# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single location, which is only found in small isolate populations on the southern side of the lake. There are multiple threats to the species from pollution, sedimentation and invasive species. As the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake rapid lake level changes as a result of water abstraction for agriculture combined with lack of inflow with droughts pose a major threat. Therefore it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, and it is known from several subpopulations all restricted to the southern shore of Lake Trichonis.

population:
There is no detailed information on population trend.

habitat:
The species is found in the littoral zone within the lake.

threats:
The most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake or lack of rainfall that lead to changing lake levels as the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake. Other threats come from invasive species, changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. The very recent appearance of another globally invasive gastropod species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, in Lake Trichonis is of greater concern for the other native Gastropod species in the lake (Radea et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Lake Trichonis is a Natura 2000 site, and as such could benefit from protection and from control on water exploitation.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from the type locality,  where it is found at Psili Ammos (east of Pythagorio) near a freshwater-lake,  on Samos Island, Greece  (Glöer and Maasen 2009). There are no known conservation actions for this recently described  species, however research is required to determine the distribution and  threats to the species. In the interim the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This recently described species is only known from the type locality, where it is found at Psili Ammos (east of Pythagorio) near a freshwater-lake, on Samos Island, Greece  (Glöer and Maasen 2009). Further data is required to confirm how extensive the range of the species on the island is.

population:
There is no data on current population status, as this is a recently described species.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater pools and lake margins.

threats:
There are no known threats to this recently described species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this recently described species, however research is required to determine the distribution and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is known from Greece, springs near monastery ca. 50 km north of Ioannina, hence this species  is not endemic to Lake Pamvotis (Glöer and Maasen 2009).# Further data is required on population trends, as some of the records are from Museum collections, as well as data on threats to the sites to enable a conservation assessment to be made.# There are no information on population status for this recently described species,  but it should be noted that the data was in part based on Museum  collection material collected over 15 years ago, so modern surveys are  required. In the interim the species is listed as Data Deficient, although it may qualify as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on number of locations and possible threats to Lake Pamvotis from water extraction and pollution.

range:
This recently described species is known from Greece, where it was described from nomos Joannina, springs near monastery Velas, South-South-West of Konitsa (Glöer and Maasen 2009).# They noted that the species was also recorded from Lake Pamvotis by Mousson (based on the illustrations given in Frogley and Preece 2007). They also comment that the material that we investigated was found ca. 50 km north of Ioannina, thus this species is not endemic to Lake Pamvotis.

population:
There is no information on population status for this recently described species, but it should be noted that the data was in part based on Museum collection material collected over 15 years ago, so modern surveys are required.

habitat:
This species occurs in freshwater spring pools and lake margins (Glöer and Maasen 2009).

threats:
There is no known data on the threats to this species, although Lake Pamvotis is known to be polluted from nitrates (agricultural sources) and sewage (domestic sources). Further data on impact of these threats on the species is required.

conservationAction:
Further research is required to determine whether there is any known  impact from pollution on the fauna of the lake at one of the known sites to determine whether the  species is highly threatened, as well as further distributional data on the region between the two known sites to determine if the species is more widespread.


redListCategoryRationale:
Currently this species is only known from a single site, in Croatia, with a known area of occupancy (AOO) of under 20 km, however the species is known from one of the travertine waterfalls and there are 17  waterfalls in total along the river system, so it maybe present at more than one site.# However the major threat would be to  changes in water chemistry that might impact the calcium-rich  waterfalls, and this threats could impact most of these waterfalls within a similar timescale, hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable D2, pending further data on the range. The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27: #Not Evaluated (NE), this country is not one of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope:# Vulnerable D2Mediterranean:# Vulnerable D2

range:
This newly described species is restricted to the Krka River, in Croatia (Gloeer et al. 2007) where it is currently only recorded from the type locality, at Skradin, [43.805480°N, 15.963934°E].

population:
As a recently described species, there is no data on population trends, although few specimens have been collected.

habitat:
This species was found on the travertine terraces directly at major waterfall, where the snails were resting on stones within highly oxygenated water (Gloeer et al. 2007)

threats:
The Krka River lies within a national park, and is a major tourist destination. At present the risks to the site are minimal, and although the species is known from one of the travertine waterfalls, there are 17 in total along the river system.# However the major threat would be the changes in water chemistry that might impact the calcium-rich waterfalls.

conservationAction:
This species lies within a protected area, and hence is less vulnerable to changes, however, at present there are no specific species conservation plans in place. Research actions include further surveys to determine if the species is only found at one waterfall system, as well as conservation actions to protect the river from changes in flow regime and water chemistry.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudobithynia panetolis is described from only one location (Lake Trichonis) and has a extent of occurrence of 94 km². There is a decline in habitat quality in relation to pollution, water abstraction and drought. It is therefore considered Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). The region is need of an action plan on the sustainable management of water use as well as reduction in the amounts of fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use.This species is assessed regionally as:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Europe: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))  #

range:
This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009).

population:
The population status of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits the littotral zone of lakes, living on rocks with microalgae.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.  #

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place, although Lake Trichonis is a protected area (Natura 2000 GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).    An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as present on Corfu, Greece but little other data is currently available on the detailed distribution, population status or threats on Corfu and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is listed for Greece by Bank et al (2006, Fauna Europea).# Gloer and Maassen (2009) list the species as present on Corfu, but little other data is currently available on the distribution on Corfu.

population:
There is little recent data, so population trend is not known.

threats:
There is no specific threat data for this species, although over-abstraction of water maybe an issue.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions for this species.# Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine range,# population trends and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudobithynia trichonis is endemic to Greece where it is found in two lakes, and has an extent of occurrence of 118 km². There is a decline in habitat quality in relation with pollution, water abstraction, road construction and drought. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is recorded from two lakes, Trichonis and Lysimachia (Albrecht et al. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species lives in the littoral zone of lakes on stones.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to drops in water level in these lakes related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area of the two lakes and settlements near the Lake Lysimachia, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the north-eastern edge of#Lake#Trichonis has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and the construction material washed into the lake deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.#

conservationAction:
The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a protected site under the European Natura 2000 system, (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).  (Radea pers. comm. 2010), however there is no species-specific action plan in place.   An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.  #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece, where specimens were found on the south side of the lake.# The main threats to the species lie in the threats to the lake from  pollution, both agricultural (Nitrates) and domestic (sewage).# However K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) considered that the  threats are unlikely to be significant in their impact on the lake  fauna. The species is listed as Near Threatened, given that it is only known from a single lake and there are threats to the lake with pollution.# If the pollution does impact the species, then a revised listing would be required, and the species would fall into a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece, where specimens were found on the shores of an island on the southern side of the Lake (Gloer and Pesic 2006).

population:
This is a recently described species, based in part on Museum Collection records, and the status requires review.

habitat:
This species lives on freshwater lake margins.

threats:
The main threats to the species lie in the threats to the lake from pollution, both agricultural (Nitrates) and domestic (sewage).# However K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) considered that the threats are unlikely to be significant in their impact on the lake fauna.

conservationAction:
Further research is required to determine whether there is any known impact from pollution on the fauna of the lake to determine whether the species is highly threatened, as well as further distributional data.


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is endemic to Greece, where it has been found in Peloponnisos, Evia island, Epeirus and Macedonia.# Further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), in view of the lack of data on trends and threats to the species.

range:
This newly described species is endemic to Greece, where it has been found in Peloponnisos, Evia island, Epeirus and Macedonia (Glöer et al. 2010).

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown as it has only recently been described.

habitat:
This species is found in the emergent vegetation in the littoral zones of freshwater ponds on Evia Island as well as large canals and lowland rivers on the mainland.

useAndTrade:
There is no use or trade data for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described for the island of Euboea (Evia, Evvoia), in Greece.# However this is a large island, and it is uncertain where the species came from, except that it was in the northern part. There are two subspecies listed for this species (Bank et al, 2006; Fauna Europea): Heleobia achaja achajaHeleobia achaja sorella (Westerlund, 1879)According to Schütt (1980), the Spring at Velestino,#once a locality of #Heleobia (Semisalsa)#achaja sorella (Westerlund, 1879), dried out in the 1990s due to deep wells drilled to supply the nearby cotton fields with water.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, but there are few recent records of the species, and as such the distribution is uncertain. Two localities have been lost to water extraction in the last 30 years, and as such the species must be considered potentially threatened, however there is insufficient information on its range to list the species under criteria B, therefore this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)European: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was listed from Greece, but its full range is uncertain. It was described from the island of Euboea (Evia, Evvoia), in Greece.# However this is a large island and it is uncertain where the species came from, except that it was in the northern part.    Heleobia#achaja achaja (Clessin, 1879). The spring Kamena Vourla was one of the few localities given by Schütt (1980); if at all present, the snails were inaccessible, as the water from the thermal spring is taken by pipes and pumps to supply the huge health resort at Agios Konstantinos (Falniowski et al. pers. comm. 2009).Heleobia achaja sorella#(Westerlund, 1879)#According to Schütt (1980), the spring at Velestino was once a locality of#Semisalsa achaja sorella, however it dried out in the 1990s due to deep wells drilled to supply the nearby cotton fields with water.

population:
The population trends of this species are unknown, however some sites are believed to be lost (Falniowski et al. pers. comm. 2009), so it is anticipated that the species is declining.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and wells.

threats:
The threats to this species are loss and degradation of habitat due to extraction of water for domestic and tourist uses.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed on this species, particularly relating to its population size, distribution and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Heleobia aponensis is a range-restricted species, in northern Italy, with only 7 known locations. Is extent of occurrence is estimated to be 600 km2 and# it is considered to be  locally threatened due to the use of the thermal springs.# This species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of Colli Euganei, Friuili-Venezia Giulia, where it is restricted to the thermal springs dei Colli Euganei.# Manganelli et al. (map in CK Map 5.3.8; online source) list the species from 7 locations (Abano Terme, Arqua Petrarca, Battaglia terme, Cartura, Cinto Euganeo, Villaga and Esta-Vo).# Most sites are exploited thermal springs, with some outflow records from lakes and streams near to the sources.

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.

habitat:
This species inhabits thermal spring waters.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered in Italy, due to the number of sites and the degree of exploitation of the water source. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described by Mousson from the  Canary Islands, but there are no recently confirmed records and its  status is currently under investigation and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) on taxonomic grounds pending a revision of the status of the type specimens.

range:
This species is poorly known. It was described by Mousson from the Canary Islands, but there are no recently confirmed records and its status is currently under investigation by Klaus Groh.

population:
The status of this species is unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.

habitat:
The habitats of this species are unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.

conservationAction:
The status of this species is unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872. Klaus Groh is currently reviewing the status and searching for the types to establish whether it maybe conspecific with a widespread species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has been listed as a synonym of#Heleobia stagnorum (Gofas et al. 2001).# Fauna Europea maintain it as a distinct species.# Further research is required to establish the species status.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is not considered as a valid species by Gofas et al. (2001) as it is listed as a synonym of H. stagnorum. However, Bank et al. (2006) do list it as a valid species in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level. If the review shows it as a distinct species then more data would be required in the areas of distribution and threats. The status as an endemic in Europe is also uncertain, as there are reported records from the Black Sea, that may be this species (Son, pers. comm., 2010).

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Croatia (Bank et al. 2006). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species.

population:
There is no recent population information.

habitat:
The species is found in brackish waters in estuaries.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for the species. The taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain so this area should be concentrated on.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single cave in Romania, and has an area of occupancy of 4 km². Originally a sealed cave, the habitat is very vulnerable to change, and as such this species is considered to be threatened with extinction. Although the site has been re-sealed, care must be taken to maintain these  conditions, as leaving the site open to inflow of oxygen would change  the microclimate in the cave, therefore the species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it is only found at Movile Cave in Dobrogea. In 1986, while excavating for a construction project, engineers found an unusual cave near Mangalia (south of Constanta in Dobrogea), a few kilometres from the Black Sea coast. The small cave (12,000 m²), named Movile, is about 300 metres long and less than three metres high. In the cave there is little oxygen but large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, and a large amount of hydrogen sulphide in the water (Falniowski et al. 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in a small cave with a small lake in its lower part. The physical and chemical conditions within the cave are unusual: the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide (8–12 mg/l); and the atmosphere is poor in oxygen (7–10%), rich in carbon dioxide (2–3.5%) and charged with a significant amount of methane (1–2%) (Falniowski et al. 2008).

threats:
The small lake in the cave where Heleobia dobrogica is found is unusual in its chemical composition, and the species has adapted to these unusual conditions over the last 2.5 million years. This species is vulnerable to any changes in the microclimate and chemical composition of the water of the cave, for example by unsealing the entrance and exposing the cave to air, water and thermal pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Although the site has been re-sealed, care must be taken to maintain the unusual water/air  conditions in the cave, as if the site was open to inflow of oxygen it would change  the micro-climate in the cave. Monitoring of habitat trends, education and awareness of the uniqueness of the fauna, protection of the site, species and habitat from habitat degradation are all recommended actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine region of northern Tuscany, where it is known from 3 locations, closely located, as thermal springs. Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000), and hence was listed as Endangered B2ab(iii). Cianfanelli (2009) recommends conservation actions including habitat protection for the sites.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, found in northern Tuscany where it is known for a few springs in Equi Terme and Montecatini Terme (Bodon et al., 2005) in 3 locations, all closely located thermal springs. Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000).

population:
As this species is restricted to a small population numbers are presumably relatively low.

habitat:
This species inhabits thermal spring waters, where it is often difficult to see due to habit of living covered in mud (Cianfanelli, 2009).

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.# The station of Montecatini Thermal Springs is the only known site for the Pistoia region  and has been detected in waste water of one spring, so an intervention would  therefore be desirable to conserve this environment (Cianfanelli, 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
There is some doubt as to the validity of this species. Pavon and Bertrand (2009) placed it in synonym with H. stagnorum, another widespread species in the Mediterranean.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not considered as a valid species by Pavon and Bertrand (2009) as it is listed as a synonym of H. stagnorum. However Bank et al. (2006) list it as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data Deficient, as more data would be required on its population trends and threats. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Europe regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is listed by Fauna Europaea for France and Spain (Balearic Islands). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species, as considered by Pavon and Bertrand (2009).

population:
There is no recent data on these populations.

habitat:
This species inhabits brackish waters in estuaries.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain. Further taxonomic research is required.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Crete (Bank et al. 2006). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bank et al. (2006) list this as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, but there is little recent data on population, distribution and threats, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data deficient, as more data would be required on population trends and threats.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as endemic to Crete, Greece. According to#Reischütz (1988) it#was listed from Elos, however there is no recent data on the Crete populations, so the distribution is uncertain.

habitat:
This species is believed to inhabit brackish waters in estuaries.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain. Further taxonomic research is required.


taxonomicNotes:
This is listed as a valid species by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) and as synonym of Heleobia stagnorum in Gofas et al. (2001) in Costello et al. (2001). Heleobia stagnorum Synonyms (according to Gofas et al. 2001):Paludestrina bigugliana## Caziot 1908 : (original description)/type locality: Etang de Biguglia, Corsica# • New taxon publishedSemisalsa dalmatica## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published. Semisalsa rausiana## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published.Semisalsa graeca## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published.Hydrobia scamandri## Boeters, Monod  Vala 1977Hydrobia aponensis## Martens 1858 -|- sensu Bank  Butot, 1988Helix stagnalis Linné 1767 : p. 1248 (original description)# • New taxon published.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not considered as a valid species by Gofas et al. (2001) as it is listed as a synonym of H.stagnorum. However Bank et al. (2006) list it as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data deficient, as more data would be required on population trends and threats.

range:
This species is listed as endemic to Croatia by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), but as a synonym by Gofas et al. (2001). Consequently the status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species, and thus there is no recent data on Croatian populations.

population:
There is no recent data on Croatian populations.

habitat:
This species is believed to be found in brackish waters in estuaries.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it was originally recorded from a single site in the alpine region. Currently it is considered Extinct as it has not been recorded since 1850 despite survey efforts in the region over the last 30 years. It is listed on the Italian Red List as Extinct (CK Map 5.3.8, Manganelli et al. 2000).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy. Specifically it was found within the alpine region of Lombardy between Lake Garda and Lake Idro. It has not been recorded since 1850 and hence is considered to be Extinct.

population:
This species was restricted to a small area and has not been recorded since 1850.

habitat:
This freshwater mollusc was originally recorded as living in standing marsh water (CK Map 5.3.8).

threats:
The species is considered Extinct as it hasn't been found again since 1850. The causes of its extinction are uncertain, but the habitat has probably been lost.

conservationAction:
#No specific conservation measures are known. This species is assessed as Extinct in the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8).


taxonomicNotes:
Listed as Heleobia stagnorum in Gofas et al. (2001). Synonyms (according to Gofas et al, 2001)Paludestrina bigugliana #Caziot#1908#: (original description)/type locality: Etang de Biguglia, Corsica  #•  New taxon published  Semisalsa dalmatica# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Semisalsa rausiana# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Semisalsa graeca# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Hydrobia scamandri# #Boeters, Monod  Vala#1977Hydrobia aponensis# #Martens#1858#-|- sensu  Bank  Butot, 1988Helix stagnalis Linné#1767#: p. 1248 (original description)  #•  New taxon published.

redListCategoryRationale:
Heleobia stagnorum is a widespread species. It is considered to be a rare species in Northern Europe, which has been decline over last 50 years due to habitat modifications and pollution, however further south in Europe, it is more widespread, and thus of lesser concern, although the habitats it occupies are similar and face similar threats. In northern Africa it is known from the Bay of Tunisia and coasts of Morocco. Because of probable misidentification of other similar species, this species may be more widespread e.g. on coasts of Algeria, hence was listed regionally as Least Concern. It is therefore considered as Least Concern in both Europe and the Mediterranean regions.

range:
Heleobia stagnorum is viewed as a widespread, but very localised species in Europe.# It is more common in the Mediterranean part of the range than further north in Europe.   Gloer (2002) gives the range as Atlantic-Mediterranean, and comments that it is probably found in suitable habitats along the entire European-Atlantic coast and the entire Mediterranean littoral from Morocco, Tunisia to Iran (Boeters 1998).# It is known inland in Europe only as a subfossil (Mansfelder Saltzseen, Bank et al. 1979). In Belgium, recorded from lagoons on the coast.#In France, recorded from lagoons in Pas-de-Calais (Cucherat, 2003, unpublished report) on Atlantic coast and Mediterranean coastal records include lagoons in Aude (Betrand). In the Netherlands only some sites in Zeeland (Gittenberger et al. 1998 )   is declining as the few remaining sites are threatened by urban pollution and by changes in salinity brought about by coastal control schemes (Kerney, 1999).   Gittenberger et al. (1998) noted a decline from 11 sites to 4 sites, and since 1950 live finds made only in Zeeland.# Beside several reports from the brackish water at Zieriksee (Schouwen-Duiveland), the type locality of the species, there are incidental finds from Goeree (at the dyke along the South coast), Schouwen-Duiveland (Ronde Weel, also by Zierikzee) and in Vlanderen (Achterste Creek by Terneuzen in the west outlet of the Braakman Creek (de Bryne, et al, 2003). In Italy it is recorded from 19 different sites, mainly coastal, around the country, and on Sicily (Bodon el al, data from CK Map 5.3.8)In UK, known from a single site, a coastal lagoon in the southern England, where it has recently been refound at brackish water pond in the marsh at Farlington.# It was previously viewed as becoming extinct between 1960 and 1970 (Kerney 1999) (M. Willing, pers. comm, 2009).

population:
There are no data on overall population status of Heleobia stagnorum, although it is known to be localized. Where it occurs, it is locally abundant and is dispersed by birds.

habitat:
Heleobia stagnorum lives in brackish water lagoons and estuaries and ditches with a brackish influence.

threats:
The main threats, especially in the northern part of the range include any factors such as barrages, sluices, water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies.# Other threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.

conservationAction:
This species is considered threatened in some parts of it's range and has been listed for research and protection (e.g. UK, Willing, pers. com, 2009).Being regionally assessed in the following countries:UK:# Critically Endangered B2a,b(iii)Netherlands:# Vulnerable (equivalent to A2c)Italy:# Data deficient.North Africa: Least Concern.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it inhabits freshwater springs. However currently there is a lack of recent knowledge relating to its distribution, population trends and threats towards it, therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). If found to be extant over the current range as listed, then it would probably assessed at Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is restricted to Greece, where it is known from the Ionian islands (Kerkyra (Corfu), Lefkada, Zakinthos, Kephalonia) and also to western parts of Epeirus and Sterea Ellada.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs.

threats:
No threat data is available for this species, but it is likely to be threatened by water abstraction and pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed relating to this species distribution, population trends and threats. Habitat monitoring is required to detect potential future changes is habitat quality due to water abstraction and pollution. The species is known to be in several protected areas, e.g. Lake Pamvotis is the site GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon of Natura 2000 network. Additionally, several sites of Natura 2000 network are lying on the islands of Ionian Sea (K. Radea pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea for Ukraine, according to Son (pers. comm. 2010) Heleobia streletzkiensis# (Chukchin, 1975) is a junior synonym of Heleobia (Semisalsa) dalmatica (Radoman, 1974), a widespread Mediterranean species with high abundance in the Black Sea bays and saline lakes. In the Russian catalogues it also present under the name Thalassobia moitessieri.Bank and Butot (1984) reviewed the status of Heleobia streletzkiensis, during a review of Heleobia stagnorum in Europe.They noted that the species described as Falsihydrobia streletzkiensis# Chukchin, 1975 differed from the taxon Heleobia (Semisalsa) dalmatica in Chukchin, 1976, and that it represented a separate taxon close to Heleobia (Semisalsa) stagnorum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Ukraine, the catalogues of the Fauna of Ukraine#Son (pers. comm. 2010)#and Fauna of Russia (Kantor et al. 2009) do not recognise this as a valid species, however Fauna Europea recognise the taxa, and note that it is not conspecific with H. dalmatica (Bank and Butot 1984), hence it is considered Data Deficient (DD). Son (pers. comm. 2010) notes that if it was to be considered a valid species, then the assessment would be Least Concern (LC), as it is widely distributed in the region.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) as endemic to Ukraine. Falsihydrobia streletzkiensis# Chukchin, 1975 was originally described from the seas off Sevastopol, in the Black Sea.

habitat:
This species lives in brackish waters off Sevastopol in the Black Sea.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is required to establish the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Heleobia tritonum should be viewed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), as it is now restricted to a single site with an extent of occurrence less than 100 km², which is under pressure from over-abstraction of water.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, and was described from a freshwater spring at Myli (the ancient Lerna) in the Peloponnese. It is known from only two localities (Myli and Kefalari) neither of which now seem to have the species present. According to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the type locality was built over to create a water intake from the spring. In 2004 the snails, though still numerous, were endangered, as water abstraction impacts the water levels, and if more water was taken from the spring, the snails would easily disappear.

population:
The population of this species is declining due to the loss of one site.

threats:
The areas of Lerna (Myli) and Kefalari where this species is found are subjected to enormous anthropogenic pressures (over-abstraction of water for water supply and irrigation for fruit orchards, tourism and archaeological excavations). During the period 2006–2008 the springs in Kefalari had no flow while the flow in Lerna was extremely low (data from ΥΕΒ Argolidas May 2008, N. Radea pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place. The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed. To prevent further overabstraction of water appriate site management and education to make users aware of impacts on biodiversity are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been recorded from suitable habitats in Albania, Montenegro and Croatia, and although it has a relatively restricted range, at present it does not qualify as a threatened species, hence it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Adriohydrobia gagatinella is recorded from the Balkan region, from Albania, Montenegro to Croatia. It was originally described from Ljuta Spring, near Kotor, Montenegro. Specimens from the Krka River near Skradin, Croatia, were analysed by Wilke and Falniowski (2001)#in their works on the molecular systematics of the genus.

population:
No data on population trends for this species and more research is needed.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwaters, and is recorded from rivers and springs.

threats:
Adriohydrobia gagatinella#occurs in habitats that are under pressure from water pollution and habitat degradation, although the impact on this species is not known.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific actions in place for this species, however further research is needed on population trends and the impacts of possible threats on species distributions. This species has been assessed at the regional level:# EU27 regional assessment:# Not Applicable, European  Mediterranean regional assessment:# Least Concern.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as 'in danger of extinction' in Reseñas Malacólogias (Alonso et al. 2001). Alzoniella asturica (as Belgrandia asturica on the Spanish List) was placed as Vulnerable (VU D2) in 2000 by B. Arconada, M. Ramos and E. Rolán and is presented likewise in Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009). However it also meets the threshold for Endangered B2ab(iii), as there are less than five sites and it has a small range, with threats to the springs from habitat degradation relating to concreting around the springs, pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and agricultural sources of effluent.This species is listed at the regional level as:EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Mediterranean assessment:# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))

range:
The species is endemic to Spain, where it is known only from a very small area near Grado, Province Asturias.  Grado,      Borondes, Fuente La Fontona, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30).Grado      (6 km SW), Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30), spring of      Villagarcía.Grado,      Bascones (6 km between church and river), Province Asturias (UTM grid      square QJ30).  Current range data suggest that it is only known from three sites within one 10 km grid square. Arconada et al. (2001, 2009) also suggest that the majority of the population is based in these sites, although there is an outlying site in the North of Leon that has been tentatively placed as this species. Rolán (pers. comm. 2010)                 noted that recent surveys of the type locality showed that this species has not been found, and it maybe extinct at the type locality, although more sampling is required to confirm this observation.

habitat:
Alzoniella asturica is found in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation. Two other spring snails also live sympatrically in these habitats. It feeds on decaying vegetation.

threats:
Alzoniella asturica#lives in in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation and feeds on decaying vegetation. These springs are close to human habitation, and remain sources of water for these villages. The major threats lie in clearing vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs. In addition pollution of the water source from agricultural sources from the fields around the villages is a marginal threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. However various actions were recommended by Arconada et al. (2009) who suggested that actions required include communication about the importance of keeping sites with vegetation for the species, as well as not concreting the entire spring area when improving sites for water capture.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described in 2004.

redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella braccoensis is considered Near Threatened, almost meeting the B2 criterion. There are more than 20 springs, however it has a small range, with few living specimens known, and thus we have treated the range data on a precautionary basis, and suggest that habitat monitoring needs to be put in place as the main threats lie in habitat degradation#relating to over-abstraction of the sources (capping and groundwater lowering), as well as threats from invasive mollusc species displacing the native spring-snails.#

range:
This species is found in the Ligurian Alps between Sestri Levante and Levanto, in Italy. The range is very restricted, as the species is only found in springs and in subterranean waters.#It has been collected in 30 sites, but eight of them were from floodline debris of rivers, so known from about 20 springs, in a restricted area in Liguria, less than 20 km in length. Only the shells and the specimens published in the paper has been collected, with less than 250 specimens and living specimens have been found only in springs (Bodon, Cianfanelli and Lori, pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Only the shells and the specimens published in the paper have been collected, with less than 250 specimens and living specimens have been found only in springs (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).

threats:
Alzoniella braccoensis is considered to be threatened in Italy, because the range is very restricted and it is vulnerable for habitat destruction, through capping/disturbance of the springs and groundwater lowering, as well as, maybe, introduction of alien species or groundwater pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, although further data are required on population status and monitoring for decline in habitat would be recommended to determine response to threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally placed by Boeters (1983) as part of Belgrandiella cantabrica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in many widely located sites on the northern regions of Spain. The wide range of habitat types, and the widely distributed nature of the species suggests Least Concern (LC) would be more appropriate than Near Threatened (NT), although some of the sites where it exists are small springs and hence are vulnerable to habitat degradation following exploitation of the water source for domestic supplies to villages and houses.# This species is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).This species is also assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least ConcernEU27 regional assessment: Least Concern at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.Although only part of the species range falls into the Mediterranean zone, the species is still present at widely scattered localities in the region, and together with the wide range of habitat types it suggests Least Concern (LC) would be more  appropriate than Near Threatened (NT), although some of the sites where it  exists are small springs and hence are vulnerable to habitat degradation  following exploitation of the water source for domestic supplies to  villages and houses. This species is listed at the regional level as:Mediterranean:# Least Concern

range:
This species is endemic to Spain,   but found from eastern Asturias and Cantabria, the Basque Country, northern León, Burgos and Palencia.  Noriega      (Site 1km W), Province Asturias      (UTM grid square UP70, 1km W) spring near river.Piñeres      (Site 2km just before turn off to Roda), Province Cantabria (UTM grid      square UN79), torrent.Presilla,      Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN29), spring.Aes      (Chaple Virgen de Gracia), Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN29),      spring.Ramales      de la Victoria (Site 3km SSW), Province Cantabria (UTM griq square VN      68), old spring.Valnera      before turn off for Concha (Karrantza), Province Cantabria (UTM grid squae      VN68), brook.Arredondo      (Site 4km S), Province Cantabria, (UTM grid square VN59), Cueva de      Coventora.Linto      (Site 1.5km N at crossroad to Miera), Province Cantabria (UTM grid square      VN59), torrent.La      Vega, Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN49), several waterfalls.S. Escalada (near Tubilla del Aqua), Province Burgos      (UTM grid square VN33), Brook on mountainside.N.      of Covanera, Province Burgos (UTM grid sqaureVN33), large spring.Covanera,      Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN33), Pozo Azul.S.      exit of Tubilla del Aqua, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN32), springs      in rocks.E.      entrance to Orbaneja del Castillo, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN34),      spring.Between      Areba and Hoz de Areba, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN45), brook      alongside river.Incinillas      (Site 1km NW), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN45), channel going under      road.N.      exit of locality Río de Lasia, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN57).Between      locality Río de Lasia and Puerto de Pas, Río de Trueba (Site 4-6km N.),      Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN47), springs.Locality Río de Lasia (Site 3km N), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN57),      spring.Exit      of San Zadornil towards Villafría, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84),      spring.San      Zadnoril (3km towards Villafría), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84).Villafría La Fuentafría (1.5km behind), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84),      spring.Aguiniga,      Province Alava (UTM grid square VN96), spring.Entrance      to Astúlez, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN94), brook.Entrance      to Nograro, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN94), spring with pool.Turn      off to Quejo, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN84), spring at side of      brook.Ambasaguas,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square VN78), spring.W.      exit of Lebanza, Province Palencia (UTM grid square UN75), spring      alongside river.W.      of Santibañez de Resoba, Province Palencia (UTM grid square UN65), spring.Valverde      de la Sierra (Site 5km W), Province León (UTM grid square UN45), spring.Llesca      (5km W border with Cantabria), Province León (UTM grid square UN56),      under bridge.Downhill      Puerto de Sa Glorio (km 131-133), Province León (UTM grid squareUN57), wet      rocks.Cobrices,      Province Santander (UTM grid square UP90), spring La Marrana.

population:
There is no specific data on population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs, springs with pools, waterfalls with pools, torrents, wet rocks, brooks, under bridges. It occurs sympatrically with A.ovetensis (Rolán 1993) (UP70) and A.montana (Rolán 1993) (UN57, VN68)

threats:
The principal threats to the species lie in pollution from agricultural sources (pesticides and nitrates) and from overabstraction of water for domestic water supplies, which could cause habitat degradation which would lead to species mortality and population declines.

conservationAction:
Some sites are vulnerable to development of the water source to supply villages and houses.# There should be a programme to educate on keeping part of the water source in the natural state for biodiversity (Arconada et al. 2007). #The species was listed as "Near Threatened" in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella cornucopia#is restricted to a small region where it is only known from groundwaters, which are vulnerable to pollution. The main threats to the groundwaters lie in habitat degradation#relating to pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and over-abstraction of the source.##The species is considered Near Threatened in Italy (Manganelli#et al. 2000), but based on the small number of locations and threats to its habitat, it qualifies as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Alzoniella cornucopia is endemic to Italy, specifically to an aquifer#in the upper reaches of River Arbia within the Appeninnes of Tuscany (Manganelli et al. 1995).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area but population trends are unknown.

habitat:
Alzoniella cornucopia is found in#groundwaters in alluvial sediments.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is considered Near Threatened in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella delmastroi#is endemic from Italy, with only 3 known sites in a small range of less than 200 km2. The main threats include habitat destruction (for water capture), pollution from roads, as well as groundwater feeding the springs relating to pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and over-abstraction of the source. A future threat lies in the colonisation by a non-native spring-snail, which could compete with the native species. This species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from the Graie Alps, NW of Turin.#The range is very restricted, and the living specimens have only been found in three springs (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).

population:
The population status of this species is unknown. About 200 shells and 40 specimens have been collected in the 3 sites, as published in the paper (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).

habitat:
The species is only found in freshwater in karst systems

threats:
The species is rare, with a restricted range and given that it occurs in springs, the species could be affected by habitat destruction (improving the water capture points), #pollution and possibly, introduction of alien molluscs (like#Potamopyrgus antipodanum). Most of the sites occur outside of protected areas, and as such the springs could be captured to feed aqueducts. In other cases, the spring is near the road, so it could be sufficient to have some roadworks with a manhole to alter the habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Habitat should be monitor and communication actions, to raise awareness of the local communities, are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella edmundi is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range in two springs of area of occupancy (AOO) less than 8 km2 (based on 2 km buffer zone around the point). It is has a declining range, as at some sites the species has not been recently recorded, and the other two locations are exploited as public sources for water, both for domestic use and for wash areas. This species was listed as Endangered in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009).This species is also listed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the island of Majorca (Balearic Islands). It has a limited distribution in the West-North-West of the island close to the Sierra de la Tramontana, with four possible known locations: two most recent records at Estellenches and                 Font de S’Aigueta, and two other springs where it may be extinct. Ramos (pers. comm. 2010) notes that                 she has visited both locations in 2008 trying to collect the species, it was not found (although one Pseudamnicola species was alive in both places). In the spring of 2009, both locations were dried because of severe drought. No field work has been done in 2010 after a very rainy winter and spring, however until further surveys have been completed, the current status of the species at these sites is uncertain.     Sa      Font de Soller, (UTM grid square DE70), spring (Arconada et al. (2009))Estellenches,      Majorca (UTM grid square DD59), spring. (Rolán 1995)S.      exit of Valldemossa, Font de S’Aigueta, Majorca (UTM grid square DD59). Camp de Mar, al sur de Andraitx (UTM grid square DD48).

population:
The species is declining, having possibly been lost from two sites, and not recorded from surveys in last three years from other sites (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found in small springs. It can sometimes be found with Pseudamnicola spp. (UTM grid square DD59).

threats:
The major threat to this species is through the exploitation of water for domestic purposes; both extant sites are public water sources. Frequently concrete is used to cap off the water to improve water abstraction for domestic use which destroys the habitat and impacts the subpopulations (Arconada et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species.#This species was listed as Endangered in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Arconada et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Originally described by Paladilhe (1874), from type locality 'les environs de'Ascain', Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in France.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally listed as Rare (1990) and Vulnerable D2 (1996), in an assessment by Philippe Bouchet, SSC Mollusc Specialist Group on the basis that the restricted distribution and habitat disturbance merit Vulnerable status for this species. This was based on the records from France, however the additional records from France and Spain (Arcondada et al. 2007) have extended the possible range of the species.# This species is found in two sites, one in France and the other on the Spanish border, but within the same 50 km2 of the Pyrénées. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2500 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be about 40 km2 and is present in 9 locations. A precautionary attitude to the distributional range has been taken, as the species exists in subterranean groundwaters and emergent springs sites that are exploited for domestic water and as such there is potential decline in habitat quality wherever the species is found. However, if the species is present at more sites than currently recorded, then the status will need to be reviewed, as at present only the limited area of occupancy and the artificial nature of the habitat gives the high threat status of Vulnerable.This species is also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)+2b(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)+2b(iii)

range:
This is a restricted range species that is present in France and Spain.##Originally described from a type locality of Ascain,# Arconada et al. (2007) give records from France (Pyrénées-Atlantique; Grottes de Sare (close to Ascain) UTM grid square XN37) and Spain (Province Navarra; UTM Grid square XN37).#V. Prie confirms it is present in another 5 localities in France (pers. comm. 2009), and that it is present in subterranean groundwaters.#In Spain, the species was recorded from the south entrance to Valcarlos, Province Navarra in two sites in a pipe and trough.

habitat:
Freshwater groundwater systems and in the outflow points such as springs, water-pipes and troughs. In Spain, in province Navarra, this species is known from sites which are exploited for water from the freshwater spring.

threats:
The habitats of the species are vulnerable to groundwater pollution and to exploitation for water, and at least one location is currently undergoing exploitation.# These outflow sites where the species has been recorded are vulnerable to improvement of the water sources, concreting and capping the site, hence destroying or degrading the habitat. #The major threats for the future threats include over-abstraction of water and potentially in future years, drought events drying the entire springs, if groundwater recharge to the aquifer is reduced.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for the species. It would benefit from population monitoring and education of local people to increase awareness of the species. This species was listed as 'Near Threatened' in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella fabrianensis is known from two locations within the Appeninne areas of Marche and Umbria. #The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al. 2000). #Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. The rapidity of change and the potential threats suggest that the species could be considered to be#Endangered, however as Manganelli#et al. (2000) considered the species to be less threatened, the species has been listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, found in only two locations, Fonte di San Cassiano and Giano dell'Umbria within the Appeninne areas of Marche and Umbria.

habitat:
This species lives in karstic subterranean freshwater habitats.

threats:
The species has a restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006) and given that it is found in groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species would benefit from population monitoring and education of the local people to raise awareness.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Manganelli, G., Giusti, F. Bodon, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella feneriensis is known from two locations (Grinasco and Borgosesia) on Monte Fenero in Northern Italy. #The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000). #Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. The rapidity of change and the potential threats suggest that the species could be considered to be#Endangered under criteria B, however as Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be less threatened, the species has been listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Alzoniella feneriensis#is is endemic to Italy where it is found#on Monte Fenera in region of Piedmont in the southern part of the Alps,#where it is known from two locations (Grinasco and Borgosesia; UTM MR46 and MR45).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. #No data on population trends are available.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwaters in Karstic regions.

threats:
The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000). #Threats identified in the region also include increased frequency of forest fires (erosion and increased sediment in the water leaching into the groundwater system) and possible disturbance of the caves for recreational activities and illegal excavations.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on a conservation strategy document for Province Vercelli, with a list of potential threats for the region. Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in a regional assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella finalina is endemic to a single area, in Italy, where it has been recorded from three sites. It is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al. 2000). Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. Due to the rapidity of change and the potential threats, this species is considered to be Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)). However, if the main threat was proven to affect all three sites at the same time (i.e., the species occurs in one single location), then the assessment should be revised and a higher level of risk of extinction should be considered.

range:
Alzoniella finalina is endemic to Italy, specifically in the alpine region of western Liguria. It is known from a single area, the Valle de Rio dei Ponci (in UTM square MP 49; valley less than 10x10 km²), from a spring at Porra  River, Molino. It has only ever been collected 11 times over the last 30 years and all records from fluvial sediments within this valley, although these were from three recording sites (50 m above sea level (asl), 140 m asl, 260 m asl). All outflows come from the groundwater system.

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. It has only ever been collected 11 times over the last 30 years, all records from fluvial sediments within this valley, although these were from three recording sites.

habitat:
This mollusc is found on rocks in groundwaters.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It lies in the protected area Natura 2000 (Beigua - Monte Dente - Gargassa - Pavaglione) where it is considered rare. It is listed as an endemic species worthy of note in the Natura 2000 site reports for the valley, and as the freshwater habitats are only c. 2% of of the protected area. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Italian Red List. Habitat and population trends need to be monitored.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Listed as Belgrandiella galaica Boeters Rolan, 1988 in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range and was originally only known from the type locality with a second site later discovered about 40 km away. Numerous visits to springs and waterfalls between these two locations have failed to find any other locations for this species (Arconada et al. 2009), although other species of spring snails were found at the sites.Recent surveys at both known sites (2003, 2005, 2006) failed to find any live specimens (Arconada et al. 2009). At the Lugo site the species is considered to be extinct, whereas at the Outeiro site, the species is considered possibly extinct. This species is listed by Verdú and Galante (2009) as Critically Endangered based on possible continued presence at one location within the area. This species is assessed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii).

range:
Alzoniella galaica has a restricted range in springs at Folgoso do Courel, Provincia de Lugo, Spain (PH40).   It was originally only known from the type locality, with another site discovered later at Os Peares (PH00) near Outeiro. Numerous visit to springs and waterfalls between these two locations have failed to find any other locations for this species (Arconada et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009), although other species of spring snails were found at the sites.Surveys in 2003, 2005 and 2006 at both known sites failed to find any live specimens (Arconada et al. in Verdu and Galente 2009). At the Lugo site the species is considered to be extirpated, whereas at the Outeiro site, the species is considered possibly extirpated.

population:
There are no current data available on populations, as no living specimens have been collected during recent surveys which have been regular over the last 20 years.

habitat:
This species is found within clean water of small springs and outflow streams associated with vegetation dominated by Azolla filiculoides usually in wooded areas (with Oak, Chestnut and some introduced species such as Eucalyptus).

threats:
The major threats to these species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and vegetation in the streams. Possible sources of threats include agricultural developments adjacent to the streams, as well as canalisation of streams to abstract water, with drastic reduction of remaining water flow (Arconada et al. in Verdú and Galante 2009).

conservationAction:
Additional surveys should be undertaken at regular intervals in order to try to refind this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Alzoniella haicabia was described by Boeters in 2000, and may be one of several species that require revision if there is any molecular systematic treatments to review the status of the species and allied species in France.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other springs nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area. If the species range is found to be restricted to the single spring, then the species qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
Alzoniella haicabia is endemic to France, and is known from the Department Pyrenees-Atlantiques (south-west France). This species was described relatively recently, from a spring about 200 m from the sea on the farm Haicabia, north of Route Nationale 10c, between St Jean de Luz and# Hendaye, Pyrenees-Atlantiques, France (UTM: XP00). Boeters (2000) has only found it from 1 location.

population:
The status of the populations at the known site is currently unknown, as no further sampling reported since first collection 10 years ago.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs.

threats:
Alzoniella haicabia is currently only known from a single spring on a farm, near the sea between two towns.# This site has potential threats from exploitation of the water source, from pollution by use of the spring and over abstraction of water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. More research on the distribution of this species is needed to define the real risk of extinction of this species (if this species is proven to be restricted to one single spring, it might qualify for a Critically Endangered category).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella hartwigschuetti is endemic to Austria. It was originally listed as Vulnerable, based on the limited distribution in a habitat that is vulnerable to water exploitation, with threats of overabstraction and pollution of the groundwater.# Currently the knowledge of range suggests it is present at scattered localities, in at least 12 locations in the region. The revised assessment is Near Threatened (almost qualifying for the criteria B2), based on the level of habitat degradation in the region, and the vulnerability of sites to over-exploitation.

range:
This species is restricted to Austria, where it was originally known from a single locality, a spring near Kalter Brunnen, Kleinzell, NÖ, Austria. It is now recorded from scattered locations in the northern limestone alps (Reischütz and Reischütz, 2007).

population:
Usually found as dead shells in outflow from springs, the species can easily be overlooked.

habitat:
The species is probably present in subterranean waters of this karst region where it has been recorded from 12 springs.

threats:
The major threats to the subterranean waters are pollution and overabstraction of water from the springs, however these threats are localised, so the species is less threatened than other taxa, but subpopulations can easily be destroyed through activities affecting the groundwater.

conservationAction:
The species is considered to be Near Threatened in Austria, but was previously listed as Category A2, a category equivalent to Endangered (Glöer 2002). Its habitat should be protected and communication actions launched to raise awareness on the existence of this species. More research on the population and habitat trends is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally placed by Rolán (1993), as part of Alzoniella pyrenaica. The species has similar conchological characters, but differs anatomically in characters of the bursa copulatrix and the receptaculum (Arconada et al. 2007).#

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be Data Deficient (DD) by Verdu and Galante (2009); however it is a range restricted species that may be present in only one site in the Pyrenees; it was lost from a second spring. At present this species is#restricted to a single spring, hence using the precautionary principle the species qualifies for Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given its presence in a populated area (Rolan pers.comm. 2010). If the species is found in other spring sites, then this assessment should be reviewed, as it may then qualify as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) or Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is restricted to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, Ereno, near to Arieta, Province Navarra, Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP30). Possibly it is present at another site but the material was lost after collection (Arconada et al. 2007).

population:
There are no population trend data available for this species.

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring-snail species.

threats:
The major threats to this species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and vegetation in the springs (Rolan pers. comm. 2010, Verdu and Galante 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in to the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it has a very restricted distribution and has already been lost from one site. Site management is required to prevent degradation of the remaining known site.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other springs nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area. If the species range is found to be restricted to the single spring, then the species will qualify for Critically Endangered B2a, b(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to France, and is found in Department Pyrénées-Atlantiques (South-West France).# It is currently only known from a single locality, but the area has not been well recorded.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species. However, the place where A. junqua lives seems to be relatively free of human impact.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic and population size/distribution research would benefit this species.


taxonomicNotes:
A population of A. lucensis found in the province of# La Coruna might result from artificial introduction, located in the distribution area of A.rolani.# It differs from other populations with absence of penial pigmentation and rounded bursa copulatrix.

redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella lucensis is known from a wide area relative to other species of spring-snail and in different habitats, and hence although many of the habitats are vulnerable to exploitation, the species could be considered as Least Concern. However Verdú  Galante (2009) listed the species as Near Threatened, reflecting that the species has a more restricted range and lives in habitats that are exploited for water (Arconada  Ramos pers. comm. 2010).# Given the large number of sites and the area over which the species exists, it could be considered Near Threatened if a high proportion of the sites are currently impacted by threats.EU27:# Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Europe:# Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Mediterranean: Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Global Assessment: #Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, and is mainly found in the western part of the provinces of Lugo and Orense and extends towards the western part of Asturias. A few localities were found in the provinces of La Coruña and León.          Bembibre      (4km N), Province A Coruña (UTM grid square NH26)Ourol      (2km SW), Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH19), torrentO      Courel, from Quiroga to Fisteus shorley after turn-off to Fisteus,      Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH40), brookN. Saa, 2.8km before turn-off to Tricastela, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH44)O Courel, ferriros de Abajo, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH51), brooksO      Courel, between Folgoso and Seoane, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH52,      wet rocks near river LorO      Courel, a little SW. Seoame, Province Lugo (UTM grid square 52), wet rockBetween      Quiroga and Besarredonda, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH51), wet rocks      and running waterEntrance      to A Devesae, at turn off to Noceda (2.9km), Province Lugo (UTM grid      square PJ52), rocksSan      Martin de la Ribeira, Province Lugo (UTM grid sqaure PH55), La Viarega      springN.      Seoana 4km before turn off to Cereixido and Cuiñas, Province Lugo (UTM      grid square PH56), torrentE.      Exit of Castillo de Doiras towards Ancares, Province Lugo (Utm grid square      PH63), springN.      Of Navia de Suarna at turn off to Vilarquende, Province Lugo (Grid square      Ph66), wet rocks2km      behind Navia de Suarna on Roa road, Fonte so Cruceiro, Province Lugo (UTM      grid square PH66), in springs nearbyBetween      San Martín de Oscos and Navia, before crossing River Lixou, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PH79), wet rocksBetween      San Martin de Oscos and Navia, 1.4km from Illao, Province Asturias (UTM      grid square PH79), wet rockS.      of# Pola de Allande, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PH99), water running down rockPenzol,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), spring with washing placeE.      Entrance to Añides, Province Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), springBetween      Boal and Vegadei, 600m from the turn off to Meredo and Molejón, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), wet rocksBetween      Monasterio de Hermo and Narcea springs, Province Asturias (UTM grid square      QH06), wet rocksBetween      Cangas de Narcea and Puerto fe Leitariegos, 1km from turn off to Palacio      and Naviego, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QH07)S.      Exit of Cangas de Narcea at the beginning of highway to Cobos, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square QH08), springsBetween Pola fe Allende and Canga de Narcea, 4km from Puente del Infierno,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square QH08), wet rocksE. of Soto de Luiña, 1km before Castañedas, Province Asturias (UTM grid      square QJ12), waterfallBetween      Monforte and Ourense, 300, aat road to Frean, near Peares dam, Province      Ourense (UTM grid square PH00), wet walls

population:
No data is available on status of populations.

habitat:
This species is found in a variety of freshwater habitats including small torrents, brooks, wet rocks near rivers, wet rocks with running water, waterfalls and wet walls.

threats:
The major threats to these spring-snail species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and# vegetation in the streams.# Possible sources of threats include agricultural developments adjacent to the streams, as well as canalisation of streams to abstract water, with drastic reduction of remaining water flow (Arconada et al. 2009). Other threats include pollution from agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is considered to be a candidate for Vulnerable D2, given the small restricted range, the number of locations and the potential threats to groundwater in the region, with impact of pollution and over-abstraction.# In Italy it was considered to be Near Threatened, and as such could be listed as this status as well.# In order to follow the precautionary attitude elsewhere, it has been listed as Vulnerable D2, pending further data on distribution in the valley and information of the rate of decline in the habitat, and the potential impact on this species.

range:
Alzoniella lunensis is endemic to north-western Italy (Toscana and Liguria) where it is restricted to the Magra River basin (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2002).

habitat:
This species is present in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas, although other species of Alzoniella are protected in Toscana. The species was considered to be Near Threatened in Italy. More information on population would be a benefit.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from 7 locations in Northern Italy, where it was considered to be Near Threatened by Manganelli et al. (2001). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et  al. 2000).# The species is listed as Near Threatened but almost qualifies for the criteria Vulnerable B2b(iii).

range:
Alzoniella macrostoma is endemic to north-western Italy, where it is known from 7 locations within region of Liguria and Toscana. Some sites listed in CK Map have multiple springs from single groundwater source.

population:
Restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.

habitat:
This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella manganellii is  endemic to Italy, where it is listed from  at least 8 locations, some of which have multiple outlets from a single  groundwater system. Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et  al. 2000), and as such was considered to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.# Given the restricted range, until further sites are known, the species is also listed as Near Threatened, and a programme of habitat monitoring is recommended.# This species almost qualifies for Vulnerable using criteria B2ab(iii).

range:
Alzoniella manganellii is endemic to Italy, specifically to Tuscan Appeninnes.# It is listed from at least 8 locations, some of which have multiple outlets from a single groundwater system.

habitat:
This species can be found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as protected in Toscana, although no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. It was considered to be Near Threatened on the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8.).# A programme of habitat monitoring is required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Spain where it is restricted to freshwater springs and as such it could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Arconada#et al. 2009). Given the rapidity of change to the habitat (and hence the species) if groundwater is over-abstracted or the spring area is 'cleaned', this suggests the species should be considered to be#Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two springs in Villazon, near#Salas in Province#Asturias (Arconada et al. 2007):Villazón, Salas, Fuente Caliente, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ21)Villazón, Salas, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ21) cemetery washing place.

population:
This species was recently described. There are no data on population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs in the village. The species has already been lost from one spring site (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
This species is only know from the type locality: a managed spring site in a village which is utilised for water. Another spring close to the village from which it was collected many years ago has been destroyed (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but further investigations into the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed. Conservation actions needed include a education programme on habitat management to maintain the species and protection of the site.


redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella microstoma is   endemic to NW Italy, where it is listed from  at least 6 locations, some of  which have multiple outlets from a single  groundwater system. As it also it  inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic  groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (CK Map 5.3.8), and  as such was considered to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#  Given the restricted range, until further sites are known, the species  is also listed as Near Threatened and almost qualifies as Vulnerable using criteria B2ab(iii), a programme of habitat monitoring  is recommended.

range:
Alzoniella microstoma is endemic to north-western Italy, where it is known from a small area, with 6 recorded sites (CK Map 5.3.8), although this region is actively researched, some new sites may be found.

population:
This species is restricted to a small area so the population numbers are presumably relatively low.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known apart from# a programme of habitat monitoring is recommended.# It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The shell of Alzoniella montana is similar to, but smaller than that of A. (A.) cantabrica. Occurs sympatric with A. (A.) oventenis (UP11), A. (A.) cantabrica (UN57, VN68), A. (Navarriella) pellitica (WN19, WP00, WP10, WP20) or Bythinella spec. (WN19, WP00, WP10, WP20)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Vulnerable# in the 2001 publication on National Threatened Species by Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia, Resenas Malacologicas. This status is continued in Arconada et al. (2009), who considered it as Vulnerable A2ac and C1 for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# This species is present at 11 locations and some sites are faced with threats of over-extraction of water. Although the listing suggests Vulnerable A2ac, there is insufficient data on population trends to support a decline of 30% of the population over the last 10 years, although it may qualify as Vulnerable B2ab(iii), if another site is lost, and consequently it is listed as Near Threatened. This is species is listed as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU B2b(iii)).This species is also listed regionally as:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
This species is endemic in Spain, and is found in the western part of the province Asturias and in a few localities in León through to Cantabria and Vizcaya.   Unquera, Fuente La      Escalera, Province Santander (UTM grid square UP70).West Entrance to Liberdón,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP11). Spring with pool.1 km South-East Las Rozas,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square).Grado, Puebla Lasniella,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30), spring El Banzao.3 km south-southwest Exit from Ramales      de la Victoria, Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN68), old spring.About 5 km east of Mendiondo,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP00), brook with spring.About 4 km, west of Artigas,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP10), old spring and running waters near      by.2 km South-West Artigas, Province      Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP20), on wet rock with springs nearby.Artigas to Busturia      highway, Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP20), brook near road.About 2 km north-east Alday,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WN19), torrent.West-south-west, Puerto San Glorio between km 131 and 133, Province León (UTM grid square UN57), on wet rocks and soils.

habitat:
This species occupies a variety of habitats including springs, spring adajacent to pools and brooks, wet rocks, and fast flowing brooks with wet rocks.

threats:
Some sites where this species is present are threatened by overabstraction of water.

conservationAction:
No actions known to be in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The ongoing taxonomic revisions of spring snails may require review of the taxonomic status of this species. The generic placement of this species in Alzoniella is preliminary since no anatomical data are available. Consequently it has not been included within any subgenera of Alzoniella.

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from a single site, and hence is a candidate for listing as either Vulnerable D2 or Critically Endangered (CR B2a, b(iii)), if any threats to current locality for the species become severe. Given that the species lives within the interstitial waters of a cave, if there are threats of either development of the cave for tourism or extraction of water from the cave, it could be listed as Near Threatened.# As it is possible that the species has a wider distribution, it is currently listed as Data Deficient, following the decision of Arconada  Ramos (pers. comm. 2010), who considered it as Data Deficient for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú  Galente 2009). EU27:# Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed at the Global level as: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known only a single locality in the province of Burgos. Berberane, Murite, Cueva de Murita, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN 951532), Temporal effluent from a cave

habitat:
Known only from interstitial water within a cave.

threats:
The level of threats for this groundwater system are unknown.

conservationAction:
It is currently listed as Data Deficient, following the decision of Arconada et al. (in Verdú  Galante, 2009), who considered it as Data Deficient for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especies en peligro crítico y en peligro).Research is needed regariding its population and distribution, and to potential threats to the groundwater habitat.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described by Boeters (1999) on the basis of shell hight and bursa copulatrix shape (i. e. only two criteria). However, it occurs sympatrically with the more widespread A. elliptica and its taxonomic status needs to be confirmed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the species may occur in other aquifers nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description. At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area.#If the species range is found to be restricted to the single artesian source, then the species will qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
Alzoniella navarrensis is endemic to France, and is found in Department Pyrénées-Atlantiques (South-West France).# It is currently only known from#two neighbouring wells near Arnéguy, but these two wells are fed by the same aquifer, therefore the species occurs in only one single location.

habitat:
This species is found in wells and is considered to be subterranean.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. However, this location in the Pyrenees does not seem to suffer from human impacts and no immediate threat is known for the species, although as a single site it is vulnerable to future changes.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for this species but habitat monitoring would be of benefit.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single site where only shells were collected. It was listed as Data Deficient, in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados en España (Especies en Peligro Crítico y En Peligro) (Arconada et al. 2009) as no live specimens have ever been found. However, it may be a candidate for listing as either Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) since the only known site is already exploited as a water source and the species is likely to live within the interstitial waters of the groundwater. It is here listed as#Critically Endangered, on a precautionary basis following the principles of the other assessments in Europe. This species is listed regionally as:  EU27: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Europe:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))

range:
Alzoniella onatensis is known from only one site in Guipuzcoa, Northern Spain (Onate, 0.25 km south of Berezano, Province Guipuzcoa (UTM grid square WN 4863)). This is a freshwater spring which is capped.#

population:
There is no information on population decline.

habitat:
It is assumed that this species inhabits subterranean waters, with outflow spring in man-made water supply.

threats:
Threats to this species include overabstraction of water depleting the groundwater, as well as pollution of the groundwaters.

conservationAction:
There are no# known conservation actions for this species. However actions that are potentially damaging to the species include restoration and cleaning of springs, over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers, summer droughts leading to lack of recharge in aquifer and changes to habitat quality, and the pollution of the water source, therefore appropriate site management is needed to prevent damage from these actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a wide area relative to other species of spring-snail and in a variety of habitats, and hence although many of the habitats are vulnerable to exploitation, the species could be considered as Least Concern (LC). However Arconada (in Verdú  Galente 2009) listed the species as Near Threatened (NT), reflecting that the species has a more restricted range and lives in habitats that are exploited for the water.# Given the large number of sites and the area over which the species exists, it could be considered Near Threatened (NT) if a high proportion of the sites are currently impacted by threats and there has been loss of other sites in the last 20 years.#EU27:# Least Concern (LC)Europe:# Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed at the Global level as: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found in central and eastern parts of Asturias and with several populations in León.      ###### Puente de San Martinen, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ20), spring ###### Town council of Gardo, baselgas, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30)   ###### SE entrance to Campo de Caso, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UN80), spring   ###### N entrance to San Andrés, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP50), spring with trough   ###### About 500 m S. Uphill Villamejin, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TN59), spring   ###### Pedroveya, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TN59), brooks and springs between 100 and 900 m away   ###### N. Entrance to Tabladiello, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP72), brook   ###### 6.5km N. Of Berrón, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP81), spring with trough   ###### Between Balbordón and Quintana, 1.2 km from La Colla, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP81), trough   ###### S. Entrance to Campo de Caso, Province Asturias UTM grid square UN80), spring with trough   ###### S. Entrance to Liberdón, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP11), spring with pool   ###### Between Puertas and Colombres, 1km from Noriega, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP70), spring with river   ###### Between La Magdalena and barrios de Luna, opposite electricity station, Province León (UTM grid square TN64), on wet rock

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and brooks.

threats:
There are potential threats to this species from over-abstraction of water depleting the groundwater feeding the springs, as well as habitat degradation of the springs.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally placed by Rolán (1993) as part of Alzoniella elliptica. The species has similar conchological (shell) characters, but differs anatomically in characters of the seminal receptacules (Arconada et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to a small region in the north-east of Spain, however although this is a range restricted species, it is present in over 10 widely located sites on the northern coastal regions of Spain. Given the wide range of habitat types and the widely distributed nature of the species, an assessment of Least Concern (LC) is made, although some sites may be locally threatened, it is likely that once more survey work is undertaken, further sites are likely to be found in the region.

range:
This species is restricted to Spain, where it is known from the type locality and 10 other sites, all of which lie in the Basque country (Arconada et al. 2007):   •#### Olaeta, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), running water near spring  •#### Mondragon, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), springs  •#### Santa Agueda, Arriola, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), springs (Type locality)  •#### Mendionda, Arriola, Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP00)  •#### Artigas, (site 4 km west), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP10), springs and running water nearby  •#### Artigas (site 2 km south-west), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP20), wet rock face  •#### Alday (site 2 km north-east), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP19), wet rock face (Arconada et al. 2007).  •#### Ereno, near Arieta, Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP30), springs  •#### Garin (site 3 km west), Province Guipuzcoa, (UTM grid square WP66), emergent spring  •#### Azpeitia (site 4 km south-south-east), Province Guipuzcoa, (UTM grid square WP68), waterfall with pools.

population:
The population trend is unknown, as this is a recently described species.

habitat:
This species is found in springs and brooks, and can be found on wet rock faces beside springs, as well as in waterfalls with pools.

threats:
The main threats are uncertain, but some sites may be threatened due to current trend to concrete and cap freshwater springs leading to habitat degradation, however as other sites are likely to be found, this is considered to be a localised threat.

conservationAction:
There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are needed to confirm the status as Least Concern (LC).


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies known: Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii perrisii Boeters, 2000 and Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii irubensis Boeters, 2000

redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella perrisii is vulnerable to disturbance, as it is a freshwater spring species situated in France's coastal zone in an area close to major urban settlements. There are two subspecies known for this species, one from a single site (the type locality) but the exact location is uncertain, and the other subspecies from at least three locations. At present, if the single subspecies data for Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii irubensis Boeters, 2000 was used, the species may qualify as Endangered, but there is insufficient information on the range of the nominate race, and the other subspecies was recently found and may be more widespread, hence a Vulnerable assessment is more suitable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) based on the decline in habitat quality in the region. Further survey work in required to confirm the status of the species and may lead to a higher listing in the future.

range:
This species is restricted to France, A. p. irubensis being found only in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (three locations are known for Alzoniella perrisii irubensis according to Boeters 2000) and A. p. perrisii is known from one locality in the Landes department.

habitat:
Alzoniella perrisii is usually found in freshwater springs.

threats:
Spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected under french law, and to detemine the long-term threats to the species a programme of habitat monitoring and populations trends is recommended given the limited range of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Further data is required to determine distribution and status of  populations, and the relationship between the populations of Alzoniella pyrenaica# and Alzoniella iberopyrenaica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally listed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2 based on the fact it was restricted to a single locality in the Pyrénées-Atlantique, France (Bouchet in IUCN Red List 1996).# However, new data shows that it may be present in the region adjacent to the border in Spain. #It is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). Given the current uncertainty about the taxonomic status relative to other species and the geographical data for these, the species is currently listed as Data deficient (DD) until such time as research clarifies the data allowing a full assessment to be made.

range:
Although this species is considered to be endemic to French Pyrenees, further survey is needed.# The species may well extend to Spain, in the region across the border, but due to confusion with other species, now separated as Alzoniella iberopyrenaica, the distribution details are uncertain.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs.

threats:
Alzoniella pyrenaica is considered to be a spring species, and thus potentially threatened by the disturbance of the springs, through habitat degradation (to improve the spring for exploitation), overexploitation of the spring (leading to drying during summer periods) and from pollution of the groundwaters feeding the spring.# However detailed threats to the species are unknown, given the current uncertainty about the range.

conservationAction:
This species is listed by Verdú and Galente (2009) as Data Deficient for Spain and by Bouchet (in Baillie and Groombridge 1996) as Vulnerable D2 in France.# Further data is required to determine distribution and status of populations, and the relationship between the populations of Alzoniella pyrenaica# and Alzoniella iberopyrenaica.


taxonomicNotes:
Marian Ramos (pers. comm., 2011) suggests that this species may require further revision, once new data on distributions and species limits have been evaluated.

redListCategoryRationale:
Alzoniella #rolani is listed as 'Near Threatened' for Spain by#Arconada, Ramos and Rolán (in Verdu and Galante 2009). A recent review of the genus (Arconada et al. 2007) based on the study of specimens from 6 locations mentioned that the new records do not modify the distribution area known for this species although the studied populations showed anatomical variability in relation to the original description by Boeters (1986). Until new data on the taxonomy of the species are available, the 6 subpopulations should be considered as Near Threatened (VU B2biii) because some of these sites are exploited for water sources, others lie close to coast, by roads and thus are vulnerable to pollution and habitat disturbance.#     This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is listed for Portugal and Spain by Fauna Europea. It is localised in the region between Spain and Portugal, on the coast near Vigo.#This species is known from six locations across four provinces of Galicia and from northern Portugal southward to Coimbra.   Feira do Tres,      Province A Coruña (UTM grid square GA98), spring known as O Plumar.  Gondomar (Mill 2 km south), Province Pontevedra (UTM grid square NG25).  Carballeira de San      Xusto, Province Pontevedra (UTM grid square NG29), springs near old      sulphur baths.  Beira Baixa,      Portugal (UTM grid square NE25).  Douro Litoral      (highway from Fafe to Póvoa do Lanhosi entering turn-off 5 km from Serafao      to Vilarielho, about 2 km from Lugar de la Igreja), Portugal (UTM grid square      NF62), spring.  Douro Litoral, Serra      do Marão, Portugal (UTM grid square NF95).

population:
There is no population data for this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and springs, the type locality was close to and old sulphur baths, and in the past this site was used.

threats:
Some of these sites are exploited for water sources, others lie close to coast, by roads and thus are vulnerable to pollution and habitat disturbance.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as 'Near Threatened' for Spain by#Verdú and Galante (2009). It is a recently described species, therefore research is needed relating to its population size and distribution. Some of the sites where this species is present are vulnerable to disturbance from human activities, therefore education is needed to make people aware of the species and the potential impacts of their actions.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. First described by Giusti Bodon (1984) from Sestri Ponente.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range known from groundwaters in Val Chiaravagna.# In Italy, it has been assessed as Near Threatened, as the number of sites within the valley exceed the threshold for Vulnerable D2. There are potential threats from abstraction of groundwater, as well as pollution of the aquifer, and if these threats started to impact the entire groundwater system the species would qualify as Vulnerable B1ab(iii), D2, and possibly Endangered B1ab(iii). As part of the valley lies in a protected area designated for Natura 2000, there are some controls on events that might threaten the species.

range:
Alzoniella sigestra is endemic to Italy, and has a very restricted range to an area west of Genoa, Val Chiaravagna, where it is found in an area of less than 20 km by 10km (CK Map 5.3.8.).# The type locality was springs near Sestri Ponente. Although it is restricted to the valley, there are multiple outflows (springs), where the species has been seen, so it is presumably present throughout the groundwater system.

population:
No data available on population numbers.

habitat:
This species lives in groundwaters in karstic regions. Like most spring-snails, the species feeds using a radula to scrape food from rocks.

threats:
This species is found in groundwater, hence the species is vulnerable to changes in the groundwater through abstraction for domestic purposes and# pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
One of the locations where this species occurs is Monte Gazzo, a Natura 2000 site which is designated as a protected zone (site no IT1331615). Conservation actions required would be continued monitoring of the sites where the species is found to ensure that there are no changes in status.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Manganelli, G. Giusti, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species does not meet the decline criteria for Vulnerable and is now believed to be more widespread than initially recorded. Previously the species was assessed as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, however there have been many more sites recently found in the region since these assessments and so it is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC). It is believed that the majority of population occurs in Slovakia, but present data do not show this and more species specific surveys is needed to confirm this.This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is restricted to Slovakia and Czech Republic,  where it is known from 12 sites in Slovakia  and 18 sites in the Czech Republic.#     As yet there have been no systematic surveys for this species in Slovakia, although there are sites in the Slovak part of the White Carpathians mountains (Biele Karpaty Protected Landscape Area) that may hold the species. Formerly the species was recorded only at 3 sites in the Czech Republic, but recent field investigations confirmed its occurrence at 18 sites situated on the Czech side of the White Carpathians mountains (Beran et al. 2005).

population:
There is no information available on population trends of this species.

habitat:
It is a crenobiotic (dependent on springs) species living in springs, wells, drainage systems and other subterranean waters.

threats:
The species is restricted to cave systems, and as such it is vulnerable to changes in hydrological regimes and water pollution. It is also vulnerable to habitat degradation through human use of the cave systems and water abstraction.

conservationAction:
There are currently no conservation actions taking place.#It is believed that the majority of population occurs in Slovakia, but the present data does not show this and more species specific surveys are needed to confirm this.


taxonomicNotes:
Alzoniella (A.) somiedoensis differs from A. (A.) rolani (Boeters, 1986), known from Galicia and Portugal, by a rough, scaly surface of the protooconch (Rolan et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring Pola de Somiedo, which maybe under pressure of exploitation, and hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species, as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.  The species is also assessed at a regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from Pola de Somiedo, in the district La Malva, near the Espacio Natural de La Malva, in front of the Central Hidráulica de La Malva, Province Asturias (Rolan et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species is known only from a freshwater spring at its type locality in northwestern Asturias. The animals live under fallen leaves on humid surfaces and also on rocks in the same habitat (Rolan et al. 2009).

threats:
The main threats are uncertain, but believed to lie in exploitation of the freshwater spring for off-take of water for domestic supplies and hydroelectric generation, and until other sites are known for the species, the locality is considered at risk.

conservationAction:
There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it maybe a candidate for listing as Critically Endangered.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a restricted range, it is known from 17 locations, all springs, many of which are exploited, and as such is considered to be declining in their quality of habitat.# This species was listed as Extinct by Regnier et al (2009), based on information in another paper, however the sampling may have been undertaken at the wrong time of the year, as Pesic comments that these springs dry out during summer periods, and the species can disappear temporarily. Hence, at present, given the presence at multiple sites the species is still considered to be Least Concern, although close to qualifying as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in#16-17 locations including:Popovo selo, spring in Buljarice near Petrovac town;#spring Bostanj in Pelinovo, near Tivat town;#spring Smokvijenac near Budva; Studenac spring in Braići vill.,;#Golubovići and Dobra Voda springs in Buljarica;#Zabrđe spring in Kovač village near Buljarica;#Spring Brca, on Sutomore-Bar road;#Bunar spring near Stari Bar town;#spring Psar near Virpazar, spring Vrelo between Boljevići and Limljani village;#Dobra Voda spring in Boljevići village;#Mladjenova gumna spring in Brijege village;#Smokvijenac spring in Tomići village;#spring Joševik near Sotonići village.The type locality was #the freshwater springs at Buljarica, near Petrovac, Montenegro. ##

threats:
Antibaria notata#(Frauenfeld, 1865)#is listed by Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) from about 16-17 locations and his assessment is that this species should be assessed as Least Concern. #However Regnier et al. (2009) listed it as Extinct, presumably based on Falniowksi and Szarowska appendix to a paper which lists the following sites at which they failed to find it in 2001.Velje oko, Gluhi Do village,##a locality of#Antibaria notata#(Frauenfeld, 1865); there was a big water intake and no water on the surface.Popovo selo (Vodice) in Buljarica near Petrovac na moru, the type locality of#A. notata;#there was nothing left of the natural spring; there was only tap water taken from the spring, available at the monasteryOther springs along the Adriatic coast#Radoman#(1983) cites as localities of#A. notata.#Falniowksi and Swaroski#found that#the whole area close to the seaside was changed to a holiday and health resort built with numerous hotels, etc. and they did not find any of the localities listed below.Bostanj by Pelinovo,#Smokovijenac near Sveti Stefan,#Golubovici and Dobra voda at Buljarica,#Studenac at Braići above the Budva town;#at the this site there was a huge water intake;#Spring Smokovijenac at Tomići, the drainage area of Skutari lake, a locality of#A.notata; the very small village seemed to be almost not inhabited, there being a few old, empty houses; the spring was overgrown with dense bushes,#only a thin trickle of its water was accessible, there being no hydrobiids#besides#Litthabitella chilodia(Westerlund, 1886)#and#O. montana.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. Although this species was listed as Extinct by Regnier et al (2009) based on a paper by Szarowska (2006), further discussions with local scientists in Montenegro and Hungary who have sampled these sites suggests that it is still present at more than 10 of the sites reported by Radoman (1983), and that sampling needs to be undertaken at the right season as these springs can dry out during summer periods (Seddon pers. comm. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
As all water sources in the Mediterranean region are becoming pressured  by increased droughts during the summer, the habitat should be  monitored to identify future changes that may impact this and other  allied species. Although this species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List, Arganiella pescei is considered Least Concern at present, as the level of threats and the range do not meet the thresholds for an Endangered category, however the rates of decline need to be reviewed on a regular basis.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the appeninic regions of Marche, Abruzzo and Lazio, where it is widely but locally distributed. It is recorded from 22 locations.

habitat:
This species inhabits ground waters in rocks and is widely recorded in outflows in springs, lakes and cave detritus.

threats:
Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F., Bodon, M. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Boetersiella wolfi #is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from the province of Andalucia from a church spring#at La Peña de Arias Montano south-east of Jabugo and west of Aracena. It is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are exploited for water. It could qualify for Endangered if the rate of decline in habitat quality accelerates within the range. However as it is considered Vulnerable at Provincial level, and this assessment is used as guidance for Global listing, this species is considered at the global level as: Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from the province of Andalucia. The records from Huelva extend the range of the genus Boetersiella in the province. The species was found in the mountain range of Sierra de Aracena, at La Peña de Arias Montano south-east of Jabugo and west of Aracena, at the church in the spring basin (Glöer and Boeters 2007). It is known from 2 other localities in Huelva (Acequia en Fuenteheridos y Ermita Virgen de los Angeles (Pena de Arias Montano, Alajar)). #It is also recorded from two springs (Fuente Abariego y La Regina) in Valle de Santa Ana in Badajoz in Provincia Extremadura. #Field surveys in the area have failed to find additional spring sites.

population:
A recently described species known only from the type locality, so the population trend is currently unknown.

habitat:
This species has been found only in five freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.

threats:
The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. #The threats include overabstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points by concreting sites and removing vegetation.

conservationAction:
There are# no conservation actions in place for this species, although appropriate site management and education of site users could prevent habitat degradation. In addition habitat monitoring and population size and distribution research is recommended.#Boetersiella wolfi##is considered Vulnerable (VU) at Provincial level, but it is not listed at National level (Verdú and Galante 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a small restricted geographical range although it is known from more than 10 locations.# However it is close to meeting the vulnerable limit of 10 locations, and given that many of these localities are under pressure from water extraction and from increasing frequency of summer droughts.# Hence the species is considered as Near Threatened using a precautionary attitude as any changes to a few of the springs would ensure that it moved into Vulnerable (B1a2b(iii)) due to habitat decline resulting from human pressure on both subterrannean aquifers and springs.EU27:# NTEurope:# NTMediterranean:# NT.

range:
Avenionia berenguieri is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the departments of Ardèche, Drôme, Vaucluse and Gard (southern France).# It has been recorded from more than 10 locations.

habitat:
This species lives in springs and subterranean habitat.

threats:
Springs and aquifers linked to the Rhône river suffer from human pressure, i.e. urbanization and water management. Consequently these sites can be overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in France.


taxonomicNotes:
In need of taxonomic clarification (cf. Avenionia roberti from Belgium and Germany).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is in need of taxonomic revision, and as such, the distributional data and the population data is uncertain, and as such the species has to be listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to France, but the current issues with taxonomic limits for this species mean that little data is available for mapping or description.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Avenionia bourguignati is protected by law in France, however, this species does require research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon is considered as a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Avenionia brevis is considered widespread in eastern France, and although habitats are locally threatened, it is not thought to be threatened with extinction in the near future (Prie pers. comm. 2009).

range:
Avenionia brevis is widespread in eastern France (Ain, Doub, Jura, Rhône, Côte d'Or Departments) (Prie, 2009, pers. comm).

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs and probably in subterranean habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread within a small region of Italy, where it is found in groundwaters, and although vulnerable to threats such as overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural uses from the aquifer as well as pollution of the aquifer, the range of population size suggests that it should be considered Least Concern. #As all water sources in the Mediterranean region are becoming pressured by increased droughts during the summer, the habitats should be monitored to identify future changes that may impact of this and other allied species.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the Appenine regions of Liguria,Tuscany and Piedmont. It is widespread through suitable habitats in the region.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This subterranean freshwater species is extremely localized in its range, occurring in a small area of Liguria, where it is present on the coastal valleys around Genoa.# It is known from various outflow points (approximately 15 locations), but some of these may well be linked.# Given the small restricted range and the vulnerability of these habitats to exploitation and pollution, the species is considered Near Threatened B2b(iii) , as any change in one of these valleys may lead to the loss of sites.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the Appennines montane region of western Liguria.# It is recorded from 6 10km squares in the region, and known from about 15 sites within the region.# Many of the sites are small outflow points from the subterranean waters where the species is found.

population:
There is no data available on# the population status, although it has been sampled on a regular basis over the last 10 years, but it is described as not abundant (less than 2% of all shells recovered from some sites) (See data from region).

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean water, and is found in approximately 15 small springs which outflow from the groundwaters within these valleys, between 10m above sea level and 500 m above sea level.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).


taxonomicNotes:
This group of underground freshwater snails are undergoing taxonomic review, and the range limits may change, which would impact the conservation assessment of the species. Avenionia bourguignati may be conspecific, extending the range to France (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively small range (extent of occurrence = 1,500 km2) and at present is known from few locations (12), although this may be due to the difficulties in sampling underground habitats.# It is listed in the Netherlands as Near Threatened (NT), and could be considered Near Threatened (NT) over the rest of the range, as the groundwater species are vulnerable to pollution and over-abstraction. If the range is shown to be more extensive, then the species should be reassessed and will probably fall into the Least Concern (LC) category. This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) and Glöer (2002), the species is found in Belgium, Germany and the The Netherlands. Martin et al. (2009) examined the biodiversity of underground habitats of Belgium, and noted that this species has a range covering south-east Belgium (Basin of the Meuse River), south-west Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz), south-east of The Netherlands (South Limburg) and possibly extending into Luxembourg. There are taxonomic reviews underway at present which may change the range of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits groundwaters in karst areas.

threats:
Although there is no direct information that this species is being impacted, the subterranean habitats where it lives are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
No efforts are currently in place for this species, although the species is listed as Category 2 on the Red List for the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003). Research efforts are required on the taxonomy, population trends, habitat quality and an educational awareness campaign for understanding underground biodiversity and threats to it (de Winter 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Belgrandia alcoaensis was considered as a subspecies by Haase (2000: 185) based on an examination of one shell (a paratype). Rolan and Oliveira (2009) have examined many specimens and consider it very different from the other Portuguese species due to the almost flat whorls, especially the last one, the prominent spiral cord and lack of any axial thickening.#

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from only the type locality, a freshwater spring near Chiqueda de Cima at the head of the Rio Alcoa, which is currently under pressure of increasing exploitation for domestic water supplies. Hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii).#   The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))

range:
The species is endemic to central Portugal, where it is only known from the springs at the head of Alcoa River down to the village of Chiqueda de Cima, 2 km east of Alcobaca; these springs lie on the western slope of Maciço Calcário Estremenho, Province Estremadura, Portugal (Rolan and Oliveira 2009). Although Boettger (1963) described the taxon as a subspecies of B. heussi, which is present in the Alcoa River, which has its springs in the western slope of Maciço Calcário Estremenho, and after joining the Baça River, has its mouth about 35 km south of the Lis River, in the centre of Portugal. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) confirm it is restricted to the headwaters.#

population:
The trend is declining. Although this is a recently described species, it was more abundant in past surveys compared to recent surveys (February 2008) when very few specimens were located.

habitat:
This species is known only from a freshwater springs adjacent to the head of the Rio Alcoa, where it is found under stones (limestone) lying on a coarse sandy bottom of the river bed always on surfaces devoid of vegetation.

threats:
Recently, the risk was increased by human intervention on the bed of the Alcoa River, from near its spring down the stream 2 km to the centre of the village of Chiqueda de Cima. In the course of the last sampling in the site (February 2008), very few specimens were located.#

conservationAction:
There is no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as the levels of exploitation may have already lead to a decline in abundance of the species.#


taxonomicNotes:
This group is undergoing revision, however there is no recent data on the distribution of this species, so it has not been included in the review yet.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has not been observed since the 19th century. Distribution data is lacking and there is a clear need for a specific survey. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient in taxonomy and provenance.

range:
The species is endemic to the Pyrenees, France. More research is needed on the geographical distribution, as the species has not been recorded since the 19th century.

population:
There is no data on the population size or trend.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy and the distribution, as the species has not been recorded since the 19th century.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia bonelliana is a small spring-snail which lives in thermal springs and pools in a region of the Appeninnes in Italy.# It is known from 1 location, with three closely localized outflows, and, as such, is considered threatened with extinction. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in disturbance of the outflow points to improve them for the off-take of thermal water (habitat degradation). This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1 ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the Appeninne region of southern Tuscany at Sarteano (525m ASL) , with three closely localised outflows from the same thermal spring.

population:
The population trend for this species is unknown. However, since the species is restricted to a small area, population numbers are presumably relatively low.   Collecting records show that the species was still extant in 1998 (Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species lives in thermal spring waters and feeds using scrapers.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).   #The other main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (domestic sources), and in disturbance of the outflow points to improve them for the off-take of thermal water.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Italian Red List. Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species to determine future trends in populations and EIA and surveys for proposed tourist developments at the sites where the species is found.

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Bodon, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Listed by Boeters (1988) under the name Belgrandia cf. marginata.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia boscae was not reviewed in the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009). The current population and distribution data for this species were reviewed by Rolan and Oliveira (2009), and the species is known from 6–10 scattered locations across four provinces, and may be less threatened than other taxa, however given the general threats towards freshwater springs in the region it is listed as Near Threatened, until more data on the threats and distribution have been established.The species is assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near ThreatenedMediterranean regional assessment:#Near Threatened

range:
Belgrandia boscae#is endemic to eastern Spain, where it is restricted to scattered localities in Provinces of Tarragona, Castelleon, Valencia and Cuenca (Rolan and Oliveira 2009). The region extends for approximately 200 km by 50 km, and as such the extent of occurrence (EOO) was estimated as 10,000 km². It is known from six locations in the region, three closely adjacent.The type locality was Gandia (Valencia, Spain), with additional localities in Navajas (Castelleon), Fuente de Nogales (Castelleon), Castelinova  (Castelleon), Segrobe  (Castelleon), and Fuente de la Torre de la Carroba (Tarragona).

population:
There are no population data for this species.

habitat:
Under leaves and stones in rivers and freshwater springs of very clean water (Rolan and Oliviera 2009).

threats:
The threats for this species are unknown, although as some of the sites are freshwater springs, these are under general threat of 'improvement', such as concreting the surroundings, to improve water takeoff for domestic use, and these maybe threats to the species in this region.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, but research relating to its population, distribution and threats is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Taxonomically confused (Falkner et al. 2002). Impossible to map, as the records cannot be confirmed as this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be confused, hence the distribution data is lacking and there is a clear need for a taxonomic review. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient in taxonomy and provenance.

range:
This species was listed for France in Fauna Europea, but is#taxonomically confused (Falkner#et al.#2002). Hence it is impossible to map, as the records cannot be confirmed as this species.

conservationAction:
This species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered by Boeters (pers. comm. in Falkner et al. 2002) as a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia conoidea is known only from two locations, near Montauban# in France and so occurs in a very restricted area. These springs are victim of high human pressure (urbanisation, lowering of the groundwater table through over-abstraction, water-pollution) reducing the quality of habitat. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
Belgrandia conoidea# is endemic to France and is recorded from Ardus-sur-Aveyron and from flood-line debris from the River Tarn, near Montauban, in the department of Tarn.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown, but subterranean waters are sensible to water abstraction and pollution. Springs in the southern part of France are currently threatened by high pressure on the water resource, leading to temporary flowing springs, or capture of the springs, leading to the destruction of the habitat by concrete.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research on the distribution and population range is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is taxonomically complicated, due to an imbroglio concerning the type locality and various nominate species (Falkner et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is taxonomically complicated, due to confusion concerning the type locality and various nominate species (Falkner et al. 2002). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to France (near Avignon).

threats:
Springs in the southern part of France are currently threatened by high pressure on the water resource, leading to temporary flowing springs, or capture of the springs, leading to the destruction of the habitat by concrete.# If the distribution and taxonomy of the species were to be resolved, given the water supply problems in the region, the species is likely to be threatened through over-abstraction.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions is in place for this species. More research is needed at the taxonomic level, as well as on the population and distribution range.


taxonomicNotes:
The name of this species has been changed from Belgrandiella to Belgrandia by Boeters (2009).# The old name was Belgrandia dunalina, and it was assessed as Near Threatened. However, it was forming a different species concept (with a much wider distribution) - but there  are still doubts on the taxonomy for this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Boeters (2009) gives a new genus attribution and new data on the distribution of the species. As it is hardly distinguished from B. saxatilis, the actual distribution is unclear. It is therefore difficult to give an assessment. If it is truly a valid species, its status should be Vulnerable (VU) D2 considering the threats on the spring habitats in southern France and the relatively restricted distribution. However, for the time being, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is restricted to a few localities in the Herault valley, in France.

threats:
This species is sensitive to water pollution and groundwater absorption (it needs permanent springs).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy and on the distribution and population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from only the type locality. Threats are impacting springs in this region, but at the moment, this particular site is not significantly altered. Consequently this species is listed as Vulnerable D2.# Although this species is only known from a the unique locality, a#Critically Endangered assessment cannot be supported until the level of threat to the species increases.# However should this data become available then the species should be reassessed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) using the precautionary principle.

range:
Belgrandia gfrast is an endemic species from France, where it is only known from the type locality, Saint-Louis in the Department of Jura.

threats:
This species is known from a single spring site in an area where there is considerable pressure on water resources for domestic supplies with numerous springs captured, but at the moment, this particular site is not significantly altered.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures. More research on population is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widely distributed within the region#west of the Rhône valley. However, V Prie (pers. comm., 2009) estimated that about 60% of the springs in the subregion are not perennial anymore, mainly due to groundwater loss as overabstraction continues. As a consequence of the habitat loss during the summer, the species is considered to be potentially threatened, and listed as Near Threatened B1b(iii).

range:
Belgrandia gibba is endemic to France, where it is found west of the Rhône valley, however the geographical data is currently incomplete#(V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009).

threats:
Springs are affected by human activities: groundwater over abstraction,#groundwater#pollution and urbanisation. Consequently the major threats lie in springs drying out during the year due to over exploitation. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is considered as a good species by Haase (2000). It is in need of molecular taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia gibberula is only known from two sites and there is a possibility of future threats from pollution caused by different activities close to the springs as well as from water capturing.#If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Belgrandia gibberula is endemic to France, where it is known from 2 localities in the Hérault valley (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species but monitoring of habitat and population trends would be of benefit.


taxonomicNotes:
Belgrandia heussi was listed by de Matos (2004), as having two subspecies in Portugal: Belgrandia heussi heussi#Boettger, 1963 and Belgrandia heussi alcoaensis Boettger, 1963. Haase (2000) suggests that further material and taxonomic research may support the separation of#Belgrandia alcoaensis#Boettger, 1963. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) now have separated these two taxa into different species and noted that there is variability within the material currently attributed to Belgrandia heussi, however there were insufficient differences in shells or anatomy to support further separation of these populations.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia heussi was recently reviewed by Rolan and Oliveira (2009), who found that the species is known from 6 scattered locations across two provinces in central Portugal, and may be more widely distributed than other closely related taxa, however given the general threats towards freshwater springs in the region and the small number of known sites it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, on a precautionary basis until more data on the threats and distribution have been established.This species is assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment: #Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT)

range:
Belgrandia heussi#is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Portugal, where it was described from the River Lis (de Mato 2004). It is mainly found in central Portugal, unlike B. lusitanica, a species from the northern and central rivers of Portugal. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) noted that the species was present in other sites in Portugal, Spring of the Ancos River (NE3625); Springs of Abiul (NE3914), Spring of the Lis River, Spring of Alcobertas (ND0864), Springs of Alviela River (ND2466) and at Olha de Mira, in a depression (ND2376).

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs at the head of rivers where it is under stones lying on coarse sandy bottoms, on surfaces devoid of vegetation, in shady areas of running water (Rolan and Oliviera 2009).

threats:
There is no current data on threats on the River Liz and Alcoa (Leiria District).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation actions known for this species. More research is needed relating to taxonomy, population trends and threats towards this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was originally described as Belgrandiella (Lithabitella) chilodia ionica Schütt 1980 and it was tentatively attributed to Belgrandia by Bodon et al. (1999). As it is mentioned by the above authors the taxonomic status of B. ionica (Schütt, 1980) remains uncertain due to the absence of anatomical data. (Haase 2000)

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia ionica is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is little knowledge on the detailed distribution of the species and there is some doubt as to the taxonomic status of the species.# There are some records from Greece and Albania. #One site is potentially threatened by tourist developments. However given the taxonomic issues, it may be conspecific with a more widespread species and as such is in need of data on range and trends on changing habitats. #It is possible that more data on range would show the species to be Least Concern, although some sub-populations are threatened.EU27: #Data Deficient (DD)Europe: #Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: #Data Deficient (DD)This species is considered at the Global level as: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Belgrandia ionica is known from Greece, where it was described from the#brook near the bridge on the Messongi River (Isle of Corfu, Greece). Feher  Eross (2009)#provide records suggesting it is now found in Albania, from#Periferi Delvinė, Syri i Kaltėr, 7 km west of Muzinė, 155 m a.s.l., [UTM Grid#DK31].

population:
No data is available on population status.

threats:
There is little data on the status of B. ionica on Corfu, however the area around Messongi has high tourist pressure all year round and the Messongi river is a destination used by tourists, so there maybe potential threats from habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for the species in Greece or Albania. Research is needed relating to the taxonomy and distribution of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia latina is a small spring-snail which lives in freshwater lakes and the tributary streams and outflows in a region of the Appeninnes in Italy.# It is known from 4 locations. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (domestic sources), and in disturbance of the lakes for recreational use (habitat degradation). It is therefore considered as Vulnerable D2, as, despite the existing threats, the habitat quality doesn't seem to be significantly affected (Margaritora et al. 2003). However, if the habitat quality was to decline further, it would qualify for Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
Belgrandia latina is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the Bolsena and Bracciano lakes, within the Appeninnes region of Lazio (Altitude 165-500m ASL).

population:
Population trends are unknown. However, the species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. Collecting records show that the species was extant in 2003 (S. Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2010)

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater lakes, the tributary streams and outflows (Acque lentiche: laghi; acque lotiche: potamal).

threats:
The species is considered to be vulnerable to extinction, as it has a restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Given the habitats are freshwater lakes, the species could be affected by changes in the water quality by eutrophication and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000) and in disturbance of the lakes for recreational use leading to habitat degradation. It is also found in rivers, which may be subject to anthropogenic river bank damage and/or canalization (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population range and trends. No specific conservation measures are known for this species, and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. This species is   listed as Data Deficient in the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al. 2000). Further research needed on population and habitat trends.

redListAssessors:
Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Nobre (1930) considered this species to be conspecific with Belgrandia gibba Morelet (1845), but not#B. gibba Draparnaud (1805)#from France in Fauna Europea.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from: two springs in close proximity with the estate grounds#of#Quinta de Lagrimas#near Coimbra. The species is still present at#Fonte das Lagrimas, given recent surveys, but the status at the other Fonte is uncertain. The grounds have been undergoing restoration, and water is taken from these springs to supply the gardens. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) considered the species to be Endangered, and the small area of occupancy, number of sites and potential over-abstraction of water from the springs suggests that the assessment should be#Endangered B2ab(iii).This species is assessed at regional level as:EU27: #Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe:#Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from: Fonte das Lagrimas, Coimbra and Fonte dos Amores, both in the grounds of#Quinta de Lagrimas#near Coimbra (Nobre 1930).Rolan and Oliviera (2009) reviewed the data for this species and noted that the species is still present at#Fonte das Lagrimas, in the grounds of the Quinta de Lagrimas, province Beira Litoral, Portugal#[grid reference NE4849]. They suggested that it was now only present at a single location, although the grounds were recently restored (2004) and the Fonte dos Amores is still present, the estate is now a hotel, so the second spring has not been recently confirmed. Nobre (1930) listed the species for the Rio de Alcabideque, Condeixa, however this record requires confirmation in view of the recent changes with additional new species descriptions.

population:
No data on population trends, although many specimens were taken in surveys in 1998 and 2008.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs in ornamental gardens, under plants and stones.

threats:
Both the known sites are springs within in a hotel garden, with active extraction for watering the gardens; one site is now largely artificial with stone walls and troughs, so habitat disruption due to water abstraction is the most severe threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed relating to its population size and distribution, and to potential threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia#marginata was originally considered to have a wider distribution in France and Spain. In#France, despite its wide distribution, V. Prie (pers. comm. 2010) considered that this species should be listed as Near Threatened (NT) in France due to threats from encroaching urbanisation leading to human pressure on water supply and decline of water quality. In Spain the populations in Valencia have now been segregated as a distinct species and this taxon is now listed as Near Threatened. A listing of Data Deficient (DD) is proposed for the French populations of this species, noting that if Belgrandia#marginata is restricted to the areas east of the Rhone an assessment of Near Threatened (NT) may be merited.

range:
The Spanish populations of this species have recently been separated and are now regarded as a distinct species Belgrandia boscae. Hence the distribution of Belgrandia marginata may now be endemic to France. In France it is known from the region east of the Rhône river, however there is a lack of precise data concerning the distribution, but it is probably widespread (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
V. Prie (pers. comm. 2010) considers that this species requires monitoring, as it is close to the limits for Near Threatened due to the rate of habitat decline. Further data is required to establish the status of these populations in France, to understand whether it is restricted to the region east of the Rhone, or whether it extends to the Pyrenees.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread but local in central and southern Italy and as such in considered to be least concern, although some populations may be threatened by local exploitation of water sources.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appeninic regions of Basilicata, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo, where it is recorded from at least 24 locations, some of which are 'captured' for drinking water.

threats:
This species inhabits spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).

useAndTrade:
This is species is not known to be traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found to be widespread but localised to 9 locations in 10 different 10km squares over this region and was considered by Manganelli et al. (2000) (in CK Map 5.3.8) to be Data deficient.# As some populations may be threatened by local exploitation of  water sources, it is a candidate for Near Threatened under the present information, but there is new information which will be uploaded in 2011, and as such it is listed as Data deficient pending new data on the distribution.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appeninic regions of Marche, Umbria, Molise and Campania, where it is known from 9 widely scattered locations.

habitat:
This species occurs in springs and groundwaters. It feeds using raspers.

threats:
Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
#No specific conservation measures are known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. B. minuscula was listed as Data Deficient for Italy. This species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered as a valid species by Haase (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2010)

redListCategoryRationale:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for  stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted  over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The  pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of  the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to  the species. Given that the single location for this species is a spring  near Montpellier, a rapidly expanding town in southern France, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of maximum 4 km², the  species is highly vulnerable to urbanization and water resource  over-exploitation. The species could already be extinct and is therefore classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), Possibly Extinct. Surveys to determine whether this species is extant are needed.

range:
Belgrandia moitessieri is considered to be endemic to France and was found in "la source du Martinet", a single freshwater spring around Montpellier (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is no population data available for this species, but it is believed to be declining.

habitat:
This species lives in a freshwater spring, which is declining in quality as a result of water pollution and drying out. The spring is likely to be no longer perennial.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species. Given that the single location for this species is a spring near Montpellier, a rapidly expanding town in southern France, the species is highly vulnerable to urbanization and water resource overexploitation.

conservationAction:
This species requires species-specific survey work by appropriate specialists, doing surveys at the right season, to determine if the type locality still exists and if the species is still extant.


taxonomicNotes:
Synonym: Belgrandia gibba Draparnaud, 1805 [partim]. in Nobre (1930: 206). The species Belgrandia gibba refers to both Belgrandia silviae and Belgrandia lusitanica; see Rolan and Oliviera (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring Alcabideque, which is under pressure of exploitation, and hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species, as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) D2

range:
This species is known from a single site in central Portugal, where it is found in the spring of Alcabideque (NE4539), near a small village 3 km east of Condeixa-a- Nova, 10 km to the south of Coimbra (and of Quinta das Lágrimas, type locality of B. lusitanica), province of Beira Litoral, Portugal. This spring is historically related to the old Roman town of Conímbriga, about 2 km to the west; the Romans built an aqueduct in order to carry the water into town. Later the Suevan people destroyed it. Presently, the water of this spring is carried to Ribeira de Bruscos and down the stream to the Ega River, a tributary of the Mondego River on its left margin.

habitat:
This species is known only from a freshwater spring at its type locality in Beira Litoral, Portugal.

threats:
The main threats are uncertain, but the source has been exploited for over 2000 years, however modern trends to concrete and cap freshwater springs are leading to habitat degradation, hence until other sites are known for the species, the locality is considered at risk.

conservationAction:
There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia targoniana##is listed as being endemic to Italy by  Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006), however it is not listed on the checklist of the fauna of  Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000), and so there is no detailed information  on the distribution of the species.# As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further data on distribution, population trends, threats and any taxonomic issues.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Commission

range:
Belgrandia targoniana##is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europea, however it is not listed on the checklist of the fauna of Italy (Manganelli et al. 2001), and so there is no detailed information on the distribution of the species.

population:
There are no recent records, so the population trends are uncertain.

habitat:
There are no recent records, so the habitats are uncertain.

threats:
There are no recent records, so the threats are uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for the species.# As such further data is required on distribution, population trends, threats and any taxonomic issues.

useAndTrade:
There are no recent records, but it is not believed to be traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia thermalis is widespread in Italy, in both North-east, South and central regions, and as such, although maybe locally threatened due to the use of the thermal springs, the species is considered to be Least Concern at national level.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the appeninic regions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Tuscany, Lazio and Puglia where it is widespread, but locally distributed.

habitat:
This species is restricted to thermal spring waters and slow-flowing water.

threats:
Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandia torifera#is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii);D2), based on its known occurrence in four locations, and threats from water management schemes in Bosnia and Herzegovina capturing the incoming water supply, as well as declining quality of habitat. Although this listing differs from the published listing as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna (currently in press), this is due to updating of the information used for assessment.

range:
This species is only known from Croatia, where it is found from at least four locations. Schütt (2000) reported that originally, it was only known from the type locality at Stinjevac, near Vrgorac in Dalmatia. Later, Schütt collected the species from material washed out of the Ombla Cave system, as well as Metkovic, on the lakes of Bacine and Glusci.

population:
At Ombla spring it was very common, to the point where it is the most abundant species within sediment samples.

habitat:
This species has been collected from freshwater springs emerging from cave systems.

threats:
Low levels of decline in this species have been observed in the habitats. In the 1970s dam construction in Popovo polje (Herzegovina), impacted the water levels which supply the springs from Metkovic to Dubrovnik. In recent years, the area around Metkovic is now a highly productive agricultural region where pesticides are used.# In addition there is little sewage management and so these waters pollute the groundwater. A further future threat to the systems is the threat of three dams being constructed upstream of Metkovic, which will have a major impact taking water from the system, as well as increasing the rate of inflow from sea, causing increased salinity, which could lead to species mortality.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna (currently in press). This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). Some of these sites are planned as part of the Natura 2000 network, but this is not yet implemented.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia.


taxonomicNotes:
Described in 1854, identified by Paladilhe in 1870, but never found again since. This species has not been studied properly since then and its taxonomic status remains doubtful. Could be in fact Belgrandia marginata.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described from the surroundings of Nice, an area which has been highly impacted by urbanization (especially the construction of the airport). According to Falkner et al. (2002), in his publication in 1910 Caziot reported searching for the species in all the localities cited in the literature, but did not find it. Falkner et al. (2002) therefore considered this species Extinct, but it was not listed as Extinct by Regnier et al. (2009). Although many malacologists have surveyed this area since 1910, no one has recorded this species, however it is considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) because it is possible that spring snails could be present in a small spring that has been overlooked.

range:
Belgrandia varica is restricted to the springs around the Var river delta (near Nice and Cannes, south-eastern France). It is known only from four sites, in one location (Var River).

threats:
The natural habitats in the  delta of the Var River have been changed by human activities, such as construction of the airport, increased urbanisation and the consequent habitat degradation resulting from pollution, etc., and, as such, most of the sites where Belgrandia varica occurred have changed.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, however surveys are required to establish the absence and possible extinction of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Haase (2000) the taxon is under review by Cianfanelli et al. (in prep), but as yet the status of the species has not been confirmed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al.  2006). According to Haase (2000) it is known from Ponte di Castelluccio, Latium, Italy, however  was not considered as a species on the national checklist for  Italy (Stoch 2003). Further taxonomic research is needed to assess this species. According to Haase (2000) the taxon is under review by Cianfanelli et al. (in prep), but as yet the status of the species has not been confirmed. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Belgrandia zilchi is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006). It is known from Ponte di Castelluccio, Latium, Italy, however was not considered as treated as a species on the national checklist for Italy (Stoch 2003).

population:
The population trends are unknown for this species.

habitat:
Freshwater springs are the presumed habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species and it is not listed on the Italian Red List of threatened animals. Firstly, further research is needed on the taxonomic status, which was in progress according to Haase (2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella angelovi is only known  from the type locality: a spring on Shipka pass in Stara Planina Mts. However, there are two or three small springs on this pass near a small village. Several of the springs are modified by concreting for catchment of water and the threats are disturbance to these sites from tourism and development.This species has been assessed as Vulnerable D2, as there may be other springs in the area that contain the species and there are little recent data on the distribution of this species or on its population size. A Critically Endangered assessment cannot be supported until more data are available on level of threats to the species. However should this data become available then the species could be reassessed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) using the precautionary principle.

range:
Belgrandiella angelovi is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known only from the type locality: a spring in Stara Planina Mts on the Shipka pass, although the exact position of the type locality is not known. However, there are two or three small springs on this pass near a small village and several of the springs have been modified by concreting to allow the offtake of water for the villages. It is possible that this species may have a wider distribution as many of the local springs have not been surveyed.

population:
When originally collecting in the 1960s, Pinter found this species to be abundant. However there are no recent data on the status of this species.

habitat:
It is considered a freshwater, cold spring species.

threats:
This area at the top of the pass has several small springs, which are vulnerable to change, from water use for the village, and by visitors and tourism development. There is a possible risk in the future of fluctuations in populations as the result of changes in water level. The species possibly occurs in other areas in the regions that are hardly accessible, which are less threatened by human impacts.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place specific to the species. Surveys are needed to determine range and population levels, and the threats to other sites if located.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella aulaei is endemic to Austria. Currently this#species is only known from two sites, however, these sites are widely spaced suggesting that it may live in other springs in the area (M. Haase pers. comm. 2009). Although this species is abundant at both sites, it is threatened by pollution at one site from agricultural sources. The other known location for this species is within a protected area.  The narrow range of this species and the fact it is not protected mean this species qualifies to be classified as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii). #If other sites are found for the species, then the status will need to be reviewed.

range:
Belgrandiella aulaei is endemic to the northern limestone Alps of Austria. Specifically it is known from the Steyr and Krumme valleys, between 365-405 metres above sea level. It is currently only known from two springs, Rinnende Mauer and the right spring of the Wunderlucke, a pond on the left bank of the River Steyrling, at Rabach, about 10 km north of Kalkalpen National Park, Ober Österreich (Haase, Weigand and Haseke 2000).

population:
This species is abundant at the two sites it is found, however the overall population trend is not known.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and pools.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, invasive non-native species and the abstraction of water, resulting in the subsequent lowering of groundwater levels. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers, as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species. About 20 % of the local water supply comes from springs and a further 30% from wells and in#the northern part of the valley there are some problems with nitrates in drinking water (Amt der Oö.Landesregierung 2007, Local information).#

conservationAction:
This species occurs in the Kalkalpen National Park protected area, which is also recognised as an Important Bird Area and a Natura 2000 site. Currently this species is considered one of several species of spring-snail occurring in the park that require conservation action. It is found on the#Austrian Red List, where it is deemed to be 'Critically#Endangered' (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).#It is suggested that the monitoring of habitats and populations is conducted, along with surveying for further populations. This species is not currently protected by law in Austria.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Originally, this species was found to be living with another spring snail Graziana lacheineri (Gloer 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella austriana has been assessed as Critically Endangered. This species is known from a single site that is threatened by pollution and water extraction. There has been a population decline and it is now considered to be 'rare'. This species is also listed in the#Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Belgrandiella austriana is endemic to southeastern Austria, where it is recorded from Andrtiz-Ursprung, north of Graz. This species is only known from the type locality and believed to be restricted to this site.

population:
The population of this species exists at very low densities compared to the other spring-snails at the same site (one specimen of Belgrandiella austriana to 1,000 of the other spring snail) (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species only exists in one freshwater spring.

threats:
This species is only known from a single site, where it lives in low abundance compared to the other species found at the site. The spring is not in a protected area; it lies on private land and is therefore vulnerable to disturbance and to pollution from agricultural practices. It is also threatened by introduced species and the lowering of groundwater levels.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected by law and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as the species has a very restricted distribution, in a single small stream of about 200 m, where there is ongoing habitat degradation, due to agricultural pollution.

range:
Belgrandiella bachkovoensis is known from only one type locality: a stream in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria (Spring near Bedechka River, park “Krairechen”, town of Stara Zagora). The length of this stream is approximately 200 m. It is possible that this species occurs in other similar locations.

population:
No information on the population status or trend of this species is currently available.

habitat:
This species lives in a small stream that is 40-50 cm in width, 5-10 cm in depth and passes through granite rocks situated beneath a large limestone area. The site is surrounded by grass vegetation and has single Populus sp., Salix sp. and Juglans regia trees. Water temperature of the stream was 6.4° C (measured 15/03/2009), and oxygen -9.2mg/1. This species co-exists with Galba trunculata.

threats:
Pollution arising from a nearby farm has been shown to be negatively impacting the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring should be implemented to assess changes in habitat status they may impact the species. Pollution management could be implemented.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella boetersi has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)).#This species population may have been affected by the habitat alteration at the only known site. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Extinct (EX). At least five surveys by appropriate experts over the last 30 years have failed to find living specimens of the species and hence it is considered to be Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).It is not currently protected by law and it is suggested that monitoring of the site where the species was originally found should be resurveyed on a regular basis to establish the current population status as Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, Tiefsteinschlucht at Tiefsteinschlucht at Schleedorf

population:
The population trend of this species is not known and it is thought to be possibly extinct.                 Three surveys by Reischutz and Reischutz in 1968, 1973 and 2004 have failed to find this species and other surveys by Seidl, Boeters, Falkner over the last 30 years have also not located specimens, hence it is considered to be extinct.

habitat:
This freshwater species occurs in springs.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by the abstraction of groundwater for drinking purposes and habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as#Extinct (EX) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella bulgarica is confirmed only on the type locality, where there is a potential for habitat degradation resulting from exploitation of the cave. The main threats are in the future, and include disturbance to these sites from tourism and development. If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2. This category has been applied based on the presence of this species is one single site and on the possible threats of future pollution caused by different activities as well as from water capturing.

range:
According to Bank (2006) this species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. In Bulgaria this species is found in spring near a sink-hole, close to Polaten village, western Stara Planina Mountains (Georgiev in litt. 2009).# The total area of the distribution is uncertain, and hence has been estimated as less than 100km. The records from Greece are questionable, as no data is given.

population:
The population of this species is not known.

habitat:
This species occurs in a freshwater cold spring in a cave. The habitat quality may be in doubt due to exploitation of the cave.

threats:
In the future, the pollution caused by the visitors may affect the cave ecosystem to a limited extent# (depending on the accessibility to public).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for this species.# Monitoring of habitat trends to be recommended to identify future changes in habitat quality which may impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no recent information on distribution, population trends and threats, and hence this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information is available.

range:
Fauna Europaea list this species for 'former Yugoslavia' but the precise locality data needs review (Bank et al. 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a single site and there is a possibility of future threats from pollution caused by different activities close to the cave as well as from water capturing.#If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2. This category has been applied based on the presence of this species is one single site and on the possible threats of future pollution caused by different activities as well as from water capturing.

range:
Belgrandiella bureschi is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in the Karst spring at the village of Bankya, Tran district (close to the Serbian border). The total area of the site is unknown.

habitat:
Only known from a single cave where it occurs in thermal karstic spring, 19.6° C in Bulgaria, near the village of Bankya (Tran district) not far from the Serbian border. It should be noted that there are 2 villages in Bulgaria with the same name (Bankya).

threats:
The spring is vulnerable to future threats including different types of pollution as well as possible water capturing for use for domestic supplies.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place, although habitat monitoring is recommended to pick up future changes and any acceleration in rate of habitat change due to water abstraction.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella croatica may be considered threatened, as it is known from less than 5 localities, within a small area, where there are risks of habitat degradation as a consequence of water pollution (agricultural sources and domestic sources, and as such probably meets the criteria for Vulnerable D2.# Further research on the status of the populations and the habitats are suggested to verify this listing, which is made on a precautionary basis.EU27:# Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe: Vulnerable (Vu D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (Vu D2)

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia and Croatia where it is restricted to a few springs in the river basin of Kolpa/Kupa in southeastern part of the country on both sides of the Croatia-Slovenian border. Radoman (1985) first described the species from the village of Lešnica (SW of Delnice along the road of Karlovac-Rijeka at Ogulin).

population:
Population status of this species is unknown.

threats:
This species is considered to be under pressure in Slovenia, as the water source could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agriculture source and domestic sources (R. Slapnik, pers. comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
Belgrandiella croatica is assigned a status of Rare for the Slovenian Red List 2002  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, tuesday 24 september 2002).#The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella crucis is considered Vulnerable, due to pressures on water levels in the habitat due to the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes consequent from urban development.## There is also possible water pollution at the spring near Lož. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy  would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.  Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.

range:
Belgrandiella crucis is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to a cave (Križna jama) and freshwater springs around cave near to Lož.# Although Radoman (1983) described it from the type locality at Speiquelle Jezerskim near the village Gorenje Jezrom by the east end of the Cernika field, the text for two species, B. crucis and B. schleschi was confused (Boris Sket, pers. comm. 2010), and so the range should be restricted to the first two locations.

habitat:
Species found in freshwater springs, including cave springs.

threats:
This species is considered to be under pressure from future loss of water, as the water springs could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agriculture source and domestic sources, mainly at the freshwater springs around cave near to Lož.

conservationAction:
Belgrandiella crucis is listed as Rare on the Slovenian Red List 2002  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is little data available on this species since 1985, and as such the current status is uncertain, however recent visits to the site suggests that it is unpolluted, and as such, on a precautionary basis, the species is considered Near Threatened (B2a) rather than Data Deficient, however the presence of the species in the cave system requires confirmation, as if there were any past pollution events between 1983 and 2010 it may have impacted the habitats and the species.

range:
Belgrandiella dabriana is recorded from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was described by Radoman (1975) from source of the Dabar River, about 6-8 km south of Sanski Most, by the cave, Dabarska pecina (44° 42' 38 N,#16° 38' 17 E).#

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater karsts, groundwaters and emergent springs in cave (Radoman 1975).

threats:
Although the species is apparently restricted to a single site, the current condition of the biotope is considered unpolluted, (Z. Feher, pers. Comm. 2010) and as such there is no reason to consider that this species is threatened.#

conservationAction:
The conservation action for this species are not known.# Surveys for this species would be recommended to determine the presence continues in this cave system and monitoring of the groundwater quality to determine changes in biotope condition.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It has a small range and occurs at only one location, a cave. In the future this species may be subject to threats arising from visitors to the cave and the associated pollution, as well as the potential of use of the cave as a water source. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is known to occur only in the Gargina Dupka Cave, Mostrovo Village in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria. #In this cave it is found in a 20 m stretch of stream near to the cave entrance.

population:
No information on the population status or trend is available for this species.

habitat:
This species is troglophilic which occurs within a short (~20 m) stretch of stream in the entrance of a cave. Water temperature, measured on 14/03/2009, was 8.2ºC and oxygen levels -9.4 mg/1.

threats:
Although no current threats to this species are recognised, pollution and habitat degradation resulting from future visitors to the cave is considered a possible future threat.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring would be recommended to identify future changes in habitat quality.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in southern Slovenia and the neighbouring areas of Croatia, and can be locally abundant, and as such is considered Least Concern, although some sites where it is present are locally threatened by water abstraction and pollution.

range:
This species is endemic to southern Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Croatia.# Details of the distribution gives records from the#Sava#catchment including #Savinja, Ljubljanica and Krka streams, Borovnica, creek of Iščica river south of Ljubljana; Ribnica river mouth; Kupa river drainage area: the source of Mrežnica river near Ogulin, a spring Vrelce near Jasenak (south-west of Ogulin), the source of Dretulja river near Plaški#(Slapnick, pers. comm, 2010; Lajtner, pers. comm, 2010).

population:
This species can be abundant where present (Reischutz, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and caves; some of the cave populations are troglobites and have adapted to the dark surroundings.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown.#Some sites where this species is present are locally threatened by water abstraction and pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are known for the area.# It is recommended that a habitat monitoring protocols are put in place to identify potential degradation of the habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella fuschi has been assessed as Vulnerable.#The species could qualify as Endangered, as it is found in an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 600 km2, based on the two known valleys, which do extend some distance (c. 20 km) and therefore has a rather restricted range.#The type locality has already experienced habitat degradation in 1979 resulting in a massive decline in the population abundance, the species is still present in low abundance and the current threat is groundwater extraction.#Although this species is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) and is protected by under Austrian law, the rate of loss does not meet 80% in last 10 years, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is not confirmed to be less than 10 km2. Hence it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on restricted range, number of locations and possible decline from groundwater loss. #Any loss of sites within the region would lead to reassessment as Endangered B1ab(iii). # It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend. It#was originally listed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2, based on restricted range (M. Haase, 1995 pers. comm).

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. It is known from the northern limestone Alps region. Specifically it is known from Salzerbad in Halbachtal and Turnitztal at Gstettenhofer. It is found between 430 and 560 metres above sea level.

population:
The type locality where this species was found was heavily disturbed around 1979 and just before disturbance the species could be collected in abundance#(P. Reischutz 2009). #Since the disturbance/loss of part of the habitat at this site, the species has only been seen in low numbers, and recent surveys in 2006 confirm that it is still present at the site and still in low abundance (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species is known from freshwater springs.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation and the lowering of groundwater levels. The type locality of this species was destroyed in 1979.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR).#It is protected by Lower Regulation in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella gansimayri has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). This species is endemic to Austria, where it has a very restricted distribution. It is thought to be present at only a single location, which is possibly a reduction in its historic range. It has also undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'abundant' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, it is not protected under Austrian law and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that habitat monitoring should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trend.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from the northern limestone Alps in the Upper Austrian province. It is restricted to a single spring in the Kirchbichlbach area, south of Weyer (Haase 1993). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 4 km² for the extant subpopulation, based on the buffer zone around the spring. It was#found only at a single spring measuring around 1 m², although there were several springs in the immediate vicinity on the same slope (M. Haase pers. comm. 2009). At all the other springs in this area, another species, B. austriaca, was recorded while B. ganslmayri was absent.#Museum samples with empty dead#shells of this species are known from the wider area around this site, including floodline debris from the Gaflenz River, although there are no data to confirm that these populations are still extant. Haase (1993) notes that it is possible this species would be found at other springs.

population:
This species was previously abundant but is now considered to be 'rare'.

habitat:
This species inhabits cold, freshwater springs.

threats:
The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater for drinking water and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.     .


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella globulosa is considered to be rare, known from three locations in Slovenia, all subject to possible threats of water pollution. Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) considered the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), although it technically qualifies as Endangered B2ab(iii), based on the range data, at present the rate of decline in habitats does not meet the threat levels to be placed as#Endangered, and as such it is currently listed as Vulnerable.

range:
Belgrandiella#globulosa#is endemic to Slovenia, where it is only known from#the#cave Mrzla jama near#Bločice, 3.5 km NNW from Lož (type locality) and springs of Cemun#and Obrh near Cerkniško jezero, Cerknica.

population:
No data available on population status or trends.

habitat:
Freshwater in Karst Subterranean system in caves and emergent springs.

threats:
Slapnik (pers. comm.#2010) considers that the major threats to the species lie in water pollution and urbanization (with increased use of local water sources for domestic supplies).

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species and later#assigned a status of# Vulnerable for the Slovenian Red List 2002 (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). The population and distribution status require review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Szarowska (2006) this species, which was placed by Schütt in Belgrandiella, may be better assigned to#Grossuana, as the#soft part morphology and anatomy does not differ from the one described for Grossuana or Orientalina; its shell is similar to the one described and illustrated by Radoman (1966) for Pseudamnicola vurliana which#later (Radoman, 1983) assigned to the genus Grossuana. The species should be considered to be conspecific with P. vurliana.#

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from several different regions on mainland Greece. Although there are considerable threats to many of these locations, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at present, as it is widely distributed in the region, however it will require regular review in view of the pressures on water sources. EU27: #Least Concern Europe: Least Concern Mediterranean: #Least ConcernThis species is considered at the Global level as: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Belgrandiella haesitans is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009) and from the spring of Louros (Szarowska 2006), five sites from Reischutz  Sattmann (1990), a spring on the eastern outskirts of the southeast Amfithea, a spring at the bridge below Sakellarion, springs at Xerovouni in Monolithion and springs in Mega Peristeri . These sites are from 5 different catchments in the region (see map in#Reischutz  Sattmann (1990)).

threats:
Although there are# threats from over abstraction of water and pollution to many of these locations, these threats are not considered to be major.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. The population and distribution status require review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies close to Belgrandiella kuesteri (Slapnik, 1997). The species would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is considered Vulnerable in Slovenia. This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources so the species should be listed in a threatened category (VU#B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) and given the small range and number of locations where the major threat is groundwater pollution.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is localised to springs in the foothills of Kum, east of Ljubljana between 200 m and 600 m ASL. The species is known from an area of about 200 km2 (20 x 10 km) with presence in at least 6 individual springs in              the Posavsko hribovje area : spring by Prusnik, east of Kum 230 m ASL; Spring by Susnjek, Podkum, 590 m ASL; spring in Jelova, Radeče, 480 m ASL;# Mitovšek spring, Kum 350 m ASL; Spring by Šklendrovec Stream, 320 m ASL. Spring in Quarry at Radeče, 230 m ASL (Slapnik 1997).

habitat:
The species inhabits freshwater springs with temperatures ranging from 8 to 9.6 C. ASL (Slapnik 1997)

threats:
The main threat to this species is groundwater pollution and abstraction of surface water.

conservationAction:
This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The species is considered Vulnerable#in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characteristics of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella hessei is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is only known from 1 location which may be subjected to pollution caused by potential visitors to the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is known from a stream in Temnata Dupka cave at Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. The cave is about 800 m in length.Even though the location of this site is only few kms outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region, this species is considered here to be# Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.

population:
The population size and trend are not known.

habitat:
This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in caves). It is a troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).

threats:
A potential future threat could be the pollution caused by visitors to the cave. Visitors to this single site, and the facilities required to accommodate them, may have a detrimental effect on the water quality.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are known for the area.# It is recommended that habitat monitoring protocols are put in place to identify potential degradation of the habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.

range:
Belgrandiella koprivnensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it was described from Krčana spring, 2 km of the road of Cazin-Bužin at the village Donja Koprivna (Radoman 1983).

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs (Radoman 1983).

threats:
The threats for this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


taxonomicNotes:
One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella kreissiorum#has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). This species has a very restricted range and the single spring it is known to inhabit, is now been capped for water abstraction. There are current threats posed to this species and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. However, it is#listed on the Austrian Red List as Extinct and although it is has regional conservation protection, it is thought to be extinct due to habitat degradation. It#is suggested that further research is needed to confirm its presence in the groundwater supplying the springs or the other possible site described by Reischutz and Reischutz (2009)

range:
Belgrandiella kreisslorum is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, a single spring in Hohenberg, north west#of Graz, Steiermark (Gloer 2002), where it was first collected by E. Kreissl and PL Reischütz in 1981. As there were only a few shells, the species was not described until 1997. According to Reischütz  Reischütz (2008) this spring has now been captured, although another spring produced a few empty shells at Melanie-Quelle am Schöckl.#

population:
Reischütz and Reischütz (2009) noted that the species may have been extinct before it was described, as the the type locality, as spring, has been lost.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species that inhabits springs.

threats:
The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater and the lowering of the groundwater level due to inappropriate water management. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species was protected by law in Styria, Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List, where it is deemed to be Extinct (EX). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia and is currently placed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.# It is only known from a single site, and as such could be threatened, however, there is no data on the threats to the sites, and hence it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).# As with all the underground fauna in Croatia, the species is protected.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it was described from the springs at the source of the Krupa River, the right tributary of the Zrmanja River.

habitat:
This species is subterranean and is found in the outwash of springs.

conservationAction:
The population and distribution status of this species requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to the status to be assessed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.

range:
This species is endemic to western and southern Slovenia and the upper Kupa/Kolpa drainage in Croatia (Sket, pers. comm., 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is is endemic to southern Slovenia. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.

range:
This species is endemic to southern Slovenia.

conservationAction:
This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella mimula has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).#This species has a very restricted range and is only known from one spring. It has also undergone a decline in the population. There are current threats posed to this species, mainly related to water extraction and pollution, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.

range:
Belgrandiella mimula is endemic to Austria. It is found in a single spring in the Wiener Becker south of Vienna.

population:
This species has experienced a population decline and is now considered to be 'rare'.

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits a thermal spring.

threats:
The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices that pose a threat to this species. Some localities are also under pressure from tourism activities.

conservationAction:
This species is currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella multiformis has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). This species is endemic to Austria. It has a restricted distribution, declining population trend and is experiencing habitat degradation. It is protected under Austrian law, but#there are still threats posed to this species and it#is not known whether it exists within a protected area. #It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). Further research is needed to confirm its presence, as it may be extinct.

range:
Belgrandiella multiformis is endemic to Austria where it was recorded in a single spring in the northern Alps, near Kalten Rinne, Weinzettelwand in Niederösterreich.

population:
#This species has experienced a population decline and is now considered very rare, possibly extinct (Reischutz, pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
The main threats to Belgrandiella multiformis are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater. Pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, also pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is strictly protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently placed as Data Deficient, as it has not been collected since it was first described and there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia and is only known from Radoman's collection at# 'the small spring in Nova sela (village), at the road Kočevje-Delnice, on the left side of the Kupa river'. No recent surveys have located this spring (Slapnik 2010).

population:
There are no known population data on this species.

conservationAction:
This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Vulnerable B2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna. It is assessed as Data Deficient for the IUCN Red List pending clarification of its distribution. It may be either Vulnerable or Endangered, if the sites in northwestern Croatia and Slovenia are found to be threatened.#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# this species is assessed as Data Deficient at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, when more data become available on the situation of this species in Slovenia, it might qualify for an Endangered B2ab(iii) category.European regional assessment:#Data Deficient#(possibly Vulnerable B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data Deficient#(possibly Vulnerable B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and Slovenia. In Croatia it lives in the subterranean waters and springs at Tounjčica, Rudnica, Mrežnica with all three sites in the same catchment. There are also comments that it is found in the North-West of Croatia, however this is not a karst country (B. Jalzic pers. comm. 2009), so this requires confirmation.

habitat:
This species inhabits subterranean waters and springs

conservationAction:
All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Shell characters are similar to those of Belgrandiella fuschi Boeters, 1970, B. wawrai# Haase, 1996 and B. mimula Haase, 1996, so distribution records based on shells alone are questionable (Gloer 2002, p. 109), although B. wawrai# Haase, 1996 and B. pelerei# Haase, 1994 are not found in thermal spring sites.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella parreyssii is classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)). This species is known from only one thermal spring, which is used for recreational activities. There has been considerable decline in abundance of the population at this site over the last 50 years; in the 1960s the stones were encrusted by this species, now it is considered as very rare (P. Reischütz, pers. comm. 2009).

range:
Belgrandiella parreyssii is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the thermal springs at Bad Vöslau, south of Vienna.

population:
Although population data for this species are not available, it is known to have declined considerably in abundance at its only known site over the last 50 years. In the 1960s, stones at the site were encrusted with this species, whereas now it is considered very rare (P. Reischütz, pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is restricted to thermal springs, where it may withstand temperatures of up to 23.5°C (Boeters 1998).

threats:
The only site of occurrence of this species is exploited for human recreational activities, and the management (cleaning) of the site for recreational use is known to impact the population levels.

conservationAction:
The site where this species is found is a protected specifically for this species (Haase 1994).#This species is protected by law in Austria, but there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of its habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trend.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. It is close in shell characters to Belgrandiella parreysi, the#distribution records based on shells alone are therefore questionable (Gloer 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella pelerei has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii). This species is endemic to Austria. It was originally known from two springs, one of which has now been lost. The freshwater spring is exploited for domestic water extraction. There is an abundant population at this site, but care must be taken to monitor the impact of the threats to this species as overall it is considered to be in decline.#In the Austrian Red List, it is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). Whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is suggested that#research into the population trend is conducted.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the 'Pannonian flat and hill regions'. It is only known from the left spring of the Fischa River, near Haschendorf and one spring in the Wiener Becken, south of Vienna. Originally there were two locations however in the Austrian Red List (2008) it is stated that this species can no longer be found in one of these locations.

population:
This species is noted to be abundant at the one remaining site, but overall is experiencing a population decline and is therefore#considered to be 'rare'.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species that is found in springs (Gloer 2002).

threats:
The main threat to the species is habitat degradation, as a result of water abstraction resulting in the lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, which also pose a threat to this species.#

conservationAction:
The species is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is only known from one location in Bulgaria and it's AOO is estimated to be 4km2. It may also be subjected to pollution caused by visitors to the cave which it inhabits. This species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or source are modified in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is only known from a cave at the source of the Petreska River, near Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. Total area of the site is unknown but estimated as 4 km2 based on a single location with 2 km buffer zone.Even though the location of this site is only few kilometers outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region,# this species was considered to be# Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.

population:
No data is available about the population of this species.

habitat:
This species lives within karstic regions where it is restricted to springs and streams within caves.

threats:
There are no current threats at the site, but a potential future threat exists in the pollution of the spring-waters caused by use (and possible development) of the cave for recreational visitors.

conservationAction:
No conservation activities are in place but monitoring of habitat trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Slovenia. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found in Natura 2000 area in#Kras,#Trnovoski goz, Nanos,#Notranjski triangle, Snežnik.

population:
The population and distribution status requires new data.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater in caves.

conservationAction:
The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.


taxonomicNotes:
Hereby, we consider Belgrandiella saxatilis as a widespread species in Aude, Herault, Gard, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne departments, as was previously considered by malacologists (Falkner et al. 2002, Girardi 2003). Work has commenced on the revision of this group (see Falkner and Boeters 2009) and views are changing on the systematics of the Belgrandiella and Belgrandia from the Herault valley (Prie, pers. comm. 2010). These results make it impossible to fully confirm the numerous Belgrandiella found in this part of France. Thus we have assessed the species using the current species concept, whilst research continues on the numerous taxa.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are different views of this species distribution, as there is unpublished data. Prie and Bichain (pers. comm. 2010) consider this species as a widespread species in the south-east of the Massif Central, and suggest that as it is wide-ranging and only facing localised threats to its spring habitats is should be considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Belgrandiella saxatilis is endemic to France (Falkner et al. 2002), where is is found mainly in the departments of#Gard and Hérault through to the Tarn and Aude. Although Boeters and Falkner (2009) suggest a restricted range, it seems to be present in nearly every spring within its distribution area (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs and occasionally as a subterranean (stygoxene) species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research on the distribution of this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered Vulnerable (D2), due to it being restricted to two locations in Slovenia and an having an estimated AOO of 50km2. It also suffers from pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development. There is also possible water pollution from agricultural sources percolating into the groundwaters.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to two sites, a spring in caves at Cerknesko Jezero (Križna jama and sources around cave near to Lož) and Notranjski Park. Area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 50 km, based on two locations and restricted range as less than five locations.

threats:
This species is considered to be under pressure as the water source it occupies could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agricultural and domestic sources.

conservationAction:
The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). . The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella styriaca has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)). This species is endemic to Austria where it has a very restricted range and has experienced a decline in the population. It is threatened by groundwater level reduction and pollution from fertilizers but it is conserved in the Styrian region. This species is not thought to exist within a protected area and there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is listed on Austrian National Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) and has the same status for the global Red List.

range:
This species is found in the limestone Alps region of Austria, in the Styria and Lower Austria provinces. It is only known from the type locality, an intermittent stream at Bärenloch near Mixntiz, west of Vienna (Glöer 2002).

population:
This species was once found in every spring, however it is now considered to be 'rare'.

habitat:
This freshwater species lives in an intermittent stream and is also found in springs.

threats:
Its main threats are habitat degradation, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution, mainly by fertilizers from agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This species is conserved in the Styrian region and features on the#Austrian National Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that habitat monitoring should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a single location in Slovenia, where most the of habitat is underground. It is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), due to pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development. There is also possible water pollution from agricultural sources percolating into the groundwater. If the rates of change to the water quality in the catchment were to change radically, then the species would immediately qualify as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is known only from the springs of the river Ljubljanica, near Vrhnika.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwaters in karst caves.

threats:
This species is considered to be under pressure, as the water source could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agricultural and domestic sources.

conservationAction:
This species is considered 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Sket and Velkovrh 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This restricted range species is considered Vulnerable (D2) because it has an estimated AOO of 20km2 and is known from only two locations making it a restricted range species. It is also subject to pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development, and there is possible water pollution at the sites.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to the springs east of Cerkniško jezero. (AOO estimated as 20km2, based on two locations, with 4km buffer around each, and restricted range as less than 5 locations). #

population:
The population status for this species is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits freshwater springs and is probably also in caves (Sket, pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).# The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.


taxonomicNotes:
One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.# It has been confused with Belgrandiella fuschi Boeters, 1970, so distribution records based on shells alone are questionable.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Belgrandiella wawrai has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii). This species is only known from one valley where it is restricted to two freshwater springs which are under threat from pollution and lowering of groundwater levels. Although it is protected by law and exists in a water conservation area, this species has previously experienced a significant decline in the number of individuals. However, if the lowering of groundwater levels was to impact significantly both springs, the species would qualify for a Critically Endangered category.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria. The type locality is a small spring on the left bank of the Further Bach, west of Furth, Lower Austria (Haase 1996). It only occurs in two springs in the Further Bach valley, at 490 meters above sea level and higher (Reischütz ﻿ Reischütz 2007). This valley is also a protected water catchment area (Haase 1996).

population:
The population has experienced a significant decline, with only a 'dozen or so' living specimens found (Haase 1996). It is thought that with further sampling, more individuals can be found in the surrounding area of the two inhabited springs.

habitat:
This species inhabits two freshwater springs (Haase 1996). The volume of the springs water is reduced after the spring flush event, and these springs are thus possibly subject to drying out in the late Autumn (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution#(Reischütz and#Reischütz 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (Reischütz and#Reischütz 2007).#It is protected under law in Lower Austria#(Reischütz and Reischütz, 2007). This valley is also a protected water catchment area (Haase 1996), so it does exist in a protected area but there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.

useAndTrade:
This species is not thought to be traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, #as it known from a single site which may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water source is modified in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is found in one single spring near to the Bedechka river, in the Krairechen Park, near to the town of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. It is thought to only occur in a stretch of stream measuring a few metres.

habitat:
This species inhabits a karstic spring, where it is found on stones and moss.

threats:
Although there are no current threats recognised for this species, both habitat destruction and pollution (from industrial and domestic sources) are recognised as potential future threats.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions for this species. More research on the population would be needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from one location and has an area of occupancy of 99 km2. It has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) due to the potential threat of water pollution from eutrophication. Currently the quality of the habitat is not declining, however if in the future it does the species will qualify for Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is recorded from Zrmanja groundwater system, which can be geographically defined as the south-east border of Velebit, with#subterranean flow along which Zrmanja flows into Krka.#

population:
There is no population trend data for this species. Régnier et al. (2009) considered this species to be extinct, but in error, due to recording at the type locality alone.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater groundwaters in karst caves.

threats:
This species requires clean water so the major threat to it is from the eutrophication of waters seeping into groundwaters changing the water quality.

conservationAction:
The Croatian underground fauna is protected by law, however the species needs conservation actions to reduce the impact of pollution in the groundwater system. Habitat and population monitoring is needed to measure the potential impact of pollution on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Boetersiella davisi in only known from two springs, where it is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are both exploited for water. It could qualify for Endangered (EN) if the rate of decline in habitat quality accelerates, however one site has pristine habitat, so it is considered Vulnerable (VU) at National and Provincial level, and these are used as guidance for Global listing. The species is also assessed as a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality (manantial Pilar del Mono, Durcal, Granada) and Fuente del Mal Nombre in close proximity also in Granada. #There have been surveys in the region over the last 10 years, but these have failed to find new populations for this species (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008)

habitat:
This species has been found only in two relatively close freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.

threats:
The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. #The threats include overabstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points, through concreting sites and removing vegetation.

conservationAction:
This species was considered to be Vulnerable (VU D2) in the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009). It was also listed as Vulnerable D2 for the Andalucian Red List#(Barea-Azcón et al, 2008) .#Appropriate site management and education of site users is needed to prevent further habitat degradation.

useAndTrade:
There is no use information for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Boetersiella sturmi#is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as it is known from only three locations, where it is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are all exploited for water. The increased frequency of drought events in the area increases the susceptibility of these exploited water sources. Appropriate site management and better information on spring management for biodiversity to allow domestic supplies without habitat degradation would be beneficial for this species.The species has also been assessed at regional level as:EU27 regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))

range:
Boetersiella sturmi is endemic to three isolated locations in Province Grenada and Province Jaén in southern Spain. The three freshwater springs are located as Fuente Grande (Prado Black) and Carmonilla Source (Loja) in Granada, and Fuente la Mata (Mata Bejid) in Jaén. It is a species with low dispersal ability associated with a habitat exposed to many changes and fluctuations. There are old records from Cuenca and Albacete, however Bragado et al (2010) note that these are uncertain and the species was not found in their extensive survey work, and hence these records have currently been discounted until research confirms the presence of this species in a wider region.

population:
This is a species with low dispersal ability associated with a habitat exposed to many changes and fluctuations. making it possible to infer a drastic reduction of their populations in a short period of time. The subpopulation at Fuente de la Carmonilla (Loja) has been recently sampled (M. Ramos pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species has been found only in three freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.

threats:
The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. The threats include over-abstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points by concreting sites and removing vegetation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009) as Vulnerable (VU A2abc; D2). It is listed on the Andalucian Provincial list as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).#It is listed on the provincial lists as Endangered (EN), due to the threats and small number of known localities. The National listing differs with a listing as Vulnerable (VU), although the underlying information is the same, presumably due to a difference in a precautionary attitude.#The subpopulation at Fuente Grande lies in the Parque Natural de la Sierra de Huétor and the subpopulation of Fuente la Mata lies in the Parque Natural de Sierra Mágina. Appropriate site management and education of site users is needed to prevent habitat degradation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Boleana umbilicata is restricted range species, that could be Data deficient or Vulnerable; given the  pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes  and from urban development a precautionary assessment would be Vulnerable D2.# A precautionary attitude to the distributional range has been taken, as the species exists emergent springs sites that are under threat from pollution and urban development.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia. It is recorded from central Slovenia, only known from springs of the river Ljubljanica in Vrhnika area.

threats:
Possible threats to this species include the pressures on the habitat from urban development and water pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bracenica spiridoni#is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in#only two sites in#the#Skadar area, both of which are under threat from water abstraction, which has caused changes in water levels at the springs. #The species is considered to be threatened as the threats are still present in spite of protection and transboundary projects. Although the various projects protect the habitat and hence possible protect the species, the water management plans must maintain water levels and quality to be suitable for this species.# This species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Bracenica spiridoni is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in the#Skadar area. It is restricted#to only two sites:  a small spring ca. 2x2m2 (Spirov izvor)a sublacustrine spring in Skadar Lake (Karuc spring)V. Pešić (pers. comm. 2010) notes that the reports that the type locality for species has been lost (Szarowski, 2006) are in error.           #

population:
The population trend is unknown, but it is rare in survey samples, with only a few individuals collected to date (V. Pešić pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
Bracenica spiridoni#is a freshwater species#in Karst regions, where it has been recorded from#exclusively#subterranean areas and the outflow springs.

threats:
The spring at#Spirov izvor is already used to supply domestic water, so overabstraction of water from this source, leading to declining#habitat quality, and potential loss of habitat is considered the primary threat.The secondary threat include a rapid process of eutrophication which is affecting at the present time the sublacustrine spring Karuc. This site is suffering a rapid declining of the depth in last 25 years due to the use of this sublacustrine spring. Furthermore there is a plan to capture this spring to supply drinking water #along the coastal part of Montenegro.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at national level in Montenegro. #There are#on-going transboundary projects which will focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. #Monitoring habitat quality if the region would be recommended to detect future changes in water quality and in habitats, both of which could impact the species in the future.Regnier et al (2009) reported that this species was extinct, but in error.# Pesic (pers. comm) noted that the species is very rare and the type locality is not lost, but that sampling needs to take place at the right season.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however# these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007).# This species is still considered as a valid species. It was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters (1998), the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009). Given this uncertainty it should be considered as Data Deficient due to taxonomic doubt (V. Prie pers. comm 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful. This species was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters, the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain.# It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment. This species is listed as Data deficient. Its taxonomic status and distributional data require review.

range:
The real distribution of this species is unknown. This species was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters (1998), the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain.

habitat:
This species probably lives in freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
This species requires research on taxonomy, threats, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is a cryptic species as it was originally included within the variability of a closely related species Bythinella opaca, and was described as Bythinella opaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) not Bythinella opaca (Gallenstein 1848) (Haase et al. 2007). This  is clearly a genus whose taxonomy can only be unravelled by an integrative approach combining morphology, anatomy, biogeography, and genetics (Haase et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella angelitae has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. This species has a restricted range and it is known from only 2 locations. Also, there are current threats posed to this species from pollution, but the population trend for this species remains unknown. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.

range:
Bythinella angelitae is restricted to small region on either side of the border in Austria and Slovenia. It is only known from springs in the area of Lake Bled in Slovenia and in the Tscheppaschlucht just across the Austrian border in Carinthia (Haase et al. 2007).

population:
Although recently described, the population trend for this cryptic species is unknown. It is considered to be a 'very rare' species (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010)

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits springs.

threats:
According to Reischutz (pers. comm. 2010) the main threat to this species is pollution, mainly from the over use of fertilisers, as a result of agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species' habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small freshwater snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.##There are 4 subspecies currently recognised by Glöer (2002): Bythinella austriaca austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) Bythinella austriaca conica (Clessin, 1910)Bythinella austriaca ehrmanni Pax, 1938Bythinella austriaca pavovillatica Canon, 1937Bythinella hungarica is either a synonym or a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca, according to Feher et al. 2006.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella austriaca is widespread but local within eastern Europe and only occupies small springs, mainly in the Danube catchment.# As such it is considered threatened within some countries.# However, given that the number of localities exceeds thousands, given the potential wide range, and the fact that most threats are localised, at present it is Least Concern.

range:
Bythinella austriaca is found in Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Czech Republic in the Alpine-Carparthian region, possibly extending to Ukraine. Boeters (2008) noted that B. austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) lives in springs of tributaries of the Danube and that tributaries with springs inhabited by B. austriaca flow into the Danube roughly between the more upstream situated drainage area with B. bavarica and the more downstream situated drainage area with B. schmidtii. It was mentioned from Romania, but recent studies indicate that these records were in fact other Bythinella species (Falniowski et al. 2009). There are 4 subspecies currently recognised by Gloer (2002):  Bythinella austriaca austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) :  Bythinella austriaca conica (Clessin, 1910):# In Oberbayern and Austria Bythinella austriaca ehrmanni Pax, 1938: Poland and the Czech Republic Bythinella austriaca pavovillatica Canon, 1937: the Czech Republic

population:
Bythinella austriaca# is a widely distributed species. No data are available on population trends.

threats:
The species is not considered to be threatened with extinction, but there are threats to the springs where the species is found, such as pollution of water (agricultural sources) and overabstraction of water for domestic supplies and agricultural use (water for stock and irrigation for crops).


taxonomicNotes:
Bythinella badensis was recognised by Geyer in the Black Forest in 1907. During recent taxonomic reviews, at first Boeters placed#Bythinella badensis in synonym of Bythinella dunkeri, but more recently, after revisiting the type locality#at#"Falkau, meadow ditch on the Haslach"#he revised his opinion and maintained both as distinct species#(Boeters 1981, Falkner and Niederhof 2008). Animals from the type locality were included in Klemm's analysis of Bythinella dunkeri, B. badensis and B. bavarica (Klemm 1988, Falkner and Niederhof 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
In 1996 this species was listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c), based on data from the German Red List. This species is present in a small area of Germany and Austria, where it is found within freshwater springs. It is still considered under threat from water pollution, however the number of locations suggests that it should be down-listed to Near Threatened, as the number of locations is more than the threshold for being listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is nearly endemic to Germany, largely in#Baden-Württemberg#where it is found in the catchment areas for Elz and Kinfour (southern Kinzigtal). It is also found in Austria and a presence in Switzerland cannot be excluded (Turner et al. 1998).#

population:
There is no recent data on population trends of this species.

threats:
The major threat to the species comes from pollution from nitrates seeping into groundwaters, changing the water quality of the springs, as well as possible disturbance and loss of springs due to water abstraction.

conservationAction:
This species is given Category 3 status in the state Red List for Bayern (2005). Falkner and Niederhof (2008) also listed it as Category 3 for Germany and Baden-Württemberg.# There are no known specific-species conservations actions in place for this species and habitat monitoring is recommended to detect future changes in the status of this species.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Falkner, M. Niederhöfer, H.


taxonomicNotes:
There are currently six known synonyms for this species. More effort should be made to clarify the taxonomical status on some of its synonyms.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from at least 63 locations in seven provinces in the East of Spain. There are threats towards this species, such as droughts and pollution, however due to its wide distribution and large number of locations it is considered as Least Concern (LC). Future work on this species may show more than one taxa could be represented and as such, if the species is considered at a later stage to be more than one species, then the conservation status may change (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)

range:
This species is endemic to the east of Spain and is present in seven Spanish provinces: Alicante, Barcelona, Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona, Teruel y Valencia (Boeters 1988; Tapia 1996; Pujante et al. 1998).

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and rivers.

threats:
Threats may include the seasonal droughts; previous springs where the species was located have dried up; as well as the over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers and rivers.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in some protected areas; 'Els Ports: Port d'Arnes'. P.N. Serrà d'Espadà, P.N. Tinença de Benifassà, P.N.Peñagolosa or Red de Espacios del Plà d'Espais d'Interés Natural (PEIN). Appropriate site management and enforcement of protected area legislation is needed to prevent habitat degradation and disturbance of the species.# Further work is needed on the taxonomy of the species, as spring-snails in this genus have been shown to be complex with more than one species present within similar shell morphologies (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)


taxonomicNotes:
Should be considered as data deficient given the taxonomic doubt. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella baudoni# is widespread but local within a restricted area in the Pyrenees in France and as such is unlikely to be considered threatened and is listed as Least Concern.# Although it is currently recorded from 8 locations, it is considered that the species may be present at more sites in the area, and the number of locations is an artifact of under-recording of these species which are difficult to identify (Prie pers. comm. 2010). Some local populations will be vulnerable to improvement of spring sites for water abstraction for domestic purposes or to create water troughs, and so maybe locally threatened. This species should have a review of taxonomic status and distributional data given the issues across France.

range:
This species is endemic to France and Andorra (Bernasconi 2000). In France it is known from the Pyrennes where it is widespread recorded from departments of Haute Garonne (Bagnères-de-Luchon) and Ariège (Bernasconi 2000).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although the species is considered to be least concern, the range and threats need more research, as the species is known to be range restricted.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system, however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating conchological, anatomical and molecular characters in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella bavarica has been assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(v)), as the species has a restricted occurrence and an estimated area of occupancy of 320 km². It seems to be more fragmented than other spring species. It shows a continuing and recent decline in the number of mature individuals and has always been found in low densities. There are threats to this species from groundwater abstraction and pollution and it is not currently protected by law. It is also not thought to occur within a conservation area and although the population is described as 'very rare', there is no specific recovery plan in place.This species is also assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(v) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(v)

range:
Bythinella bavarica occurs in Austria and Germany. It is localised, within an small area of the northern Alps, including the mountains southeast of Munich 'Mangfallgebiet' in the east to west into the Upper Swabian area (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008), and the southern limits was the Austrian border (Inn Valley). Geyer (1894) recorded shells from five sites (Leutkirch, Andrazhofen, Schussengenist, linden village pond near Essen,  in Krummbachquellen in Ochsenhausen). Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) noted that the number of known sites in this region is low, and most records are based on individual shells, so in their view it is extremely rare. At Lebendfunde it has been recorded most frequently in 1977, 1978, 1987, 1994, and 2000 (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). In a species-specific survey of springs in Ravensburg new records were obtained from 20 sites, but occurrences are individuals and are possibly nearing extinction.

population:
The species is described as 'very rare' and a declining population trend has recently been observed.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater environments, specifically springs and possibly groundwaters.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the potential drying up of springs, abstraction of water for drinking water and subsequent lowering of ground water levels. There is also a threat from pollution, which is mostly due to the over-use of fertilisers from agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
It is not likely that this species is present in protected areas within Austria or Germany. It is not part of any species specific recovery plan. It is not currently protected by law. It is suggested that monitoring of this species' habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Niederhöfer, H. Reischutz, P.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of this species requires further research, but has been sampled by Bichain, and hence the review is currently in progress.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from the Ariege, a department in the Midi-Pyrenees in France. There are no known conservation actions for this species, but data is  needed on the taxonomic status, as well as distribution, population  trends and habitats and their threats to allow a better informed  assessment of the conservation status. As such the species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is only known from the Ariege, a department in the Midi-Pyrenees in France.

population:
There is no data on population trends, and most records date from 1995-1997.

habitat:
Freshwater springs are the likely habitat for this species.

threats:
There is no data on current threats to these sites.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, but data is needed on the taxonomic status, as well as distribution, population trends and habitats and their threats to allow a better informed assessment of the conservation status.

useAndTrade:
There is no data, but this species is not thought to be traded.


taxonomicNotes:
Bythinella bicarinata was described as a species endemic to its type locality. Despite its conspicuous bicarinate shell (which gives the species its name), it is considered conspecific with B. lalindei that lives nearby, as well as B. pujolensis and B. moulinsi (Bichain 2007, based on molecular data). Oddly enough, the species also clusters with Bythinella dunkeri from northern France.

redListCategoryRationale:
The genus Bythinella are considered to be taxonomically complex (see for example Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), illustrated that many of the described species were taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. This species was previously assessed as "Critically Endangered A1ce" (Bouchet in Baille and Groombridge 1996). According to molecular analyses performed by Bichain et al. (2007), this species can be synonymized with B. pujolensis, B. moulinsii and B. lalindei, three nominate species described from the same area. Furthermore, it clusters with B. dunkeri, known from northern France and Belgium. These results were confirmed by Benke et al. (2009).# On this basis the species no longer qualifies as a range restricted species, and as such is now regarded as more widespread.# These different populations that originally gave rise to the species listed above, if considered at subspecies level, may all be considered Vulnerable D2, on basis of their restricted ranges, but the overall species B. bicarinata, now gets a listing of Least Concern, based on the number of populations, and the larger range that these populations are scattered over.

range:
This species was originally considered to be endemic to La Crouze in the Dordogne valley in France. The revised range for B. bicarinata, given that it is now considered to conspecific with B. moulinsi (Perigord, Eyzie-de-Tayac, Mauzac-et-Grand, Saint-Cirq, Savignac-de-Miremont, Sourzac. Tremolat), B. pujolensis (Sergeac, Dordogne) and B. lalindei (Lalinde in the Dordogne valley) extends to more of the Dordogne Valley, with the number of locations according to the litterature (Bernasconi 2000 ; Bichain et al. 2007) being 13.

population:
There are no population data available for this species. The species is collected in low numbers when present.

habitat:
This species is present in springs of the Dordogne valley.

threats:
The main threats remain common to many of the spring-snails in the region, overexploitation of the water source for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwater feeding the springs.

conservationAction:
This species (on basis of old distributional information), is listed as a protected species in France. Further research is required to confirm the distributional data, and hence the conservation status of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to V. Prie, Bythinella galera and  Bythinella bouleti were both described together from the same locality and these species are probably synonyms (Bichain pers. comm. 2010 and Prié pers. obs. 2010)# An assessment was made for B. galarae, on a precautionary basis, and this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as it maybe conspecific.

redListCategoryRationale:
According to V. Prie,# Bythinella  galera and  Bythinella bouleti were both described together from  the same locality, a single cave system in  Lozére, France. These species are probably  synonyms (Bichain# pers. comm. 2010 and Prié pers. obs. 2010) An assessment was  made for B.galarae, on a precautionary basis, and this species is  listed as Data Deficient (DD). The species is only known from dead shells, and hence the taxonomic  status has #not been confirmed by molecular techniques, so the review is awaiting suitable material and given the doubt about the species limits and the possibility of taxonomic problems, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Bythinella bouleti is restricted to the region of Méjean, mainly around Grotte de Castelbouc near Sainte Enimie, Lozère, France. It was first described in 2002, so there maybe additional sites locally, but no living animals were found during the expedition. Prie and Bichain (pers. comm. 2009) failed to find specimens of this species.

population:
There is no information on the current population trend of this species.

threats:
The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities and the aquifer is extensive. The site is currently a tourist venue, and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, and the cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities. The site is currently a tourist venue, and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.More data is required on the taxonomy of the species to identify species limits.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered as a valid species following molecular analyses by Benke et al. (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella carinulata lives in freshwater springs in an area where human encroachment is a potentially significant threat. It is known only from a few locations which are all vulnerable to exploitation of the water sources for domestic use, as well as risks from increased drought frequency in the future. Consequently# this species is considered threatened.# The previous assessment was based on less data on current distribution and as such the revised assessment for 2010 is changed from Near Threatened (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996) to Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Departement of Côte d'Or in France where it is known from 5 locations.

threats:
Spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over# or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species has no known conservation actions in France. Conservation actions recommended include habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity


redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the molecular data,#Bythinella cebennensis is endemic to the  middle part of the Hérault valley in southern France, where it is known from  at least 14 sites within a single location, although it may be shown to be more widespread in suitable habitats with further research (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009). The  species maybe assessed as Data Deficient (on poor geographical data),  Vulnerable D2 using the confirmed presence data and the threats to these  sites or Least Concern, based on the probability that it occurs more  widely. On a precautionary basis, it is listed as Vulnerable D2 as the known localities are closely located within the main catchment of the River Hérault hence as the main threat is groundwater lowering due to over-abstraction, it is viewed as a single location, pending more data on  range and status of other populations.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2European regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2Mediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2

range:
This species is endemic to the middle part of the Hérault valley in southern France, where it is known from at least 14 sites, however it is under-recorded in the region, and so is probably more widespread in suitable habitats (V. Prie 2009 pers.comm).

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs and can usually be found in the subterranean habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions.# This species maybe more widespread and would benefit from further survey to establish this.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread in Greece, although it is locally threatened at some sites through the abstraction of water and pollution of the groundwater, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species has been recorded in all of Greece except the islands of central and east Aegean Sea and Crete.

population:
The population status of this species is unknown. Only a few specimens were found in the spring at Monastery of Kessariani, Attica, during surveys in April 2008 and 2009.

habitat:
This species inhabits springs and streams with cold and clean freshwater, crawling on moss, small stones and leaves fallen from the surrounded trees and shrubs.

threats:
The main threat for this species is the disturbance of springs and streams caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over abstraction of water for drinking and irrigation, and tourist pressure.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Greece but some of the areas where it has been found are included in the protected sites of Natura 2000 network: GR3000006 'Ymittos-Aesthitiko Dasos Kessaianis-Limni Vouliagmenis'GR2420001 'Oros Ochi - Kampos Karystou - Potami - Akrotirio Kafirefs'GR2450005# 'Notioanatolikos Parnassos-Ethnikos drymos Parnassou' GR2550006 'Oros Taygetos'.No other conservation measures are known.Further research is required on population status and possibly taxonomic work, as the genus is known to be complex with many cryptic species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa. According to Bichain et al. (2007), these populations in the north-eastern specimens listed as Bythinella compressa should now be classified with Bythinella reynesii, and as such is part of a species that is more widespread, however in Germany, at present it is still considered a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range and is considered to be threatened in Germany, where it lives in cold water springs. In the German Red List it is classified as Category 2 (Highly Endangered) but at present there is no evidence of any continuing decline of subpopulations, and although it is present at more locations than originally known from in 1996, it is a candidate for Vulnerable (VU) or Near Threatened (NT). However, recent molecular data (Bichain et al. 2007), suggests that there are populations of this species which may be conspecific with the french species Bythinella reynesii, and as such more molecular data is required as if all subpopulations are placed as conspecific, then the species should be placed in synonym, and the oldest available name will take priority.# Given the taxonomic issues it is listed as Data Deficient (Taxonomy).

range:
This species is still currently regarded as endemic to Germany, where it is known from Rhön and Vogelsberg mountains in Bavaria, Hesse and  Thuringia (Stratz 2006). Recent research has shown that it is present in five of the six forest reserves of  the Rhone (Eisgraben, Kalkberg, Lösershag, Elsbach, Platzer Kuppe), and within the NWR Schlossberg it is missing, because there are no suitable  habitats present (Butler 2007).

population:
The population trends of this species are unknown, however more populations have been found in Bavaria (Stratz 2006).

habitat:
This species lives in cold water springs. The Rhön spring snail needs constantly cold and unpolluted water with a temperature of around 7 - 8 °C. It feeds on bacteria  growing on stones and leaves, as well as on decaying organic matter (detritus),  which is grazed from stones, water plants, fallen leaves and dead wood  lying in the water.

threats:
The major threat to this species is water pollution from agricultural sources.

conservationAction:
Further research is urgently needed to confirm that all of the populations currently placed as B. compressa, should be regarded as synonymous with B. reynesii (Bichain et al. 2007). At present this species is considered to be a threatened species in Bavaria (Falkner et al. 2003), with current ongoing surveys for the range and distribution (Stratz 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is poorly known as there is little recent distributional data, so surveys are required to establish the range and threats to sites. It could be widespread in the region, however, until this has been established the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the island of Crete. Radea (pers. comm. 2011) noted that in recent surveys shells of this species were found in a spring on Lesvos. More data is required on detailed distribution, as much of the information is over 30 years old.

population:
The species was recently sampled by Radea (2011 pers. comm.), however there is insufficient data to establish population trends.

habitat:
This species is known to inhabit freshwater springs.

threats:
There is no information on threats to the species. However, freshwater springs are sensitive to increased frequencies of droughts, and spring dwelling species have been recorded to suffer from over-abstraction of water for human activities, such as agriculture, stock farming and tourism.

conservationAction:
There is little recent distributional data, so surveys are required to establish the range and threats to sites. The species are likely to be sensitive to alterations of their habitat, but until more up-to-date information is available it will not be known if conservation actions such as water management plans that minimise change in the natural flow regime of the habitat are required.


taxonomicNotes:
This species should be considered as Data Deficient given the taxonomic doubt. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment.

range:
Bythinella cylindracea# is endemic to France, where it is only recorded from the department Aube.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella cylindrica has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).#This species has a restricted range and has undergone a significant decline in the population and is now considered to be 'very rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that habitat monitoring is conducted, along with research into the species' population trend

range:
Bythinella cylindrica is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from the eastern Alps in the Lower Austria province, in the Triesting valley.

population:
This species is described as 'rare'. It has also experienced a significant decline in the population. The last known living population was significantly reduced (from millions of individuals down to tens of living specimens) due to the reconstruction of a chapel.

habitat:
The species inhabits mainly freshwater springs, but during dry phases of the spring it can withdraw for a short periods of time into the deeper 'groundwater' zones of the spring.

threats:
The main current threats to this species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of water for drinking purposes and pollution, arising mostly from the over-use of fertilizers in agricultural practices.#

conservationAction:
This species is possibly present in a Nautra 2000 protected area but there is no species specific recovery plan in place. However, it is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has a cylindrical oval, glassy-green, transparent, fragile shell, often covered by detritus or algae; it displays well-curved anfracts, the last one being more expanded and well-rounded, acquiring a blackish colour. The dimensions of this species are: height 3.2mm, breadth 1.6mm, circular aperture with 1:1mm height and breadth.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania and is currently known from numerous populations within cold mountain streams and springs in the Semenic Mountains and the Retezat Mountains (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009). The lack of threats and the numerous subpopulations suggests this species should be considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it is present in at least 8 sites in the Danube Basin. It has been collected from the Retezat Mountains in the Băile Herculane area, where it is found in numerous populations within cold mountain streams and springs, and also from the Semenic  Mountains (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
It lives in cold water, namely springs and streams from the mountain and alpine areas, especially in the regions with crystalline schists.

threats:
There are no threats given for this species.

conservationAction:
The conservation status of this species has not been evaluated in Romania. No conservation# measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Bythinella darrieuxii# is considered to be a doubtful taxon and may be possible to synonymise with B. pyrenaica (Falkner et al. 2002) and should be considered as Data Deficient given the taxonomic doubt (JM Bichain pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is described as a French endemic, but# may be synonymised with B. pyrenaica.# According to Falkner et al. (2002) there are some problems with the locality information given for the species. For the distribution, we included 10 localities for B. darieuxii from Bernasconi (2000) and the type locality of B. pyrenaica.# However, given the range, threats and taxonomic issues with the species it is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is described as a French endemic, but# may be synonymised with B. pyrenaica.# Accordimg to Falkner et al. (2002) there are some problems with the locality information given for the species. For the distribution, we include 10 localities for B. darieuxii from Bernasconi (2000) and the type locality of B. pyrenaica.

conservationAction:
Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic statuis of this species as well as the distribution, if still considered to be a valid species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species comprises two subspecies: Bythinella drimica drimica and Bythinella drimica alba Radoman 1976 (Bank et al. 2006). #

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has at least six known locations. It has recently been discovered in Albania, and these Albanian locations significantly extend the known range of this species, with a projected extent of occurrence of 9,000 km2. Moreover, we can reasonably suppose that there are several undiscovered populations in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Bythinella drimica drimica subspecies has been described from Macedonia within the Black Drin basin, whereas B. drimica alba has been described from Kosovo within the White Drin basin. A few years ago, it was discovered in from flotsam in the Albanian part of the Drin River, downstream from the confluence of the White Drin and Black Drin Rivers. In South Albania extant populations were found within the drainages of the Shkumbin and the Vjosë Rivers too (Fehér and Erőss 2009). Therefore, there are at least six known sub-populations resulting in an area of occupancy of 24 km2.

population:
There is no data on current population trends in Kosovo and Macedonia. Recently discovered Albanian populations were found in small springs but seemed to be stable. Given that at present there are no known significant threats it can be presumed that the overall population is stable.

habitat:
The species is known from freshwater springs.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Recommended actions include surveys for distributional data and threats, as well as habitat monitoring at known sites to determine future trends as, occurring in springs, the species could be sensitive to any potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was reviewed by Benke et al. (2009), and found to be one of a  series of species clusters, Clade IV, which they placed with B. bicarinata. Some populations listed as cf. dunkeri, on shell morphology were placed in Clade III. This differs slightly from Bichain et al. (2007) analysis of mtDNA COI and nDNA ITS1 sequence data showed that the "typical" two-keeled Bythinella bicarinata are actually part of a clade widespread in central to north-eastern France and nearby regions. Consequently, Bythinella dunkeri as well as 3 other range restricted species in France (Bythinella lalindei, Bythinella moulinsii and Bythinella pujolensis) were provisionally treated as junior synonyms of Bythinella bicarinata.  Given that Benke et al. (2009) have a population in one clade that was different to the population placed in the B. bicarinata clade, then data should be reviewed from all subpopulations before the species is fully synonymised, as  these are further from the other subpopulations geographically and being most distinct morphologically from the keeled populations, so they  may be kept as subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was previously assessed as "Vulnerable B1 + 2c" (Mollusc Specialist Group 1996) based on a restricted range species threatened by water pollution.However the taxonomic status is under review, as there is evidence to suggest that these populations may be conspecific with a more widespread species, B. bicarinata, a species described from central France. Given that Benke et al. (2009) have a subpopulation in one clade that was different to the subpopulation placed in the B. bicarinata clade, then data should be reviewed from all subpopulations before the species is fully synonymised, as  these are further from the other subpopulations geographically and being most distinct morphologically from the keeled populations, so they  may be kept as subspecies.The species should be reassessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending review of the status of the populations. If shown to be part of B. bicarinata, then it will take the oldest available name and be assessed as Least Concern.#

range:
This species is now known to range from France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. In 1996 it was considered to have a range of Belgium and Germany. Falkner et al. (2002) list it for France.

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, but as it is widespread it is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in small streams, rivers and springs, and is one of the most widespread Bythinella species in terms of its habitat requirements.

threats:
Originally viewed as a restricted range species threatened by water pollution (mainly from nitrates and pesticides from agricultural sources and some domestic pollution), the threats still apply, although the species is now known from a wider range.

conservationAction:
The species needs further taxonomic review in light of the recent research showing that it maybe conspecific with other species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is considered a valid species, confirmed with molecular data (Bichain et al. 2007), although the status of the subpopulations in Pyrenee-Atlantique and Midi-Pyrenees may require review as they could be different species (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009) and hence were not considered in this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the molecular data# Bythinella eurystoma is restricted to a small region in southern France, although on morphological data, there are more sites where it may be present. The species maybe assessed as Data deficient (on poor geographical data), Vulnerable D2 using the confirmed presence data and the threats to these sites or Least Concern, based on the probability that it occurs more widely.# On a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (D2) due to the number of known locations being less than 5, pending more data on range and status of other populations.

range:
Bythinella eurystoma is endemic to France where it is found in the Mediterranean zone. Molecular analyses have confirmed this species is found from 3 of the 4 localities, with an AOO of 16 km2 but it could be more widespread in the Causse du Larzac and the Hérault basin (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009.

habitat:
This is a small freshwater gastropod which is found in springs.

threats:
Although specific threats to these sites are uncertain, spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation due to water utilization for watering livestock and offtake for domestic supplies. Consequently, these sites get concreted over or are over-exploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in France. Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of the other sites where this species has been identified on shell morphology, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally regarded as a subspecies, Falkner et al., 2002 followed Bernasconi (2000), who separated this taxa from Bythinella cebennensis (Dupuy 1851).# Falkner et al., 2002 also placed Paludinella anianensis (Paladihle 1870) as a synonym of this species. Material from the Paladilhe collection is polytypic (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009): the shells from the Herault basin seem to belong to B. eurystoma, while the shells from the River Lez seem to# belong to a different species. Bythinella eutrepha should then be considered as a distinct species endemic to the Lez drainage.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella eutrepha is endemic to France. It has a restricted range, as it is only found in one spring system, where it is threatened by encroachment from the town of Montpellier. The species is considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(ii,iii), as it has not been found in recent years (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).# The EOO is estimated as 49 km2, based on observed data from two sites, both fed by the same groundwater source. There are no records in northern part of the Lez catchment, despite active recording, and no records in southern part, which contains Montpellier, and hence little pristine habitat.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it was originally described from floodline debris of the river Lez (Department   Herault) It is considered to be endemic to the Lez drainage basin. Falkner et al. (2002)   suggested three possible sites; the resurgences along the bed of the River   Lez, springs at Cauquillade, Aniane, Department Herault; Moulin de St   Guilherm-le-Desert. This species is possibly extinct, as it has not been found in recent years (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).# The EOO is estimated as 49 km2, based on observed data from two sites, both fed by the same groundwater source.# There are no records in northern part of the Lez catchment, despite active recording, and no records in southern part, which contains Montepellier, and hence little pristine habitat.

population:
There is no population data available for this species, but it is suspected to be now extinct.

habitat:
According to Falkner et al. (2002), B. eutrepha should be restricted to the Lez catchment, where it was living in subterranean waters.

threats:
The main threat is from urban encroachment leading to decline in quality of habitat, but other threats in part of the range include water pollution from vineyards (pesticides and herbicides), water pollution from domestic sources (sewage and run-off) and water abstraction for domestic and agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place, but part of the range lies within a Natura 2000 site, which should ensure water quality is maintained. More research is needed on taxonomy,# population tends and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain#et al. 2007 ; Benke#et al.#2009), many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Therefore this assessment is provisional pending review of most of populations of#Bythinella.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella ferussina is not well-known but appears to have a widespread distribution within it's range in western France. It is likely to be under-recorded, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009).# However the habitats where the subpopulations are found are vulnerable to modification for domestic water abstraction and water quality needs to be maintained.#Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella more data is required on the taxonomic status of the subpopulations and#full revision of the species.# The assessment could be made as either Data deficient on taxonomic grounds, or Least Concern based on the current knowledge of range.

range:
The species is currently viewed as being endemic to France, where it is recorded from the departments of Charente, Gironde and Charente-Maritime (Bernasconi, 2002). The population from Font del Truffe (Quercy) could be attributable to B. ferrussina (Prié and Bichain, unpublished data, 2009).

threats:
The species is not well-known, but appears to have a widespread distribution within it's range. It is likely to be under-recorded, and as such is viewed as Least Concern.# However the habitats are vulnerable to modification for domestic water abstraction and water quality needs to be maintained.

conservationAction:
No conservation plans are in place for this species. #A review of taxonomic status and distribution of sub-populations are needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described and is currently the subject of various research projects into the evolution of the genus Bythinella.The material collected after the description show that B. galerae and B. bouloti could belong to a single, variable species (Bichain and Prié, unpublished data, 2009). Only B. galarae is assessed in this project, as the two maybe conspecific.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella galerae#is only known from a single cave system in Lozére, France. There have been several expeditions to this cave, but as yet only dead shells have been found, suggesting either that the shells may have moved from their original location somewhere in the cave system or that recent drought phases have led to species extinctions. #The species is only known from dead shells, and hence the taxonomic status has not been confirmed by molecular technqiues, so the assessment is done on a precautionary basis. Given that the species is range restricted, has only been found at one location, and the major threats are from stochastic events, such as sudden pollution and possibly abstraction of ground-water,# it qualifies for Vulnerable D2.# However, given the doubt about where the species occurs and the possibility of taxonomic problems, it could also be assessed as Data Deficient. #On a precautionary basis, the species is listed as#Vulnerable D2.# The other species described from this site, B. bouloti, may be conspecific, and as such is not assessed, but left as Data Deficient.

range:
Bythinella galerae is restricted to the region of Méjean, mainly around Grotte de Castelbouc, near Sainte Enimie, Department Lozère (48), France. It was first described in 2002, so there may be additional sites locally, but no living animals were found during the expedition. Jean-Michel Bichain and Vincent Prie have undertaken other expeditions into the cave system where the species was originally found, but failed to find living specimens of this species.

population:
As it has never been found alive, there are no population data available for this species.

habitat:
This species was found in the freshwaters within a cave system, but it is mainly recorded from samples taken within 800m of the cave entrance.# It has not been recorded alive.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The overexploitation of groundwater may be a potential risk.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. #More data on population status, distribution and taxonomy are needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described, based on dry material in collections, and is known only from the type locality.# No anatomical or molecular data is available to support the taxonomic status of this species. Bichain et al. (2007) notes that the provisional study of french Bythinella shows that genetic or phylogenetic distinctiveness cannot be inferred from the degree of shell distinctiveness, so the challenge to a comprehensive revision of Bythinella is that these nominal species have to be### re-evaluated based on animals sampled alive from their type locality and only the. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella geisserti#is endemic to France, being a recently described taxon, known only from the type locality, "Source de la Loue" in Jura.# This cave system is extensive and so the range could extend beyond the current known point.#The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with only limited threats from any ongoing activities within an extensive aquifer. The site is currently a tourist venue and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.# However, if there are any changes in the threat status this species will become Critically Endangered.#On a precautionary basis, as the current threats are limited but the species is only recorded from one location, it is listed as#Vulnerable D2. The limited threats could occur in the next 10 years. Like most species of#Bythinella more data on the taxonomic status would confirm the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to France, being a recently described taxon, known only from the type locality, "Source de la Loue" in Jura.# This cave system is extensive and so the range may extend in the cave.

habitat:
This species is a spring-snail known from one catchment.

threats:
The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities and the aquifer is extensive. The site is currently a tourist venue and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat. #However, should this change, the species would immediately qualify for Critically Endangered.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for this species. Research and monitoringof distribution trends would be of benefit.


taxonomicNotes:
There are taxonomic issues relating to identity of the species in the genus Bythinella, but these can only be resolved with live specimens, and this species has not been recorded for over 50 years.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Extinct by Falkner et al. (2002). It was originally recorded from the villages around Toulouse in the 19th century, and hasn't been recorded in the last 50 years, despite surveys conducted in this region and these habitats have been lost due to encroachment of the town including the airport at Blagnac. It is considered that the species has probably been Extinct for over 50 years, and as such has been listed as Extinct, rather than Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), as there are considered to be no small pockets of habitat that survive.

range:
This species is endemic to France. In Falkner et al. (2002), the range is described as 'environs of Toulouse' in the department of Haute-Garonne.#In Falkner et al. (2002) two locations were considered valid from#Moquin-Tandon, in the 1850's at Bourassol and Blagnac and a third locality from the Locard Collections at MNHN, Paris from 'St Michel s. Touch, près de Toulouse'. #Much of this region is now part of the city of Toulouse, and Boeters (pers. comm. in Falker et al., 2002) has searched for the species in the Bourassol parts of Toulouse and considered that this species has been lost during this century.

population:
This species is believed to be Extinct. It has not been recorded for over 50 years, despite survey efforts; possibly it became Extinct 30-50 years before that.

habitat:
This species lived in freshwater springs.

threats:
The species was recorded from springs in the small villages adjacent to Toulouse in the 1850-1860's, however these locations are now all part of the city of Toulouse, and the sites are believed to have been lost during urbanisation.

conservationAction:
The species is believed to now be Extinct.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characteristics of the reproductive system. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review of the taxonomic status of the species, and many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful based on shells and in need of taxonomic revision. However, to provide a conservation assessment, the precautionary principle was used to map the ranges of the species and to give them an assessment, and this will require review after ongoing taxonomic work.

redListCategoryRationale:
On the basis of the information in the literature, this species could be assessed as Endangered based on the limited range and the number of locations using the criteria calculator.# However we would consider it as Vulnerable, as it is known from 5 localities, none of which have a specific threat at present, although springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water, there is a impact on the species which can lead to complete loss of subpopulations.    Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella, once the results of recent molecular analyses are known for the species another conservation assessment should be made.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is originally recorded from the Pyrenees and Department Aveyron (Bernasconi, 2000), giving a rather disjunct distribution. The Aveyron records are only based on shells, and as such are considered to be possibly not this species (Prie  Bichain, pers. comm. 2009). Therefore the EOO is calculated on the subpopulations from the Pyrenees only.

population:
The population status is unknown at these sites.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures. More research is needed to solve the taxonomic issues of this genus.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella gloeeri#is endemic to Bulgaria, and is considered Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It only occurs in one part of the cave, a#stream flowing for 273 m along the lowest level, with no evidence that it can be found at nearby locations.# The quality of its habitat is decreasing as the water from the local town comes from this groundwater system and the cave is being developed for tourism purposes.

range:
Bythinella gloeeri is endemic to Bulgaria, and at present, it is known only from a river in the Lepenitsa Cave (273 metres in length), south of the town of Velingrad (Batashki Ridge, Western Rhodopes).

habitat:
This species lives under stones in the underground river of Lepenitsa karstic cave, where water temperatures are around 8.4° C. These waters provide drinking water to the nearby town of Velingrad. The total length of the cave is 1525 m with a displacement of >10 m. The cave comprises 3 levels with a stream flowing for 273 m along the lowest. The population of B. gloeeri currently exists only in cave conditions and, although it is unclear if this range extended outside of the cave prior to human influence, no evidence supporting this has been found at nearby locations.

threats:
Despite its protected status, the Lepenitsa cave is highly polluted and disturbed as a result of unregulated public visiting. In addition, there is an ongoing construction project, aimed at increasing tourism to the site. If B. gloeeri is to persist at this site, then the use of chemical agents, excessive walking in the stream and constant strong lighting must be avoided.

conservationAction:
The Lepenitsa Cave is a nationally protected site, but habitat monitoring is recommended to determine future changes to conservation status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is currently only known from a single  location, a spring at Cherni Osam River in the Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria. The freshwater springs are currently in good state, although there is some  tourism present at the site as it is close to a  route used by tourists, so there is the possibility of localised  pollution from domestic sources. The species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT), however, should it be shown to be more widespread, or the threats not impacting the species or site, then a revised assessment would be required.

range:
This recently described species is currently only known from single location, a spring at Cherni Osam River in the Stara Planina Mountains.

population:
There is no population trend data on this species as it is recently described.

habitat:
The species has been found in freshwater springs close to a river in the mountains.

threats:
The freshwater springs are currently in good state, although there is some tourism present at the site, as the site is high altitude and close to a route used by tourists, so there is the possibility of localised pollution from domestic sources.

conservationAction:
This recently described species has no known conservation actions. More data is required on distribution, population trends and threats as well as habitat monitoring at the single known site to establish if there is any decline. If this is found to be the case, the location would require protecting.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Its taxonomic status is uncertain, as this is possibly either a synonym or subspecies of the more widespread species Bythinella austriaca. This taxon was described from "a spring in the plain, somewhere in the outparts of Budapest" (Hazay, 1881). This locality has recently been rediscovered by Petró (1984). Bodon (pers. comm. 2009) has undertaken anatomical studies on topotypical material and found no differences from B. austriaca. Although this form is mentioned by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as a distinct species, this view is not held by others, who maintained the taxa as a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca (e.g. Soós 1943), however even its subspecific distinction is questioned by other authors (e.g. Fehér et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, as this is possibly either a synonym or subspecies of the more widespread species Bythinella austriaca. This taxon was described from "a spring in the plain, somewhere in the outparts of Budapest" (Hazay, 1881). This locality has recently been rediscovered by Petró (1984). Bodon (pers. comm. 2009) has undertaken anatomical study on topotypical material and found no differences from B. austriaca. Although this form is mentioned by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as a distinct species, this view is not held by others, who maintained the taxa as a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca (e.g. Soós 1943), however even its subspecific distinction is questionned by other authors (e.g. Fehér et al. 2006). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Applicable (as it is not a distinct species)Europe: Not Applicable (as it is not a distinct species).

range:
Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.

population:
Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.

habitat:
Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.

threats:
Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is required to confirm that this is not a valid species.

useAndTrade:
Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007). The species was recently described based on shell characters and some reproductive anatomy, but requires molecular systematics to confirm relationships with other allied taxa.#

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is provisionally assessed based on current data, as there is a possible risk to the species due to the restricted range and threats from habitat decline due to water pollution  (nitrates from agriculture) and abstraction of water (for domestic or  agricultural purposes). Further research is needed to establish whether it is present at other sites in the adjacent springs in this montane area.

range:
This species was recently described from Germany, where it is believed to be endemic. Boeters (2006) described this species from Baumgrenze, springs at 1465 m ASL, western Chiemgauer Alpen, Oberbayern, Germany.

threats:
The threats to this species come from# habitat decline due to water pollution (nitrates from agriculture) and abstraction of water (for domestic or agricultural purposes).

conservationAction:
The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The threat status requires review once more survey work in the surrounding areas is undertaken, as it maybe present at other sites.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species (Bernasconi 2000), withiun a genus that is currently the topic of various reviews, where cryptic species have been found (Haase et al. 2007) and where other species have been synonymised (Bichain et al. 2007, Benke et al. 2009).# The species has been assessed based on the available, on a precautionary basis in order to conserve the site until such time as the taxonomy has been reviewed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella jourdei is endemic to France. It has a restricted range (its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 90 km2 and its area of occupancy 12 km2) and it is only known from three localities in Vienne (France), and as such technically it meets the thresholds for Endangered on restricted range, however, the rate of decline in habitat is not well known, so this species is assessed as Vulnerable D2.#This species is given a conservation status, on a precautionary basis,  based on the current literature, but is in urgent need of review. Currently the genus is undergoing a series of taxonomic reviews following the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), which has meant that many of the described species based on conchological characters are considered doubtful.#

range:
This species is endemic to France,where it is found at#3 localities in the Department of Vienne.

threats:
The main threats remain common to many of the spring-snails in the region, overexploitation of the water source for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwater feeding the springs. Due to the need for water, numerous springs in this region are captured and become unsuitable for Bythinella species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research on taxonomy, population size and trends, and threats would be of benefit.


taxonomicNotes:
Benke et al. (2009) found that this species lies within their#clade II with B. bavarica and B. magna#and Bythinella sp. They noted a mismatch in distribution analyses were applicable for populations of the Dinarids (IIc) located in Croatia possibly because there were too few individuals. The NCA in this clade revealed allopatric fragmentation between populations of the ‘Alpenvorland’/ ‘Schwäbische Alb’ (IIa) and the Dinarids (IIc), and between all three groups within this clade. Genetic diversity, mismatch distribution analyses, and results of the NCA indicate a refugial area located on the Balkan Peninsula (Dinarids).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it was described  from a large spring at Majerovo vrelo in the Gacko polje. Due to this it is considered vulnerable to stochastic and human events such as drying out of the spring due to  drought or changing groundwater conditions leading to loss of water or  pollution of water feeding the spring. Hence on a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to a large spring at Majerovo vrelo in the Gacko polje (Radoman 1983) in Croatia (not the Gatacko Polje as stated by Gloer and Pesic (2010) which lies in Bosnia and Hercegovina close to the border with Monte Negro).

population:
There is no population trend information for this species.

habitat:
This species has been found in freshwater springs.

threats:
Current knowledge suggests this species is only present at a single site, and hence is vulnerable to stochastic and human events such as drying out of the spring due to drought or changing groundwater conditions leading to loss of water, or pollution of water feeding the spring. The location is also exploited as a tourist destination, which adds to the potential threats to the habitat.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Surveys to attempt to increase the known range are advised as at present the species is known from just one locality. This site requires research into the level of threat to the species through habitat monitoring. If no further sites are found this site may require protection and sensitive management.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the island of Lesbos, Greece (Bank 1988). The status is uncertain as there is no recent data on population trends, hence surveys are recommended to establish threats, distribution and population trends to enable a revised conservation assessment. This species is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is known from the island of Lesbos, Greece (Bank 1988).

population:
There is no data on recent population trends of this species.

threats:
There are no known threats to the species, but all freshwater springs are facing issues as the result of increased frequency of drought events as well as over-abstraction of water for water supplies, especially in tourist areas.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species and surveys are recommended to establish threats, distribution and population trends to enable a revised conservation assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered by Bodon et al. (1995) as a synonym of B. opaca (=B. schmidtii), and thus not mapped in detail for Italy.# In contrast Falkner et al. 2002 considered the taxon as a good species in France, but also suggested that it was conspecific with B. gaudefroyi.

redListCategoryRationale:
This group is undergoing taxonomic revision, and is recognized as a species complex of the genus Bythinella# (Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002). The results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), suggest that many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. This species is currently viewed as being a synonym of a widespread species in Italy (and as such might be considered as Not Applicable - not a valid species). However, in France, this species is still regarded as a valid species, pending the results of the taxonomic research. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.Thisspecies has also been assessed as the regional level:European regional assessment:# Data deficient (Taxonomic issues)EU27 (= 27 member states of the European Union) regional assessment:# Data deficient (Taxonomic issues)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (Taxonomic issues)

range:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) listed this species is endemic to France and Italy, where it has been recorded from Corsica and Alpes Maritimes (Falkner et al. 2002), and through Liguria (Italy).# However there is doubt as to the validity of the species.

threats:
Given the uncertainity about the taxonomic status it is not possible to define the threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions required until status of the species is known.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella lunzensis#is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii). It is endemic to Austria and was only recently described. It may well be present more widely in the region, as it is close to spring dwelling Bythinella schmidtii and Bythinella bavarica. It is only known from one location and is under threat from pollution, however the population trend remains unknown. The lake is also used for recreational activities, which may disturb the bottom where the species is found. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat and research into population demographics is conducted.

range:
Bythinella lunzensis is endemic to Austria, specifically the north eastern Alps. It was recently described by Boeters in 2008 from lake Untersee at Lunz, Lower Austria.

population:
The population trend for this species remains unknown as no live individuals has been found.

habitat:
This freshwater species differs from most other#species in this genus, as it was sampled from a lake, not a spring, although there are various unconfirmed records based on shells from lakes, at present it is known only from this one lake.

threats:
The main threat to this species is from pollution, mainly from fertilisers as a result of agricultural practices. The lake is also used for recreational activities, which may disturb the bottom where the species is found.

conservationAction:
The species is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria. However it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered to be part of Clade II (Benke et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is currently only listed from three localities, however there is insufficient data on distribution, threats and population status, and as such it is proposed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, and was described from the large spring at Klanac near the source of the Gacko river and three other closely adjacent springs in the Gacka polje (Radoman 1983). These springs still exist and have not been impacted by the hydro-electric extraction further downstream.

population:
There is no available data on the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs that lie around the edge of Gasko Polje.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known. The freshwater springs lies at the edge of limestone area, and some sites are exploited for tourism.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions specifically for this species. Data is required on current population status, distribution and threats to enable a full conservation assessment to be made.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella markovi is endemic to Bulgaria, and is considered  Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) due to its restricted range and continuing  degradation of its habitat as from pollution and human disturbance. It  only occurs in one cave, less than 200 m, with no evidence that it can be found at nearby  locations. #There is pollution at the site and the cave is being disturbed by cavers and for tourism.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in the Gargina Dupka cave in Dobrostan karst system (West Rhodope Mountains). The area of the cave system is very short, only 200 metres.

population:
Live specimens were collected 50 metres from the cave’s entrance, where the environmental conditions were characteristic for a cave. Living snails were found along the whole stretch of the stream up to the surfacing of the stream from a narrow cave whole, close to the cave’s end. Taking 117 at random 2x2 cm2 square samples from under stone surfaces in the stream, we collected a total of 16 individuals of B. markovi which showed a relative density of 0.14 individuals per 2 cm2 (min-max = 0-2 individuals),  (Gregoriev, pers. comm., 2009).

habitat:
This species is troglobite, i.e. is adapted to live permanently in cave environment. The cave has two closely situated entrances and a stream that flows out from the lower one. There is a catchment of its waters at the cave antechamber which drives away about 70% of the stream for drinking needs. The total cave length is 524 m. The specimens live under stones in a limestone cave stream, which has shallow (at average around 10-15 cm) and calm waters in winter and summer, and deep (max about 1-1.5 m) and fast running ones at rainy seasons (Markov, pers. comm.). Live specimens were collected 50 meters from the cave’s entrance, where the environmental conditions were characteristic for a cave. There was no light entering, air temperature 6.6° C, and that of the water 9.6° C with oxygen level of 9.0 mg/l. Living snails were found along the whole stretch of the stream up to the surfacing of the stream from a narrow cave whole, close to the cave’s end. At the cave’s middle parts there was a large mound of guano beneath a large bat colony, and close to the stream. At this area the oxygen in the stream dropped a little to 8.8 mg/l, the water temperature was similar, while the air warmed to 10.3° C. The only macro invertebrate animal species found to live with B. markovi were flat worms Planaria sp. which could be the only predator of the snails. Taking 117 at random 2x2 cm2 square samples (14.03.2009) from under stone surfaces in the stream, we collected a total of 16 individuals of B. markovi which showed a relative density of 0.14 individuals per 2 cm2 (min-max = 0-2 individuals).

threats:
Main threats include organic and chemical pollution (domestic, agriculture) active at the cave entrance. There are occasional losses of individuals by cavers and other visitors of the cave when walking in the stream.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, although the habitat monitoring would be recommended, along with protection of the habitat.


taxonomicNotes:
A review paper by Benke et al. (2009) dealt with molecular phylogenetics of the genus Bythinella and this species was included in# the group of species analysed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella metarubra has a restricted range in the mountains in Slovakia and Poland. The habitat is small springs and this species is believed to have a wider range than currently recorded. At present, although there are localised threats to some sites, the majority of springs are not threatened, hence the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). If there is a decline in the number of locations, then the species may qualify as a threatened species in the future. This species has also been assessed at regional levels: EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Mediterranean regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE).

range:
This species is endemic to Poland and Slovakia. In Poland it is known at five localities in the West Tatra Mountains and Pieniny Mountains (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009).# In Slovenia it is reported from Pieniny Mountains, West Tatra Mountains, Strazovske vrchy Mountains and Hornad River (Vavrova pers. comm. 2009) so its distribution range may cover the whole (mainly limestone) areas of the West Tatra Mountains and Pieniny Mountains, an area of more than 400 km2.

population:
There is no information available about# the population and its current trends.

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring species living among fallen leaves in rather small springs in lower parts of limestone mountains. It has also been recorded in the gallery of rivers.

threats:
There are no significant threats currently affecting to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are taking place in Slovakia. There is no information about conservation actions in# Poland. It is recommended that regular habitat monitoring takes place as spring-snails are suspectible to habitat degradation, either through modification of their habitats for water abstraction or drop in water-levels within the river/spring system.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from one location in Poland but it is possible that the species occurs in other sites of the country and in Ukraine. The potential for stochastic impacts as well as the fragility of the habitat means that this species qualifies for Vulnerable (D2).This species has also been assessed at regional levels: EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Vulnerable (D2).

range:
At present Bythinella micherdzinskii is thought to be endemic to Poland. It is known only from one locality in the Rawka mountain range of the Bieszczady Mountains (Polish East Carpathians). However, as the locality is situated very close to the state border, the species' distribution may possibly extend to Ukraine.

population:
This species lives at low population density. There is no data on population trend.

habitat:
Bythinella micherdzinskii is a spring species found in very low numbers among fallen leaves in marshy habitats in a deciduous forest.

threats:
There is no specific information available about threats to this species. However, given the fragility of spring habitats and their exploitation, the single site is viewed as vulnerable to habitat destruction in the future.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are taking place.


taxonomicNotes:
Correct name is Bythinella molcsanyi H. Wagner, 1941 (see also Fehér et al. 2008)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Ignis Plateau (Statiunea Izvoare), though there are at least 10 known subpopulations, the range of the species is very narrow and subpopulations might be threatened jointly by the potential threat of increasing recreational activity. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2).This species has also been assessed at regional levels:EU27 regional assessment: VU (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: VU (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2)

range:
The type locality for this species is: "Rozsály-tömb, Forrásliget, Izvora-fennsík, springs near Molcsány-tanya (ca. 1,000 m)"  [= Muntii Ignis, Statiunea Izvoare, near the hut of late Gábor Molcsány] (Wagner 1941). This locality is in Romania, and it is almost impossible to figure out where has exactly located the Molcsány's hut in 1941. This species has not been found for a long time and has only been refound a few years ago (by Ioan Sirbu, see Falniowski et al. 2009). The area typica was visited by Z. Fehér et al. too (unpublished material in the collection of HNHM), and they found this species in numerous springs and streams in the Ignis Plateau but only within a few square kilometres range.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and small streams.

threats:
This species lives only in the Ignis Plateau within a very narrow range. This area (Statiunea Izvoare) is a popular target for recreational activity of the population of Baia Mare city and its surroundings. Now, a covered road goes only to the edge of this area and the infrastructure is poorly developed. However it is a realistic threat that infrastructure will develop rapidly in the near future (covered roads, rest houses, restaurants, hotels, etc.) and the number of visitors will increase rapidly, causing disturbance and pollution of the habitats as well as water abstraction.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Romania. There is no information whether or not this site is protected. Being a potential target of increasing recreational activity in the future, the area should be protected and habitat and population trends need to be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed as endemic to Slovenia by Fauna Europea, none of the local scientists have any knowledge of the species in Slovenia. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.

range:
According to Fauna Europea this species is endemic to Slovenia, however Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) notes that there are no specimens in Museum collections from Slovenia and Sket (pers. comm. 2010) has no knowledge of the species in Slovenia.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a species aggregate with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana, and B. samecana, as the species group is under review for their molecular systematic. The species have been assessed based on their current described status in order to assess their conservation status (Z. Feher, pers. comm, 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella opaca is a widespread species in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Serbia, Slovenia. Although numerous sites are exploited for water, it is not likely to impact significantly the species. It is considered as Least Concern with knowledge of the distribution and its widespread range, however, it should really be a candidate for Data Deficient as there is inadequate information on threats and population.

range:
This is a widespread species in central and south-east Europe including Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Switzerland, but was not recognised by Turner et al. in the Atlas of Switzerland. The species' taxonomic status is in need of review, and if considered valid, then research will be required on  distribution, habitat preferences, populations and threats as currently there is no information available in these areas. Consequently the species is listed for now as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Switzerland, but was not recognised by Turner et al. (1998) in the Atlas of Switzerland.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, so a review of the taxonomic status, and if considered valid, then research will be required on distribution, habitat preferences, populations and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a valid species, confirmed by molecular analysis (Bichain et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally listed on the 1996 Red List (Bouchet 1996) with a category of Vulnerable D2 (version 2.3), on the basis of a restricted range and potential for habitat disturbance. Although this species is close to the threshold for Critically Endangered, the threats at present are longer-term threats for future changes, and as such the species is maintained as Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1) based on the restricted range (1 location) and the potential for habitat change.

range:
This species is endemic to France, and is restricted to the Padirac River catchment, in Department Lot, in the region of Midi-Pyrenees. As such, it is found in one location with an area of occupancy of# 92km2.

population:
No detailed information on population status, but considered stable (Prie pers. comm 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater mollusc restricted to the groundwaters of a river catchment.

threats:
The threats to this species, lie in the vulnerability of the single location, to pollution events.# The species requires clean, unpolluted waters, and as such any degradation of the water (road run-off, pesticides and herbicides from agricultural sources and domestic sewage) could impact the species in the future.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously known as Sadleriana pannonica.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was originally listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) in 1996, using Categories and Criteria (version 2.3), but new distributional data suggests that although this species has a small range, it is known from approximately 100 sites, and the sub-populations and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of these sites. The springs would be susceptible to future exploitation of the water source, and pollution but given that this is a protected species, at present there is no evidence to suggest that this species merits listing. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). As this species is known from approximately 100 sites, the population and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of sites, this species was assessed as Least Concern.Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). As this species is known from approximately 100 sites, the population and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of sites, this species was assessed as Least Concern.Mediterranean regional assessment: Not Evaluated

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from Hungary and Slovakia. It is recorded from three regions: the Bükk mountains (Hungary), Aggtelek Karst (Hungary) and in the Slovak Karst (Slovakia).

population:
Most of the sub-populations seem stable during surveys conducted in the past few years (Feher pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This species inhabits karstic springs and their outflows.

threats:
Most of the known sites are not affected, but some of the subpopulations are threatened by water capturing (Szinva spring area in Bükk Mts.) or recreational activities (Szalajka valley in Bükk Mts.).

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the national level in both countries and listed by the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats and Species Directive (EUSHD).


taxonomicNotes:
Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. However, B. pupoides is considered as valid species in Switzerland and, despite the taxonomic doubts, is not of conservation concern.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally listed as Near Threatened (1996 Red List, Bouchet), based on the small number of sites in France and Switzerland, and the potential threats to these sites. However, as the Swiss populations are located over an area extending to other catchments outside the basin of Lake Geneva, the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Considering the doubts about its taxonomic status, as it may be conspecific with other species, this assessment might need to be reviewed  when new molecular data are available.

range:
This species is restricted to France (Ain and possibly Haute-Savoie and Jura departements) and Switzerland (Turner et al, 2002). There is no recent information available on this species in France, although in Switzerland it is recorded from springs around Lake Geneva and in the Jura (19 different squares).

conservationAction:
This species is protected in France, and listed as Category 4, Near Threatened in Switzerland. Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status in light of recent work on this species group by Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. Concerning B. pyrenaica, Falkner et al. (2002) retain the name, but explain that it could be a synonym of B. darrieuxii (de Folin  Berillon, 1877). It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment, and thus this means that these populations are better given as Data Deficient, pending the results of the current taxonomic work.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is poorly known, with no recent distributional data, and is based on specimens collected over 140 years ago. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are in need of taxonomic revision.# The species cannot be assessed, as the distributional data has not been verified.# It is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species was originally described from 'springs at Bigorre', Haute-Pyrenees, France. It is only known from the type specimens, a single shell designated as a lectotype and three syntypes (Falkner et al. 2002, Haase 2000).# Bernasconi (2000)# noted that attempts to find the species again at springs close to  Bagneres de Bigorre have failed to produce any specimens.

habitat:
this species occurs in freshwater springs

threats:
As with most species of Bythinella, B. pyrenaica is only found living living in freshwater springs. Their natural habitat is thus very restricted. Because springs have often been transformed for water supply, and/or run out of water at least temporarily because of water pumping in summer, we can infer an important and continuing decline in number of locations for all the springsnails species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is known from the Pyrennees, and has a range that extends from the central Pyrennees through to Ariege and Aude. Currently this group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain 2007, Prie pers. comm 2009), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from the Pyrenees, and has a range that extends from central Pyrenees through to Ariege and Aude. Currently this group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. This species was originally listed as Least Concern (LC) in 1996, based on the range and lack of threats to the species. Based on the current knowledge, the species would be maintained as Least Concern (LC), until such time as taxonomic review allows review of the Aude and Gard, as well as the German populations.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) (only the Aude and Gard populations fall in this region, and the current status of these populations is uncertain).

range:
Bythinella reyniesii is known from the Pyrennees where it is recorded in Andorra, France and Spain (Prie pers. comm. 2009). The map by Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed] 2003-2010) for France shows that it has been recorded from Haute Pyrenees, Ariege, Aude, Pyrennee-Orientale and possibly from Gard. Prie (pers. comm. 2009) suggests that we need to be cautious in evaluating this range, as it is possible that this species maybe conspecific with others, and Bichain et al. (2007) have placed other taxon from the Dordogne and Germany as possibly conspecific with this species. Hence the range given on the 1996 Red List is erroneous as the species is known from other countries in the Pyrenees (Prie pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is no data on the population status of this species.

threats:
No specific threats are known to the sites where this species occurs, however many spring sites in Ariege and Aude are used to supply small settlements with water, and as such maybe ‘improved’ by concreting the sides to provide a cleaner extraction point. There are also changes to the water levels throughout the year as water is pumped from the groundwater supply, sometimes to the point of temporary drying of the spring-site during the late summer, prior to groundwater recharge in the winter.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is present in two ZNIEFF (Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique) designated sites, one in Gard (possibly a different species/subspecies) and one in the French Pyrenees (main range).


taxonomicNotes:
This is a species aggregate with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana, and B. samecana, as the species group is under review for their molecular systematics. The species have been assessed based on their current described status, in order to assess their conservation status (Z. Feher, pers. comm, 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently under review for molecular systematics.# The threatened status of Vulnerable D2, has been made on the basis of current knowledge of 5 locations and restricted habitats, and the possible threats to these habitats from water pollution, which could lead to degradation of the environment.

range:
This species has been described from Slovenia, with 5 known sites in north and northeast Slovenia. 1) Potoce, near Preddvor, north of Kranj, 2) Paka Village near Velenje, 3) Steska Jama (Cave) near Zalec, 4) a spring near Dobrna, 5) Toplica spring near Celje.

population:
There is no information on population trend.

habitat:
Freshwater springs sometimes near caves.

threats:
The major threats for this species lie in water pollution from urbanisation and the construction of motorways near rivers. Other threats include regulated water flow, changing water flow patterns, and possibly degrading the habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). There are no conservation actions in place but research into taxonomy, population and distribution, and habitat trends would be of benefit.


taxonomicNotes:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses of french species (Bichain#et al. 2007), some of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. The indications from the recent literature suggest that it is difficult to base species level differences on conchological characters, and hence the information may need revision in the light of molecular and anatomical data.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species, as currently described, is known from a single site, with the potential threats from water extraction. #However, it is also in a group going through taxonomic revision, as the spring-snails have been found to have very variable forms, hence, the species limits have been changing. A precautionary assessment in made based on the information currently to hand, and this would lead to an assessment as Vulnerable D2 due to the snail only being found in one locality, however, a conservative assessment could be Data deficient. #Given the needs to conserve the site where this taxon is currently recognised, the precautionary assessment is taken.#

range:
This species is endemic to France, and it is known only from the type locality in the Creuze department. #This single location has a small range, and as such it is currently regarded as a restricted species.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. The species would benefit from population monitoring and education of the local people to raise awareness.


taxonomicNotes:
Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# However, B. roubionensis is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here.

redListCategoryRationale:
This group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. However, for the moment, B. roubionensis is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here as Vulnerable D2, based on the small known range (1 location) and possible threats to the species, although the presence of some sub-populations in the National Park would reduce the threats of extinction, as these habitats are protected.

range:
Bythinella roubionensis is endemic to France, where it is restricted to Alpes-Maritime, SE France, and has recently been recorded from the Mercantour National Park (Gargominy and Ripken 2006).

habitat:
Most Bythinella species live only in springwater. Their natural habitat is thus very restricted.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The type locality has been damaged by the construction of a road.

conservationAction:
Bythinella roubionensis has been found in surveys in Mercantour National Park (INPN, Gargimony, pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Bernasconi (2000) noted that B. eurystoma and B. servainiana had practically identical shells to Bythinella rubiginosaInitial results from molecular studies by Bichain et al. (2007) suggest there is a possibility that this species may well be conspecific with some of the other Pyrenenean spring-snails (e.g. B. eurthystoma), indicating that only B. reynesii and B. viridis were distinct from the other Pyrenean Bythinella. However their study noted that their results are of preliminary nature and in order to validate the provisional findings, they want to undertake further studies of the genus, including supplementary mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Consequently all taxa are still treated as valid as susbequent studies may find that there are other characters on which to segregate the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain#et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. However, for the moment,#B. rubiginosa#is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here as Vulnerable D2, based on the small known range (area of occupancy of less than 4 km2) and possible threats to the species. If the threats impact the habitat more significantly, it might become Critically Endangered CR2ab(iii).

range:
Bythinella rubiginosa is endemic to France. There are three closely located sites around the Audinac les Bains village, East of St Girons in Ariege, Pyrenees (43"00'22"N, 1"10'56"E). The thermal spring is the type locality. The area of occupancy (AOO) seems to be less than 2 km x 2 km.

population:
No data on population status, although small numbers of shells were collected from this site for anatomical and molecular studies (Bernasconi 2000). In the three Audinac subpopulations of B. rubiginosa specimens from the thermal spring are largest, specimens from the cold spring are smallest, and specimens from the confluence are intermediate suggesting that shell variability may be linked to temperature (Bichain et al. 2007).

habitat:
This species is reported from thermal springs and ferruginous springs at same location.

threats:
Major threats lie is habitat degradation and loss, as Audinac les Bains is a former thermal spa near St Girons which is still in recreational use, with a campsite which has several holiday chalets and bungalows in the grounds as well as swimming pools and lies along a small river valley east# of St Girons.

conservationAction:
This species is of uncertain status, and thus further research on taxonomic status is required.# If considered a species, then habitat monitoring will be required.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of the species requires review in the light of molecular work on other Bythinella species in France and Germany which revealed that shell characters alone are not a good guide to species limits (Benke et al. 2007, Bichain et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a wider range than many of the other Bythinella species, and is currently viewed as occurring from Cuenca in Spain through to the Pyrenees in France (Boeters 1988), although there are several subspecies recognised in Catalunya (Spain) and as such the species may require further taxonomic review. #However, given that it can live in a variety of water bodies and is present over a wide range, at present it is listed as Least Concern (LC), pending further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and France (Boeters 1988). In Spain it is known from provinces of Catalunya and Cuenca (Castilla-La Mancha). In Castilla-La Mancha it is only known from two localities in Cuenca, although further surveys are required to determine the status of these populations (Bragado et al. 2010).

population:
The status of these populations are uncertain as there has been very little recent survey work.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs and flowing water such as streams and rivers (Bragado et al. 2010).

threats:
The species is not known to have specific threats, however general threats include concreting over spring sites and loss of water due to flow management regimes on rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place. There are several subspecies recognised in Catalunya (Spain) and as such the species may require further taxonomic review. The species would benefit from the normal actions to conserve freshwater snails, namely not concreting over spring sites and care in flow management regimes on rivers.

useAndTrade:
This species is not known to be traded or utilised.


taxonomicNotes:
This species belongs to an aggregate, with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana and B. opaca (sensu lato), as the species group is under review for their molecular systematics. The species have been assessed based on their current described status, in order to assess their conservation status. Molecular data supports its relationship with some Bosnian B. opaca populations (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella samecana is currently under review, as there is some molecular data which supports its relationship with some Bosnian B.  opaca populations (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010). If the conservation assessment is based on the subpopulations believed to be restricted to springs near Travnik, a site exploited as a tourist destination, then it could be reviewed as Vulnerable D2, on a precautionary basis. In this site many of the banks on the edge of the town are now artificial, and the creation of the walls as well as the management of the sites may well have a detrimental effect on the species. However, given the uncertainty on the species limits and distribution, and the fact that it could be more widespread, Data Deficient is viewed as the most appropriate category.

range:
Bythinella samecana is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radoman (1983) lists the locality for this species as Plava voda, a large spring and brook in Travnik town and suggests that Clessin's spring "Sameca" cannot be found near Travnik. In 2009 this species was found by Z. Erőss and Z. Fehér in the type locality (Z. Feher, pers. comm. 2009).

population:
In 2009 this population seemed to be not very abundant (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010). Only the first ca. 200 metre section of the stream was searched (after that it flows through private land), and this species was found only within a short (3-5 m) section and was not very abundant.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and streams.

threats:
Bythinella samecana may be restricted to a spring and outlet streams which is#now exploited as a tourist site. #Many of the banks are now artificial, and the creation of the walls as well as the management of the sites may well have a detrimental effect on the species, and as such the species may be threatened.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. more research is needed on the taxonomy, population and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed from 'Yugoslavia' by Radoman (1983). It was  recorded from the Vrelo spring, 33km north of Pirot town, and is  believed to be found in Serbia. There is no data on threats to this species and the location requires confirmation, hence the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Data is needed  on populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation  assessment for this species.

range:
This species was listed from 'Yugoslavia' by Radoman (1983). It was recorded from the Vrelo spring, 33 km north of Pirot town, and is believed to be found in Serbia.

population:
There is no data on population trends of this species.

threats:
There is no data on threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There is no known conservation actions for this species.# Data is needed on populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation assessment for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Germain (1931, Faune de France) placed this species in synonym with B. rubiginosa. Falkner et al. (2002) considered this species to be very similar in shell form to B. reyniesii and B. eurystoma.# Bernasconi (2000) considered there to be very little difference between Bythinella servainiana and B. eurystoma. Boeters and Falkner (2009) give additional information on the species. These species are all requiring taxonomic review, and should considered as potentially taxonomically doubtful citing Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been considered as a possible synonym of other species in several publications over the last 80 years. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species are doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# The species is a possible candidate for Vulnerable D2, based on the number of locations and the threats to the springs, however it is currently listed as Data deficient given the problems in assessing the range.

range:
The species is considered to be endemic to France, and not found in Spain (Falkner et al, 2002), however range of this species is currently under some doubt, as most of the original records come from Pyrenees-Atlantique, but the French National Inventory of Natural Patrimony (INPN) shows a record from the Department of Herault, on the Mediterranean coast, without any intervening records. Falkner et al. (2002) suggest that the range is limited to springs in the vicinity of St Jean de Luz and the Valley of the Nive at Arneguy.

habitat:
This species is believed to be a freshwater spring species.

threats:
The distribution and taxonomic status is unknown in detail.# However springs in the region of St Jean de Luz are largely captured for use either for animal drinking troughs and for domestic supplies, so the habitats in the region have been impacted.

conservationAction:
The taxonomic status of this species require confirmation.There are no conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a few sites across a wide region. It is possible that lack of recording in departments other than Ariege, provides a less extensive picture than may be required to fully assess this species. Given presence at a small number of sites, and the fact that these springs are often exploited for domestic and agricultural water supplies for humans and animals, the species may qualify as Near Threatened (NT) or even Vulnerable (VU). However, a taxonomic review of the species limits is also required, as the species has a limited review of the anatomy. The current status would be Least Concern (LC), based on the lack of threats across the sites, and the likelihood of additional sites in other parts of the Pyrennees.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union European regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) Mediterranean regional assessment:# Marginal as to whether the species range is within the Mediterranean zone, but if# it is present there it would be assessed as# Not Applicable (N/A) as less than 5% of the range would be in the region.

range:
Bythinella simoniana is endemic to France, where it has an wide range in the central and eastern Pyrenees, with recent records from Haute-Pyrennees, Haute-Garonne, Ariege and Aude. However, the number of springs where it has been confirmed are not large (less than 10), although it is possible that identification issues and lack of detailed recording may hinder the mapping of this species. A current map is available on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed] 2003-2010).

population:
This species is found in low numbers at most sites (1 to 25 individuals). The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is usually found in freshwater springs, but has also been recorded from underground rivers.

threats:
This species is potentially threatened by the disturbance of the springs, through habitat degradation (to improve the spring for exploitation), overexploitation of the spring (leading to drying during summer periods) and from pollution of the groundwaters feeding the spring.# However detailed threats to the species are unknown across the range

conservationAction:
A taxonomic review of the species limits is  required to establish species limits and review the geographical range. In the mean time, known sites should be under habitat monitoring to ensure that known populations do not decline due to poor spring management.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was described on basis of shell material only from two different sites 40 km apart. Given the difficulties in establishing the species limits in this group, (see Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review), then it is difficult to define the status of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species in known from the Department of Ariege.# It is known from two sites, widely separated in the region. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species based on shell characters are being revised. Therefore given that the two sites are widely separated, and the lack of molecular data, the species is possibly best assessed as Data Deficient. Should the taxonomic work support the separation of these populations as distinct species, then the species would qualify as Endangered, as these springs are exploited for domestic and agricultural purposes within the region, and are subject to occasional drying out.

range:
This species is endemic to France, and was described relatively recently by Bernasconi (2000), from the Department of Ariege, in the Pyrennees. It was found in two sites, Troye D'Ariege and Sieuras, about 40km apart, in different parts of the region. The species is mapped on the INPN site.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species from France are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species as currently has two different subpopulations in western France which are currently under review. The group are taxonomically complex (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species from France are in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, this species maybe widespread, and as such would merit Least Concern, or it may more restricten and as such would require a threatened conservation status.# At present, the species is viewed as Data deficient.#

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is known from two departments, Loir-et-Cher and Charente-Maritime.# Given the difficulties in identification and knowledge about whether these subpopulations represent the same species, it is at present not possible to map the species, nor comment in detail on the range. Currently research is ongoing to establish species status (J.M. Bichain pers. comm. 2009).

population:
No data is available on the status of the populations.

habitat:
In common with many Bythinella species, this species lives only in springs, hence the natural habitat is very restricted, to one or several spring sites in close proximity.

threats:
No threats are known specifically for this species, but as with many spring-snail species, the major threats are use of the spring for water supplies for domestic and agricultural purposes.#Many spring sites are used to supply small settlements with water, and as such maybe improved by concreting the sides to provide a cleaner extraction point.# There are also changes to the water levels throughout the year as water is pumped from the groundwater supply, sometimes to the point of temporary drying of the spring-site during the late summer, prior to groundwater recharge in the winter.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for this species.# Taxonomic research is ongoing to establish the relationships between the subpopulations and the validity of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a range across most of the Pyrenees, and although it is only known from approximately 30 springs, it is likely to be present at more sites within the range. Although there are no known threats to the species, these springs are vulnerable to modifications for use of the water close to villages and fields. Consequently given it's wide range, the species should be considered to be Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the montane region of the Pyrenées. Bernasconi (2000) gives about 30 localities in the departments of Hautes-Pyrenées, Ariège, Aude and Pyrenées-Orientales. The species is mapped in the Inventaire National de Patrimoine Naturel.

population:
No data is available on population trends.

habitat:
In common with many Bythinella species, this species lives only in springs, hence the natural habitat is very restricted.

threats:
Although there are no known threats to the species, the springs are vulnerable to modifications for use of the water close to villages and fields.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, and at present the threats are such that given the widespread nature of it's range, there are unlikely to be problems in the short-term.


taxonomicNotes:
See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al.  (2009) for a review of the current state of taxonomy in this group.#  Research is ongoing on the species relationships, as species limits  based on# shell characters are insufficient to identify species in this  group.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was originally listed as Near Threatened on the 1996 Red  List, based on the limited distributional information at that time, as  it was considered to be endemic to the Doubs and Saone Basins. It is  now under review, given the knowledge of the species that have been  revised based on molecular systematics. Based on current knowledge this  species is now considered restricted to the Doubs basin, and as such may  still be a candidate for Near Threatened, however, at present it is  listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it was originally considered to be endemic to the Doubs and Saone Basins. Currently the species is now thought to be endemic to the Doubs Basin only.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for  stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted  over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The  pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient  loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the  springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the  species.

conservationAction:
The species is currently protected by French law at all time against actions that would lead to the destruction or removal of eggs and destruction of animals. Research on population status and habitat monitoring is recommended for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ), many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# However, using the precautionary principle, this species has a small range, with only 6 known sites and a small area where the species is found with threats of water exploitation,# thus the species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv), pending the taxonomic review of the 6 different sub-populations.

range:
Bythinella vimperei is endemic to France, where it is known from 6 localities in three departments: Deux-Sèvres, Charente and Haute-Vienne.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. more research on taxonomy, population and habitat trends is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is believed to be a good species, based on both shell morphology and genetics (Bichain et al. 2007, Benke et al 2009).#Prie concluded that B. lancelevei can be synonymised with B. viridis based on the molecular analyses performed by Benke et al. (2009) and morphological evidence (Prie pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to France, where it is known from a small region in the northern part of France close to the border of Belgium.This species was originally assessed at Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet, 1996), based on limited range and presence at only two sites in the Aisne Basin.# Revised data shows that it is present in more than two sites, but that threats prevail at these new sites (J.-M. Bichain  V. Prie, 2009, pers. comm), such that the species is revised to Endangered.EU27:# Endangered, B1a,b(iii), B2a, b(iii)Europe: Endangered, B1a,b(iii), B2a, b(iii)Mediterranean: Not Applicable

range:
This species is endemic to France, and is believed to be restricted to Department Aisne in the Picardie region, where it is known only from 4 localities, but some more localities should be added through extensive survey. There are recent records suggested for Basse-Normandie (at Rogerville), but the taxonomic status of the sub-populations in this region are still under review. (J.-M. Bichain in prep., 2009).

population:
No current data on the status of these populations.

habitat:
This species is restricted to freshwater springs.

threats:
The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water source, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs.# There are a variety of purposes for water extraction in the region,such as use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.

conservationAction:
The species is currently protected by French law at all times against actions that would lead to the destruction or removal of eggs and destruction of animals. The regional nature conservation agencies have listed it on the Action Plan for Protected Species in Picardie.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from only one location, potentially warranting a threatened status. However, as surveys have not been completed to determine the species' presence at other similar locations nearby, the category Data Deficient (DD) has been given as it might be expected in numerous non-isolated springs similar to the type locality in Rila and other neighbouring mountains.

range:
This species in believed to be a Bulgarian endemic as it has been found at only one type locality. This location is a 5 metre stretch of stream near to the Bistritza river, south of Dolna Banya in the Rila Mountains. However, it is unknown whether this is the full extent of the species' distribution and its occurrence at other locations is possible.Even though, the location of this site is only few kms outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region, we  considered this species as being Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.

population:
The population status and trend for this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in a shallow (around 1-3 cm in depth) stream with a granite substrate. This stream is surrounded by Fagus sylvatica woodland and is filled with decaying organic matter from these trees.

threats:
Habitat disturbance due to deforestation is thought to be the main threat to this species.

conservationAction:
Although no current conservation actions are in place for this species, it is recommended that surveys to determine the status of the known population, as well as the presence of possible new populations, are conducted.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species from Charente-Maritime, in France. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Haase et al. 2007; Bichain#et al. 2007), some of the described species are taxonomically doubtful whilst others have cryptic species within their range, hence the group are in need of taxonomic revision.# However, a species assessment is made on the basis of the available data, to indicate sites in need of conservation efforts.

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species has a small range, with only 2 known sites and a small area where the species is found, with limited threats that could potentially impact the site if rates of degradation accelerate over the next 10 years, however at present the rate of declining quality of habitat is low, hence the species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) D2.# If the taxonomic review of the 2 different sub-populations shows that these are different species, then both would require their conservation assessments to be revised, as they may qualify for Critically Endangered.# If after further survey work these two subpopulations are the only sites, then the species could qualify as endangered, were the rates of declining habitat become such that change could impact the species within the next ten years.

range:
This recently described species is endemic to France where it is known only from 2 populations in Saint-Bris-des-Bois : Fontaine de Houmeau and Fontaine Taillard.

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. However, at present the levels of threat to this species are less immediate at the two known sites.

conservationAction:
The species is recently described, and as such there is little sampling effort to establish the wider range around these two locations.# There is a need to undertake a full taxonomic review in light of Haase et al. (2007), as well as more survey and mapping.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythinella zyvionteki is proposed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). This species is known from two localities, one of which is the type locality, which are situated at the fringes of a urbanized and heavily polluted industrial area of coal and ore mining and zinc and lead metallurgy; they may also be affected by agriculture. The habitat conditions at the type locality in the last 20 years have deteriorated: the water outflow is smaller and than it used to be and the once exposed locality has been overgrown by trees and bushes.

range:
Bythinella zyvionteki is only known from two localities less than 10 km apart from each other, near Checho in Kraków-Czstochowa Upland, in Poland.

population:
There is no recent information available on populations and trends.

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring species found on stones in the area of Jurassic limestone formations.

threats:
The species is situated at the fringes of a urbanized and heavily polluted industrial area of coal and ore mining, and zinc and lead metallurgy; it may also be affected by agricultural pollution (nitrates).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, however the species is present in a disturbed habitat, and as such surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is still extant at both sites and habitat management is needed to ensure these are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is close to Bythiospeum heldii and may require anatomical data to be certain of the identity (Glöer 2002).     This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is one of numerous spring-snails from the genus Bythiospeum in Germany, that are currently under review, in terms of the taxonomic status and the distributional data, and it is possible that the conservation status will change once that data is available. However, in the interim, as this species is known from a single river catchment, which is exploited as a water source, and thus faces possible degradation of the habitat if exploitation changes the underground hydrology, then the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2). The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope regional assessment:##Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
Bythiospeum acicula is restricted to Germany, but although the type locality of the species was not given in the original description, the range is given as Isar river, near Munich (Munchen) and in the adjacent northern Alps region within Germany (Falkner and Niederhofer 2008).

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring-snail, living in interstitial and subterranean waters.

threats:
The main threats for this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
It is listed in several regional Red Lists: in Bavaria (Strongly Threatened -Category 2) and in Baden-Wurttembergs (CR, Possibly Extinct). A taxonomic review of the species is required, along with further monitoring on the habitats where the species is recorded.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for the full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered to be rare in Switzerland, known only from two locations, but is not thought to be threatened. As such it is categorised as Near Threatened (NT), approaching criteria B. If a threat developed in the sites, then the species would qualify as Vulnerable (VU) or even possibly Endangered (EN).

range:
The species is endemic to Switzerland where it is known from a small area in central Switzerland, north of where it has been found in groundwater system, at the north of the Lake of Thun (Thunersee),# between the villages of Eriz and Habkern, in Schrattenfluh-Sieben Hengste-Hohgant, a cave system which is one of the deepest in Europe.

population:
There is no information on population trends.

habitat:
The species has been found from the subterranean waters of the karstic system 'Schrattenfluh-Sieben Hengste-Hohgant' in the Swiss alps (Turner et al. 1998).

conservationAction:
The species is currently listed in Switzerland as Category 4 "potentially threatened" (Federal Office for the Environment 2010), mainly as it's a rare species. It is only known from groundwater systems, so further data on the species' range is advised as well as monitoring of habitat trends as the species could be vulnerable if any threats were to exist.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered by Boeters, as a nom. nov. for Lartetia gracilis#Clessin 1910 (Boeters 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although species is listed for France and Germany (Bank et al. 2006), it was renamed in 2001 and overlooked hence there is little data to make an assessment. New# data on population trends, habitat preferences, threats and detailed distribution are required, and hence it is listed as Data deficient (DD), pending further information.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD).

range:
According to Fauna Europaea this species is restricted to France and Germany (Bank et al. 2006). However the species was not recognised under this name prior to 2001, and hence there is little data to make an assessment.

population:
There is no data on current population status or trends.

conservationAction:
Research is required to determine the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and threats to determine if any conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum articense is known from the Ardèche and Gard departments in France, and it is considered to be widespread in Gard (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009).#Although very localised, the low level of threats to the majority of sites suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern, rather than Near Threatened (Vincent Prie, 2009, pers. comm).# However, should the level of threats to these sites change or should there be a decline in the number of sites where the species is known, then the species status should be reviewed, therefore, monitoring of habitat needs to be implemented.

range:
Bythiospeum articense is a French endemic, known from the Ardèche and Gard departments, and it is considered to be widespread in Gard (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009).

population:
There is no data on the population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of groundwater levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by the French law. Its habitat is listed in the annex of the Habitat directive (8310-4).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been formerly regarded as a subspecies of Bythiospeum tschapecki (Clessin, 1882) (Stojaspal 1978).This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum bormanni is endemic to Austria. This species only exists in two locations, one of which is exploited as a water source and therefore is under threat from habitat degradation. There has also been a recent population decline and is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). This species is under taxonomic and distribution review as part of a revision of the genus of Bythiospeum subterranean freshwater snails and therefore this assessment may alter in the future as a result. Currently, it has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v).

range:
Bythiospeum bormanni is endemic to the central Alps in Styria, Austria from the region of Graz.# There are records from two caves, Bärenhöhle near Mixnitz and from floodwaters ejected from springs close to Ludwig-Hammer-Höhle (Blaubruchhöhle) in Annengraben (Einödgraben, NNE Graz) (Kreissl and Freitag 1989).

population:
This species is considered 'rare' and recently a decline in population trends has been observed.

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits caves and springs, and is found in groundwater and within water in rock fissures.

threats:
The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater for drinking water and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilisers as a result of agricultural practices, that pose a threat to this species. Some localities are also under pressure from tourism activities.

conservationAction:
This species is currently protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. Its habitat should be protected and it is suggested that monitoring of its habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of the few Bythiospeum species, whose validity is not questioned.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum bourguignati is considered to be widespread within the region, and although very localised, the low level of threats to the majority of sites suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern, rather than Near Threatened (Vincent Prie, 2009, pers. comm).# However, should the level of threats to sites change such that the number of sites where the species is known declines, then the species could qualify as Near Threatened, or even higher.The species was originally listed as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet, 1996), using the old criteria, with a wider range limits, but now the species is known to be more frequent within the region, the new information has lead to reclassification.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the departments of Hérault and Gard, where it is widespread in suitable habitats. The records from departments of  Bouche-de-Rhone are currently under review, as they are only based on dry shells.

population:
The populations are believed to be stable at most sites.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater subterranean habitats.

threats:
The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water source through extraction of groundwater.# There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. #Bernasconi described#B. bressanum diaphanoides, a taxon that exhibits an anatomy similar to#B. bressanum, but has a shell similar to#B. diaphanum.#Falkner#et al. (2002) raised#B. b. diaphanoides#to the species level.##A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
On the basis of records of shells placed in this species on conchological characters,#Bythiospeum bressanum#is endemic to France, where it is currently found in the Departments of#Jura, Ain and Isère. This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent field investigations to determine distribution can be carried out. #However, based on the current status of knowledge, the species has been given an assessment of Least Concern, rather than Data deficient, reflecting the current wide range.

range:
Bythiospeum bressanum is endemic to France, where it is currently found in the#départements of#Jura, Ain and Isère.

population:
There is no data available on the population trends for this species.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Groundwater levels may become lowered if the aquifers are overexploited, causing habitat degradation, and hence threatening this species.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by the French law. It's habitat is listed in the annex II of the Habitat directive (8310-4).


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally only known from one locality at Hoverla, Ukraine, based on 1 shell, and the type was destroyed in 1956. This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al.2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species might qualify for Near Threatened (Son pers. comm. 2010) given the pressure on some sites in the Ukraine, its presence in Romania, and the lack of information on threats to these sites, means that the species is best listed as Data Deficient (DD), until more information on the threats and population status in these regions is available. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)

range:
Bythiospeum carpathica is an endemic of the Carpathian Mountains (Ukraine and Romania). The species was first described from a spring below the Hoverla refuge, on this mountain, which is the highest peak in the Ukraine. It has not been re-found there since, despite searches during the last 20 years. In the Ukrainian Carpathian this species is also found in wells in the Danube Basin (Polischuk and Gerasevitch 1986). In addition it is found in several habitats in the Romanian Carpathian (Grossu and Negrea 1963, 1984; Grossu 1986; Glöer and Sirbu 2005), so it is no longer regarded as restricted to Hoverla.

habitat:
This species is described from a freshwater springs, but is likely to be a subterranean species.

threats:
The original type locality wasn't well circumscribed, and hence the threats are difficult to assess, however the likely threats are very small as there are few visitors to the area. The other sites include wells and springs and Son (pers.comm. 2010) considered that there is some habitat degradation, particularly due to tourist traffic.

conservationAction:
This species has no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the population and distribution in Romania, and threats to the species in these localities.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need research using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Bernasconi (1990) considers this taxon as a subspecies of B. diaphanum.The nominate species and the subspecies are known from various sites in France and Switzerland (Bertrand 2004) with subspecies are currently recognized : charpyi (Paladilhe, 1867)# in France and Switzerland;# giganteum Bernasconi, 1969# only in France.

redListCategoryRationale:
This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent field investigations to determine distribution. #However based on the current status of knowledge, the species has been given an assessment of Least Concern, rather than Data deficient, reflecting the current wide range. This species is protected by French legislation.

range:
Based on records from shells,#Bythiospeum charpyi has a wide range in France (départements of Doubs, Jura, Haute Saone and Territoire de Bellfort) and Switzerland (Bern canton). #It is considered as two subspecies by some authors,#B. c.#charpyi#(Paladilhe, 1867)# in#France#and#Switzerland; #B. c.#giganteum#Bernasconi, 1969 which is only found#France.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the water levels in the aquifer may degrade the habitat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
Bythiospeum charpyi#is protected by law in France.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of Hydrobid snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum cisterciensorum has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v). This species has a restricted range and has recently undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'common' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the water-quality of this species is conducted, as a proxy to understand the impact of this species, as population trends and range are difficult to establish for these groundwater species.

range:
Bythiospeum cisterciensorum is endemic to the north-eastern Alps in Lower Austria. It is only known from the type locality, which is discharge from the spring Siebenbrunn, besides the river Türnitz, north of Annaberg.

population:
This species was previously considered 'very common' in occurrence. However, a population decrease has been recently observed and is now thought of as 'rare'.

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits groundwater and water found in rock fissures.

threats:
The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is strictly protected in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
The type locality of Bythiospeum clessini is "Schönthal Württembergiae in alluviis fluminis Chase "(Weinland 1883a, 1983b; Geyer 1907a).Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues with the nomenclature on the taxon. "Vitrella franconica" Geyer, 1904 was a common species name for the varieties of# various French# species, and so according to Falkner, the name Vitrella franconica "is thus regarded as a name for a hypothetical concept" and has no status in the Zoological Nomenclature (Code Article 1.3.1).The following nominal taxa are interpreted here as synonyms of Bythiospeum clessini clessini (Weinland, 1883):Vitrella kraussii Weinland, 1883 (1883a: 80; 1883B: 125-126, fig 4): type locality is identical to that of Vitrella clessini;Vitrella franconica var spirata Geyer, 1904: 325; described from 14 springs;Lectotypus by Zilch (1970: 325, Plate 17 Fig 15) "tailor Fountain at Adolzhausen "; Vitrella franconica var spirilla Geyer, 1904: 326-327; described from five springs; Lectotypus locus typicus by Zilch (1970: 326; Plate 17 Fig 13) in a small spring below the# small pond; Geyer (1907a: 412-413) himself synonymised "Franconica" kraussi [sic] and spirilla already clessini. Since Geyer (1907a: 415) from "between multiple sources Vorbachand Jagst" also the common occurrence of spirata boasts of "transitional forms Clessini" and real clessini is also synonymous spirata.This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Three subspecies are currently recognised by Bank et al. (2006)# moenanum (Flach, 1886), posterum (Geyer, 1904) and septentrionale (Schütt, 1960).

redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. However it is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the single location within a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (EN B2 ab(iii)).

range:
Bythiospeum clessini is endemic to Germany, where it was described from 'Schönthal Württembergiae in alluviis Jagst fluminis' (Falkner and Niederhof 2008). There are two subspecies currently recognised. One from Schöntal (Jagstgenist) and the other from Backnang (Maubach) in Germany (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).

habitat:
This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters. It is believed to be declining due to groundwater pollution.

threats:
The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.

conservationAction:
Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 1 Threatened Species in the region in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described as a subspecies of B. bressanum by Bernasconi (1985). Falkner et al. (2002) raised it to the species level. The taxonomy of the Bythiospeum genus needs a comprehensive taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum diaphanoides, based on the current records (mainly shells)#is known from a relatively restricted area (about five locations)#based on the current records (mainly shells) it is thought to be endemic to France, where it occurs in the Departments of Ain, Jura, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire. Although some of these locations are impacted by human activities, the species does not seem to be threatened (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009). It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (almost meets criteria for Vulnerable D2) on a precautionary basis, based on 5 locations, if further locations are found for the species, then the status should be reviewed.

range:
The distribution of this species is unclear, as shells are easily confused with other Bythiospeum species, especially B. diaphanum. However, based on the current records (mainly shells) it is thought to be endemic to France, where it occurs at five localities in the Departments of Ain, Jura, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the groundwater table may threaten the species through habitat degradation, if the aquifers are over-exploited.

conservationAction:
The taxonomic issues of the genus Bythiospeum need to be solved.


taxonomicNotes:
Several subspecies have been described in the south of France by Girardi (2002, 2003, 2009). However, Bertrand (2004) states that, in the state-of-the-art, B. diaphanum (sensus stricto) is limited to the south of Jura (France). The genus Bythiospeum requires a global taxonomic revision.Subspecies:B. diaphanum alpillense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum fernetense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum luberonense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum meyrarguense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum michaellensis# Girardi 2002B. diaphanum montbrunense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum regalonense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum sarriansense Girardi 2009Only the nominate subspecies Bythiospeum diaphanum diaphanum is being considered in this assessment, as the other subspecies are taxonomically doubtful and might not belong to this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Only the nominate subspecies Bythiospeum diaphanum diaphanum is being considered in this assessment, as the other subspecies are taxonomically doubtful and might not belong to this species. This taxon is relatively range restricted, as only three localities are given in the literature (Bertrand 2004). However, it is likely that it is slightly more widespread and it is therefore considered as Near Threatened, rather than endangered.

range:
Bythiospeum diaphanum is endemic to France, and is restricted to a few locations in the south of the Jura mountains.

population:
There is no population trend data available.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean freshwater habitats.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption may be another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002). It lies within a group of species that requires taxonomic studies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and  molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent  field investigations to determine distribution. #However based on the  current status of knowledge, the species could be given an assessment of  Least Concern, reflecting the current  range. This species possibly protected by French legislation, as it was previously regarded as part of B. diaphanum.

range:
Bythiospeum dorvani lives in France in the south of the Jura in the Department of Ain and in the Chartreuse and Vercors mountains.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by the French law. More research is needed on the taxonomy.


taxonomicNotes:
This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. Bernasconi (1990) considers this taxon as a synonym of B. charpyi, but Boeters in Falkner et al. (2002) considers it as a valid species.A conservation assessment is made based on data from the literature pending the results for full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the taxonomic status is under review, based on the precautionary principle, a threat assessment is made based on the distribution given in the literature. This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation and over abstraction of water) suggest that the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending further research on the taxonomic status.

range:
The type locality for this species is Chatillon-sur-Seine.# Bertrand (2004) gives a distribution on the Doubs, Haute-Saone and Haut-Rhin departements in France, but this taxon seems to be localized to only a few karstic systems (V. Prie pers.comm. 2010)

population:
There is no data on the population status.

habitat:
This is a subterranean species living in karstic waters.

threats:
It is uncertain whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes. However, in this region, subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
No species-specific conservation actions are known, however, it is recommended that taxonomic work is undertaken to establish the species limits and relationships to other taxa.# Habitat monitoring would be advised to establish any potential decline that may impact the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Falkner and Niederhofner (2008) discuss the nomenclatural issues and difficulties with defining the types of this species. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum dubium is one of numerous spring snails from the genus Bythiospeum in Germany, that are currently under review, in terms of their taxonomic status and the distributional data, and it is possible that the conservation status will change once that data is available. There have been suggestions that the species should be listed as Data Deficient due to the taxonomic issues with the group. However, in the interim, using the precautionary principle, the species assessment is made based on the existing information based on shell characters.# There are difficulties with sampling the groundwaters and given the likely  rarity of the species,# although Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) suggest this species is possibly extinct in Germany, it should be listed as Critically Endangered, based on one last site and the possible threats to the site from groundwater pollution. The species was not listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as an Extinct species.

range:
This spring-snail is endemic to Germany, where it is only known from Baden-Wurttemberg (Treffelhausen, Bissingen und Neidlingen) (Gloer 2002), where it is now considered possibly extinct (Falkner and Niederhofer 2008). Originally this species was recorded from 3 sites in Germany. Falkner and Niederhofer (2008) note that this species was described by Geyer 1904 from a few sites, a freshwater spring in the Treffelhausen (south of the city), another spring at Bissingen and a third# in Gernhardsberg at Neidlingen and another in a side valley at Treffelhausen. However it is now not found in recent surveys in the region.

population:
This species is possibly extinct as there have been no recent records.

habitat:
This is a freshwater snail, living in subterranean waters and only seen in outflow at springs, where it has rarely been recorded.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
As this species is suspected to be extinct, a specific survey should be conducted.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bythiospeum elseri is only known from one location and one possible location and no living specimens have been found, however, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures it is difficult to establish population trends or range. The abstraction of groundwater water may pose a threat as this could cause the loss of the species' habitats.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the records. The national assessment of this species is Critically Endangered (Reischutz and Reicshutz 2009). It has been previously listed on the IUCN Red List as Endangered (1992).# The listing as Near Threatened (Baillie  Groombridge 1996) was in error, as the criteria for the Endangered category had not be given (M.Seddon pers. comm. 2010). It could maintained at the Endangered Listing (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Vulnerable D2, as the species will disappear rapidly if the rate of habitat change accelerates.

range:
Bythiospeum elseri is endemic to Austria. It is found in the northern limestone Alps region of upper Austria, where it is currently known from only one locality, where it was recorded in floodline debris of the river Traun near Wels. Reischutz  Reischutz (2009) noted that it might be expected to be found in the sources of Nebenbäche.

population:
There have been no living specimens of this species recorded. However, the ecology of this species may be the main reason for the lack of collecting of live individuals, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures. It is difficult to sample these groundwaters effectively, and as such the species, like many species of Bythiospeum, will appear rare.

habitat:
This is a very small freshwater species, living in springs and groundwater. It is seldom found in river deposits.

threats:
This species could be threatened by habitat degradation due to the abstraction of groundwater and subsequent lowering of groundwater levels.

conservationAction:
Bythiospeum elseri# is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is currently listed on the Red List of Austria as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) and in the past has been listed as Endangered and Near Threatened (Wells and Chatfield 1992, Baille and Groombridge 1996). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.


