# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Green Bush-cricket is confined to the forested areas of northern Tenerife. It is threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies, which have recently destroyed parts of its habitat. The species is flightless and it usually occurs at a low density, however the subpopulations are currently still well connected. The number of locations is 12-15 (based upon the size of recent wildfires). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 - 400 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of locations and number of mature individuals. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is here assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km².

population:
The species is flightless and it usually occurs at a low density, however the subpopulations are currently still well connected. No data on population size or trend are available, but it is assumed to be decreasing as a consequence of recent wildfires. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of locations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
Calliphona koenigi occurs in forests (mainly laurel forests, but also pine forests and gardens). Its altitudinal range is 300 - 1,100 m.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the increase in wildfire frequencies, which have destroyed parts of its habitat. Future threats may be volcanic eruptions and landslides. The number of locations is 12-15 (based on the size of recent wildfires).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but parts of its habitats are in protected areas. There is a need for research on its population trend and threats. A proper fire management is needed in order to avoid future declines of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Palma Green Bush-cricket occurs mainly in laurel forests and is threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 212 - 400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with a maximum  estimate of 200 km². There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals, and the number of locations is four. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 212 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency.

habitat:
Laurel forest represents the main habitat of the species, but it may also occur in other forest habitat types. Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,100 m.

threats:
This species occurs mainly in laurel forests, which are still widespread on La Palma, but threatened by increasing wild fire frequencies. The number of locations based on this threat is four. The species may also be affected by landslides.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend and threats is needed. A proper fire management needs to be implemented to avoid future declines of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spanish Laurel Bush-cricket (Canariola emarginata) is endemic to the mountain ranges in the Granada, Albacete, Jaén, Malaga and Almería provinces (southeastern Spain). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 20,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Although it occurs in protected areas, this bush-cricket is scarce and some subpopulations are potentially threatened by the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. However, forest fires are considered the main threat. A management plan is needed, including grazing regulation, avoiding use of pesticides and habitat management favouring shrubland development. Research is also needed into the threats, population size and trend of this species.

range:
The Spanish Laurel Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountain ranges in the Granada, Albacete, Jaén, Malaga and Almería provinces (southeastern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is slightly below 20,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 500 km², but smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
This species is usually rare (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011), but it is also difficult to detect. The population is considered severely fragmented as the majority of the subpopulations are believed to be small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species has been found on shrubs in native pinewoods and forests of Quercus faginea, Q. pyrenaica, Pinus nigra, Taxus baccata, Crataegus monogyna and C. granatense (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011). The species is a tree dweller and those forests are reasonably stable and in natural parks (Prunier, 2016 pers.comm.) It is found at altitudes between 900 m and 1,750 m Asl.

threats:
Although the species occurs in protected areas, it is scarce and some subpopulations are potentially threatened by the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. Forest fires (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011) are considered the main threat.

conservationAction:
Although the species lives within protected areas, a management plan is needed, including grazing regulation, avoiding use of pesticides and habitat management favouring shrubland development. Research is needed into the threats, population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Canarian Laurel Bush-cricket occurs mainly in laurel forests, which have become scarce on Tenerife. Its distribution, population trend and threats are poorly known. It may be threatened by rural and urban development in northern Tenerife and increasing wildfire frequencies. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229 - 700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 - 200 km². The known number of locations is four, but may be higher. However, the species is flightless and the population is believed to be severely fragmented. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is thus assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229 km², but its distribution is poorly documented. The maximum estimate of its EOO is 700 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, as it lives in trees and is difficult to find. The species is flightless and the population is believed to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in laurel forests. It lives in trees, but its ecology is poorly known. Its altitudinal range is 100 - 1,100 m.

threats:
This species occurs mainly in laurel forests, which have become scarce in Tenerife. The threats to the species are poorly understood. It may be threatened by ongoing urban and rural development, but particularly by increasing wildfire frequencies. Volcanic eruptions and landslides may also represent potential future threats. The number of known locations (based upon the threat of wildfires) is four, but may be higher.

conservationAction:
The species occurs on the protected area of Parque Rural de Anaga (Tenerife), but there are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Quinones' Bush-cricket (Canariola quinonesi) has only been recently described and is endemic to Spain. It is assessedas Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The recently described Quinones' Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain where it is only known from four mountainous localities in the Málaga province. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 423 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. The population might be fragmented since this bush-cricket is flightless.

habitat:
There is little available information on the ecology of this species. It occurs in scrub habitats with Cistus populifolius, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus rotundifolia and Abies pinsapo (Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013). It has been found at altitudes between 1,040 m and 1,140 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its threats, ecology, population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Laurel Bush-cricket (Canariola willemsei) occurs in forests of Tenerife and La Gomera. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 619 - 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 - 500 km². Even though the currently known number of locations is small (three), it is believed to be wider distributed. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened. Further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera and Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 381 km², but its distribution is poorly documented and it may be more widespread. The maximum estimate of its EOO is 1,500 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Canariola willemsei is an arboricolous species that occurs in laurel forests. Its altitudinal range is 500 - 1,100 m.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood. It may be threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies, but also by natural causes such as volcanism and landslides. The number of localities based upon the threat of wildfires is three, but it is probably wider distributed.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but large parts of its habitat occur in protected areas. Research on its taxonomy, ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Azores Cone-head (Conocephalus chavesi) is endemic to the Azores archipelago in Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it as a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) between 40 and 80 km²) the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is urbanisation which destroys its habitat. Protection and restoration of its remaining habitats is needed. In addition, further research is recommended on its population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Azores Cone-head is endemic to the Azores archipelago in Portugal. It has been recorded from the islands of Pico, Terceira and Sao Miguel, where it has been found in coastal areas (Borges et al. 2010). There is an unconfirmed record of a nymph from Flores that may belong to this species (P. Borges pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,650 km², but could be ca 26,000 km², if the record from Flores is correct. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² (including historical records) with an upper estimate of 80 km².

population:
This species has declined dramatically as a consequence of the transformation of its habitat into urban areas and the current population trend is still decreasing. The population is severely fragmented as the remaining subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species was found in coastal grassland habitats (P. Borges pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The major threat to this species is urbanisation which destroys its habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in a protected area (on Flores). Protection and restoration of its remaining habitats is needed. In addition, further research is needed on its population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Unicoloured Cone-head (Conocephalus concolor) occurs as a unique subspecies (C. c. hispanicus), and is only known from the Almería region in Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals has been documented as a consequence of changes in land use. Coastal wetlands are being destroyed by drainage and closure of irrigation channels, which leads to the loss of natural vegetation. Research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Restoration of its preferred habitat is required.

range:
The Unicoloured Cone-head occurs in North Africa and the Middle East (Heller 2013). In Europe, it is only known from the Almería region in Spain, where a unique subspecies occurs (Conocephalus concolor hispanicus). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km².

population:
A strong decrease in the size of the subpopulation in Sierra Cabrera has been documented (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2015). The remaining subpopulations are small and isolated so that recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in valleys, cultivated barrancos and along ditches, usually in dense Juncus spp. vegetation or Imperata cylindrica. It occurs from sea level up to 300 m asl (Barranco et al. 1994).

threats:
The major threats to this species are drainage of wetlands (mainly for urban purposes) and closure of irrigation channels, together with the removal of vegetation. Wildfires have also been recorded in Sierra Cabrera.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Restoration of its preferred habitat is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The African Cone-head (Conocephalus conocephalus) is widespread in the southern Mediterranean region of Europe, where it occurs in wetland habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may locally be affected by drainage and the increasing number of droughts, it still has a very wide distribution and subpopulations can be very large.

range:
The African Cone-head is widely distributed throughout Africa and into the southern Palaearctic region, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe (Bazelet and Naskrecki 2014). In Europe it occurs in the coastal areas of the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, Sardinia, Corsica, southern France, Sicily, southern Italy (with a single record from Lombardia) and the southwestern Balkans (Heller 2013). It is possibly extinct on the French mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species can be very large (Schmidt 1996) but the species is usually very localised (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). The French mainland subpopulation seems to be extinct (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and on Corsica the species is extremely rare (Boitier et al. 2007). The population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
In Europe this species is mainly found in coastal marshland, dense vegetation along streams, rivers and other water bodies as well as in paddy fields and wet grassland (Gomez et al. 1991, Schmidt 1996, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The main threat to this species is drainage and the loss of natural shores of inland waters (G. Puskás and J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It might also be affected by the increasing number of droughts (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 1" (equivalent to Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus dorsalis) occurs from the European Atlantic coast to West Siberia, and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and large population size. In addition, it is common in the northern part of its range and is currently expanding its northern range margin in the United Kingdom. However, it is rare and declining in the southern part of its range.

range:
The Short-winged Cone-head occurs from the European Atlantic coast to West Siberia (Harz 1969). The species has also been introduced in North America (Miskelly 2013). In Europe it is found from central Portugal, Tuscany (northern Italy) and south Bulgaria in the south to Scotland and southern Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².

population:
This species is spreading in the UK and has meanwhile colonised Scotland (Sutton 2015). An increase in frequency has also been documented in northwestern Germany (Poschmann et al. 2009). However, it has declined in Austria (Zuna-Kratky 2009), possibly in Hungary and in the Balkans. It is not clear, if the range expansion in the north compensates for the decrease in the south. The global population trend is therefore unknown. The population size is large.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in rush and sedge vegetation (Juncus spp., Carex spp.) and occurs in wetlands, moist grasslands, salt marshes and along the shores of water bodies (Lehmann and Haacks 2006, Poschmann et al. 2009, Grein 2010). However, it also occurs on Ammophila arenaria and thus is also found in sand dunes (Grein 2010). Its eggs are laid in the stems of Juncus spp., Carex spp. or Glyceria maxima and other grasses, but also in deadwood (Sörens 1996). The species is usually flightless, but fully winged individuals occur occasionally when abundances are high (Detzel 1998, Poschmann et al. 2009).

threats:
The major threats to this species are drainage, melioration (Zuna-Kratky 2009), intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, frequent mowing), as well as transformation of habitats into farmland (Grein 2010). Poschmann et al. (2009) have found more specimens on abandoned grassland than on pastureland and more on pastureland than on meadows as the species is sensitive to mowing.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as as Endangered on the Swiss and Austrian Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007), as "priority 2" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but at as Least Concern in Germany, Luxembourg, Denmark, the Netherlands and the UK (Proess and Meyer 2003, Maas et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Sutton 2015) as well as in the Carpathian mountains (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Due to its threatened status in some regions, it is subject to conservation action locally e.g. in the nature reserve "Rauner- und Haarbachtal" (Saxony, Germany) it is listed as a target species. More research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
Ebner's Cone-head is known from a single locality in the northern Adriatic coast of Albania and from three isolated localities in Greece. This species is listed as Endangered since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The subpopulations are considered very small. The main threats to this species include changes in water management (water abstraction, correction of water body banks) and transformation of its habitat into agricultural land. Research on its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and degraded habitats should be restored.

range:
Ebner's Cone-head is known from a single locality in the northern Adriatic coast of Albania and from three isolated localities in Greece (Harz 1969, Willemse 1984, L. Willemse unpublished data). In Greece, it is found in the lowlands around Lakes Pamvotida and Paramythia and in the Evros district in northeast Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 84,000 km² in Europe and ca 18,000 km² in the EU 28. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² in Europe and 12 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population is in decline due to the transformation of its habitat. The species' habitat in Albania and Greece has been widely destroyed and the species has not been recorded at Lake Paramythia in Epiros since 2003. In Greece, a conservation project aimed at Chorthippus lacustris established numerous transects (more than 200) in areas from where C. lacustris has been reported including Pamvotida and Paramythia. Conocephalus ebneri, which is an easy to recognise species, was not recorded during the fieldwork season in 2016 (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species occurs in hygrophyte tall plant associations near water bodies such as large river basins and lakes. It is found at altitudes between 0-470 m Asl.

threats:
The main threats to this species include changes in water management (water abstraction, correction of water body banks, etc.) and transformation of its habitat into agricultural land.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and degraded habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus fuscus) occurs from north Africa to the Russian Far East and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is common, and is currently expanding its northern range margin to the north.

range:
The Long-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus fuscus, in the older literature named Conocephalus discolor) occurs from north Africa to the Amur in the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from southern Spain and Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to England, the Netherlands and northern Germany in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). The species is currently rapidly expanding its northern range margin in the UK (Beckmann et al. 2015, Sutton 2015), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Germany (Hochkirch 2001, Grein 2007) and Lithuania (Budrys et al. 2015). On Cyprus, an endemic subspecies (Conocephalus fuscus cyprius) occurs (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.3 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².

population:
The species has been reported to be expanding its range to the north (e.g. Hochkirch 2001, Grein 2007, Beckmann et al. 2015), and it is assumed that the population trend is therefore increasing. The species is very common and widespread, and the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in moist habitats with dense, high vegetation, such as wet meadows, wetlands, abandoned fields and grassland, and ruderal vegetation (Zuna-Kratky 2009). In the southern part of its range it seems to be closely affiliated with wet habitats (Detzel 1998, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Boitier et al. 2007). The species produces an "extra-longwinged" morph, which is able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Beckmann et al. 2015).

threats:
The species may be negatively affected by drainage (Zuna-Kratky 2009) and the destruction of wetland habitats (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is necessary for this species. It occurs in protected areas. In most countries with Red Lists for Orthoptera the species is listed as Least Concern, but it is considered Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Grebenchikov's Cone-head (Conocephalus grebenchikovi) has been described from Greece, and is only known from a single locality on the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from a single male collected in 1938 and there is almost no data on it. This species has not been recorded since 1938 at its original locality, despite regular searches for it in the marshy areas around Kalavryta. It remains unclear whether the site of this area is correct and whether this is a valid species. If it is a valid, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Grebenchikov's Cone-head has been described from Greece, and is only known from a single locality on the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
This species has been described after a male collected in 1938. Since then, despite regular visits to the area, the species has not been found again.

habitat:
There is no specific information about the habitat and ecology of this species, except that it lives in a marsh which corresponds to the habitat preferences of closely related species of Conocephalus like Conocephalus dorsalis and Conocephalus ebneri.

threats:
As the species inhabits marshy areas, changes in water management in the region are a threat as they may have an effect on its habitat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures  are in place for this species, and it is unknown whether the species has been collected in an area which may now be under protection. Taxonomic research is needed to confirm the status of this species. If it is a valid, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Cone-head (Conocephalus hastatus) occurs in Anatolia and Syria as well as on the southern Balkan Peninsula. In Europe it is found from Serbia over southern Romania to southern Ukraine, northeastern Greece and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and common in the lowlands of southeastern and central Bulgaria. However, the population appears to be severely fragmented and a continuing decline is inferred in the number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat. Research into its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.

range:
The Slender Cone-head occurs in Anatolia and Syria as well as on  the southern Balkan Peninsula (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from  Serbia over southern Romania to southern Ukraine, northeastern Greece  and European Turkey. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 380,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is rare in Romania (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) but common in the lowlands of southeastern and central Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them (D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. In European Turkey most records stem from Istanbul. Most of these subpopulations are probably extinct, but one still exists at Kırklareli Igneada (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is therefore inferred that there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species is found at dry forest edges and clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), mesic grass-bush associations, and forest undergrowth (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 800 m Asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires, the use of insecticides and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanization (D. Sirin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Greek Cone-head (Conocephalus kisi) is distributed across south-eastern Europe and the Middle-East. Within the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece. Outside of Greece, the species has also been reported in Albania. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km²) and its presumed large population. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Greek Cone-head is distributed across south-eastern Europe and the Middle-East. Within the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 46,000 km². Outside of Greece, the species has also been reported in Albania (Willemse 1984), making this species' EOO in Europe ca 64,000 km².

population:
Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is considered to be widespread.

habitat:
Contrary to other species of Conocephalus, which are restricted to wet marshy areas, this species is found in drier habitats with a lush vegetation of higher herbs and grasses. It is also found sometimes in swamps.

threats:
Bushfires may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Spotted Meadow Katydid (Conocephalus maculatus) is one of the most widespread bush-cricket species worldwide. However, there is only a single record from Europe (Guia, Gran Canaria) from 1894 (Kevan 1987). Since then, the species has never been collected again. It remains unknown whether the species was a vagrant or whether it formed a stable subpopulation. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Searches in the area of Guia would be required to clarify if the species still occurs here.

range:
The Spotted Meadow Katydid is widely distributed throughout Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Australasia. In Europe, it has only been recorded from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it was found near Guia in 1894 (Kevan 1987, Bland et al. 1996). The species has never been reported again from this area. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether it is native to the Canary Islands.

population:
There is no information available on the population sizes and trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is ubiquitous and usually found in all habitats which contain grasses, including roadside verges and pastures. Colouration of individuals is strongly correlated with humidity: during wet seasons or along waterways, green forms are dominant; whereas brown forms are found primarily in the dry savannah.

threats:
No major threats to the species are known from its global range.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, and it remains unknown whether the only recorded locality of this species in Europe is protected or not. Research is needed to clarify if this species still occurs in Gran Canaria.


taxonomicAuthority:
(Gomez Ladrón de Guevara, Pardo & Llorente del Moral, 1998)

redListCategoryRationale:
Notario's Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus notarioi) is endemic to the Albacete province in Spain, where it is only known from a single locality in the Sierra de Alcaraz. This species has not been found since 1996 and is assessed as Vulnerable since it is only known from a very restricted area (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km²) and droughts caused by climate change may quickly drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. The whole population is considered to occur at only one location. Research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is required. Its habitat should be preserved.

range:
Notario's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Albacete province in Spain, where it is only known from a single locality in the Sierra de Alcaraz at 1,220 m Asl (Gómez et al. 1998 ). This species's extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and are both 4 km², with an upper estimate of 10 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, and it has not been found since 1996.

habitat:
The species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (R. Gómez pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The area where the species is found is increasingly affected by droughts caused by climate change. Due to the small range of the species, droughts may affect the complete population. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of droughts and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within a protected area. No specific searches for this species have been conducted recently. Research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is required. Its habitat should be preserved.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Smooth Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus politus) is endemic to southeastern Spain, and is found in the provinces of Albacete, Jaén and Granada, where it has been recorded from around 30 localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The main threat to this species is the use of insecticides against the Pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) moth, as well as the intensive cattle grazing at high altitude grasslands. Eliminating chemical treatments against the Pine Processionary caterpillar and grazing control are necessary for its conservation. Further research is also needed on the population size and trend and the effects of grazing on the species.

range:
The Smooth Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain, and is found in the provinces of Albacete, Jaén and Granada, where it has been recorded from around 30 localities (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011).

habitat:
This species occurs in mountainous areas between 1,160 m and 2,200 m Asl. It is associated with open mature pine forests of Pinus nigra (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011), where it can be found in the tree branches. It also inhabits open shrublands and dry mountain grasslands. This species is predatory and can feed on the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar, which is considered a pest.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the use of insecticides against the Pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), as well as the intensive cattle grazing at high altitude grasslands (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011). However, the effects of grazing on the species need to be further studied. Forest fires and droughts could also pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Eliminating chemical treatments against the Pine Processionary caterpillar and grazing control are necessary for its conservation. This species is included in the Spanish National Red List as Vulnerable. Further research is also needed on the population size and trend and the effects of grazing on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Granada Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus presai) is only known from one locality in the province of Granada, in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from the type specimen and in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. This species has been searched for without success and therefore is assumed to be very rare. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The Granada Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from one locality at 1,580 m Asl in the province of Granada, southern Spain (Barranco and Gómez 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km², with an upper estimate of 20 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species since only the type specimen is known. This species has been searched for without success and therefore is assumed to be very rare (R. Gómez 2015 pers. comm.).

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (R. Gómez 2015 pers. comm.).

threats:
The increasing number of wildfires in the region could be a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Research is needed into its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its habitat should be preserved.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Scaled Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus squamiferus) is endemic to Spain and is only known from two localities in the Almería province. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both between 4 and 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals as a result of the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this poorly-known species. Pesticide use and cattle grazing should be avoided to prevent any further population declines.

range:
The Scaled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, and is only known from two localities in the Almería province. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 8 km².

population:
The species had been reported to increase when its habitat was recovering afterbeing ploughed (Barranco and Pascual 1995). However, recent surveys have shown that the population has been declining in recent years (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
There is little available information on the ecology of this species. It occurs in a mountainous area between 1,600 m and 1,860 m Asl. Presumably, it is found on Genista baetica scrub pads (Barranco Vega 2011), and it seems to be restricted to the northern mountain slopes. Additionally, one specimen was found on a pine tree.

threats:
This species is threatened by the use of pesticides at lower altitudes. However, the establishment of a Botanical Garden to preserve the trees found in its area of occurrence may result in a decrease in the use of pesticides. Cattle grazing is also a threat to this species, although a few fenced areas have now been established in its habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing and the very restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this poorly-known species. Pesticide use and cattle grazing should be avoided to prevent further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France), occurring on hillsand mountainous areas, where it lives on open forests, scrubland and open habitats with woody vegetation or low heaths. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,600 km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is mainly a mountainous species, and most subpopulations are found between 500 and 1,650 m altitude (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), but it can also reach sea level, as five localities have been recorded between 0 and 500 m altitude (Braud and Sardet 2006). Thus, its distribution is mostly restricted to the inner area of Corsica, reaching the eastern coast and the low valley of Fango, but not the southwestern area. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,600 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 500 to 2,000 km².

population:
Corsteropleurus chopardi is not rare at intermediary altitudes of the Corsican mountains (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). About 70 observations from 30 municipalities have been recorded. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
Corsteropleurus chopardi is found from low to high altitudes, living on various habitats with woody vegetation, such as grasslands at high altitudes with Juniperus, and low or arborescent scrublands (Erica arborea, Arbutus enudo), forest edges, open Pinus laricio forest (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006).

threats:
Corsteropleurus chopardi lives on forests or open habitats with woody vegetation, mainly at intermediary altitudes areas. In these areas, decreasing pastoralism is positive for these species, but afforestation can have negative impacts on the species. The development of solar energy plants, which are currently planned in Corsica, may affect the habitats where the species is locally found.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Corsteropleurus chopardi, and it is not present in protected areas.The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bolivar's Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus bolivari) is found in Sardinia (Italy), and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Bolivar's Pygmy Wart-biter is found in Sardinia (Italy), and in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 24,600 km².

population:
The species is common but thepopulation trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in all kinds of dry grassland and shrubland where it hides in dense vegetation. Adults can be found in summer and autumn at elevations between 5 m and 800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Granada Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus granatensis) is endemic to a few mountainous areas of the Granada, Jaén and Málaga provinces in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,750 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed on the distribution, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
The Granada Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to a few mountainous areas of the Granada, Jaén and Málaga provinces in southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,750 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Subpopulations are very small, they occur at mountains tops, and individuals are flightless and thus have low mobility. These small subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species has been found in grasslands with scarce vegetation and low shrubland (Arcos and Pascual 1988, Prunier 2014). It is found at altitudes of 940 m to 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires may pose a threat to this species. Climate change could also affect it by shifting its habitat upwards, but its specific effects on the species need to be studied in detail.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from some protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lusitanian Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus lusitanicus) is only known from Serra da Estrela Mountain range in Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 885 km², area of occupancy is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only five locations, and there is an inferred and projected continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The habitat of this species is threatened by changes in traditional agro-silvo-pastoral practices and intense wildfires that in the last decades have covered wider areas and have become more frequent causing habitat loss and degradation. Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, and threats to this species. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Lusitanian Pygmy Wart-biter is currently only known from the Serra da Estrela Mountain range in Portugal  (Barranco & Pascual, 1992) . This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 885 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown. However, subpopulations can be very abundant and it does not seem to be severely fragmented. Some subpopulations have been recently severely affected by wildfires and touristic activities, causing habitat loss or degradation. Therefore, a continuing decline in the species' population size is inferred.

habitat:
This species is found in Nardus spp. grassland and grasslands with shrubs, at elevations between 1,000 m and 1,900 m Asl.

threats:
The habitat of this species is threatened by changes in traditional agro-silvo-pastoral practices and intense wildfires that in the last decades have covered wider areas and have become more frequent. Additionally, increased touristic pressure might also result in habitat degradation, though to a lesser extent. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in the Serra de Estrela Nature Park. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sierra Nevadan Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus major) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO and extent of habitat (EOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs in only one location and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations, AOO, and extent and quality of the habitat. The species has declined as a consequence of wildfires and it seems to only be present in one subpopulation at the moment. There is an increasing number of wildfires in the region and appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
The Sierra Nevadan Pygmy Wart-biter is only known from two localities in the mountains of Sierra Nevada in the Granada province in southern Spain. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown. The species has declined as a consequence of a wildfire that occurred in the area in 2005 and it seems to only be present in one subpopulation at the moment. There is an increasing number of wildfires in the region, so that a continuing decline is projected and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species has been found in shrubland of Cytisus purgans, Juniperus communis, Genista boissieri, Thymus serpylloides, Retama sphaerocarpa, Sarothamnus scoparius, and Berberis hispanica (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). It has been found at elevations between 1,700 and 1,900 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires pose a threat to this species, and an area overgrown with oak forest, where the species was found, burnt in 2005. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it has been recorded from a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gerona Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus masferreri) is endemic to northeastern Spain, and is found in the Barcelona, Gerona and Lérida provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,840 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km²), and the population is considered severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
The Gerona Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to northeastern Spain, and is found in the Barcelona, Gerona and Lérida provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,840 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. This species is rare and the population is considered severely fragmented since individuals are flightless and the distance between the small subpopulations is large. These subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species is found in dry pastures with shrubs of Thymus serpyllum and T. vulgaris (Llucià Pomares 2002). It is found at altitudes between 750 m and 1,150 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires could pose a potential threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

redListAssessors:
Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Guadarrama Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus pupulus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is known from the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain and Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is probably stable and its habitat is very common.

range:
The Guadarrama Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is known from the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain and Portugal. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 32,700 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species is difficult to detect, but according to available information the subpopulations appear to have low densities. The population trend is probably stable.

habitat:
This species lives in Thymus and Retama spp. shrubland as well as in low grassland (Muñoz et al. 2012), which are common habitats in its area of distribution. It is usually found on mountainous areas at altitudes between 380 m and 2,325 m Asl.

threats:
Similarly to other species of its genus, it may be affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Rambur's Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus ramburi) is endemic to the mountains of southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km²), and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Overgrazing by goats and sheep is the main threat to this species and droughts as a result of climate change could also pose a threat to it. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Rambur's Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the mountains of southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend for this species are not known. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species occurs mainly in grassland habitats. It has also been found in Erinacea spp. shrubs (Pardo et al. 1993) and hedgehog heaths (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016). It is found at altitudes between 640 m and 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
Overgrazing by goats and sheep is the main threat to this species. Droughts as a result of climate change could also pose a threat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Thyme Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus thymi) is endemic to the Lérida province in northeastern Spain, where it is found in eight localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 5,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², and it occurs at fewerthan ten locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. It is threatened by wildfires and further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Its habitat should be preserved, and grazing regulated to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Thyme Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the Lérida province in northeastern Spain, where it is found in eightlocalities.This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².

habitat:
The species is found in open shrublands of Thymus spp. and Rosmarinus spp. (Llucià Pomares 2002, Olmo Vidal 2008). Its habitat is scarce and fragmented, found at altitudes between 450 m and 1,260 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires have been recorded in the area where this species occurs and are thus considered a threat to this species. Taking into account the fragmented distribution of this species' habitat and the likely extent of the effects of wildfires, this species is considered to occur at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Its habitat should be preserved, and grazing regulated to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Shielded Oak Bush-cricket is widespread across the Atlantic and western Mediterranean areas of Europe and North Africa. This arboricole species lives in deciduous trees in forests and forest margins, with a preference for oak trees. It has been recorded from sea level up to 1,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2.4 million km², and recent surveys have proven that this secretive and nocturnal species is more common than previously thought. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Shielded Oak Bush-cricket is an Atlantic and west Mediterranean bush-cricket, which is distributed from Portugal in the west to Croatia in the east, the Maghreb in the south and Bretagne (France) in the north (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). It is also present on the Azores, but the origin of this subpopulation is uncertain, and it is likely to be introduced. It is mostly a coastal and lowland species, but in the Apennines, on Corsica and Sicily it is also found in montane areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2.4 million km².

population:
Cyrtaspis scutata is a nocturnal secretive species, although recent surveys with ultrasounds detectors have proven that the species is often much more common than previously known and it has been discovered at six French departments since 2010. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Cyrtaspis scutata is an arboricolous species that lives on deciduous trees in forests and forest margins and seems to prefer oak species (Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex, Quercus robur). It can be a xenothropic species, and it can be present in urban parks and gardens. It occurs from sea level to 1,600 m altitude.

threats:
Local subpopulations are impacted by deforestation, urbanisation and several local development projects. The species may also be affected by the increasing numbers of wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Cyrtaspis scutata, although it occurs in Spanish and French National parks and in several protected areas throughout its range.Cyrtaspis scutata was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Warty Oak Bush-cricket (Cyrtaspis tuberculata) is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population trend and the threats to its population. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Warty Oak Bush-cricket is restricted to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, where it has been found in the provinces of Málaga and Huelva in Spain (Barranco 2005, Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013) and Algarve in Portugal (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 23,000 km².

population:
There is no information on the population trend of this species. It is difficult to detect and the subpopulations appear to be small (Barranco 2005, Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013).

habitat:
This species has been observed in areas with wild olive and pine forest (Pinus pinaster) mixed with shrubs of Pistacia lentiscus and Cistus ladanifer, as well as in humid habitats (Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013). In the Algarve it seems to be confined to shrubs of Quercus coccifera. It has been found at altitudes between 25 m and 650 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species in Spain are unknown. The major threats in Algarve (Portugal) is deforestation of Quercus coccifera groves.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats to this species, as well as on its population trend, distribution and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Decorated Bush-cricket (Decorana decorata) is known from North Africa (Morocco) and the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Recent records exist only from Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the information on its distribution is far from complete, it is believed to be widespread in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula and it can reach high abundances locally. More research is needed on its distribution, population size, trend and threats.

range:
The Decorated Bush-cricket is known from North Africa (Morocco) and the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain; Heller 2013). However, its distribution is not entirely clear and recent records exist only from Portugal. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,100 km².

population:
This species can reach high abundances locally. Declines may occur locally, but it is unknown whether this reflects a general trend.

habitat:
This species is found in grassland habitats including pastures and road verges (among others). It feeds on grass seeds.

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland. It may also be affected by wildfires (J. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution, population size, trend and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J., Lemos, P., Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Prunier, F., Odé, B. & Correas, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Trapani Bush-cricket (Decorana drepanensis) is endemic to north-western Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since itsarea of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to fires and human disturbances.The habitats where the species is present should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.

range:
The Trapani Bush-cricket is endemic to north-western Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), and it is only known from two localities. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
This is a rare species and the population appears to be fluctuating from year to year. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats. The two known localities are very isolated from each other, and this species is flightless. The population is considered severely fragmented since these small, isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
It lives in grassland and salt marshes where it hides in dense vegetation. Adults appear in summer and autumn.

threats:
The coastal subpopulation is present at the edge of a protected area and is also close to an industrial area prone to human disturbances. Both subpopulations have been affected by fires.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The habitats where the species is present should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Uncertain Decorated Bush-cricket (Decorana incerta) occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and in Syria. In Europe it is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
The Uncertain Decorated Bush-cricket occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and in Syria (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from southern Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria to Crete, Rhodes, European Turkey and the southernmost part of Serbia (S. Ivkovic, unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km², and ca 760,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In Greece, European Turkey, southern Bulgaria and southern Macedonia this species is widely distributed (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin  and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are usually large and well connected. It is assumed to have a stable population size (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). On Cyprus the species is rare with only one known subpopulation, but more might be discovered in the future (J. Tumbrinck pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in dry scrub and grassland but could also be found in sparse dry forests and cultivated areas (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
This species might be threatened by wildfires (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Tumbrinck, J., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Wart-biter (Decticus albifrons) occurs from the Azores, Canary Islands and north Africa via the Mediterranean part of Europe and the Near East to the Caucasus and Iran. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and common, and its population trend is increasing.

range:
The Mediterranean Wart-biter occurs from the Azores, Canary Islands and north Africa via the Mediterranean part of Europe and the Near East to the Caucasus and Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found on the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, throughout the Mediterranean to northwestern France (Pays de la Loire) and northern Italy in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and very common (D. Chobanov, D. Morin and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). It has been reported as a pest as it can reach high densities (D. Morin pers. comm. 2016) and sometimes form small swarms (Massa et al. 2012). This species therefore shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It therefore undergoes extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals in parts of its range. The population trend seems to be increasing (I. Iorgu and D. Morin pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species lives in warm habitats with high vegetation such as farmland, grassland with bushes, scrubland, wasteland, ruderal vegetation and dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and overgrazing (I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by abandonment in the long term due to natural succession to forests (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Iorgu, I.S., Korsunovskaya, O., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Morin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Abruzzo Wart-biter (Decticus aprutianus) is endemic to Italy and is found in the central and southern Apennines. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported. However, since this species might consist of three different species, further taxonomic research is needed.

range:
The Abruzzo Wart-biter is endemic to Italy and is found in the central and southern Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,200 km².

population:
There is no data on population sizes, and the population trend is unknown. Subpopulations in the south are fragmented.

habitat:
This large bush-cricket lives in montane and alpine grassland and open areas of beech forests, mostly associated to the herbs Brachypodium pinnatum, Galega officinalis and Picris hieracoides. Adults can be found in summer at elevations between 1,200 m and 2,180 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research on its taxonomy is needed as it seems to comprise three different species. The population trend and threats should be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apulian Wart-biter (Decticus loudoni) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Apulia region. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 14,400 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of sub-populations, the number of mature individuals, and in the extent and quality of its habitat. The major threat to this species is increasing agricultural land-use (transformation of steppe habitat into farmland) and increasing sheep grazing pressure on the remaining steppes. More research is needed into the population trend and threats, and the habitat trends should be monitored. Its habitat needs better protection and habitat management needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.

range:
The Apulian Wart-biter is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Apulia region (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,400 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is decreasing. Subpopulations of this flightless species are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in dry steppic habitat. Adults can be found in summer at elevations between 70 m and 250 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by the increase of agricultural activities. Its natural habitat is being increasingly transformed into cultivated farmland. The remaining parts are also increasingly grazed by sheep.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research is needed into the population trend and threats, and the habitat trends should be monitored. Its habitat needs better protection and habitat management needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Wart-biter (Decticus verrucivorus) occurs from Portugal and southern England to the Russian Far East, and is very widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very wide distribution, is common in the eastern part of Europe and has a large population size. However, it has declined in the northwestern part of Europe (UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany) and declines have also been reported from central Europe. Further research into its global population trend is required.

range:
The Common Wart-biter occurs from Portugal and southern England to the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe the species is found from the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and the Peloponnesus in the south to central Finland in the north and to the Urals up to 64 degrees North (European Russia) in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km².

population:
This species is declining in large parts of northwestern and central Europe (Borkowski 1999, Fedor 2001, Zechner et al. 2005, Bakker et al. 2015, Sutton 2015). In southern France and Italy the species has been reported as a pest in the past (Samways and Lockwood 1998). The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry to damp grassland and heathland habitats, roadside verges as well as in abandoned farmland. In the northern part of its range it prefers areas with a heterogeneous vegetation including higher vegetation, herb-rich turf and areas of bare ground (Cherrill and Brown 1990, Schuhmacher and Fartmann 2003, Sutton 2015). At northern latitudes the species prefers south-facing slopes (Hjermann and Ims 1996). In the Alps the species is mainly found on short grass meadows (Guido and Gianelle 2001). Eggs are usually laid in short, sparse turf (Cherrill and Brown 1992).

threats:
This species is threatened by intensive agriculture including the use of fertilisers, drainage, and by the transformation of its habitat into farmland (Detzel 1998, Borkowski 1999, Bieringer 2009). Abandonment of extensive grazing regimes is the major threat to this species in the northwestern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Wallaschek et al. 2004, Bieringer 2009, Sutton 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in the UK (Sutton 2015), Vulnerable in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005), and as Least Concern in Denmark and France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Due to its threatened status in the northwestern part of its range it is subject to conservation action. In England the species has been managed by a species recovery programme and successfully translocated to new sites (Sutton 2015). In the Netherlands, habitat management was implemented to support the last remaining subpopulation. In Baden-Württemberg (Germany) the species belongs to the 111 priority species for conservation. It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required. The taxonomic status of some subspecies needs to be clarified.


taxonomicNotes:
Heller (1988) considers Drymadusa dorsalis and Drymadusa limbata to be two subspecies belonging to the same species (Drymadusa dorsalis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882). This view is followed in this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ocellated Tonged Bush-cricket (Drymadusa dorsalis) is a species distributed across Greece and into Turkey. Within Europe, it is only found in Greece, where the species is widely distributed across the Peloponnesus and the southern part of the Greek mainland. It is also reported from the eastern Aegean island of Samos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although large-scale fires could lead to local subpopulation extinctions, it is a widespread species and is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.

range:
The Ocellated Tonged Bush-cricket is a species (with several subspecies, Heller 1988) distributed across Greece and into Turkey. Within Europe, it is only found in Greece, where the species is widely distributed across the Peloponnesus and the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is also reported from the eastern Aegean island of Samos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 73,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, but this species is known to be very widespread.

habitat:
This species can fly, is active at night, and hides away in shrubs and bushes during the day. It is found in various habitats which provide sufficient shelter during the day.

threats:
The threats to this species are not studied in detail, but large-scale fires could lead to local subpopulation extinctions.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apulian Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger apulus) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the southern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still rather widespread and common, particularly in the southeastern part of its range. Nevertheless, it is locally decreasing due to changes in land-use. More research is needed into its taxonomy, since the two subspecies might represent separate valid species. Research is also needed into the population trend and threats.

range:
The Apulian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the southern part of the mainland (Massa et al. 2012). This species' consists of two subspecies, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 43,600 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are still large in some parts of its range, but it is locally decreasing due to alteration of its habitat. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives in dry steppic grasslands, and adults can be found in summer and autumn at elevations between 50 m and 900 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by destruction of its habitat, particularly by its transformation into farmland.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its taxonomy, since the two subspecies might represent separate valid species (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Research is also needed into the population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Camilla's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger camillae) is only known from the type locality in the Madonie Mountains in Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has not been found since the 1880's despite surveys having been carried out in the area. In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km², it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals since the species has not been found recently. It may possibly be extinct and further research is needed to find out if the species is still extant. If so, immediate conservation action is required.

range:
Camilla's Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from the type locality in the Madonie Mountains in Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species has not been found since the original material was collected (1880's) despite repeated searches in the area, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no quantitative data on the population size or trend, but since the species has not been found recently, the population trend is inferred to be declining.

habitat:
The species of this genus inhabit shrubland, but there is no available information about the specific habitat and ecological requirements of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, taking into account the species is only known from its type locality, and it is unknown whether it is still extant, it is precautionarily considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but its type locality is situated in a protected area. Further research is needed to find out if the species is still extant. If so, immediate conservation action is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Carlotta's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger carlottae) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the northern Apennines. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 5,750 km², and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to land-use changes (particularly abandonment). It is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.

range:
Carlotta's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the northern Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,750 km².

population:
The population of this species is continuously declining as a consequence of the deterioration of its habitat.

habitat:
This is a mountain species, living in ecotones and it is often found on bushes of Rubus species.

threats:
The major threat to this species is changes in land use, particularly abandonment.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cavanna's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger cavannai) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central and southern parts of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is considered common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Cavanna's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central and southern parts of the peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,000 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but is it considered common.

habitat:
This species lives in dry grasslands at elevations between 10 m and 1,500 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Research is needed into the population trends, threats and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Dalmatian Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has a wide distribution with large subpopulations and no major threats are known.

range:
The Dalmatian Saddle Bush-cricket is common along the northwestern Adriatic coast and the neighbouring Dinaric Alps (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia) and the northern Pindos range (northern and central Albania) reaching the eastern Alps foothills in northeastern Italy (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is c. 145,000 km² in Europe and c. 95,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Subpopulations of this species are very large. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean scrubland, in forest margins and open meadows with significant presence of bushes, between sea level and 1,700 m Asl.

threats:
No significant threats to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but several subpopulations occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Western Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in western Europe from the Pyrenees to the Netherlands. It lives on shrubby and well exposed grasslands and moorlands, between sea level and 2,000 m altitude. The species is common in the southern part of its range (especially in mountainous or sub-mountainous areas), but rarer in the north (where subpopulations are fragmented and it has a higher risk of regional extinction). Significant threats, which are accentuated by fragmentation, are reported only for the northern subpopulations. The situation in the northern part of its distribution is clearly worse than in the southern part and thus requires close monitoring. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe and in the EU 28 covers c. 825,000 km² and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Western Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger diurnus) is widespread in western Europe. This lowland and mountainous species is known from northern Spain, France (where it is present throughout the whole country except for the far north) (Defaut et al. 2009), Switzerland (in the western regions, Baur et al. 2006), southwestern Germany (Maas et al. 2002), Belgium (in Limbourg Campine; Claerebout 2013) and the Netherlands (in Gelderland; Bakker et al. 2015). It was formerly present in Luxembourg (Proess 2004) but is here now extinct. In large parts of its range it has been formerly been confused with Ephippiger ephippiger (e.g. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) (Barat 2012). Two subspecies are recognised: Ephippiger diurnus diurnus Dufour, 1841 (which as a large distribution) and Epphippiger diurnus cunii Bolivar, 1877 (which is widespread in the eastern Pyrenees). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 825,000 km².

population:
Ephippiger diurnus is a rather well-known bush-cricket. It is easy to detect due to its loud song and is also easy to identify in the northern part of its range. It is considered a common species in the southern half of its range, where at times some outbreaks have been reported mainly in southern France (southwestern Alps, South Massif Central, Pyrenees). Therefore, it is classified as having "extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals". In the the northern part of its range (Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands), it is quite rare with fragmented subpopulations. The species is extinct in Luxembourg and has recently declined further in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). The current population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Ephippiger diurnus is a lowland and mountainous species, being present from sea level up to 2,000 m altitude. It lives in various open and shrubby habitats, generally dry and well exposed to sun: rocky areas, dry grasslands with shrubs, heathlands, scrublands, forest clearings or edges. This flightless species is diurnal and can be easily detected by its loud song.

threats:
In the lowlands, Ephippiger diurnus habitats are often threatened by agricultural intensification, the use of pesticides and herbicides, and land use changes. In addition, the species can be affected by development projects (including urbanisation and transportation), as it seems to be the case in France. These threats lead to significant fragmentation of the subpopulations.

conservationAction:
The Western Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), as Endangered in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands (Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015) and as Vulnerable in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011). The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut   2004), but as Vulnerable in the northern half of this   country (mainly on the plain, since it is not threatened in Franche-Comté,   Dehondt and Mora 2013). It is a protected species in Germany and subject to conservation projects in the north of its range. It also occurs in numerous protected areas (national parks and natural reserves). Further research and monitoring on its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger ephippiger) is endemic to Europe and is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and declining in the northern part of its range, it is still quite common in the southern part of its distribution and the population size is large.

range:
The Eastern Saddle Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece and European Turkey to the southern Czech Republic, northern Slovakia and eastern Ukraine. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 520,000 km².

population:
This species has been declining in the northern part of its range (Karner-Ranner 2009) and is still declining in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). However, in the southern part of its range this species is very common and the subpopulations are probably are well connected (D. Chobanov and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing, but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in bushes and trees along forest edges, clearings, vineyards (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), on dry grassland habitats with bushes (Karner-Ranner 2009) and in quarries and sand pits with bushes (Zechner et al. 2005). It has also been found in plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia and crop fields (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In Greece it is found at elevations of up to 1,500 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by the intensification of viticulture, particularly by the removal of bushes as well as by afforestation (Karner-Ranner 2009). Locally it is still threatened by transformation of vineyards and orchards into arable fields or industrial areas (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by the use of pesticides (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Polish and Austrian Red Lists (Liana 2002, Berg et al. 2005). More research into its distribution, ecology and the global population trend is required. The taxonomic status of its subspecies needs to be clarified (D. Chobanov, J. Skejo and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Abruzzo Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger melisi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the quality and extent of the habitat. The species is mainly threatened by intensification of cattle grazing and abandonment of pastures. Further research is needed into population trends and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be implemented to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.

range:
The Abruzzo Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 100 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented and the subpopulations are rather small and restricted to special habitats. There is probably no gene flow between subpopulations, and the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This large bush-cricket is a montane species, which sometimes occurs high on mountains at elevations between 900 m and 1,700 m asl. It lives on bushes, mostly of Rubus and Juniperus species.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by increased cattle grazing and abandonment of pastures. Tourism may also affect it.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into population trends and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be implemented to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apennine Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger perforatus) is endemic to Italy, and it occurs from the Northwest to the South, where it is much rarer. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution. However, the population seems to be declining, particularly in the southern part of its range. Therefore, further research is needed into its population trends and threats.

range:
The Apennine Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and it occurs from the Northwest to the South, where it is much rarer (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 147,500 km².

population:
Data on population size or trend are scarce, but the population seems to be declining in the southern part of its range. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This large bush-cricket lives on bushes and shrubs from the coasts to the mountains at elevations between 50 m and 1,550 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger persicarius) is an endemic species of the south-western part of the Alps, concentrated in the mountain regions of Italy and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, it is widespread (even abundant in suitable habitats), and it occurs over a broad range of altitudes. However, the threats to this species, which are mainly related to the availability and quality of its habitat, seem to affect several parts of the species´ range. In addition, this species has experienced declines in the past, and the current population trend is presumed to be decreasing. The effects of the abandonment of land use in the core areas of this species should be monitored to clarify the scope of this threat.

range:
Due to the complicated taxonomic status of the allopatric E. ephippiger species-aggregate (e.g., Baur and Coray 2004) there is some confusing information in the literature on the distribution of this species. According to the current knowledge, it is an endemic species of the south-western part of the Alps, concentrated in the mountain regions of Italy and Switzerland between the Lago Maggiore and the region of Trentino, reaching northwards to the southern parts of the Tessin and Graubünden. An isolated record originates from the Alpi Marittimi (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Published records from Styria (Austria) and Istria (Croatia) seem to belong to another Ephippiger species. This species lives in the mountains and can be found at a broad range of elevations between 330 and 1,680 m asl (Baur and Roesti 2006). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 34,000 km².

population:
In its restricted area of occurrence this species is widespread and, in suitable habitats, even abundant. Sub-populations in the lowlands of Switzerland declined in earlier decades due to intensification of viticulture or housing development. In the core areas, reforestation and the overgrowth of open habitats lead to local extinctions (Baur and Roesti 2006). In Italy, this species is found quite scattered and it experienced declines in the past (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Overall the population trend is presumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is an bush-cricket of dense growth in shrubs and herbs, living on warm and dry mountain slopes with a good density of bushes and larger herbs suitable for climbing. Typical habitats are sun-exposed forest edges, older clear-cuts, hedgerows in agricultural areas and pastures with interspersed shrub (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species is a good climber, mainly living quite secretively on bushes and herbs. The males sing during the day. Adults can be found comparatively late from end of July till the beginning of November (Baur and Roesti 2006).

threats:
This species is rather characteristic of the extensively managed cultural landscape. In the lowlands, these habitats are threatened by agricultural intensification (mainly due to reduction of important landscape elements like bushes and hedgerows), and the development of human settlements in these climatically attractive places (like in the Tessin, Bauer and Roesti 2006). The planting of vineyards has also reduced the suitable habitat of this species. In higher areas, where the majority of the subpopulations are found, abandonment of small-scale agriculture (especially extensive pastures) lead locally to natural overgrowth or intentional reforestation, resulting in a loss of quality of suitable open habitats for this heat-loving species  (Baur and Roesti 2006). The scope of these threats is not well surveyed, especially in the important area of the Italian Alps, but it can be assumed, that these factors will affect the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is not subject to direct conservation action, but it occurs in several protected areas. Parts of its habitat should be target through the agro-environmental schemes of the European Union, which supports low-impact farming and also the preservation of landscape elements like bushes or hedges. The effects of the abandonment of land use in the core areas of this species should be monitored to clarify the scope of this threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Provence Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger provincialis) is endemic to the French Provence region, living on Mediterranean scrublands and dry grasslands between 0 and 800 m altitude. Subpopulations are ratherfragmented and significant threats have been reported (forest fires, urbanisation, local development projects), resulting on a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and of mature individuals. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,500 km², this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Provence Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger provincialis) is endemic to the Provence in France (Defaut 1999). It occurs mainly in Var, reaching Bouches-du-Rhône and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Defaut et al. 2009), and is currently known from 70 localities in 20 municipalities. It is a lowland and sub-mountainous species which is widespread from sea level to 800 m altitude. The main subpopulations are known from the northeastern areas of Var, and in the Maures plains and massif. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to cover around 500-1,000 km².

population:
Ephippiger provincialis is a rather rare species that shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Densities are usually low, but in some years these can be high and outbreaks have been reported (Chopard 1952, Defaut 1999). There is no information available on the population size and trend, but overall it is inferred to be declining based on the ongoing threats to its habitat (F. Dusoulier pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
Ephippiger provincialis is a lowland and sub-mountainous species that inhabits various hot and open Mediterranean habitats on calcareous and acidic soils such as dry grasslands, Mediterraenan scrublands and herbaceous uncultivated lawns, and it is found on Juniperus and Quercus species. It is sometimes present on cultivated crop fields. This flightless species is diurnal, and easily detected by its loud calling songs.

threats:
Ephippiger provincialis habitats are often flat lands and thus especially attractive for development projects. The species is threatened by frequent forest fires (Andrieu and Dumortier 1994) and has been recently impacted by several photovoltaic plants. In low altitude areas (such as Provence), direct human impacts like urbanisation is causing significant fragmentation of the subpopulations. The increase in vineyards, overgrazing, use of pesticides, afforestation (which is one of the main concerns in Var) and overgrazing can pose a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Ephippiger provincialis, but it occurs in several protected areas like the Maures plain National Natural Reserve. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed on the ecology and life history of the species, in particular to study the fluctuations in subpopulation densities.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pygmy Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger ruffoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 200 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of sub-populations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are increased sheep grazing and touristic activities. Further research is needed into the population trend and into the threats. Appropriate management of the habitat is needed to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Pygmy Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 92 and 200 km².

population:
The overall population trend is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated and the species is flightless.

habitat:
This medium sized bush-cricket lives on high altitudes pastures, mostly on Juniperus spp. and Verbascum spp. at elevations between 900 m and 2,300 m asl.

threats:
The major threats to this species are increased sheep grazing and summer tourism.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and into the threats. Appropriate management of the habitat is needed to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in the southwestern Alps, where it lives on various open habitats (grasslands, open shrublands, edges) between 40 and 2,330 m altitude. The species is rather common on the French mountains, but rare along the French Mediterranean coast and in the Italian and Swiss mountains. The population seems to be slowly decreasing over the last 10 years, and local subpopulations can be threatened by decreasing pastoralism, intensification of agricultural practices, urbanisation and other development projects. Some subpopulations in the Mediterranean coast are suspected to have become extinct. However, the species has a large distribution range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 54,000 km², and it is thus assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in France (in the South Alps), Italy (in Liguria and the mountainous areas of Piedmont and Lombardia) and in Switzerland (in Sottoceneri) (Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Baur et al. 2006). The species occurs from sea level to the alpine zone. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 54,000 km². Three subspecies are recognised: E. t. terrestris Yersin, 1854 (which is present in the low altitude parts of the Pre-Alps and along the Côte-d'Azur in France), E. t. bormansi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 (which is present in the French, Italian and Swiss mountainous parts of the species' range) and E. t. caprai Nadig, 1980 (which is present in Liguria).

population:
The Swiss subpopulations are thought to be stable (Monnerat et al. 2007), and locally common, and the species also seems to be stable in Italy. In France, the species is rather common except along the Provence coasts (Toulon, Hyères, Bormes-les-Mimosas), where it could have become extinct. The population seems to have been slowly decreasing over the last 10 years. The subpopulations of E. t. bormansi in the northeastern part of its range could be disconnected from the main range.

habitat:
Ephippiger terrestris is a coastal and mountainous species whose altitudinal range is 40 to 2,330 m altitude. The species lives on various open herbaceous or low shrub habitats such as dry grasslands, alpine grasslands and meadows, forest edges with ferns, open shrublands or Mediterranean scrublands and abandoned fields. This flightless species is diurnal and is easily detected by its loud calling song.

threats:
Local populations of Ephippiger terrestris are threatened by decreasing pastoralism and land abandonment, which leads to encroachment of bushes and trees. The species is also affected by the intensification of agricultural practices, urbanisation and other local development projects, including photovoltaic plants and stone quarries. In low altitude areas (such as Liguria, Côte d'Azur and Provence), direct human impacts (mainly urbanisation around cities) cause a significant reduction and fragmentation of the subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Ephippiger terrestris, although it occurs on several protected areas (including National parks) throughout its range. The species was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Zeller's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger zelleri) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central part of the country. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to land-use changes. The main threats are urbanisation and agricultural land use, and the species has already disappeared from large parts of its range, particularly in the surroundings of Rome. More research into the population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and properly managed to avoid any further population declines. In addition, destroyed habitats should be restored.

range:
Zeller's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central part of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 40 and 400 km².

population:
This species has disappeared from large parts of its range, particularly in the surroundings of Rome. The subpopulations are very small and isolated, and since the species is flightless, there is little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives mostly on low altitude, on bushes.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat caused by urbanisation and agriculture. There is a continuing decline in the quantity and quality of the habitat of this species as a result of these land-use changes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research into the population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and properly managed to avoid any further population declines. In addition, destroyed habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spanish Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida areolaria) is endemic to the northern half of Spain, except for the province of Galicia and the Cantabric fringe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, the population trend is assumed to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Spanish Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern half of Spain, except for the province of Galicia and the Cantabric fringe. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 200,000 km².

population:
This species is quite common and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This flightless species is associated with different types of  Mediterranean shrubland and dry grasslands (Pardo et al. 1993). It is found on Erica, Juniperus and Buxus species, at altitudes between 293 m and 2,221 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pre-Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida asella) is endemic to the province of Lérida in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an observed continuing decline in the area and extent of its habitat. In addition, the population experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, with subsequent transformation of its habitat into forests. Appropriate grazing management is recommended in remaining habitats. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
The Pre-Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Lérida in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
This species can be locally abundant, but its population trend is unknown. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Olmo Vidal 2008). The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are very small and isolated in mountains, the species is flightless and subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species lives in steppic habitats and in Buxus sempervirens (Llucià Pomares 2002) bush. It is found at altitudes between 840 m and 1,980 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, with subsequent transformation of its habitat into forests (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016). As a result, continuing habitat loss has been detected (Olmo Vidal 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species and no data is available on whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species. Appropriate grazing management should be applied in remaining habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Keeled Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida carinata) is endemic to the northern half of Spain and it occurs primarily in mountainous areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Spain, it can be locally abundant and no major threats to it have been reported. However, this flightless species is difficult to find and research is needed on its population size and trends, ecology and threats.

range:
The Keeled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern half of Spain and it occurs primarily in mountainous areas. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 150,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². In addition it has been recorded from the vicinity of Lerida, Zaragoza and Navarra, but confirmation to the species identification for these areas is needed and thus the latter have not been considered for the EOO and AOO calculation.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In general the species is difficult to find, although it can be locally abundant in Retama associations.

habitat:
This species occurs primarily in the mountainous areas of central Spain at altitudes between 800 m and 1,800 m Asl. It was usually found in medium-sizedbushes (Retama, Eryngium) (Peinado de Diego 1984). It is a flightless species with low mobility.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research on its population size and trends, ecology and threats is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Diluted Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida diluta) has a wide distribution in the northwestern part of the Iberian Pensinsula (Spain and Portugal) extending eastwards along the Central mountain system up to Madrid. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is presumed to be large, the species can be locally abundant and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Diluted Saddle Bush-cricket has a wide distribution in the northwestern part of the Iberian Pensinsula (Spain and Portugal) extending eastwards along the Central mountain system up to Madrid (Peinado de Diego 1990, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km².

population:
There is little available information on the population of this species. It may be locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be large, but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs both in lowlands and mountainous areas, inhabiting forests, grassland and shrubland. It lives on Eryngium sp., Scolymus sp. and other plants (Peinado de Diego 1990).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, life history and ecology, to estimate its population trend, and to evaluate the treats to this bush-cricket.

redListAssessors:
Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Badajoz Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida laserena) is presently only known from one locality in the Badajoz province in western Spain. This species has only recently been described (2015), and only six specimens have been recorded. It is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Badajoz Saddle Bush-cricket is presently only known from one locality in the Badajoz province, western Spain, at an altitude of 428 m Asl. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both currently estimated to be 4 km². However, this species is expected to occur in neighbouring areas with suitable habitat.

population:
The population size and trend of this species is unknown as only six specimens have been documented so far.

habitat:
The species has been collected in Retama shrubs and pastures (Barat and Correas 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Further research is needed on the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Long-tailed Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida longicauda) is presently only known from the vicinity of Ciudad Rodrigo in the province of Salamanca, Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Long-tailed Saddle Bush-cricket is presently only known from the vicinity of Ciudad Rodrigo in the province of Salamanca, Spain. Other doubtful records have been published from Navarra and León, but these are not considered in this assessment. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km², with an upper estimate of 60 km².

habitat:
There is very little available information on this species. It is known fromfallow landsanduncultivated areas (Peinado de Diego 1990) and has been collected at altitudes between 658 m and 2,000 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Thorough research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
Marcet's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida marceti) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known with certainty only from its type locality in the Lérida province (northeastern Spain). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species, especially into its taxonomy since it is likely to be a synonym of Ephippigerida asella or E. areolaria.

range:
Marcet's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It is known with certainty only from its type locality in Lérida province, northeastern Spain, at 840 m Asl. There are three more records from the province of Navarra, but those are doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is currently estimated at ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

habitat:
There is very little available information on this species. Presumably, it is found in steppe zones (Llucià Pomares 2002).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Thorough research is needed for this species especially into its taxonomic status since it is probably synonymous with Ephippigerida asella or E. areolaria (Olmo 2006, Poniatowski et al. 2010, Barat 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Aragon Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida pantingana) has only recently been newly collected after more than a century since its description. It is only known from the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Aragon Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It had notbeen recorded for more thana century until 2009. While it is generally rare, it can be locally abundant.

habitat:
There is little available information on the habitat of this species. It is found in steppes of Stipa, Genista, Artemisia species (Llucià Pomares et al. 2009) and has been collected in mountainous areas at altitudes between 490 m and 1,478 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas. This species is poorly known and further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Portuguese Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida rosae) is endemic to the western part of central Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km²), it occurs at less than five locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to wildfires. This bush-cricket is also threatened by agricultural land conversion, forestry management practices and possibly the use of pesticides. Research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate fire management is necessary to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Portuguese Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the western part of central Portugal. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
This species is very localised, although its subpopulations can be dense (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to the ongoing threats.

habitat:
This species has been collected in open Erica, Cistus and Ulex spp. shrublands (Barat and Correas 2015). It is known to occur at altitudes between 142 m and 570 m Asl.

threats:
The species is threatened by wildfires, agricultural land conversion, forestry management practices and possibly the use of pesticides. The main threat to this species is considered to be wildfires, and taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations. However, depending on the fire season, the species may also benefit from summer fires as it prevents the habitat from succession into forests (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate fire management is necessary to avoid any further population declines. Particularly burning early in the season needs to be avoided (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
Saussure's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida saussuriana) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Several previous records of this species have recently been assigned to Ephippigerida diluta and the remaining records need to be checked, but may also be misidentifications. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research on its taxonomy is needed to confirm if this is a valid species.

range:
Saussure's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula.Several previous records of this species have recently been assigned to Ephippigerida diluta and the remaining records need to be checked, but may also be misidentifications (Barat and Correas 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 188,200 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km² with an upper estimate of 3,000 km².

population:
This species is quite widespread and common (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016), but the population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This species has been found in open Mediterranean shrubland (Peinado de Diego 1984). It occurs at altitudes between 100 m and 1,500 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research on its taxonomy is needed to confirm if this is a valid species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Annamaria's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera annamariae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in the eastern tip of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and bushfires to could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Protection of its habitat as well as proper management of the grazing and fire regimes are necessary to preserve this species.

range:
The Annamaria's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in the eastern tip of Crete (Nadig 1985). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) between 20 and 100 km².

habitat:
Not much information is available on the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation. This species is known to occur at elevations of 50-200 m Asl.

threats:
This species could be affected by bushfires and goat grazing. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the extremely restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Protection of its habitat as well as proper management of the grazing and fire regimes are necessary to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Mount Ida Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera astyla) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two mountainous regions (Mt. Ida and Mt. Dikti) in the central and eastern part of the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 407 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing.  Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper grazing and fire management is required to preserve this species.

range:
The Mount Ida Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from two mountainous regions (Mt. Ida and Mt. Dikti) in the central and eastern part of the island of Crete (Ciplak et al. 2009). Its occurrence on the island of Naxos is considered doubtful. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 407 km².

population:
There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to threats to its habitat - livestock grazing (sheep and goats) and bushfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology for this short-winged species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation. As this species is found at higher altitudes (800-1,850 m Asl) it most likely inhabits small thorny bushes on the open mountain slopes.

threats:
This species lives in areas which are used for livestock grazing (sheep and goats), and this is considered a threat. However the effects it has on this species still need to be assessed. Bushfires could also result in habitat loss for this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper grazing and fire management is required to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera bimucronata) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sicilian Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 17,000 km².

population:
The species is rather common but the population trendis unknown.

habitat:
This medium sized bush-cricket inhabits shrubland, edges of woodland and grassland. It lives mostly at middle and high altitudes, but is sporadically found at low elevations (between 400 m and 1,900 m asl).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ionian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cephalonica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian Island of Cephalonia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,080 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to bushfires - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, this species is common, widespread and found in a wide variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Ionian Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian island of Cephalonia (Willemse and Willemse 2004), where it is widespread. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,080 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. This species is common, widespread and found in a wide variety of habitats. Its population trend is presumed to be decreasing as a consequence of the increasing frequency of wildfires.

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation. This species is found in gardens, grasslands, thistles and shrublands.

threats:
Given that this species occurs in various (semi) dry habitats across the island, it will  surely be affected by bushfires like the ones that occurred on Cephalonia in 2007.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera chabrieri) is found in the northern part of Italy, southern Switzerland and southeastern France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common in Italy, and can reach high abundances.

range:
Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket is found in the northern part of Italy, southern Switzerland and southeastern France (Massa et al. 2012, Sardet et al. 2015).

population:
This species is quite common and subpopulations can be large (Massa et al. 2012, D. Morin pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in grassland, at forest edges, clearings and in gardens usually in dense bushes, such as bramble (Schmidt 1996, Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The species may be affected by pesticides (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Morin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cretica) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from the Samaria gorge area in southwestern Crete. This species is known from a single male collected in 1942. Since then, it has not been recorded again at its original locality despite regular searches for it. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and wildfires could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a short time even though fire suppression systems are in place in its habitat. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As it has not been recorded since 1942, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence in the Samaria area in Crete.

range:
The Cretan Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from the Samaria gorge area in southwestern Crete (Willemse 1980, Ciplak et al. 2009). After its discovery, based on a specimen collected in 1942, this species has not been reported again. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.

threats:
The species was reported from a region that is considerably threatened by wildfires (Spanos et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but there are grazing management and fire suppression systems in place in its habitat. Its distribution also overlaps with a protected area. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As it has not been recorded since 1942, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence in the Samaria area in Crete.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Cyprian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cypria) is found in southern Turkey, Syria and on Cyprus where it is widespread. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km²), and the population is decreasing due to agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing, the use of pesticides, and bushfires - thus making this species close to qualifying as Vulnerable under criterion B. Further research into the population trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Cyprian Marbled Bush-cricket is found in southern Turkey, Syria and on Cyprus where it is widespread, occurring from low elevations to about 1,580 m Asl on Troodos mountain (Tumbrinck, 2006). This species' currently known extent of occurrence is ca 4,500 km².

population:
The population of this species is decreasing due to agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing, the use of pesticides, and bushfires. However, the populations are still large and not fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in field margins and road verges, but also in abandoned fields. It is found on shrubs varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.

threats:
The major threats to this species are agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing and the use of pesticides. It is also affected by bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
Danona's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera danconai) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and research is needed into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats.

range:
Dancona's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, where it occurs from Calabria through Campania and Latium to Marche, coastal Abruzzi and inner Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012, Allegrucci et al. 2013). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This bush-cricket is flightless and there is probably no genetic exchange between subpopulations. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in shrubland and along forest edges, grasslands with dense tussocks (Carotti 2010, Massa et al. 2012) and in arid bushy areas (Carotti 2006).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Epirus Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera epirotica) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in a relatively small area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland, east from the island of Lefkada. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) is only ca 260 km², this species is common and is present in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Epirus Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in a relatively small area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland, east from the island of Lefkada (Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 260 km².

habitat:
This species is present in many types of habitats, including coarse herbage, bramble thickets, prickly bushes, shrubby areas, sometimes poor vegetation consisting mainly of Quercus coccifera. At one site (in the surroundings of the village of Thirion, Mt. Akarnanika) this species was abundant and specimens were found on the asphalt road, feeding on traffic victims of their own species (July 1986 and 1987). Visiting this spot many years later (July 2000), the situation was very similar (Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species is known to occur at altitudes of 10-1,450 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the occurrence of wildfires. While there is overgrazing in the area, this is unlikely to affect this species given its presence in a variety of habitats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fer's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera feri) is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from a plain area in the Katharo Mountain Plateau in eastern Crete. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both within 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires and vineyard cultivation. This species is dependent on maquis-like vegetation (Quercus spp. shrubs) which has mostly been lost as a result of vineyard cultivation. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Its habitat needs to be protected and any future destruction needs to be prevented. Proper management of agricultural land use and fires is also needed.

range:
The Fer's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from a single locality on a plain area in the Katharo Mountain Plateau in eastern Crete (Willemse and Heller 2001 as Eupholidoptera rammei, a pre-occupied name). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There are no data available on the population size or population trend. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the known threats to this species: habitat loss and bushfires.

habitat:
This species was found in a 1-2 m high Quercus sp. shrub, one of the few shrubs still existing in the Katharo Mountain Plateau; most of this plain is covered by cultivated vineyards or consists of bare ground.

threats:
Habitat loss is likely to occur as a result of the conversion of maquis shrublands into cultivated vineyards. Bushfires could also be a potential threat to the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and agricultural practices, and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Its habitat needs to be protected and any future destruction needs to be prevented. Proper management of agricultural land use and fires is also needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Idi Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera forcipata) is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur on higher altitudes on Mt. Idi in central Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is ca 12 km²), it occurs at less than five locations and overgrazing or bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the fire and grazing regimes in the area is needed to prevent future population declines.

range:
The Idi Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur on higher altitudes on Mt. Idi in central Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both ca 12 km².

habitat:
According to the original description, this species is found at higher altitudes (1,700-2,100 m Asl) on Mt. Idi (like the Kolita plateau), where it lives rather hidden in low, dense, prickly bushes such as Astragalus spp. and is found together with Poecilimon cretensis and Platycleis grisea cretica (Willemse and Kruseman 1976).

threats:
This species lives in an area which is grazed by livestock (sheep), and this is considered a threat. However, the effects of this threat on the species still need to be assessed, as this bush-cricket is known to hide in small, dense prickly bushes which are hardly touched by the sheep. This species is also threatened by the increasing number of bushfires. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and bushfires, and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
Mount Idi is protected as a Natura 2000 reserve (Oros Idi). Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the fire and grazing regimes in the area is needed to prevent future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gargano Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera garganica) occurs in Apulia (Italy) and Epirus (Greece). This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency within its range; making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Gargano Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in southeastern Italy (Puglia), the northwest of Greece (Epirus) (Allegrucci et al. 2013) and possibly in Albania (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 2,000 km².

population:
Some subpopulations of this species in Apulia and Corfu can be large (Kocárek and Vrabec 2005, B. Massa pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the recent wildfires within its range (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland and along forest edges, often on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species might be affected by the increasing wildfire frequencies within its range (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Skaronero Marbled Brush-cricket (Eupholidoptera gemellata) is only known from the type locality, Mt. Idi in Crete, Greece, and it has only been observed once. Its presence there has not been confirmed since the holotype was collected in 1973, despite a specific search for it in 2007. Its ecology is poorly understood and, as a second Eupholidoptera sp. is common at the same locality, it might have been overlooked.  Based on the current information, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²) it is certainly very rare, it occurs at only one location, and changes in the grazing regime or wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. The effects of the current grazing regime on this species or on its habitat are unknown and further field research on its status is needed as it may be already extinct. If the species is found again, proper management of grazing regimes and wildfires is required to prevent any future declines in the population.

range:
The Skaronero Marbled Brush-cricket is only known from the type locality, Mt. Idi in Crete, Greece, and it has only been observed once. A detailed search at the type locality in 2007 was unsuccessful (28-29. July 2007; K.-G. Heller, unpublished data). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².

population:
This species is known from one specimen only, so there is no data on its population. However, as the species was not found recently, it is considered to be very rare.

habitat:
Like the Idi Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera forcipata), this species was also found high up in the mountains (1,650 m Asl) above the timberline in an area dominated by sparse vegetation which included small, dense prickly bushes of plants like Astragalus species. The only known individual was found near a small spring on a small tree among prickly shrubs.

threats:
The only known locality is grazed, a type of land use that has been in place for a long time. Wildfires may also threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
Mount Idi is protected as a Natura 2000 reserve (Oros Idi). Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Given that the species has not been recorded since it was first reported in 1973, in spite of a thorough search which was conducted in 2007, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence on Mt. Idi. Proper management of grazing regimes and wildfires is required to prevent any future declines in the population


redListCategoryRationale:
The Giulia's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera giuliae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area along the southern coast of western Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy AOO is 16 km²) and bushfires or changes in land use could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid any future declines in the population, a proper management of the grazing and fire regimes is needed.

range:
The Giulia's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area along the southern coast of western Crete (Massa 1999). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 16 km².

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs,varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation (e.g. Quercus spp.). This species is found at elevations of 175 m Asl and higher.

threats:
Bushfires and changes to land use are a possible threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but its range overlaps with protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid any future declines in the population, a proper management of the grazing and fire regimes is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Western Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera hesperica), is endemic to Italy, and is known from Basilicata and Campania. This species assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,550 km²), it is rather common, has large subpopulations and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Western Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is known from Basilicata and Campania (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,550 km².

population:
This species is rather common but the population trend is unknown. Subpopulations are usually large.

habitat:
This medium-sized bright green bush-cricket lives in grassland, shrubland, forest margins and clearings, always hidden in dense, often thorny bushes such as brambles, where adults can be found from July up to October. It can be found at elevations between 50 m and 700 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ikaria Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera icariensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the east Aegean island of Ikaria. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only two or three locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.

range:
The Ikaria Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the east Aegean island of Ikaria (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310 km².

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation (e.g. Quercus spp.).

threats:
Bushfires are a potential threat to the habitat of the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two or three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation action for this species are in place, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Jacqueline's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera jacquelinae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the islet of Gavdos, south of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) 8-32 km²), and a single threatening event such as a wildfire could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required, and proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.

range:
The Jacqueline's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the islet of Gavdos, south of Crete (Tilmans 2002). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40 km², and its known area of occupancy is 4 km² with a maximum estimate of 32 km² (i.e. the complete surface area of Gavdos).

habitat:
This species' habitat consists of rocky ground with sparse vegetation of low trees (Pinus brutia), thorny shrubs and smaller plants, all specialized in surviving the dry, hot summers of Gavdos. On Gavdos, all specimens of this species were collected only from bushes of Erica verticillata and not from Sarcopoterium spinosum, the plant in which Marbled Bush-crickets are found on Crete (Tilmans 2002).

threats:
This species may be affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species  but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required, and proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyclades Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera kykladica) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos and Kea (Tzia). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally abundant in some areas, and the overall population size is presumably large. However, wildfires represent a potential future threat to this species, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Cyclades Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Cyclades Islands of Andros, Tinos and Kea (Tzia) (Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,300 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24-200 km². This species is known from six localities.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, given that this species is not easy to find. It is locally abundant in some areas.

habitat:
On Andros, the species was found in two different habitats; in lush bushes (e.g. Rubus spp.) near a small spring and on dry, treeless hill slopes with ferns, Thymus spp., Cistus spp. and various thorny bushes (e.g. Genista spp.). On Tinos, a subpopulation was found along the road with lush vegetation (e.g. Rubus spp.), while on Kea they were collected below a hill top with scattered oak trees with an undergrowth mainly consisting of two species of Cistus (Ciplak et al. 2009). Because the species apparently only occurs where there is lush vegetation it may be very local on Tinos and Kea where lush vegetation is less common and probably more widespread on Andros.

threats:
Wildfires represent a potential future threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Hidden Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera latens) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on Mt. Lefka and its foothills in western Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at less than five locations, and livestock grazing and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research on this species is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of grazing and wildfires is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Hidden Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on Mt. Lefka and its foothills in western Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km².

habitat:
This species is found at elevations of 500-1,900 m Asl. At higher altitudes, this species was found hidden away in remarkably dense small shrubs like Juniperus spp., and at somewhat lower altitudes in shrubs of Quercus coccifera.

threats:
This species is found in areas which are grazed by livestock. Wildfires also represent a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on this species is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of grazing and wildfires is also needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lefkas Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera leucasi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian Island of Lefkada. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only five locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the ecology of this species. Proper fire management is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Lefkas Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian island of Lefkada (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 370 km².

habitat:
This species was found along the road in Rubus spp., Cirsium spp. and other prickly shrubs (Willemse 1980).

threats:
This species may be threatened by bushfires. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at five locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures for this species are in place, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into its ecology is required. Proper fire management is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Splendid Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera magnifica) is known from mainland Italy and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Splendid Marbled Bush-cricket is known from mainland Italy and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 187,000 km².

population:
This species is common but the population trendis unknown.

habitat:
This flightless, medium sized, bush-cricket lives on bushes, in shrubland and at edges of woodlands. It can be found at elevations between 10 m and 1,750 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Marianne's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera mariannae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in eastern Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only four locations, and changes in land use and the shift to unsustainable and more intensive agricultural practices could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected and traditional land-use practices need to be preserved in the region.

range:
The Marianne's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in eastern Crete (Willemse and Heller 2001). Two localities very close to each other have been mentioned in the original description. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 50 km². However, it may occur in a slightly larger area, as there are an additional three sites from which only females are known, which may also belong to this species.

habitat:
This species was found in low bushes inside open pine forest and groups of planted olive trees. Males were seen singing on branches of olive trees some metres above the ground. This species is found at elevations of 500-700 m Asl.

threats:
This species might be threatened by changes in land use and the shift to unsustainable and more intensive agricultural practices. Taking into account the extent of the effects of changes in land use and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected and traditional land-use practices need to be preserved in the region.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Greek Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera megastyla) is endemic to Greece, where it is widespread across the mainland including the Peloponnesus, Ionian and western Aegean islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km²) and the overall population size is presumed to be large. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Greek Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is widespread across the mainland including the Peloponnesus, Ionian and western Aegean islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and the population trend.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide variety of habitats from sea level up to high altitudes in the mountains (5-1,700 m Asl). It lives in and around bushes and shrubs, but these may vary according to the site. At low altitudes, for instance, it may be blackberry (Rubus spp.) bushes, at higher altitudes Juniperus species.

threats:
The species is likely to be locally affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pale-legged Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera pallipes) is only known from a single locality on Mt. Lefka, Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), and any changes to the grazing regime of the area where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. However, this species has not been recorded since the type series was collected in 1973 despite searches having been conducted, and could already be extinct. Further field research is needed to confirm its status. If the species is rediscovered, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. In addition, a suitable grazing regime should be developed.

range:
The Pale-legged Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single locality in Lefka Ori, Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976). Since its first discovery in 1973, it has not been found again despite some revisits to the the Lefka mountain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population and trend since the species was found only once at a single locality.

habitat:
This species may occur in low, dense prickly shrubs which are the dominant plants at the type locality (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, K-G. Heller pers. comm. 2015), and is found at elevations of 1,600-1,800 m Asl.

threats:
The area in which this species lives is grazed by livestock, and any changes in the grazing regime (particularly overgrazing) may lead to a rapid population decline.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the only known locality is inside a protected area. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As there is only one known locality, which has never been reconfirmed, this species might be extinct, and searches are necessary to confirm its status. If the species is rediscovered, a suitable grazing regime needs to be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Within Europe, the Leek-green Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera prasina) is only found on the Greek islands of Chios and Samos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 5,100 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) ca 1,300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, due to the increasing number of wildfires which affect both islands. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected, and proper wildfire management is also needed.

range:
The Leek-green Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from areas along the Aegean and Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Ciplak et al. 2009). In Greece, it is only known from the eastern Aegean Islands of Chios and Samos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,100 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend, but it is assumed to be declining as a consequence of the increasing frequency of wildfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology of this species. Marbled bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by wildfires. Both islands (Samos and Chios) were heavily affected by wildfires in 2007, Samos also in 2010.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected, and proper wildfire management is also needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schmidt's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera schmidti) occurs on the western Balkans Peninsula from northern Greece and western Bulgaria to northeastern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is probably very large.

range:
Schmidt's Marbled Bush-cricket occurs on the western Balkans Peninsula from northern Greece and western Bulgaria to northeastern Italy. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 810,000 km².

population:
This species is quite widespread and common (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016), but is usually not very abundant (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown but it may even be increasing (S. Ivkovic and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in bushes, forest edges and open forest (Carotti 2006, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). It is particularly common on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species may be affected by the removal of bushes (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Massa, B., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Smyrna Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera smyrnensis) occurs in the western part of Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. In Europe it is found in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northeastern Greece, southern Bulgaria, European Turkey and some Greek Aegean Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large range and is quite common.

range:
The Smyrna Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in the western part of Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Ciplak et al. 2009). In Europe it is found in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northeastern Greece, southern Bulgaria, European Turkey and some Greek Aegean Islands. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 275,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is quite common but the subpopulations are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in oak bushes (Kaltenbach 1965) and other shrubby vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). They are most numerous in dense Rubus bushes surrounding rivers, streams and agricultural areas. They are also found in the undergrowth of sparse oak forests (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It mainly occurs in the lowlands (Ciplak et al. 2010).

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and the use of pesticides (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spiny Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera spinigera) is endemic to Greece where it is only found on the island of Kythira. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 355 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km²), it only occurs at three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to wildfires (which have strongly affected the island during the last ten years). Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper wildfire and grazing management is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.

range:
The Spiny Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the island of Kythira (Willemse 1980, Willemse 1984, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 355 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km².

habitat:
No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation.

threats:
This species is likely to be threatened by bushfires and may also be affected by grazing. Large wildfires have occurred on Kythira in 2007, 2009 and 2010. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats - especially on the effects of wildfires. In addition, proper wildfire and grazing management is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.


taxonomicAuthority:
Allegrucci, Massa, Trasatti & Sbordoni, 2013

redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various wet and dry habitats with dense herbaceous or shrubby vegetation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 10,000 km². The species is quite common, especially in the lowlands, and no major threats have been reported. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket isendemic to Corsica (France) (Allegrucci et al. 2014), where it occurs throughout the island except for the higher altitudes (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), and is found from sea level to 1,600 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 10,000 km².

population:
Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica is quite common especially in the lowlands of Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). About 230 observations from 80 municipalities are known. There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica lives on bushes, and it occurs on various habitats with dense herbaceous or shrub vegetation like wet or ruderal grasslands, scrublands, forest edges, reed beds, etc. This bush-cricket has a broad ecological tolerance, but may have a light preference for semi-wet conditions.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica is ecologically quite tolerant and is also found on artificial habitats. It remains unknown whether wildfires may affect this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica, although it may be present in protected areas throughout is range. It was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Uvarov's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera uvarovi) is endemic to Greece and is only known from the Aegean Islands of Karpathos and Kasos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,080 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 395 km²), and even though the species is locally abundant, there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to the increasing wildfire frequency - thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Uvarov's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from the Aegean Islands of Karpathos and Kasos (Willemse 1984, Ciplak et al. 2009, Massa 2010). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,080 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 395 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend. This species is not common, but is easy to find and widespread on the island of Karpathos. However, a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency.

habitat:
No specific information is available on the habitat and ecology of this particular species, although it is found in some mountainous habitats throughout its range. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.

threats:
Large wildfires occurred on Karpathos in 2004, 2008 and 2010, and this species is likely to be threatened by wildfires such as these.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Bush-cricket (Evergoderes cabrerai) has not been found since 1966 despite searches during the last years. It is only known from one locality (Barranco de Agaete, Gran Canaria), but its habitat is unknown. A continuing decline has probably affected the number of mature individuals, and the number of locations has been estimated as one. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). While it is possibly extinct, further searches are planned for the future.

range:
The Gran Canaria Bush-cricket is endemic to the Barranco de Agaete, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) (Bland et al. 1996).

population:
The species has not been found since the mid-1960s, and it is not clear if it is extinct. Despite the fact that recent searches have been undertaken (H. López pers. comm. 2011, A. Miller pers. comm. 2013, D. Margaritis pers. comm 2014), no individuals have been found. The population trend is assumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown, but it may have occurred in bushes or trees.

threats:
The reasons for its decline are unknown, although it may have been possibly caused by human land use and rural development. It may also be affected by the increasing frequency of wildfires or by landslides. Based on any of these threats, the species is present in only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and the area is not protected. An intensive search for this species would be necessary to clarify if it may have survived in small patches of the barranco. If the species is rediscovered, its ecology needs to be studied in order to apply the most appropriate habitat management. Further research is also needed on its population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Tonged Bush-cricket (Exodrymadusa inornata) only occurs in Cyprus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km² (with a maximum estimate 13,000 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and subpopulations due to wildfires, infrastructural development and recreational activities - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Cyprian Tonged Bush-cricket only occurs in Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006, Ünal 2008, Massa and Fontana 2009). Available information indicates that the species is only found in the southwestern part of the island, in the region formed by Mt. Troodos and its foothills. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km², but it may be more widespread with a maximum EOO of ca 13,000 km² if the species occurs across the entire island.

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend, but a continuing decline is inferred from the known threats (wildfires and infrastructural development). Even though the population is fragmented, less than 50% of the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, and the population is therefore not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in pine forests where it hides under rocks during the daytime, while during the night it climbs onto bushes and trees (E. Tzirkali pers.comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires and infrastructural development, since it occurs in the area of a ski centre and on picnic sites.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-winged Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis abbreviata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since it is widespread across the western part of the Balkans and mainland Greece (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 280,000 km²) and it is not confined to specific habitats (found in a variety of habitats with a dense herbal component). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and its threats.

range:
The Short-winged Spiny Bush-cricket occurs in the western and southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) to Greece. A record from southwestern Bulgaria is considered doubtful (D. Chobanov pers. comm.). Within the EU 28 region, this species is found in  Dalmatia, the southwestern part of Croatia and across a large part of  the Greek mainland including the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse  and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 280,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend, but the species may be locally abundant.

habitat:
This species is found from sea level up to medium altitudes (5-1,200 m Asl). It is found in various types of habitat which share common features, such as being open, having rather dense vegetation of herbs, grasses and small shrubs, and having fairly dense populations of grasshopper species, upon which this species sometimes feeds.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and its threats.

redListContributors:
Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P. & Danielczak, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis glabra) is widely distributed from France to Mongolia. In Europe, it has a very scattered distribution and is regionally extinct in several countries. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,500 and 3,500 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Vulnerable since its AOO is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is also a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is threatened by intensification of land use, including intensive grassland management and transformation of habitat into farmland or forests. Similarly, the species is threatened by abandonment of grazing or the stop of military land use and subsequent succession by trees and shrubs. Better protection and appropriate management of its remaining habitats is required. Research into the global population trend and threats is needed. A pan-European monitoring program should be developed for the species as well as its habitat. Since the subpopulations are separated by large distances no immigration from outside the assessment zones is expected, and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted.

range:
The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket is widely distributed from France to Mongolia (Harz 1969). Its distribution in Europe is quite fragmented with occurrences in northern Spain, southwestern France, isolated subpopulations in the Netherlands, northern Germany, southern Poland as well as on the Balkans from eastern Austria to Bulgaria and Ukraine in the east. It is also known from central, southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). In Belgium, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic it is Regionally Extinct (Proess and Meyer 2003, Lock et al. 2011, Holusa 2012) and possibly also in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
Many subpopulations in Europe are rather small. Given that the distance between them is often very large, it is unlikely that there is any exchange between them, and they may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov, G. Puskás and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). There is an overall long-term negative population trend in Europe. The species is regionally extinct in Luxembourg, Belgium and the Czech Republic. In Bulgaria there is only one subpopulation left within an agricultural airport (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Large subpopulations still exist in France (Cevennes) and Hungary.

habitat:
This bush-cricket is a steppe species, which is found in grass-rich, heterogeneous open-land habitats. It prefers a combination of high grasses (greater than 50 cm) and bare ground (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). It has also been reported from inland dune habitats (Holusa 2012) and heathlands (Wallaschek et al. 2004). Some authors consider this species to prefer dry habitats (e.g. Fedor et al. 2004), but it often occurs close to wetter areas (Kristin et al. 2007).

threats:
The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket is threatened by intensification of land use, including intensive grassland management (frequent cuts, overgrazing, fertilisers) and transformation of habitat into farmland or forests. Similarly, the species is threatened by abandonment of grazing or the stop of military land use and subsequent succession by trees and shrubs (Clausnitzer 2010, NLWKN 2011). It is also threatened by eutrophication and locally by urbanisation (Bieringer 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Czech Republic (Holusa 2012), as Critically Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014), as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin 2001) and Bulgaria (Golemansky 2015). The species is strictly protected in Germany and protected in Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. The largest subpopulation in Austria is found in a military training area (Berg and Bieringer 1998). Similarly, most subpopulations in Germany and the Netherlands are found in military training areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004, NLWKN 2011). Active conservation management exists in northern Germany, where the species belongs to the priority species for conservation (NLWKN 2011). It has been translocated to a new locality in northern Germany. This bush-cricket benefits from burning (Wallaschek et al. 2004). Better protection and appropriate management of its remaining habitats is required. Research into the global population trend and threats is needed. A pan-European monitoring program should be developed for the species as well as its habitat.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Szovenyi, G., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.

redListContributors:
Sergeev, M.G., Skejo, J. Skejo & Kranz, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Delta Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis schelkovnikovae) is found in Anatolia, the Caucasus and the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas. In Europe it is found in the Danube Delta (Romania and Ukraine) as well as in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia, where it occurs in two or three localities. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since even though the population trend is unknown, it appears to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is also assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been reported. The entire EU 28 population is found in a protected area (Danube Delta).

range:
The Delta Spiny Bush-cricket is found in Anatolia, the Caucasus and the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in the Danube Delta (Romania and Ukraine) as well as in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia (Lupu 2013), where it occurs in two or three localities (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 400,000 km², and ca 2,700 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is probably smaller than 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 between 40 and 100 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small but overall the population is not considered severely fragmented. The population trend in the EU 28 is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend in Europe is unknown, but also appears to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in marshes and large reed beds (Carex, Scirpus, Typha, Juncus, Glyceria spp.) and in mesic areas (with Mentha, Althaea, Euphorbia, Aster spp.) (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species in Europe are wildfires and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (O. Kursanova pers. comm. 2016). No major threats to this species have been reported in the EU 28.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The complete EU 28 population is found in a protected area (Danube Delta). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sedakov's Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis sedakovii) occurs from the eastern part of European Russia and Kazakhstan through the steppes of west Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, where it is found in China and Korea. In Europe, it is reported from eastern European Russia, but its presence there is uncertain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of information on its distribution and population trend. Research is needed to determine if the species occurs in Europe and into its distribution and population trend. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Sedakov's Spiny Bush-cricket occurs from the eastern part of European Russia and Kazakhstan through the steppes of west Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, where it is found in China and Korea (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is reported from eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). However it is uncertain whether it occurs in Europe (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species is found in steppe habitats and at forest edges.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research upon its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ana-Paula's Saddle Bushcricket (Lluciapomaresius anapaulae) is endemic to the central part of western Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 10,000 km², and there is a continuing decline in the the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals as a result of the negative effect of wildfires, agricultural conversion, pesticide use and urbanisation; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities. Research is also needed on the threats, population size, distribution, life history and ecology of this species.

range:
Ana-Paula's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central part of western Portugal (Barat 2012, F. Barros pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,400 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually dense. The current population trend of this species is decreasing due to ongoing habitat loss (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species occurs in forest and shrubland habitats. It inhabits both shrubs and the tree crowns.

threats:
The species is threatened by wildfires, agricultural land conversion, the use of pesticides and urbanisation (P Lemos pers, comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities. Research is also needed on the threats, population size, distribution, life history and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius asturiensis) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since its subpopulations are often numerous and no major threats to it have been reported. However, wildfires may locally affect some subpopulations. Research is needed into the population trend, distribution, ecology and threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities.

range:
The Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, Barat 2012, Pfau and Pfau 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 95,200 km².

population:
There is no information on this species' population trend. Subpopulations are often numerous.

habitat:
This species can be found in forests, forest clearings, shrubland and pastures, usually keeping within small and medium-sized shrubs of Cytisus spp. and Halimium spp.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported, but wildfires may locally affect some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
This species is present in several protected areas (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, Barat 2012). Research is needed into the population trend, distribution, ecology and threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Zaragoza Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius eclipticus) is endemic to the province of Zaragoza in northern Spain, where it is only known from a few localities. This poorly-known species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Zaragoza Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Zaragoza in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,320 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It is less abundant than other Lluciapomaresius species.

habitat:
The species occurs in shrubland (Genista, Rosa, Cistus and Cytisus species) with a preference for Cistus ladaniferus (J. Barat 2015 pers. comm). The species can also be found in the crown of pine trees, where it occurs in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,090 m and 1,390 m Asl (Barat, 2004).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. A heliport was built within its area of occurrence, but its effects on the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further studies are needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Nobre's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius nobrei) has been described from the Serra da Estrela in Portugal and later also recorded from the vicinity of Minho (Peinado de Diego 1990) and Lindoso. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Research is needed to clarify the validity of this species and its distinctness from the Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius asturiensis). According to available information there is no differentiation between male songs from both species and it has been hypothesized that L. asturiensis and L. nobrei possibly belong to the same species.

range:
Nobre's Saddle Bush-cricket has been described from the Serra da Estrela in Portugal and later also recorded from the vicinity of Minho (Peinado de Diego 1990) and Lindoso (Pfau and Pfau 2015). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,015 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2. However this data might refer to other taxa as taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to clearly identify their taxonomic status and distribution ranges.

population:
There is no information available regarding the species' population size or trend.

habitat:
This species lives in mountainous areas (Gangwere and Morales Agacino 1970) and also near rivers at low altitudes (Pfau and Pfau 2015).

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to clearly identify their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities (Barat 2012). Research is needed on this species, particularly into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ortega's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius ortegai) is endemic to the Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona and Teruel provinces in the central part of eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant. However, more research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Ortega's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona and Teruel provinces in the central part of eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although it can be locally abundant.

habitat:
There is little available information on this species. It occurs in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,180 and 1,820 m Asl, and has been found in Berberis and Juniperus bushes (Pardo et al. 1993). It has also been found in pine forests (J.R. Correas and F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Application of pesticides to eliminate the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar can affect the species in pine forests.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from some protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius panteli) is endemic to the Tarragona province in northeastern Spain and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) as well as area of occupancy (AOO) (both 12 km²). A recent monitoring programme has gathered some preliminary data on the population density of this species. Overall, the population seems to be small, but it is currently impossible to quantify the total population size or infer a population trend. The area where this species occurs is used for grazing, but the effects of grazing on this bush-cricket are not sufficiently known. More data on the population fluctuations, population trend and threats is needed to determine the extinction risk of this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Tarragona province in northeastern Spain. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 12 km².

population:
The population of this species is known to show some fluctuations, but the extent of these fluctuations as well as the population trend is unknown. During a first monitoring year in 2013, three individuals were observedon average during each visit on a fixed transect. In 2014, an average of 7.5 individuals per visit were recorded. A mark-recapture study started in 2014, showing that there are about 15 individuals per ha. However, these show a very clumped dispersion (J.M. Olmo Vidal pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species has been collected on shrubland in steep terrain, on Juniperus species. It also occurs in rocky habitats (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016) at altitudes between 358 m and 1,020 m Asl (Barat 2012).

threats:
The habitat of Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket is used by grazing, which could potentially affect the species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in a protected area. A captive breeding programme and monitoring of the subpopulations at the Sierra del Montsant have started recently. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.

redListAssessors:
Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Olmo Vidal, J. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stal's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius stalii) is endemic to the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is presumed to be large, the population trend appears to be increasing and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Stal's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to thenorthwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km² with an upper estimate of 3,000 km².

population:
This species can sometimes be locally abundant, the population size is presumed to be large, and the population trend appears to be increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland and shrubland (Hieracium castellanum, Festuca indigesta, Agrostis sp. and Genista sp.) (Pardo et al. 1993). It is also found in hedges with Cytisus oromediterraneus and in pine forests. It occurs at altitudes between 796 m and 2,300 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into its population size and trends, ecology and life cycle.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in Sicily and North Africa. In Sicily, this bush-cricket lives on various dry herbaceous and shrubby habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 24,000 km². It is not considered as rare and sometimes shows outbreaks. It may be locally affected by agriculture, but there is currently no indication of a decline. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread across Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily and possibly Libya (Massa et al. 2012). In Sicily, the species occurs on coastal and inland areas. The extent of occurence (EOO) covers c. 24,000 km². A subpopulation is present in France since 1951 along the Mediterranean coast in Languedoc (Vendres) (Defaut 1999), but it is assumed to have been introduced by humans.

population:
Lucasinova nigromarginata is considered to be a rather common and locally abundant species in Sicily (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Demographic outbreaks are occasionally observed on inland cereal fields (Massa et al. 2012), so extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals are thought to occur. There is no information about the population size or trend of the species.

habitat:
Lucasinova nigromarginata is found from sea level to approximately 800 m altitude. This species lives on dry and warm habitats with herbaceous vegetation, including low shrubs and Mediterranean scrublands. It has also been found in pasturelands. This diurnal bush-cricket has a soft calling song which makes it relatively difficult to detect.

threats:
Lucasinova nigromarginata lives on various open and dry habitats. It can also survive on agricultural lands, since it occasionally colonises cereal fields (Massa et al. 2012). The species may be affected by grazing intensification and habitat destruction as a result of vineyard cultivation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Lucasinova nigromarginata. Records from Sicily (Massa et al. 2012) are not located in natural reserves or in national parks. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Southern Oak-Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale) is probably native to Italy, southern France (reaching Spain close to the border), southern Switzerland, western Slovenia and northwestern Croatia. It has recently expanded its range in large parts of Europe as a consequence of human-mediated dispersal with cars and horticulture. Even though the population is definitely increasing outside of its native range, the population trend in the native range is unknown. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is very large.

range:
The Southern Oak Bush-cricket occurs from southern Italy to Ireland and northern Germany in the north, and to central Slovakia, southern Poland and Serbia in the east. An isolated subpopulation occurs in Bulgaria. This species is currently rapidly expanding its range as it is often transported by humans though cars. Its native range is thought to be in Italy, southern France and Istria, but the natural range boundary is not clear. It has recently also been found in northern Spain, which is likely to be part of the natural range of this species (Llucià-Pomares and Quinones-Alarcón 2013). North of the Alps the species has mainly been found after the 1960s (von Helversen 1969, Detzel 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 974,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 970,000 km².

population:
This species is rapidly spreading outside its natural range as a consequence of human-mediated dispersal. It has mainly been introduced to cities (e.g. Grünitz and Hochkirch 2007, Sczepanski 2008, Proess 2010, Liana and Michalcewicz 2014) and camping sites (Vlk et al. 2012), as well as with horticultural imports (Sutton 2015). The population trend within its natural range is unknown, but it is also common and widespread there and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives on deciduous trees and bushes within forests, along forest edges as well as in parks, gardens and urban areas  (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
In its native range, the species may locally be affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in protected areas. This species is listed as Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). Research into its natural distribution using molecular markers is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Monnerat, C., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema thalassinum) occurs in large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of displacement by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale), it is still very widespread and common.

range:
The Oak Bush-cricket occurs from central Portugal, southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to Ireland, southern Scandinavia and Estonia in the north, and eastern Ukraine and Central European Russia in the east (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). The species has also been introduced in North America (Johnstone 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.8 million km².

population:
In the western and southern part of its range the subpopulations of this species appear to be decreasing as a consequence of displacement by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale). However, the species is still widespread and common. In Italy, where both species occur naturally, the Oak Bush-cricket is less common than the Southern Oak Bush-cricket. The overall population trend is decreasing but the overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species lives on deciduous trees in forests and at forest edges as well as on single standing trees, in gardens, parks and urban areas (Zechner et al. 2005). It lays its eggs into the bark of trees and therefore prefers trees with fissured barks, such as oaks (Vorwald 1996, Proess and Baden 1997). The species can be found by beating sun-exposed branches of oaks or inspecting the lower stem area during the night, when the females lay eggs. It is nocturnal and feeds on small insects, such as aphids (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species seems to be displaced by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale), which is currently spreading in large parts of western and central Europe as a result of human-mediated introduction. In the past it was probably also affected by the replacement of natural deciduous forests by coniferous forests (Ranner 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is listed as Least Concern in all existing national red lists for Orthoptera in Europe. The species occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and the interaction with the Southern Oak Bush-cricket is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera ambigua) is only known from three localities, two in Portugal and one in Galicia, Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.

range:
The Iberian Meadow Bush-cricket is known from three localities, two in Portugal (Ferreira et al. 2007, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016) and one in Galicia, Spain, from where the species has been described (Pfau 1986). The distance between the localities where the species has been recorded suggests that the species might be more widespread than is presently known. However, the scarce information available is not enough to determine whether the low number of records reflects the rarity of the species or is an artefact of the very low survey efforts in Galicia and Portugal regarding bush-crickets. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend, but the species can be locally abundant.

habitat:
This species is found in meadows and/or along stream margins (Pfau 1986, Ferreira et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
Information regarding this species is very scarce. However, the two Portuguese records are located in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats to the species, as well as on its population trend, distribution, life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera brachyptera) occurs from western Europe to the Russian Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution in Europe, where it is particularly common in the northern part of its range, and its population size is very large. However, in the southwestern part of its distribution, it is rare and declining.

range:
The Bog Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from western Europe to the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from the Pyrenees and southern Scotland in the west to northern Scandinavia in the north, Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.9 million km².

population:
This species is quite common and widespread in the northern part of its range (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). However, declines have been reported in the southwestern part of its range and the global population trend is inferred to be declining.

habitat:
This species is found in peat bogs, open forests, montane meadows and moist grassland. In areas of high rainfall it also occurs in drier grassland and heathland, but usually where there is high vegetation (Poniatowski and Fartmann 2010). In the south of its range it is found in montane areas (Lemonnier 1999, Buzzetti et al. 2010). The eggs are laid in plants or soil (Hochkirch 1997).

threats:
This species is sensitive to mowing (Bruckhaus 1994) and overgrazing (Karner-Ranner 2009), but benefits from traditional low-intensity grazing with sheep (Poniatowski and Fartmann 2010). The species also seems to be locally displaced by Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii), which is currently expanding its range in the northwestern part of Europe (Berggren and Low 2004). It may also be affected by the increasing number of droughts as a consequence of climate change (Grein 2010). On the other hand, the species may benefit from climate change in some regions (Sutton 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as "extremely rare" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In the UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Denmark it is considered Least Concern. The species is subject to local conservation action and occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend as well as into the effects of droughts on this bush-cricket is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera buyssoni) is endemic to the central Pyrenees, where it lives on open or shrubby mesic habitats (grasslands, edges) between 900 and 1,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO)has been estimated to cover c. 2,400 km²  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is below 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to the central Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009). This mountain species is present in France (Haute-Pyrénées, Ariège and Pyrénées-Orientales) (Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011) and Spain (Val d'Aran, Lérida) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably below 500 km².

population:
Detailed information about the population size and trend is lacking. The species is very rare (Poniatowski et al. 2009). Subpopulations are disconnected (Defaut 1981, Jaulin et al. 2011) and small, and the species is flightless. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Metrioptera buyssoni has almost disappeared from places where it was common 30 years ago in France (Jaulin et al. 2011) and it seems to have strongly declined overall.

habitat:
Metrioptera buyssoni is a mountain species that inhabits mesophilous open or shrubby habitats like tall-growing fringes of wet woodlands and swampy mountain grasslands (Defaut 1981, Poniatowski et al. 2009).

threats:
Metrioptera buyssoni seems to have strongly declined over the last 30 years, but the threats that caused this decline have not been identified. Climate change may affect the species through habitat shifting, and droughts can have negative impacts on egg development. It may also be affected by overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Metrioptera buyssoni and it seems not to be present in any protected area. The species was assessed as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research and monitoring are needed on the population size and trend of this species. Furthermore, there is a need for research on its threats.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera caprai) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 18,920 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing, which leads to changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation. Research on the taxonomic status of this species is needed to clarify if it is actually a complex of two species. Additional research is also needed into the population size and trend and into the threats to this species. The habitat of this species requires optimal management to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Italian Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy (Massa et al. 2012). Four subspecies are known (caprai, baccettii, galvagnii and lagrecai) to be present in Liguria, Tuscany (galvagnii), Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo and Lazio (caprai, baccettii, lagrecai). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,920 km².

population:
This species is not common and is usually found in low densities. There appear to be two distinct subpopulations with no genetic exchange between them. The population is considered severely fragmented since these small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is probably decreasing.

habitat:
This bush-cricket lives at high altitudes (between 1,000 m and 2,200 m asl), in dense grassy vegetation such as grassland and shrubland.

threats:
The species is threatened by livestock grazing, which leads to changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on the taxonomic status of this species is needed to clarify if it is actually a complex of two species. Additional research is also needed into the population size and trend and into the threats to this species. The habitat of this species requires optimal management to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Balkan Meadow Bush-cricket is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 150-500 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Balkan Meadow Bush-cricket is distributed through the mountain ranges of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina and northwestern Montenegro (Werner 1906, Willemse 1966, Miksic 1967, 1970, 1976a, 1976b, 1977, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148-500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented with small, isolated subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange, which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species occurs in montane and sub-alpine meadows and pastures between 1,200 and 2,000 m Asl, and generally above 1,600 m. Sometimes it also occurs in patchy rocky meadows.

threats:
The abandonment in traditional grazing in montane pastures could lead to a considerable change in the vegetation structure, which may have negative impact on the species. Additionally, the species may be threatened by the shift of its habitat as a consequence of climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sutjeska National Park) and in Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Ruzevaca Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very poor knowledge on its distribution and population trends. Its possible habitats are partly mine fields since the Balkan wars in 1990s, which considerably obstructs further field investigations. Research is needed on its population size, trend and threats in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The Ruzevaca Meadow Bush-cricket is only known from the type locality in the Prenj Mountains in Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Uvarov 1924, Miksic 1976a). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 300 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
A two-day long intensive field investigation in the formerly known localities in 2015 was unsuccessful, suggesting a decline (or even local extinction) (G. Szövenyi et al. unpublished data).

habitat:
The species occurs in montane and sub-alpine grasslands and pastures between 1,400 and 1,900 m Asl.

threats:
Like the closely related, ecologically similar, and co-occurring Metrioptera species (M. prenjica and M. hoermanni), most probably the abandonment in the traditional grazing regime in mountain pastures has a negative effect on this species. Additionally, the species may be threatened by the shift of its habitat as a consequence of climate change and directly affected by temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur within protected areas throughout its range. It would be important to find any surviving subpopulation for its effective conservation. However, its possible habitats have been partly converted to mine fields since the Balkan wars in 1990s, which considerably obstructs field investigation. Research is needed on its population size and trend, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cantabrian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera maritima) is endemic to northern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.

range:
The Catabrian Meadow Bush-cricket is known from the surroundings of Santander city in northern Spain, where it was found in 1989 (Olmo-Vidal 1992). Its exact distribution is uncertain. However, recent captures have expanded the knowledge on its distribution, and are all from the province of Santander (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km².

habitat:
This species is known from a coastal grassland with Festuca rubra and shrubland with Erica vagans and Ulex gallii (Olmo-Vidal 1992).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place to the species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
 EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
In Europe, the Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) based on its small area of occupancy (132-300 km²), its severely fragmented population and the continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals.

In the EU 28, the Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) as the species is only known from one locality in Slovenia. The EOO and AOO are both 4 km², the species occurs at one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals.

range:
The Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket was described from and named after the Bosnian Prenj Mountains. However, it is more widely distributed in the high mountains from the Slovenian Julian Alps in the north to the Durmitor Plateau in Montenegro in the south (Burr 1899, Karny 1912, Miksic 1966, 1967, 1970, 1976a, 1977, 1979, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132-300 km² and in the EU 28 it is 4 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 22,000 km² in Europe and 4 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Since the extent of its habitat is declining, it is inferred that the population is decreasing as well. In Europe, subpopulations are small and severely fragmented, with little possibility for genetic exchange and that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic to humid sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and pastures between 1,400 and 2,200 m Asl, but mostly above 1,700-1,800 m. It is a flightless species.

threats:
Similarly to the closely related, ecologically similar, and in some places co-occurring Metrioptera species (M. karnyana and M. hoermanni), the abandonment of the traditional grazing in alpine and sub-alpine pastures may negatively affect its subpopulations. This could apply especially in Slovenia, where the recent spread of Pinus mugo in the alpine grasslands may seriously threaten the isolated small subpopulation by converting its habitat. Based on this threat, there is only one location in the EU 28. As it is a typical alpine species, climate warming could also pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required. The remaining habitats of this species need to be protected and appropriately managed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Purple Meadow Bush-cricket is widespread across western Europe. This species lives in open herbaceous or low shrubby habitats, from 100 m to 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers more than 650,000 km². The species is rather common in the mountains, but very rare in lowlands. No major threats to this species have been reported, and considering its wide range, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Purple Meadow Bush-cricket is widespread across western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees in the west to the eastern Alps in the east. It has been recorded from Spain, Andorra, France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria (Harz 1969). It is a mountain species, with some fragmented subpopulations found at low altitudes in Brittany and Normandy in northern France. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 650,000 km².

population:
The species is common in France (Defaut et al. 2009), Italy and Switzerland, but rare in the Spanish Pyrenees and Austria. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Metrioptera saussuriana lives in open herbaceous or sometimes shrubby habitats such as mesic grasslands, alpine meadows and open moorlands. It has been recorded from 100 up to 2,500 m altitude.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Metrioptera saussuriana, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Olympus Meadow Bush-cricket (Metroptera tsirojanni) is found in the eastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece and the southwestern Bulgarian mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it has a wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 61,000 km² in Europe and ca 52,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and the population size is estimated to be very large (it is often common where it is found). Further research is needed into the threats to this species since these are, at present, unknown, and into its population size and trend.

range:
The Olympus Meadow Bush-cricket is found in the eastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece and the southwestern Bulgarian mountains (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 61,000 km². Within the EU 28 region, this species is known from the central part of  the northern Greek mainland and the mountain region in southwestern  Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009), and its extent of occurrence (EOO)  is ca 52,000 km².

habitat:
This species lives in hills and mountains at middle to higher altitudes (600-1,900 m Asl). It is found in semi-wet habitats which have a substantial grass and herbal component in them, varying from rocky slopes to forest and subalpine meadows.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and into its threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Eastern Pygmy Wart-biter (Miramiola pusilla) occurs from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan. In Europe, this rare bush-cricket is only known from a few localities in southern Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Eastern Pygmy Wart-biter occurs from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan (Harz 1969). In Europe it has only been reported from southern Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 500,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 500 km².

population:
According to Zinenko et al. (2005) this species is rare in the Saratov region. The subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and the population is considered severely fragmented. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported and the population appears to be declining.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe habitats on wormwood patches (Zinenko and Striganova 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ebner's Modest Bush-cricket (Modestana ebneri) is found in the southern part of the Balkans, in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (Kosovo). This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it has a relatively wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 95,000 km² in Europe and ca 17,000 km² for the EU 28, and a presumably large overall population. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this bush-cricket.

range:
The Ebner's Modest Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkans, in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania, Bosnia and  Herzegovina and Serbia (Kosovo) (Willemse 1975, Ingrisch and Pavicevic  2012, Pavicevic et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 95,000 km². Within the EU 28 it is only known from Greece (Willemse 1975), with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 17,000 km².

habitat:
This species is found at middle and higher altitudes (800-1,900 m Asl) in various open habitats such as limestone slopes, meadows, and steppe-like vegetation.

threats:
The area in which this species lives is used for livestock grazing, and changes in grassland management may pose a threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range (such as Durmitor National Park). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Common Modest Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it is widespread and has an overall large population.

range:
The Common Modest Bush-cricket occurs along the northwestern Adriatic coast from northeastern Italy to northwestern Albania (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, Skejo et al. 2015, Grasshopper Specialist Group unpublished data). An isolated locality in western Serbia (Tara Mountain) (Pavicevic et al. 2014) suggests a wider range of the species in the western Balkans. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km² in Europe and c. 38,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-5,000 km² in Europe and c. 800-3,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
In some marginal subpopulations a decline has been inferred due to the abandonment of traditional grazing. In the northern part of its distribution the species is rare, whereas within the main range the subpopulations are numerous and stable. Its current general population trend is stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits various Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and montane karstic grasslands between sea level and 1,500 m Asl.

threats:
In the northern part of its range, the species is threatened by changes in the farming system, abandonment or intensification of grazing in grasslands, and fires.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Madeiran Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana barretii) is endemic to Madeira, in Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is currently increasing as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing in large parts of its habitat.

range:
The Madeiran Steppe Bush-cricket is endemic to Madeira, in Portugal (Heller 2013), where it occurs at higher altitudes. The maximum estimate of this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 852 km².

population:
The population of Montana barretii has recently recovered as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing in its habitat and the population trend is increasing. However, it is still quite rare and subpopulations are quite small (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland habitats at the upper limit of the laurel forests at elevations between 1,400 m to 1,800 m Asl (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The species was negatively affected by cattle grazing in the past (I. Silva pers. comm. 2016), which may still affect the species in parts of its range.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Parque Natural da Madeira). More research into its distribution, population structure, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S. & Kocarek, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket (Onconotus servillei) is found from Hungary, Serbia and northern Bulgaria to the Caucasus and West Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, it is quite common in European Russia and seems to be increasing in abundance there. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Endangered since it has declined dramatically in the region, being extinct in Hungary and possibly extinct in parts of Serbia. Only four subpopulations are known to still exist in Bulgaria and five in Romania. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km² with an upper estimate of 90 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this bush-cricket are overgrazing and afforestation. It is also threatened by the use of insecticides. Research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any future population declines. Reintroduction possibilities in Hungary and Serbia should be explored.

range:
The Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket is found from Hungary (where it is extinct), Serbia (where it has not been found in recent years, but may still occur in some habitats in the southeastern part of the country) and northern Bulgaria to the Caucasus and West Siberia (Harz 1969). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.8 million km², and ca 130,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 36 and 90 km².

population:
This species is extinct in Hungary (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and parts of Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Only five small subpopulations are known from Romania, four from Bulgaria (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and one from Moldova (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). The distances between these subpopulations are very large so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population in the EU 28 is therefore considered severely fragmented and declining (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is quite common (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015) and seems to be increasing in abundance (Ruchin et al. 2013). The European population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe habitats (Popov 2007, Iorgu et al. 2013), preferably with bushes and at forest clearings (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing and afforestation (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by the use of insecticides (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Romania (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). It is listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and in Serbia it is strictly protected. Research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any future population declines. Reintroduction possibilities in Hungary and Serbia should be explored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Bosnian Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) as it is only known from the original description and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Unfortunately, vast areas in its potential habitats in Cincar Mountains are now mine fields and it is thus difficult to study. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The Bosnian Bush-cricket was described from the western Cincar Mountains in Bosnia and Hezergovina (at 1,500 m) and it is so far only known from its original description by Messina (1979).

habitat:
The habitat and ecological preferences of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Vast areas in its potential habitats in the Cincar Mountains are now mine fields and thus the species is difficult to study. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Monk Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis frater) is a rare species on the western Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 250 km² in Europe and between 12 and 50 km² in the EU 28, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are wildfires and intensification of land use. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Monk Bush-cricket is found from southern Croatia to Montenegro and western Serbia (Harz 1969). Records from Albania and northern Adriatic Croatia and Slovenia are doubtful (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). Former records from Bulgaria were misidentified individuals belonging to Pachytrachis gracilis (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 40,000 km² and ca 10,500 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 60 and 250 km², and between 12 and 50 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are generally small (J. Skejo and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated with little possibility of genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population trend is decreasing (J. Skejo and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs at dry edges of oak forests (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015), forest clearings and old, extensively managed orchards (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires and intensification of land use (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Graceful Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis gracilis) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy, southern Slovakia and west Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southeastern Europe and, even though it is considered threatened in the northern part of its range, its is quite common in the southern part and along the Adriatic coast. In addition, its population trend appears to be increasing as a consequence of global warming, but this requires further study.

range:
The Graceful Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy, southern Slovakia and west Ukraine (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 970,000 km².

population:
This species is widespread in southeastern Europe (Szövenyi and Puskás 2012) and can be quite abundant (Iorgu et al. 2009). The population trend seems to be increasing as a possible consequence of global warming (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found on bushes or high forbs on meadows, at hedges, forest margins, forest clearings or within open forests (Zechner and Koschuh 2005, Buzzetti et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species is threatened by intensification of orchard management, particularly by the use of pesticides and removal of bushes or by the transformation of grassland into farmland (Karner-Ranner and Ranner 2009). It is also threatened by afforestation in Austria (Zechner and Koschuh 2005).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Critically Endangered for the Slovakian part and as Endangered for the Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research into its ecology and population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Striated Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis striolatus) occurs from southern Switzerland and northern Italy along the Adriatic coast of the western Balkan Peninsula to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining at its northern range margin, it has a wide distribution and subpopulations can be very large.

range:
The Striated Bush-cricket occurs from southern Switzerland and northern Italy along the Adriatic coast of the western Balkan Peninsula to Montenegro (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 140,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 105,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are variable in size and can be very large (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). At the northwestern range border it appears to be decreasing (C. Monnerat and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). Therefore, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in warm, dry habitats in bushes, or dry grassland with bushes or trees (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland it is threatened by encroachment of shrubs and trees (Monnerat et al. 2007), as it does not tolerate bush vegetation which is too dense.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is protected in Switzerland, where its remaining habitat is listed in the Federal Inventory of Dry Grasslands of National Importance (DGS). Habitat management (regular re-opening of the vegetation) is conducted here (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Szovenyi, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Durmitor Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km², its area of occupancy is 28-300 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Durmitor Bush-cricket is known from the mountainous region of western Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 28-300 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented with isolated subpopulations and little possibility of genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is described from a locality at c. 1,100 m Asl, but in its recently discovered localities in Herzegovina it occurs between 1,250 and 1,800 m, typically above 1,400 m Asl (G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). It lives on rocky slopes often with dense bushes of Juniperus, and it hides between stony screes. The species feeds on small insects and plant parts such as leaves and flowers.

threats:
This species was recently described, and only a few field observations have been recorded. Therefore the threats are not well known. Overgrazing is not expected to be problematic as large parts of the habitat are very steep and therefore not suitable for sheep grazing. However, wild fires could pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Kew Gardens Bush-cricket (Phlugiolopsis henryi) was described from a greenhouse at Kew Botanical Gardens in England. This species was probably introduced from East Asia, but is now extinct in Europe. Since it is not native to Europe, it is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Kew Gardens Bush-cricket has been described from Kew Botanical Gardens in England, and is probably not native to Europe. Its likely origin is in East Asia (Wang et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species was found in a greenhouse. It probably naturally occurs in tropical forests.

threats:
The threats in the natural range of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species or needed in Europe. Research into its origin would be required. It does not occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera aptera) is quite widespread in montane and sub-montane regions of the Balkans, Alps, Italy and France. It occurs at forest edges, on forest clearings, in bushes and adjacent grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common. More research is needed into the taxonomic status of its subspecies and into the population trend.

range:
The Alpine Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the sub-montane to alpine regions of the Balkans, Carpathians, the Alps, Italy and Sardinia (Heller 2013). It is found from northern Greece, central Italy and Sardinia to southern Poland and northern Czech Republic, and from southeastern France to Romania. It is also found in the lowlands of south Bulgaria (Pholidoptera aptera bulgarica). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.6 million km².

population:
This species is quite common within its natural range (Berg 2009). The overall population trend is unknown but there is a local decrease in the northwestern part of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in bushes and high forbs at forest edges and on clearings, and in adjacent grassland (Berg 2009). In the Carpathians and Alps it is also found on screes. The P. a. bulgarica subspecies typically inhabits open oak forests.

threats:
This species may be locally affected by deforestation (Lemonnier 1999), intensive forestry (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and overgrazing (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It is also sensitive to ski run preparations (Keßler et al. 2012) and construction of touristic facilities (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but as Least Concern in Austria, Switzerland and Germany (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). More research into its population trend is needed. In addition, the taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied (Kati and Willemse 2001).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-legged Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera brevipes) occurs in northwestern Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. In Europe, it is found in southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its subpopulations can be large, and the population trend is stable. In addition, even though the number of records in European Turkey is low and its presence in Greece is uncertain, this bush-cricket is assumed to be more common than presently known.

range:
The Short-legged Dark Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found in southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey. In Greece, the species has been reported only once (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985) and has not been confirmed recently (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 42,200 km², and ca 16,500 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend of this species appears to be stable and its subpopulations can be large (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in steppe habitats (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985), shrubland and abandoned farmland (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The adults appear in May and are abundant in June.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and overgrazing (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional and global assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dalmatian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera dalmatica) occurs in the Dinaric Alps, from Trieste (Italy), Slovenia, and Adriatic Croatia to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common. However, the population is declining in the northern part of its range and there is a lack of information on its distribution, population trend, bioacoustics as well as the taxonomic status of the described subspecies.

range:
The Dalmatian Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the Dinaric Alps, from Trieste (Italy), Slovenia, and Adriatic Croatia to Montenegro (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km² in Europe, and ca 41,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Overall, the species is quite common (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). However, the population is declining in the northern part of its range (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found at forest edges, on clearings, dry grassland and on stony karstic slopes with scarce vegetation (J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threat to this species is abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. There is a lack of information on its distribution, population trend, bioacoustics as well as the taxonomic status of the described subspecies (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Ebner's Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species is common and no major threats have been reported.

range:
The species is poorly known from its type locality (Ramme 1931) and some recent records from eastern and southern Albania and western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2011, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015, Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km².

population:
The species is abundant in its habitat. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in karstic areas, in shrubs and forest undergrowth, as well as in meadows, mixed forest edges and clearings between 900 and 1,800 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as Near Threatened on the Red List of FYRO Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Meadow Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera fallax) is found in southern and southeastern Europe and also occurs in Anatolia (Turkey). This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is locally declining, it is still very widespread and common.

range:
The Meadow Dark Bush-cricket occurs in large parts of the Balkan Peninsula as well as in Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, reaching southeastern France in the west, Moldova in the east, northern Sicily in the south and Slovakia in the north (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe, it occurs in Anatolia (Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small (Buzzetti et al. 2010) but can sometimes be large in the Carpathians (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). The species is quite rare also on Sardinia and Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). It has declined at its northern range margin in Austria in earlier decades, but now seems to be stable (T. Zuna-Kratky, C. Monnerat and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). However, it is still decreasing in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016) and probably also in Hungary (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Bulgaria the trend is stable (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs on dry grassland, alpine slopes and clearings (Massa et al. 2012), and open forests. In the northern part of its range, it prefers warm habitats, whereas it is more closely associated with cool areas in the south (Berg 2009, Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The species is threatened by intensification of grassland management and urbanisation (Berg 2009) as well as by afforestation (Zechner and Koschuh 2005) and abandonment of hayfields with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian and Swiss Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). Research is needed into the population trend of this bush-cricket.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Monnerat, C., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera femorata) occurs in southern Europe from Central France to Sicily and from Slovenia to the Peloponnesus (Greece), and also occurs in Anatolia (Turkey). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and the population size is large. However, it is is scarce and seems to be declining, particularly in the northern part of its range.

range:
The Large Dark Bush-cricket occurs in southern Europe from Central France to Sicily and from Slovenia to the Peloponnesus (Greece) (Heller 2013). It is also known from Anatolia (Ünal 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.3 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread, but scarce (Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small (G. Szövenyi and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The species seems to be declining for unknown reasons in Corsica (Boitier et al. 2007). The overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing, but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species prefers dry and warm grassland habitats, forest margins and clearings with dense vegetation (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
Abandonment of pastures and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees is a threat to this species (F. Rutschmann, S. Gomboc, J. Skejo and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There is no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Buzzetti, F.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Carpetan Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana carpetana) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed Least Concern since it is considered abundant in the Salamanca province and, with the exception of urbanisation and rubbish dumps having contributed to the local extinction of the species in the Madrid region, no other threats have been reported to it in the rest of its area of distribution. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.

range:
The Carpetan Steppe Bush-cricket is endemic to the central area of Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44.000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². It has been reported from other provinces, but no information on the specific localities is provided. Thus, its EOO and AOO are possibly larger than presently known.

population:
In the Salamanca province this species is considered abundant. However, some subpopulations in Madrid are declining and thus the overall population trend seems to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry pastures (Muñoz Alcón and Crespo Martínez 2013), at altitudes between 765 m and 1,300 m Asl.

threats:
In Madrid, urbanisation and rubbish dumps have contributed to the local extinction of the species in the area. However, no threats have been reported to this species in the rest of its area of distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Ukrainian Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana eversmanni) occurs in the steppes of central and west Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, southern Russia and southern Ukraine. In Europe, it is known from southeastern Ukraine as well as central, southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. Research into its population trend is needed, and better protection of its habitats is required to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Ukrainian Steppe Bush-cricket occurs in the steppes of central and west Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, southern Russia and southern Ukraine (Harz 1969, Heller 2013).  This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.3 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).

population:
The species is rare in the Saratov region (Zinenko et al. 2005). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of its habitat. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated.

habitat:
This species is found in semi-deserts and steppe habitats (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). It appears to be halophilous (requires a saline environment).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required. Better protection of its habitats is required to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Macedonian Steppe Bush-cricket has small area of occupancy (AOO) of  less than 2000 km² in Europe and of500-1000 km² in the EU 28. There is a decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Macedonian Steppe Bush-cricket is distributed in southwestern Bulgaria, most of the territory of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece, and southeastern Serbia (Harz 1969, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Considering the available information on its distribution, the species possibly occurs in Kosovo as well. Its extent of occurrence is c. 42,000 km² in Europe and c. 30,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km² in Europe and between 500 and 1000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Subpopulations are small and the population is considered to be severely fragmented as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The habitat of this species is declining and the population trend is also decreasing.

habitat:
M. macedonica lives in very dry, stony grasslands with sparse grass between 100 and 1,680 m Asl. The bush-crickets live on the ground and avoid the shade of bushes and trees.

threats:
The threats to this species include habitat change as a result of overgrazing (especially through over-fertilising), transforming the land into vineyards (in southwest Bulgaria and Macedonia), planting trees, the use of insecticides, urbanisation, and road construction (in southwest Bulgaria and Serbia).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Medvedev's Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana medvedevi) is found from Kazakhstan and southern Ukraine to Romania (where it is possibly extinct), Bulgaria and Serbia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since, although it has wide distribution it is very local in large parts of its range, its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since only four subpopulations are known (two of which are extinct), its AOO is 8 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are intensification of agricultural land use, pesticides, transformation of habitat into farmland, quarrying, wind parks and wildfires. Research into its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be better protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

range:
Medvedev's Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Kazakhstan and southern Ukraine to Romania (where it is possibly extinct), Bulgaria and Serbia (Harz 1969, Heller 2013, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km², and ca 5,100 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). In the EU 28 the known AOO is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km².

population:
This species is very rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated (D. Chobanov and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. One of the two known subpopulations in Bulgaria is extinct and the only one in Romania is probably also extinct (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to the habitat of this bush-cricket.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe habitats (Chobanov 2009).

threats:
The major threats to this species are intensification of agricultural land use, pesticides, transformation of habitat into farmland, quarrying, wind parks and wildfires (I. Iorgu, O. Korsunovskaya and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. It is listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as Critically Endangered (Golemanski 2015). Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, the taxonomy of this species should be studied as many subpopulations are very isolated and separated by large distances (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Remaining habitats need to be better protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana montana) is found from Central Europe to Kazakhstan and West Siberia. It is rare throughout its European range and Regionally Extinct in Germany, Italy and Poland. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is very widespread in Russia. In the EU 28 it is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 330 and 700 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket has declined due to the transformation of its habitat into farmland and tree plantations and it is still threatened by abandonment of grazing and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees. Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future population declines. After restoration of its habitats, reintroduction should be considered in the western part of its range.

range:
The Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Central Europe to Kazakhstan and West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it was found in northern Italy, northeastern Germany, and Poland (where it is now extinct). It is still found in the Pannonian region from the southern Czech Republic and eastern Austria to northern Serbia (it is possibly extinct in Serbia) and northwestern Romania, as well as in eastern Europe from Lithuania and northern European Russia to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). However, its eastern distribution is not entirely clear. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 330 and 700 km². In Europe, the AOO is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far as the species is very widespread in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 730,000 km².

population:
This species has been declining in large parts of its range and the population trend is therefore decreasing. It is regionally extinct in Poland (Liana 2000), Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and probably also in Germany (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016), Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016) and some parts of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2006). Even in Hungary, which probably contains the largest subpopulations in the EU 28, the subpopulations are usually very small and isolated (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). Given that the distance between most subpopulations is very large and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in dry steppe-like habitats, dry heathland and sand dunes (Galvas and Kristin 2004, Holusa and Kocarek 2006, Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007, Kristin et al. 2011).

threats:
The species has declined due to the transformation of its habitat into farmland and tree plantations (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It is still threatened by abandonment of grazing and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Bieringer 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Poland (Liana 2002), Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2006) and in Germany (Maas et al. 2012). In Germany, the species was already classified as Regionally Extinct until an unknown subpopulation was discovered in the Oder Valley (Haupt 1995), which is has meanwhile probably also gone extinct (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2015). In Austria it is listed as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), and on the Carpathian Red List as Near Threatened (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is present in protected areas. However, in Germany the last subpopulation of this species went extinct within an existing Nature Reserve as a consequence of succession by Arrhenatherum sp. and Pinus sylvestris (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016). The species is strictly protected in Serbia (but possibly extinct there, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future population declines. After restoration of its habitats, reintroduction should be considered in the western part of its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Puskas, G., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Striated Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana striata) is found from Romania to Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia. In Europe it occurs in parts of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, and quite common in European Russia. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 60 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. The main threat to this species is overgrazing and more research into the population trend and threats is required.

range:
The Striated Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Romania to Kyrgyzstan (Harz 1969), Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia. In Europe it occurs in parts of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km², and ca 25,000 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 30 and 60 km².

population:
In the EU 28 this species is very rare (Iorgu et al. 2008) and subpopulations are very small and isolated (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented in the EU 28. In European Russia the species is quite common (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe grassland habitats (Iorgu et al. 2013).

threats:
The main threat to this species is overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into the population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Italian Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana stricta) occurs in Italy and on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula from northeastern Italy to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and can be locally abundant. However, the population trend is decreasing and more research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Italian Steppe Bush-cricket occurs in Italy and on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula from northeastern Italy to Montenegro. A record from Sardinia is doubtful (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 418,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 380,000 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant (Buzzetti et al. 2010). In Slovenia it has lost many subpopulations (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe-like habitats (Massa et al. 2012) with short grasses (Labadessa 2014). It has also been found on dry gravel banks with scarce vegetation (Grosser and Rey 2009), rocky slopes and mountain meadows.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the intensification of agricultural land use, including transformation of grassland into farmland and intensification of grassland management. It may also be affected by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Barros' Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania barrosi) is endemic to the central part of western Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened as it has a restricted distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,200 km²) and a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality, number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing touristic development along the coast. However, the population is not severely fragmented. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology, as well as into the threats to the species.

range:
Barros' Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central part of western Portugal (Barat 2013, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,200 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant and despite its restricted distribution the species is common. The population does not appear to be fragmented, but the population trend is likely to be negative as a consequence of touristic development at the coasts (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). Therefore, a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality, number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred.

habitat:
The species occurs in dune pine forests (F Barros pers. comm. 2015) and usually resides in shrubs, such as Ulex densus (P Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The habitat of this species is under pressure from touristic development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area throughout its range. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology, as well as into the threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bolivar's Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania bolivarii) is endemic to the Cantabrian fringe of Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it inhabits very common shrubs in Galicia, and the population size is likely to be large.

range:
Bolivar's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Cantabrian fringe of Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,100 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². The easternmost records of this species are doubtful (Barat 2007) and are therefore not considered in this assessment.

population:
The population size and trend for this species are unknown, but it is found on very common shrubs and the population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species inhabits Ulex spp. and  Erica spp. shrubland (Peinado de Diego 1990). It has also been found in pine forests (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It occurs at altitudes up to 1,060 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires could be a potential threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It has been recorded from a protected area. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Coruche Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania lusitanica) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in central Portugal and in a restricted area of southwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Coruche Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in central Portugal and in a restricted area of southwestern Spain (Barat 2007, F. Barros pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,200 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend of this species. The abundance is not high, but it is a widespread species. The western subpopulation is isolated.

habitat:
The species occurs in shrubland where it can be found on Genista spp., Sarothamnus spp. and Thymus spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).

threats:
Wildfires and agricultural conversion may affect the subpopulations locally.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its threats, population trend, distribution and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mieg's Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania miegii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula,  where it is relatively widespread along the Iberian Central mountain ranges. This species is as Least Concern since it is widespread in the central Iberian Peninsula, it is abundant in the Sierra de Guadarrama and the overall population size is presumed to be large.

range:
Mieg's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is relatively widespread along the Iberian Central mountain ranges (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 118,400 km².

population:
In the Sierra de Guadarrama the species is abundant (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown but the population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species is typical of medium-altitude areas with Mediterranean vegetation (Barat 2007), being found on Genista spp., Sarothamnus spp. and Thymus spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).

threats:
Wildfires may locally affect this species.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lusitanian Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania selligera) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its relatively wide distribution area and presumed large population size.

range:
The Lusitanian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 176,100 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species may be dense, with a high number of individuals, and the overall population size is presumed to be large. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in forests, forest clearings and in shrubland. It mostly resides in shrubs.

threats:
This species may be locally affected by wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Serrated Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania serrata) is restricted to the coastal areas of southwestern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 5,000 km²), the population size is probably very large and there is no indication of population declines. However, wildfires may affect the species locally and it is projected that in the near future increasing touristic and recreation infrastructure development and activities might impact its habitat. Further research on this species is recommended.

range:
The Serrated Saddle Bush-cricket is restricted to the coastal areas of southwestern Portugal (Barat 2007, Barat 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km².

population:
The information on the species' population is scarce. Usually several individuals are seen within its habitat, but the population trend is unknown. The population size is presumed to be very large.

habitat:
The species occurs mainly in pine forests and shrubs on dunes (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016) and is found on Ulex spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).

threats:
Wildfires may affect the species locally. It is projected that in the near future increasing touristic and recreation infrastructure development and activities might impact its habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend, and ecology. In addition, the impact of residential and commercial development for tourism and recreation areas on the species' habitat and population needs to be studied.

redListAssessors:
Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Barros, F., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Northern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket (Onconotus laxmanni) has been reported to occur from Moldova and southern Ukraine to Siberia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution and population trend. As a typical steppe species, it is likely to be affected by transformation of its habitat into farmland and the population appears to be severely fragmented. Research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Northern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket has been reported to occur from Moldova and southern Ukraine to Siberia (Harz 1969). A record from the Czech Republic is probably erroneous (Holusa et al. 2013) and therefore disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population size or trend of this species. The subpopulations in Russia are small and very isolated, so the population might be severely fragmented (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in steppe habitats (Harz 1969).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Galitzin's Tonged Bush-cricket (Paradrymadusa galitzini)  occurs from the Caucasus to Crimea and in Europe it is only found in the south of Crimea, Ukraine. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 7,700 km², anestimated area of occupancy (AOO) of between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and vineyards, but it may also be affected by touristic development and urbanization. Research into its population trend and threats is required and remaining habitats should be effectively preserved. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Galitzin's Tonged Bush-cricket occurs from the Caucasus to Crimea (Harz 1969). In Europe it is only found in the south of Crimea (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7,700 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), and the population is considered severely fragmented. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and has even been reported as a pest in the past (Harz 1969). The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs on rocky areas and screes with scarce vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It has reported as a pest on tobacco (Harz 1969).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and vineyards, but it may also be affected by touristic development and urbanisation.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be effectively preserved.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Chestnut Dark Bush-cricket (Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis) is restricted to the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Macedonia and Thrace), including the island of Samothraki, as well as the north Aegean part of Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km² in Europe, and ca 61,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and its population size is estimated to be large. It may be locally affected by overgrazing, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Chestnut Dark Bush-cricket is restricted to the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Macedonia and Thrace) including the island of Samothraki as well as the North Aegean part of Turkey (Popov and Chobanov 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km², and ca 61,000 km² in the EU 28 region. Based on the current available information, this species is local and rare.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. This species is not common but its population size is estimated to be large.

habitat:
In Turkey, this species was found in areas with typical Mediterranean maquis vegetation (Çiplak 2000). In Greece, it has been found in open low oak (Quercus spp.) forests interspersed with meadows (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985), a habitat which is common in Thrace, south of the Rhodope mountains. This species is found at elevations of 250-1,300 m Asl.

threats:
This species may potentially be affected by overgrazing which occurs in the northeastern part of Greece, close to the species range.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Signed Dark Bush-cricket (Parapholidoptera signata) is only known to occur in four localities in Cyprus, but it is assumed to be more common. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km²), it occurs at a maximum of ten locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of its habitat, due to agricultural intensification and the use of pesticides. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Protection of its habitat as well as careful management of local land use, particularly of the use of pesticides is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Signed Dark Bush-cricket occurs on Cyprus, Turkey and Syria (Çiplak 2000). In Europe, the species has only been reported from Cyprus, and there is only one published record of it from material collected before 1900 (Tumbrinck 2006). In 2014, more material has been collected (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm.). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,700 km².

population:
This species is known to occur in four localities in Cyprus, and based upon the threats to its habitats (agricultural land use intensification and pesticides) the species is assumed to be continuously declining. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found at field margins and abandoned sites in agricultural land. According to Çiplak (2000) the species has been reported in Turkey and Syria from many localities with different vegetation types.

threats:
The main threats to this species are agricultural land use intensification and pesticides. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. It is necessary to gather information about the population size and trend, its habitat and ecology. Finally, the possible threats this species may face should be better documented. Protection of its habitat as well as careful management of local land use, particularly of the use of pesticides is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Balearic Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus balearicus) is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than than 500 km²), it occurs at less than ten locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic development on both islands. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Site protection is recommended in order to avoid future population declines.

range:
The Balearic Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species is rare, the population trend assumed to be decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to the ongoing threats.

habitat:
This species has been found in vineyardsand wasteland(Gangwere and Llorente 1992), as well as in forest and scrubland (Prunier 2013). It occurs from the sea level up to 300 m Asl. Acontinuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat is inferred from touristic infrastructure development in the area.

threats:
Considering the localities where the species was found, it is likely to be threatened by habitat loss due totouristic development. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations, but more than five.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Site protection is recommended in order to avoid future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Martorell's Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus martorellii) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant andthe population size is likely to be large. However, in parts of its distribution, construction of greenhouses may have led to population declines of this species and research is recommended into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
Martorell's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown but it can be locally abundant and the population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
This species has been collected in grasslands of arid areas (Llucià Pomares 2002, Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1,990 m Asl.

threats:
In parts of its distribution, construction of greenhouses may have led to population declines of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Perez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus perezii) has wide distribution in northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is assumed to be very large and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Perez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it occupies the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Barat 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 170,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km² with an upper estimation of 3,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown, but it is quite abundant and the population size is assumed to be very large.

habitat:
This species has been found in uncultivated fields and all types of shrubland except scrub pads (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes between 200 m and 1,560 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Chelmos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana chelmos) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on some mountains in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 777 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to touristic skiing activities (such as the expansion of a ski resort on Mt. Chelmos). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of tourism and grazing regimes is needed to preserve the species.

range:
The Chelmos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on some mountains in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 777 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 24-100 km².

population:
Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, but the population is assumed to be decreasing because of infrastructural touristic developments (for skiing). The subpopulations are isolated in four mountain areas with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,800 m Asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by infrastructural development tied to winter tourism skiing activities on Mt. Chelmos and Mt. Kyllini. In addition, the mountain slopes where this species occurs are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and it is likely that any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) will negatively affect this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of tourism and grazing regimes is needed to preserve the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Zeuner (1941) described Parnassiana tymphrestos from Mt.Timfristos (= Mt. Veluchi, compare Ramme, 1931). Ramme (1951) discussed the possible synonymy of P. tymphrestos and P. coracis but, not being aware that Mt. Korax is close to Mt. Timfristos, and by l

redListCategoryRationale:
The Vardousia Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana coracis) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on Mt. Vardousia in the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime of the mountain slopes where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect the species.

range:
The Vardousia Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on Mt. Vardousia in the Greek mainland (Willemse and Willemse 2008). Pending further taxonomic investigations, the distribution of this species may prove to include some more mountains adjoining Mt. Vardousia (Mts. Iti and Tymphrestos) (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 25 km².

population:
Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there is no available information on the population trend. Some Parnassiana species were more common than they are now, but due to taxonomic problems it remains unknown, whether this trend applies to this bush-cricket.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,400-2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species' habitat is grazed by livestock (lately including cattle), and any changes in the grazing regime may negatively affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Prior to any conservation measures, research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Dirphys Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana dirphys) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Dirphys on the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at one location, and any changes in the grazing regime on the mountain slopes where it occurs (especially abandonment), could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of the grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Dirphys Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Dirphys on the island of Euboea (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².

population:
This species tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there is no available information on the population trend.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,200-1,400 m Asl.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep during the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (especially abandonment) pose a threat to the habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected areas. Prior to any conservation measures, further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of the grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tawny Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana fusca) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from Mt. Taygetos which is situated in the southern tip of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and any changes in the grazing regime (e.g. abandonment, intensification) of the mountain slopes where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve the species.

range:
The Tawny Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from Mt. Taygetos which is situated in the southern tip of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at elevations of 1,700-2,200 m Asl on Mt. Taygetos.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) could severely threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Giona Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana gionica) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Giona in central mainland Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to mining practices (quarrying) and livestock grazing. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Quarrying practices on Mt. Giona should be stopped to protect the habitat of this species. The grazing regime needs to be carefully managed and habitat needs to be restored.

range:
The Giona Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Giona in central mainland Greece (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².

population:
This species tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there are no available data on population trends. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the destruction of the species' habitat by quarrying practices.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at elevations of 1,700-1,800 m asl on Mt. Giona.

threats:
This species is threatened by quarrying practices on Mt. Giona, which are extremely destructive to this species' habitat (and cause noise disturbances). In addition, Mt. Giona is used for grazing in the summer, and changes in the grazing regime may also threaten this bush-cricket. Taking into account the extent of the effects of mining practices and grazing, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Quarrying practices on Mt. Giona should be stopped to protect the habitat of this species. The grazing regime needs to be carefully managed and habitat needs to be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Menalon Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassica menalon) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Menalon in the central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is 20 km² and extent of occurrence is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to the negative effects of skiing activities and expansion of forest habitats. Climate change may pose a future threat to this species due to its restricted altitudinal range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is required, focusing on the skiing activities and maintaining the open landscape.

range:
The Menalon Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Menalon in the central part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
There is a continuing decline in the population due to the ongoing threats to the habitat of this species, particularly skiing activities and the expansion of forested areas.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at altitudes above 1,550 m on Mt. Menalon.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for skiing in the winter. The expansion of the ski centre in the area is under discussion, and this would negatively affect this species. An increase in forested areas in this species' range also poses a threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of skiing activities and afforestation practices, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur only one location. Climate change is a potential future threat, given the narrow altitudinal range of this bush-cricket.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is required, focusing on the skiing activities and maintaining the open landscape.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Akarnanika Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana nigromarginata) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Akarnanika, in the extreme southwestern part of the Greek Mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence is 25 km², area of occupancy is 4-10 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of the habitat, due to intensive grazing and, possibly, climate change. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Akarnanika Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Akarnanika, in the extreme southwestern part of the Greek Mainland (Willemse and Willemse 1987). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km².

population:
This species has a very small population size, and it is inferred that there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals caused by intensive grazing.

habitat:
This short-winged species was discovered in 1986 at elevations of 1,000-1,450 m Asl on Mt. Akarnanika. It is found on open, more or less rocky slopes covered with herbs, tussocks of grass and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs.

threats:
Contrary to other Parnassiana species, this bush-cricket occurs in a relatively low mountain range (1,598 m asl). Since it is not able to shift its distributions upwards, this species is assumed to be threatened by climate change. In addition, this species' range is heavily grazed by sheep, goats and pigs, which is likely to have caused its decline. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and grazing, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. There is a strong need for research on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. A proper management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Panaitoliko Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana panaetolikon) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Panaitolikon in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as it has become very rare and difficult to find recently. Even though the decline of this species is not well understood, it is known that the mountain slopes where it occurs are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime such as intensification or abandonment would be likely to affect this bush-cricket. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper monitoring and management of the grazing regime is required to protect this species.

range:
The Panaitoliko Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Panaitolikon in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 8 and 20 km².

population:
This bush-cricket tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, but it has become very rare and has been even more difficult to find recently. This species is therefore assumed to be in continuous decline.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,400-1,600 m asl.

threats:
The reasons for the decline of this species are poorly understood. The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime (intensification, abandonment) could significantly affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Prior to any conservation measures, further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper monitoring and management of the grazing regime is required to protect this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnassos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana parnassica) is endemic to Greece, and is known from two mountains in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to grazing and skiing activities. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Parnassos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is known from two mountains in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 12-40 km².

population:
Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available information on the population trend. However, the population is assumed to be in decline due to the ongoing threats to its habitat (grazing and skiing activities). The subpopulations are small and isolated, with no or little genetic exchange between them (this bush-cricket is flightless), and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,750 m Asl.

threats:
This species occurs in an area which is affected by skiing activities (Mt. Parnassos). Furthermore, it occurs in areas grazed by sheep and goats; any changes to the grazing regime (intensification, introduction of cattle grazing, abandonment) may negatively affect the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area - Mount Parnassos has been a National Park since 1938. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The habitat of this species, particularly the grazing and skiing activities, needs to be properly managed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnon Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana parnon) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Parnon in the southeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be adequately managed to preserve this species.

range:
The Parnon Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Parnon in the southeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available information on the population trend.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,935 m Asl.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any change in the grazing regime (abandonment, intensification) would pose a significant threat to this species' habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be adequately managed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Slim Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tenuis) is endemic to Greece and is only found in a small area in the Pindus Mountains in the western part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at three locations and any changes to the grazing regime (introduction of cattle, intensification, abandonment) in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. An appropriate management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.

range:
The Slim Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in a small area in the Pindus Mountains in the western part of the Greek mainland (Heller and Willemse 1989, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 170 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available data on the population trend.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,450-2,200 m Asl.

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any change in the grazing regime (introduction of cattle grazing, abandonment, intensification) would pose a significant threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. An appropriate management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tymphi Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tymphiensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur in a small mountainous area in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24-100 km², it occurs at only four locations, and there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals and the extent and quality of the habitat caused by livestock grazing (sheep and cattle). Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.

range:
The Tymphi Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur in a small mountainous area in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km².

population:
The population of this species is declining due to the ongoing deterioration of its habitat (as a result of grazing).

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. This short-winged species is found at elevations between 1,200-1,900 m Asl, and tends to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs and herbs (like thistles).

threats:
The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep in the summer (and in recent years also by cattle), which poses a threat to its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at four locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tymphrestos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tymphrestos) is endemic to Greece where it is found on Mount Tymphrestos and Mount Iti in Central Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², area of occupancy (AOO) between 28 and 100 km²), it occurs at only two locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing (lately including cattle) and skiing activities. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Part of the mountains should be set aside as livestock-free zones, and these zones should be monitored to ensure no livestock are allowed to graze there.

range:
The Tymphrestos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found on Mount Tymphrestos and Mount Iti in Central Greece (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 28 and 100 km².

population:
The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.This species has a decreasing population size caused by the ongoing deterioration of its habitat due to grazing and skiing activities in its range.

habitat:
All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. This short-winged species is found at elevations between 1,500-1,900 m Asl, and tends to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs and herbs (like thistles).

threats:
A ski centre in the range of this species may affect it negatively, and skiing activities are considered a threat. In addition, the mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep (and in recent years also by cattle) in the summer - which poses a threat to the species' habitat, which has been strongly degraded in recent years. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. A careful management of the local grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Dahlem Greenhouse Bush-cricket (Phlugiola dahlemica) was described from a greenhouse in Berlin-Dahlem, but had become extinct before 1945. Since the species is probably not native to Europe, it is assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
The Dahlem Greenhouse Bush-cricket has been described from a greenhouse in Berlin. This species has not been recorded again since 1945 and it is assumed to have been introduced from South America (Maas et al. 2002).

population:
The introduced subpopulation is extinct.

habitat:
The species was only found in a greenhouse.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species or needed in Europe. It does not occur in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula and in eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the subpopulations can be quite large. However, there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of individuals. This species may be threatened by overgrazing, afforestation and changes in the management of grasslands and research on its population trend is required.

range:
The Green Dark Bush-Cricket is found from the Croatian/Bosnian border in the west and Slovakia in the north to southern Bulgaria and northern Greece in the south, and eastern Ukraine in the east. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 609,000 km² in Europe, and ca 530,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species can be quite large, but slightly fragmented (I. Iorgu, D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015), particularly in the north (Slovakia) and south (southern Bulgaria, Greece) of the range (A. Kristin, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population is decreasing in the northern part of its range (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in wet and moist grassland (Iorgu and Derscariu 2009), montane grassland with bushes (Kristin 2000) and in beech forest clearings (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevations between 70 m and 1,800 m asl.

threats:
This species may be threatened by overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), afforestation and changes in the management of grasslands (A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Slovakia and occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Carpathian Red List of Orthoptera (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research on its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Puskas, G., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera griseoaptera) occurs from the European Atlantic coast to the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most widespread and common bush-crickets in Europe and it appears to be expanding its range at the northwestern range margin.

range:
The Common Dark Bush-cricket occurs from the European Atlantic coast to the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is widely distributed from northern Spain, Sardinia, southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to southern Finland in the north and from Ireland in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5.7 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and common in Europe. It is expanding its range at its northwestern range border (Hochkirch 2001, Karner-Ranner 2009). The overall population trend is increasing.

habitat:
This is a typical forest-edge dwelling species, and it is also found in high forbs and bushes, clearings, thickets, wasteland, hedges and gardens, and also grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006). Even though the species is flightless it has a comparatively good dispersal ability (Diekötter et al. 2005).

threats:
The species is locally threatened by the removal of bushes or natural forest edges (Grein 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Littoral Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera littoralis) occupies a large area in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, it can be found in a diverse variety of bio-geographical regions, altitudes and habitats, and the population trend is increasing. In addition, there are no indications of significant threats to this species.

range:
The Littoral Dark Bush-cricket is a montane species occurring in a large, but often discontinuous area in southern Europe. There are three subspecies known: P. l. insubrica occurs in the westernmost region, living from the Alpi Marittimi in the west across the alpine parts of the Italian provinces of Piemonte and Lombardia, reaching Switzerland in the Sottoceneri in the southern Tessin (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). The nominate subspecies follows eastwards from the alpine parts of the Italian provinces of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, covering the north-eastern Balkans including Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Montenegro and Serbia (Massa et al. 2012, Gomboc and Šegula 2014). The third subspecies, P. l. similis, has an eastern distribution restricted to the Carpathian arc of Romania (where it occurs in 15 out of 20 Eco-regions, Iorgu et al. 2008), the Srpsko rudogorje in northeast Serbia and the western Balkan mountains in north-western Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009). In 2008 a probably introduced subpopulation was discovered in southern Germany in Munich (Glaw 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 625,000 km², and can be found from sea level up to 1,540 m asl.

population:
This species is widespread and in large parts of its range even abundant. So far, there are no significant changes in population or range known, but the species is not being monitored. Increases in the population trend have been reported in Croatia (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015), Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and Germany (Glaw 2009), and the overall population trend is increasing.

habitat:
This species is a heat-loving bush-cricket found in densely vegetated habitats like forest edges, hedgerows, margins of meadows and roads and grassland with inter-dispersed bushes and tall herbs (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It is secretive and optically hard to detect, but the song of the male is quite conspicuous, mainly audible in the evening and at night. The eggs are laid in the ground and it can take them more than one year to develop.

threats:
This species lives in a large area in a variety of mostly unthreatened habitats. So far, there are no indications of significant threats to this species, but abandonment of pastures and intensification can have negative impacts on it.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but due to its large range it occurs in several protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lucas' Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera lucasi) is endemic to Greece and is only found in two mountainous areas in the eastern part of the mainland (Mt. Pelion) and the island of Euboea (Mt. Dirfi). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 64 km²), it occurs at between two and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals, due to the increased frequency of wildfires throughout its range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.

range:
The Lucas' Dark Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in two mountainous areas in the eastern part of the mainland (Mt. Pelion) and the island of Euboea (Mt. Dirfi)  (Willemse 1976, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 64 km².

population:
This species has only been observed and collected a few times. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the recent increase in wildfire frequency in its range.

habitat:
This species was collected in a forested area where it was found in an open space covered mainly by ferns, at elevations of 900-1,100 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires are common throughout the range of this species. Between 2007 and 2010, in particular, some large wildfires might have affected it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera macedonica) is endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, where it occurs in southern Serbia, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
The Macedonian Dark Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, where it occurs in southern Serbia, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 112,000 km², and ca 72,000 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is from 400 to 1,500 km², and from 250 to 1,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is widespread in FYR Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found at the moist edges of forests and forest clearings. At higher altitudes it is also found in drier habitats as well as grassland and shrub land(Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
Deforestation is a potential threat to this species (Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Near-Eastern Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution, low degree of fragmentation, lack of evidence for any declines and the fact that there are no major threats to the species.

range:
The Near-Eastern Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains and neighbouring territories of the Crimean Peninsula. The species has also been recorded in the western Caucasus (Bey-Bienko 1964, Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually small. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits a variety of mesophytic vegetations, scrubs, meadows with patchy bushes and forest undergrowth. Its altitudinal range is 1-1,300 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas such as Karadag Nature Reserve. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Rhodope Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO), low degree of fragmentation and the lack of indications for a continuing decline.

range:
The Rhodope Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of southwestern Bulgaria (except in Belassitsa Mountain, where it is replaced by P. macedonica) and the neighbouring mountain ranges of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and Greece (Chobanov et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 21,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations are dense and well connected.

habitat:
The species inhabits a wide variety of mesic scrub-grass associations, forest clearings and edges and tolerates moderate ruderalization. Its subpopulations are found between 850 and 2,200 m Asl, occasionally up to 2,600 m Asl (in the Pirin Mountians).

threats:
The species avoids open habitats and thus deforestation and overgrazing may be harmful for its subpopulations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Bulgaria. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Stanko's Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera stankoi) has been reported from the Former Yugoslav Republic of  Macedonia, Albania and Greece. However, this species is likely to be a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats, and further research is needed to clarify its status.

range:
Stanko's Dark Bush-cricket has been reported from the Former Yugoslav Republic of  Macedonia, Albania and Greece (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). However, this species is likely to be a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 80,000 km².

population:
As the taxonomic status of Pholidoptera stankoi is doubtful there is no available information on its population size or trend.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic habitats, such as forest clearings and edges, mountains meadows and scrub.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Research into its taxonomy is needed to determine whether it is a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Transylvanian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera transsylvanica) is endemic to the Carpathians and the Carpathian basin. The species is widespread and common and no declines have been detected. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine (Harz 1969, J. Skejo and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in Bosnia and Herzegovina is quite probable. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250,000 km² in Europe and c. 170,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations are usually large.

habitat:
This species inhabits forest edges, clearings, shrubs and mesic grassland close to forests, from the lowlands (180 m Asl in southeastern Slovakia and southwestern Ukraine) to the sub-alpine zone (2,300 m Asl in Romania, Kis and Vasiliu 1970).

threats:
The species is locally threatened by habitat loss and degradation due to the expansion of human settlements, the use of insecticides and overgrazing.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. According to the latest report, the status of this species is "Favourable" in the Alpine and Continental biogeographic region, whereas it is "Unfavourable-Inadequate" in the Pannonian region (EEA 2014). Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis affinis) occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and the Near East. It is widespread in the southern part of Europe. Even though it is often described as rare and rather localised, it is difficult to detect visually. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it appears to be declining in the northern part of its range, overall it is still widespread and common in Europe.

range:
The Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and the Near East (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from Portugal in the west to southern European Russia in the east, and from Crete and Cyprus in the south to eastern Austria, southern Slovakia, and Brittany (France) in the north (Heller 2013). There are no recent records from European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².

population:
This species is rather localised in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), rare in Slovakia (Kristín et al. 2004), but quite common in Croatia, in the Hungarian Great Plain (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016), in Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and in Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In Spain, it can be locally abundant (Gómez et al. 1991). The species is difficult to detect visually as it prefers to sit at the base of grass stems (Llucià-Pomares et al. 2009). Bioacoustic searches are therefore recommended. It has been declining at its northern range margin (Karner-Ranner 2009) but recently it appears to be increasing again in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016), while it may still be decreasing in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in dry, steppe-like grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012), sand dunes (Kristin et al. 2011) and abandoned farmland (Gómez et al. 1991). It has a preference for habitats with patches of bare ground (Karner-Ranner 2009). The species is very mobile and can colonise new habitats over large distances.

threats:
This species is threatened by abandonment and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees (Karner-Ranner 2009). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, afforestation and overgrazing (A. Kristin and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). In Russia, it is also threatened by wildfires (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata) occurs in North Africa and large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and its population trend is increasing; it appears to be expanding its range margin in the north.

range:
The Common Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and large parts of Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from southern Spain, Sicily and Crete in the south to southern Norway and Estonia in the north, and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².

population:
This species has declined in the northwestern part of Europe in the 20th century as a consequence of agricultural intensification (Denner 2009). However, recently it has spread again at its northern range border (Brose and Peschel 1998, Hochkirch 2001, Gardiner and Seago 2015). Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported (Gottschalk et al. 2003) and the population size fluctuates at least tenfold, but it is not clear how frequently these occur. The overall population trend is increasing.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006), inland dunes, sand pits, heathland (Grein 2010), ruderal vegetation and abandoned farmland (Denner 2009). In the southern part of it is found in mountains. It feeds mainly on grass seeds but also on insects, flowers, pollen and leaves (Baur et al. 2006). The species is a good flyer and able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Walter 1994). Harvested crop fields may represent an ecological trap for this species as it prefers high vegetation structures with bare ground, but cannot reproduce there successfully (Hein et al. 2003).

threats:
The major threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use and abandonment, which leads to scrub encroachment and forest growth in the long term (NLWKN 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Near Threatened on the national Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Denmark and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Given that it is also listed in regional Red Lists (e.g. Endangered in Lower Saxony, Germany, Grein 2010) it is subject to local conservation action. For example, it is a priority species in Lower Saxony and a regional conservation plan exists for this species (NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of its subspecies.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Bush-cricket (Platycleis concii) is endemic to Sicily in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sicilian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².

population:
The species is locally common but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species can be found in shrubland and grassland at elevations between 450 m and 1,800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Escalera's Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis escalerai) has a wide distribution in the southeastern Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its is very rare in Italy and probably extinct in Romania, it is still common on the southern Balkans and the subpopulations are usually large.

range:
Escalera's Grey Bush-cricket occurs from Italy and the southern Balkan Peninsula through Anatolia and the Near East to Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in Italy, Greece, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus and European Turkey. In Romania it is possibly extinct (Iorgu et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca1.1 million km², and ca 740,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually large (D. Sirin and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but are smaller and fragmented in Italy (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). It is probably extinct in Romania, where the last records were made in the 1960's (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015) with bushes (J. Tumbrinck pers. comm. 2015) and at the edges of shrubland (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The reasons for the possible extinction in Romania are unknown, but the area has been heavily transformed by touristic development (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Massa, B., Tumbrinck, J., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Falcate Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis falx) occurs in North Africa and the southwestern part of Europe, where it is very rare and localised. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 700 and 1,900 km², the population is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the use of pesticides, abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The habitats of this species requires adequate grazing management.

range:
The Falcate Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and the southwestern part of Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Azores and Madeira, in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in Italy, as well as on the Baleares, Sardinia and Sicily (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 3.2 million km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 700 and 1,900 km².

population:
This species is very rare in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and the Madrid region (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009). Most subpopulations are small (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009) but locally the species can be abundant (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). As the distance between subpopulations is very large, and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered  severely fragmented (B. Massa and J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in very dry habitats with grass vegetation (Massa et al. 2012) including the edges of crop fields and pine forests (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009).

threats:
This species may be affected by the use of pesticides (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The habitats of this species requires adequate grazing management.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis iberica) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 10 km²), it occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, AOO, and EOO. This species was previously found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces, but has become extinct in these regions. As a result of this dramatic decline, only one subpopulation is left, in the Sierra de Gredos (Ávila). Urban development, which also takes place in the Sierra de Gredos, could wipe out the entire population. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this species. Remaining habitat needs to be appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.

range:
The Iberian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it was previously found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces. However, it has become extinct in these regions. Currently, it is only known from one locality in the Sierra de Gredos (Ávila), at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,100 m Asl. The species has been also reported outside of this area, but it is considered that the latter data are not valid (Muñoz Alcón et al. 2012). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²with an upper estimate of 10 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown. As a result of a dramatic decline, there is only one subpopulation of this species left and the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
The species is found in pastures and steppe grass associations of Festuca elegans (Muñoz Alcón et al. 2012).

threats:
This species has a restricted range close to Madrid and is thus highly threatened by urban development, which is also happening at Sierra de Gredos. It is also potentially affected by shifting agriculture. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of urban development projects and the very restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this species. Remaining habitat needs to be appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis intermedia) occurs from North Africa and southern Europe to Iran. It has a wide distribution in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population trend may be declining at the edge of its distribution, it is still very widespread and common.

range:
The Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket occurs from North Africa and southern Europe to Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it occurs in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Romanian Black Sea coast and Moldova. Its eastern range border in Europe is not clear as individuals might have been confused with other species (Heller et al. 1998, O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 4.1 million km².

population:
This species is generally very common and widespread (Boitier et al. 2007, Massa et al. 2012), but rare in Spain (Olmo-Vidal 2002, J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016) and Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It appears to be declining (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species occurs in warm and dry grassland habitats and agricultural fields (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
This species is threatened by the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016) and abandonment of meadows with subsequent encroachment of bushes (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Iorgu, I.S., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis kibris) is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities in the south of the island. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 60 km², area of occupancy is 8 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only two locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality and extent of its habitat due to ongoing threats - drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land, infrastructural development. This species has only recently been described, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology, and threats. To prevent further loss of suitable habitat for this species, the sites where it occurs should be protected from drainage and agricultural or infrastructural developments.

range:
The Cyprian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities in the south of the island (Ünal 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 8 km².

population:
This species is only known to have two subpopulations, which are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them - this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the known ongoing threats to its habitat (drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land, infrastructural development).

habitat:
This species occurs in Salicornia spp. marshland, and is found at elevations of up to 70 m asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two locations. One site where this species occurs is also threatened by infrastructural development.

conservationAction:
One of the localities where this species occurs is in the sovereign base area of Akrotiri, the other one is in a protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To prevent further loss of suitable habitat for this species, the sites where it occurs should be protected from drainage and agricultural or infrastructural developments.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Messina Bush-cricket (Platycleis ragusai) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is not commons, it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Messina Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,000 km².

population:
This species is not common and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands at elevations between 500 m and 800 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Roman Bush-cricket (Platycleis romana) is present in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it lives in all kinds of warm and dry grasslands and can be found in several types of habitat. In addition, it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Roman Bush-cricket is found in Italy with many records from the Carso Triestino, coast of Veneto and Liguria and around Rome. It is also present in Slovenia and Croatia (Massa et al. 2012).

population:
This bush-cricket is uncommon and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species can be found in a range of habitats including dry grassland, dunes, agricultural fields and even rather marshy grassland, where adults can be found in the summer and autumn. It is found at elevations between 5 m and 1,350 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sand Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis sabulosa) occurs in North Africa, on the Canary Islands, Azores and in southwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population is declining, it is still very widespread, quite common, and the overall population size is large.

range:
The Sand Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa, on the Canary Islands, Azores and in southwestern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found in large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, on the Canary Islands and on the Azores (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².

population:
This species is common on the Canary Islands (Hochkirch 2003), Central Spain (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009) and southern France (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), but quite rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (B. Massa and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and dry grassland habitats (Hochkirch 2003). In Italy it is found mainly in coastal dunes and other coastal dry habitats (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
In Italy the species is threatened by touristic development (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List of Orthoptera (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Since the original description of the Vaucluse Grey Bush-cricket, no more information has become available on this species. It is uncertain whether it represents a unique species or a synonym (e.g. of Platycleis albopunctata). Due to the lack of information, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). More research on its taxonomy, population, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Vaucluse Grey Bush-cricket is only known from Mornas (Rhône valley, Vaucluse). Only the type specimens are known, and thus the status of the species needs to be confirmed. The species was ignored by Defaut (1999) and Defaut et al. (2009). Kruseman (1988) and Voisin (2003) suggest a confusion with Platycleis grisea (Fabricius, 1781). However, the titillator looks more robust as in Platycleis grisea (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). According to Y. Braud (pers. comm. 2016), a confusion is more probable with Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze, 1778).

population:
The current population size and trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. More research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Martinez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Platystolus martinezii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, there are large areas of suitable habitat and the population size is presumed to be very large. However, in the vicinity of Madrid declines have been observed due to changes in agricultural management and research is needed into the threats, population trend, distribution and ecology of this species.

range:
Martinez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), where it is widespread in the central part of the peninsula (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. It is known to be locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be very large. However, in the vicinity of Madrid declines have been observed, due to changes in agricultural management.

habitat:
This species inhabits the so-called dehesa grazed areas with cork oak (Quercus suber). It is also present in natural habitats like open mixed forest (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The species is likely to be affected by changes in agricultural management.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats, population trend, distribution and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cryptic Saddle Bush-cricket (Platystolus surcularius) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²) and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat due to urban development; thus making this bush-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.

range:
The Cryptic Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central area of Spain. Ithas been reported fromPortugal,but these records are generallynot acceptedby specialists and are therefore ignored here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,750 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

habitat:
The species has been collected in grasslands and on Eryngium, Scolymus and Xanthium spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990). Old records of the species were found in urban areas and recently it has been found in Rosmarinus sp. fields. It occurs at altitudes between 585 m and 1,100 m Asl. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat due to urban development.

threats:
The species is threatened by habitat loss mainly due tourban development.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Thick-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket (Praephippigera pachygaster) is known from Algeria and Tunisia, and from a single record in Sardinia from 1892. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to clarify whether the species still occurs in Europe.

range:
The Thick-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket is known from Algeria and Tunisia, and from a single record in Sardinia from 1892 (Massa et al. 2012).

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat and ecology of this flightless species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Madeiran Green Bush-cricket has a limited extent of occurrence (EOO) of 488 km². A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from an observed continuing decline in habitat quality as a consequence of increasing frequencies of wildfires on the island. The number of locations (based upon the typical size of a wildfire) is between five and ten. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
The Madeiran Bush-cricket is endemic to Madeira (Portugal), where it occurs in laurel forest (Arnedo et al. 2008, P. Oromí pers. comm. 2015). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 488 km².

population:
The species is widespread on Madeira, but the size of its subpopulations are usually small (A. Aguiar, pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from an observed continuing decline in habitat quality as a consequence of increasing frequencies of wildfires on the island

habitat:
The species is mainly found in laurel forest (P. Oromí pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threat to this species are wildfires (A. Augiar pers. comm. 2015), which occurred frequently on Madeira during recent years. Even though it is not clear if and how the species was affected by wildfires, it is assumed that the effects are similarly detrimental as for Calliphona alluaudi on Gran Canaria. The number of locations (based upon the typical size of a wildfire) is estimated to be between five and ten.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed. Appropriate fire management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Fieber's Walking Bush-cricket (Psorodonotus fieberi) is found in the mountainous areas of the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 2,000   km² in Europe and between 180 and 1,500 km² in the EU 28. The species shows extreme fluctuations in population size. As is is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
Fieber's Walking Bush-cricket is present in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) and the Macedonian-Thracian Massif (Rhodopean Mountains), reaching the eastern arc of the Dinaric Mountain Range (Bulgaria, eastern Serbia, the eastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and possibly Kosovo and northeastern Greece). 
The borders of its range include the Danube River valley to the north, the lower parts of Stara Planina Mountains and the Rhodope Mountains to the east and the southern slopes of the Macedonian-Thracian Massif to the south. In the west, the known range of the species, mostly according to Mikšić (1965), borders the ranges ofP. macedonicus and P. illyricus, approximately following the valleys of Vapa-Lim-Drina-Ibar (Ibër)-Sitnicë-Pchinja-Vardar Rivers, but it is not known where this border connects the valleys of Pchinja and Sitnicë. Yet, the exact border of its range, i.e. the locality "Tara Mt." (Grebenshchikov 1950, Mikšić 1965) has not been defined well (Kaya et al. 2015). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 2,000 km² in Europe and between 200 to 1,500 km² in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km² in Europe and c. 62,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits open grass-herb associations, usually with the presence of Juniperus communis alpina, which it uses for shelter. It is found at altitudes between 1,100–2,400 m Asl (usually between 1,500 and 2,200 m Asl). The taxon has a monovoltine cycle, emerging in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October, although timing depends mostly on the altitude.

threats:
The major threats to the species are habitat destruction as a result of the cutting or burning of bushes. Other threats include infrastructure development, drainage of marshy areas and river regulation.

conservationAction:
The species is found in protected areas in Bulgaria and Serbia, and it is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, the Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) due to extreme fluctuations on its population and the small size of its area of occupancy (AOO), which is between 132-1,000 km². Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.
In the EU 28, the Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 60 and 200 km² and it experiences extreme fluctuations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket occurs along the Dinaric Mountain Range from the Istra Peninsula in southern Slovenia and northwestern Croatia, through Dinaric Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the central regions of Montenegro. The border between P. illyricus and P. macedonicus passes along the Drina – Tara River Valleys, where contact of subpopulations or a hybrid zone is suspected (Kaya et al. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 51,000 km² in Europe and 16,600 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 132-1,000 km² in Europe, and the minimum estimate for the EU 28 is 60 km².

population:
The species is locally common. In several subpopulations outbreak years are known. This species is inferred to experience repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Europe, the subpopulations are naturally fragmented, following the open mesophytic mountainous habitats. However, the fragmentation is not considered severe as exchange of individuals among neighbouring subpopulations was observed.
However, in the EU 28 (Slovenia and Croatia) this species has a severely fragmented distribution with isolated subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species inhabits open grass-herb associations from the colline to the sub-alpine mountain zone. It seems less sensitive to droughts and high temperatures than its congeners P. macedonicus and P. fieberi. Records exist from 800 to 1,800 m Asl. P. illyricus has a monovoltine cycle, emerging in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October and lay eggs that overwinter in the soil, although timing depends mostly on the altitude.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat destruction through the conversion of natural mountainous mesophyte grass-scrub (mostly associations of Juniperus communis) as a result of housing and the development of touristic infrastructure, drainage of marshy areas, river diversions, etc., but this species seems more drought-tolerant than its relatives from the genus. Occasional cutting/burning of the juniper bushes and extensive livestock breeding do not seem to affect the subpopulations of this taxon and they may be even beneficial to some extent.

conservationAction:
Significant parts of the species' range fall within protected areas and it is covered by Natura 2000 sites in Croatia and Montenegro, but there are no conservation actions in place for this taxon. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, the Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket has an overall large population. However, there is a decline in habitat quality and it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO = 276-2,500 km²). As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).
In the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120-300 km² and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to overgrazing. In case extreme fluctuations will be observed, the species will qualify as threatened. Therefore, the Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket is distributed all over the Pindos Mountain Range, the mountains of the Pelagonia horst–anticlinorium and the southern part of the Dinaric Mountain Range (Greece except for the Peloponnese, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), Albania, western Kosovo, southern Montenegro and possibly Serbia). The borders with the ranges of P. fieberi and especially P. illyricus are not clear. The border with the latter possibly passes along the Drina – Tara river valleys, where contact of subpopulations or a hybrid zone is suspected. The locality in Skopska Crna Gora Mountain (northern FYRO Macedonia) belongs to a geographically intermediate region with connects the Pindo–Dinaric Range and the Macedonian–Thracian Massif. As the specimens from there have not been studied (e.g., by Mikšić (1965)), their taxonomic affinity needs confirmation (Kaya et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 85,000 km² in Europe and c. 40,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 276 and 2,500 km² in Europe and between 120 and 300 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Subpopulations are usually large. The population trend is unknown. Outbreaks of this species were observed, thus extreme fluctuations are possible.

habitat:
The species inhabits open grass-herb associations, usually moister than those that P. fieberi inhabits, and is even found on peat bogs. It is found at altitudes between 1,200–2,600 m Asl, being most common between 1,500 and 2,200 m Asl. The taxon has a monovoltine cycle and it emerges in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October and lay eggs that overwinter in the soil, although timing depends mostly on the altitude. The southernmost subpopulations (in the southern Pindos range) may develop earlier.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat destruction as a result of the conversion of natural mountainous mesophyte grass-scrub habitats (mostly associations of Juniperus communis) as a result of housing and development of touristic infrastructure, although occasional cutting/firing of the juniper bushes and extensive livestock breeding do not seem to affect the subpopulations of this taxon, and may be even beneficial to some extent. Negative impacts are mostly related to infrastructure development, the drainage of marshy areas and river diversion. In the southernmost areas, climate change may lead to desiccation of its microhabitats and the disappearance of subpopulations.

conservationAction:
As the species is present on the highest mountains in Greece, some localities are situated in Natura 2000 sites and in some protected areas in Greece. Part of its subpopulations in FYRO Macedonia and Montenegro are also in protected areas. There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cordoba Bush-cricket (Pterolepis cordubensis) is endemic to Spain where it is only known from two individuals, collected from two localities, one male from the Córdoba province (locality unknown) and one female from the Sevilla province. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research on this bush-cricket is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Cordoba Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two individuals, collected from two localities, one male from the Córdoba province (locality unknown) and one female from the Sevilla province, at 75 m Asl. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is therefore estimated at 8 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. Only two records are known so far, made one hundred years apart.

habitat:
There is very little available information on this species. The only recent data is from a female, which was collected in an extensive grain field (Llucià Pomares 2011).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. Additional research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


