge to Učka Mountain in Istria). The species is also recorded from southern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dinaric Alps: Cincar-Hrbljine, Šator Mountain, Čvrsnica Mountain-Donje Bare) but this potential southeastern part of its distribution is doubtful because the identification has not been confirmed (Skejo et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of Bicolorana kraussi (85 localities in total) is from 85 to 1,390 m Asl, but 70% of its findings are between 500 and 1,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is 24,550 km² and in the EU 28 is c. 12,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200-500 km² for pan-Europe and 160-300 km² for the EU 28.

population:
In the centre of its distribution the subpopulations are dense and stable while towards the edges the density is lower. A continuing decline in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
Bicolorana kraussi inhabits different types of dry meadows or forest clearings with dense tall grasses and other plants where hidden males are singing. Inhabited grasslands are mostly dominated by Winter Savory (Satureja montana) or Villous Viper’s Grass (Scorzonera villosa) communities. This type of grasslands is present in the area with Littoral beech forests of autumn moor grass (Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum), mixed forest of pubescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis) and mixed forests of black pine and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Pinetum nigrae) (Skejo et al. 2015).

threats:
The threats to this species are habitat degradation by overgrazing, residential development, wildfires and agricultural practices which lead to the flooding of the land. It is possible that a planned road construction project will destroy some of the southern subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in a few protected areas across its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bronze Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus dasypus) is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, from the southernmost part of Serbia to Greece and from Moldova and southern Ukraine to European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has an overall large population size. However, the population trend is decreasing and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, so that further studies on its population trend are recommended.

range:
The Bronze Glandular Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, from the southernmost part of Serbia to Greece and from Moldova and southern Ukraine to European Turkey (Ünal 2011). It is extinct in Hungary (Kolics et al. 2008), in the Romanian Moldavia region (Iorgu 2009) and possibly also in northern of southern Kosovo and southern Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 353,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is ca 240,000 km².

population:
In the south and east of Bulgaria, east Macedonia and the Romanian Dobrogea region, the species is common and forms large subpopulations (Iorgu 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is extinct in Hungary (Kolics et al. 2008) and in the Romanian Moldavia region (Iorgu 2009). A strong decline has also been observed in Greece (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009) and Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This is one of the largest European bush-crickets (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). It occurs in forests and ruderal vegetation along roads (Iorgu 2009). Its main primary habitats are forest edges and clearings in forest-steppe regions (Iorgu 2009). Males are territorial and usually found at distances of at least 10 m between them (Iorgu 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by the transformation of its habitat into farmland (Iorgu 2009) and other changes in land use (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). It may also be affected by the use of insecticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
In Serbia this species is protected but only one practical conservation project focused on the species, funded by the Rufford Foundation (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It is is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed as well as on interactions with Bradyporus macrogaster (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In the northern part of its range, habitat restoration and reintroduction are recommended.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are known: Callimenus macrogaster macrogaster and C. m. longicollis, defined on mostly subtle differences in the female subgenital plate.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Big-Bellied Glandular Bush-Cricket (Bradyporus macrogaster) is a species with severely fragmented subpopulations, which are threatened by human land use. The preferred habitat is natural grasslands on flat or lowland terrains. The habitats are destroyed over vast areas. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 100 km² and although the distribution of the species is not completely known and some unknown localities are expected to exist, the present estimates of AOO do not exceed 500 km². Ongoing pressure on its habitat through agricultural or infrastructure practices has resulted in continuing decline of the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, quality of habitat and number of mature individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Big-Bellied Glandular Bush-Cricket is known from the eastern Balkans and western Anatolia. Records exist from eastern Serbia, northwestern FYRO Macedonia,Bulgaria (except the southwestern and northwestern part), eastern and southeastern Romania (where it is known from two localities: near Iasi, which is doubtful, and in Babadag, North Dobrogea), northeastern Greece, the island of Lesvos and western Anatolia (Karaman 1961, 1975; Kis 1962, Harz 1969, Adamović 1975, Chobanov 2009, Ünal 2011). Doubtful localities exist from Rhodes and southeastern FYRO Macedonia. Some data from Romania and Moldova (Iaşi, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (as Akerman), Manoleasa (as Livenci)) may probably concernB. multituberculatus (see Buresch and Peschev 1958, Bey-Bienko 1964). The species seems to be extinct from a large part of its northern and western range, i.e. from Romania, FYRO Macedonia, Serbia and northern Bulgaria, as well as from many former localities in western Bulgaria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe (and in the EU 28) is c. 170,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 500 km².

population:
The known subpopulations are usually small (up to about 5-10 males per hectare), and male numbers seem to be distinctly higher than female numbers. The species is unable to fly and therefore no genetic exchange between subpopulations exist. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Stable subpopulations are known from the East Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria and Greece, some abandoned steppe-like meadows in southeastern Bulgaria, but many others are strongly decreasing, like near Sofia Kettle in Bulgaria. The overall population trend is decreasing and ongoing pressure on its habitat through agricultural or infrastructure practices has resulted in continuing decline of the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry steppe-like habitats dominated by grasses and sparse scrub, and in some areas like the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria it is present in Mediterranean vegetation, such as light dry oak forests or scrub or semi-dry grass associations. At the edge of its range it is strongly affiliated with limestone areas with grass-scrub vegetation, probably microclimatically resembling Mediterranean habitats. Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,270 m.

threats:
Destruction and change of its habitat by ploughing, overgrazing and building directly lead to the disappearance of some subpopulations. A rapid decrease of its range was observed in the 1950s and 1960s by Buresch and Peschev (1958) and Peshev (1964).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015) and in the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The species is protected in Serbia. Distinct parts of its subpopulations in Bulgaria and Greece occur within Natura 2000 sites and a large part of the species' range in Greece falls in the Dadia Nature Reserve. Yet, even though theoretically protected, the species' habitat in Bulgaria suffers ongoing retraction due to ploughing land and the burning of forests. Necessary conservation measures involve preserving the species' habitat by restricting its further fragmentation and destruction by preventing expanding agricultural and infrastructure activities over territories occupied by the species. Habitat restoration should be conducted.

redListAssessors:
Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V., Sirin, D. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Montandon's Glandular Bush-cricket has an extremely small area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km², a remnant of a formerly much larger area. The population consists of a small number of individuals as a result of the changes in the land use. The species occurs at a single location. The extent of occurrence (EOO), the area of occupancy, quality and extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals are subjected to a continuing decline and thus the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
Montandon's Glandular Bush-cricket formerly occurred along the southwestern slopes of the southern Carpathians (in the central part of southern Romania) (Kis 1962) and is presently extinct in most of this range. Currently the species is known from a single small area with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km² (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

population:
Subpopulations currently occur in a very restricted territory. The population is continuously declining.

habitat:
The species occurs in semi-dry grasslands. The species' habitat is situated close to fields with cereal crops and settlements. Its altitudinal range is 100-200 m Asl.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation by agricultural land expansion, human settlement expansion and the use of insecticides, which were extremely strong in the past and led to a steep decline of its area of occurrence. Based on the agricultural land expansion and the use of insecticides, the species occurs in a single location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining habitat of this species needs to be protected and a monitoring scheme should be implemented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Warty Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus multituberculatus) was formerly widespread in southern and central European Russia and southern and eastern Ukraine, but it has dramatically declined during the last century. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 30 and 200 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and intensification of agricultural grassland use (mowing, overgrazing). Research into its distribution and population trend is required. Furthermore, strict protection of its remaining habitats and appropriate habitat management is recommended to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Warty Glandular Bush-cricket is found from northern Iran to southern Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1969, Garai 2010). It is extinct in large parts of its former range and the only recent European records are from the Rostov region (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 320,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 30 and 200 km².

population:
The population of this species has declined dramatically in Russia. In the second half of the 19th century it was very widespread in the southern steppes of Russia, but disappeared from many places until the second half of the 20th century (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). Recent records exist mainly from the region north of the Caucasus. The only recent record inside the European assessment region is from near Rostov (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). Unconfirmed records also exist from the Stavropol region (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The remaining subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in steppe habitats (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and intensification of agricultural grassland use (mowing, overgrazing) (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in several regional red lists in Russia (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution and population trend is required. Furthermore, strict protection of its remaining habitats and appropriate habitat management is recommended to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Wood-louse Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus oniscus) is found throughout most areas of the Greek mainland, excluding the eastern part of Macedonia and Thrace. A subpopulation also exists on the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 77,000 km²) and is often found in or adjacent to plots used for small scale farming (habitat that is quite common across the Greek mainland). Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Wood-louse Glandular Bush-cricket is found throughout most areas of the Greek mainland, excluding the eastern part of Macedonia and Thrace. A subpopulation also still exists on the Cyclades Island of Andros (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 77,000 km².

habitat:
This species reaches adulthood early in the season (May or June) and is found where there is a sufficient supply of herbal vegetation in springtime. It has often been found in, or adjacent to, plots that are or have been used for small scale agriculture. It clearly prefers areas which are open, semi-dry, and where there is a sufficient supply of herbal vegetation, small shrub and grasses. This species occurs at elevations of 150-1,100 m Asl.

threats:
Given that this species is found in agricultural areas, especially wheat fields, and zones with a rich herbal vegetation, the use of insecticides may pose a potential threat to it.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Bulgarian Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution with a low degree of population fragmentation. There is no indication of extreme fluctuations or declines, and it occurs in a variety of habitats.

range:
This species is known from the hilly and mountainous regions of Bulgaria and has recently been recorded from northwestern Anatolia (Kazdagi Mountains in Turkey; Sevgili et al. 2011). Former records from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) are now assigned to Metrioptera tsirojanni. The northern distribution border of the species is doubtful as a morphologically intermediate form between B. arnoldi and B. domogledi with unclear systematic status exists. The species is mentioned for European Turkey in Fauna Europaea (de Jong 2013) but this occurrence is quite doubtful due to its preference for higher altitudes and is thus not considered here. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 28,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 24,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations in Bulgaria are stable and in some places dense. The overall trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in a variety of mesophytic habitats, mostly in forest clearings, overgrown former plantations, and sub-alpine meadows from 300 to 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
The species tolerates moderate anthropogenic habitat change, but large scale cattle grazing in mountainous areas may have a strong negative impact. Urbanisation and development of touristic infrastructure may represent additional, though currently marginal, threats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas and is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
The Domogled Meadow Bush-cricket has a a restricted area of occupancy (AOO estimated to be 100-500 km²). There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals, but its population is not severely fragmented and thus the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT).
In the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 60 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² and according to Kristin and Iorgu (2014) there is a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality as a result of the abandonment of traditional management, of grass cutting and grazing, which lead to succession. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the species occurs in a single location. It is thus assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The Domogled Meadow Bush-cricket is known from the southwestern edge of the Carpathians (southwestern Romania) and from most of central and western Serbia (including unpublished data by S. Ivkovic). Its distribution in Bulgaria refers to B. arnoldi or an intermediate form with unclear systematic position (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 43,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 60 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 100-500 km² in pan-Europe and 12 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations in Serbia are decreasing. It also seems to be declining in Romania (I. Iourgu pers. comm. 2015). Its overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
The species occurs in a variety of mesic meadows with low vegetation and steppic grasslands on sunny slopes from the lowlands (280 m Asl near Belgrade) to the mountain belt (up to 1,500 m Asl in Stolovi Mountains and near Vlasina Lake in Serbia).

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat loss and degradation as a result of the expansion of human settlements and touristic infrastructure development. In addition, the abandonment of traditional management, grass cutting and grazing leads to succession, and its consequent overgrowing by shrubs and trees is reported as negatively affecting the species (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location in the EU 28.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red-headed Bush-cricket (Bucephaloptera bucephala) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula and in Anatolia. In Europe it occurs from southern Romania to Rhodes in the south and Albania in the west. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, rather common, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
The Red-headed Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula and in Anatolia (Sevgili et al. 2011). In Europe it occurs from southern Romania to Rhodes in the south and Albania in the west. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 430,000 km², and ca 390,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is common in northern Greece (Kaltenbach 1965), southern Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) and European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). However, subpopulations are not large (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the population is assumed to be stable and not fragmented (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont  pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs on forest clearings (Sevgili et al. 2011), dry steppe-like grass vegetation, grass-bush and ruderal vegetation (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into agricultural land (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Red-headed Bush-cricket (Bucephaloptera cypria) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-50 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of sub-populations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals - due to wildfires, orchard plantations and urbanization. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. Proper habitat management, including wildfire control, thorough planning of urban development and agriculture as well as a reduction in the use of pesticides is required to protect this species.

range:
The Cyprian Red-headed Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-50 km².

population:
The population of this species is decreasing due to wildfires, urbanization, orchard plantations and the use of pesticides. Considering the extent of the effects of the known threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in rocky areas with bushes and at pine forest edges, and it found at elevations of 5-800 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are wildfires, urbanization, orchard plantations and the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. Proper habitat management, including wildfire control, thorough planning of urban development and agriculture as well as a reduction in the use of pesticides is required to protect this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Huesca Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania belarrensis) has only recently been described and is only known from a single locality in the Huesca province in Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its population size and trend, habitat and ecology, and threats. Further research is needed on this species is order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Huesca Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only known from a single locality in the Huesca province in Spain (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 10 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this very rare species are unknown. There is only one known subpopulation of this species.

habitat:
This species has been found on Aulaga sp. and Buxus sempervirens at the margin of abandoned crops. It tends to recolonise abandoned agricultural areas (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, general biology and ecology, as well as the threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Demanda Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania demandae) is endemic to northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,200 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 30 km²), it is quite common in its habitat and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Demanda Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the León and La Rioja provinces in Spain and it is only known from three localities. However, this species is expected to occur in a wider neighbouring area with suitable habitat. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,200 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 30 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is quite common in its habitat (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
There is little available information on this species. It is associated with Erica sp. and Genista sp. temperate shrubs (Schroeter and Pfau 1987) at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,950 m Asl.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. A ski station is present within its habitat, but it is not expected to affect the population significantly (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is known to occur in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Toothed Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania denticulata) has been described recently and is only known from two localities in the Huesca province in Spain. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km², occurs at only two locations, and abandonment of grazing could lead to forest succession and drive this species to become Critically Endangered. In addition, the population is severely fragmented. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, breeding biology, general ecology, and threats. Habitat protection is recommended for this species.

range:
The Toothed Saddle Bush-cricket has recently been described and is only known from two localities in the Huesca province in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence is ca 485 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
The two known subpopulations of this species are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation since this bush-cricket is flightless. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species was found on Genista balansae, Juniperus communis and Eryngium sp. shrublands (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015). Little is known about its habitat and ecology. It is found at altitudes between 1,480 m and 1,650 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, which could lead to forest development (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and so far it has not been found in any protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, breeding biology, general ecology, and threats. Habitat protection is recommended for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Faber's Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania faberi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known from a few localities in the mountains of northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
Faber's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known from a few localities in the mountains of northwestern Spain. However, this species is expected to occur in wider areas with suitable habitat. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 42 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
Three disjunct subpopulations are known: one in Picos de Europa, the other in Sierra del Bierzo and another in the area of Leon-Palencia (Barat 2007). The subpopulations are very small, occur at high altitudes in the mountains and individuals are flightless. The population of this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This speciesis flightless and has probably very low population densities. It has been found in Erica spp. shrublands at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,980 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in one protected area. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lleida Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania plaxicauda) is endemic to the northern part of the Lérida province in Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²) and there is a projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to climate change; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Lleida Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern part of the Lérida province in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, but it is not rare.

habitat:
This species lives in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,400 m and 2,100 m Asl (Barat 2007). It may be associated with alpine and subalpine grassland habitats, but it can also be found in Genista balansae, Juniperus communis and Buxus sempervirens shrubs (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
Given that this species lives in mountainous areas, climate change is a threat to it, as it is likely to lead to declines in the quality of its habitat in the future, as well as habitat shifts.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Basque region, living in shrubby grazed meadows and moors with ferns between 20 and 1,900 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 48,000 km² and threats may affect this species only locally. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Basque region (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009), where it is found on the lowlands and in the mountains, being widespread in Spain from Posada (Asturias) to Irati (Navarra), and in France from Lüe (Landes) to the valley of Saurat (Ariège) (Ilbert and Menegaux 2003, Barat 2007, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 48,000 km².

population:
The species seems to be scarce in France and Spain, but it can be locally abundant. However monitoring in these areas has been poor so the population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
Callicrania ramburii is found from the lowland up to the mountains, from 20 to 1,900 m altitude. It occurs mainly on shrubby grazed meadows (Juniperus, Ulex, Rubus) and moors with ferns. It is sometimes found in urban gardens.

threats:
The habitats that Callicrania ramburii inhabits may be prone to direct human impacts, such as urbanisation and infrastructural projects along the Atlantic coasts, especially on the plains. Overgrazing and land abandonment can have a negative impact on this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Callicrania ramburii. Some subpopulations are located in the Pyrenees National Park and it is likely that it is also present in other protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Vicente Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania vicentae) is endemic to Spain and it is presently only known from two localities in Sierra de Ayllón, between the Segovia and Guadalajara provinces in central Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 800 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), and the population experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.Further research is needed into this poorly-known species, particularly into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Vicente Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain and it is presently onlyknown from  two localities in Sierra de Ayllón, between the Segovia and Guadalajara provinces in central Spain (Barat 2007). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. According to unpublished data the species seems to shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to experience extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland with thistles of Aulaga sp. and moorlands, as well as on padded brushwood, Orocestus mediterraneus and Juniperus species (J. Barat, 2015 pers. comm.). It has been found at elevations between 1,300 m and 1,500 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into this poorly-known species, particularly into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it occurs in forested habitats. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 718 km² and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as number of mature individuals. The main threat to the species is the increasing frequency of wildfires. The species occurs in five locations. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it mainly occurs at the northern solpes and in the centre of the island (Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 718 km².

population:
A recent study showed that the species has lost nearly all subpopulations in the southwestern part of the island, where a large wildfire occurred in 2007 (A. Miller pers. comm. 2013). This fire destroyed c. 25% of its habitat. It is likely that other wildfires on Gran Canaria had similar effects on this species and this threat is likely to continue in the future. The population trend is decreasing, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species occurs in forest habitats. It is not very specialised and can also be found in gardens. Its altitudinal range is 300 - 1,300 m.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies on Gran Canaria. A wildfire in 2007 in the southwestern part of the island destroyed c. 25% of its habitat. Based on this threat, the number of locations is estimated to be five. The species may also be affected by the ongoing urbanisation of the island, the increasing number of droughts caused by climate change and the risk of landslides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as the Parque Natural de Tamadaba. A proper fire management needs to be implemented to avoid future declines of the species. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gomera Green Bush-cricket (Calliphona gomerensis) is endemic to the laurel forests of La Gomera. Although its habitats are still quite common and protected on La Gomera, it is threatened by increasing fire frequencies, which have recently even affected the Garajonay National Park. The species is only known from five locations and has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142 km² with a maximum estimate  of 200 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Gomera Green Bush-cricket is endemic to La Gomera, where it mainly occurs in laurel forest (Pfau and Pfau 2007, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km².

population:
The species is quite widespread in the forests of La Gomera, but the population is decreasing as a consequence of recent wildfires.

habitat:
Calliphona gomerensis occurs mainly in laurel forests and other forested habitats. Its altitudinal range is 130 - 1,350 m.

threats:
The species is mainly confined to laurel forests, which are still common on La Gomera, but threatened by increasing fire frequencies. A large wildfire in 2012 has destroyed parts of its habitat. On the basis of this threat, the species is known from five locations. It may also be affected by the risk of landslides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed. Proper fire management is required to avoid future declines, and the destroyed habitat needs to be restored.


