# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Endangered (EN) 

Stictoleptura variicornis is widely distributed and common in Russia, really abundant in Siberia, but becomes rarer and more localised westward into Europe. Its western limit is in northeastern Poland. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population trend is stable and it is reported from artificial tree plantations. In the EU 28 this species is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 48 km²), the population is severely fragmented and it is very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to forestry activities and wildfires. The species is very rare and known from only about six to ten sites in Poland and in the Baltic Republics. It is expected that the continuing decline in habitat quality will not stop in the near future. The population trend and threats are still poorly known and further research is recommended to gain a better understanding of the situation of this species in the EU 28.

range:
Stictoleptura variicornis occurs in Poland, Russia, Siberia and eastwards, extending towards Japan and Korea (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, it is rare and sparsely distributed in the Baltic Republics - a single record in Latvia (Telnov 2004) - Poland, Ukraine and Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Danilevsky 2014). Between Belarus, the Kama basin (Georgi 2016), Udmurtia (Дедюхин 2005), and the Orenburg region (Шаповалов 2012), the species is viewed as common and is present in forest plantations. In the north, it has not recently been reported from north European Russia, Karelia or the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km² in Europe and 140,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km² in Europe, but only 48 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In Europe, the population trend is considered to be stable since between Belarus, the Kama basin, Udmurtia, and the Orenburg region, the species is viewed as common and is present in forest plantations. However, the species is rare and sporadic in the EU 28 where it is known from only six to ten subpopulations. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28. A decrease in the population may be ongoing in the west of Europe.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed broadleaf and conifer forests. The larva develops in decaying wood of both coniferous and deciduous trees with perhaps a preference for conifers in the western part of its distribution range. Host trees include Pinus, Picea, Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Betula, Populus, Salix and Tilia spp. (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Cherepanov 1990). A female can lay from 280 to 360 eggs in the cracks of dead rotten coarse woody debris, dead trunks and large stumps.The larvafirst lives under the bark and then burrows into the wood below. Its development takes at least three years. Pupation occurs in the wood early in summer. The adults are active from June to August, often on flowers.

threats:
This species is threatened by forestry  activities and wildfires that destroy its breeding material. While at the European scale the species is probably not threatened, it is considered that it is very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the EU 28. The species is only know from six to ten sites and this decline is not expected to stop in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in the Białowieża forest (Polish and Belarussian sides, in the previous observed in 1983) (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). In Latvia it is reported from the Slītere National Park and is strictly protected (Telnov 2004). In Russian Karelia, S. variicornis is known from the protected area of Kivach (Heliövaara et al. 2004). The population trend and threats are still poorly known and further research is recommended to gain a stronger understanding of the situation of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Strangalia attenuata is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It  inhabits mixed and broadleaf forests and breeds in several wood types and tree species.

range:
Strangalia attenuata is distributed all over the Palaearctic, from Europe to Siberia, China, Korea and Japan. It is also present in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, it occurs from  Scandinavia and Karelia to the Pyrenees and  the Alps in France (Sama 2002). In Finland, it is a veryrare species, at present only known by one small subpopulation inthe southwestern part of the country (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Similar rarity is reported from Sweden, where the species is mostly confined to the southeast (N. Jansson and R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). In the UK (England),  the species has been considered extinct since it is only known by a few early 19th century records from southeast England, and sub-fossil data (Uhthoff-Kaufmann 1988, Alexander 2002); however there is no evidence for a resident breeding subpopulation in the historic period and the isolated intermittent records may merely reflect chance vagrants or introductions (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). In the south of Europe, it is rare and sporadic in the Iberian Peninsula (González Peña et al. 2007), very local in Italy and present in few localities in Greece (Sláma and Slámová 1996, Sama 2002, Berger 2005). It is also present in European Turkey (Özdikmen 2014). By contrast, in eastern Europe it is one of the most common species, present in Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), Moldova and nearly all of Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011). It is also present in all the Baltic Republics and theKaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007). In European Russia, it occurs from Volgograd to Orenburg (Шаповалов 2012), and Karelia (Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable since the species is rather common in most of its distribution range. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed and broadleaf forests, in fresh and humid places. The larva is highly polyphagous, reported from the dead wood of several broadleaf tree species (Betula, Alnus, Quercus, Corylus, Tilia, Castanea, Ulmus, Salix, Populus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Genista spp.), and also from conifers (Pinus spp.) (Cherepanov 1990, Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Berger 2012). The larva feeds in decayed dead wood of varying diameters, in stems, branches, shoots, etc. Its development takes at least two years and pupation occurs in the wood. The adults visit flowers from June to September.

threats:
This species is highly polyphagous and can use several types of dead wood. Thus there appear to be no major threats to it.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas throughout Europe. In France, it is found in the Nature Reserve of Lavours (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016), and in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, in the Pelister National Park (Plewa et al. 2015). The species is included in the list of the indicators of natural forest habitats of Latvia (Telnov 2004). No research or conservation actions are needed.

useAndTrade:
The species is sold on web-markets (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is referred to as S. fulvum (Villers, 1789) in Bense (1995).

range:
In Europe this species  is widely distributed in the Circum-Mediterranean region (Bense 1995),  from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Crimea, and extends north into Hungary. It is also present in northern Africa, Caucasus, northern Iran, Middle East, Middle Asia; imported into America (Sama 2002). 

In Portugal it has been recorded from north to south of the Mediterranean part of the country, also in Madeira. In Spain it is present also in the Canary Islands (introduction) and the Balearic Islands. In France it is localized in the southern of the Mediterranean area including Corsica but may be in extension up to the north. It iswidespread in Cyprus. It has been reported in European Turkey from Istanbul (Oymen 1987) and Kırklareli (Ozdikmen and Caglar 2004). It has also been reported from south-western Romania; area spread in the warm place up to Craiova (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). This species is very rare in Hungary. Few localities are known from the western half of the country, most are old (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is widespread and common in its main Mediterranean distribution.
In Spain it is very common. In Italy there are 80 localities. In France it is common in the south and might be expanding northwards (Allemandet al. 2009). In Cyprus it is a common species. In the European part of Turkey there are recent records, the species is common.
This species is very rare in Hungary; only a few localities are known, with small populations (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are records of 40 years ago (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).  In Crimea it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in very old dry wood, mostly of broad-leaved trees, and is polyphagous; also found in seasoned timber, furniture, and wooden structures such as roof timbers and fences. The larvae develop in dying oakQuercus, beechFagus, alderAlnus,elmUlmus, willow Salix,planePlatanus,chestnutCastaneus, Pistacea, Cytisus, some fruit-trees, sometimes in coniferous trees. In Cyprus it has been reared from dead wood ofJuglans regia, Ceratonia siliqua, Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Prunus dulcis and Pinus brutia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Adults are active in V-VIII (as the latest in VII). Adults are found on the host wood, and may be attracted to light (Sama 2002), but do not feed. The life cycle is three or four years.

There is little information about the habitat of the species in Hungary; the known localities are in light oak forests. In Romania it has been recorded from timber from old settlements (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it has been found in orchards, maquis,garigue, forests, villages and towns (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is no detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

conservationAction:
Probably no conservation measures are needed over much of its range.


taxonomicNotes:
Tetropium aquilonium Plavilstshikov, 1940 was described from 8 specimens, among which the Type, collected in 1929 from the Kola peninsula (Плавильщиков 1940). This specimen was thereafter designated as Lectotypus by Sláma (2005). T. aquilonium is morphologically closely related to the common T. fuscum.  Recently, two more species were described into the fuscum-aquilonium group: T. danilevskyi in Asia (Sláma 2005) and T. tauricum from Crimea (Shapovalov 2007). The last species of the group, T. staudingeri, is distributed in Central Asia (South Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan) (Pic 1901, Shapovalov 2007). The differences among the five species are very subtle, while T. fuscum is known to harbour an important range of morphological variability. On the other hand, observations of T. aquilonium are regular in a geographically and ecologically coherent area. However, Sláma (2015) reared T. aquilonium, T. castaneum and a new subspecies, T. fuscum lapponicum, from the thick bark of a single spruce tree. Again, the differences among T. fuscum and T. fuscum lapponicum are subtle, the main one, a smaller size, may simply result from rearing conditions (only the bark being available for larvae that normally also grow in wood).  Danilevsky (2014), expressed doubts about the validity of T. aquilonium, which could only be a form of T. fuscum according to him. At the moment, T. aquilonium is considered as a valid species, but more studies are needed to clarify the taxonomy in the fuscum-aquilonium group, especially using DNA.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Tetropium aquilonium is one of the most northerly distributed  species, reported only north of the latitude 65°, in Sweden,  Finland and western Russia. It lives inside thick bark of living, old, large and slow-growing Siberian spruce (Picea obovata), mostly at the top of the stems. This habitat has a very long term dynamic and is highly threatened by forestry activities. This species is very rare, even if it is considered to have been overlooked because of the difficulties of access and local working conditions. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km² in Europe, and 52 km² in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations  and the extent of occurrence (EOO) due to forestry.The species occurs at more than, but close to, ten locations, both in Europe and in the EU 28. It is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The main threat to this species is the logging of slow-growing spruces. This type of habitat is irreplaceable, even in the medium term. Research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species. The threats seem to be clear and the species may need conservation planning based on land management and forest protection.

range:
Tetropium aquilonium is one of the most northerly distributed saproxylic beetle species in Europe. It is reported only north of the latitude 65°, in Sweden, Finland and western Russia, eastwards to the Ob river (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Lundberg 1993, Sláma 2005, Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014, Sláma 2015). Most of its distribution range is in Europe. It is a very rare species, but probably overlooked because of its peculiar biology (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In Sweden, it is known from one locality and has been found once on imported spruce timbers in Vasterbotten (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). Reports from China and from the south of Russia (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012) most probably refer to another species (see taxonomic note). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) have been calculated excluding one specimen importedwith timbers from Russia to Sweden, and the doubtful locality in the southeast of Russia. The EOO in Europe is 174,000 km² and the AOO 72 km². In the EU 28, the EOO 10,155 km² and the AOO is 52 km².

population:
This species is very rare and hard to find. In at least one locality in Finland (Ivalo), the species was rarely, but regularly, foundfor a century. This subpopulation is believed to be stable. However, in places where forestry is ongoing, the number of subpopulations may be in decline because of the removal and the absence of replacement of slow-growing trees. The overall current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in boreal spruce and birch forests, north of the latitude 65°. The species is associated with Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata). Its biology has been described by Lundberg (1993). It lives in large girth (30 cm diameter at breast height), slow-growing, living trees, typically in sites with damaged trees growing in open situations (R. Pettersson, pers. comm. 2016). The larvae feed and pupate inside thick bark. Development takes most probably at least two years (Sláma 2015). They are nearly exclusively found near the top of the stems, mostly the upper 2 m and upwards to 5 m. In the same tree, in the lower parts, Tetropium fuscum and T. castaneum may also be present, in bark cracks. The adults are active in July and August. Danilevsky (2014) also indicates pine (Pinus sp.) as a host tree.

threats:
This species was once  reported from imported spruce timbers in Sweden (Ehnström and Axelsson  2002). The main threat to this species is the logging of slow-growing spruces. This type of habitat isirreplaceable, even inthemedium term. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of logging and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at more than, but close to, ten locations.

conservationAction:
This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004, Rassi et al. 2010) and, after being assessed as Endangered in Sweden in 2000, it has been reconsidered as Data Deficient (Artdatabanken 2016). It occurs in one protected area in Finland, the Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park (Lundberg 1993), and probably exists in the other protected areas of northern Lapland. Research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species. The threats seem to be clear and the species may need conservation planning based on land management and forest protection.Large scale investigations, mixing DNA techniques, ecology, biology and biogeography should be carried out among the group of T. tauricum, T. aquilonium, T. danilevskyi, T. staudingeri and T. fuscum.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tetropium castaneum is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, able to live in commercial forests, the population trend is increasing and there are no major threats to it.

range:
Tetropium castaneum is common throughout the Palaearctic, from Europe to Japan (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, it is common and widely distributed from France to the Urals (Sama 2002). It is more localised in the south, in Spain, where new records have been published by San Martín et al. (2001) and Lencina Gutiérrez et al. (2004) from the Spanish Pyrenees. In Italy, it is mostly found in the Alps with few localities in the fir forests of the northern Apennines (Sama 1988, Papi and Ceccolini 2014). In the Balkans, the species must be confirmed in Albania (Rapuzzi and Sama 2012) but is cited from Greece, where its presence has been published by Berger (2000). In eastern Europe, the species is common in all the Baltic Republics and the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007); throughout Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996); and it is present in the west and north of Ukraine, plus some specimens imported into Crimea (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011,Zamoroka et al. 2012,Danilevsky 2014). In European Russia it can be found everywhere from the north, in Komi and Karelia (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014) to the Orenburg, Volgograd and Voronezh regions (Шаповалов 2012,Danilevsky 2014). The speciesis monitoredworldwide topreventinfestations. In Great Britain, it may have been accidentally introduced recently (Twinn and Harding 1999).

population:
The population is increasing in many countries due to the numerous conifer plantations in the lowlands (Berger 2012). This is regarded as a pest species in some countries, such as Poland, as the larvae damage the wood. The population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed and coniferous forests in the middle-mountain and boreal zones. It is also found in conifer plantations. The larvae have been described several times and in details by Juutinen (1955), Švácha and Danilevsky (1987), Cherepanov (1990), and is also strongly studied by foresters in the USA and Canada (Jackson and Molet 2014). It lives in spruce trees (Picea spp.) but also in fir and pine trees (Abies and Pinus spp.). The eggs are laid in bark cracks of dying or recently dead trees (dead for less than one year). After some time spent under the bark, the larva tunnels deep in the wood a characteristic "hook-like" pupal cell (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). Its development takes one or two years, then the larva overwinters and pupation occurs in spring in the wood or rarely under bark. The adults are on the wings from May to August and do not feed. They are visible on host plants, and active all day (Berger 2012), not only nocturnal as stated by Bense (1995). Sweeney et al. (2010), have characterised an aggregation pheromone, the S-fuscumol. Trees inhabited by Tetropium castaneum larvae are frequently visited by woodpeckers searching for food (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is not threatened by forestry activities since it can develop very quickly in dying trees. There are no major threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tetropium fuscum is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, able to develop in commercial  forests, the population trend is increasing and there are no major threats to it.

range:
Tetropium fuscum is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus, northeastern Turkey, Siberia, China and Japan (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). It has also recently been reported from Nova Scotia (Canada) where it caused serious damage to timber in a limited area (Smith and Hurley 2000). In Great Britain, it has been occasionally imported in timber from the continent (Bílý and Mehl 1989) and it was recently found in the south of the UK (England) (Brotheridge 2014). In central Europe, it is reported from many countries, and becomes more localised in the south of the Alps, and especially in the Balkans (Sama 2002). In eastern Europe, it is known in all the Baltic Republics and in the Kaliningrad region (Alekseev 2007), it is localised in Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), and is very rare in the west and north of Ukraine (Bartenev and Terekhova 2011,Zamoroka et al. 2012). In European Russia, the species occurs mainly in the north, from Karelia to the Komi Republic (Татаринова et al. 2007), and is localisedsouthward in the Ulyanovsk and Rostov regions (Danilevsky 2014).

population:
The population is clearly increasing as a result of extensive conifer plantations in the lowlands (Berger 2012), as well as being accidentally imported into foreign countries. The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in conifer and mixed forests. It is associated with spruce and pine trees (Picea and Pinus spp.), and occasionally with larch trees (Larix spp.). The biology was detailed by many authors (Juutinen 1955, Švácha and Danilevsky 1987, Cherepanov 1990), while intense research is done in Canada and the USA, trying to control this invasive species (Jackson and Molet 2014). Females lay an average of 80 eggs on dying or very recently dead trees. The larvae live first  under bark and then tunnel deep in the wood in hook-like galleries, where they pupate. Their development generally takes one year, rarely two, depending on the wood quality and climate. The adults do not feed and are active all day on the host plants from May to July. Sweeney et al. (2010) have characterised an aggregation pheromone, the S-fuscumol. Trees occupied by Tetropium fuscum larvae are frequently visited by woodpeckers searching for food (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species is not threatened by forestry activities since it develops very quickly in dying trees. It is itself a threat against forestry as it damages the timber. There are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas throughout Europe. No conservation action or research is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Tetropium gabrieli Weise, 1905 and T. gracilicorne Reitter, 1889 are exclusively living on Larix spp. trees and are extremely close morphologically. The first was described twice in the same year, by Weise (1905) from Central Europe and by Sharp (1905) from Britain, the second from Chabarowka in Eastern Siberia (Reitter 1889). They are usually considered separately by entomologists, depending on whether one refers to Russian or European literature. On the European side, books only refer to T. gabrieli (Freude et al. 1966, Bense 1995, Sama 2002). On the Russian side, only T. gracilicorne occurred until recent Tetropium discoveries in larch plantations around Moscow, that plunged Russian entomologists into embarrassment for identifying their specimens (Danilevsky 2014). The first appearance of larch fossils in Western Europe was found in the early Pliocene (-1.4 Myrs), with a probable colonisation, first and for a short time, from Greenland via the north of Finland and the British Isles and thereafter only from Eastern Siberia (LePage and Basinger 1995, Wei and Wang 2003). So the palaeontological data supports the hypothesis of an early establishment of T. gabrieli in Europe from Greenland. However, the ability of Tetropium to be very good colonisers is clear. So a recent colonisation of the Moscow region by one or another is doubtful. One may expect only one species of Tetropium living exclusively on larch in the Palaearctic region. Crawshay (1907) was the first to detail the biology of T. gabrieli and to point out the synonymies with the species described by Sharp. Jeniš (2001), proposed a synonymy between T. gabrieli and T. gracilicorne but he did not comply with the rules set by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Brustel et al. 2002). Again, Russian authors argue for a synonymy with priority to T. gracilicorne (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014, M. Danilevsky pers. comm. 2016). This latter opinion is followed here.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tetropium gracilicorne is common and mostly inhabits larch forests, larch being its principal host tree. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is increasing and there are no major threats to it.

range:
In this assessment, we consider Tetropium gabrieli as a junior synonym of T. gracilicorne, following the expert opinions - a formal publication is missing - of Jeniš (2001) and Russian authors (Татаринова et al. 2007, Danilevsky 2014, M. Danilevsky, pers. comm. 2016). Tetropium gracilicorne was described from east Siberia and occurs from Japan to the surroundings of Moscow (Danilevsky 2016). In Europe, it is present under the name T. gabrieli, in the mountains of central and southern Europe, and both the uplands and lowlands of the UK (Great Britain). At the moment, the species is absent from the northern territories: Norway, Finland and Russian Karelia, but it is currently spreading in Sweden after a first accidental introduction with larch timber (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Artdatabanken 2016). In Belarus, it is present in the west of the country (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996), while in Ukraine, it is known by one record from theLviv region, in the Carpathians (Загайкевич 1960). In European Russia, specimens were recently found in larch plantations in the Moscow region (Danilevsky 2014), and are naturally present in the north of the Komi Republic (Татаринова 2007). In the European southwest, it is reaching the eastern part of France (Berger 2012) and the Italian Alps, but is absent from the Balkans southward of the Alps. The species is surveyed worldwide in order to try to prevent infestations of commercial larch forests (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2005).

population:
This species is expanding its range rapidly, since it is favoured by larch plantations worldwide. It is increasing in France (Berger 2012), Sweden - after being introduced with larch timber, it is now established in the wild in at least one province (Lindhe et al. 2010, Artdatabanken 2016) - European Russia (Danilevsky 2014), and probably other countries. The overall population trend is therefore increasing.

habitat:
This species is found in boreal and temperate larch forests. The host tree is mostly Larix, of various species. Publications reporting Picea, Abies and Pinus spp. (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2005, Ижевский et al. 2005), may reflect exceptionalbehaviours, as was demonstrated byCrawshay (1907); or, for some of them, the records may be unreliable and could in fact refer to another Tetropium species (Švácha and Danilevsky 1987). Those authors report development in Pinus sibirica in the Tuva region. However, again, this could refer to another species as for example, Sláma (2005) described a closely related species from Tuva, Tetropium danilevskyi. The larval morphology and biology have been described several times, and in detail by Crawshay (1907), Duffy (1953), Cherepanov (1990) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1987). The eggs are laid in bark cracks of recently dead or dying trees. After some weeks under bark, the larvae tunnel deep into the wood below, into hook-like galleries where they pupate. The larval development takes one year or only three months if the summer is warm enough (Duffy 1953). The adults are active on the host plants from May to August.Due to its significantpotential for harmtotimber production, this beetle is regulated as a quarantine pest in many countries.

threats:
This species is not threatened by forestry activities  since is can develop very quickly in dying trees. It is itself a  threat against forestry, as it damages timber. There are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe. Its taxonomy needs to be clarified, especially the relationships among the closely related species T. gabrieli, T. danilevsky, the central Asian T. staudingeri, T. tauricum from Crimea, and the Japanese T. gracilicum. Any study  should take into account a large number of  specimens and various geographic origins, and combine morphology,  DNA and sexual pheromones.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Tetropium tauricum has only been recently described and is only known from one locality in Crimea, Ukraine. Its taxonomic status needs to be studied using a larger number of specimens. Taxonomic uncertainty may explain the lack of information on this species. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk. This species is not present in the EU 28 and it therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic scale.

range:
Tetropium tauricum is only known from the type locality, Krech, in Crimea, Ukraine (Shapovalov 2007). No other specimens have been reported (Danilevsky 2014).

habitat:
Nothing is known about the biology of the species. It is assumed to live in forest and to develop in recently dead wood as other Tetropium species do.

conservationAction:
The validity of the specific status of Tetropium tauricum is unclear, though good characters have been discovered to separate the species from each other. The real affinities with the relative Tetropium staudingeri, present in central Asia - south Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan (Shapovalov 2007) - need to be investigated with a large DNA analysis and the study of more specimens of T. tauricum in order to exclude the possibility of individual/local morphological variability. Research is also needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. This species is declining throughout much of its range at a rate estimated to approach 30% over the last ten years (= three generations). In parts of southern Europe (e.g. France) the species has become very fragmented and localised.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. This species is declining throughout much of its range at a rateestimated to approach 30% over the last ten years (= three generations). In parts of southern Europe (e.g. France) the species has become very fragmented and localised.

range:
A Holarctic species, but a rare boreo-montane species in Europe (Sama 2002). This species occurs in the Pyrenees, across the Alps and into eastern Europe and Fennoscandia (Bense 1995). 

In Hungary this species has been found only once in the north-eastern part (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Albania one abundant population occurs in the Mt. Arithit (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

In France it has been found in the French border in the Swiss Alps in 2007. Known from old data (1855, 1884) from Chamonix where only one population may exist (Allemand et al. 2009). Exit holes were recently found in the historical site of Chamonix and in the Var department (southern Alps) (H. Brustel pers. comm. 2005) and in the border of the Vanoise National Park (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2004).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. A rare species in Europe (Sama 2002). Population trend is generally declining throughout Europe. 

In Sweden, suitable habitat for this species has declined by 25% in the last ten years (Wikars 2004). 

In its Alpine and Pyrenean distribution, it is now very fragmented and localized. In Switzerland, only one site is known since 2000; only two sites are known in the French Alps.

In Hungary this species has been found only once, so no information is available about its populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop inPinusandPicea, also recorded fromLarixandAbies (Sama 2002) they live in the decaying wood of dead fallen trunks, stumps and roots (Bense 1995). They require rotten but dry wood. The adults are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal, by day hidden under loose bark on the host-plants (Sama 2002). In Albania it has been found in the Macedonian pinePinus peuce (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France larvae are saproxylophagous in dead and sun-exposedPinus uncinata trunks  with 'pink' rot of Stereaceae fungi. Trunks can be of small diameters (<30 cm) but must always lie in sunny places. In Finland and Germany it lives in old fallen pine (Pinus sylvestris) trunks, mostly on sun-exposed sites, burned areas etc. 

It is a boreo-montane species. In Hungary this species has been found in planted spruce forest.

threats:
Extraction of old logs fromPinus sp. forests where the species occurs, and the loss of old-growth forests and large old trees are major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is found in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, France).  In France one population is located in an integral forest reserve close to the Parc National de la Vanoise. Appropriate habitat management is needed both in protected areas and forests managed for forestry (there is a need to maintain open areas, to leave dead logs lying, and to maintain the natural fire cycle). 

The development of a management plan to discover new populations should be developed in countries like Albania or Romania, and any new areas foudn should be conserved (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

This species is listed as Vulnerable in Finland and Germany (2009).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular this is an interesting species for exchange, private collections.


redListCategoryRationale:
Trichoferus bergeri is endemic to Crete, Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 77 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and in the extent and quality of its habitat due to loss of host trees and urbanization. More research on the effects of the threats to this species is needed. Protection of old trees and population management of hosting trees in such way that it ensures the availability of big trees in the long term is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Bense 1995). It is recorded from Lygaria, close to Rethymnon, Azogires and from the Lake Kournas area. Its EOO is ca 77 km² and its AOO is 16 km².

population:
There is little available information on the abundance of this species. It is rare and localized, and the population trend is unknown. The subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Its development is inadequately known, but the larvae are probably polyphagous in dead wood of broad-leaved trees; recorded fromCeratonia siliqua andQuercus (Bense 1995) and also reared fromFicus (Bense, 1995; Sama and Löbl, 2010). Host trees are usually large. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in Crete.

threats:
This species lives in big trees and a threat may be the loss of these trees and lack of younger trees coming on as future replacements. The subpopulation from Lygaria may be affected by fragmentation due to road construction and urbanization. More research on the effects of these threats on the species is needed.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, but the species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance and population trends of this species. Protection of old trees and population management of hosting trees in such way that it ensures the availability of big trees in the long term is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Verdugo, A., Buse, J., Bartolozzi, L., Galante, E. & Mendez, M.


taxonomicNotes:
An elder synonym is Hesperophanes campestris.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species with presumably a large population and no major threats. However this species is considered as a pest imported from China and it could be a non native species in Europe, making this species to qualify for the Not Applicable category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is distributed from south-eastern Europe to eastern Asia (China, Korea). It is frequently introduced into northern America, but is not yet naturalized there. It occurs in the south of Russia and in the Caucasus: Georgia (Sama 2002). It also occurs in north-eastern Ukraine (Danilevsky 2007).

It is considered a pest imported from China and it remains unknown if the species is native in eastern Europe.

population:
The species is recorded as fairly common in the Orenburg area (Russia) but there is little information available on the abundance of this species in other regions.

habitat:
T. campestris has a wide host range (willow, fruit trees, birch, probably others). Larvae develop in drying wood, but eggs may be laid at seemingly healthy trees (it is an early colonizer of dying wood). Development is possible in very dry wood, and the adults may hatch after the wood has been worked. Considered a quarantine pest in northern America.

threats:
This species is considered to potentially be a serious pest, imported from China around the world.

conservationAction:
No information available. Probably none needed.


range:
This species is Circum-Mediterranean (Bense 1995). It is also present in northern Africa.

It is distributed throughout Portugal and all records are recent. In Cyprus and Italy it iswidespread; it is also present in Malta. In France it is present only in the Mediterranean border but it is frequently confused withT. griseus(Villiers 1978). In Romania it has been reported from Dobroudjia. In Ukraine it is only present in Crimea.

population:
In Europe it is rather common and widespread; only in the south (Sama 2002). In Cyprus and Italy it is common. In Crimea it is very rare. In Romania there are only old records.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dead and dry wood, mostly of twigs and branches, but also in living twigs to some extent (1.5 - 4 cm diameter). It is a strongly polyphagous species on nearly all broad-leaved trees, and often on conifers. It can cause serious damage to cultivatedCorylus avellana (in Spain),Quercus mirbecki(Algeria and Morocco),QuercusandUlmus(Spain),Abies pinsapo andA. nordmanniana (in Spain) (Sama 2002).
The ecology may be similar toT. griseus.Adults are attracted to light. 

In Romania it especially lives in elderSambucus nigra. InItaly it is found in plain and mountain forest, mainly Mediterranean element. In Cyprus it is found in orchards, maquis, garigue, forests, villages and towns; it has been reared from dead wood of Lemon tree, Ceratonia siliqua,, Prunus dulcis and Pistacia lentiscus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
No information available, but a common and widespread species in much of range, suggesting little threat at present.

conservationAction:
No information available but data suggests that no conservation measure are needed over much of its range. This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Romania).

redListAssessors:
Alexander K.N.A., Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

range:
This species occurs in the Circum-Mediterranean (Bense 1995) and in some countries of central Europe. 

It is also found in northern Africa, all Caucasus, Minor Asia, Turkey and Iran.

In Portugal it has been recorded across the whole country, but from few localities and mostly before 1951. In Romania there are new records that report this species from Dobroudjia, on the Black Sea coast. It is widespread in Cyprus. Occasional occurrence recorded in the Czech Republic but probably from introductions.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries. In Cyprus and Greece this species is common whlie in Italy it is not uncommon. In France it is common in the Mediterranean border (Villiers 1978). In Ukraine it is relatively rare. In Romania there are few new reports, and it is believed that there are only small populations (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larval development occurs in both living and dead tress, feeding first under the bark, then boring into the dead parts where in contact with living tissues or directly into living tissues with sap circulation. Found on a wide variety of host trees, egQuercus, Fagus, Prunus, Pistacea, Acacia. In Romania it is known fromSambucus nigra, Ruber nigra,andQuercus. In Cyprus it has been reared from dead wood ofFicus carica (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The stage of pupa is three weeks. The life cycle is usually one year, but sometimes more. Adults active in VI-VIII, crepuscular or nocturnal, often attracted to light (Sama 2002).  

In Greece this species is considered a vector for a fungus disease that destroysCastanea sativa.

In Cyprusit has been found in orchards, maquis, garigue, forests, villages and towns (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species. The replacement of native shrubs from warm places in the Balkan region can be a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures needed for this species. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Romania).

redListAssessors:
Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is regarded as synonymous with T. cinereus (Villers, 1789) in Bense (1995).

range:
This species is widely distributed in southern Europe and the Mediterranean (Bense 1995). It is also present in northern Africa, Crimea, Turkey, all Caucasus and Iran.
In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Oymen 1987). In Portugal it has only been recorded from a single locality in the centre, in 1979.

population:
It is common only in the central Mediterranean; for example it is common and widespread in Italy (Sama 2002). In Ukraine it is rare, and the population size and trend have not been quantified for Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  The larvae develop under the bark of a wide range of broad-leaved trees, such asQuercus, Salix, Populus, Pistacea, Fagus,Robinia pseudoacacia,Ficus carica, Prunus, Juglans, Ostrya carpinifolia andUlmus, usually on dying trees but also commonly on dead, even very old wood; often breeding in prepared timber, sometimes also in furniture. Adults active in VI-VIII; nocturnal, found on the hosts, and frequently attracted to articifial light (Sama 2002).  The life cycle is usually one year but sometimes two or three year. 

A typical inhabitant of Mediterranean maquis.

There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology ofthis species for European Turkey.

redListAssessors:
Alexander KNA, Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across central and southern Europe (Bense 1995). It is also found in all Caucasus.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and lower mountainous regions covered with oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal there are only two very recent records from the north of the country. In Spain it occurs in the central and northern part. In France it is widespread but rare and localised (Villiers 1978). In Germany it is found in the south-western German States: Baden-Württemberg, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz.

population:
As this is a canopy species it might be more frequent than assumed as it has probably been under-sampled. It is considered that the population trend is stable and partially increasing (north). However, Sama (2002) states that it is a local and endangered species. 

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is not rare in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany and France it is rare, in Romania very rare and in Portugal too (two recent records). In Ukraine (Crimea) it is very rare as only one specimen is known. There is only one locality known in Poland. In the Czech Republic there are very few sites only in the extreme south-eastern part, in warm oak forests, partially floodplain forests. In Slovakia it is present in the south and east with only a few localities. In Greece the populations are widespread but scattered, few localities. In Spain it is rare, eight or nine localities, and not very abundant.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under the bark of standing, dry trunks and thick branches of broad-leaved trees, mainly in Quercus. Stage of eggs lasts between ten or 13 days. Adults emerge in VII-VIII and are crepuscular and nocturnal (attracted to light).

This species is mainly found in thermophilous oak forests. In Hungary it occurs in turkey oak-sessile oak woods and white oak woods (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it lives in thermophilic oak-beech-forests, mainly breeding in thick, sun-exposed canopy branches.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Loss of old stands of oak is a potential threat to the species habitat but it does not lead to a decline at the moment. Also habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of urban encroachment and removal of dead oak wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed. This species occurs in several protected areas and Natura 2000 sites (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Xestoleptura nigroflava (Fuss, 1852) is very close to the related Siberian species X. rufiventris (Gebler, 1830). For its original descriptions, Fuss (1852) probably did not know this species and did not provide a differential diagnosis (Kadlec and Hajek 2005). Therefore, many subsequent authors have considered the description to be a misinterpretation of another species: Evodinus borealis (Gyllenhal, 1827), Brachyta variabilis (Gebler, 1817), Brachyta borni (Ganglbauer, 1903) or Xestoleptura rufiventris. This last synonymy was largely accepted until now. However, Kadlec and Hajek (2005) collected a male near the Type locality, and have compared it with the Type specimen and with Siberian specimens of X. rufiventris. This has made it possible to strongly establish the true specific identity of X. nigroflava. This opinion is accepted by Danilevsky (2015).

redListCategoryRationale:
Xestoleptura nigroflava is known from only two localities situated in the Lotru Mounts in Siebenbürgen, Romania. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

range:
After long discussions and diverse synonymies proposed for Xestoleptura nigroflava, this old problematic question was recently resolved by Kadlec and Hájek (2005) (Danilevsky 2015). They found a new specimen in the type locality, and made a comparison with the type specimen and Siberian individuals of X. rufiventris clearly leading to the confirmation of the specific status of X. nigroflava and its membership to the genus Xestoleptura. This species is known from only two localities situated in the Lotru Mounts in Siebenbürgen (Romania).

population:
The species is known only by two specimenscollected150years apart, so it is impossible to establish a population trend. The population size is also unknown.

habitat:
The biology of this species is mostly unknown. Previous reports refer to different species due to the historic taxonomic confusion. The adults have been found on flowers in a mountain meadow, close to a spruce forest at the altitude of 1,500 m and 1,600 m Asl. (Fuss 1852, Kadlec and Hájek 2005). This beetle is assumed to have similar ecology to its closely related species X. rufiventris. The larva of X. rufiventris is xylophagous in the dead wood of Siberian Pine (Pinus sibirica) and Siberian Fir (Abies sibirica) (Cherepanov 1990).

threats:
This species is very localised and highly sporadic in terms of numbers of observations. It is viewed as a relict of the climax ecosystem in montane coniferous forests (Kadlec and Hájek 2005). However, some old publications (Seidlitz 1891 in Kadlec and Hájek 2005),suggest that the species could be found in others places in the Lotru mountains. The threats are unknown but, as it is a very rare and "mythic" species, it may becomea very importanttarget forcollectors. The global degradation of the forests in this area may be problematic if the species needs very specific kinds of wood or microhabitats.

conservationAction:
The single known area for this species, the Lotru mountains, includes nature reserves, among which the Rezervaţia Sterpu-Dealul Negru. This species may occur in one of these reserves. It is now well described but virtually nothing is known about its biology, feeding habits, distribution, threats, etc... Research is therefore needed into these aspects.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about its abundance, trends, exact distribution, habitat, or any possible threats.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in the European part of Russia, in the Urals only (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). Although recorded from the Urals, it is unknown whether this record is from a single specimen (I. Mannerkoski pers. comm.   2009).

population:
This species is extremely rare in the European part of its range (and even more rare in the Altai part of its range in central Asia). The population trend is suspected to be declining based on suspected habitat loss from deforestation in the region (A. Putchkov and I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The biology of the species is largely unknown; it prefers the deadwood of coniferous trees (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No information available. This species may be in a protected area in the central Asia part of its range in the Altai or Sayani regions (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

Xylosteus bartoni is endemic to the Rhodope Mountains and surroundings. It lives on the dead wood of spruce and pine but little is known about its biology. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since even though there are still some gaps in knowledge, the species has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 20,000 km² in Europe; area of occupancy is smaller than 250 km² in Europe and in the EU 28), and - while it remains unclear whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat - this is a very strong possibility taking into account that forestry practices reduce the amount of decaying and dead wood which the species needs. This beetle is restricted to a small mountain area with ongoing forestry activities and further research is needed to understand the status of the species better.

range:
Xylosteus bartoni is endemic to the Rhodope Mountains and closest surroundings, in south Bulgaria and northeastern Greece (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Sama 1993, Bense 1995). Recent findings have confirmed the species in this area in the Kerkini mountains (Dascălu et al. 2012) and in the Vitosha mountains (Georgiev et al. 2005, Georgiev et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is  ca 30,000 km2 in Europe and less than 20,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be larger than, but close to, 240 km2 in Europe and 208 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
The species is very localised geographically but is regularly found. The population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in mixed forests of the Rhodope Mountains. Its biology isinsufficiently known, but larvae have been found in dead wood of pine and spruce trees (Pinus and Picea spp.). Pupation occurs in the wood where adults overwinter. They are active from June to August (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989, Sama 1993). One adult has been found under the loose bark of a dead spruce (Georgiev et al. 2005).

threats:
The threats are not clearly known but the species develops in dead wood of spruce and pine, so it is potentially threatened by forestry activities. Dascălu et al. (2012) report the species from a relatively undisturbed forest stand, logged about every 25 years. Since the species is localised in a small mountain area and forestry activities are ongoing, it is considered to be a strong possibility that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, which is not expected to cease in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species has been reported from the Lake Kerkini National Park, a protected area in Greece (Dascălu et al. 2012). All aspects of the taxonomy, distribution and biology need to be investigated.


taxonomicNotes:
Xylosteus caucasicola Plavilstshikov, 1936 is considered by Sama and Rapuzzi (1999), Sama (2002), and Löbl and Smetana (2010), as a subspecies of X. spinolae, while according to Miroshnikov (1998, pers. comm. 2016), and to Danilevsky (2016) this taxonomic transfer is unacceptable. Based on the review of dozens of specimens, Miroshnikov (1998) showed clear distinctive characters between the two taxa and confirmed the specific status of X. caucasicola. Sama and Rapuzzi (1999) replied that not enough specimens have been studied, especially specimens from south-eastern Europe that are viewed as transitional forms between spinolae and caucasicola. Here, X. caucasicola is considered as a good species, endemic to the Caucasus and the Krasnodar mountains. In Turkey, Miroshnikov (2000), described X. kadleci that could be a subspecies of X. caucasicola but more specimens are needed from Anatolia to confirm this hypothesis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Xylosteus spinolae is endemic to southeastern Europe. It inhabits shady and moist stands of Common Hazel, the principal host tree, but has also been found in European Beech. It develops in decaying wood. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable, and there is no evidence of a decline in the population or habitat.

range:
Xylosteus spinolae is endemic to southeastern Europe. It is a mountain species, known from southeastern Austria (Karnten, Demelt 1960), northeastern Italy (Julian Alps), Slovenia, Croatia (Rapuzzi 1996), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Romania (Bense 1995, Kovács et al. 1998/1999, Sama 2002). The presence of this species in Bulgaria has recently been confirmed by Georgiev and Doychev (2013). In Greece, the records belong most probably to X. bartoni, and X. spinolae is thus not cited from this country by Danilevsky (2016). The records of X. spinolae  in the Caucasus and European Turkey are here considered to refer to X. caucasicola (see taxonomic note).

population:
This species has regularly been found in the Balkan area. It is difficult to find, but numerous specimens have been reared by Demelt (1960) once he understood correctly the species' biology. The current population trend is considered to be stable, e.g. in Slovenia (Brelih et al. 2006). New localities are more likely to be discoveries of subpopulations already established for a long time, rather  than new colonisations, because the species is suspected to disperse only short distances.

habitat:
The biology of this species was carefully studied in Europe by Demelt (1960) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The species inhabits very shady, jungle-like and very moist stands of Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) (Demelt 1960). The host tree is most commonly Corylus avellana, although Rapuzzi (1996) reports larval development in small dead standing spruce and fir trees (Picea and Abies spp.) (3-15 cm of diameter). Kovács et al. (1998/1999) repeatedly observed larvae in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica). The larvae live in the wood of recently dead stems, broken or dead for one or two years. The growing larva eats its way against the root, and then pupates in the wood, generally in a node close to the ground or 10 cm under the soil surface. To pupate, the larva flips over and positions itself head up. Adults are formed in August but stay in their pupal cells and don't reach sexual maturity until autumn. They overwinter in the pupal cell from August to May-June of the next year. Adults can survive about half a year without food, when at an average temperature of 15°C. Emergence takes place early in the spring. Rapuzzi (1996) observed a strong connection between lignicolous fungi and the larvae. The moulds  apparently only occur in the pupal cells and are propagated by females during oviposition.  Adults are found on their host plant, never on flowers and can be trapped by pitfall trapping systems. Males are winged but females are not (Miroshnikov 1998). Because of the various taxonomic opinions about X. kadleci and X.caucasicola, observations reported from outside Europe for X. spinolae's host trees, need to be confirmed: Picea excelsa, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica (Sama 1988, Sama 1993, Sama 2002).

threats:
The threats are not clearly known but the species mainly develops in dead wood of hazel and so it may not suffer from forestry activities. The change of landuse and the consequent removal of hazel may be the major threat to this species. The females are not winged so dispersal and colonisation abilities might be very weak.

conservationAction:
Georgiev et al. (2013) report this species from the Kongura Reserve in Bulgaria. In Romania the species was recorded by Pic (1910) close to (or inside) the Semenic - Cheile Carasului National Park, in the Muntii Semenicului (Sama 1993). The taxonomy and distribution of this species needs to be carefully studied in the eastern part of its distribution. Its biology needs to be clarified after the taxonomy, in order to determine the validity of the taxon.

useAndTrade:
One female of Xylosteus spinolae, from Val Torre (valley of the Torre river in the south of the Julian Alps, Italy) was offered for sale by a professional retailer during an entomological convention (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe but absent from the north and extreme south (Bense 1995). It also occurs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, northern Iran, northern Africa and north-western Kazakhstan. 

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly, mountainous and lowland regions covered with oak forests. In Romania it is widespread and in Portugal it is widespread in the north and centre, but scarcely recorded. In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Acatay 1943) and from Kırklareli (Malmusi andSaltini 2005).

population:
Reports suggest that this species is plentiful in many countries.
 
  In central Europe this species is common and expanding. In particular, in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is common in its localities. In Romania its populations seem to be stable in the central part of the country, where oak forests from hilly areas are very spread. In Ukraine it is common. In France this species has been extending to a large part of the country since 1950-1960; populations are now large and widespread (Allemand et al. 2009). In Spain and Italy it has a scattered distribution and it is not common. In Sweden it is rare but increasing. In European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It usually lives onQuercus, secondarily on other trees such asCastanea sativa; the larvae feed deeply under bark on deadwood, pupating in the sapwood or under the bark. At least in Italy, larval growth appears to be strictly associated with moulds covering the walls of galleries. Adults are usually found on the host trees, rarely at blossom (Sama 2001). In Hungary it has been recorded from Quercus robur and Q. petraea (Kovács 1997); the larvae develop under the bark and in dead wood of branches and trunks. The life cycle is two years; the adults emerge in V-VIII. In European Turkey larvae develop in trunks of Quercus conferta (Schimitschek 1953). In France it is monophagous in Quercus including Q. ilex in the south (Villiers 1978). In Romania it has been found especially on the bark of fresh cut oaks near the forest or inside the clear oak forests. In Germany it inhabits mainly oak forests.

threats:
Habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of removing dead oak wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide although rare distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide although rare distribution, stable populations and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread in central, eastern and southern Europe; absent from the north (Bense 1995). It also occurs in Caucasus, northern Iran, northern Africa and Armenia.

In Romania it mainly occurs in the south. In Portugal it is widespreadin the north and centre, but scarcely recorded. In Greece it is only found in coastal islands. In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous regions. It has been reported from Kırklareli (Malmusi and Saltini 2005) and Tekirdag (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009).

population:
Overall the species is considered common across much of Europe. 

The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary and Turkey, but in Hungary the species is quite rare in its localities, and the populations must be small. In Romania it is a rare species, difficult to find. In Germany it is distributed in almost all German States, but it is scattered, rare and declining. In Italy it is widespread and common in montane forest. In the Czech Republic it occurs in the centre and south-east and has become quite frequent in the last few decades. In Slovakia it is only present in warm areas and is rare to very rare. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the wood of recently dead branches, thin stems and stumps of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Carpinus, Fagus, Malus, Betula, Pyrus, Ulmus, Crataegus, Populus, Tilia, Morus, Sorbus, Cydonia, Prunus). The life cycle is two years, with pupation in spring in the wood. Adults emerge in V-VIII, found on the host-plants, rarely at blossom (Sama 2002).

It lives in open deciduous forests, old orchards, parks, and pastures with trees. In Hungary it occurs in ecotonal situations of the oak zone; larvae have been found in branches of hawthornCrataegus(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is found in warm oak forests. In Germany it is often in Rosaceae-trees (orchards, in cities). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Habitat loss is occurring in some localities as a result of removing shrub level (e.g. Hungary).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed. Some of the known localities are in protected areas (e.g. Bulgaria, Romania). This species is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, and has specific habitat requirements (birch trees in open areas), it has a relatively wide distribution, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000km², and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable. The species requires open stands of birch or birch in open forests on slopes and is suspected to have further climatic requirements because it is not found in all areas with birch.

range:
This species has a restricted distribution in eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In the Czech Republic it is known from one record. It occurs in the far western part of Ukraine, on the western slope of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains. Due to its fairly specific habitat requirements (birch on open forests, and probably sun exposed slopes) the Area of Occupancy is suspected to be small - perhaps not much greater than 2,000km².  It also occurs in western Siberia and Kazakhstan.

population:
This species is widespread across a relatively large area but only locally found and even locally rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It requires pastures with birch trees or open forests. It is monophagous onBetula verrucosa, the larvae occurring in dead wood (Sama 2002) and has been observed to require young but dying trees. The species has been known to colonize birch trees from which the bark had been removed by shepherds to kill them in order to increase their pasture size. While birch occurs commonly throughout the extent of occurrence of the species, the species itself is found only locally (mosaic distribution) and this suggests specific climatic requirements of the species such as slopes that would provide good sun exposure. Adults active in VI-VII.

threats:
Land use changes that decrease the proportion of birch in the species' range such as afforestation of pastures or deforestation of birch stands. Birch is known to be a low-quality wood and it is usually removed by forest managers and birch forests might be likely to be removed and replaced with more economically valuable wood.

conservationAction:
Actions should focus on birch trees being maintained and open forests and pastures with birch should be protected or managed to favour birch. In Poland, this species is listed as Data Deficient.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is unlikely to be much more than 2,000 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, but there is no information about any continuing decline.

 
  
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of the very specific habitat that it requires (very old trees). The recent listing in Germany of this species as Extinct shows that its Extent of Occurrence has recently declined.

range:
This is a rare species of north and central-Europe, and is known from Finland, Belarus, European Russia and European Kazakhstan. There is only one record from northern Finland (Lapland) in 1984. Old records from Germany and Poland are doubtful or represent imported specimens but more recent records for Poland show that it is currently present in Poland (P. Tykarski pers. comm. 2009). There is an old record (after 1950) from Germany in Brandenburg, but now the species is considered Extinct according to the German Red List (2009). This species is also present in Siberia, northern Mongolia, northern China and reported from North Korea; introduced into Japan (Sama 2002).

population:
This species is extremely rare in Finland and rare in Poland. Due to its very specific habitat requirements of very old broad-leaved trees - which are known to be in decline throughout Europe - it is thought that the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is polyphagous on broad-leaved trees. Larvae feed under the bark on dead branches and stems ofBetula, but alsoUlmus,CarpinusandAlnus; adults live on the host trees (Sama 2002). On the basis that this species is extremely rare in Finland and rare in Poland, it is suspected to have very specific habitat requirements (P. Tykarski and I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009), possibly requiring very old dead broad-leaved trees.

threats:
The major threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality which is a particular concern for this species which requires specific habitat (large, old, dead broad-leaved trees), involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Habitat loss is likely to be driven by exploitation from forestry, and land use changes possibly from road building (P. Tykarski and I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009). Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
It is present in one protected area. This species is included in the Red List of Poland as Data Deficient (2002), in the Red List of Germany as Extinct (2009) and in the Red List of Finland as Data Deficient (Rassiet al. 2001).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its natural history, population size, threats and conservation status.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its natural history, population size, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe; it occurs in central, eastern and north-eastern Europe (Bense 1995). In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is only present in Baden-Württemberg and Sachsen-Anhalt, records after 1950. In Romania it is a rare species spread on the high hills and  mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Finland it is considered uncommon, but widespread.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species is quite rare in its localities, and the populations must be small (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania there are only old reports, a few small populations in the south and central parts of the country (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy there are a few recods in the south of the Tirol region.

habitat:
In Europe it is a montane species; developing only in the wood of willows Salixsp (S. caprea in Europe,S. fragilis, S. sibiricaandS. xerophila in Siberia); it develops in the moist heartwood of healthy or weakened trunks and branches (1.8 - 16 cm diameter); the larvae feed deep in the wood; adults are found on the host trees (Sama 2002). In Hungary it is found in undisturbed forests that are free of forestry management, where extensive populations of goat willowS. caprea are found (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported in associations with the other longhorn beetlesSaperda similis andAromia moschata, inS. caprea, (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Finland and Germany it is found in various warm habitats whereSalix caprea grows - roadsides, forest edges etc.

threats:
Habitat loss is the main reason of the rarity of this species, because its host trees are usually selectively removed from forests by foresters (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Land use change and habitat transformation are also threats to this species. In Finland the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
In Hungary and Romania some of the localities are in protected areas. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany (2009) and as Data Deficient in Poland. It is recommended that goat willow stands should be left undisturbed (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Eurosiberian and east-Mediterranean species is widespread over much of Europe but absent from Britain and Ireland (Bense 1995). In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. It has also been reported from Istanbul and Kırklareli (Sekendiz 1974) in Turkey. In Romania this species occurs in the central and north part of the country.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries.
Localized but common in Spain (102 localities); one locality in Portugal; widespread and common in Finland; in Germany the population is increasing and extending its range northwards. In Ukraine this species is common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified. In Romania sometimes a high number of beetles can be found on the old poplars from the lowlands near the bank of rivers; the population size and trend are stable. In Denmark it is rare and very scattered; there are few new finds (Thomsen 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop first under the bark later in the wood of dead, sun-exposed standing or fallen trunks of broad-leaved trees (especially inPopulus, also inSalix, Betula, Acer, Tilia, Sorbus, Querscus, Ulmus, Castanea). The life cycle is two years, with pupation in spring deep in the wood. The pupal stage lasts three or four weeks. Adults emerge in V-IX, found on host trees. 

In the European part of Turkey larvae develop inPopulus tremula, P. nigra, P. x euramericana, Ulmus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans. Pupation takes place in V. Adults active in V. The life cycle is one year (Sekendiz 1974). In Romania many reports are from oldPopulus trees; adults become active during the day (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

In Hungary this species occurs mainly in poplar forests (planted or indigenous) in the lowlands, but also in aspen and other trees in hilly and mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany this species is only found in forests withPopulus (poplars).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
However this species is not thought to be under major threat at present.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary. It was listed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable because this species is rare throughout its range and has a very fragmented distribution. Its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2. The species needs old dead trees in high volume, those are often removed from the forests or parks and the suitable habitat is declining. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii,iv)), because this species is rare throughout its range and has a very fragmented distribution. Its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2. The species needs old dead trees in high volume, those are often removed from the forests or parks and the suitable habitat is declining. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is widespread in southern and central Europe (Costaet al.2003); reputedly a former native in southern Britain (Allen 1969).

In Hungary this species is very rare in the hilly regions and in riverine forests of the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is present in most German States. In the Czech Republic there are several sites and in eastern Slovakia there are recent records. In Italy it is present in mainland and Sardinia.

population:
This species is very rare over much of its range.
It is known from just a single locality in Poland where it is likely to have become extinct (Polish Red Data Book of Animals 2009). In the UK, if native then now the species is Extinct. In Hungary this species is very rare, and its populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is very rare. In France it is widespread but very localized with discontinuity between the stations; seems to be more abundant in riverine forests. There is no information about population size or trend in Italy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decaying heartwood of old broadleaved trees, using both red-rot and white-rot. In France it is found in very large trees (diameter greater than 60 cm) with red-rotten heartwood (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2008). Know host trees are :Ulmus, Acer, Acacia, Populus, Quercus, Tilia, Juglans, Salix, Platanus, Castanea, Carpinus. It is usually found in open forests, in old parks and similar places (Polish Red Data Book of Animals 2009); also in floodplain forests. It has also been found found in large hedgerow trees. It has been regarded as a typical old forest relict (Allen 1969) and a high quality forest indicator (Brustel 2005). 

In Hungary this species occurs in undisturbed parts of broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak forests, ravine and slope forests and willow galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France, more than 20 specimens have been collected in a riverine forest 80years old, grown on the Rhône river sands, and so the site need not be ancient forest, just have old trees (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2008).

threats:
Interruption of the continuous supply of suitable dead wood (ecological continuity) is a threat to this species, as this species needs a high volume of dead wood. Largely confined to old-growth forests and parkland with ancient trees (often there is no replacement for these trees once they die off). Regulation of water levels in floodplains reduces the amount of falling dead trees and therefore the habitat. 

In Hungary habitat loss may occur in several localities, but owing to the rarity of the species it is difficult to study the threatening factors (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Preservation of old-growth forest and dead wood is recommended to provide habitat continuity for this species. The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is considered Endangered in Poland, Slovakia and Germany (2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Also known as Aleurostictus decempunctatus.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 400 km² and inhabits veteran trees, a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline by fires and unsuitable management which have been considered main threats and account for less than five locations. In addition, the species is affected by uncontrolled collection throughout its distribution range.

range:
This species is endemic to the mountains Madonie and Nebrodi in northern Sicily, Italy (Löbl and Smetana 2006, Carpaneto et al. 2015). Based on the estimated area of suitable habitat in the two mountain ranges where it has been recorded, the AOO for this species has been estimated to be 400 km². Also, it is present in less than five locations, estimated based on the main threats of fire, unsuitable forest management and uncontrolled specimen collection.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is associated to old-grown forests (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Like other species of the same genus, it probably develops in accumulations of wood mould in cavities in the trunks and main boughs of veteran trees in deciduous woodland such as beech Fagus spp. and Quercus spp. forests.

threats:
Any activity aimed to destroy veteran trees, e.g., cutting down avenues, the main habitat to which this species is restricted is strongly detrimental to the species. Other major threats are uncontrolled collection of specimens and wrong management of forests and fires, which affect all the localities from where the species is known to be present. The species is threatened by uncontrolled collection of specimens.

conservationAction:
In 2006, the species was found in the protected area of Madonie Regional Natural Park at 1,000 m asl (Sola C. Forum Entomologi Italiani 2010). It is listed as EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii) in the Italian Red List, and protected at the regional level in Sicily. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

useAndTrade:
The species is threatened by uncontrolled collection of specimens (Audisio et al. 2014).

redListContributors:
Nardi, G., Brustel, H., Otero, J., El Antry, S., Alexander, K., Nieto, A. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. In general it seems to be a widespread and more or less stable species in Europe, with the exception of range states on the northern and north-western distribution limits of the species where some very significant declines have been reported. It is assessed as Least Concern at the regional level (although in some range states it is threatened).
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. In general it seems to be a widespread and more or less stable speciesin Europe, with the exception of range states on the northern and north-western distribution limits of the species where some very significant declines have been reported. It is assessed as Least Concern at the regional level (although in some range states it is threatened).

range:
This species has a patchy distribution throughout almost all regions of Europe (with the exception of the far north). In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread especially in the forests from south and south-western Carpathians. In Portugal it occurs in the northern half, with very few records in the last 50 years. In France it is widespread and common. It is very localised in the UK, with just one large population and a three smaller populations. It is very localized in the south of Sweden and is restricted to a small area near Oslo (Norway).

population:
In general it seems to be a widespread and more or less stable species in Europe, with the exception of range states on the northern and north-western distribution limits of the species where some very significant declines have been reported.

In the UK it has declined dramatically in recent decades and the range has contracted significantly; one large landscape-scale population survives plus three small isolated populations (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is very rare and possibly Extinct; there have been very few new findings. In Latvia there is a single population known (D. Telnov pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is restricted to the old wood pastures of the Cordillera Cantabrica and Pyrenees (Micó and Galante 2002); more than 30 localities are known. In Ukraine it is relatively common. In Hungary the extant populations seem to be constant (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania there are stable populations with a high number of individuals in the forests from south-western Carpathians, near the border with Serbia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood; red- and white-rot provide suitable larval habitat. Larvae normally take two years to develop in the UK, longer where conditions not optimal. The situation of the occupied hollow trees may vary across its European range, with open-grown trees important in the cooler and damper west, but shade more important under more continental conditions (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine the adults are active in  V -VII, often feeding at flowers of elderSambucus nigra; the larvae are mainly found in old oaks, but also inPopulus, Salix,and fruit trees; the life cycle is one year and the larvae hibernate. In Hungary, larvae develop not only in hollow trees but also in dead lying trunks (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania adults can be found on white flowers, for exampleSambucus ebulus(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

In the UK, the species clearlyneeds old open-grown trees; it is not found in closed-canopy shady situations. The majority of sites are traditional fruit orchards, using old hollowing plumPrunus domesticus, appleMalus, cherryPrunussp. and pearPyrustrees. Also known from hollow forest oaksQuercusin two sites (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the species is found in broad-leaved forests where dead wood is abundant, mainly in stream valleys and ravine forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  The loss of old trees in traditional orchards, either through replacement with younger trees, or through complete destruction of the orchard are a main factor causing a negative impact on this species in the UK; also canopy closure is a threat as this cools the wood mould and slows larval development (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In the UK a new initiative has been started to encourage good conservation practice in traditional orchards through the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan. Traditional orchards are now being inventoried across the country, but no monitoring scheme is yet in place. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Romania, Hungary). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark (2003) and Vulnerable in Britain.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.

EU 27 regional assessment: regarded as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)). It is only known from a very small number of locations in each EU country for which we have data (with the exception of France). Although the Extent of Occurrence is large, the Area of Occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2. A 1x1 km grid has been used to roughly estimate the Area of Occupancy, since the species occupies veteran trees which are easily identified and surveyed. With the exception of France, the whole distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat. No rescue effect is expected as populations outside the EU are fragmented and declining too. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is distributed across the wooded and mountainous regions in Europe, from Britain to the Caucasus. 

In Hungary this species is sporadic in the mountainous regions of the country. In Romania it is widespread from the lowlands in the south up to the mountains in the south-western part. In Portugal it has been recorded only from a single mountainous area in the extreme north, not recorded for more than 80 years. In France it occurs in the centre and south, especially in mountain and hilly regions (Paulian and Baraud 1982). In Britain it is confined to small areas in the south-east.

population:
This species is rare in Europe and has a fragmented population throughout its range. Declines are reported from a number of states.

In the UK it has a very fragmented range with just two remaining isolated populations: one substantial population in Windsor Great Park and Forest and a smaller one at Parham Park in West Sussex; there is no evidence for any decline in recent years but a number of old sites have been lost in the past (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is very rare and there are only few new finds. It is known from six or seven localities in the Czech Republic. In France it is considered rare (Paulian and Baraud 1982) andpopulations are probably stable as there are still a large number of old trees. In Italy it is rare and in Switzerland it is considered be rare and mainly restricted to the Tirol. In Germany it has gone locally Extinct in some regions; populations are declining at a slow but persistent rate; almost no large populations are known any more. In Spain it is a rare species whose rarity is probably related to the decline of forest living; it is more or less restricted to the northern fringes (Micó and Galante 2002); apparently decreasing in numbers as many of the records are old. In Ukraine it is relatively rare and in Hungary it is rare, and the populations are isolated and small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the population size is small and it occurs in the forests in the southern part of the country; however in mountains it is common in forests with old trees (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. Larvae normally take two years to develop in Britain, longer where conditions not optimal. The situation of the occupied hollow trees may vary across its European range, with open-grown trees important in the cooler and damper west, but shade more important under more continental conditions. (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). It tends to be restricted to very large old trees and the decay is usually caused by red-rot fungus, especiallyLaetiporus sulphureus.

Typically found in broad-leaved trees (especially oakQuercus and chestnutCastanea) in central and northern parts of its range. In southern Europe it may also be found in conifers (Abies,Pinus). In the UK the species clearly needs old open-grown oakQuercustrees; it is not found in closed-canopy shady situations. Occupied trees are invariably in open parkland situations rather than 'forest' (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is associated with oak forest, not necessarily open; also in chestnut forest. In Sweden it lives in wooded pastures with old oaks; flying adults seem to prefer the more sun-exposed canopy and become unable to take off at temperatures below 20ºC if not sun-exposed (Eliasson 2000). In France larvae develop in wood mould of tree cavities, essentiallyQuercus andCastanea, but sometimes (rarely) inAlnus, Fagus sylvatica andPinus maritima (Paulian and Baraud 1982).
In Ukraine adults are active in V-VII, feed at flowers ofUmbelliferaeandSambucus nigra; the larvae develop in wood and stubs of oakQuercus, chestnutCastanea, willowSalix, and alderAlnus. The life cycle is one year and pupation takes place in the wood. In Hungary the species is found in mountainous broad-leaved forests where voluminous dead trunks are abundant; larvae have been found in dead wild cherryPrunus, alderAlnusand beechFagus. It is not found in wood pastures (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it has been reported from old forests where trees large big hollows with wood mould; adults can be found on the bark of host trees (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  In the UK the loss of old trees in the historic parkland sites and canopy closure are threats to this species, as this cools the wood mould and slows larval development. In Spain, logging, forest fragmentation and the removal of dead wood from the ecosystem are factors that are having a negative impact on this species. In Hungary the species is threatened by removing dead wood and by illegal collecting that destroys the microhabitat of the larvae.

conservationAction:
The key conservation measure needed for this species is that veteran trees are protected and appropriately managed, and that measures are taken to ensure that there will be a constant or increasing stock of veteran trees over decades to come. This applies to the whole range of the species.

In the UK both known sites are protected under UK legislation. The wood pasture and parkland habitat has conservation priority under the UK Government Biodiversity Action Plan. Only piecemeal habitat inventory work has been carried out so far and there is no monitoring scheme in place. In Spain and Ukraine studies on the distribution of the population of this species are being carried out. The species occurs in several protected areas: in Hungary nearly all localities are in protected areas; in Romania the most stable populations are in three national parks in the south-western Carpathians. This species is listed as Vulnerable in Ukraine, Moldova, Poland and Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006), as Endangered in Britain, and as Critically Endangered in Denmark (2003).


taxonomicNotes:
The Osmoderma species complex is here treated as five separate species (barnabita, eremita, cristinae, italica and lassallei), following Audisio et al. (2007, 2008). Distribution limits of these different forms remain poorly resolved, but for the purpose of these assessments we follow the approximate distribution limits outlined in Audisi et al. (2007, 2008). There is ongoing debate as to whether or not these forms constitute valid species, but for the purpose of this assessment we are assessing each form separately.   According to Lobl and Smetana (2006) O. barnabita is synonym of O. coriarium.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened. It is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The area of occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

It would be necessary to clarify the area of occupancy in some countries and rate of decline, in order to determine conclusively whether Least Concern or Near Threatened is the more appropriate category; in the absence of such quantitative data the precautionary approach has been taken.

Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened. It is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The area of occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

It would be necessary to clarify the area of occupancy in some countries and rate of decline, in order to determine conclusively whether Least Concern or Near Threatened is the more appropriate category; in the absence of such quantitative data the precautionary approach has been taken.

Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).

range:
This species is known from central and eastern Europe, and western Russia (Audisioet al.2007). However its distribution limits are poorly resolved and further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status and distribution limits. In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathian Mountains and in the northern part of forest-steppe zones. In Romania it is widespread in the southern Carpathians, but also, in the hilly part of central Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Finland the identity of theOsmoderma is not entirely clear, so far; there is only one confirmed population.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but it is believed to be declining in Europe. In Hungary all known populations are small and isolated (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is very rare. In the Czech Republic is quite widespread; known from 50-100 recent sites. In Finland there is one stable population. In Romania there are large populations in the oak and beech forests from the foothills of the southern Carpathians (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species is restricted to decaying heartwood; it is found only in large, old veteran trees of a variety of broad-leaved species (including oakQuercus, willowSalix, beechFagus, fruit treesMalus,PrunusandPyrus, and limeTilia) in both relatively open old-growth woodland and traditional cultural landscapes. This species has very poor dispersal capacity (it is a weak flier), and consequently linear habitat features (e.g. avenues of ancient trees) are critically important for retaining connectivity and viable populations. The larvae develop in accumulations of wood mould in hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. Larvae normally take two years to develop, longer where conditions not optimal. Suitable trees may occur in a wide variety of situations where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons. (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the strongest populations are in very old willow galleries; others are in mature oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, in the southern Carpathians, it occurs in clear oak and beech forests from sun exposed slopes where large trees with big hollows occur. In the central part of the country it was found in the pastures with old oaks with large hollows (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. In particular, in Hungary, very old trees are threatened all over the country; the known localities are threatened by over-collecting and destroying microhabitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Many known sites are in protected areas (there is an obligation under the EU Habitats Directive to designate protected areas for this species). The key conservation measure to be recommended is the protection and appropriate management of ancient and veteran trees (wherever they occur, including in cultural landscapes and urban areas), and measures to ensure that such habitat continues to be available in future. For this poorly-dispersing species, measures to retain connectivity between habitat fragments are essential to ensure long-term survival. In Ukraine it is included in the Red Book and is listed as Vulnerable species. The species is recorded inside protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania).

redListAssessors:
Alexander, K., Buche, B., Dodelin, B. & Schlaghamersky, J.


taxonomicNotes:
The Osmoderma species complex is here treated as five separate speciesbarnabita, eremita, cristinae, italica and lassallei), following Audisio et al. (2007, 2008). Distribution limits of these different forms remain poorly resolved, but for the purpose of these assessments we follow the approximate distribution limits outlined in Audisi et al. (2007, 2008). There is ongoing debate as to whether or not these forms constitute valid species, but for the  purpose of this assessment we are assessing each form separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii), because it has a very small distribution range, being its estimated area of occupancy less than 500 km² and extent of occurrence less than 1,000 km², and is restricted to a very specific habitat type. Its area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality are suspected to be declining as, in general, the number of old, mature trees with decaying heartwood is decreasing. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to replant appropriate tree species, there may still be a gap during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Surveys and monitoring for this species are highly recommended.

range:
This species is only known from three sites in the Nebrodi Mountains and the Madonie Mountains of northern Sicily, Italy (Audisio et al. 2007, 2008, Stoch 2003). Based on the estimated area of suitable habitat where this species has been recorded, the AOO has been estimated to be less than 500 km², and the EOO is less than 1,000 km². Also, the known localities correspond to three locations, each of them independently affected by the main threats of forest fire and unsuitable forest management.

population:
The population is very small and relatively stable at the moment. However, it is known only from very few old trees located in three separated sites with no habitat continuity between them and, therefore, can easily be affected by forest management activities such as old trees removal.

habitat:
This obligate saproxylic species inhabits mature broad-leaved woodlands, although no information is available on the degree of canopy cover required. It develops in accumulations of wood mould at the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood.

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees and any activities which destroy these trees, e.g., cutting down avenues, are strongly detrimental to its population. The main overall threats to this species are forest fires and degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. The restricted area of occupancy combines limited population size with reduced habitat availability, bird predation, fires, and frequently unsuitable local techniques of forest management (Audisio et al. 2007). Illegal collection of specimens is also an ongoing threat to this species (Audisio et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
It occurs in regional parks, e.g., Parco delle Nebrodi and Parco delle Madonie, although this does not necessarily guarantee effective protection or appropriate habitat management. It is included in the Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive (Trizzino et al. 2013) and Annex II of the Bern Convention, under the O. eremita complex. It is listed as EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii) in the Italian Red List of saproxylic beetles (Audisio et al. 2014). Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, such as traditional pollarding, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continuity to be available in future. Surveys and monitoring for this species are highly recommended.

redListAssessors:
Audisio, P., Nardi, G. & Micó Balaguer, E.

redListContributors:
Brustel, H., Otero, J., Nieto, A., Alexander, K. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


taxonomicNotes:
The Osmoderma species complex is here treated as five separate speciesbarnabita, eremita, cristinae, italica and lassallei), following Audisio et al. (2007,  2008). Distribution limits of these different forms remain poorly resolved, but for the purpose of these assessments we follow the approximate distribution  limits outline in Audisio et al. (2007, 2008). There is ongoing debate as to whether or not these forms constitute valid species, but for the purpose of this assessment we are assessing each form separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Europe and is listed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).

range:
This species is found in western Europe, from southern Sweden to northern Spain, excluding the British Isles (Audisioet al. 2007). In Denmark the species is registered from ten localities in 2008, all from southern and eastern part of the country. In France the species is reported from more than 300 localities and it is widespread distributed in the country (Tauzin 2000). According to Raniuset al. (2005) in Europe there are 2,142 localities covering 33 countries.

population:
In Spain there are a small number of known populations scattered across the far northern mountainous areas: there was a single recent breeding site identified in Cantabria (Alexander 2005) but at least one other is also now known (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2010); otherwise only an old unlocalised record. Also known in Spain from a few sites in Navarra (San Martinet al.2001) and the Basque Country. The species is common but vulnerable to loss of habitat in Poland. In Sweden it is relatively widespread in the south; in France it is widespread in the south but in the north is very localised; in Italy is rare; and in Finland there is a very small population. Overall the species is considered to be decreasing through loss of old trees suitable as breeding sites.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in accumulations of wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood (red or white rot). Larvae normally take two years to develop, longer where conditions are not optimal. The situation of the occupied hollow trees may vary across its European range, with open-grown trees important in the cooler and damper west, but with shading more important under more continental conditions. Suitable trees occur in a wide variety of situations - old wood pastures, historic parklands, hedgerow trees, old avenues, orchards, etc, all places where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).
OakQuercus spp. is the most important tree forO. eremita, followed by lime treesTilia spp., willowsSalix spp., beechFagus sylvatica and fruit treesPrunus spp.,Pyrus spp, andMalus spp. In many regions, ashFraxinus spp., elmUlmus spp., chestnutCastanea sativa, aspen and poplarsPopulus spp., birchBetula spp. and mapleAcerplatanoides are also important host trees. Mulberry treesMorus spp., common alderAlnus glutinosa, plane treesPlatanus spp., walnut treesJuglans regia and hornbeamCarpinus betulus are other tree species which the beetle has been found developing in. Reports from conifer trees are rare (Raniuset al. 2005). Basically the tree species is not important; but what is important is that the trees have survived into old age and been colonised by non-pathogenic heartwood decay fungi; networks of trees are required in order to maintain population viability, to avoid the insidious effects of fragmentation and isolation.

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Encroachment of open forest and park habitats by development is also a threat to this species (P.F. Thomsen pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is in the Red Lists of many European states, generally as Endangered, e.g. in Denmark. This species is present in several protected areas (e.g. in France) but wider countryside conservation measures are essential.Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.


taxonomicNotes:
The Osmoderma species complex is here treated as five separate speciesbarnabita, eremita, cristinae, italica and lassallei), following Audisio et al. (2007,  2008). Distribution limits of these different forms remain poorly resolved, but for the purpose of these assessments we follow the approximate distribution  limits outlined in Audiet al. (2007, 2008). There is ongoing debate as to whether or not these forms constitute valid species, but for the  purpose of this assessment we are assessing each form separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:   listed as Endangered because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species has a small area of occupancy (<500 km²) and it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).
EU 27 regional assessment:   listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)), because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. This species has a small area of occupancy (<500 km²) and it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).

range:
This species is endemic to southern mainland Italy. According to CKmap 2000 (2009) there are 14 sites.

habitat:
Like otherOsmoderma species, it is dependent on decaying heartwood in large old and hollowing trees; consequently it is restricted to mature broad-leaved forests with old trees.

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. Therefore it is threatened by loss and degradation of suitable habitat (for example inappropriate management of woodlands that results in the loss of mature trees).Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Habitat loss caused by agricultural intensification and urbanization is also a problem.

conservationAction:
Some known sites are in protected areas, but others are not. No specific conservation measures for this species are in place. Habitat protection and appropriate habitat management (to protect old trees with decaying heartwood) are needed. Monitoring is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The Osmoderma species complex is here treated as five separate  specis barnabita, eremita, cristinae, italica and lassallei), following Audisi et al. (2007, 2008). Distribution limits of these different forms remain poorly resolved, but for the purpose of these assessments we follow the approximate distribution limits outlined in Audisi et al. (2007, 2008). There is ongoing debate as to whether or not these forms constitute valid specis; but for the purpose of this  assessment we are assessing each form separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The area of occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be greater than 500km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremitaspecies-complex).
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Endangered (B2ab(ii,iii)), because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The area of occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be greater than 500km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Some experts considered that an assessment of Data Deficient on the grounds of taxonomic uncertainty would be a more appropriate assessment for this taxon (and for other taxa within theOsmoderma eremita species-complex).

range:
This species is confined to north-eastern Greece and the European part of Turkey (Audisioet al. 2007). It was reported from Edirne (Keşan) in the European part of Turkey (Ranius et al. 2005).

population:
Little information is known but as this species requires decaying heartwood it may be inferred that due to declining extent of habitat this species faces a declining trend.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. Larvae normally take two years to develop, longer where conditions not optimal. Suitable trees may occur in a wide variety of situations, all places where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g., cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat for this species continues to be available in future.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Petrakis, P., & Büche, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there are uncertainties towards its taxonomic status as well as the preferred habitat for larval development. More research on the species taxonomy and habitat preferences is needed.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as there are uncertainties towards its taxonomic status as well as the preferred habitat for larval development. More research on the species taxonomy and habitat preferences is needed.

range:
This species is found in patchy distributions throughout much of Europe, in southern, central and eastern Europe; but absent in the north. 

It also occurs in Minor Asia, Caucasus, northern Iran and southern Turkmenia.

In Hungary this species occurs in the hilly and lower mountainous regions. In Romania it occurs in the warm areas from the south where large forests are preserved. In Italy it is present in mainland, Sicily and Sardinia.

population:
The population size and trends appears to vary across its European range, from common in Ukraine and the south of France (Paulian and Baraud 1982) to Spain where there are a few small isolated populations known (Micó and Galante 2002) and Germany where there are only three old records before 1950 in three States (Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niedersachsen). In France it used to be very rare in the west (Gironde) 30 years ago, however now the species is very abundant (Paulian and Baraud 1982). The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary, although the species is regarded as not very rare in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is common only in the south-western part; in the central part it occurs where thermophilousQuercus are present, on the slopes of small mountains (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009 ). Probably the same situation in other parts of the Balkans. In Greece it is present in many localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dead decaying trunks of oakQuercus spp., but also in other host-plants such asSalix, often associated with ants. Larval development in ant hills outside of trees might be possible, and has been reported in the Ukraine. In Ukraine larvae develop in ant-hills ofFormicaandCamponotus, which occur in decayed wood, stubs and the ground of forest; the adults are active in V-VIII, often feeding at flowers in broad-leaved forests and gardens (they prefer glades and edges)  (Medvedev 1964). It flies slow, easy to observe and catch (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it lives inQuercus pubescens, Quercus cerrisforest, spread on limestone areas (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it occurs in thermophilous oak forests, mainly in turkey oak-sessile oak and white oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
As it is not clear precisely what the larvae need - decaying wood, ant nests or both - it is not possible to assess any potential threats. In Hungary its broad habitat, thermophilous oak forests, are threatened by urban encroachment. Dead and hollow trunks are also often removed from the forests as part of the forestry management.

conservationAction:
More research on the habitat preference of this species is needed. 

Several localities are in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania). This species is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: very little information is known about this species, however, this species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment:very little information is known about this species, however, this species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across south-eastern Europe extending to some countries in south-western Europe. It has been reported from some stations in south-western Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Greece, it is only present in Crete and in the Dodecannese (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is only present in the northern part of the country (Carpaneto and Piattella 1995). This species is also found in Israel.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered common in Romania (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  It is known from decaying wood of oakQuercusand is found in thermophilic broad-leaved forests - usually near the edges (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because no major threats face the species.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although it does not occupy a large area,  it is common and no major threats face the species.

range:
This species is found in south-eastern Europe. It has been reported from south-eastern Romania in Dobroudjia (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009), in the eastern part of Bulgaria and in Crimea. It is also found in Caucasus and Minor Asia.

population:
This species is common and the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in deciduous broad-leaved forests and the larvae develop in decaying wood.  Imago active in VI-VIII, often in forests (glades, edges) and gardens feeding at different flowers. In Romania, it is only present in the glade forests near the dry valley in Dobroudjia (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in some protected areas in Crimea and in a few small protected areas in Romania.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 
Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widespread across south, central and eastern Europe. 

In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous areas, and in the river valleys of the lowlands (Nádai 2008). In Romania it has been reported from different parts, especially from the parts with hills (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it occurs in forests and forest-steppe zones; in steppe zone only along Dnieper River.

population:
In Europe this species is rare with a very scattered distribution; the population trend remains unknown. In Spain it is a rare species, only known from one locality. In Poland is rare and in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but the populations seem to be small and isolated (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania,  in the central part, many populations exist in the same places withProtaetia aeruginosa andProtaetia cuprea. Large populations are spread in the south-western Carpathians in low mountains and in hills (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy presumably it is rare. In Ukraine it is also rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The species develops in cavities, rot-holes in a variety of old ancient trees and sometimes in old traditional orchards. The larvae develop have been found in oakQuercus,Populus, Salix and some other tree species. The life cycle is one year on western and southern regions of Romania and two years in the north-eastern part (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). The adults are active in VI-IX and are found on the trunk of trees (usually oak) with flowing sap or feeding at shrub flowersViburnum lantana, Crataegus (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

In central Europe the tree diameter and the habitat quality must be higher than in southern Europe; this is probably related to insulation and climate. In Ukraine found in broad-leaved forests. In Hungary it occurs in thermophilous oak forests, wood pastures, and riverine hardwood galleries (Nádai 2008). In Romania it lives in the same places withProtaetia aeruginosa.

threats:
The main threats to this species are logging or natural death of the old ancient trees, and habitat fragmentation. The provision of this special habitat is often not secured for the future. 

In Hungary urban encroachment and removal of dead wood occurs in several localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the species does not seem to be threatened.

conservationAction:
It is important to ensure habitat continuity and connectivity. 

This species is listed in several protected areas in Hungary and in Ukraine (e.g. Chernomorskyi reservation (Kherson region) and Kanevskyi reservation (Cherkassy region).

The species is legally protected in Hungary. It is listed as Endangered in Germany (2009) and the Czech Republic and Vulnerable in Slovakia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Not Applicable because the European population is less than 1% of the total population.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Not Applicable because the European population is less than 1% of the total population.

range:
The European population is less than 1% of the total global population. The species ranges from northern Africa to Near East and Turkey.

The exact distribution of this species in Europe is unknown. It is believed to live in the Dodecanes islands, but it remains unknown on which.This species is also found in Cyprus, but only a few old records from Nicosia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
In Greece this species has been reported from Dodecanes islands, there is no information on population.

In Cyprus it has not been found recently. Probably it is extinct from Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in old hollow trees (rot holes). There is no information on the habitats and ecology of this species in Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Lack of old hollow trees is a major threat. Also urbanisation.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Not Applicable because less than 1% of the total population occurs in Europe. Most of the population occurs in central Asia (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species occurs from the south of the Volga River to the west into Zaisan lake and to the east into eastern Russia. It is also found in Kazakhstan, western China (Sindzyan), Uzbekistan and Kirgizia. Less than 1% of the total population occurs in Europe. Most of the population occurs in central Asia (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in steppe forests and occasionally in forests. No information is available on its specific habitat requirements.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is better known as Liocola lugubris and has formerly been known as Liocola marmorata (Fabricius, 1772).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. Has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate in Europe and the EU as a whole. However there are concerns for this species in some range states.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. Has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest thatit is declining at a rapid rate in Europe and the EU as a whole. However there are concerns for this species in some range states.

range:
This Eurasian species occurs throughout much of Europe from western to eastern Europe extending to the northern countries, but not Britain and Ireland. 

In Spain there are only a few localities in forests of the Atlantic Coast. In Denmark it is Extinct (2003). In Hungary the species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areasand sporadic in the lowlands where extensive oak forests occur (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it occurs in many parts of the country, especially in the forest from hills and small mountains.  In Russia it is present in the southern part and in all forest-steppe zones, south Siberia, Far East to Sakhalin islands. In Ukraine it occurs in the north (all forest and northern part of forest-steppe zones); it is absent in Crimea.

population:
Population size and trends vary across its range. It remains widespread in some states but is rare and threatened in others.

Described as threatened over its whole distributional range, including in Germany and Austria; in Sweden its range contracted during the 20th century and the species completely disappeared from the south-west (Oleksaet al.2006). In Spain it is rare, but there is insufficient data.

In Hungary the species is regarded as not rare in its localities. In Romania it is well represented in pure oak forests, but as not high number of individuals asProtaetia aeruginosa(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is an old growth species. The larvae develop in wood mould in the base or upper parts of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. Larvae take one or two years to develop, longer where conditions not optimal. Suitable trees occur in a wide variety of situations - old wood pastures, orchards, historic parklands, hedgerow trees, old avenues, etc, all places where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons. Often found in trees growing in relatively open country, but may also be found in closed woodland. Pupation takes place in spring. The adults show summer activity, VI-VIII; adults have been found feeding at sap oozing from wounds on large oaks, willows and lime trees in large forest patches.

In Poland it occurs in networks of rural avenues in northern Poland; the hollow trees are generally above 200 cm in circumference, with a tendency towards higher occupancies of the larger trees, with circumferences above 300 cm; no preferences for tree species or for exposition, just hollow trees (Oleksa et al.2006). In Spain it is associated with large forested areas of broad-leaved trees in which their larvae develop. In Ukraine the adults are often seen on trees with flowing sap (old forests and gardens) usually on glades and edges; larvae develop in old stubs and hollows of oakQuercus, willowSalix, pear-treePyrus, limeTilia, and aspenPopulus tremula.  In Romania adults have often been found on the sap flow from scarce big oaks, at high level, in the canopy of trees.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude both grazing by large herbivores and cutting. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  Also the loss of old hollowing trees and lack of future replacement generations of trees are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
In Finland measures are taken to protect aspen trees during felling of adjacent coniferous trees for timber. This protects habitat for this and other species of beetle. The species occurs in protected areas in Hungary, Romania and Ukraine (in the Kanevskyi reserve in the Cherkassy region). This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2003) and as Endangered in Poland (Oleksaet al. 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known as: Cetonia affinis var. mirifica Mulsant, 1842; Potosia mirifica (Mulsant): Reitter, 1891; Potosia balcanica Miksic, 1957; Eupotosia mirifica (Mulsant): Moreto y Baraud,1982; Protaetia (Eupotosia) mirifica (Mulsant, 1842).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, the area of occupancy and the number of subpopulations.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab (ii,iii,iv)), because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, the area of occupancy and the number of subpopulations.

range:
This Mediterranean species is widespread in south-eastern Europe and in the south of western Europe. 

It is considered a rare species by extreme fragmentation of the populations. During the last glaciation, P. mirifica was able to survive in a number of areas traditionally regarded as refugia in the Mediterranean region: the southern Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, the Balkans and the Middle  East (full inventory and map in Tassiet al. 2004).

In Spain it is known from a few isolated locations in the Central and Betic mountain ranges (eight localities). It was discovered in France in 1975 by trapping; it is extremely localised. One forest has the biggest population known over the whole distribution area. There are six other sites in the south of France but only with few specimens found and some of these are yet to be confirmed (Tassiet al. 2004).
 This species also occurs in Near East.

population:
This is a flagship species both for the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of the Mediterranean zone, its rarity is related to the decline of its habitats and its current distribution is a series of relict populations, and probably previously included a range much greater in the Mediterranean region. Its situation in other countries of the western Mediterranean such as Italy and France is also bleak.

The main population is in France and the population in south-eastern Europe is smaller. In Greece the species has been reported from eight localities very rich in old growth forests. In Bulgaria it has been reported from three old localities that have to be confirmed. In Albania it is present in only one locality (in Petrovac). In Bosnia it has been reported from five localities that have yet to be confirmed.
 
It is considered that the population is decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood; where the type of rot has been identified it is always red-rot. Larvae normally take two years to develop, longer where conditions not optimal. Suitable trees occur in a wide variety of situations, all places where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons. Adults are active in June, July and August.  

It has been reported fromQuercus pubescens forests and it occurs in the limestone from warm places in south-eastern Europe (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is associated with oakQuercusforests. In France it lives only inQ. pubescensforest and this kind of forest is becoming very rare.

threats:
Loss of hollow trees and lack of future replacement generations is a major threat to this species. Also forest fragmentation and removal of the dead wood arethreatening  the species.

Logging ofQuercus pubescens is a very important danger for the species. In France, in the biggest locality, trees are well protected by the natural relief (profond lapiaz) but the entomological pressure from amateur collecting is a supplementary threat (surveys are organised during the summer to destroy illegal traps installed by 'entomological tourists') (Tassiet al. 2004).

conservationAction:
In France the principal site is classified and managed for forest preservation (Natura 2000). Important entomological inventories are being conducted in 2009 and 2010. There is an urgent need for the protection of the large forests ofQuercus pubescens. A regulation or a control of the captures is needed for the localities well known by collectors (Tassiet al. 2004).

It is listed as Vulnerable according to the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and common habitat, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and common habitat, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across western Europe in the Mediterranean area. It is widespread in Portugal, Italy and Spain. It is also found in northern Africa.

population:
In Spain and France this species is considered abundant.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae have been found in decaying wood  ofQuercus,Ficus carica L.,Ceratonia siliqua L. andPhoenix dactilifera L. (Micó and Galante 2003).  Adults active in summer, feeding at flowers and more often on fruits. It is present in open forests, gardens and parklands.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are needed. It is unknown whether the species occurs in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is listed as Vulnerable in view of its restricted area of occupancy, estimated to be less than 500 km² based on the known localities which are scarce and spread from each other in the two islands. The number of locations, is estimated to be not greater than ten, and there is a current continuing decline of its area of occupancy and habitat quality due to the threats of fire and land use modification for urban development. Research on its population, natural history and threats is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Mediterranean Islands of Sardinia in France, where it is known from around 20 localities (P. Audisio pers. comm. 2015), and southern part of Corsica in Italy. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in less than 500 km based on the known localities, which are scarce and spread from each other in the two islands. Also, the species is present in six to ten locations estimated based on the potential area affected by the main threats, fires and modification of land use, which can affect more than one of the known localities at once.

habitat:
Although often displaying saproxylic behaviour, this beetle is not an obligate saproxylic species. Presumably most larvae develop in woody substrates. Adults are attracted to flowers for feeding.

threats:
The main threats to the species are fires and land use modification due to urbanisation.

conservationAction:
The species is partly distributed in protected areas. It is listed VU in the Italian Red List of saproxylic beetles (Audisio et al. 2014).  Research on its population, natural history and threats is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Brustel, H., Audisio, P., Otero, J. & Micó Balaguer, E.

redListContributors:
Campanaro, A., Dodelin, B., Méndez, M., Alcázar Montañez, E. & Nieto, A.


taxonomicNotes:
In Micó and Galante (2002) this species is known as Cetonischema aeruginosa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is very rare throughout its range and is declining in many parts. Its habitat is old trees and dead wood which are often removed and this leads to habitat loss and fragmentation.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is very rare throughout its range and is declining in many parts. Its habitat is old trees and dead wood which are often removed and this leads to habitat loss and fragmentation.

range:
This species is widespread in southern, central and eastern Europe, and present in the north as well. Sub-fossil material has been found in a peat-bog in Denmark where the species no longer occurs (Paulian and Baraud 1982).

In eastern Europe it occurs from south Belarus, middle Russia to Ural (on east). In Ukraine it lives in forests and in the northern part of forest-steppe zones. In Hungary the species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas and in the lowlands where extensive forests occur. In Romania it is widespread in all regions, from lowland with grass and small forests up to the low mountains. In Italy it is present in mainland and Sicily.

In CyprusProtaetia aeruginosa does not occur; it was reported from Cyprus erroneously as a result of misidentification of Protaetia (Cetonischema) speciosa (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Cetonischema speciosa marchei has been described as an endemic subspecies of Cyprus (Alexis and Delpont 1999).

population:
This species appears to be rare over much of its European range and, although the overall population trend remains unknown, it is known that it is declining in some parts while increasing in others. There is recent evidence that it is not as rare as previously thought, in some areas at least, once appropriate trapping techniques have been applied. However, hollow trees are known to be becoming increasingly scarce across Europe and so a downward trend in abundance and number of localities may be expected to be occurring.

The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary,although the species is regarded as common in its localities. In Romania there are large populations where old forest and meadows are still present - the species needs bright oak forest (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In France the the use of window traps and traps with wine placed at high level in old oaks has resulted in the recent discovery of new populations (R. Allemand pers. comm. 2009).This species is extremely rare in the Iberian Peninsula where rarity is probably related to the decline of the forests they inhabit, and the current distribution is probably a relict population of a formerly much greater range. In Greece it is currently rare and continues declining. In the Czech Republic it is rather rare and is only occurring in a few areas, but although the species is very rare, it is expanding. There is no population data for Italy. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould in the base of hollow living trees, usually in the trunks and main boughs with large cavities containing large volumes of wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. Suitable cavities may occur high up the host trees. Larvae normally take two years to develop, longer where conditions are not optimal. Suitable trees may occur in a wide variety of situations, all places where trees have been retained into maturity and old age, for a variety of reasons. The adults are active in V-IX, fly during warm days, and are very attracted by sap-runs; they usually live in the canopy of trees.

In central Europe it is linked to thermophilous oak forests. In Hungary it occurs in various broad-leaved forests types where hollowtrunks are abundant; especially frequent in riverine willow galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it occurs especially where there are a lot of old oaks with large hollows. In France this species in found only in large broad-leaved forests in plains (Paulian and Baraud 1982). In Spain it is linked to large forested areas of deciduous species in which their larvae develop. In Ukraine larvae develop in stubs and decayed wood of oak and fruit trees;  in old forests and gardens, the adults are rarely found at flowers.

threats:
Removal of old trees and habitat fragmentation are major threats to this species, for example in Spain. Also the excessive use of insecticides is a local threat (Greece). In Ukraine the destruction of old trees, where larvae develop, are posing a threat toP. aeruginosa. In Hungary, although removing dead wood occurs in several localities, the species does not seem to be threatened; invasive trees in riverine galleries are more dangerous.

conservationAction:
Habitat continuity and connectivity are required. It lives in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). The species is legally protected in Hungary. It is listed as Endangered in Germany (2009) and the Czech Republic.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Eurosiberian species is widespread across nearly all of Europe. 

In Hungary this species occurs only in the westernmost part of the country while, in Romania, it is widespread in the low parts of the Carpathians. In Ukraine it also occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest zone. In Russia it occurs in the forest area.

It is also found in Caucasus, northern Kazakhstan, Siberia, far East, northern China and Japan.

population:
T. fasciatus is a common species in Europe with stable populations throughout its range.

In the UK there are strong populations centred on areas of Scotland and Wales, with no evidence for any declines (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively rare - especially in the eastern part. In Russia it is common. In Spain it is quite abundant but only in the forests in the north. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as not rare in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania the population is large in size. In Switzerland it is very common, and in Sweden and Finland it is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould of decayed heartwood in birchBetulastumps in Britain; it prefers mixed broad-leaved woods in steep-sided river valleys; adults feed on pollen from tall flowering herbs in open sunny areas close to breeding sites, flying in daylight (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine the larvae also preferBetula, but also develop in wood and stubs of aspenPopulus tremula; one generation per year; adults active in VI-VIII and feeding at flowers of Umbelliferae andSambucus, Rosa, Filipendula, Leucantheum(Medvedev 1964). In Romania the life cycle is two or three years and the adults are active in VI-IX (Nikitsky et al.1996); adults can be found on the flowers ofSambucus ebulus. In Spain larvae have been found in beechFagus silvatica; adults feed on Umbelliferae,Sambucus, Rubus, Cirsium. In Hungary it occurs in mixed (conifer and broadleaved) forests where dead wood is abundant and flowers on clearings are available.

threats:
This species faces no major threats at present.

Clearance of old birches, as a result of afforestation for commercial forestry for instance, is a potential threat to this species; also loss of flowery glades and ride-sides through, for example, insensitive cutting and mowing. In Spain forest fragmentation and loss of flowery glades are threatening this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania, UK). There are no specific measures in place; however general management guidelines for forestry operations include retaining old native trees and decaying wood in selected areas, also on cutting regimes appropriate to ride-sides.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000   km², its quality and extent of habitat is suspected to be in continuing decline, but the level of fragmentationand the exact number of locations are unknown. This species occurs in the Crimean Peninsula where approximately 10% of it is protected by the Crimean Mountain Reservation. More information about the level of fragmentation of the different populations is needed.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. The presence of this species in Bulgaria remains uncertain, and therefore there is no information on the exact distribution, population, habitat requirements and threats to this species. If the species was not present in Bulgaria, this species would be assessed as Not Evaluated, as the species does not occur in any other EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in Crimea (Ukraine) and is thought likely to be severely fragmented because its required habitat is fragmented over most of its range. It is suspected to occur also in Bulgaria but there is no information about its distribution there (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It is also found in Minor Asia.

population:
This species is relatively rare in the mountain forests of Crimea but its trend is unknown (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that occurs in oakQuercusand beechFagusforests, the larvae developing in the decaying wood of these tree species.
The larvae hibernate. Adults are seen in glades and feeding at various flowers (mostlyCompositae) the following spring and summer. The adult beetle is active in June - July. There is one generation per year.

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores which has impacts on the species composition of natural regeneration. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. This species is specifically threatened by habitat loss caused by felling of forests. While this is not a threat in the protected mountain reserves of Crimea, most of the species' range is outside of protected areas (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in the protected Crimean mountain's reservation (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species is common and not threatened in south-eastern and central-eastern Europe, but faces threats in the northern and southern parts of its range with declines. Overall, the species is unlikely to meet any of the threat categories in the near future but it needs local conservation attention at the borders of its range.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species is common and not threatened in south-eastern and central-eastern Europe, but faces threats in the northern and southern parts of its range with declines. Overall, the species is unlikely to meet any of the threat categories in the near future but it needs local conservation attention at the borders of its range.

range:
This species is widespread across south and central Europe. 

In Hungary this species is widespread, albeit sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions, and more sporadic in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread in the central part of the country; there are few reports from other parts of the country. In France it is restricted to the north-eastern part (Paulian and Baraud 1982). In Greece it occurs in the centre. In Ukraine it is only present in the Carpathian Mountains.

population:
Population numbers and trends appear to be stable in its core areas. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as not rare in its localities, but never abundant (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is common in its localities; the number of individuals are generally low, but in some years, the number can still be high (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Greece its population is declining. In the Czech Republic it is rare and present in southern, warmer areas. In Ukraine it is a relatively usual species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.

Found in relict forest with dead wood, also in orchards and urban areas, developing in the rotting wood of various broad-leaved trees. In France larvae develop in rotten wood of Alnus (Paulian and Baraud 1982). Does not depend on rot holes and prefers wood on the ground level (trunks and stumps) to provide a minimum of moisture. Prefers a high volume of dead wood and is not found in intensively managed forests. The adults feed on pollen and are attracted to umbel shaped flowers; active in June.

The biology is the same asT. fasciatus. 

In Hungary this species occurs in various open broadleaved forests, mainly in mountainous areas, in wooded stream valleys and ravines, but also in the lowlands, sometimes in surprisingly open, warm and dry habitats (O. Merkl pers.comm. 2009). In Romania it lives in hilly areas and low mountains, where exist shrubs, rare trees, herbaceous high vegetation (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Intensive forest management - including removing dead wood - is a threat to this species as it seems to require habitats with a large amount of dead wood. In Greece, anthropogenic impacts especially tourism leading to more traffic, human intrusion, pathways, and garbage are presumably affecting the habitat of this species. In Ukraine and Hungary the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
Preservation of suitable habitats is recommended for the survival of this species. It lives in several protected areas (e.g. Ukraine, Hungary). It is listed as Endangered in Greece, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany (2009). In Poland it is listed as Least Concern.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, no specific habitat requirements and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, no specific habitat requirements and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe (on east to the Carpathians). It is also found in northern Africa.

In Romania there are old reports from the eastern part of the country. In Portugal it is widespread in the northern half, undetermined in the south. In Denmark it is very local and there is only one locality in the south. Its British status is unclear and the few records suggest repeated casual introductions into the south-east.

population:
A widespread species relatively common and with stable populations in Europe.

In France it is widely distributed. In Spain it is quite abundant in mountainous areas around the country. In the Czech Republic it is very rare. In the UK it is an irregular vagrant only, erratic in appearance.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in hollow trees of broad-leaved species, and the adults feed at flowers. It lives in broad-leaved and mixed forests which is not so scarce in Europe.

threats:
The species does not appear to be particularly threatened over much of its European range, but there are certainly significant pressures on its habitat.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and as Vulnerable in Germany (2009). Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this species. Its status in Britain needs clarification.

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of prtected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of prtected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of Europe; absent in the British Isles and the Scandinavia Peninsula. It is widespread in Ukraine, Hungary, Romania and Cyprus. It is Extinct in Denmark (2003). It also occurs in the western part of northern Africa and the Caucasus.

population:
This species is widespread and common throughout much of its range and its population trend is stable overall.

In Spain, Ukraine and Romania it is very common. The population size and trend have not been quantified in Hungary, althoughthe species is regarded as very common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is found sporadically and in small numbers (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead wood (stump, stub and branch) of various broad-leaved trees (ashFraxinus, appleMalus,Salix, Populus, vineVitis). Pupation mainly takes place in autumn (adults hibernate), others in spring after hibernation. One generation per year. The adults are more active in sunny days, feeding at flowers and young leaves of trees and bushes (Populus, Salix, Cornus, Prunus and many fruit-trees) (Medvedev 1964).

In Ukraine adults are active in IV-VIII (in the mountains of Crimea in IV-VI), more usual in V-VII. It lives in broad-leaved forests (often on glades, edges), sometimes in relatively open places but with bushes or with separate trees. In Hungary this species lives in all kinds of  broad-leaved forests, and in any wooded places, including city parks, suburbs, and villages. In Romania it has been found on the edge of broad-leaved forests. In Cyprus it has been found in orchards, maquis, and forests. In Spain adults prefer hygrophilous environments.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species (e.g. Ukraine, Spain, Hungary).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed. The species is very common over much of its range and occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2003).

redListAssessors:
Alexander, KNA, Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because although the species appears to be expanding in central Europe, the species is declining rapidly in the surrounding areas due to habitat loss,   thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because although the species appears to be expanding in central Europe, the species is declining rapidly in the surrounding areas due to habitat loss,   thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe but it is largely absent in the south and west. The strongest populations are in central Europe. In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country wherever wooded plant societies occur (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it has been recorded from three sites in the south (Ratti 2006). In Finland only two or three populations exist. A single locality is known in Spain, from the 1960s (Español 1963); it has never been found again.

Luce (1996) suggests that sites in southern Europe are mistaken identifications ofC. haematodes, although he provides no evidence in support of this opinion. Both species are recorded from Italy, which suggests that the records are genuine.

population:
The species is expanding in central-eastern Europe but declining in the surrounding areas. In the Czech Republic there are strong populations due to withering poplar plantations; it is the same situation in most parts of central Europe. In Germany, in the eastern part it seems common. In Hungary populations in hilly and mountainous broad-leaved forests and indigenous or planted pine forests are mostly small; populations in riverine willow galleries and indigenous or planted poplar plantations are often much stronger (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is considered very rare. 

In Spain two specimens were collected in a single locality in the 1960s and it has never been found again (Español 1963). Very rare or presumably extinct in Spain (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae and adults live under bark of deadwood of a variety of broad-leaved trees:Quercus, Acer,Populus,and rarelyPinus. The adults and larvae are saproxylophagous, feeding on the decaying wood, but are sometimes reported as necrophagous or predatory (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). The species needs open spaces and prefers lowland areas with soft-wooded broad-leaves. The adults and older stages of larvae hibernate under bark on the deadwood. In Romania larvae develop under very decayed bark of aspenPopulus tremula trees with the fungiAspergillus, Trichoderma, Ceratocystisetc. The adult is active in May - June. Young beetles appear in July - August (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Hungary it occurs in all kinds of indigenous and planted forests, including hilly and mountainous broad-leaved forests, pine, poplar and black locust tree plantations, city parks, alleys or in solitary trees along roads (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Finland it lives in old-growth forests in old aspen trees.

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.In Hungary removal of dead wood is a key threat, but the species is widespread and quickly colonizes new habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine a negative factor is the felling and destruction of old trees. In Finland populations are within protected areas, but the species is threatened by insufficient continuum of large aspen and poor possibilities of colonizing new areas.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is accordingly legally protected in many countries, for example in Hungary. The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Finland). In Finland it is listed as Critically Endangered and in Poland as Least Concern. It is planned to included this species in the Red Book of Ukraine.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Mannerkoski, I., Putchkov, A., Tykarski, P., Mason, F., Dodelin, B., Horák, J. & Tezcan, S.


taxonomicNotes:
The three subspecies C. haematodes haematodes (Eurasia), C. haematodes opacus (Japan and Taiwan), and C. haematodes caucasicus (Caucasus) are not valid in the new Palaearctic Catalogue.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classed as Endangered as it only occurs at 10-15 sites with a severely fragmented Area of Occupancy of less than 500 km2. It has gone Extinct in large areas and continues to decline in the western part of its range. The species depends on continuous coniferous or mixed forests with old trees and a high supply of dead wood. This kind of habitat is declining and the species is therefore assessed as Endangered. The ultimate causes of the species decline are not fully understood yet and more research is needed.  

EU 27 regional assessment: classed as Critically Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)). In the EU Member States the species is only found at four to six small sites with an Area of Occupancy of less than 10 km2. It has gone Extinct in large areas and continues to decline in the western part of its range. The species depends on continuous coniferous or mixed forests with old trees and a high supply of dead wood. This kind of habitat is declining and the species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered. The ultimate causes of the species decline are not fully understood yet and more research is needed.

range:
This species is found in central and eastern Europe, extending to some countries in the Scandinavian Peninsula. 

There are historical records for Germany (uncertain), Czech Republic, Slovakia, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy and Greece; and recent records for Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Belarus and Russia.

population:
The species has been relatively common in the past, but is now rare throughout its range. Recent distribution is relictual, and the species slowly declines on its western border. It is Extinct in the whole of southern Europe, where only old unconfirmed records exist from before 1900. In Fennoscandia it is Extinct.

In Europe as a whole there are between 10 to 14 current sites, while in the EU there are only four confirmed sites, maybe eight.

In Ukraine it is a very rare species, with just one recent record. In Belarus it is also very rare but there are new records. In Russia there are five recent large sites. In Italy it is very rare, only one to four localities in the southern part (Calabria and Basilicata). In Romania there is one recent record. In the Czech Republic there is only one recent record (five old unconfirmed records). In Slovakia there is only one recent record with a big population (probably one of the most stable populations in Europe). In Poland there are two new localities and about 10-15 historical localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Europe it occurs only in continuous sub-montane forests, living under the bark of deadwood of conifers, mainly on fir; it has also been found on spruce. The species is probably an indicator for continuous conifer forest and there is no secondary habitat. The species seems to depend on veteran trees.

threats:
Changes in tree composition, loss of primary habitats and its basic characteristics like dead wood supply and sun-exposure are major threats to this species.   Because the habitat of this species is veteran trees any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The species has a tendency to indicate ecological continuity of forests in Europe. The causes of this species decline are not fully understood. It could be related to the decline of fir trees.

conservationAction:
To keep continuous forest areas in the landscape and restore traditional forest management, eg wood-pasture should be promoted. Research on the species ecology and the threats is urgently needed.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe except the far west and east.

population:
The species is not common in Europe, regarded as common is a few states, but more generally local or rare. In Denmark this species is widespread in the country (Hansen 1996). In Russia it has been reported from Moscow and it is a rare species (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Hungary , this species is very rare, only a few very old localities are known (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Britain it is a rare and elusive species with a very fragmented range, and with just a small number of very isolated populations; conservation status 'Nationally Scarce'; no data on population size or trends, but likely to be declining (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Italy there are only three records.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults and larvae live beneath the bark on relatively freshly dead trunks and large branches from broad-leaved and conifer trees, while the bark is still firmly attached and the cambial layers still sappy (Alexander 2002). Sites include forest country as well as cultural landscapes, in closed woodlands, open wood pastures and historic parklands, wooded riversides, etc. Its rarity in Britain suggests requirements for very precise conditions, in contrast to the more widespreadP.dermestoides; it possibly lives deeper under bark - away from fracture points, possibly needs larger items of wood, in sheltered sunny glades (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). The larvae are said to be predatory on Diptera larvae. It is most widely known fromQuercusforest across its range. Adults have been reported in flight during the evening. As there are no extant populations known in Hungary, no information is available about its habitat there (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The conservation status of this species in Britain is Nationally Scarce but there are no specific actions in place, despite rarity in Britain, but standard good practice recommendations under FSC, etc.; some of the known sites are in legally protected areas although land management even there is not necessarily sympathetic (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). The main conservation action needed is truly sustainable forest management.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it has been declining in many countries with only a few recent records. The overall extent of its distribution is not known and the ultimate causes of its loss are not fully understood. More research is needed as it is very probable that this species has to be included in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient as it has been declining in many countries with only a few recent records. The overall extent of its distribution is not known and the ultimate causes of its loss are not fully understood. More research is needed as it is very probable that this species has to be included in a threatened category.

range:
This species occurs widely but sparsely across much of central Europe, extending westwards as far as Britain. It also occurs in the Near East.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Britain it is distributed throughout the south, but it is unknown from Ireland (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In France it is very localized and it is confined to high quality sites(B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Spain, it was first recorded from the north-west (Galicia) by Otero Gonzalez (1981) and more recently from a few sites in other northern areas.

In Portugal it has recently been recorded from two localities in the north-west of the country(Grosso-Silva 2002, Soares-Vieira and Grosso-Silva 2003).

population:
The species seems to be rare across Europe with a declining population trend. Only Britain appears to have a strong population with stable trend.

It is widespread across southernBritain, with strong populations and a relatively intact range - well in excess of 150 localities known, no conservation issues (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). 

In Portugal it has only recently been discovered (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe populations seem to be small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it has a scattered distribution, only few populations: one in Sicily, one in Sardinia and some in mainland. In Germany it is known from seven States but only there are four records after 1950. In Denmark this species is very rare (Hansen 1996).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults and larvae live beneath the bark on relatively freshly dead large branches and trunks of broadleaved trees, while the bark is still firmly attached and the cambial layers still sappy (Alexander 2002). Larvae are slow-moving and so are unlikely to be active predators, maybe more of a scavenger and/or feeding on relatively defenseless insects. Its European distribution suggests a requirement for relatively cool and moist conditions but within the temperate zone, and with good habitat continuity over time (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). 

Sites in Britain include forestcountry as well as cultural landscapes, in closed woodlands, open wood pastures and historic parklands, wooded riversides, etc (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In France it seems to prefer humid and cold forest - northern slopes for example; known from oak and sweet chestnut of small diameter (15-20 cm) (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak and beech (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Müller et al.(2005) lists this species as an Urwald relict category 2 and it is regarded as a high quality forest species in France; this is much less evident in Britain.

threats:
Lack of old-growth forest stands (specifically Urwald) and probably the loss of continuity of those habitats are the main threats.

  In the UK excessive clearance of dead and dying trees, trunks and branches are detrimental for this species but there is no evidence for any decline (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary removal of dead wood is a threat, but this apparently has no serious impact on the species (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The habitat is generally widespread and so the reasons for its rarity are unclear.

conservationAction:
There is a need to maintain continuity and connectivity of the habitat. Research on the species distribution, ecological requirements and threats are required. Standard good practice recommendations under FSC, etc. are among the only conservation actions in place. The species occurs in many protected areas in Britain and several  protected areas elsewhere (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark (1997) and Germany (2009), Vulnerable in Italy and the Czech Republic, and Near Threatened in Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: this species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread in northern Europe throughout the Scandinavia Peninsula, into the north part of western Europe and the Baltic States. It is more abundant in the northern part of its range - northern boreal forest is a more suitable habitat than southern boreal forest (I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout most of its range. In Finland it is quite abundant in burned areas, and the trend is stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Finland the species strongly prefers burned areas, where it can be very abundant. It is also found in other warm forest habitats. It is a boreal forest species that extends to the southern limit of the boreal forest (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. The species is rather common and no decline has been observed.

redListAssessors:
Hyvärinen, E., Tykarski, P., Putchkov, A. & Mannerkoski, I.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of the species needs to be confirmed. Wollaston (died 1878) tells in the original description: 'the only specimen which I have yet seen of this insect was captured by myself (beneath the bark of a felled Spanish chestnut-tree) at the Agua Mansa, in Tenerife. Possibly it may be but a geographical state of the Europea P. depressus; but  further material would be necessary, for comparison, before such could be ascertained'.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although this species has a small distribution, there is no information regarding its population status, habitat preferences or threats that would allow an assessment to be made. The species is only known from the original specimen described in the 19th century.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient because although this species has a small distribution, there is no information regarding its population status, habitat preferences or threats that would allow an assessment to be made.The species is only known from the original specimen described in the 19th century.

range:
This species is endemic to the Spanish Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, the Canary Islands and known from Tenerife only.

population:
There is no information available on the abundance of this species - the species is known from just one specimen found over 100 years ago.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It was reported from beneath the bark of a felled Spanish chestnut- treeCastanea sativa.

conservationAction:
None feasible until a live population is discovered.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered, in view of its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000 km² and Area of Occupancy of less than 500 km²,   its distribution is severely fragmented, with all individuals in fewer than five locations, and a continuing decline in the Area of Occupancy and the extent and quality of its habitat.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)), in view of its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000 km² and Area of Occupancy of less than 500 km²,   its distribution is severely fragmented, with all individuals in fewer than five locations, and a continuing decline in the Area of Occupancy and the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
This species is found in Turkey and Cyprus. In Cyprus it was reported from a few localities in the south and west slopes of Troodos Mountains (500-800 m): Diarizos (Preiss and Platia 2003), Agia, Panagia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is rare and local (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is considered that the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
It remains unknown if this is a true saproxylic as it is perhaps primarily a forest soil beetle. All the known localities of this species in Cyprus are in well vegetated (with Platanus orientalis and Alnus orientalis) valleys in Pinus brutia forests (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Adults were attracted to light.

threats:
Removal ofPlatanus orientalis is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Part of the range of this species occurs in a protected area. Additional studies are needed into the population abundance of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is known only from Portugal. It is a recently described species. No data was available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient at present. 

EU 27 regional assessment: this species is known only from Portugal. It is a recently described species. No data was available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient at present.

range:
This species is only found in Portugal. It is a recently described species.

habitat:
This species could be an obligate saproxylic species, but this requires confirmation since many species ofAgriotes are not saproxylic (the larvae feed on grass roots).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species has a small distribution (endemic to three islands on the Azores). However, it is said to occur in non-native and disturbed woodland as well as in native primary woodland, so as a result of this relatively broad habitat tolerance it may not be under threat at present. Assessed as Data Deficient for the moment, since there is little information available on distribution, population status, trends and potential threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: this species has a small distribution (endemic to three islands on the Azores). However, it is said to occur in non-native and disturbed woodland as well as in native primary woodland, so as a result of this relatively broad habitat tolerance it may not be under threat at present. Assessed as Data Deficient for the moment, since there is little information available on distribution, population status, trends and potential threats.

range:
This species is only found in the Azores Island, the Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Endemic to the Azores (known from the islands of Terceira, Pico and San Miguel).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Occurs in native, non-native and disturbed woodland. It is commonly found under dead bark of the endemic treeJuniperus brevifolia and also in dead branches of other trees. Habitat has been estimated 41 (effective), 113 (potential) 0.5x0.5 km grids. It has been found in 12 of these grids (Hortalet al. 2005).


range:
It is a European species (Laibner 2000). This species is widespread across western, central and south-eastern Europe, but absent from the boreal forests of the north. In Ukraine it occurs only in the Carpathians. In Italy it is only present in the northern part of the mainland. In Germany it is present in six States and has been recorded recently.

population:
It is a widespread species in Europe and mostly common in higher mountain ranges but not exclusively so. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is common. It is a usual species in Ukraine.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in decaying wood and stubs of conifer trees; the adult is active in May - June;.in conifer, preferably spruce forests, from highlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine it occurs in mountain forests and the larvae develop mainly in decayed fir.

redListAssessors:
Alexander K.N.A., Horák, J., Mason, F., Schlaghamersky, J., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern because although its Extent of Occurrence is relatively restricted and likely to be under 20,000km², its population is stable and there are no major threats.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in Crimea (Ukraine).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The population is in a small area, but it is stable, and part of its range is protected in the Crimean Mountain Reservation (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae are found in decayed wood and stubs of beech-trees. The adult is active in the second half of May to June. The larvae are predatory or necro-saprophagous. In the Crimean Mountain Reservation there are a large number of old beech trees, so this species has adequate habitat.

threats:
Potential threats to this species include felling and destruction of old beech but this is not a risk within the Crimean Mountain Reservation. This is not thought to be a major threat at present because cutting of beech trees is forbidden on the Crimean Peninsula, even outside the protected area.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in the Crimean Mountain Reservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because although the species appears to be not threatened in its range, the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km². All individuals are in fewer than five locations, its habitat requirements are very specific and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), because although the species appears to be not threatened in its range, the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km². All individuals are in fewer than five locations, its habitat requirements are very specific and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
This species is only found in Cyprus. It has been reported from a few localities in the upper zone of Troodos Mountains (1,000–1,900 m): Olympos, Platres, Cedar Valley (Preiss and Platia 2003), Platania, Kannoures (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). Four specimens have been found in Pafos (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

population:
It is a very rare and local species (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Cyprus it has been found in Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra forests (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009), although no details are available on the type of deadwood that it requires.

threats:
There is no information available on the threats to this species. Presumably the lack of suitably rotten trees and forest fires can be a threat.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in a protected area. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, ecology and threats to this little-known species, especially in terms of assessing its actual conservation needs.

redListAssessors:
Pettersson, R., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs in the Mediterranean countries, throughout much of south-western Europe.

It is localised in south and south-western France, and in Corsica. It is widespread in Spain. It was recorded in the 1930s from two localities in the north of Portugal.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The main population is in Spain and northern Africa. It is not uncommon in France.
The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in red-rotten stumps ofPinus,Quercus andAbies alba.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Presumably the species occurs in a protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Dolin (1988) this species is a synonym of A. nigrinus Herbst, 1784, but Lobl and Smetana (2007), treat A. auripes and A. nigrinus as two separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed stable population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and there are no threats at present.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed stable population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and there are no threats at present.

range:
This is a central European species (Laibner 2000). It is absent from the outer north, west, south and east countries.

population:
This species seems to be common with stable populations in its core area, rarer at the fringes. In the Czech Republic it occurs in mountain ranges in the north and south-west with several localities. In Slovakia it is found mainly in High Tatra mountains and central Slovakia with several locations. In Italy it is occurring in the north only with two localities - new records to the Italian fauna. In Germany it is present in the Bavarian Forest and a recent survey registered more than 300 specimens; it is not rare in its habitat (Jarzabek-Müller and Müller 2008).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in conifer forests from highlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). The larvae develop in red-rotting dead trees.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:   listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its habitat and ecological requirements, threats, population size and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated, as the species only does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species has only been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no information regarding the ecological requirements of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This is an Eurasian species (Laibner 2000); present through all regions in Europe except the south-west. In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians, and in the northern part of forest-steppe zones (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It occurs in the westernmost and northernmost corners of Hungary; scattered records are known from the central part of Hungary as well (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark the species is common and widespread (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). It is very widespread across Britain although the distribution is very fragmented and most sites tend to be isolated; in Ireland it is very rare and localised, reported from Rathlin Island off the north coast and Kerry in the far south-west (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it has recently been found in La Rioja (Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). It is also found in Siberia and northern Mongolia.

population:
The species is widespread and abundant and it is considered that the population trend is stable overall. In Britain it is widespread, but has a fragmented range and a large number of isolated populations; believed to be declining at the national level (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a usual species (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech and Slovak Republics it is common (Laibner 2000). In Hungary the species is rare, and the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there is a single locality known; recently found (Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). In Ireland it is known from just two sites.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in red-rotten stumps and boughs of various trees, predominantly oakQuercusand pinePinus but also other conifers and deciduous trees. In the UK it may develop in peat. It favours wood at ground level or buried, reflecting a need for continuously moist decay. It pupates at the end of season and hibernates as an adult in the pupal cell. It is found in woodlands, old wood pastures and on peatlands, also in old willowsSalix along riversides. Adults have been taken in flight in June and July, and may be found sheltering amongst tree foliage during daylight at this time (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine larvae develop (prefer) conifers, sometimes (in southern part) in wood of some broad-leaved trees (rarely inQuercus). It is a hygrophilic species - it occurs near lakes, in pine trees on marshes. Adults have daily activity in V-VI. In Hungary most records are from native or planted conifer forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech and Slovak Republics it is common in evergreen forests, especially pine (Laibner 2000).

threats:
There appears to be no major threat to this species at European scale (e.g. Ukraine, Hungary, Finland). In the UK loss of old trees and decaying wood is a threat (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place, other than standard guidelines under FSC. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Alexander, KNA, Pettersson, R., Hyvärinen, E., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Schlaghamersky, J. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from the type locality. There is insufficient information available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient.

range:
The species is endemic to Portugal. It is known from its type locality, Boquilobo (Giuseppe and Serrano 2003) and from Santarém (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2012).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but the precise habitat requirements are not available.

threats:
There is no information available about threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There is no information available about conservation actions for this species. The only known locality is outside of any protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
Several Elateridae experts consider this to be a synonym (simple variation) of A. balteatus therefore the status may be uncertain (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is listed as Data Deficient because it is taxonomically uncertain. Several Elateridae experts consider this to be a synonym (simple variation) of A. balteatus (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

EU 27 regional assessment: this species is listed as Data Deficient because it is taxonomically uncertain. Several Elateridae experts consider this to be a synonym (simple variation) of A. balteatus (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

range:
This species is described from Germany; also found in Czech Republic (Laibner 2000) and extending to other countries in central and northern Europe. In Germany it is only known from the original description.

population:
The abundance, population size and trends for this species are not known. Individuals have been found at a small number of sites in the Czech Republic (Laibner 2000).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in decaying pine trees, in pine forests (Laibner 2000).


taxonomicNotes:
According to Dolin (1988), this species is a synonym of A. nigerrimus, but Lobl and Smetana (2007) regard A. brunnicornis and A. nigerrimus as two separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy (AOO) is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The AOO for this species is less than 2,000 km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its area of occupancy (AOO) is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The AOO for this species is less than 2,000 km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is found in some countries in central, eastern and southern Europe (Laibner 2000); it appears to be a central European species, and is absent from countries to the north, west, south and east.

population:
The species is rare in Europe. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is locally across the whole territory (Laibner 2000). In Germany it is present in seven States, six of them with records after 1950, its population is declining and it is probably the same situation in Austria. In Italy there is only one record in the north. In France there are approximately 20 localities, with a large and well studied population in the Fôret de Fontainebleau, rare everywhere else in France.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decaying wood; largely confined to old damaged oaks, sometimes poplars and horse chestnuts, scattered in broad-leaved and mixed forests of lowlands and highlands (Laibner 2000).

threats:
Removal of old dead trees and dying off of old veteran trees with rot holes are major threats to this species. In addition, no provision of substitutes because of demographic gap, especially of oak trees suitable to develop rot-holes, lead to very little suitable habitat available for this species. Removal of trees because of road safety, unintended or intended demolition of rot-holes or intensive forest management are additional threats.

conservationAction:
Maintenance of habitat continuity and connectivity are measures that should be promoted for the conservation of this species. This species is listed as Vulnerable in Slovakia and as Critically Endangered in Germany (2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is known only from the type locality. There is insufficient information available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient.
EU 27 regional assessment: this species is known only from the type locality. There is insufficient information available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in Italy, where it is known from a single site in the north-central Appenines. Only known from the type locality. Endemic to Italy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but no more is known other than in occurs in woodland.

conservationAction:
No information available. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, rather common habitat, it appears not to be threatened and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

 EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, rather common habitat, it appears not to be threatened and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found in Turkey, Greece and the south of Bulgaria. Four specimens have been collected from four localities in Greece (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered to be not rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found in decayed tree trunks in forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Unsustainable forest management, extraction of old trees and removal of dead wood are the specific major threats to this species, although these are currently considered to be at tolerable levels.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in a protected area. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known species, particularly with regard to its conservation needs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is distributed throughout Europe, ranging north to southern Scandinavia and south to Greece (Laibner 2000).

In Ukraine it occurs in the central part of the forest-steppe zone, in Donetzkyi mountain-ridge. In Hungary there are very few records known from the hilly and lowland areas. In Denmark it is present in the south. In France it is widespread but very rare and localized (Leseigneur 1972). In Italy there are very few records, mainly from central and southern areas (including Sardinia and Sicily). In the UK there are a small number of sites across lowland England, in the south-east, and the east and west Midlands.

population:
This is a rare species across its European range, with a very fragmented distribution.

In the UK it is a rare species with a very fragmented range and about 15 isolated populations known from modern records. Little or no suggestion of recent decline but there area a few sites with only old records, unconfirmed recently (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is very rare as it is only known from four specimens. In Hungary it is very rare and the populations are small. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs sporadically in lowlands and highlands across the whole territory (Laibner 2000). In Germany it occurs sporadically in lowlands across almost the whole territory (with the exception of the north-west), with about 15-20 known localities. In Sweden there are more than 30 sites known from recent records (since 2000) in the southern part of the country. In Denmark it is rare and local.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A heartwood decay specialist, typically found in very large old trees. The larvae develop in red-rotten heartwood of living old oaksQuercus, in smaller boughs as well as trunks.  There is a long larval period and adult dormancy; the adults remaining in their pupal cells from September until the following April, and they may normally be found under loose bark or in hollows from May to July (Alexander 2002). The larvaeare  predators or necrophagous  (Dolin 1988). In Italy it is found in coniferous as well as broad-leaved trees. In Hungary virtually all known records are from red-rotten wood of very old oaks. In France larvae are found in the dry powder of red-rot in large trees ofQuercus orCastanea.

It is an old growth species. English sites tend to be historic parklands and the trees are ancient open-grown examples, rather than forest situations (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it lives in trunks of solitary old oaks in broad-leaf or mixed forests (Laibner 2000).

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species (especially oaks, but also others), and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future.

This species is listed as Vulnerable in the British Red Data Book (Shirt 1987), and as Near Threatened in Sweden.

In the UK, wood pasture and parkland are a priority habitat that is under the Government Biodiversity Action Plan. Also other conservation measures in place cover general management guidelines (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

The species is present in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Hyvärinen, E., Alexander, K., Büche, B., Mason, F. & Pettersson, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because the Extent of Occurrence is 10,000 km², it is very likely to be in fewer than ten locations (possibly one site), but a continuing decline in the area of occupancy or extent, area and quality of habitat is not known,thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because the Extent of Occurrence is 10,000 km², it is very likely to be in fewer than ten locations (possibly one site), but a continuing decline in the area of occupancy or extent, area and quality of habitat is not known,thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is only known from the state of Carinthia, Austria (Laibner 2000) and thus has a restricted distribution and an Extent of Occurrence of up to 10,000 km²   (size of the state of Carinthia).

population:
Published information shows it is only known from two records (Laibner 2000) so it is suspected that it is restricted to Carinthia and possibly only in one location, and likely not to be in more than five or ten locations in the area. The population is thus considered to be relatively low, but no information is known about trends.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no information available regarding its habitat requirements (Laibner 2000).

conservationAction:
There is need to establish suitably managed protected areas for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However it is a localised and declining species in many areas that merits specific conservation attention in a number of European range states.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However it is a localised and declining species in many areas that merits specific conservation attention in a number of European range states.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all of Europe including Britain. It is a Trans-palaearctic species widespread across all Europe (Laibner 2000). 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, and in the forest-steppe zone. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions. In Portugal it has been recorded from one site in the north (Barros 1896) and another in the centre (Barros 1928). In the UK it is confined to a few small regions only, all in the south of England and Wales.

population:
This species is relatively common in much of Europe although - in parts of its range at least - its populations seem to be declining.

In the UK this species has a very fragmented range, with three main centres of population plus a few outlying small populations. No suggestion of any decline, although a few of the smaller outlying sites only have old records (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is relatively common. In Hungary the species is quite common in the country and the populations are strong. In the Czech Republic localities are considerably scattered (Laibner 2000) while in Slovakia it is more frequent; not rare (Laibner 2000). In Germany it is uncommon, but not really rare. In Italy it is more common in the northern part, but with more scattered records in the centre and south. In Denmark it is not common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dead and decaying timber of various broad-leaved trees, often within living trees, and mainly in rotten heartwood; they are said to feed preferentially on larvae of the lesser stag beetleDorcus, and other beetles; they pupate at the end of the season and hibernate as adult, becoming active the following spring (Alexander 2002). In the Ukraine larvae prefer wood ofQuercus and stubs ofBetula; the adults are active IV-V, but live hidden in hollows and under bark of dead trees. The females are sometimes more active and are attracted to flowers for feeding in VI-VII on glades and edges of forests (Dolin 1988).

It lives in broad-leaved (chiefly oakQuercus) and mixed forests from lowlands to submontane zone (Laibner 2000). UK sites tend to be ancient wood pastures and historic parklands rather than forests (Alexander 2002). In Hungary it lives in broad-leaved forests, mainly inQuercusand beechFagus.

threats:
The removal of dead trees from forests (as a result of inappropriate management) is the main threat.

conservationAction:
Listed as Rare in the British Red Data Book (Shirt 1987) and the habitat is covered by the Wood Pasture and Parklands Action Plan of the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Sweden it is considered to be Near Threatened. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is likely to be not much larger than 2,000km², it is severely fragmented and there are probably not much more than ten locations, and the extent, area and quality of its suspected old growth coniferous forest habitat is likely to be declining.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is likely to be not much larger than 2,000km², it is severely fragmented and there are probably not much more than ten locations, and the extent, area and quality of its suspected old growth coniferous forest habitat is likely to be declining.

range:
This species is widespread across southern Europe. It is present in Greece and it is known from nine localities on mainland Italy and one locality on Sicily.

population:
There is no information on the species' abundance in Greece, however in Italy it is in a restricted number of localities (ten).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that lives in coniferous temperate forests, and based on its presence in only ten localities throughout Italy, experts suspect that it may have more specific habitat requirements such as old growth coniferous forest or veteran trees. More information is needed.

threats:
Very little specific information is known, however the species is listed as Endangered in Italy, presumably because of its fragmentation, small area of occupancy and continuing decline in area, extent and quality of habitat. Threats are unknown for Greece. Experts suspect that it may have specific habitat requirements such as old growth coniferous forest or veteran trees and the extent and quality of such habitats are declining across Europe.

conservationAction:
There is need to maintain old growth coniferous forests and veteran conifer trees to conserve suitable habitat for this species. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
There has been some confusion on whether A. corsicus and A. quercicola are the same species. According to Platia (1994) A. corsicus is a valid species and it is endemic to Corsica.

redListCategoryRationale:
The European and Mediterranean regional assessment states that although there is no information available on the population size of the species, it is known that there are fewer than 10 subpopulations with a rather fragmented distribution. Furthermore, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 650 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km². Current forest exploitation is taking place in the region of the most recent record. The species is listed as VU D2 based on the small AOO and EOO and due to the current forest exploitation in parts of its distribution range there is a risk for the species to be CR.

range:
This species is endemic to Corsica. Platia (1994) mentions three localities: Bonifacio, Vizzavona, Valdoniello forest, and the typus is labelled 'Corsica'. References to A. corsicus from mainland France are a mistake stemming from the confusion with A. quercicola. There is a recent record from Vizzavona (Touroult 2014, INPN.MNHN.fr)

population:
The abundance, population size and trends for this species are unknown. There are, however, less than 10 subpopulations and they seem to have a fragmented distribution.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in temperate forests and has been found on red rotten wood in broadleaf trees (Leseigneur 1972).

threats:
Current forest exploitation is taking place in parts of the species range. This species can be affected by tree removal and forestry management. In Corsica, there is a policy to increase forest exploitation for domestic uses and fire control (corse.fr/politique-forestiere_a468.html). On the other hand, uncontrolled fires also pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There is no information available about conservation actions for this species. Current known records of the species are not from any protected area. The removal of larger pieces of fallen wood should be avoided although more studies on the distribution, ecology and threats to this species are needed.

useAndTrade:
There is no information about use or trade for this species.

redListAssessors:
Zapata de la Vega, J.L., Recalde, J.I. & Dodelin, B.

redListContributors:
Alexander, K., Büche, B., Horák, J. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Euro-Anatolian species occurs throughout much of Europe, in the north reaching Scandinavia (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians (not in the high mountains) and in the forest-steppe zone. In Spain this species is cited as present without specific localities in a check-list of Iberian Elateridae (Sánchez-Ruiz 1996); presence recently confirmed in the north of Spain (Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). The species is considered Extinct in Denmark (2005). It is also found in Minor Asia.

population:
A few European states hold strong populations, but it is local and rare in most. In Hungary it is widespread all over the country and it is not uncommon and the populations are strong (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic the species is reported from four or five areas. In the Slovak Republic there are many records from six areas; it is a localized species but its niches are rather numerous (Laibner 2000). In Spain there is a single locality known, in the Pyrenees (Recalde Irurzunet al. 2005). In France it is considered a rare species. In Italy there are five scattered records throughout the country. In Ukraine this species is relatively not rare, but local.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.The larvae develop in decayed (red-rotted) heartwood of a wide range of broad-leaved trees, but especially oakQuercus, beechFagus, limeTilia, and willowSalix. Pupation take place in VII-VIII; after this the beetles hibernate. The adult is active in V-VII the following year. The adult is usually found during the day sheltering under bark or in cracks of decayed wood; it flies at twilight. In Hungary this species prefers willow galleries along rivers and streams; also in alderAlnusand poplarPopulus(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic it inhabits alluvial woodlands and vegetation near rivers in highlands and moist localities of the forest-steppe zone (Laibner 2000). It is reported to be confined to mountainous areas in the south of its range.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. In Hungary the species is not threatened (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range (e.g. Hungary). This species is considered Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005). In Ukraine, it may be required to create protected areas for this species. FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.


taxonomicNotes:
Sometimes the name of this species is spelt as elongantulus (e.g. in the UK, Mendel and Clarke 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is scarce across its range and it is dependent upon rotting trunks and stumps of deciduous tress of high dimension which are scarce in commercial forests, that quickly could result in this species becoming seriously threatened.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is scarce across its range and it is dependent upon rotting trunks and stumps of deciduous tress of high dimension which are scarce in commercial forests, that quickly could result in this species becoming seriously threatened.

range:
This Eurocaucasian species is widespread across all Europe; absent from Spain and Ireland; also from Fennoscandia and Denmark by Allen 1966.

In Ukraine it occurs almost in all regions with broad-leaved trees, except in the steppe. In Hungary it is widespread all over the country. In Britain it is concentrated in central southern England, with scattered outlying populations across the rest of southern Britain.

population:
This species has a fragmented distribution in Europe and its population is declining.

In Ukraine this species is common but local. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia this species occurs locally across the whole territory except for the mountains (Laibner 2000). In Hungary this species is quite common in the country and the populations are strong. In Italy it is rare species and in Germany it is widespread and scattered. It has a very fragmented distribution within its British range, butstrong populations across central southern counties, with more isolated populations scattered elsewhere. Some outlying populations appear to have been lost in recent decades (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in red-rotten heartwood of living old oakQuercusand pinePinus trees, it has also been reported from beechFagus; they pupate at the end of the season and overwinter as adults; the adults are active from mid May to July, and are attracted to hawthornCrataegusblossom (Alexander 2002), other shrubs and grasses (Dolin 1988).

In Hungary and Ukraine it occurs in various broadleaved forests. In Britain it is largely confined to ancient woodlands and wood pastures in the cultural landscape rather than forest.

conservationAction:
It has conservation status in Britain as Nationally Scarce (Hyman & Parsons 1992); and no specific actions are in place but its habitat is covered by the Wood Pasture and Parklands Action Plan of the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, UK). It is considered Endangered in Italy, Vulnerable in Germany and Near Threatened in the Czech Republic.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern because this species has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range. There are large and relatively stable populations in some areas.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern because this species has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it isdeclining at a rapid rate across its range. There are large and relatively stable populations in some areas.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe; in the north, central and eastern Europe.

In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians and in the northern forest zone. In Denmark it is only present in Jutland (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Sweden it is Regionally Extinct. It is not known from Britain or Ireland.

It also occurs in the Caucasus.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is common in some countries but rare in others.

  In Finland it is common and widespread. In Germany it is considered to be one of the most common species. Very few localities are known from Hungary and all are more than 50 years old. In Italy there is little data but there are few known records and the species is presumed to be rare. In Denmark it is very rare and local. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the dead wood of fir, pine-trees, etc. in the last stage of decay. Pupation occurs at the end of the summer. Larvae and the adults (after pupation) hibernate. The adult is active in V-VI (Dolin 1988). It occurs in both coniferous and broad-leaved woodland, including conifer plantations (it breeds in cut stumps and lying logs). In Ukraine it is also found in conifer forests. For Hungary there is no information is available on the habitat of this species.

threats:
Cutting and destruction of old trees, especially lying trunks are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is present in some protected areas (e.g. Romania). This species is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity. This species is only known from one specimen from one locality in Bavaria, Germany. The validity of this species is therefore questionable. 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity. This species is only known from one specimen from one locality in Bavaria, Germany. The validity of this species is therefore questionable.

range:
This species is described from a single female found in Bavaria (Laibner 2000) in Germany. It has been removed from the German checklist and National Red List, because there is no indication that the type specimen is unique, it is most likely to be an aberrant specimen of another Ampedus species (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

population:
It is only known from the single type specimen.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It was only once found, 'on cord of oak wood' (Laibner 2000).

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in a protected area and there is no information on the conservation measures in place.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information about the species since its description in 1859. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in mainland Spain (Sánchez-Ruiz 1996). The species was initially described as Elater rufiventris (Candèze 1859). There are no further records from the species after its description.

population:
There is no information available on the abundance of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but no information is available on its specific habitat requirements.

conservationAction:
There is no information available about conservation actions for this species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.

useAndTrade:
There is no information about use or trade of this species.

redListAssessors:
Recalde, J.I., Zapata de la Vega, J.L., Mico Balaguer, e. & Nardi, G.


taxonomicNotes:
Ampedus gallicus has been described as 'new to science' from France but has not been reported elsewhere. It seems unlikely that there really is an endemic French Ampedus and so this species is probably going to be synonymised with another Ampedus species at some stage in the future. Until such a review takes place, A. gallicus must remain as a separate species and be assessed for the Red List separately. It is within the A. nemoralis group.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its true taxonomic status and lack of information on population size, trends, habitat requirements and threats. It is likely to be synonymized when theAmpedus nemoralis group is next reviewed.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic status. It is likely to be synonymized when theAmpedus nemoralis group is next reviewed.

range:
This species is only found in France. It may have a very restricted distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
For the Mediterranean regional assessment there is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in Calar del Rio Mundo - Riópar, in the Spanish province of Albacete (Platia and Gudenzi 1999).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. There seems to be further records after its description but the specimens were not suitable to be confirmed (Zapata pers. comm 2015).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but no information is available on its detailed habitat requirements.

conservationAction:
There is no information available about conservation actions for this species.

redListAssessors:
Zapata de la Vega, J.L., Recalde, J.I., Mico Balaguer, e. & Nardi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Listed as Vulnerable (VU A4c). The disappearance of old hollow oak trees across its range due to management or dying off and the prospective gap in the provision of old trees in the next 50 years severely reduces the habitat for this species. The Vulnerable assessment is precautionary based on the continuing decline of the only habitat available for this species.

EU 27 regional assessment: Listed as Vulnerable (VU A4c). The disappearance of old hollow oak trees across its range due to management or dying off and the prospective gap in the provision of old trees in the next 50 years severely reduces the habitat for this species. The Vulnerable assessment is precautionary based on the continuing decline of the only habitat available for this species.

range:
This species is recorded from Germany, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania and Latvia (Laibner 2000). It has also been recorded in patchy distributions elsewhere across central, southern and northern Europe (Austria, Slovakia, Norway, Greece and Czech Republic). For many countries, records are missing but occurrence is probable (lack of data rather than lack of beetles). In Denmark it is distributed in Zealand and Lolland; only few localities in Jutland (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

population:
The species distribution is very scattered throughout its range as it uses mainly old hollow oak trees as habitat. It is inferred that the population trend is declining.

It is very rare in Hungary, being known from only three areas in the country; all populations are small, but it is not considered to be threatened in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is known only from one area and in the Slovak Republic it is known from at least seven areas (Laibner 2000). In Sweden it is rare but it occurs mainly in protected areas.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This is a typical rot-hole dweller, developing in wood mould in cavities in trunks and stumps of old oaksQuercusin alluvial woodlands and deciduous vegetation, from foothills to highlands (Laibner 2000). In Hungary all records are from oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, especially old growth with hollow trees and loss of mega-tree continuity. Local populations can be eradicated with the removal of one hollow tree. This includes the cutting down of trees in parks or alleys or in old pastures.

conservationAction:
It is important to preserve big hollow oak trees. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g., Hungary).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status is uncertain and is considered doubtful by several Elateridae experts. It is likely to be very close to other Ampedus species (A. pomoni).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity.

range:
This species' description was based on two males from Germany (Baden, Hessen) (Laibner 2000).

population:
It is only known from two male specimens (Laibner 2000). There is no information regarding the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It was collected under bark on dead wood of oak and pine trees (Laibner 2000).

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area or if there is any conservation measure in place.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, ecology, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and has been recorded in Taygetos in the Peloponnese peninsula (Cate 2007, Schimmel 1996).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in the decaying wood of large forest trees.

threats:
The main overall threat to this species is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality. This involves structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, although long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems, which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores, can be equally damaging. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species is present in one protected area. Additional studies are needed about the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this little known species, to address its conservation management needs.

redListAssessors:
Zapata de la Vega, J.L., Recalde, J.I., Pettersson, R., Petrakis, P. & Schmidl, J.


taxonomicNotes:
The modern use of the name A. karpathicus includes the two - formerly separately recognised - species A. karpathicus (central Europe) and A. suecicus Pal (Fennoscandia).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is classified as Data Deficient due to the recent merge ofA. karpathicus andA. suecicus into one species. There is currently not sufficient information regarding distribution, ecological requirements and status of this species.


EU 27 regional assessment: this species is classified as Data Deficient due to the recent merge ofA. karpathicus andA. suecicus into one species. There is currently not sufficient information regarding distribution, ecological requirements and status of this species.

range:
This species is widely distributed in central, east and northern Europe extending to some countries in south-eastern Europe. It occurs in Norway, Finland and Sweden. According to Lobl and Smetana (2007) it is present in Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus. In Ukraine it is only present in the Carpathians Mountains. Laibner (2000) says it only occurs in the montane and subalpine zones of the Poloninské Karpaty Mountains, but this information is based on two separate speciesA. karpathicus andA. suecicus. In Sweden it occurs in the north and is extremely rare (recorded asA. suecicus).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species.
In Sweden there are recent records from only half of the formerly known provinces; the population trend is declining. In Finland it is rare, but presumed to be stable. In central Europe it is very localised and in Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae probably develop in the decaying wood of dwarf pinePinus mugo in the montane and submontane zones of central Europe (Laibner 2000) but are more widespread in the boreal forests of Fennoscandia, where they develop in coniferous wood - pinePinus and sprucePicea- but also aspenPopulus tremula; it prefers red-rotten heartwood.

threats:
In Fennoscandia, the species is found mainly in forest reserves and national parks as this species is dependent on an abundant dead wood resource. The removal of dead wood is a threat to the species habitat. Also the destruction of old trees ofPinus.

conservationAction:
Protected in Carpathian's reservation with complex of other insects. In Sweden it is listed as Near Threatened on the National Red List, and in Finland it is listed as Least Concern on the National Red List as decline has mainly stopped.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was initially described based only on male specimens and there have not been any further records since. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species has only been recorded in Maragón, in the province of Teruel, in Spain (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2014).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but no details are available about its habitat preferences.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because no information is known about its abundance or trend in the European part of Russia.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is most likely less than 500 km², and based on known records its distribution is severely fragmented, and the area, extent and quality of its habitat is declining due to logging and inappropriate fire management.

range:
This species occurs in north-eastern Europe extending to the European region of Russia.

population:
This species is a very rare species within eastern-most Finland. Fewer than ten specimens have been found in Finland, from four localities (E. Hyvärinen and I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009).  The first record of the species in Finland is from the1920s and a few recent records have been found due to increased intensity of sampling (I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009). There is no information about its distribution and abundance in Russia. No information is known about the trends of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Based on the limited known records of this species, it is suspected to rely on old growth forests, particularly pine forests. One record has been found in a burned area so it is suspected that this may be a habitat preference or even requirement for the species.

threats:
The suspected habitat type is known to be declining and predicted to continue declining due to logging and inappropriate fire management (E. Hyvärinen pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Endangered in Finland. Maintenance of fire-continue areas in eastern Finland can be beneficial for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, population size and trend, natural history, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is only found in Greece.No other specimens are known otherthan those referred to in the original description, which correspond to two Greek localities:Mount Olympos in the region of Macedonia and Mount Smolikas in the region of Ipiros, at altitudes from 700 m to 1100 m (Cate 2007, Schimmel 1996).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but no details of its habitat requirements are available.

threats:
The main overall threat to this species is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density.

conservationAction:
There is no information available about conservation actions for this species. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.

redListContributors:
Pettersson, R., Schmidl, J. & Petrakis, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a very small area of occupancy (AOO). However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. More research is necessary in order to assign an appropriate category.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it has been reported from four localities in Campania, Puglia and Basilicata regions in (Stoch 2003, Platia pers. comm. 2016).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It's known from few specimens (Platia pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Little information is available on its specific habitat preferences other than that it occurs in Mediterranean woodlands.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for the species. The known localities are in protected areas (Parco Nazionale del Gargano and Parco Regionale dei Monti Picentini). The species is listed as Endangered on the Italian red list (Carpaneto et al. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Platia, G., Zapata de la Vega, J.L. & Recalde, J.I.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species is very rare throughout its range and parts of its distribution are unknown. The species is listed as threatened in nearly all national Red Data Books of its countries of occurrence. It prefers fir and birch trees, probably in shady cool conditions - this habitat is available in Europe and it is therefore not fully understood why this species is so rare. More research on this species distribution, ecology, habitat preference and threats is urgently needed.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species is very rare throughout its range and parts of its distribution are unknown. The species is listed as threatened in nearly all national Red Data Books of its countries of occurrence. It prefers fir and birch trees, probably in shady cool conditions - this habitat is available in Europe and it is therefore not fully understood why this species is so rare. More research on this species distribution, ecology, habitat preference and threats is urgently needed.

range:
This species occurs mostly in the south of eastern and central Europe, reaching some southern countries of western Europe.

In Portugal it was recorded only once from the central part of the country (Aguiar and Serrano 1995). In Italy it is only present on the mainland. The presence is Greece is uncertain.

population:
This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is declining.

In Italy there are only six records. In the Czech Republic it is rare with only a few sites. In Slovakia it is localized and scattered throughout the country (Laibner 2000). In Germany it its very rare and is present in four states (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia) with records after 1950. In Austria the species as first discovered around 2001.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in conifer and mixed forests from the highlands to the montane zone, largely confined to firs and spruces, but occasionally oaks and birches (Laibner 2000). Sometimes related to old-growth but not necessarily. In Austria it is a primeval forest relict, liking cool shady conditions.

threats:
The species is declining throughout its range but the reasons for this are not known.

conservationAction:
More research on this species' habitat preferences and the threats causing its decline are needed. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Germany (2009), and Vulnerable in Slovakia and Poland (2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, population size and trend, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is only found in the Greek Mediterranean island of Crete (Wurst 1997). Two specimens have been collected from different localities (Cate coll., Vienna).

habitat:
This is an obligated saproxylic species. One specimen was found in a rottenCrataegus stump (P. Cate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
There is no information available about threats to this species.   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Recalde, J.I., Schmidl, J., Petrakis, P., Nieto, A., Pettersson, R. & Zapata de la Vega, J.L.


taxonomicAuthority:
(Lacordaire in Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835)

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because thsi species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because thsi species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabitsdecaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This Eurocaucasian species (Laibner 2000) is distributed throughout much of Europe; excluding the Iberian Peninsula. Dolin (1988) describes this species as occurring in southern and central Europe. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest-steppe zone. In Denmark it only occurs in Lolland and Zealand (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In the UK it is only known from one site, Windsor Forest and Great Park (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

It is also present in Near East.

population:
This species is rare throughout its European range and has a fragmented distribution.

In the UK the sole confirmed population is in Windsor Great Park and Forest (Mendel and Clarke 1996); no suggestion of any decline in recent decades (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively not rare. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs locally across the whole territory (Laibner 2000). In Hungary the species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions and the populations are small. In Sweden there is one single subpopulation. In Germany it is widespread but rather rare throughout. In Italy it is considered quite rare, but there are few data and in Denmark it is very rare and local.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop exclusively in large decayed oakQuercustrunks and boughs, and especially stumps; chiefly ones with red-rotten heartwood (late successional stage); larvae pupate at the end of the season and overwinter as adults; an adult has been taken at hawthornCrataegusblossom in the UK and so there may be some requirement for pollen and/or nectar on occasion (Alexander 2002).  In Ukraine larvae have also been found in wood of planePlatanusand limeTilia; pupation in VII-VIII; adult beetles appearing in May and active until June in the hours of daylight. In Hungary almost all records are from oak trees but it is known also from red-rotten bird cherryPrunusand limeTilia(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

It is an old growth species. Found in preserved broad-leaf and mixed forests from lowlands to submontane zone; preferentially in oaks (Laibner 2000). The sole UK population occurs within open-grown trees in historic parkland rather than forest (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary almost all records are from mature forests and wood pastures (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species (especially oaks), and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future.

It is listed as Endangered in the British Red Data Book (Shirt 1987) and it is a priority species for conservation action  in the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan. It is listed as Endangered in Denmark (2005). The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).


range:
This Holarctic species (Laibner 2000) occurs throughout most of Europe; it is absent in far south-western Europe. It is also present in Near East and in the Nearctic region.

population:
A common species in at least parts of its range. In Denmark it is widespread but not common (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).
In the UK it has a very fragmented range, with the main centre of distribution in Scotland, but with many outlying smaller populations across England and Wales (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it only occurs in the Carpathians and is a common species. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is common (Laibner 2000); and in Finland and Sweden it is very common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decaying wood (last stages of  decay) in stubs and trunks (Dolin 1988); in heart-rot of pinePinusand birchBetula; alsoQuercusand probably other trees too; pupation at end of June-August; the adult beetle overwinters in the pupal cell and becomes active in V-VI, and is found on grasses and bushes. The life cycle is three years (Dolin 1988). In Denmark larvae develop especially in dead wood and under bark ofAlnus (O. Martin pers. comm. 2009, National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

It lives in evergreen forest from highlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). In the UK it can be found in a wide variety of wooded habitats in the cultural landscape, including Caledonian pine forest, but also wooded fringes to raised mires, etc (Alexander 2002). In the Ukraine it lives in conifer forests only.

threats:
This species faces no major threats at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species has a Euro-Siberian distribution ranging to the Caucasus and Asia Minor (Laibner 2000) it is widely distributed in south, north, central and eastern Europe.

In Ukraine it occurs in most parts of the territory, except in the steppe zone (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and lowland regions. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it appears across the whole territory (Laibner 2000).

population:
Generally widespread, locally common in at least some parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified but is thought to be stable.

In Denmark this species is widespread but not common (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Ukraine it is relatively not rare. In Hungary the species is sporadic in the country, and the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is rare in the west, less rare in the east. In Italy there are very few records; mainly in the north.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decayed white-rotten heartwood, preferably in still-standing trees (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine larvae develop in decayed wood of numerous broad-leaved trees (prefering oakQuercus,birch Betula,poplarsPopulus, limeTilia, elmUlmus, appleMalus) sometimes in hollows. The adult beetle is active in V-VI, but most part of the time it is concealed under bark and in hollows (Dolin 1988).

It lives in broad-leaved and mixed forests, riparian vegetation and orchards (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs mainly in willow-poplar forests along rivers and in other wet habitats; also in orchards and rarely in other broad-leaved trees (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at present, although there may be negative impacts from a number of anthropogenic activities (e.g. inappropriate forest management, for example, removal of large deciduous trees).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed. This species occurs in a number of protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is classified as Least Concern due to its stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is found in Crimea, Ukraine and in the southern part of Russia (Lobl and Smetana 2004).

population:
In Crimea it is a regular species in its appropriate habitat (near rivers in lower elevations). The abundance of the species is unknown because it has relatively restricted habitat requirements but the population is thought to be stable (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in valley (riverine) forests in hill areas from 100 m up to 500 m above sea level. Larvae develop in decayed wood of broad-leaved trees (Populus, Salix, and beechFagus) on trunks near water (basin). The adult is active in May - June, but spends most of its time under bark or in tree hollows (Dolin 1988).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. In Ukraine, cutting and destruction of trees (especially old trees) in river valleys is a potential threat but it is unknown whether this currently threatens the species (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, usual presence, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, usual presence, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs in south-eastern Europe and Minor Asia. It is very widespread and a common species. In Ukraine its only in Crimea.

population:
This is a widespread species. In Crimea it is a usual species and common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is polyphagous in broad-leaved forests. The larvae develop in decayed wood of beech trees and rarely inSalixorPopulus. Larvae are predators or necrophagous. Pupation takes place in the end of summer beginning of autumn. The adult is active in V-VI, but typically remains under loose bark on the host tree, and appears on the trunk and feeding at flowers very rarely (Dolin 1988).

conservationAction:
In Ukraine it is protected in Crimea's and Yalta's reservations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Eurasian species (Laibner 2000) is widespread across almost all Europe except Britain. In Ukraine it is mostly present in all regions, except in the steppe zone. In Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Portugal it is widespread all over the country. In Ireland it is known from just one site.

population:
A widespread species that is not uncommon in at least parts of its range.

In Ireland it is only known from a restricted area in County Kerry (Mendel and Clarke 1996), where the population appears reasonably strong (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine this species is common. In Hungary the populations are small and in Denmark it is not common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop especially in decaying wood of willowsSalix, poplarsPopulus, birchesBetula, and oaksQuercus (Laibner 2000). In Ireland larvae develop in soft red-rotten heartwood of birchBetulagrowing on peatland; they pupate at end of season and overwinter as adult (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine this is a mesohygrophylic species. Larvae are predators or necro-saprophagous. 

It is found in deciduous and mixed forests of lowlands to foothills, especially near streams and in moist localities (Laibner 2000). Often found in wooded mires and swamp forests. The records from Hungary are from various broadleaved forests, mainly in moist habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The sole Irish locality is a peat bog.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, however there may be some negative impacts on populations from e.g. deliberate drainage of wooded wetlands. In Ireland the loss of old and decaying birch trees is a threat (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). No specific conservation measures for this species are known to be in place.


taxonomicNotes:
It is debated whether this is a single species or a complex containing several forms, some of which have been described as separate species. Some old records attributed to this species may in fact belong to more recently recognised species such as A. hjorti or A. triangulum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Eurosiberian species is widespread throughout all Europe except the far south-west. A Palaearctic species, with two subspecies described (one in Japan only) (Laibner 2000).

In Ukraine and Hungary it is widespread throughout; also in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Laibner 2000). It is widespread in Britain and Ireland.

population:
A common species in at least parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified but is considered likely to be stable.

It has a very fragmented distribution within its British and Irish ranges, with many small isolated populations (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is very common; also common in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species is common in all suitable habitats in Hungary, with strong populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is common (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the decaying wood of oakQuercus, birchBetula, pinePinusand probably other tree species; they pupate at end of season and overwinter in the adult stage. Adults active May and June (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine pupation takes place in VII-VIII; adults have been found on branches of trees or  feeding at flowers of grasses and bushes (Dolin 1988). In Denmark also inAlnus (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs in all forest ecosystems, also in isolated groups of trees from lowlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs in all kinds of broad-leaved forests, also in pine plantations, orchards, city parks, suburbs wherever dead wood is available (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).Primarily associated with ancient wood pastures in Britain, also widely known from birches around peatlands in Britain and Ireland (Alexander 2002).

threats:
This species faces no major threats at present. Loss of old trees and decaying wood can be a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
It occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). No specific measures are needed.

In the UK the conservation status of this species in Britain is 'Nationally Scarce' (Hyman and Parsons 1992); no specific actions are in place but its habitat is covered by the Wood Pasture and Parklands Action Plan of the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats to this species. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in Portugal. The type locality described in 1995, which is the only known site, is in the extreme southern part of the country (Wurst 1995).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but there are no details available on its precise habitat requirements.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. As for other obligated saproxylics, the elimination and decrease of dead wood in forests could affect the presence of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. As for other obligated saproxylics, actions for conserving dead wood in forests are needed. More research on distribution, ecology and threats is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, it is present in several protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However there are concerns for the species in some range states.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, it is present in several protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However there are concerns for the species in some range states.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe, but it is absent from the Britain and Ireland (old reports were mis-identifications). It also occurs in northern Africa and Siberia (to Baikal Lake).

It is widespread is Portugal. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it seems to occur locally across both territories (Laibner 2000).

population:
A widespread species that is not uncommon in at least parts of its range. However in some range states at the edge of its distribution it is rare, localised and declining.

In Ukraine it is a common species. In Germany it is very rare and in Denmark too, being only one or two localities in north-eastern Zealand (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Hungary the species is sporadic all over the country; although the species is not very common in the country, the populations are strong (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Preferentially it lives in decaying wood of oak; also in montane zone spruces, in pine and larch (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine larvae develop in decayed wood (first stage of decaying) mostlyPinus, but in the south also in broad-leaved trees (Dolin 1988); the adult beetle is active in V-VI, and lives a concealed life under bark and in splits of wood.

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it inhabits alluvial woodlands, forest-steppe formations and preserved stands of submontane and montane zones (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs mainly in old, closed stands of hilly and mountainous oak forests, but also in poplar and other broad-leaved trees in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it occurs in all areas where there isPinus.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species across Europe as a whole. However some populations may be negatively affected by the loss of old trees.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark (2005).


taxonomicNotes:
Dolin (1988) considers this species as A. apicalis Reitter, 1889. This species was at first described as Elater pulcher v. apicalis. Then quoted as E. pulcher Baudi (Gurieva, 1957); E. pulcher v. apicalis (Yacobson, 1913); E. pulcher Baudi (Pliginskii, 1916). According to Lobl and Smetana (2007) there are two separate species: Ampedus pulcher (occurs in Cyprus, Turkey) and A. apicalis (occurs in in Ukraine, Greece).  More research is needed on the taxonomy.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 10,000km² (in Europe it is only found on Cyprus), and because of its specific habitat requirements - rotten trunks ofPinus nigra - it is likely to be severely fragmented. However a continuing decline in extent, area and quality of habitat this can be suspected but no information is available so this species is close to qualifying for Vulnerable but more information is needed.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 10,000km² (in Europe it is only found on Cyprus), and because of its specific habitat requirements - rotten trunks ofPinus nigra - it is likely to be severely fragmented. However a continuing decline in extent, area and quality of habitat this can be suspected but no information is available so this species is close to qualifying for Vulnerable but more information is needed.

range:
This species is found in Cyprus and Turkey (Asia Minor). In the European region it is confined to Cyprus.

In Cyprus it has been reported from a few localities in the upper zone of Troodos  Mountains (1,200-1,900 m) in Olympos, Almyrolivado, Prodromos (Preiss and Platia 2003).

population:
This species is very rare and local and only found on Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). There is no information on population trends.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is found inPinus nigra forests, developing in rotten trunks ofPinus nigra (Preiss and Platia 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Mediterranean regional assessment lists this species as Data Deficient. Based on its single known locality and record, this species has a small range and hence a potentially small area of occupancy (AOO), It is, however, a poorly known species that may also be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in north-east Spain (in Olot, Catalonia). The only information available comes from a female specimen used for description (Zeising 1981).

habitat:
In spite of the little information available, as other members of the same genus, this species is assumed to be an obligate saproxylic species, but no details are available on its habitat preferences.

threats:
There is no information available regarding specific threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas. Further research on the ecology, population size, life history and potential threats to this species is necessary.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Mico Balaguer, e., Recalde, J.I. & Zapata de la Vega, J.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) as it is very rare throughout its range with only a few localities (severely fragmented) and an area of occupancy of less than 500 km². The populations are declining as well as its habitat which is threatened by forest exploitation, the removal of veteran trees and dead wood. This species is also a predator that can be affected by the decline of its prey.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) as it is very rare throughout its range with only a few localities (severely fragmented) and an area of occupancy of less than 500 km². The populations are declining as well as its habitat which is threatened by forest exploitation, the removal of veteran trees and dead wood. This species is also a predator that can be affected by the decline of its prey.

range:
This species is present from France through central Europe to the forest-steppes in Ukraine (Laibner 2000).

In Ukraine, it occurs in the Carpathians and in the south of the forest-steppe zone. In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is Extinct.

population:
This is a very rare species in Europe and its population is declining.

In Ukraine it is a very rare species; only one specimen known from the Kirovograd region in central Ukraine. In the Czech Republic there is only one recent record. In Slovakia it is known from five localities and it is rare (Laibner 2000). In Hungary all known extant populations are restricted to limited areas and the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy there is one record from 1977 in southern Italy. In Greece there is a single recent record from the Peloponnesus. In France there are only two localities known; it is considered a relict species (Leseigneur 1972) - there is one locality from 1847 where it has never been found again, and the second locality is from 1965 in the Pyrenees.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in red-rotten heartwood of chestnutCastanea, oakQuercusand other broad-leaved tree species; generally with lucanid beetle larvae (AesalusandCeruchus). A predator ofAesalus scarabaeoides which is itself very rare, but it does not feed exclusively on this species. Pupation occurs in the autumn but the adults remain in the pupal cells in the decaying wood through the winter months. In Hungary the preferred micro-habitats are red-rotten logs of bird cherryPrunus, beechFagus, hornbeamCarpinus, and sometimes oak, always withAesalus scarabaeoides(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France, the larvae develop in red-rotten wood ofQuercus together with Lucanid larvae (AesalusandDorcus parallelepipedus) (Leseigneur 1972).

Often in remnants of oaks, always inside forests; the preferred habitats are beech-oak woods of lowlands and foothills (Laibner 2000). It prefers dark, shady stands; old growth forest and trees with a large diameter. In Hungary nearly all records are from closed, dark stands deep inside the forests, mainly in ravines(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Forest exploitation is one of the main threats, including the removal of dead wood. It is dependent on certain prey species that are locally declining. 

In Hungary all populations are small and vulnerable. Removal of old logs and especially illegal over-collecting of the wintering adults are serious threats; the latter results in destruction of the red-rotten logs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The preservation of veteran trees and dead wood in forests is essential. The species is present in protected areas; however in Hungary the protection is not always effective (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The species is legally protected in Hungary. This species is classed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and as Endangered in Italy.

redListAssessors:
Méndez, M., Dodelin, B., Petrakis, P., Schlaghamersky, J. & Nardi, G.


taxonomicNotes:
There appear to be some taxonomic issues, with A. sanguinolentus claimed to include this beetle, but the two beetles are very different and belong to separate Ampedus groups (H. Mendel pers. comm. 2009). Sometimes it is regarded as a distinct species; some authors see it as an 'ecotype' of Ampedus  sanguinolentu (A. quercicola occurs in mountain forests, mainly oa;  while A. sanguinolentus is typical to soft-wood riverine galleries and marsh forests); others regard it as synonym of A. sanguinolentus (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France, there has been some confusion on whether A. corsicus and A. quercicola are the same species (sensu Leseigneur, non Reitter). According to Platia (1994) A. corsicus is a valid species and it is endemic to Corsica.

range:
A European species mainly found in western Europe, including the UK and reaching northern Africa and Asia Minor (Laibner 2000), but also reported from some eastern countries. According to an unpublished list generated by data collected by Italian experts the species is also present in Spain, France, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Belgium, Austria, Bulgaria and Romania.

Specific details for some range states are included below:
Hungary: a few records are known from the hilly and mountainous regions (if itis regarded as a distinct species, see Taxonomic Notes) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).
Denmark: only present in two localities in Lolland (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).
Italy: widespread, but not found in Sardinia.
UK: two main centres of population, centred on New Forest and East Midlands (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
This is a widespread species occurring across Europe, but not especially common. The population trend for this species is unknown.
Specific details for some range states are included below:
UK: fragmented distribution, no suggestion of any decline inrecent decades (Mendel and Clarke 1996).
Czech Republic: only known from two areas.
Slovak Republic: two areas known; the species is rare (Laibner 2000).
Hungary: the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).
Germany: it was only found in a few localities in the northern part of the country(flatlands). However it is common in southern and western parts of the country.
Denmark: it is rare and very local.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decayed heartwood of birchBetula, beechFagus, hawthornCrataegus,oakQuercus, alderAlnus, fruit trees (Rosaceae) and probably other tree species; pupate at the end of the season and overwinter as adult; adults are attracted to hawthorn blossom for feeding. 

UK sites include cultural landscape situations such as ancientwoodlands, wooded fens, old wood pastures, etc, as well as forests (K.N.A Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech and Slovak Republics this species lives in oak groves, deciduous and mixed forests in moist habitats from lowlands to foothills (Laibner 2000). The main population in Germany is found in beech forests and hilly areas, but it is not strictly associated with beech types. In Hungary it occurs in deciduous forests, mainly oak (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it seems to prefer Carpinus betulus (O. Martin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species seems to be threatened in some range states (for example in Denmark, UK and Italy). The main threat is likely to be the loss of old trees and the removal of decaying wood. In Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) and Germany the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas and no specific conservation measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). This species is included in the Danish Red Data Book as Vulnerable (2005) and is considered Vulnerable in the Italian Checklist and distribution of the Italian fauna (Platia 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment pertains to A rufipennis sensu lato. However, some continental/south-eastern populations have been recently described as a separate species, A. forticornis. This species is not (yet) included in Fauna Europaea and is not included here.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species is widespread, and although it is generally not particularly common, it is nevertheless thought to have an Area of Occupancy that exceeds the thresholds for any threatened category. It is declining in some range states, but overall it is not declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing as threatened. Assessed as Lest Concern, although conservation measures are required in those range states where it is doing badly (e.g. Sweden, Britain).

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species is widespread, and although it is generally notparticularly common, it is nevertheless thought to have an Area of Occupancy that exceeds the thresholds for any threatened category. It is declining in some range states, but overall it is not declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing as threatened. Assessed as Lest Concern, although conservation measures are required in those range states where it is doing badly (e.g. Sweden, Britain).

range:
This species is widespread throughout much of Europe. It is a west Palaearctic species ranging as far as the Caspian Sea (Laibner 2000).

This species also occurs in Minor Caucasus in Georgia and Armenia.

In Portugal it has been recorded from a single locality in the northern part (Barros 1932). In Ukraine it occur in the east area until the Dniper River; in Crimea absent. In Britain its has a very restricted range in the far south of England (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
A not particularly common species that is declining in some range states, but overall it is not declining in Europe.

In the UK it has a very fragmented distribution, with just a few isolated populations, four main centres; at least one strong population (Mendel and Clarke 1996, K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively not rare. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs locally across both territories (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; the populations are strong (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is rare but somewhat widely distributed (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Sweden it is rare and localized and has declined.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in relatively soft white-rotten heartwood of beechFagus, ashFraxinus, and elmUlmus (and some other species, including fruit trees); in trunks, logs and boughs, and more rarely in stumps; pupate at end of season and overwinter as adult; adults have occasionally been taken off hawthornCrataegusblossom (Alexander 2002). Larvaeare typical predators which eat the larvae of other saproxylic insects: Cerambycidae (Leseigneur 1972), Lucanidae (Husler and Husler 1940, Iablokoff 943), Bostrichidae, Curculionidae and some Diptera (Dolin 1988). The adults are active in V-VI.

UK sites tend to be ancient wood pastures in the cultural landscape, with open-grown trees (old growth) (Alexander 2002). It is also found on floodplains and forest-steppe formations, in preserved deciduous forests of submontane zone (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech forests, mainly open stands and ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of old trees of appropriate species, and appropriate habitat management (especially leaving dead wood rather than 'cleaning' it up).

It is included in the British Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Shirt 1987); it is also a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is of questionable taxonomic status (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity.

range:
This species is described from northern Germany and a single record from southern Germany. It was subsequently recognized from the Czech and Slovak Republics (Laibner 2000).

population:
The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in decaying stumps and fallen oak trunks; in oak groves and mixed forests of lowlands (Laibner 2000).

threats:
There are no known major threats to the species, however - with the taxonomic uncertainty - the biology of the species is unknown and the threats cannot be assessed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout almost all of Europe, although has been lost from some areas. It is a Transpalaearctic species, absent in Japan (Laibner 2000).

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest zone. In Portugal for a very long time this species was only known from a single locality in the north (Barros 1896); recently it was recorded from a few sites in the north, centre and south of the country (Cabral 1992). In Britain is is only known from a small number of specimens taken in central southern England in the 1800s (Mendel and Clarke 1996) although these are presumably introductions as the habitat is not native here.

population:
This species is common in at least parts of its range, especially in central and south-eastern Europe.

It is common in the Carpathians and rare in Crimea. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic it is common (Laibner 2000).In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas and has strong populations in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

In the UK there are 19th century records from a restricted area in central-southern England (Mendel and Clarke 1996); possibly not native (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is rare and very local; only a few localities (Lolland and Bornholm) (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). It is rare in Portugal.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in decayed wood and stubs of conifers. Pupation occurs at the end of summer-autumn and the adult beetles hibernate and appear at the end of April and beginning of May. The beetles live concealed lives under bark (Dolin 1988).although they are known to also feed at hawthorn blossom (Alexander 2002). The larvae feed on the larvae of longhorn beetles Cerambycidae (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). 

Predominantly in evergreen (chiefly pine) and mixed forests of highlands and submontane zone (Laibner 2000).In Hungary it occurs in the native conifer forests (which are rare in Hungary and restricted to the westernmost parts of the country), and also in pine and spruce plantations (which are much more widespread) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European level. The loss of old trees can be a potential threat.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Vulnerable in Denmark (2005).


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment does not include A. quercicola (which is regarded as a synonym of A sanguinolentus species by Leseigneur). Here, A. quercicola is treated as a separate species.

range:
This Transpalaearctic species (Laibner 2000) is widespread across almost all Europe.

population:
This species is common in at least some parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified but is considered likely to be stable.

In the UK it is widespread on lowland heaths in parts of south-eastern England; a few outlying populations; populations strong (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is a very common species. In Denmark it is rare but widely distributed (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. The species is common in all suitable habitats, with strong populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae favour subterranean or surface wood, ofCalluna,Betula, etc; adults are attracted to hawthorn blossom for feeding and also found on tree foliage of birch, elder, etc. (Alexander 2002). sometimes larvae occur in the soil near stubs. Pupation at end of  July to September. The adult beetles hibernate and appear in May (Dolin 1988).

Occurs in woodlands and heathland. In the UK only on lowland heaths (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it is a mesohygrophylic species that occurs near water basin, swamp places, lowland humid forests (Dolin 1988). In Hungary it is typical to soft-wood forests of moist habitats, mainly in riverine and stream-side willow, poplar and alder galleries, marsh forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats at the European level, although there may be negative impacts from human activities such as draining of damp woodlands and logging.

  In the UK the destruction of lowland heaths for housing and industrial developments has been a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
In the UK the best examples of its lowland heath habitats are all now protected (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009); the beetle has conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992). This species occurs also in protected areas in Hungary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is relatively common in the core part of its range with no obvious decline. However, the species is indicated as threatened on national level in the west of its range and needs conservation attention there. Mechanical site preparation after clear cutting is a main threat.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is relatively common in the core part of its range with no obvious decline. However, the species is indicated as threatened on national level in the west of its range and needs conservation attention there. Mechanical site preparation after clear cutting is a main threat.

range:
This species is found in patchy distributions in southern and central Europe. It is also found in the Caucasus and Asia Minor (Laibner 2000).

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and lower mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians and in the central part of the forest-steppe zone.

population:
This species seems to be common over much of its European range, although is rare in certain states, e.g. France and Ukraine.

In Hungary the species is common in all suitable habitats, with strong populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France this species is very rare and sporadic; there is one historical record (verified) before1905 in the border between France and Italy (Mont Cenis, centre of the northern Alps); it has not been seen again at this locality but is indicated in 1960' in the Cote d'Or department in one locality (Leseigneur 1972). In Italy it occurs only in the four mainland regions and the most recent record is from 2001. In Greece it is present but scattered. In Germany it is present in the south and the populations seem to be stable. In Ukraine it is widespread but rare. In the Czech Republic, in Bohemia, it is rare and in Slovakia in South Moravia is common (Laibner 2000).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Laibner (2000) states that the larvae develop in decayed roots and stump remnants covered with soil, but (Dolin 1988) says the larvae develop in forest soil under trees, near dead trunks and stubs in relatively humid places.  Pupation takes place in the ground at the end of July-August, the adults overwinter in the pupal cells, and become active in V-VI; they are active in daylight. The adults do not fly far from the places where larvae are developing (Dolin 1988). In forest-steppe formations and open mixed south-facing forests. In Ukraine it occurs in broad-leaved forest. In Hungary this species occurs mainly in open thermophilous oak forests (mainly of turkey oak and white oak), often in ecotonal situation (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Wood chipping of stumps (mechanical site preparation) after clear cutting is a major threat to this species.

In Hungary the species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
Forest management adapted to the needs of this species such as leaving dead stumps in their original position to decay is recommended.

It is necessary to protect some places (territory) where the beetles occur. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Vulnerable in Italy and Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Méndez, M., Dodelin, J., Petrakis, P., Schlaghamersky, J. &  Nardi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species was recently described and it is being recorded in new localities which indicate that it could be under-recorded. There is no information about population size or trend, but it is widespread and does not seem to be facing any major threats. It is hence listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is only found in Spain, mostly in its northern half, in the provinces of Guipúzcoa, Navarra, La Rioja, Zaragoza, Zamora, Segovia, Madrid and recently there has been a record from Cabañeros National Park in the more meridional province of Ciudad Real (Cate 2007, Platia and Gudenzi, 2000, Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2012, 2013; Micó et al. 2013). Only two localities fall outside the Mediterraenan region, although those records are doubtful.

population:
The species is known from 26 localities. The population trend is unknown, but a few years after its description, the species was reported from many Spanish provinces (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2012, 2013), so it appears to be common and regionally widespread.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adult specimens have been found under bark on deadwood, in riparian and Mediterranean oak forest, but no details are available about its larval development. It has been recorded from low riparian lands to areas of up to more than 1,000 m of altitude (Platia and Gudenzi 2000, Zapata and Recalde pers. obs. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species although it is present in protected areas (Cabañeros National Park, Tejera Negra Natural Park).


taxonomicNotes:
According to some authors the taxonomic status of this species is doubtful, and is regarded as a synonym of A. pomorum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because while the species is rare, it is widespread throughout central and south-eastern Europe and its population appears to be stable because there are no known major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because while the species is rare, it is widespread throughout central and south-eastern Europe and its population appears to be stable because there are no known major threats.

range:
This is a central and south-eastern European species, widespread throughout. It is known from Slovenia and Italy (Laibner 2000). In Italy it is only known in one locality. In Ukraine it is found in the western hills of the Carpathians (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

population:
The species is considered to be rare but the population trend is stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that occurs in broad-leaved deciduous and mixed forests from the lowlands to the submontane zone (Laibner 2000). Its developmental cycle is mainly in decaying oak or alder stumps (Laibner 2000); some specimens have been found in decayed (white-rot) wood of beech-trees and oak (Dolin 1988).

threats:
No threats are known and the species is not thought to be threatened.

conservationAction:
It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Horák, J., Tezcan, S. & Putchkov, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that is very common in at least parts of its range, its population is stable and there are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that is verycommon in at least parts of its range, its population is stable and there are no major threats.

range:
A boreal-alpine species. This species is widespread across northern Europe but is restricted to   mountainous areas in central and southern Europe. 

It is known from Italy, the eastern Carpathians, Bulgaria, and western Siberia (Laibner 2000). In Germany it is only found in the Alps and Bavarian mountains. In the UK it is confined to the Caledonian pine forest of central Scotland (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
Very common in at least parts of its range (e.g. Fennoscandia) but much rarer in the alpine areas and elsewhere. Overall, population trend is believed to be stable.

In the UK it occurs only in a restricted area of the eastern Scottish Highlands (Mendel and Clarke 1996); a very vulnerable small population (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In the Czech Republic there are several localities. In Slovakia it is more frequent but nevertheless very rare (Laibner 2000). In Italy it is very rare and decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in well-red-rotted heartwood of fallen pinePinus, spruce and birchBetula; the larval stage probably takes three to six years; they are opportunistic carnivores; they pupate at the end of the season and overwinter as adults (Owen and Mendel 1993). In Ukraine larvae also develop in stubs and decayed wood of fir treesAbies. In Finland mostly in dead conifers, also in stumps.

It lives in relicts of old growth evergreen and mixed forests with firs and pines from submontane zone to upper limits of montane zone. In northern Europe it lives in forest-tundra, where it develops in birches (Laibner 2000).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European level. Loss of old trees, dead and decaying wood can be a threat.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. UK, Ukraine). 

It is listed in the British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987) but recommended for increase to Vulnerable (Hyman and Parsons 1992).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species occurs in central and southern Europe.

In the Czech Republic it is known from four areas. In Slovakia it is known from two areas; probably across the whole territory, but sporadically (Laibner 2000). In Germany it is found in six States.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Germany only five records have been registered in the last 25 years.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Confined to oaks in lowlands and highlands (Laibner 2000) and develops in dead wood and may be predatory like otherAmpedus.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is taxonomically uncertain and its status is questionable (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity.

range:
This species is described from one or two specimens in Germany to the south of Hamburg (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009).

population:
The abundance, population size and trends for this species are not known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. No details of its habitat associations are known.

threats:
There is no information on the threats to this species. 
In Germany this species was excluded from the working (unpublished) checklist and therefore was not included in the German Red List.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area or whether there are any conservation measures in place.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species has a relatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species has arelatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in Portugal. Described in 2003, it is known from two sites in the north of the country (Giuseppe and Serrano 2003).

habitat:
It remains unknown if this species is a true saproxylic or if it is primarily a forest soil beetle.


range:
This species is only found in Portugal. Described in 2005; the type locality (the only site known) is in the centre of the country (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species has a relatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This specieshas a relatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is only found in Portugal. Described in 2003, it is known from a few sites in the centre and southern part of the country (Giuseppe and Serrano 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species has a relatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. This species has a relatively small range. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal. It has recently been recorded from the centre of the country (Giuseppe and Serrano 2003).


range:
This species is only found in Portugal. Described in 2005, it is known from two sites in the centre of the country (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. Based on the number of known sites, this species potentially has a very small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and likely to be under-recorded.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient. Based on the number ofknown sites, this species potentially has a very small Area of Occupancy. However, it is a poorly known species and likely to be under-recorded.

range:
This species is found in the south-western Europe: northern Spain (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2006) and Italy. Possibly present in France (it looks very similar toB. bouyoni andB. megerlei, so records of these two species may in fact be attributable toB. campadellii).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Population trend is unknown. A single locality known in Spain (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2006) but no information available on France and Italy.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Probably lives in oak woods, like other species in its genus, but no details of its precise habitat requirements are known.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found in Turkey and Greece. One specimen has been collected from Morea, Megaspileon (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered a rare species. Presumably the population is declining due to the disappearance of old hollow trees.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The species lives in hollow deciduous trees in forests and open areas.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Logging and removal of hollow trees are specific threats.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it occurs in one protected area. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology to this species, especially into its conservation management needs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened as it is rare in most of its range with some potential threats but no information on a population trend. More research is needed to verify whether the species needs to be included in a higher threat category.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened as it is rare in most of its range with some potential threats but no information on a population trend. More research is needed to verify whether the species needs to be included in a higher threat category.

range:
This species is widespread across southern, eastern and central Europe, extending to some countries in northern and western Europe. 

This species is also found in Asia Minor (Laibner 2000) and in Turkey (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

In Ukraine it occurs in the western and central part of the forest-steppe zone; it is absent in Crimea. In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is widespread but rare throughout its range.

In the Czech Republic there are several localities and in Slovakia several sites in the south. In Hungary the species is sporadic, and the populations are small. In Spain there are five sites known from Navarra, one from La Rioja and one from near Madrid (Sánchez-Ruizet al. 2003). In Italy there are 25 localities, most recent records found in 2003. In France it is rare and very localized. In Greece it is extremely rare and is not present in Crete. In Ukraine it is a rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The life cycle is three years: the larvae develop in decayed stumps and hollows of oakQuercus, limeTilia, and beechFagustrees; old hollow trees with red rot . Pupation takes place in spring and in the beginning of summer. Adults are active in the evening in VI-VIII, flying to light (Dolin 1988); at dark high on tree trunks and branches or flying short intervals (Laibner 2000).

It lives from lowlands to highlands, in enclaves of old broad-leaved forest and groves, mainly oak (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs in open broad-leaved forests, also in city parks, orchards and suburbs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Cut, loss and destruction of old trees and stubs are major threats to this species. In Hungary this species is not threatened.

conservationAction:
This species is dependent on old hollow trees with red rot therefore the maintenance of continuity and connectivity is necessary.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and as Near Threatened in Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km²,   and it occurs in several small, widely separated sub-populations, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

 
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km²,   and it occurs in several small, widely separated sub-populations, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is known only from Greece. It has been recorded from Aghios Nikolaos, Karpenissi, Varetadha, Amphilochia, Mount Ossa, Larissa but it is possibly present also elsewhere. One specimen has been collected from Mount Taygetos and four from Peloponnesus Peninsula (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is little information about the ecology of this species. It lives in deciduous forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. The decline of forest is a major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in one protected area. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known species, especially into its conservation management needs.


taxonomicNotes:
In Laibner (2000), this species is known as Ampedus ruficeps.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species occurs widely across southern and central Europe: the Iberian Peninsula, Britain, France, Italy, south and central Europe, the Carpathians (Laibner 2000). It is also found in the Caucasus. In Ukraine it is only present in the eastern slope of the Carpathians (Uzhgorod region) (Dolin 1988).

population:
This species appears to be rare and threatened across most of its European range, with reasonably strong and stable populations only reported from France.

In Britain this species is confined to a small area within a singleancient parkland; the population is considered small and endangered (Mendel and Clarke 1996). 
In Ukraine it is a rare species. In the Czech Republic since 1950 it has only been recorded from the south-eastern part (one floodplain area). In Slovakia it has a scattered population from west to east and there are very few sites. In Hungary there is only one extant population known, which is small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is present in the north and central regions, 15 localities and the most recent records are from 1990. In France it is relatively common in the south and it forms small and patchy populations in the north. In Greece it is very rare in northern and central Greece, last records from 1975.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in dry red-rotten heartwood of ancient oaksQuercus, often in the lining of cavities in the trunks & main boughs; the larvae are predatory; they pupate from the beginning of April until the end of May-June. The adults are active in V-VII, in the evening and early night, and are attracted to light (Dolin 1988, Alexander 2002).  

The sole UK site is ancient parkland (Alexander 2002). It also lives in old oaks in groves of the lowlands and highlands (Laibner 2000) and develops in solitary trees and open forest, in dead and dying trees. In Ukraine larvae also develop in chestnutCastanea (Dolin 1988). In Hungary the only population lives in a wood pasture (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Maintenance of continuity and connectivity of habitat are necessary for the conservation of this species. The species is present in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary). 

This species is included in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987), it is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Near Threatened in Italy.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has been placed in various genera in the past. It was originally placed in genus Alaus Eschscholtz, 1829 (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).  Laibner (2000) uses Paracalais parreissi.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because, based on the species habitat requirements (very oldPinus), the Area of Occupancy could be estimated to be less than 2,000km² and there is expected to be a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of the habitat. The population appears to be rather fragmented and there are severe declines in some parts of range, thus making this species close to qualifying for Vulnerable. 
EU 27 regional assessment: in the EU this species is only found in three places in Greece and in Cyprus. It is listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is likely to be around 2,000km² but this cannot be quantified, it is severely fragmented and in Greece its habitat is thought to be in decline but in Cyprus it is not considered rare and likely to be stable, so the species is close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is known from the eastern Mediterranean and Asia. It is present in Cyprus, Croatia and Greece. In Greece it has been reported from three localities. In Ukraine this species is thought to be Extinct because the last record of it was from 60 years ago (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

population:
Declines in some parts of its range indicate that it is likely to be decreasing but this cannot be quantified. It requires specific habitat - oldPinus - that are known to be becoming more scarce across Europe so the population is suspected to be in decline. In Greece it is only known from three places with a declining extent and quality of habitat so its population trend there is inferred to be declining. In Ukraine this species is extremely rare, and may be Extinct (last finding was near 60 years ago - in the Red Book of Ukraine it is Possibly Extinct). In Cyprus the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species locally is not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). It is common in Turkey.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in old decayed wood (rotten trunks) ofPinusin humid places near water basins (streams); they are obligate predators. Imago active in end of May beginning of June. In Ukraine all oldPinus have disappeared in the known areas where this species has been found; this habitat has disappeared from this area leading the experts to suspect that the species is now extinct (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). It is locally common in Cyprus where it has been reported from the forested areas between 200-1,500 m.

threats:
This species is threatened by the destruction and disappearing of habitats with oldPinus.This is the largest European click beetle (Laibner 2000) and so may be especially targeted by collectors. Specific information is not known about threats to its habitat throughout the range, but based on complete removal of its habitat in Ukraine (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009) it is suspected to be seriously threatened by this in the rest of Europe. More research is needed.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Book of Ukraine, as Possibly Extinct. This species occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This is the largest European click beetle (Laibner 2000) and so may be especially targeted by collectors.

redListAssessors:
Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P.,  Horák, J., Tezcan, S. & Putchkov, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is is not uncommon in at least some parts of its European range. However it is fragmented and declining in some range states (e.g. UK, Sweden) and in these areas conservation measures are particularly needed.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is is not uncommon in at least some parts ofits European range. However it is fragmented and declining in some range states (e.g. UK, Sweden) and in these areas conservation measures are particularly needed.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all of Europe, except the far north. It is a west Palaearctic species, reaching the Altai Mountains (Laibner 2000). 

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest zone and forests of mountains of Crimea. It has recently been found in Spain (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). In Denmark it is widespread (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Britain it is widespread across southern England and Wales but is only known from one old record in Ireland, in the far south-east (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
It is widespread, and not uncommon in at least some parts of its European range.

In Ireland there in one single record from the south-east, in the 19th century, but the area is poorly recorded and the species could still be present (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the UK it has a very fragmented distribution across southern Britain but with a large number (at least 50) of isolated populations (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is a rare species. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs sporadically across the whole territory (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; the species has small populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there are only four localities known, all in the north (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae are predators - partcularly of Scolytidae larvae - living in large dead branches in the upper parts of trees (also sometimes in stumps and trunks) of oakQuercusand other broad-leaved trees (e.g.Alnus); they pupate at the end of the season and overwinter as adults; the adults are active in V-VI and nectar at blackthornPrunus spinosa and hogweedHeracleumin daylight (Dolin 1982, Alexander 2002). 

Found in open broad-leaved and mixed forests and parks with groups of old broad-leaved trees in lowlands and highlands (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly oak and beech (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the UK primarily in old wood pasture situations in the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

threats:
Across Europe as a whole there are no major threats, but there are negative impacts from a number of human activities such as those detailed below.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Ukraine, Hungary, UK). In the UK this species has conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. 

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabitsdecaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. More information is needed on this species, as it could potentially qualify as Vulnerable at the EU level if more were known about the number of sites at which it occurs.

range:
This west Palaearctic species (Laibner 2000) is known from south, west and central Europe reaching some countries in north Europe. 

It also occurs in west Caucasus, in west Georgia.

In Ukraine it occurs in the south and west of the forest zone (Dolin 1988, Lobl and Smetana 2007). In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas. In Spain its presence has only recently been confirmed (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). It formerly occurred at a number of sites across England but it has not been reported since about 1860 (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
Generally very localized, rare and decreasing across its range.

In Slovakia and the Czech Republic it is very locally and individuallyreported (Laibner 2000). In Hungary its populations are small. In Germany it has become locally Extinct in several regions. In Sweden there is one single population; the last record is from 2002; formerly more widespread. In Italy it is found only in northern and central parts; around 30 localities (although some of these are based on old data). In Poland there is no precise information on distribution but it is not regarded as threatened at present, but this appears to be based on relatively little data. In France it was described as 'quite common' in the old literature; there is very little recent data. In Spain there are old records with vague mentions of rare but widespread in Pyrenees; only two recent localities known (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). It is a relatively rare species in Ukraine. In the UK it was widely reported in the 19th century, but there have been no modern reports, and it is assumed to be long Extinct (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A specialist of veteran trees, especially very large old oaksQuercus. Larvae are predators in semi-dry wood mould; living in the base of hollow trees (Brustel 2005); it is found in open sunlit habitats within forest. In Ukraine the larvae are also known to develop in the soil around trunks, stubs or decayed wood under the soil. The larvae hibernate; the adult beetle is active at evening in twilight, in IV-V; it lives a concealed life (in chinks of bark and wood), rarely appearing on flowers (Dolin 1988).

In Ukraine this species occurs mostly inoak forests. In Hungary it occurs in various broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak, but also in lime, maple and poplar (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is entirely dependent upon very large old trees (veteran trees), a habitat type which is very fragmented and declining across Europe as a result of various human activities. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude mowing and/or grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species (especially oaks, but also others), and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is considered as Endangered in Italy.

redListAssessors:
Micó Balaguer, E., Mannerkoski, I., Dodelin, B., Pettersson, R., Alexander, K., Mason, F., Méndez, M. & Hyvarinen, E.


range:
This Euro-Siberian species (Laibner 2000) is known from all Europe, except the far west. 

In Ukraine it occurs in forests in the northern part of the forest-steppe zone and in the Carpathians. Old records from the UK are assumed to be the result of accidental introductions.

population:
A common species in at least some parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified but is believed to be stable.

In Ukraine it is a common species; also common in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs in a few localities, mainly in the western part of the country; all known populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is rare but well distributed (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

In the UK it was recorded in two areas of south-eastern England in the 19th century; these are assumed to have been accidental introductions as the native vegetation is not suitable for the species, now Extinct (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

habitat:
This may be an obligate saproxylic species, but this requires confirmation as larvae are also found in the soil and anthills close to decaying wood. 

Larvae have been found in the soil near dead and decaying trunks and stubs ofPinus(occasionally burnt trees), as well as within the decaying wood; sometimes in ant-hills; predatory and necrophagous; adults are active during day time in IV-VI (Dolin 1988).

Prefers pine forests from lowlands to submontane (Laibner 2000). The known records from Hungary are from or near pine forests.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Hyvärinen, E., Alexander, K., Büche, B., Mico, E. & Pettersson, R.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described on the basis of a single larva from the type locality in Sweden and the validity of this species is in question.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts about its taxonomic validity and no information about the distribution, population, habitat requirements and threats. 

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts about its taxonomic validity and no information about the distribution, population, habitat requirements and threats.

range:
This species has only been reported from Sweden.

population:
There is no information available on the abundance of this species. This species is only known from a single larva from the type locality in Sweden and the validity of this species is in question.

habitat:
This is thought to an obligate saproxylic species, if it is a separate species at all. No information is available on its habitat requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as it is largely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as it islargely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.

range:
This species is described as a central European species (Laibner 2000) but is also known from northern Europe (Lobl and Smetana 2007) but not from Britain or Ireland.

In France it is very rare and localized to the eastern part of the country below 1,200 m (Leseigneur 1972).

population:
Generally rare and localized. Population declines have been noted in at least some parts of its range.

In Ukraine this species is rare. In the Czech Republic it is widespread over seven areas; in Slovakia over two areas (Laibner 2000). In Hungary only one locality is known from the westernmost part of thecountry, which is more than 50 years old - as extant populations are unknown no information on its populations is available. In Denmark it is rare and only present in the east (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Finland there are four known locations, and it is regarded as threatened. In Sweden there are about ten known subpopulations. In Germany it is rare and considered as threatened. In Spain there is only one site known; this is presumed to be a relict species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It typically inhabits old, hollow broad-leaved trees with moist decayed wood. The larvae develop in the wood mould and are predatory.  The adult overwinters inside the tree and becomes active in May - June ; they are found in the evening around the hollows of trees in which they developed (Dolin 1982, Laibner 2000). In France it has been observed that the larvae are never in cavities situated at the contact of the soil (Leseigneur 1972).

In naturally preserved forests of lowlands and highlands, also inparks (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine in forests.

threats:
The loss of hollow trees is the main threat to this species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude mowing and/or grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old hollow trees. This species occurs in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
D. conspersa has been treated as occurring in a different genus, as Laco conspersus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least concern in view of its overall large population and no particular threats at the moment.
 
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least concern in view of its overall large population and no particular threats at the moment.

range:
This species is described as a northern Palaearctic species (Laibner 2000) ocurring in north Europe and in some countries of central Europe. It is widespread in Finland. Little information is known about its distribution in Poland except that it is restricted to montane boreal forests. This type of habitat is limited in Poland so its Area of Occupancy may be limited as well. The trends are not known (P. Tykarski pers. comm. 2009). Not recorded from the Czech and Slovak Republic but was found on the Polish side of Nízke Beskydy Mtns (Bílý 1985, referred to in Laibner 2000) in southern Poland.

population:
In Finland, the population trend is stable. This species is widely distributed but only locally found and not common. The trends are unknown throughout the rest of its European range. In Poland it is Critically Endangered, but it is unknown whether this was based on population decline and it was likely to be based on restricted range and declining extent and quality of habitat (P. Tykarski pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A boreo-montane species - the species lives in submontane and montane evergreen forests in the southern part of its range (Laibner 2000) and also in boreal spruce and pinewood forests in the northern parts (E. Hyvärinen and I. Mannerkoski pers. comm. 2009). The adults are found on cord wood, logs and under bark (Laibner 2000).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Critically Endangered in Poland (asLaco conspersus).InFinland it is considered Least Concern.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a large range. Although it is scarce and localised, and has declined in a number of areas, overall it is considered that the rate of decline does not approach 30% over ten years.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a large range. Although it is scarce and localised,and has declined in a number of areas, overall it is considered that the rate of decline does not approach 30% over ten years.

range:
This Eurosiberian species is known from almost all of Europe except the far west and Britain and Ireland. This species also occurs in northern China, Mongolia and North Korea (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

population:
A boreo-montane species. Generally scarce and localised, although it may be locally not uncommon in suitable habitat in some areas. Declines and local extinctions have been reported from several range states (including those from the core as well as the periphery of the range).

In Finland it has declined and nowadays it is present in the east and north, and has nearly disappeared from the southern parts. In Sweden it too has become locally Extinct in the south, but is still relatively widespread in the north, with 20-30 known localities.

In Ukraine it is a relatively rare species. In the Czech and SlovakRepublics it is found locally and becoming rare (Laibner 2000). In Germany it is extremely scare; restricted to higher mountain areas. In Spain it is known from two populations in the Pyrenees.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae are obligate predators, developing under bark and in decayed wood of conifer trees. Pupation occurs at the end of summer and in spring. The adult beetles are active in V-VI and are found on grasses, plants, bushes and on the trunks of trees. The adults feed at tree sap, and sometimes take small insects (Aphidoidea, Psyllidae) (Dolin 1982). It lives in old evergreen forests from highlands to mountains (Laibner 2000). It mainly occurs in spruce, birch and aspen in coniferous and mixed forests. Typically found in burnt areas.

threats:
This species is favoured by forest fires, so any decrease in the frequency of fires would be detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Forestry certification schemes that prescribe burning are beneficial for this species and are to be recommended; some such schemes are already in place (e.g. in parts of Sweden). This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Ukraine).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread, locally abundant and not severely threatened on European level. It seems to be a relict of post-glaciation forest succession in central Europe.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread, locally abundant and not severely threatened on European level. It seems to be a relict of post-glaciation forest succession in central Europe.

range:
Boreo-alpine species occurring widely in Europe except the south; also in Siberia, the Far East and Mongolia (Laibner 2000). A species with a large range. 
In France there is only one record of one specimen (male) in 1967 in the alpine forest of the Hauts Plateaux du Vercors. Data confirmed by the best elaterid specialist in France (Leseigneur 1972). Never seen again but the forest has not been exploited for a long time.

population:
This species has its main range in boreomontane Europe where it is getting scarce towards the south of its range. In Fennoscandia it is widespread and it is locally abundant. The population trend is increasing in Sweden, stable in Finland and unknown for other countries. In the Czech Republic it is known from just two areas and in the Slovak Republic from another two areas; rare (Laibner 2000). In Germany there is one old record from Bavaria before 1900, presumably Extinct.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, associated with decaying trunks of birch and aspen; in Finland, the larvae develop in birch trunks decayed byFomes fomentarius (J. Mattila pers. comm. 2006). The adults  are very short-lived and are attracted to lights (Laibner 2000). 

A boreo-montane species - in the Czech and Slovak Republics it inhabits the evergreen and mixed forests of the submontane and montane zones. It seems to bea relict of post-glaciation forest succession in central Europe. It is widespread in boreal forest.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. In Sweden, the species populations are increasing in the north, but in the south the suppression of forest fires could affect the species. Overall, the breeding habitat of the species, birch trees, are abundant. Declining in central Europa probably due to climatic factors.

conservationAction:
It is strongly recommended that actions are taken towards the preservation of standing large dead birch trees. In France the unique location known for this species is state-owned and officially protected since 2009 as a strict forest reserve of 2,000 ha with no wood harvesting (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classed as Data Deficient because there is not enough information available on populations in Austria and Poland and the threats are not known. More research on distribution, ecology, habitat preferences and possible threats is necessary.

EU 27 regional assessment: classed as Data Deficient because there is not enough information available on populations in Austria and Poland and the threats are not known. More research on distribution, ecology, habitat preferences and possible threats is necessary.

range:
This species is known as a central European species, also recorded from Carpathian Ruthenia (Laibner 2000).

population:
This species has a restricted range and is very rare. In the Czech Republic appears sporadically mainly in the northern mountain ranges (Sudeten) and only in a few sites. In Slovakia it is known from a few localities in the Tatra mountains. In Poland it was found recently for the first time in the south-east.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in forests of submontane and montane zones (Laibner 2000). Possibly in old beech trees.

conservationAction:
There is no information on conservation actions in place. More research on distribution, ecology, habitat preferences and possible threats is necessary. In Poland this species is included in the Polish Red List as Data Deficient, and in the Czech Republic it is listed as Endangered.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Euro-Asian species (Laibner 2000) is widespread across all Europe except the far south-west. 

In Ukraine it is present in almost all regions, except in the south steppe and in Crimea. In Spain it has recently be found (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). It is more or less ubiquitous in suitable habitats across Britain and Ireland.

population:
Generally a widespread and common species; population trend has not been quantified but is believed to be stable.

In Ireland and the UK this species is widespread and common (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively common. It is widespread across the Czech and Slovak Republics (Laibner 2000). In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; the species is frequent or even abundant in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is common and distributed (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Spain there are two localities known (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop under dead bark and in decaying heartwood; it lives in broad-leaved trees and pinePinus; also other tree species; it is omnivorous, feeding on live larvae as well as woody debris, etc; probably 3 year cycle; pupate in spring; the adults are active in V-Vii and feed on pollen from flowers (Dolin 1982, Alexander 2002).

In the UK it prefers shady woodlands in the cultural landscape as well as forestλ; it also develops on tree-less moorlands in the UK, where larvae are active in the upper peat and moss layers - peat and wood mould are very similar media (Alexander 2002). In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly is moist places (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas. No specific measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is an uncommon species, it has a relatively wide distribution, has a presumed overall large population, appears to be not threatened and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because, although it is an uncommon species, it has a relatively wide distribution, has a presumed overall large population, appears to be not threatened and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is known from most of Europe, excepting the far west - Portugal and the British Isles. In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians. In Spain it is present only in the north (Recalde Irurzun and San Martín Moreno 2007). It is also found in Asia Minor (Laibner 2000) and in all of Caucasus (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

population:
This is an uncommon species across much of its range. In Ukraine it is considered a rare species. In the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic it is locally across the whole territory (Laibner 2000). In Hungary this species is rare in a few mountainous areas, with small populations, but is not a threatened species (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is rare and local. In France it is uncommon. In Spain there are only three localities in the north (Recalde Irurzun and San Martín Moreno 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  The larvae develop in decayed wood and under bark of broad-leaved trees, especially favouring stumps; it is a predator or necrophagous. The larvae hibernate and pupate in mid May, and the adult is active in VI-VII and are attracted to lights. This species lives in broad-leaved forests and in open country. In the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic it is found in the forests of the submontane and montane zones (Laibner 2000); in Ukraine it similarly is found in mountain forests. In Hungary it occurs in the cool, shady parts of the forests, mainly in ravines and stream valleys (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). This species is considered to be a strong indicator of good ecological condition of forests.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Ukraine). It is considered Data Deficient in Poland. FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate. It has relatively broad habitat requirements.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of itsrange. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate. It has relatively broad habitat requirements.

range:
This species has a Holarctic distribution, inhabiting the north and central zone of the Palaearctic region (Laibner 2000). This is a boreal-alpine species. It also occurs in the Caucasus and North America (Laibner 2000).

population:
A widespread and fairly common species in at least parts of its range.

In the UK it is widespread in western Scotland; occasionally reported elsewhere in northern Britain (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is rare. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is locally distributed and is becoming increasingly rare (Laibner 2000). It is fairly common in Finland.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under thick dead bark or in dead wood immediately beneath the bark, usually in fallen trunks; typically in sprucePicea, but also in other tree species e.g. birchBetula, alderAlnusand aspenPopulus tremula; they are predatory, eating the  larvae of numerous deadwood insects; four or five years duration; pupate in spring at the end April or May; pupation takes place between bark and wood or in the bark; adult crepuscular, flying May to August;  the adults feed on aphids and some dead small insect which stick to the bark of trees (Dolin 1982, Owen 1986, Laibner 2000). Larvae have been found only in birchBetulaandPinustimber in Scotland (Owen 1986) and only conifer trees (mostly fir-trees) in Ukraine (Dolin 1982).

It lives in old mountain evergreen forests (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine it is is a mountain forest species. In Scotland however it is found especially in the moister birch-woods in the uplands, at 100-400 m altitude (Owen 1986).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. However, these are not thought to be a major threat to the species at the European level.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Ukraine, UK). In the UK this species has conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992) although also listed in the out-of-date British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987).


taxonomicNotes:
It was originally known as a subgenus in genus Ampedus, tribe Ampedini (Dolin 1988). All reports from Ukraine concern the species Reitterelater dubius Platia and Cate, 1990.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but because of its rather large distribution in France it may be greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but because of its rather large distribution in France it may be greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This submediterranean species (Laibner 2000) is known from southern Europe and south of central Europe. It also occurs in Asia Minor and Syria.

In Cyprus it has beenreported from a few localities on the south and west slopes of Troodos Mountains (500-800 m.): Chrysorrogiatissa (Preiss and Platia 2003), Panagia, Korfi, Laneia, Agia Moni (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).
In France the first identification was in 1992; it is known in 7/95 departments in the Mediterranean climate, always rare (Coache and Delnatte 2007).

population:
This species is rare in Europe.

In the Czech Republic it only occurs in the south-eastern part at very few sites. In Slovakia there is a single small area confirmed (Laibner 2000), probably only one single record from 1995. In Cyprus it isvery rare and local. In Italy there is one record only from Sicily (Palermo province) from 1992. In Greece there are sparse records from north and central, locally declining. In Spain there is only one recent record from 2003 inQuercus suber(threatened habitat).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in decaying but compact wood in hollows in deciduous trees including fruit trees; in natural, undisturbed formations of deciduous trees in lowlands and highlands (Laibner 2000). In Cyprus it has been found in orchards and maquis near Quercus infectoria. Adults are attracted to light and to wine traps (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Disturbance of natural forests (Laibner 2000), habitat loss, loss of hollow trees and removal of veteran trees are threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Maintenance of habitat continuity and connectivity are necessary for the conservation of this species. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Near Threatened in Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened although this species is on the borderline between Least Concern and Near Threatened; better information is needed. This species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabitsdecaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This western Palaearctic species (Laibner 2000) is known from Spain across to the east of Europe, and from Italy to Sweden (Tolaschet al. 2007). It is also found in the Caucasus. In Ukraine it occurs in the western part of the forest-steppe zone. In Britain it is only known from small areas in the south-east. It is absent from Ireland (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
It is a rare species and somewhat patchily distributed throughout its European range. Suspected to be declining, as its habitat is declining. Threatened throughout entire range (Tolaschet al.2007). 

It is widespread but not abundant in France, more localised innorth (Brustel 2005). In the UK it has a very fragmented range in the south-east, with just a few isolated populations remaining (Mendel and Clarke 1996); six small sites are known plus one large one, Windsor Great Park and Forest; it has been lost from 50% of its known sites due to habitat destruction (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is not common and occurs very locally. In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and mountain regions and along the Danube River; its populations are patchy and small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Denmark it is rare and local and it is only in Zealand and Lolland (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Spain the concentration of known sites is in northern Navarra (Sánchez-Ruizet al.2001).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A specialist of large, hollow veteran trees. It is an old growth species - an indicator species for undamaged natural forests (Tolaschet al. 2007).

The larvae develop in black wood mould in the interior of old hollow trunks and boughs of broad-leaved trees, generally live trees; mainly in elmUlmus, beechFagus, willowSalix, ashFraxinusand horse-chestnutAesculus, very occasionally in oak Quercus (Allen 1966); may prefer white-rot over red-rot; often associated with bird nest material in Britain. The larvae overwinter and pupate in late May or early June; the life cycle is normally 3-4 years but may last up to 6 years. An individual tree can potentially sustain a population of the beetle for several decades. The larvae feed on other invertebrates in the wood mould, especially chafer larvae (Alexander 2002); the adults are active at midsummer V-VIII and are attracted to hollow trees withOsmoderma pheromones (Svenssonet al.2004); the adult is short-lived and often said to be crepuscular, attracted to lights, but males also known to swarm around midday; females attract males by pheromone (Tolaschet al. 2007).  The adult beetles occasionally feed at sap of some trees (Acer, Castaneus).

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it lives in deciduous forests and groves, also in isolated groups of old trees (limes, willows, poplars, oaks, maples) from lowlands to foothills; frequently along water courses (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it is known from old growth forests or wood pastures with ancient trees, but the most records are from riverine willow galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). UK sites are in the cultural landscape - historic parklands and wood pastures - and also old willows along floodplains (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
In Hungary very old trees are threatened all over the country - also true of most European states - and the known localities are threatened by over-collecting and destruction of microhabitats.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. UK, Ukraine, Hungary).

In the UK it is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan; also the Ancient Tree Hunt project aims to document all ancient trees across theUK and promote their protection (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). 

This species is listed in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987), Endangered in Germany and Sweden, as Vulnerable in Denmark (2005) and as Critically Endangered in the CzechRepublic.


taxonomicNotes:
Haterumelater preissi Schimmel, 1995 and Haterumelater picinus (Buysson, 1891) have recently been shown to be synonyms of Haterumelater  fulvag (Marseul, 1868) (Preiss and Platia 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the very little information available on this species. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the very littleinformation available on this species. There is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. There is insufficient information to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient.

range:
This species is found in southern Europe; in Italy, Bulgaria, Greece (including Crete), Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon and Israel. In Cyprus reported from the south and west slopes of Troodos Mountains (Preiss and Platia 2003).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Cyprus the the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species locally is not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, although details on its specific habitat requirements are not available for much of its range. In Cyprus it has been found in orchards, maquis and valleys with Platanus orientalis and Alnus orientalis. Adults are attracted to light and to wine traps (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009); they have been found also in rotten wood of  Alnus orientalis (Preiss and Platia 2003) and are assumed to develop in this tree species at least.

threats:
No information available. It is presumed to be threatened by water extraction and reduction of river side forest vegetation in Cyprus.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species occurs in at least one protected area. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, population size and trend, and conservation status.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, population size and trend, and conservation status.

range:
This species is found in Greece and Turkey (Adana, Nur daglari, Yarpuz environment). One specimen has been collected from Taygetos and five from Turkey (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but no details are available about its specific habitat requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from the damaged holotype. It is listedas Data Deficient in view of the insufficient information available to assess its risk of extinction.

range:
There is very little information about this species since it is only known from Wied Babu (locality of holotype) on Malta.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species but no details are available on its precise habitat requirements. It is very likely that the species lives in trunks of Coniferae.

threats:
There is no information available about threats to this species. The principal threat to coleopteron saproxylics is the diminution of habitat quality due to removal of dead trees and wood. Intensive forestry may also affect saproxylics as it reduces the extent of suitable habitat.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

redListAssessors:
Mico Balaguer, e., Nardi, G., Zapata de la Vega, J.L., Recalde, J.I. & Alexander, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge about the abundance or trends in the population of the species. No information is known about its habitat or biology so threats to the species are unknown. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in southern Crimea, Ukraine. It is only known from six specimens from the southern tip of the Crimean Peninsula but the exact localities are unknown (Dolin 1988).

population:
This species is very rare (known from two specimens in collection of Zoological Institute, Kiev and the type series and four exuvia in Zoological Institute of St-Petersburg).

habitat:
This is believed to be an obligate saproxylic species, although the larva is unknown, and hence its habitat requirements are also unknown. The adults are active from mid July to the end of August (they presumably pupate in the spring or beginning of summer). Flight occurs at twilight (Dolin 1988).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern as it does not face major threats and has enough habitat available.
 EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern as it does not face major threats and has enough habitat available.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe but is absent from the far west and east, and from the Britain and Ireland. In Ukraine it is present in the western region and in the central forest-steppe. It also occurs in the Caucasus and Turkey.

population:
The status of this species varies wildly country by country, from being common and widespread in Denmark to rare in Ukraine. In the Czech Republic it is known from four areas. In the Slovak Republic there are several records from three areas; rare (Laibner 2000), but recently found at many more sites, almost across the country, except for the high mountains. In Hungary this species is known from a few localities in the hilly and mountainous regions. The populations are sporadic and small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  In Germany there are recent records in all states. In Sweden it is present on the border and it is the border of the species range, but it is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops under dead bark and in cavities in most broad-leaved tree species; typically in floodplains and broad-leaved forests of lowlands and highlands; the adults are crepuscular (Laibner 2000); the larvae feed on the larvae of Scolytidae and Bostrichidae; they pupate in the autumn, and the adults hibernate in their pupal cells and become active in May (Dolin 1982). In Ukraine, the larvae develop in the dry deadwood ofBetula especially. The known records from Hungary are from various broad-leaved forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is only found in white-rotten wood of hornbeam.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species as its habitat, deciduous trees, is abundant (e.g. Hungary). In Ukraine the cutting and loss old trees are threatening this species.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas. In Ukraine it is present in the Kanevskyi reservation. It is listed as Endangered in the Czech National Red List and as Near Threatened in the German National Red List.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2 based on the very small number of known sites and the very specific habitat requirements of the species. The distribution is severely fragmented. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii,iv)), as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decayingheartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2 based on the very small number of known sites and the very specific habitat requirements of the species. The distribution is severely fragmented. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
A Palaearctic species, distributed as far north as Sweden, and eastwards discontinuously via the Caucasus and Asia Minor, to Iran to Japan (Laibner 2000). 

In Ukraine it occurs in the western slopes of the Carpathians. In Britain confined to the south and south-east of England, although there is one old record from north Wales (Mendel and Clarke 1996). Absent from Ireland.

population:
Generally a rare species with scattered localities across its distribution. Population declines have been noted in at least some areas.

In the UK it has a very fragmented distribution with about 30 modern localities known across southern and south-eastern England, mostly very isolated, and with a similar number of old sites with no modern confirmation - estimated 50% loss of sites since early 20th century (Mendel and Clarke 1996).In Spain there are only five known localities, two of which are based on old data (from 1930s) (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005).In France there are small number of localities in old-growth sites.In Italy there are fewer than ten known localities, mainly from old records.In Germany it is locally Extinct in about half of the federal states; around 20-25 localities in the remainder of the territory. In Denmark it is rare and local; only present in the east (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).In Sweden there are only two subpopulations recorded in the last ten years.  

In the Czech Republic there are scattered localities; in Slovakia it is more numerous but still relatively rare (Laibner 2000). In Hungary the populations are sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous areas, but sometimes the individuals are numerous. In Poland there are only two recent localities known. In Ukraine it is a rare species.There is no detailed information available for the Greek population.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A heartwood decay specialist restricted to veteran trees; also old fruit trees in orchards.

The larvae develop in soft and very humid white-rotten heartwood and black wood mould, mainly in old open-grown ashFraxinusand elmUlmus, but also field mapleAcercampestre,beechFagus, oakQuercus, chestnutCastanea, and other broad-leaved tree species; generally beneath bird nests; in live trees as well as stubs and snags; larvae are saprophagous (Leseigneur 1972) or predators and necrophagous (Dolin 1988); pupate at end of season and overwinter as adult. Adults are active in V-VI and are crepuscular (Alexander 2002). 

It lives in naturally preserved forest-steppe formations, flood-plain biotopes and old parks (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs mainly in oak forests where old trunks and stumps withnear-ground cavities filled with wood mould are available; sometimes also in other tree species (maple, ash, elm) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine considered a tertiary relict of primary broad-leaved forests. In Britain the sites are generally ancient wood pastures, historic parklands and traditional orchards within the cultural landscape, as well as old forest (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).

It is listed as Vulnerable in Denmark (2005). In the UK it also has Conservation Status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992).


