# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Porto Santo, Madeira, Portugal where it grows at intermediate altitudes. The populations are small but stable and its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 17 km². This species has been recorded in six localities and is potentially threatened by collection of the plant, erosion, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
The species is endemic to the island Porto Santo, Portugal where its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is 17 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in six localities with stable populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are small.

habitat:
Saxifraga portosanctana form the association Davallio canariensis-Saxifragetum portosanctanae (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is characteristic of dry climates and exposed rocky areas on accumulated soil (Jardim et al. 2006).

threats:
The main threats to the species are collection of the plant, erosion, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Saxifraga portosanctana is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The area is only partly included in protected areas and in a Natura 2000 site. Seeds are stored # in Madeira Botanical Gardens seed bank (Jardim et al. 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the region Lombardia in Italy where it is known from three localities. The total number of mature individuals is less than 250 and the populations are considered stable. Recreational activities pose the main threat.

range:
This plant is considered as a southern Alps endemism, present in Lombardia, Italy. It is known from three localities. The geographic range is 200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total number of mature individuals is less than 250. The populations are considered stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are recreational activities and tourism.

conservationAction:
Saxifraga presolanensis is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The populations are included in protected areas.Ex situ conservation measures are urgently needed as are further studies on the population dynamics and the species ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are under the Endangered category thresholds of 5,000 km² and 500 km² respectively. The  #global population has a very small distribution range as the species grows only in a restricted region of the Alps under particular ecological conditions: carbonatic and dolomite rocky cliffs between 700 m and 2,150 m elevation.   The species was found in only two locations corresponding to the areas over and under the tree limit. We suspect a future habitat quality reduction due to a change in native species dynamics and a subsequent increasing competition of tree and shrub species. The number of subpopulations in the last 15 years has been decreasing.  Climate change expected for the alpine region may also affect the species fitness and its survival.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Italian Alps where it can be found in Lombardia, Veneto, and Trentino Alto-Adige.      It is present in the southeastern Alps, mostly in the eastern Lombardy Pre-Alps and Raethian Alps. It can be found in the Garda Pre-Alps, particularly in the Tremalzo-Caplone-Tombea group and the Cadria-Tofino group, marginally in the Bondone-Stivo-Baldo group. Some populations are also present in the Brescia Pre-Alps (C.ma Caldoline, Sonclino) and in the Southern Rhaetian Alps (Val di Non Alps).    The extent of occurrence, measured by means of a GIS database, is 1,449 km2, while the area of occupancy is 120 km2.

population:
The subpopulations of Saxifraga tombeanensis Boiss. ex Engler are severely fragmented and the species is rare within its range. The number of subpopulations with a mutual distance of more than 500 m are less than 40. There are no quantitative data about all of the subpopulations. Some studies conducted in the Garda Pre-Alps have estimated the presence of 1,000-1,500 cushions. The estimated population size is about 5,000 mature individuals.

habitat:
This is a chasmophytic species (cushion plant) that grows on limestone and dolomitic vertical cliffs. The cushions of this species can be found in rocky soils: rocky edges and longitudinal cracks of rocky walls. In these ecological niches Saxifraga tombeanensis is present along with lithophylous species, such as Potentilla caulescens, Daphne petraea, Physoplexis comosa, Carex firma, Primula spectabilis, and Paederota bonarota. Its altitudinal distribution ranges from 700 m to 2,150 m. The subpopulations growing under 1,600 m of altitude, below the present treeline, show mainly a northern exposure.

threats:
This plant has a low degree of seed germination in nature and a low density of individuals within the subpopulations. Currently, a change in native species dynamics due to competitors such as Ostrya carpinifolia, Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo takes place in its habitat and negatively impacts the survival of this species. It is also harvested by collectors and gardeners.   Global warming is another threat to this species. The trend of global warming has regionally been measured by a strong increase of the mean annual temperature in the last 30 years, which has been recorded in the meteorological stations close to the distribution range of the species.

conservationAction:
Saxifraga tombeanensis is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and in Annex II of the Habitats Directive 43/92/CEE. The plants community where it lives is listed in Annex I of the same Directive (habitat code 8210).  The greater portion of its distribution range is included in protected areas such as the Alto Garda Bresciano Park and in several Sites of European Interest (e.g. SIC: IT2070021-Valvestino, IT2070022-Corno della Marogna, # IT3120093-Crinale Pichea- Rocchetta, IT3120094-Alpe di Storo e Bondone, IT3120103-Monte Baldo di Brentonico, IT3120104-Monte Baldo – Cima Valdritta, IT3120116-Monte Malachin, IT3120127-Monti Tremalzo e Tombea, IT3210039-Monte Baldo ovest).    During a LIFE project (LIFE03NAT/IT/000147) an experimental restoration plan of the habitat of Saxifraga tombeanensis was carried out. The LIFE Project promoted a series of investigations to identify the main growth sites of Saxifraga tombeanensis with the aim to monitor their ecological characteristics and the morphological and vegetative conditions of the species.   Selective tree and shrub clearings were carried out at medium-altitude sites to increase the amount of light getting to the cushions and to re-establish ecological conditions more favourable to the growth and reproduction of the species. Seeds are stored in seedbanks (Lombardy and Trentino Alto-Adige).

useAndTrade:
Individuals of the #species are&#harvested by collectors, mainly botanists&#for the utilization as&#herbarium specimen. Previous authors reported the harvesting&#of species individuals and seeds by gardeners for&#its cultivation (Webb and Gornall 1989).

redListAssessors:
Armiraglio, S., Bertolli, A., Comini, B., Ghidotti, B., Prosser, F. & Gentili, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the alpine region between France and Italy. It is found in ten localities in France and one locality in Italy. There are more than 1,000 mature  individuals in total and the populations seem stable. There are a few threats such as infrastructure development for tourism,  recreational activities,  quarries, trampling, grazing, landslides, and collection that could affect this plant in the future. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is endemic to the alpine region between France and Italy where it is found in the regions Hautes-Alpes, Savoie and west Piemont. The area of occupancy is around 20 km².

population:
In France, this plant has been recorded in ten localities in five communes. Fifty to 100 individuals have been counted in three localities and it can be suspected that there are more than 1,000 mature individuals in total. No declines in habitat and population size has been noted. In Italy, it is only present in one locality   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This perennial plant occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
The main threats are infrastructure development for tourism such as skiing complexes, recreational activities such as mountaineering and rock climbing. Furthermore, the habitat faces local threats such as quarries, trampling and grazing, and natural disasters such as landslides. Collection of the plant poses a further threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Saxifraga valdensis is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and #is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, the species is under national protection and is assessed as Vulnerable D2 (Valentin et al. 2010). Two localities are included in the Vanoise National Park and in another protected area.

useAndTrade:
Collection has been noted as a threat but the purpose of the collection is not known.


redListCategoryRationale:
Saxifraga vayredana is listed as Least Concern for it occurs within a protected area, the populations are stable and there are no significant threats affecting the species or its habitat at the moment.

range:
This plant is endemic to Les Guilleries and Macizo de El Montseny, eastern Spain, in the provinces of Barcelona and Gerona. Its extent of occurrence is 904 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its distribution area extends through at least 123 UTM squares of 1x1 km.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is included # as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened flora of Cataluña. It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de El Montseny.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is a narrow endemic to Poland known from only seven localities  concentrated in the Jura Krakowsko-Wieluńska in southern Poland. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 300 km² and the population is between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals. Several threats have been described for the species including the abandonment of traditional pastoral  systems, recreational activities and succession. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Galium cracoviense is native to Poland with an extent of occurrence of 300 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is a narrow endemic to Poland, found between 270 and 300 m asl. It is a very rare species known from only seven localities concentrated in the Jura Krakowsko-Wieluńska in southern Poland.

population:
The population is between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals and the population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This Hemicroptophyte species flowers in May and June. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)"  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The species is threatened by the abandonment of traditional pastoral systems, by trampling by walkers and horse riders, damage from motorised and non-motorised vehicles and overuse of paths, tracks and cycling tracks. It is also threatened by ecological succession.

conservationAction:
Galium cracoviense is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is listed as Rare in the national Red List (Mirek et al. 2006), as Vulnerable in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). It is also included in the Atlas of Polish Endemics (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa in prep.) and strictly protected at national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Sicily, Italy where it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of  less than 5,000 km² and a decreasing range. The population for Sicily has been estimated in around 1,000 individuals with an unknown population trend. Several threats have been described for this species such as restructuring of agricultural land holding, mines, vandalism, and changes in native species  dynamics. More information is needed on how those threats affect this species and the species is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion D1 for the moment but could eventually fit into a higher threat category.

range:
This plant is endemic to Sicily, Italy (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The extent of occurrence in Italy is less than 5,000 km² and the range is decreasing.

population:
The population for Sicily has been estimated in around 1,000 individuals but its trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The restructuring of agricultural land holding, mines, and vandalism have been described as main threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009). This species suffers from changes in native species dynamics.

conservationAction:
Galium litorale is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this European endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Galium moldavicum is endemic to northeastern Romania, Moldova and Ukraine (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

conservationAction:
Galium moldavicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


taxonomicNotes:
It belongs to the subgenus Eugeum (Gajewski 1957) and it is closely related to&#Galium coccineum Sibth. & Sm. Gajewski (1957) considered that G. rhodopaeum is a hybrid between G. coccineum and an unknown Geum species. “According to A. Strid (in litt. Oct 2000) this is presumably a more or less fertile hybrid between G. coccineum&# and G. rivale” (Kurtto et al. 2004). In addition, Randjelović and Zlatkovic (2010) report a hybrid between G. rivale and G. rhodopaeum in the Vlasina plateau. Obviously, hybridization between several Geum species in overlapping parts of their ranges is common.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)There is no information about the populations in FYR Macedonia available and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.In the EU 27, this species has a small area of occupancy with less than 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. It is experiencing a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat in at least parts of its range due to quarrying and potentially livestock. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia. In Greece, it occurs mainly in the northeastern part of the country, and also on the island of Thasos. There are some old records for Athos, but these need to be confirmed but probably belong to G. asparagifolium (Krendl 1987). In Bulgaria, it is found in the western Rhodopi Mountains and in the Thracian plain. The area of occupancy in Bulgaria and Greece is estimated to be less than 2,000 km².

population:
In Bulgaria, the plant occupies seven grid squares (10x10 km²). One subpopulation is small with less than 150 individuals. The population size varies in different subpopulations. The current population size is unknown and it is fragmented.There is no population information available for Greece or FYR Macedonia.

habitat:
Galium rhodopeum is a perennial herb. In Greece, the species occurs on calcareous mountain cliffs and high altitude grasslands. In Bulgaria, it has been reported from dry stony limestone slopes mostly with southern exposition. It occurs sometimes in the grass cover of open Quercus and Carpinus orientalis habitats. It can also be found in rocky areas.

threats:
In Bulgaria, the locality hosting the largest population suffered from a severe population decline due to a limestone quarry. This is a potential threat for other populations. Trampling due to grazing is a further potential threat.There is no information on any threats in Greece or FYR Macedonia.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Greece, it is not protected and might be found in some Natura 2000 sites. In Bulgaria, it is protected and listed as Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) in the national red list. It occurs in two protected areas and two Natura 2000 sites.More information about population size and number of localities in Greece and FYR Macedonia is needed as well as monitoring of the populations. Ex situ collection of seeds needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Galium sudeticum is endemic to  Czech Republic and Poland with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 700  km². It is a very  rare species and found at eight localities only. The population trend has been described as stable but both species are classed as Critically Endangered in their respective Red Lists. Threats to this species are grazing, but also the abandonment of pastoral  systems, forestry management, recreational activities, pollution, collection, and natural effects such as  avalanches, collapse of terrain and landslides. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
Galium sudeticum is endemic to Czech Republic and Poland. The area of occupancy for this species is 700 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Poland it occurs between the altitudes of 1,240 and 1,485 m asl and it is a very rare species, restricted to the Karkonosze mountains. It is found in four localities situated in the subalpine belt. It is also found at only four localities in Czech Republic (Čeřovský et al. 1999)In Bavaria in Germany, it is only known from a herbarium specimen (Ahlmer 2010); there is no information on other occurrences.

population:
In the Czech Republic, the area covered by the population is 0,0033 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The Polish population has been measured as a few thousand tufts. The population is stable.

habitat:
Galium sudeticum grows in chasmophytic vegetation of siliceous cliffs and serpentine pine forests. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
In the Czech Republic, the plant is threatened by grazing, but also by the abandonment of pastoral systems, leading to invasion by species and competition. It is also damaged by general forestry management, and natural effects such as avalanches, collapse of terrain and landslides. # Habitat damage also occurs from drying out and eutrophication.In Poland, the plant is additionally threatened by the collection of the plant, air pollution and recreational activities such as mountaineering and rock climbing.

conservationAction:
Galium sudeticum is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Poland the species is listed as Rare in the Red List (Mirek et al. 2006), as Critically Endangered in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the regional Red List of Lower Silesia (Kącki 2003); it is also strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). It is included in the Atlas of Polish endemics (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek in prep.). All the Polish populations occur exclusively within the Karkonosze National Park. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000).

useAndTrade:
Collection of the species has been described as a threat but the purpose of the collection is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Galium viridiflorum is listed as Endangered because of its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 41 km² and a total population of 2,143 individuals. Regressive trends have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals due to drought events. Habitat degradation and alteration is the main factor affecting the conservation of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it can be found in the provinces of Málaga and Granada (Cabezudo et al. 2011). It is distributed into four locations, comprising 20 subpopulations, with an area of occupancy of 41 km².

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 2,143 individuals. Extreme fluctuations in the number of reproductive individuals have been observed, due to drought events.

habitat:
This plant grows in hygrophile communities, of shrubs or forbs, close to streams and springs. Frequent associations the species grows along with are Molinio-Holoschoenion, Rubo-Nerion oleandri, Salicion pedicellatae and Juncion acutiflori.

threats:
Main threats affecting this species deal with habitat degradation and alteration: fires, droughts, water course modifications and mining (Cabezudo et al. 2011). Grazing, and recreational activities such as walking or horseriding have been also reported as threats  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "De interés especial" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species and as "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as EN B2b(iii)c(iv); C2b in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Cabezudo et al. 2011).Many subpopulations occur in protected areas: SCI Sierras Bermeja y Real, SCI Sierra de Alcaparain y Aguas, SCI Río Fuengirola, SCI Río de Castor), Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves, Parque Natural Sierras de Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama, Paraje Natural los Reales de Sierra Bermeja.

redListAssessors:
Cabezudo, B., Pérez Latorre, A.V., Navas, D. & Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas, F.


taxonomicNotes:
Salix salviifolia ssp. australis is treated as a synonym of Salix salviifolia in Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
Salix salviifolia ssp. australis is listed as Least Concern as the populations are relatively frequent and stable and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Salix salvifolia ssp. australis is an endemic plant to Portugal according to Portuguese authorities, but it is also reported in Spain with presence in at least 32 provinces in Spain (Castroviejo et al. 1993). Decreasing trends have been reported for its distribution.

population:
The species is frequent and mostly not threatened. The populations are rare in the Guadiana water basin and around the  river Xarrama whereas in the Sado basin it form continuous populations. There are well preserved ones at the banks of Alcáçovas, banks of S. Domingues, the river Sado, the Campilhas banks and the basin of the river Gem (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This plant is a shrub or small tree that occurs along watercourses especially with torrents, and at the top of watersheds. It is characteristic of the association Salicetum atrocinerea-australis (ICN 2006).The species occurs in the following habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2190 Humid dune slacks3280 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries

threats:
Main threat is the modification of structures of inland water courses    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Apart from habitat degradation along watercourses, the cutting of the plant rods for basket weaving are potentially impacting on the species (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Salix salvifolia ssp. australis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This plant is legally protected in Portugal.It is recommended to carry out appropriate habitat management along watercourses, such as selective vegetation clearing as not to harm the species. Public awareness about the species importance should be raised (ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
The rods of this plant might be used for weaving baskets.


redListCategoryRationale:
Kunkeliella psilotoclada is classed as Critically Endangered/Possibly Extinct for it has not been found in the wild since 1983, though it is still believed that new individuals could be hidden in inaccessible areas. Grazing and predation by goats and rabbits limited the expansion of this species and continuously caused its population to disappear.

range:
Kunkeliella psilotoclada is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Its presence was reported in Barranco de Masca (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) but it has not been found since 1983 (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). It is believed that seeds could be found eventually in the soil seed bank and that some individuals could be hidden in inaccessible sites.

population:
It was last seen in the wild in 1983, when two individuals were found (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Now it is possibly extinct.

habitat:
It grows on steep warm and dry crags, where it colonizes ledges and rocky sites, within communities such as Euphorbietum atropurpureae and Echio aculeati-Retametum rhodorhizoides. As accompanying species Paronychia canariensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Retama rodorhizoides, Euphorbia atropurpurea, Argyranthemum foeniculaceum, Lotus mascaensis and Kleinia neriifolia have been cited (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004).

threats:
Grazing and predation by goats and rabbits have been reported as the main threat to the species (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It has been categorized EX in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.The only known population was included in the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI). Plant material is stored in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and seeds of viability unchecked are stored in herbarium sheets (OCR) (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). Individuals should be produced ex situ and the species should be reintroduced to its former distribution, which would need to be fenced. Field work must be developed in order to clarify the presence of more individuals.

redListAssessors:
Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Kunkeliella subsucculenta is classed as Critically Endangered for it is present in only two severely fragmented locations, with an area of occupancy of 2 km2 which suffered a sudden reduction as consequence of the disposal of inert materials. Regressive trends have been identified in the quality of its habitat and its distribution and population size. Predation and human presence and activities limit the expansion of the species.

range:
Kunkeliella subsucculenta is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 15 and 100 m asl, in the northwestern part of the island, in Icod de Los Vinos and La Guancha (González González et al. 2004). It can be found in two severely fragmented locations: Punta Juan Centellas and Santo Domingo. Its area of occupancy has been calculated in 2 km², and is believed to have been higher in the past.

population:
Its population size has been estimated in 871 individuals   (González González et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Negative trends have been reported for its total population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004) though it presents appropriate recruitment levels (González González et al. 2004).

habitat:
This halophyte plant occurs within Artemisio-Rumicion shrublands in coastal cliffs with high marine influence. It grows in loose soils with materials of different granulometry   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Common accompanying species are: Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. succulentum, Neochamaelea pulverulenta and Schizogyne sericea (González González et al. 2004). It also occurs associated to elements of the more halophitic communities Frankenio-Astydamietum latifolae (Crithmo-Staticetea), along with species such as Limonium pectinatum, Salsola divaricata and Frankenia ericifolia; and in shrublands of Periploco-Euphorbietum canariensis.Regressive patterns have been observed for its habitat.

threats:
Predation by rabbits on young sprouts and disposal of inert materials have been described as important threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The biggest subpopulation is fragmented by rubble dumping, its habitat  has been modified by agriculture and it is very close to a construction site. The existence of several paths in the area used by fishermen is also a pressure on the subpopulations (González González et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of  threatened species. It is listed as CR B2b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The species occurs in the protected area SCI Acantilado Costero de Los Perros.Its locations must be fenced as protection against predators. Rubble must be removed and reintroduction measures implemented. Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks and research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Barrera Acosta, J., González González, R. & Beltrán Tejera, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Thesium ebracteatum is present  in Central and Eastern Europe with some populations extending into  Russia beyond the Ural mountains. The stronghold of the species is in  Poland where it has a geographic range of 130,900 km². The species has become extinct in Denmark and Slovakia and is found at very few localities in Germany and Czech Republic but it is common in many regions of Central and Eastern European  Russia. The overall population trend is hard to define as it is stable in some countries and declining in others. The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems, pollution, inadequate forestry management and  changes  in the hydraulic conditions. This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and adequate measures to prevent this are needed.

range:
Thesium ebracteatum is present in Central and Eastern Europe with some populations extending into Russia beyond the Ural mountains. The stronghold of the species is in Poland where it has a geographic range of 130,900 km². In Ukraine, it grows in the lowland part in zones of coniferous and deciduous forests and in the lesosteppe (forest steppe) zone.

population:
The following population data has been provided (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 200 to 300 individuals, unknown trendCzech Republic: 20,000 shoots, stable trendEstonia: 4,000 to 6,000 individuals, negative trendGermany: 4 localities, stable trendLithuania: 18 to 60 localities, unknown trendPoland: 78 localities, negative trendIt is extinct in Denmark (NERI 2007) and in Slovakia. In the latter it was observed in 1921 and 1923 in a single locality in the Záhorská nížina Lowland (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is found at one locality of six historically known ones in Czech Republic (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Belarus, there are around 35 localities (Kozlovskaja and Parfenov 1972) and in Ukraine, around 30 localities. The populations are small in area (to tens m²) and number of individuals (10-15 individuals) (Vinichenko 2006). In Moldova, a few localities have been reported in the north of the country (Gejdeman 1986).This species is common in many regions of Central and Eastern European Russia, but protected in Vladimir, Nizhniy Novgorod and Udmurtia regions.

habitat:
This species is found in extensively used grassland, wet Molinia meadows and skirts of dry forests. However, its most characteristic habitats as listed in the Habitats Directive are   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  4030 European dry heaths6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6280 Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocks6530 Fennoscandian wooded meadows91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.In Ukraine, it is a component of the plant communities Corynephorion canescentis alliance Corynephoretalia canescentis ordo Corynophoretalia canescentis class and Koelerion glauca alliance Festuco-Astragaletalia arenarii ordo Festucetea vaginatae class (Vinichenko 2006).

threats:
The abandonment of pastoral systems has been considered as the main threat as this leads to vegetation succession and competition. Pollution such as the use of fertilisers, eutrophication and acidification cause the habitat quality to degrade. Inadequate forestry management and changes  in the hydraulic conditions such as drainage or flooding of wetlands impact the species. Sand and gravel extraction has been noted as a local threat.

conservationAction:
Thesium ebracteatum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is categorized Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In Denmark it is classed as Regionally Extinct (NERI 2007). It is listed as Vulnerable (category 2) in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007).    It is considered as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). Although common, this species is protected in Vladimir, Nizhniy Novgorod and Udmurtia  regions. It is not included in the red data books of Ukraine and Belarus, but it is protected in the Kanivskij reserve in Ukraine.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
Ruta microcarpa is listed as Endangered due to its restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy  of 6 km² and negative trends  reported for its distribution and extent and quality of its habitat. Low genetic flow between subpopulations, grazing and competition limit the expansion of the species.

range:
Ruta microcarpa is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It grows between 350 and 675 m asl, distributed throughout seven subpopulations: Mulagua, Roque Cano, Risco de las Zulas, Alojera, Caraballo (Mesa Coello et al. 2004), Ermita de San Juan and Montefuerte (Gobierno de Canarias 2004), on the northern part of the island. Its area of occupancy is 6 km². Increasing trends have been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
Its total population size was reported to be 264 individuals (Mesa Coello et al. 2004), and low presence of juvenile individuals and seedlings was observed (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). Later, more subpopulations were discovered and population size was estimated in 602 individuals (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Increasing population trends have been reported. However, there is low genetic exchange between the subpopulations and they count as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This shrub grows within scrublands associated with thermophile forest Brachypodio-Juniperetum canariensis (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species are Maytenus canariensis, Spartocytisus filipes, Olea cerasiformis, Globularia salicina, Aeonium castello-paivae and Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis. In more altered areas, species such as Euphorbia lamarckii, Kleinia neriifolia and Cistus monspeliensis become more prominent.

threats:
Main threat to this species is the state of fragmentation of its population, which limits genetic exchange between subpopulations (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). Subpopulations of Mulagua and Alojera are affected by grazing. Natural competition phenomena occur in Roque Cano, Alojera and Risco de las Zulas.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Some subpopulations occur within the protected areas Monumento Natural de Roque Cano (SCI), Monumento Natural del Lomo del Carretón (SCI) and Parque Natural de Majona (SCI) (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. Monitoring is developed in the locations of # Alojera and Carabalto. Research about the genetics of Ruda sp. in the Canary Islands is being developed (A. Acevedo pers. comm. 2011). This research is expected to clarify the real number of individuals and taxonomic doubts about the genus.Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species include the collection and storage in germplasm banks of plant material from every subpopulation and population trends monitoring. Other measures are the development of research about the genetic of the subpopulation of Mulagua, population management in Risco de las Zulas, Alojera and Caraballo, reintroduction and reinforcement measures in Caraballo and the establishment of a fence and agriculture and grazing control plans in the location of Alojera.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Acevedo Rodríguez, A. & Rodríguez Núñez, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This Balkan endemic is listed as Least Concern as there are currently no major threats and the populations are stable. Although the extent of occurrence is smaller than 20,000 km², it is common in much of its habitat.

range:
This plant is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece and is one of the relict elements of the tertiary times. It is found in northeastern Greece, the Central Balkan mountains and Thracian plain and Rhodopi mountains (Menikion, Pangeon, Falakron, Rodopi, Papikion and the Nestos river gorge). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be smaller than 20,000 km².

population:
It is common in Bulgaria as the habitat is not threatened. There are many stable populations and some are very large. The population is stable in Greece and it is locally abundant (it is found in inaccessible areas). The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in damp shady rocky places, mainly on limestone and sometimes also on volcanic rock. It can survive without water for more than three years.

threats:
Current and potential (small scale) threats are road construction, infrastructure and tourism development in the mountains. Collection might pose a threat but is also only happening at a small scale at the moment.

conservationAction:
Haberlea rhodopensis is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is protected in Bulgaria but listed as Least Concern on the Red List #(Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is found in one national park and other protected areas such as nature reserves. It is protected under the Greek Law Presidential Degree 67/81 and is found in five Natura 2000 sites. Haberlea rhodopensis is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Greece (Phitos et al. 2009).Conservation measures recommended for Greece are a more detailed estimation of the population size, monitoring of the populations and cultivation in botanic gardens for ex situ conservation.

useAndTrade:
It is used as an ornamental plant at very small scale. It is sold in garden centres but there are some wild collections.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is a stenoendemic of Mt. Olympos, Greece, and belongs to the monotypic genus Jankaea of the tropical family Gesneriaceae (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Taking into account the reports of a favourable population size and no evidence of decline in either the population or the habitat, the plant is not threatened currently. However, due to its very restricted distribution, any such decline will render the plant Critically Endangered. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This plant is endemic to north-central Greece, where it only occurs on Mt Olympos, mainly on the north side e.g. Xerolakki Rema, Papa Rema and also on the east side at Enipefs valley from below Agios Dionysios monastery. The extent of occurrence is 60-80 km² and the area of occupancy is 40-60 km².

population:
There is no actual assessment of the population size. There are at least four to five locations and two to four subpopulations. It is reported that the plant is safe because, although it is rare at Enipefs valley, it occurs in adequate quantities on the north side of Mt Olympos which is rarely frequented by visitors (Strid and Papanikolaou 1985). Vokou et al. (1990) also state that the plant is not at present endangered, its population size being adequate to secure survival of the species. The same authors reported that the density of the plant is often 25-50 rosettes/m² , but varies between sporadic appearance and extremes of 100 rosettes/m². The total population is believed to exceed 1,000 mature individuals.

habitat:
This species grows in damp shaded crevices of limestone rocks, especially near streams, preferably on the north sides of rocks. It is a characteristic species of the alliance Asplenietea trichomanis: Potentilletalia spinosae: Saxifragion scardicae. It can occur from 400-2,400 m asl but is mostly found between 700-1,400 m asl. The plant is strictly entomogamous, pollinated by various species of bumblebee, and has a quite high success in fruit setting and seed production (Vokou et al. 1990).

threats:
The only threats reported are the impacts of increased tourism activities and of uncontrolled and intense collecting of plants (Vokou et al. 1990). The fact that most of the plants grow at inaccessible sites offers some protection. Also, the main part of the population grows at northern much less frequented slopes.

conservationAction:
Jankaea heldreichii is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and it is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995). Most of the population of the plant is included in the National Forest Park of Olympos which is also a Natura 2000 site (GR1250001).


taxonomicNotes:
The species is a typical Tertiary relict with endemic distribution in the Balkans. It is closely related to two representatives of the genus:&#Ramonda nathaliae and R. pyrenaica.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This plant is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula and occurs in Albania,  Bulgaria, Greece, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. The area of occupancy is between 500 and 750 km2 because the populations of #Ramonda serbica are fragmented and restricted to gorges, canyons and ravines. The population is probably most abundant in Albania. However, the numbers of this species were difficult to calculate because of the remote localities, especially in  Greece. The populations appear to be stable, except in  Bulgaria, where the population is fragmented and the subpopulations range  from a few tens to a few hundreds of individuals. Changes in hydrology have led to these population decreases. The species is suspected to be Vulnerable in most of the countries, however, the number of locations is higher than ten and although the sites are fragmented, it is not clear if they are severely fragmented. Most of the populations are stable and the risk of the species going extinct in Europe is quite small. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for Europe but protection measures at national level are still needed.In the EU 27, the area of occupancy is below 2,000 km² and the populations are declining and fragmented in Bulgaria. However, they are supposed to be stable in Greece, occurring at numerous localities and the plant is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Monitoring of the populations is recommended.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula, occurring in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. The total area of occupancy of the species is approximately 500 to 750 km2 (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2011).In Albania, the species is distributed throughout the country and it is  recorded in 38  squares of 10x10 km. The localities in Albania are listed  in the Red Book of  Albania (Marku 2007).In Bulgaria it is found in a small area in the northwestern part of the country (between 350-900 m asl). The extent of occurrence for Bulgaria is less than 500 km2.In northeastern and eastern Serbia, the species occurs in the canyon of Lazereva river near village Zlot, Mt  Rtanj, the gorge of river Miljkovačka river, the northern  slopes of Mt Svrljiške planine, the gorge of Nišava river (Sićevačka  klisura), Ćiflik near Bela Palanka, and the gorge of the river Jelašnica. In the Kosovo and  Metochia provinces, the species occurs in the gorges of the river Pećka Bistrica (several localities), the gorges of the  river Sušica, Radavac, and the gorge of Prizrenska Bistica. The species is also found on the slopes of Šarplanina  above the village of Ljubinje and the northern slopes of Mt Ošljak. The species in Serbia is recorded in 23 squares 10x10 km, while the area of occupancy is considerably less.  In Montenegro the distribution is restricted to the southeastern part of the country and it is found in the Mala Rijeka canyon, the left tributary of river Morača, canyon of the river Cievna,  the northern slopes of Mt Rumija above Skadar Lake (village Murići), and above  Bar (Mikulić Mali, Lisinj). The species is also found in the northeast part of the state,  between Rožaje and Ribarići. It is recorded in six UTM  squares of 10x10 km .  In the FYR Macedonia it is distributed in the western part of the state in gorges  and canyons of the river Radika southward to the gorge of the river Crni Drim near  the village of Lukovo and Mt Galičica. The distribution of the species in FYR  Macedonia is restricted to the gorges and canyons of the rivers of the Adriatic  river system (Stevanović and Niketić 1991). It is recorded in six squares of 10x10 km (600 km2).  It is present at numerous locations in northwestern Greece (northern Pindos mountain range - Mt Timphi, Mt Trpezica, Mt Mitsikeli, Vikos, Aoos and Voidomatis river gorges) and also Voras and Varnous mountains (Kalo Nero) south from Prespa Lake. In Greece, the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km2.

population:
Throughout the species' range the populations of R. serbica are fragmented and restricted to canyons, gorges and ravines.Albania contains probably the most abundant part of the population. In Greece it is hard to estimate the exact number of individuals because they are located in remote areas. However, an estimate of 8,000-10,000 individuals has been made and the populations seem to be stable.In Bulgaria, the population is fragmented with the subpopulations ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of individuals. Changes in hydrology and a decrease in water has led to a decrease of the population.In Montenegro, there are between 500 and 3,000 mature individuals per locality. The population in Montenegro is not large but it is stable (D. Petrović pers. comm. 2011). Estimation of the total population size in Montenegro  is more than 10,000 mature individuals. In FYR Macedonia, there are between 1,000 and 5,000 mature individuals per locality. In Serbia, there are between 100 and 20,000 mature individuals per locality (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species has a very specific, small and restricted habitat requirement and it belongs to a group of rare resurrection vascular plants in  Europe. Ramonda serbica is a perennial herb, which can be found in humid and shady areas and it flowers from mid April until the second half of May. The species occurs in shady crevices of limestone rocks between 400-1,500 m asl   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It usually inhabits north-northwest crevices but is occasionally found in northeast facing   crevices.Despite occurring in north facing and wet rock  habitats, in almost all  localities in the range,  particularly at lower  altitudes, populations are in anabiosis during the dry  summer months and  sometimes even in April or May. Some years with an unusually dry April or May the species can be in a completely dry stage (anabiosis) during the flowering period. It is found in the following plant communities: Cetereto-Ramondaetum serbicae R.Jov. (northeast and east Serbia), Musco-Ramondaetum serbicae Janković   Stevanovič (Kosovo), Geranio-Ramondaetum serbicae (Stevanović and Bulić 1992) Silene schwarzenbergiana-Ramonda serbica (Quezel 1968) (north Pindhos) etc. A particularly interesting community occurs in a syntopic (sympatric) site where both Balkan Ramonda species (R. serbica and R. nathaliae) grow together in eastern Serbia (gorges of rivers Nišava and Jelašnica) (Stevanović et al. 1986).

threats:
Changes in hydrological regimes from dam construction could have an impact on the species. In Albania populations have already been flooded by the construction of a dam on the Drin river. Drying out caused by dam construction is less of a threat as the plant can survive a drought. Wild forest fires in Greece are not a serious threat as the plant does not inhabit the forest floor. Also the collection of the plant for scientific or horticultural purposes could pose a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Albania, the species is listed as Vulnerable and parts of populations are probably situated in protected areas, but more information is needed.In Bulgaria, the species is classed as Endangered and all localities occur within protected sites.In Greece, the species is listed in the Red Book as Vulnerable. The species is protected and occurs within four protected sites and a national park.In FYR Macedonia, populations are mainly situated into two national parks (Bista-Mavrovo and Galičica).In Montenegro, this plant is protected by national law.In Serbia, the species is assessed as Vulnerable and on the list of protected plant species in Serbia and most of the populations are situated in natural reserves (Zlotska klisura, Jelašnica gorge), Parks of Nature (Sićevačka gorge), National parks (Šarplanina). More data on the population numbers and monitoring of selected  populations is needed, together with ex situ conservation in seed banks and botanical  gardens.

useAndTrade:
This plant is collected for scientific and horticultural purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Globularia ascanii is listed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence is lower than 100 km2, its area of occupancy is 4 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its  habitat mainly due to grazing and recreational activities. The total population consists of 38 individuals in three subpopulations. #

range:
Globularia ascanii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 900 to 1,150 m asl, restricted to high crags in Tamadaba, on the northwestern part of the island (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). It is present in three fragmented subpopulations from Guayedra to Faneque. Its extent of occurrence is lower than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 1-4 km².

population:
Total population has been estimated in 38 individuals. From these, 30 individuals occur in one subpopulation, five individuals in another location and three in the third one (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). Populations have been reported to be severely fragmented. Expansion is limited by the low ecological plasticity of the species, which appears not to be able to colonize new areas. There is almost no population growth rate (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This small shrub grows in inaccessible cracks and ledges of crags, within communities Greenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi, in the lower distribution range of pine forests Pinetum canariensis subas. ericetosum arboreae, with rupicolous vegetation and elements of # "monteverde" and thermophile forests Visneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis and Mayteno-Juniperion canariensis, under the influence of trade winds. Frequent accompanying species are Pinus canariensis, Cistus ochreatus, Erica arborea, Viburnum rigidum, Ilex canariensis, Olea cerasiformis, Cheirolophus arbutifolius, Teline rosmarinifolia ssp. eurifolia, Cistus monspeliensis, Greenovia aurea and Babcockia platylepis.It presents limited vegetative propagation, by stolons. Flowering occurs from #mid-April to July and fructification, from June-July to October.

threats:
Main threats to the species are population reduction and fragmentation, due to predation by goats, human presence and recreational activities, landslides, droughts and natural competition (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). Its low ecological plasticity has been also reported as a threat.

conservationAction:
Globularia ascanii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Tamadaba (SCI). It is cultivated and seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.Proposed measures include eradication of grazing species in the crags of Tamadaba-Guayedra, control of recreational activities within the Parque Natural de Tamadaba, collection and storage of seeds from every subpopulation and development of genetic recovery programmes.

redListAssessors:
Marrero Rodríguez, Á. & Almeida Pérez, R.S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Globularia sarcophylla is listed as Vulnerable as the population counts only 366 individuals. The population is stable but landslides are a permanent threat as they can cause high mortality.

range:
This plant is is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 1,500 and 1,600 m asl, on the central part of the island. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated in 1 km² (González González and Reyes Betancort 2004) and it is present in ten subpopulations. However, new populations have been found recently and the AOO might therefore be higher, but probably still very restricted.

population:
Its total population size has been estimated in 93-96 individuals (González González and Reyes Betancort 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009) but it was believed that more individuals could be found in the future in the surrounding areas. More recently, the population size has been reported to be 366 individuals (R. González pers. comm. 2011), and the population trend seems to be stable.

habitat:
This rupicolous plant grows in cracks and small holes, generally inaccessible and facing south-southeast. It appears as component of shrubland communities formed by species such as Teline microphylla, Pterocephalus dumetorum, Erysimum scoparium, Aeonium percarneum, Micromeria lanata, Echium onosmifolium, Babcockia platylepis, Bituminaria bituminosa, Asparagus plocamoides, Carlina canariensis, Tolpis lagopoda and Sutera canariensis (González González and Reyes Betancort 2004).

threats:
Mains threats to this species are natural landslides and its poor reproductive strategy   (González González and Reyes Betancort 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Landslides have been reported to cause high mortality of the species and the degradation of its habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Its only known location is included in the protected area Monumento Natural Riscos de Tirajana (SCI) (González González and Reyes Betancort 2004). Successful cultivation and micropropagation programmes are developed in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and in Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, where seeds are stored.Plant material collection must be implemented throughout the whole population, as well as re-introduction and reinforcement programmes.

redListAssessors:
González González, R. & Reyes Betancort, J.A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Globularia stygia has a restricted distribution (area of occupancy of 20-28 km²) and is rather specialised to its habitat, but it grows mostly at inaccessible places and apparently faces no immediate threats. The current population trend is unknown. It can potentially be threatened by collection.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Peloponnisos in southern Greece. It is found at Chelmos Mt, Kyllini Mt and Taygetos Mt. The extent of occurrence is around 1,200 km² and the area of occcupancy is 20-28 km².

population:
There are four to five subpopulations in six to eight locations. The population size has not been counted or systematically monitored but it is locally quite abundant (a cover of often 5-25%) in chasmophytic or Oro-Mediterranean low spiny shrub communities.

habitat:
Globularia stygia grows in ravines, rock crevices, cliff ledges, open scree slopes, sometimes in semi-shade in mixed Abies cephalonica-Pinus nigra forest, on limestone or schist at altitudes from 1,150-2,300 m.   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It forms part of the plant community Astero alpini-Globularietum stygiae.

threats:
The species is not under any immediate threat of extinction, but as it is collected by botanists and shows horticultural potential, it may be in greater demand in the future (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Globularia stygia is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and included in the Red Data Book (1995). All of the population of the plant is included in the Natura 2000 sites GR2320002, GR2530001, and GR2550006.

useAndTrade:
Collection for the horticultural trade has been mentioned as a potential threat.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are recognised: Pinguicula ssp. crystallina (Cyprus and southwestern Turkey) and Pinguicula ssp. hirtiflora (Greece, Italy, former Yugoslavia and Albania).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened for Europe and the EU 27. It has an estimated area of occupancy of less than 500 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. It is not known if there is a decline in the quality or extent of the habitat but the species is listed as threatened on almost all the national red lists which gives reason for concern. Changes in the hydrological regimes in the habitat of this species, road construction, fires and increased droughts might affect the populations. It is believed to approach Criterion B2ab(iii,v).

range:
This plant is present in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Turkey. It occurs in eight locations in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Greece it is found in more  than 20 localities. It is found in southern Italy at four localities. In  Bosnia and Herzegovina it is known from only two localities and one  of them is an old record not recently checked in the field. In  Montenegro it is known from only two localities (Pulević and Bulić  1990) and in the disputed territory of Kosovo it is known from two localities (Stevanović 1999).The area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km².

population:
The total population size in Cyprus, with the exception of one location at Kyparissia, was estimated accurately in 2003 when 47,722 mature reproductive individuals and 19,685 rosettes were counted. Since 2006 selected colonies of the plant have been monitored but it is too early to determine any population trend. In Cyprus, there are eight extant locations of the species, with adequately large individual numbers at almost all of them (minimum viable population is not reached at only 1 location). Data on breeding system and seed duration are currently lacking (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population size is approximately 67,400 individuals in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).There is no information about population size in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Montenegro the size of one subpopulation in the river Cijevna gorge is not more than 500 mature individuals. There is no information on the population in Kosovo. There is also no information on the populations in Albania, Greece, and Italy. It can be said that the populations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
In Cyprus it occurs on open, sparsely vegetated, permanently wet but not flooded rocks or stones, at springs and along streams or canals with perennial water flow on ophiolithic substrate (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Greece it is found in the spray zone of permanent springs, rivulets and waterfalls, rocky mossy places, on serpentine limestone, tufa and conglomerate. In Italy it is found on calcareous cliffs with water dripping or water flow through the cracks.Habitats in Bosnia and Herzegovina are wet limestone or dolomite rocks, while in Montenegro it grows on wet dolomitic rocks or travertine. In the gorge of the river Cijevna in Montengro, very close to the Albanian border, it forms a specific community Adiantho-Pinquiculetum hirtiflorae on travertine rocks with seeping water. In Serbia it inhabits wet serpentine rocks.

threats:
The plant is vulnerable to changes in hydrological conditions resulting from piping spring water, road construction and natural drought (Tsintides et al. 2007). Climate change and natural fires have been highlighted as relevant threats as well (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Dam construction affects the species as well.

conservationAction:
Pinguicula crystallina is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Cyprus all subpopulations occur in protected forest areas, proposed Natura 2000 sites and the species is categorized as Vulnerable (VU) D2 on the national red list (Tsintides et al. 2007). There is an ongoing monitoring project for this species in parts of its range.It is not protected in Greece but it occurs in some Natura 2000 sites. In Italy it is classified as Vulnerable in the Red List. It is protected by law in Montenegro and Serbia. However, the two localities in Kosovo are not within protected areas. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the species is classed as Vulnerable (Šilić 1996) and in Serbia as Critically Endangered/Data Defiicient (Tatić 1999).Information on the population size and trend and potential rates of decline is needed for many parts of its range.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Montagnani, C. & Stevanović, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Spanish endemic is classed as Vulnerable as its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 20 km² and the species is found in springs and hollows in rocky areas. The populations are isolated and can easily be affected by climate change and changes in the hydrological regime of water bodies.

range:
Pinguicula mundi is endemic to Spain. It is found in Serranía de Cuenca (Cuenca y Guadalajara), sierras de Alcaraz y del Calar del Mundo (Albacete). The AOO is presumably smaller than 20 km².

population:
There is no information available on population size or trends for P. mundi.

habitat:
Pinguicula mundi occurs in seepages and springs in hollows in rocky areas.

threats:
This species requires a specific habitat that is very rare and has isolated populations. It can easily be affected by climate change and modification of the hydrological regime of its habitat.

conservationAction:
Pinguicula mundi is classed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and is regionally protected in parts of Spain.

useAndTrade:
As with most carnivorous plants, there is interest and some trade in P. mundi. It is not clear to what extent this trade may affect wild populations, if at all.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pinguicula nevadensis is listed as Endangered because of its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 262 km2 and present in one single location. Regressive patterns have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat and decreasing trends for the number of mature individuals of the species. Overgrazing, recreational activities and droughts are the main threats affecting the species and its habitat.   #

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain, where it can be found only in the mountains of Sierra Nevada, within the province of Granada (Bañares et al. 2010). It occurs in one single location, with a total area of occupancy of 262 km2.

population:
Total population size has been reported to be 25,872 specimens (Bañares et al. 2010). The only known population is distributed in a discontinuous ring over the mountains. Decreasing population trends have been reported.

habitat:
This insectivorous plant occurs in the highest mountains of Sierra Nevada, on grasslands permanently flooded during the summer season, called "borreguiles", on poorly developed soils with low content of nutrients. It grows along with other species characteristic of these mountain areas, such as Gentiana sierrae, Scorzoneroides microcephala, Agrostis canina ssp. granatensis, Gentiana pneumonanthe ssp. depressa, Primula elatior ssp. lofthousei, Plantago nivalis, Viola palustris, Botrychium lunaria, Saxifraga stellaris ssp. robusta and Carex nevadensis.

threats:
Overgrazing has been highlighted as an important threat   (Commission of the European Communities 2009), for it prevents recruitment (Bañares et al. 2010). Grazing species in the area are cows, horses and wild goats. Trampling by visitors and the use of camping tents have been also reported as a threat. The low ecological plasticity of the species is also a factor affecting its conservation, as well as drought events which affect the "borreguiles", and occasional landslides.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is included as species "vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed EN B1ab(iii,v); D2 in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Bañares et al. 2010).It occurs within the protected area Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada. It is object of conservation plans such as RAJBEN and the Programa de Conservación de Flora de Altas Cumbres de Andalucía.Grazing species control measures should be implemented, recreational activities in the area should be managed and visitors informed about the situation. Population monitoring should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Algarra Ávila, J.A., Blanca, G., Ruiz Girela, M. & Martínez Lirola, M.J.


conservationAction:
P. vulgaris is classed as  Critically Endangered in Croatia and in Belarus, is protected at a regional level in France in Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne,  Pays de la Loire, Franche-Comté, Picardie, Basse-Normandie, Centre and  Île-de-France. There are no further conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable."U. australis has frequently been confused with U. vulgaris and, in much of the literature it is not possible to know for certain which of the two species is intended or whether a mixture of both is involved (Taylor 1989).

range:
This carnivorous plant occurs in Europe (except the far north), temperate Asia to China and Japan, tropical and south Africa, tropical Asia, Australia and New Zealand (Taylor 1989).

population:
U. australis is protected in a few areas of northern France (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2008) and there have been some losses in southern Britain (Preston et al. 2002), but otherwise populations appear stable, it is widespread and reasonably abundant.

habitat:
U. australis occurs in still or slow-flowing usually oligotrophic or at least mildly acid water in lakes, pools, river backwaters, and ditches.

conservationAction:
U. australis is listed as Near Threatened in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Norway. In France, it is under regional protection in seven regions: Ile-de-France, Haute-Normandie, Basse-Normandie, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Aquitaine and Limousin.There is no evident need for conservation action.

useAndTrade:
There is some trade in this species between specialist carnivorous plant enthusiasts, as there is for all carnivorous plant species, however this appears insufficient to pose any threat to wild populations.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.It is possible that U. bremii does not reproduce sexually and is a vegetative apomict (Taylor 1989).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is classed as Data Deficient, as it is classed as threatened on most of the national red lists where it occurs but there is too little known about its populations, their trends and the threats. More research is needed.

range:
Utricularia bremii occurs in central and western Europe, with confirmed specimens from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Hungary and the Ukraine (Taylor 1989).

population:
Data are too scarce and unreliable to provide an informed assessment of populations of U. bremii.

habitat:
Utricularia bremii usually occurs in shallow, oligotrophic water in bogs, occasionally in deeper water. In Hungary, it occurs in floating vegetation between stands of Phragmites australis in an oxbow.

threats:
It is not known whether this species faces any threats.

conservationAction:
Utricularia bremii is protected in the Alsace region of France (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010) and it is listed as Vulnerable in Hungary (Király 2007), Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), and Critically Endangered in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Schnittler and Günther 1999, Procházka 2001).


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) In Europe, this species is only present in Spain and Portugal where its habitat is declining. The area of occupancy is very probably below 2,000 km2 but the number of locations is not known. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii).

range:
Utricularia gibba is a paleotropical species that stretches as far as Canada, northwest Africa, Madagascar, China, Japan, south Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and Tropical Asia (Valdès et al. 2002).In Europe, it is found in Spain and Portugal. The area of occupancy is very probably below 2,000 km2. The number of locations is not known.

population:
In the Iberian Peninsula, the species occurs quite localized in the southwest. In Spain, it is found in Huelva and in Portugal it occurs in Estremadura, Baixo Alentejo and probably in Beira Litoral (Castroviejo et al. 2001, Anthos 2009).

habitat:
Utricularia gibba is a submersed perennial aquatic plant (Hydrophyte) that is carnivorous. It is found in lakes, the swamps of plains and springs with a preference for acidic waters (poor in limestone). It is widely dispersed by birds. It proliferates in a vegetative way from fragments or turions (hibernating buds).

threats:
Utricularia gibba is probably threatened, because of its rarity. Drainage of wetlands, agriculture, the eutrophication of water and the invasion by algae and by exotic plants causing a lack of light constitute the main threats for the species and its habitat.

conservationAction:
Some species are included in designated Ramsar sites.The following conservation measures are recommended: - Surveillance of the existing sites and to search for new sites - To study the biology and the ecology of the species and to estimate the population size - Monitoring of the population dynamics- To maintain the hydrologic regime of the sites - To reduce agriculture around the sites and the use of the fertilizers and herbicides - Ex situ conservation (seeds banks)

useAndTrade:
This species is used in aquariums as its traps are very small and therefore limit the size of preys.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.Much confusion has occurred between U. bremii and U. ochroleuca and literature records are not clear.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is classed as Data Deficient because although it appears to be widespread, the rarity of flowering (and therefore of reliable determinations), combined with inconsistent recording means that there are not enough reliable data to establish a useful evaluation.

range:
U. intermedia occurs throughout northern and central Europe.

population:
There is little or no information on population trends in U. intermedia. In the UK, it is considered to be a rare species of calcareous fens and so more or less restricted to East Anglia (N.F. Stewart pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
U. intermedia apparently typically occurs in calcareous fens, it is very rare in Britain and limited to the fens of East Anglia, it is apparently more frequent in central Ireland (N. Stewart pers. comm. 2010). Taylor (1989) describes it as occurring in shallow water in bogs and marshes.

conservationAction:
U. intermedia is listed as Data Deficient in the UK, Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Endangered in Switzerland and Germany. In France it is protected in the regions Ile-de-France, Franche-Comté and Alsace. Research on the population size and trends, ecology and potential threats is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.U. bremii is likely to be overlooked for U. minor when not flowering and in the UK all material is assumed to be U. minor unless flowering. Even when flowering there are very few British botanists likely to be aware of the potential confusion. Therefore it is very likely that some of the records considered here actually refer to U. bremii.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as although it is locally of concern, over much of its European range it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
U. minor has a circumboreal distribution, extending southwards to the Himalaya, Myanmar and Papua New Guinea, throughout northern and western North America and western Greenland. It occurs throughout most of Europe but is rare in the Mediterranean region (Taylor 1989).

population:
Whilst populations of U. minor are usually scattered and restricted to localised habitats, it is widespread throughout much of Europe and populations in the north and west appear to be stable.

habitat:
U. minor typically occurs in shallow standing water in acid habitats in peatbogs, peaty swamps, mountain lakes, pond edges and occasionally in swampy pastures.

threats:
The main threat to this species is loss of habitat, partly through peat exploitation and partly through conversion to agriculture.

conservationAction:
In France, the species is under regional protection in Ile-de-France, Champagne-Ardennes, Picardie, Centre, Basse-Normandie, Lorraine, Alsace, Pays-de-la-Loire, Midi-Pyrénées, Limousin, Rhones-Alpes, Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur. It is listed as Vulnerable in Spain and Switzerland and as Critically Endangered in Serbia and in the former Yugoslavia (Stevanovič 1999), however, throughout much of its European range it is not of conservation concern.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.Taylor (1989) suggests that U. ochroleuca may be "not one, but several, morphologically slightly different vegetative apomicts, each one with a different chromosome complement".

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is classed as Data Deficient because although it is widely cited as being of conservation concern, the reliability of such reports is open to question due to difficulties of identification.

range:
U. ochroleuca has a circumboreal distribution, occurring in northern and western North America, Greenland and Europe, including the Baltic states and arctic Russia with a few records in Japan. In Europe, it has been reported from a number of countries but its actual distribution is far from clear. For example, Taylor (1989) says that some material from the UK has been determined as U. ochroleuca, but this species is not listed by Preston et al. (2002) and is not considered a British species (N.F. Stewart pers. comm.). Taylor (1989) lists the following countries as supporting U. ochroleuca:   Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. While Schnittler and Günther (1998) state that it is reported from Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. Clearly, data on the distribution of the species is currently inadequate.

population:
There is no information on trends in populations of U. ochroleuca.

habitat:
The species is found in shallow water in bogs and marshes (Taylor 1989).

conservationAction:
The main barrier to assessment of the need for conservation and identification of appropriate conservation actions is the lack of reliable records. There is an urgent need to clarify the distribution and status of U. ochroleuca based on material confirmed through examination of reproductive structures.(Schnittler and Günther 1999) give the following country status levels for U. ochroleuca:  Extinct in the Wild in AustriaCritically Endangered in Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and Switzerland Endangered in GermanyVulnerable in France, Italy and PolandSlovakia - present but local U. ochroleuca is protected throughout France (Arrêté du 20 janvier 1982), Franche-Compté and Lorraine (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2008).

useAndTrade:
It is likely that there is some low-level trade, as there is for all carnivorous plants. It is impossible to assess whether or not such trade poses a threat as so few populations are reliably identified.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. U. stygia was described after the manuscript of Taylor (1989) was completed, information on the species has only very gradually built up and U. stygia remains very poorly known.

range:
It has not been possible to establish the distribution of U. stygia outside Europe. In Europe, U. stygia has been confirmed  from Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway and Sweden, it has been reported from a number of other countries such as France and Italy but  the records are still open to question.

population:
There is no information available on population trends in U. stygia. The range of the species in Germany is poorly known as it might have been misidentified as U. ochroleuca in the past. The species is threatened in Germany and has gone extinct in two federal estates: Schleswig-Holstein and Saarland (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

habitat:
This plant is found in peat bogs, raised bogs and mires and is an element of Sphagno-Utricularion plant societies (Klotz et al. 2002).

threats:
Eutrophication has been described as the main ongoing threat for the species in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). No information available for other parts of its range.

conservationAction:
It is classed as Endangered in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). It is listed as Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010). No information is available for the other countries.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Utricularia is taxonomically complex, partly due to the desire of botanists to establish methods of identifying non-flowering populations (particularly in the field), with the consequence that the literature is complicated by vast numbers of unreliable records. Many taxa rarely flower and some have apparently never been known to flower in some regions. The majority of the data presented here is derived from Taylor (1989) which is the most reliable source. Additional information has been used where it is felt that it is both useful and reliable.When not flowering, U. vulgaris cannot reliably be distinguished from U. macrorhiza or U. australis (Taylor 1989) and some records are likely to have been made from non-flowering populations.

range:
U. vulgaris is a circumboreal but not Arctic species, occurring in Europe, North Africa and temperate Asia to western Siberia and Tibet (Taylor 1989). It is found throughout Europe but is less frequent in the north.

population:
The status of populations is poorly documented, but U. vulgaris appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range, with only minor historic declines mainly due to destruction of wetlands.

habitat:
U. vulgaris is found in oligotrophic, eutrophic and mesotrophic, base-rich waters. Habitats include sheltered bays in limestone lakes, ponds, ditches and pools in calcareous fens and grazing marshes, and flooded clay-, marl-, and gravel-pits. Flowering is temperature dependent, variable annually, and less frequent in the north of its range (F.J. Rumsey in Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
In France, this species is under regional protection in Picardie, Centre, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Midi-Pyrénées, Limousin, Rhones-Alpes, Midi-Pyrénées and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur.There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
It has a limited use in medicine as light astringent action on wounds.It is likely that there is some low-level trade, as there is for all carnivorous plants. It is impossible to assess whether or not such trade poses a threat as so few populations are reliably identified.


redListCategoryRationale:
Jasminum azoricum is endemic to Madeira where it is found at two localities. The number of mature individuals has been reported to be between six and less than 50, the  populations are stable. However, the habitat of the species is declining due to invasive species, agricultural, urban and infrastructure  development, fires,  droughts and landslides. This rare plant is therefore considered as Critically Endangered.

range:
Jasminum azoricum is, despite its name, endemic to Madeira, Portugal. There are only two subpopulations, one in Funchal and the other in Ribeira Brava.

population:
The number of mature individuals has been reported to be less than 50 by Fernandes et al. (in: Martín et al. 2008) and specified as only six individuals by the Commission of the European Communities (2009). The populations are stable.

habitat:
It forms part of the Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis ("Zambujal") (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

threats:
Habitat degradation due to invasive species which cause competition for Jasminum azoricum is one of the major threats. Agricultural, urban and infrastructure development are leading to further habitat loss and degradation. Fires, droughts and landslides can furthermore affect this plant (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Jasminum azoricum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The following conservation measures are recommended for this rare species (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008):Raising public awarenessManagement and restoration of its habitatEstablishment of protected areasReinforcement of the subpopulations and reintroductionsControl of invasive species and other threatsFurthermore, research on the ecology and biology of the species, population dynamics, habitat trends, and appropriate conservation measures are needed.

useAndTrade:
Although this species is very rare in its natural habitat, it is widely used in gardens (Commission of the European Communities 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Four subspecies and one variety of Olea europaea L. are native to Europe: O. europaea ssp. cerasiformis G. Kunkel & Sunding, O. europaea L. ssp. europaea, O. europaea ssp. guanchica P. Vargas, J. Hess, Muñoz Garm. & Kadereit, O. europaea ssp. oleaster (Hoffmanns. & Link) Negodi, and O. europaea var. sylvestris Brot. (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). These taxa are related to cultivated olive.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Olea europaea is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available on the European subpopulation size and distribution to make an informed decision. It is also not known to what extent the genetic identity of the wild subpopulations has been affected by hybridization with cultivated olive.

range:
O. europaea is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus and Turkey), Macaronesia (Madeira and Canary Islands), other parts of Africa, the western Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Peninsula (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Portugal, the species occurs in the northeast and centre-south of the country, while in Spain it is found all over the country. In France, it occurs in 18 departments to the south and southeast as well as Corsica and Paris (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 937 germplasm accessions of O. europaea held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession originates from Spain and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of the protected areas in which it is found.Research is needed to determine the effect of hybridization with cultivated olive on the genetic diversity of the wild subpopulations.

redListAssessors:
Magos Brehm, J., Draper, D. & Kell, S.P.


taxonomicNotes:
Olea maderensis (Lowe) Rivas Mart. & del Ares is a tertiary wild relative of the cultivated olive, Olea europaea L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Olea maderensis is known from at least ten localities and has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO). However, there is insufficient information about its precise distribution, population size and trend to evaluate it against the IUCN Red List Criteria. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient until such time as the necessary data are available to undertake an informed evaluation.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira where it occurs on the islands of Porto Santo, Ilheu Chao and Deserta Grande.

population:
At least 10 subpopulations of this species are known.

habitat:
It grows in dry, exposed coastal areas, on cliffs and rocky substrate. Studies conducted by Brito et al. (2008) and Hess et al. (2000) suggest that there are high levels of genetic diversity between subpopulations.

threats:
The main threat is increasing urbanization; particularly on the south coast of Madeira.

conservationAction:
Germplasm for exists within local botanic gardens, and 30% of the population is within protected areas. # Three localities where the species occurs are within Natura 2000 national parks. The population trends requires monitoring.No germplasm accessions of O. maderensis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is a potential gene donor to the cultivated olive, O. europaea.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Syringa josikea is an endemic  plant of the Carpathian mountains with a disjunctive and fragmented distribution area.  There are 17 sites in the Ukraine and 17 sites in Romania. The Ukrainian sites are small and the populations have a declining trend. There are no more than 1,000 individuals in Ukraine. The main threats are changes to the groundwater regime. There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for Romania. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient but very probably belongs into a threatened category as it is listed as Endangered in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species.

range:
Syringa josikea is an endemic plant of the Carpathian mountains with a disjunctive distribution area. There are 17 sites in the Ukraine and 17 sites in Romania. Most of the Ukrainian sites are concentrated in Latoriza, Rica, and the Uzh river basin in the trans-Carpathian region. Only one site is known in the Lviv region: near the village Klimez in the Stir river basin in the Eastern Beskid Mountains. In Romania, Syringa josikaea grows in the Bigar Mountain in Transylvania.

population:
The species is only found at small sites and the populations have a declining trend. In the past, populations of Syringa josikea grew along torrents like a long narrow line (ribbon). Anthropogenic influence changed the spatial structure of the populations from lines to local isolates. During the last 30 years half of the Ukrainian populations have gone extinct and other populations were declining. For example, the population in Majdan, in the Pidpolozanske forestry territory in the trans-Carpathian region, has decreased from 4.0 ha to 0.6 ha. The number of individuals in the remaining populations are very low. The population of Syringa josikea from the valley of the Repinka river near the village Kyrychyn in the trans-Carpathian region, occupies only 0.5 ha and the number of individuals is 20. In total, the number of individuals in the Ukraine are no more than 1,000 (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). There is no information available on the Romanian populations.

habitat:
This tall shrub grows in ecotones between forests and bog plant communities near streams or torrents in fertile peaty soil. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, Syringa josikea grows in the low beech forest belt in 300-520 m above sea level in the trans-Carpathian region and in 650 m above sea level in the Lviv region. Populations of Syringa josikea are located in light places in margins of ash and ash-alder forest communities.

threats:
The main threat is a change of the groundwater regime such as melioration for agriculture or pastureland including draining of wet meadows or cutting of the forests. The building of road infrastructure destroyed one large population in Majdan in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

conservationAction:
Syringa josikaea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is classed as Vulnerable in the Ukrainian Red Data Book (Diduch 2009) and the Red List of Romania. It is listed as Endangered in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003).Syringa josikaea is protected in the Uzhanskij national park (Transcarpathian region) and in the regional nature monument Buzok Ugorskij (Lviv region). Protection and monitoring of all the remaining populations is needed.

useAndTrade:
This plant is cultivated for the horticultural trade and is widely distributed in eastern European gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
Anarrhinum longipedicellatum occurs in the basins of the rivers  Paiva and Vouga in northern Portugal where it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 900 km² and an extent of  occurrence (EOO) of 1,066 km². Several threats have been reported to this species such as agriculture and forestry activities, road construction, and management of river bank vegetation and it is therefore suspected that the habitat is declining. However, the population trend is stable, the species occurs at more than ten locations and the subpopulations are not severely fragmented. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1b(iii)+2b(iii).

range:
This species occurs in the north of Portugal in the basins of the rivers Paiva and Vouga. The AOO is 900 km² and the EOO is 1,066 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population counts 20,000 individuals that have a stable population trend (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This plant occurs at edges of forests, in schist soils of the Precambrian and  Paleozoic, normally facing to the south. It also grows on slopes, road  verges and river banks. This species is found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4030 European dry heaths5230 Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis9330 Quercus suber forests

threats:
The main threats are agriculture and forestry activities such as forest plantations. The construction of roads and motorways leads to further habitat loss. Where the species occurs on river banks, the management of the bank vegetation for drainage purposes affects the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

conservationAction:
Anarrhinum longipedicellatum is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Antirrhinum charidemi is listed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence reported to be lower than 100 km², an area of occupancy of 33 km², and presence confirmed in one single location. Regressive trends have been identified for its distribution range and its population size. Grazing by goats and loss of natural pollinators are the main threats affecting this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Sierra de Cabo de Gata, Almería, Spain (Cueto et al. 2008), where it can be found growing from 70 to 430 m asl. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 33 km² and its extent of occurrence smaller than 100 km².

population:
Traditionally several subpopulations have been cited, but the distance between them is always lower than 1 km (Cueto et al. 2008). Individuals appear scattered or distributed in groups. Total population size has been reported to be 22,559 individuals.

habitat:
This small shrub grows on volcanic rocks with variable slope. It colonizes fissures with accumulation of soil, along with species such as Sideritis osteoxylla, Asteriscus maritimus, Launaea lanifera, Lavatera maritima and Lapiedra martinezii.This hermaphrodite species can present flowers continuously throughout the year (Cueto et al. 2008).

threats:
Main threats to this species are grazing by goats and loss of natural pollinators (Cueto et al. 2008). Individuals settled in accessible sites are strongly damaged by predators. Apiculture in the area causes the loss of natural pollinators due to the pressure exerted by bees.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is included in the catalogue of threatened species of Andalucía and protected by Law. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).Most of its range is within the protected area Parque Natural Cabo de Gata-Níjar. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks Bancos de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz. Grazing species exclusion areas should be established. Apiculture activities should not be developed in the surroundings of the distribution areas of the species. Research about its ecology and population monitoring should be developed (Cueto et al. 2008).

redListAssessors:
Cueto, M., Vargas, P., Güemes, J., Schwarzer, H., Carrió, E. & Cabello, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Antirrhinum lopesianum is listed as Endangered for it presents a severely fragmented distribution, with a low area of occupancy, below 500 km². Regressive trends have been observed in the quality of its habitat. A probability of extinction of 33% in 20 years has been calculated for the species in its biggest subpopulation and prospects for the other subpopulations are probably worse. #

range:
This plant is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, occurring at the northeastern border of Portugal with Spain. Its main population is located in Portugal. In Spain, the species is known from four subpopulations (Iriondo et al. 2009). According to Bernardos et al. (2006) there are four subpopulations in Portugal, in the rivers Sabor-Maças and five-six more subpopulations can be found in the border of Portugal and Spain, along Duero river. Total number of subpopulations is, therefore, around ten. Areas of occupancy of around 0.029 km² in Portugal and 2 km² in Spain, have been reported.

population:
In Spain, total population size has been reported to be 248 individuals,  from which 242 specimens occur in the location Corporario (Salamanca),  which appears fragmented. Extreme annual fluctuations have been observed  in the number of mature individuals due to drought events (González Talaván et al. 2004). Four subpopulations occur in Portugal, in the rivers  Sabor-Maças and five-six more subpopulations can be found in the border  of Portugal and Spain, along the Duero river. The total number of subpopulations  is therefore around ten. Total number of individuals thought to exist is only 768 (Bernardos et al. 2006), distributed along the valley of the River Duero on the Spanish-Portuguese border (562, 71.2%), and in the Portuguese Sabor River valley (206, 26.8%).

habitat:
This perennial chamaephyte grows on calcareous rocks on the banks of the River Duero (northeast Portugal and central western Spain) and River Sabor (northeast Portugal). It has a linear spatial distribution of individuals along the banks of rivers. Flowering occurs in spring (April-May), and fructification in summer (July-September); it is insect pollinated.In Portugal, this herb grows in fissures in more or less  overhanging granitic walls with carbonate crusts, facing north or east,  in association with Rumici-Dianthion lusitani communities. In Spain, it occurs on steep granitic walls with carbonate crusts, within casmophytic communities. Frequent accompanying species are Phagnalon saxatile, Rumex induratus and Dianthus lusitanus. In Salamanca, the Iberian endemism Scrophularia valdesii can also be found growing along with Antirrhinum lopesianum.

threats:
The main threat to the species is loss of habitat: about one third of the Iberian populations can be considered threatened (Bernardos et al. 2006). In Portugal, main threats affecting the species are collection, leisure and tourism impacts, trampling caused by the use of paths and cycling tracks, forest planting activities, water pollution and drying out (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Spain, main threats to the species is its poor reproductive strategy (González Talaván et al. 2004). Furthermore, the location in Salamanca is close to a recreational area and it is easily accessible.

conservationAction:
Antirrhinum lopesianum is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Castilla y León. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(v); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Arribes del Duero. The location in Salamanca is expected to be included in an SCI.In Portugal, the species presents poor prospects and it is likely to struggle unless conditions change. It is classifiable as Critically Endangered in this country (Bernardos et al. 2006), based on IUCN criteria, i.e., area of occupancy less than 10 km²,  severely fragmented, number of mature individuals declining, and only  284 mature individuals in total: CR B2ab(v) (Bernardos et al. 2006).Seeds should be collected and stored in germplasm banks, education and awareness programmes for visitors should be developed. Population trend monitoring should be kept in place.

redListAssessors:
Amich García, F., Bernardos Hernández, S., González Talaván, A., Barreto Caldas, F & Alves, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
This subspecies is endemic to the southwestern coast of Portugal. Its area of occupancy is less than 300 km² and the populations are isolated, decreasing and severely fragmented. This fragmentation will increase due to the high pressure from urban and tourism development at the coast that causes habitat loss and degradation. The taxon is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to the southwestern coast of Portugal (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is between 166 and 300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It is a rare taxon that is dispersed in isolated populations over a moderate area but with low numbers of individuals. The subpopulation in the area of Aljezur is demographically distinct from the two northern subpopulations, and are comprised of a few nuclei, one with thousands of individuals. North of the river Seixe two small subpopulations are found of variable size, often with fewer than ten individuals. The subpopulations are separated by tens of kilometres from each other   (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This taxon can be found in calcareous sands and less frequently in carbonated sands. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2230 "Malcolmietalia dune grasslands"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).The populations north of the river Seixe are not viable but are of importance for genetic exchange with more stable populations (ICN 2006).

threats:
Expansion of urban and tourism development is the main threat, that leads to loss of habitat and individuals and causes the remaining populations to become even more isolated (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium ssp. lusitanicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal. Conservation measures that are needed comprise the control of urban and tourism development, site protection and management, and improvement of connections between populations (ICN 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Euphrasia genargentea might not be the accepted name of this species, it could be either Euphrasia nana (Rouy) Prain or Euphrasia minima var. genargentea Feoli (The Plant List 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Euphrasia genargentea is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. In the island of Sardinia this species is only present in one locality, in Corsica, it is found  in 30 localities. Abandonment of pastoral systems has been described as the main threat. However, there are no indications of a decline in Corsica and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Euphrasia genargentea is native to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy).

population:
In the island of Sardinia this species is only present in one locality (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Corsica, it is found in more than 30 localities and there is no evidence of decline. The species is still poorly known.

habitat:
This perennial plant can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)

threats:
The main threat described to this species is abandonment of pastoral systems (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Euphrasia genargentea is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
This genus is taxonomically critical, but this species is relatively recognisable.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is rare and scattered, covering a small area of occupancy, in zones that are quickly changing, due to modification of water regimes and of agricultural practices. These annuals show an extreme fluctuation of the number of individuals, related to climatic conditions. They are considered as severely fragmented and are therefore classified as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is native to Italy, where it is found in the Padanian plain, from Lombardia towards the east, and Slovenia where it occurs in the coastal region. The total geographical range is 6,309 km² of which only 24 km² belong to Slovenia   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In total, it is suspected that the area of occupancy is smaller than 2,000 km² and that the populations are severely fragmented.

population:
This species is rare, and its habitat is rare too. The species has been recorded in less than 20 localities in Italy and five localities in Slovenia, but only one has been confirmed recently  (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is no data on the number of individuals but these annuals show an extreme fluctuation of the number of individuals, related to climatic conditions.  The populations are decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in wet meadows in lowlands, sometimes in remnants of peat bogs.It is found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):7230 Alkaline fens6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)

threats:
Habitat loss, due to land use changes (agriculture intensification or abandonment) and drainage are the main reason for the decline of this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classified as Vulnerable in Italy and as Data Deficient in Slovenia (Čušin et al. 2004). It is protected by national law in Slovenia. Some sub-populations are included in Natura 2000 sites.Maintaining of traditional land use would be an important factor for the survival of this species and of its habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Portuguese endemic was described in 1936 and never found again. It is therefore classed as Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to Bragança in Portugal and was described by Sampson in 1936 from specimens collected in 1932 by F. Mendonça. It was never found again despite extensive surveys in 1990 and 1996. There are suspicions that E. mendoncae is in fact a different species and Flora Iberica treats it as a synonym of E. minima Jacq. ex DC. (Castroviejo et al. 2009).

habitat:
An annual plant that was described from permanently flooded mountainous grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Euphrasia mendoncae is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. Taxonomic research on the species is needed if it is ever found again.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This plant has a restricted distribution but the populations in the Iberian Peninsula seem to be stable. However, the habitat loss and degradation, and the future  demand for water in the southern European regions might cause it to qualify for Near Threatened or a threatened category in the near future. It therefore needs to be monitored closely.

range:
G. linifolia is endemic to Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula. It is found in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, in ten provinces of Spain, belonging to four regions (Andalucia, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-Leon, Extremadura) and in seven regions in Portugal (Baixo Alentejo, Alto Alentejo, Estremadura, Beira Baixa, Beira Alta, Tras-os-Montes, and Douro Littoral).

population:
No data on the size of the populations are available. In the Iberian Peninsula, populations appear to be stable but are threatened by an increase in anthropogenic pressure. Many records belong to ancient collections before the agricultural development in the 1960s, which have been completely transformed or disappeared now.

habitat:
G. linifolia is an annual, which grows in temporary pools as well as on the margins of fast-flowing rivers, marshes and on peat soils, from sea-level to 1,400 m altitude. It flowers and fruits between May and September.

threats:
Populations of G. linifolia are threatened by high grazing pressure, the increasing frequency of severe droughts, as well as urbanization, agriculture and increasing tourism pressure, however these threats are unlikely to cause severe population declines in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is included as Near Threatened in the Red List of the Flora of Andalusia, Spain (Cabezudo et al. 2005) and it occurs in protected areas.


conservationAction:
G. officinalis is classed as  Extinct in Estonia and Vulnerable in Switzerland and is protected at national level in France (espèces végétales protégées sur l'ensemble du territoire: Article 2), otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Isoplexis chalcantha is classed as Critically Endangered due to its highly fragmented and restricted geographic range and negative trends reported for its distribution and population size. Its number of subpopulations has decreased to four. It presents very low extent of occurrence, 12 km², and area of occupancy, of 6 km². Predation and droughts affect the species and its habitat, limiting its expansion. It is as well affected by human impacts as collection for medicinal purposes, and agriculture.

range:
Isoplexis chalcantha is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 400 and 900 m asl in the northern part of the island. It is found in four locations: Zumacal, Barranco la Virgen, Los Tilos and Los Propios. Two more locations were cited in the past but not recently found: Barranco Oscuro and Azuaje-Garañones, and one more reference has not been confirmed  (Marrero and Naranjo 2004). It has been reported to present high fragmentation and regressive trends for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Its extent of occurrence has been estimated in around 12 km² (Á. Marrero pers. comm. 2011) and its total area of occupancy has been estimated in 2 km² (Marrero and Naranjo 2004).

population:
Total population size is estimated in 392 individuals: 230 individuals in Zumacal, 62 in Barranco La Virgen, 99 in Los Tilos and one single individual at Los Propios. Its population size has been reported to suffer important fluctuations and decreases. Fruits are frequently aborted during drought events and the expansion of the species is limited by its restricted dispersion capacity and low germination and recruitment levels (Marrero and Naranjo 2004).

habitat:
It grows on slopes or understorey sites, on basaltic well-developed substrates, on the potential distribution range of laurel-leaved forests known as monteverde, within communities such as Myrico fayae-Ericetum arboreae and Visneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis. It tends to grow in rupicolous communities Aeonietum virginii, but currently it is found in marginal and degraded areas of these communities (Marrero and Naranjo 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Common accompanying species are: Laurus novocanariensis, Sonchus congestus, Rubus bollei, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Semele gayae, Erica arborea, Dryopteris oligodonta, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Aeonium virgineum.

threats:
Threats are taking and removal of flora and eutrophication  (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Droughts are an important threat for the species (Marrero and Naranjo 2004). The predation by rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus, mainly on seedlings and young individuals, along with periods of low precipitations also appears as an important population decreasing factor, as well as agriculture and occasional landslides.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the regional catalogue of protected species.It is found within the protected areas Reserva Natural Especial de Azuaje (SCI), Reserva Natural Integral del Barranco Oscuro (SCI), Reserva Natural Especial de Los Tilos de Moya and Parque Rural Doramas, as well as in the SCI Barranco de La Virgen. #Seeds of the species are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de La Laguna. It has been included in a LIFE project and reinforcement plans have been locally developed. Recuperation measures must be promoted, including the re-introduction of the species in the location currently extinct. Seeds from the different locations should be collected and stored.

useAndTrade:
It has medicinal applications as cardiotonic.

redListAssessors:
Marrero Rodríguez, Á. & Naranjo Morales, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Isoplexis isabelliana is classed as Endangered due to its highly fragmented and restricted distribution, being present in only four locations, with an area of occupancy of 19 km². Predation and anthropogenic pressure limit its expansion and declining patterns have been observed for its habitat. Total population size is 1,121 individuals and each natural subpopulation comprises less than 250 individuals.

range:
Isoplexis isabelliana is endemic to the Island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Salas Pascual et al. 2004). It is found in the western, northern and northeastern part of the island, between 790 and 1,600 m asl, distributed throughout four locations, one of which is the result of the reintroduction of the taxon in the site: Llanos de la Pez. It is extinct in the eastern part of the island. Its area of occupancyis 19 km². Negative trends have been reported for its distribution and some subpopulations have disappeared (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
Total population has been estimated in 1,121 individuals   (Santana and Naranjo 2007), from which 476 are natural population and 645 occur in the introduced subpopulation Llanos de la Pez. Its subpopulations include abundant seedlings but these frequently do not reach maturity (Salas Pascual et al. 2004). The reintroduced subpopulations are dominated by senescent individuals, perhaps due to the presence of pines that limits its regeneration.The subpopulation of Pino Gordo was destroyed in a fire in 2007 and only three individuals survived. No regeneration has been observed, not even after the establishment of a fence to protect the subpopulation against herbivores. However, in Inagua, after the fire one more subpopulation was discovered: Barranco de las Magarzas, comprising 66 individuals (Santana and Hernández 2008).

habitat:
This shrub is found in scrublands Chamaecytiso canariae-Adenocarpetum villosi, which potentially grow on the most sunny and rocky areas of the "monteverde" and the humid native pine forest (Salas Pascual et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Under human-induced pressures it forms the substitution shrubland of these communities. Within the humid pine forest it grows along with Cistus symphytifolius and Chamaecytisus proliferus ssp. canariensis, Micromeria pineolens, Erica arborea and Phyllirea angustifolia.It can also be present in degraded stages of the shrublands Micromerio-Cytisetum congesti, along with Sideritis dasignaphala, Erysimum scoparium, Argyranthemum adauctum ssp. canariense and rupicolous species such as Aeonium simsii and Greenovia aurea.

threats:
Main threats are predation and grazing by rabbits and goats, and habitat fragmentation (Salas Pascual et al. 2004). Some subpopulations have been as well affected by road and motorway development and house building.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs in the protected areas Parque Natural de Tamadaba (SCI), Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI), Paisaje Protegido de Las Cumbres, Reserva Natural Especial de Los Marteles, SCIs Hoya del Gamonal and Barranco de La Virgen and Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua (SAC Ojeda, Inagua y Pajonales).   Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, where the species is cultivated. Some plantations have been introduced within the potential habitat of the species.Grazing and plant collection must be controlled. The species should be reintroduced to the sites where it has disappeared.

useAndTrade:
This species is used as foragerfor grazing animals and it has medicinal properties (Salas Pascual et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Salas Pascual, M., Quintana Vega, G. & Hernández Negrín, E.


range:
L. aquatica occurs throughout much of the northern hemisphere, becoming scarce in the south, and it is absent from parts of the Mediterranean and India south of the Himalayas. It occurs from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far east and Japan. It also occurs in Greenland and northern and western North America. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian peninsula north to Iceland and east to North European Russia, the Ukraine and the Balkans.

population:
The species is Critically Endangered in Croatia, Endangered in Austria and Switzerland, Vulnerable on Cyprus and Near Threatened in Sweden, however throughout most of its European range it is widespread and reasonably abundant, although the status of populations is difficult to assess because of natural massive seasonal fluctuations in populations.

habitat:
L. aquatica is a characteristic and very typical plant of the exposed mud on the draw-down zones of lakes and reservoirs, as well as silt bars and banks in rivers, wet tracks and temporary pools, it is usually associated with nutrient-rich sites or soils with high organic content.

conservationAction:
Conservation measures in place are research on taxonomy, habitat status, biology and ecology, regional protection in France (region Centre, Basse-Normandie, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Lorraine, Alsace and Rhône-Alpes) and Corsica. The species is Critically Endangered in Croatia, Endangered in Austria and Switzerland, Vulnerable on Cyprus and Italy and Near Threatened in Sweden.Ex situ conservation is underway (Bernhardt et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is classed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the size and trend of the populations or potential threats. More research is needed.

range:
Limosella tenella is apparently endemic to mainland Greece.

population:
There is no information available on population trends in L. tenella.

conservationAction:
There is no information available on existing conservation or the need for future conservation action. Information about population size and trend, habitat requirements, as well as potential threats should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Algarve in Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 2,000 km² and an area of occupancy of 1,400 km². The species is frequent in various sites but with annual population fluctuations. There is no indication of the subpopulations being severely fragmented and the number of sites is assumed to be more than ten. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, changes to traditional land use management and tourism activities are potentially threatening the species and the population trend is unknown. It is therefore recommended to monitor the populations and reassess their status if a decline is noticed.

range:
This species is endemic to the Algarve in Portugal (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 2,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species is frequent in various sites but with annual population fluctuations (ICN 2006). There is no information on the population size or trend available.

habitat:
This annual plant flowers from March to April and is found in clearings in shrublands, vineyards and pine forests, on sandy soils (ICN 2006). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are changes to traditional land use management and tourism activities (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Linaria algarviana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. Appropriate site management for this species including traditional grazing activities or control of urban and tourism expansion should be established. Ex situ conservation in botanic gardens is recommended (ICN 2006). And information on the population trend and size should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it was  believed to be extinct but was recently rediscovered in Serra da  Nogueira and in the region of the river Douro. It has an area  of occupancy (AOO) of 500 km² and is a rare species. There is no information on population size or trend and potential threats available and further research and field work are needed. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal it was believed to be extinct but was recently rediscovered in Serra da Nogueira and in the region of the river Douro (ICN 2006). It has an AOO of 500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This is a rare species (ICN 2006). There is no information on population size or trend available.

habitat:
This species grows in open habitats at low altitude. It is adapted to recently burned areas as it prefers very light textured soils. This plant can be easily observed in one year, but disappeared in the following one (ICN 2006). In the Douro valley it has been found in silty areas where sediments are dragged out (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Linaria coutinhoi is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. More fieldwork should be carried out to establish a population size and trend, and to collect more information about the biology and ecology of this plant. The known individuals should be protected and ex situ conservation measures should be taken (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it has an extent of occurrence of 3,100 km² and an area of occupancy of 1,700 km². There has been a considerable decline in the number of mature individuals. The current population size is not known. The main threats are posed by urbanisation, trampling, changes  in land use, collection, and invasive species. The number of locations is not known and neither at what rate the decline is continuing. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it occurs from the estuary of the river Sado southwards along the southwest coast (ICN 2006). The extent of occurrence is 3,100 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,700 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There has been a considerable decline in the number of mature individuals. The current population size is not known (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This species is found in coastal sand dunes, often unstable. It grows in nuclei that are naturally separated by gaps in the dune habitat and it colonises open habitat (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.

threats:
The main threat is habitat loss due to urban expansion, for example in the area of Aljezur (Valley da Telha and Espartal). Trampling, changes in land use and collection of this plant poses further threats. It is also impacted by the invasion of exotic species such as Acacia sp. and Carpobrotus edulis.

conservationAction:
Linaria ficalhoana is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal.The dune habitat should be protected and restored and access to the habitat should be regulated. The invasive species need to be controlled or eradicated and collection should be restricted (ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes collected but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The extent of habitat and its quality are continuously decreasing and there are extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals observed. Furthermore, the anthropogenic threats on the coasts of Corsica and Sardinia are very high. # However, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are just above the thresholds for the Vulnerable category. This species is therefore considered as Near Threatened approaching Vulnerable (VU) B2b(iii)c(iv).

range:
This Mediterranean endemic is found in Corsica (France), Sardinia  (Italy) as well as in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia (Euro+Med  Plantbase 2006-2010). In Corsica and Sardinia, only the subspecies Linaria  flava  ssp. sardoa (Sommier) A. Terrac. is found and it is endemic to those two islands. The range is 5,085 km² in France (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010) and less than 5,000 km² in Italy. The area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km² in France (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010) but probably more if the sites in Sardinia are added.Records from Spain are apparently a confusion with L. oligantha Lange (Castroviejo et al. 2009).

population:
In Sardinia, the species is present in 11 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Corsica, there are 40 localities in 11 communes with an estimated 15,000-20,000 individuals (fluctuating). The populations are generally stable, but a few populations are declining.   Extreme fluctuations of the number of individuals, due to climatic conditions and anthropogenic impact, are observed.

habitat:
Linaria flava is a heliophile and xerophile species that grows in coastal sandy areas (Pignatti et al. 2001). It can colonize the following habitats of the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands

threats:
The major threats to this species are recreational activities and motorized vehicles, habitat closure, invasive species (Carpobrotus spp.), modification of dune systems and overgrazing. Fires are also a local threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is considered as Low Risk in the Italian Red List. It is listed as Vulnerable in the French national list (Olivier et al. 1995) and included in national and regional legislation (Corsica). Several localities are either occurring in protected areas (14) or owned by the Conservatoire du Littoral (15). Ex situ conservation activities are implemented in the Centro  Conservazione Biodiversita in Calgliari. Preservation and restoration of the quality of the habitat are vital for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Linaria hellenica Turrill is often treated under the synonym Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Sprengel (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Euro+Med Plantbase accepts Linaria hellenica as a valid name.

redListCategoryRationale:
The plant is classified as Endangered due to its restricted distribution, it has an extent of occurrence of 26 km² and an area of occupancy of 20 km², and the continuous habitat decline due to urban and tourism development and herbicide use. It is found at two to three locations and it seems  that the total population size does not exceed 1,000 mature individuals. If the population fluctuations due to human activities are documented and turn out to be severe, the plant should be classified as Critically Endangered. The plant also qualifies as Vulnerable D1+D2.

range:
This species is found in North Africa, Palestine, and reaches its northern most distribution in Greece. There it is found in Peloponnisos, at the Maleas Peninsula and Elafonisos island. It has an extent of occurrence of 26 km² and an area of occupancy of 20 km².

population:
There are one to two subpopulations found at two to three locations.Contandriopoulos and Yannitsaros (1975) found few individuals at each site, except from the locality 2 km northwest of Neapolis where c. 100 individuals were found. Iatrou (1986) found at most 80 individuals at each locations and estimated that the total population size does not exceed 200 individuals. Later, Tan and Iatrou (1995) counted more than 250 individuals at field margins north of Neapolis and state that the population size fluctuates greatly due to human activities. It seems that the total population size does not exceed 1,000 mature individuals.

habitat:
This plant grows on sandy beaches (not on sand dunes) and level sandy areas, in cultivated and uncultivated flat open areas, edges of olive groves, usually near the sea, often not more than 3-4 km inland. It has been found at altitudes from 0 – 2 (–50) m asl. The plant is an annual which seems to have a ruderal/stress tolerant strategy and can grow as a weed of traditionally cultivated fields. According to Contandriopoulos and Yannitsaros (1975) the plant is neither halophilous nor strictly psammophilous and has a low competitive ability. According to Tan and Iatrou (1995) it cannot face competition with other ruderal or invasive taxa and it depends on cultivation and on the stability of its habitat.

threats:
Tourism and urban development are quite intense at the coastal areas where the plant grows and the plant is threatened by habitat loss. According to Tan and Iatrou (1995) the plant is also threatened by chemical weed control and is easily galled and attacked by aphids.

conservationAction:
Linaria hellenica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and is included in the Red Data Book (1995). The population of the plant is included in the Natura 2000 site GR254002.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)It is only found on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km², but the species is found at more than ten locations and it is not known whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented. The habitat quality is declining due to recreational activities at the  beach and infrastructure development in its dunes habitat. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2.

range:
This Baltic Sea endemic is native to Germany, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia (Kaliningrad) (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).It is only found on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The AOO is likely to be less than 2,000 km².

population:
The population has been estimated in some countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):In Latvia, it is found at 27-40 localities with a slowly decreasing population trend.In Lithuania, the species only occupies 4 km² on the Curonian spit and on the seacoast, the population is also slowly decreasing.In Poland, 30,000 individuals have been counted. It is abundant with several thousand individuals in the dunes of Mierzeja Wiślana (Vistula Spit) and Pobrzeże Słowińskie (Słowińskie Coastland; Słowiński National Park). There is a marginal locality in the west on the sand-bar of Lake Jamno near Unieść (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).There is no information for Germany and Russia available.

habitat:
This species grows in sands of the Baltic coastline and is dependent on natural sand movements. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2110 Embryonic shifting dunes2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)

threats:
The main threats to the species are recreational activities at the beach. Infrastructure development on the dunes is a habitat threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Russia, it is categorized as Data Deficient (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).In Lithuania, it is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book (Rašomavičius 2007). It is listed as Rare in Latvia. In Germany, it is not on the Red List but strictly protected (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). In Poland it is listed as Vulnerable in the national Red List (Mirek et al. 2006), in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001), and in the Atlas of Polish Endemics (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa in prep.); it is also strictly protected at a national level (Piekoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). Linaria loeselii is included in some protected areas such as Słowiński National Park in Poland.


redListCategoryRationale:
Linaria pseudolaxiflora is endemic to the Mediterranean islands Linosa and Malta where it has a restricted area of occupancy of less than 28 km². There is only one location on Linosa with a stable population and no major threats. It seems to have disappeared from various Maltese islands and now  only persist on Malta, Gozo, and Comino and is said to be rare to very rare. Potential threats in Malta,  are human disturbance and competition with native and alien species. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Mediterranean islands Linosa near Sicily and Malta (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The total geographic range has been estimated to be 28 km² but only 5 km² belong to Linosa   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is only one location on Linosa.It was formerly reported from various Maltese islands but seems to now only persist on Malta, Gozo, and Comino (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In Linosa, this species has been recorded in one locality and the population is currently stable. In Malta the population covers 16 km². L. pseudolaxiflora has declined in the Maltese islands in the last three decades. It is now said to be rare to very rare (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Linaria pseudolaxiflora is an annual plant that lives on rocky soils, and coastal rocks including cliff-tops, maritime garrigue, limestone slabs in pavings, old walls, abandoned rural buildings and fortifications. It grows in shallow calcareous soils as well as on volcanic rocks as in the island of Linosa (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
It seems that there are no threats to the species on Linosa. In Malta, the species is subject to human disturbance and threatened by competition with native and alien species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Linaria pseudolaxiflora is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In the Italian Red Data Book it is listed as Lower Risk. In Malta, it is protected at national level.


redListCategoryRationale:
Linaria ricardoi is endemic to  the southeast Alentejo in Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 851 km²  and an area of occupancy of 700 km². The total population has been estimated in 10,000 individuals and the populations are  decreasing but have always been described as rare. The current number of localities is not known but surveys carried out between 1994 and 1995 in the  Alentejo only detected two localities. The main cause of population declines have been agricultural  intensification, herbicide use, overgrazing, and droughts. The species is classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab+2ab for the moment but more information on the population size and how current threats are affecting the populations is needed.

range:
Linaria ricardoi is endemic to the southeast Alentejo in Portugal (ICN 2006). The extent of occurrence is 851 km² and the area of occupancy is 700 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population has been estimated in 10,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population might be decreasing although the species has already been described as rare in the 50s and 60s with a few hundred individuals in the few known subpopulations. Surveys carried out between 1994 and 1995 in the Alentejo only detected two localities (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This annual plant flowers in March and April. It occurs in wheat and oat fields with little human intervention, in the undergrowth of olive tree plantations or on road sides. It prefers acid soils of loam or clay. This plant is characteristic of the order Centaureetalia cyani, class Stellarietea media. This species has dormant seeds and seed soil banks might exist in some places (ICN 2006).

threats:
The main cause of population declines has been agricultural intensification and the related increase in herbicide use. Overgrazing poses a threat in other areas. Droughts can also affect this plant (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Linaria ricardoi is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. Habitat maintenance with traditional agriculture and the control of herbicide use, as well as reintroductions, are recommended measures. Continue research on the ecological requirements of this plant (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the northern Alps in Italy. It occurs at four localities and has an extent of occurrence below 100 km² and an area of occupancy below 10 km².  The population size is less than 250 mature individuals but the population is stable. The main threats are infrastructure development for tourism and collection of the species. It is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Italian northern Alps and is found in the region Lombardia (Pignatti et al. 2001). There are four localities with an extent of occurrence below 100 km² and an area of occupancy below 10 km².

population:
The population size is less than 250 mature individuals, the population is stable but severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8130 "Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is infrastructure development for tourism. Collection of the species poses a further threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Linaria tonzigii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The populations are partially included in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. This species is frequently mistaken for Lindernia dubia.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because in spite of local conservation concerns, it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
Lindernia procumbens occurs from eastern Europe, through Siberia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, India, Pakistan and Nepal east to China, Japan, Taiwan, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam and apparently on Java. In Europe, it occurs throughout much of the southern part from Greece and Albania, extending north to France, Germany, Poland, Belarus and Central and Southern European Russia   (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).  Total geographic range for Austria, Italy, France, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovenia, Hungary and Slovakia has been estimated in 66,615 km²   from which more than 70% belong to Italy with 18,799 km², Poland with 17,840 km² and Hungary with 15,312 km²   (Commission of the European Communities, 2009).In Switzerland, the plant is found at one locality of 1 km² at 200 m, it is severely restricted.

population:
The population has been estimated for some countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 600 - 60,000 individualsCzech Republic: it is found at eight localitiesFrance: 73 localitiesGermany: 21 localitiesHungary: 10,000 - 200,000 individualsItaly: 17 localitiesPoland: 4,000 individualsSlovakia: 1 - 20 localitiesSlovenia: 25 localitiesIt was classed Regionally Extinct in Switzerland but one new location was found and the population is estimated in about 10 individuals. Throughout most of its European range, it is widespread with stable populations.

habitat:
L. procumbens is an annual herb, classic species of nutrient-rich or organic silt in the draw-down zones of lakes and ponds, also occurring on the beds of drained fishpond and oxbow lakes. It is also present in the Habitats Directive habitats 3130 "Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea" and 3270 "Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Switzerland, this species occurs in Bidention tripartitate communities and also in Nanocyperion communities. It can be found in very sunny seasonally inundated areas. #

threats:
Lindernia procumbens faces local threats in parts of its range especially from changes in the hydrological regimes such as canalisation and the artificial regulation of water levels. The infilling of water bodies, the removal of sediment as well as flooding or drying out negatively affects the populations. Water pollution and eutrophication are further threats often related to agricultural practices and the use of pesticides. Locally, invasive species pose a problem   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. L. procumbens was classed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland. Nowadays it is classed Critically Endangered and legally protected. The only population known occurs in a Natural Reserve. This species requires water regime fluctuations to progress and site management measures have to take this aspect into account. Furthermore, it is classed as Endangered in Austria (Niklfeld and Schratt-Ehrendorfer 1999) and in Croatia (Nicolić and Topić 2005) and it is considered to be  Vulnerable in Serbia (V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010). The species is protected throughout France and specifically in the  departements of Rhône-Alpes and Auvergne. In Germany, it is classed as Endangered (level 2) in the national Red List   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).  Categorized as Near Threatened (NT) in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).Ex situ conservation is taking place (Bernhardt et al. 2008). There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Odontites granatensis is listed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence and an area of occupancy of 1 km² and presence confirmed in one single location. Population size is believed to have strongly decreased in the past, slightly increasing nowadays due to the establishment of a fence around the main subpopulation. Continuing decline has been observed in the extent and quality of its habitat due to livestock trampling and changes in land use.

range:
This species is native to the south of # Spain  (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010), endemic to the northwestern part of Sierra Nevada (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). It can be found in one single location, distributed intro three small subpopulations, though most of the individuals occur in one of them (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). Its area of occupancy has been reported to be lower than 1 km2.

population:
Total population size has been reported to be 44,063 individuals (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). Population trend is increasing due to the fencing of the main population nuclei.

habitat:
This annual herb occurs within scrublands and woodlands, which provide shelter against hervibores, on calcareous substrates in slopes facing north or northwest (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species are Juniperus sabina, Juniperus communis ssp. hemisphaerica, Astragalus granatensis, Erinacea anthyllis, Satureja intricata, Berberis hispanica, Conopodium thalictrifolium, Festuca indigesta, Inula montana, Scabiosa turolensis ssp. turolensis, Amelanchier ovalis, Festuca hystrix, Koeleria crassipes and Prunus ramburii.It is a hermaphrodite species. In absence of predators more than 90% of the flowers produce viable fruits.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the presence of herbivores, which prey on the species and cause soil nitrification and trampling (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). The low ecological plasticity of the species is also a threat. Other reported threats are urbanised areas and human habitation   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR A2abde; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada (SCI), where a recovery plan is being developed by the regional government (Junta de Andalucía). Its main subpopulation is fenced, tracks have been modified, competition phenomena have been eliminated. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz and # Banco de Germoplasma de Sierra Nevada.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Madeira where it occurs in 25 localities. The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
Odontites hollianus is endemic to Madeira, Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 294 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species has been recorded in 25 localities across the islands with an unknown but assumed increasing population size (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, the main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4050 Endemic Macaronesian heaths6180 Macaronesian mesophile grasslands8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
There was a major fire in summer 2010 that might have led to the loss of individuals. Further threats are collection of the plant, natural catastrophes such as landslides, and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This plant is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the name Odontites holliana (Lowe) Benth.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is found in Tarifa, Spain, on Malta, and is now possibly extinct in Portugal. In the Spanish subpopulations, the number of individuals are extremely fluctuating, as it depends on the host and on the climatic conditions. In Malta it was thought to be rare for many years, but it is now suspected that it is more widespread than assumed. The populations however are declining due to urbanisation,  invasion by exotic species, recreational activities and fires. As there is no information on the area of occupancy or number of locations, the species is assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Orobanche densiflora is endemic to the Mediterranean being native to Algeria, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Sardinia and Sicily   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Spain, it is only found at the coast of the province Cádiz.Orobanche densiflora is considered as native to Malta, and occurs as an endemic form: Orobanche densiflora forma melitensis Beck (Sommier and Caruana Gatto 1915). It should be noted that Lojacono (1880, as quoted in Sommier and Caruana Gatto 1915) also mentions O. densiflora from Sicily; nevertheless, he does not re-quote this in later works, including the Flora Sicula (Lojacono 1904). Pignatti (1982) confirms Orobanche densiflora only from Malta, but quoting the records from Sicily and Sardinia as ‘to verify’ (“da verificare”). Its range in Malta is 8 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).Flora Iberica states that records from Italy and Malta are erroneous and might correspond to O. crinita (Castroviejo et al. 2009). However, Orobanche crinita is also recorded from Malta, but is often cited  as a possible mistake for O. densiflora s.l. and not vice-versa (D.T. Stevens pers. comm. 2011).

population:
This species has not been seen in Portugal for several years (Castroviejo et al. 2009). There are no data available on population size or trend for Spain but the number of individuals is fluctuating extremely as it depends on the host and on the climatic conditions.In Malta, the species is found in the Marfa Peninsula, in Mellieħa and eastern Malta. It is rare with a restricted distribution. A decline of the populations has been observed in the sand dune areas in the Marfa Peninsula, where it is now confined to the Ramla tat-Torri sand dunes due to severe human interference/habitat destruction in the peninsula. Populations with few individuals have been found at Aħrax and Ġnien Ingraw and Pembroke (although no observations in the latter for the last five years) and it is therefore likely that there are more populations present in the area than formerly assumed. Similarly, a host switch between the formerly frequent Lotus halophilus (and now critically endangered and possibly extinct from the island of Malta), to the commoner Lotus cytisoides, which is not confined to sand dunes and is locally also found in rocky coastal habitats, cannot be excluded, explaining the new records. Overall it is assumed that the populations are declining (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species is an epiphyte of Leguminosae. It is probably a perennial herb, parasite on Lotus spp., generally found on coastal sandy dunes.In the Maltese Islands, the species is found as the endemic form melitensis Beck, Sommier   Caruana Gatto (1915). This is dependant on its host species, notably Lotus spp. 20th century authors of the Maltese flora refer to Lotus halophilus Boissier et Spruner (= Lotus pusillus Viviani non Medicus) as its host, but this species is now critically endangered, and O. densiflora has not been observed on this species in the last three decades. Recent individuals have always been found on Lotus cytisoides L., which is known from rocky coastal habitats and sand dunes   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The habitats, where both the host and Orobanche densiflora are known to co-occur, are generally declining due to urbanisation, invasion by invasive species or habitat alteration/deterioration, related to trampling, tourist activities and infrastructure development. Fires are a further threat to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Protection and restoration of the natural habitat are needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The population occurring in the Karkonosze mountains treated as subspecies sudetica is regarded as a taxon endemic to the Karkonosze (Perzanowska 2010; Mirek and Piekoś-Mirkowa in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Pedicularis sudetica is native to Czech Republic, Poland, Novaya Zemlya and Franz-Joseph Land, Eastern and Northern European Russia. Its area of occupancy for Czech Republic and  Poland is 258 km². There are around 7,700 individuals in Czech  Republic in 12 localities and 1,100 to 1,200 individuals in 29 localities in Poland. The total EU 27 population is therefore less than 9,000 individuals. There is no  information on the Russian populations available.In the  individual  populations a slight decline has been observed, but in  general, the  Polish population seems to be stable. The Czech populations are assumed to be declining. In both the Czech Republic and  Poland the species is harmed by agriculture and forestry activities,  dispersed habitation, recreational  activities, water pollution and the physical effects of erosion, and landslides.At the European level the species is assessed as Data Deficient as there is no data for Russia available.In the EU 27 the species has a restricted range with an area of occupancy of 258 km2 and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality and the number of locations. It is known from 41 localities but it is not known how this translates into locations as defined by threat or whether they are severely fragmented. The total population has less than 9,000 mature individuals but it is not known whether there are less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient but it is suspected that it needs to be placed in a threatened category.

range:
Pedicularis sudetica is native to Czech Republic, Poland, Novaya Zemlya and Franz-Joseph Land, Eastern and Northern European Russia(Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its area of occupancy for Czech Republic and Poland is 258 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).It is found in the sub-alpine belt of the Polish Karkonosze mountains.  In Poland Pedicularis sudetica has been reported from 29 localities. There are 12 known localities in Czech Republic.

population:
It has been estimated that there are around 7,700 individuals in Czech Republic   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are assumed to be declining. The estimated population in Poland is around 1,100 to 1,200 individuals. In the  individual populations a slight decline has been observed, but in  general, the Polish population seems to be stable.There is no information on the Russian populations available.

habitat:
Pedicularis sudetica can occur in subalpine springs, transitional mires, acidic moss-rich fens and snow beds   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels7110 Active raised bogs (Oxycocco-Sphagnetea)

threats:
In both Czech Republic and Poland the species is harmed by agriculture and forestry activities, urbanisation, recreational activities including walking, mountaineering, and skiing, the physical effects of erosion, avalanches and landslides, eutrophication, water pollution, acidification, competition and damage by game species.In Poland the plants are also threatened by the collection of flora.

conservationAction:
Pedicularis sudetica is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm).In Poland the species is listed as Declining - Critically Endangered in the national Red List (Mirek et al. 2006) and as Endangered in the Polish Red Data Book (Kaźmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001); it is strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). All the Polish and Czech populations are included in the Karkonosze National Park.

useAndTrade:
In Poland the collection of the plant is recorded as a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Rhinanthus oesilensis is present in Estonia where its extent of occurrence is 900 km². The main threats described are drainage and succession but the populations is currently stable. There is not enough information available to assess whether this species is threatened. It is listed as Rare in the national red list which indicates that it is not currently under threat.

range:
Rhinanthus oesilensis is present in Estonia where its extent of occurrence is 900 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) .

population:
It has been estimated that the population is between 26,000 and 32,000 flowering stems. The population has a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae7230 Alkaline fens

threats:
Main threats are drainage and succession (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Rhinanthus oesilensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Rare in the Red Data Book of Estonia (Lilleleht 2008).Information on population size, the affect of potential threats, and existing as well as required conservation measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is native to Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 4,313  km² and an area of occupancy of 2,400 km². There is no data on the population size or trend available for this  species. The species can be affected by habitat loss due to urbanisation or expansion of industrial  and  commercial areas, and construction of communication  networks. However, this a ruderal plant that occurs in areas under anthropogenic influence and its range has  been noted as stable. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is native to Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 4,313 km² and an area of occupancy of 2,400 km². The area of occupancy has been noted as stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no data on the population size or trend available for this species.

habitat:
This a ruderal plant. It occurs along paths and tracks, on walls and slopes or in land under anthropogenic influence (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are urbanisation or expansion of industrial and commercial areas, as well as the construction of communication networks, e.g. electricity lines (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Scrophularia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Scrophularia herminii is endemic to north Portugal and north-western Spain. It is listed as Data Deficient for available information about its distribution, population size and trends, is not enough to assess the conservation status of the species.

range:
Scrophularia herminii is native to Spain and Portugal, mainly present in the north of Portugal and north-western Spain   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Spain, it is found in La Coruña, Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra, León and Zamora; in Portugal in Beira Alta, Douro Litoral, Minho, and Tras-os-Montes (Castroviejo et al. 2009, Ortega and Devesa 1993). The area of occupancy is bigger than 2,000 km² measured in 10x10 km grid cells (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its distribution seems to remain stable.

population:
In Spain this species is present in 28 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and population trends have been identified as stable. Other sources include herbarium data and report that the species is found around 40 localities in Spain and 15 localities in Portugal (Castroviejo et al. 2009, Ortega and Devesa 1993).

habitat:
This perennial herb occurs in shaded stream banks, walls and granitic crevices. It prefers granitic substrate but it can also grow over slates. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6430 "Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Restructuring agricultural land holding, burning and modification of hydrographic functioning have been described as main threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Scrophularia herminii is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, in Portugal. It is listed in the checklist of protected plants in Galicia.It is recommended to collect information on the size of the population and number of locations, on potential threats, and to regularly monitor the population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Scrophularia sublyrata is listed as Data Deficient as available information is not enough to clarify the conservation status of the species. Regressive patterns have been identified in its geographic range and the extent and quality of its habitat and it is likely that the species is at least Near Threatened.

range:
Scrophularia sublyrata is endemic to central western Iberian Peninsula. Its geographic range  in Spain and Portugal is 54,829 km² and its area of occupancy is 3,100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Decreasing trends have been identified in the distribution of this species in Portugal.

population:
This species has been recorded in four localities in Spain (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is no available information about the size or trend of the Portuguese subpopulations.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows in cracks and crevices of granitic rocks. It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1420 "Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Regressive patterns have been reported for the habitat of this taxon in Portugal. It can be found in usually nitrificated soils, in shady sites, along with ferns (Palacios et al. 2010).

threats:
Fires, competition, low regeneration levels and agriculture and grazing activities, have been reported as threats (Palacios et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
Scrophularia sublyrata is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is protected in Portugal. In Spain, it is included in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Castilla y León and in the catalogue of Extremadura, as species "de interés especial" under the synonym  S. schousboei.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sibthorpia peregrina is endemic to Madeira where it has a restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 1,000 km². Threats described are tourism infrastructure such as paths and  cycling tracks, recreational activities, and invasion by species. However, the population is increasing and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Sibthorpia peregrina is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. Its extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy are 1,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that there is an increasing population of 10,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are tourism infrastructure such as paths and cycling tracks, recreational activities, and invasion by species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Sibthorpia peregrina is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Tozzia is a systematically relatively isolated plant group, including only two closely related species: T. alpina and T. carpathica, evaluated by some authors as two subspecies within a single species. Species of the genus Tozzia are distinguished morphologically by the size and colour of flowers. Their geographic range does not overlap: T. alpina occurs in montane zones from the Pyrenees to the western part of former Yugoslavia, T. carpathica is distributed in the Carpathians and in the southern Balkan mountains.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Tozzia carpathica's natural  range lies in the Carpathians and Balkan Mountains. This species is classed as Data Deficient as there are declines everywhere as evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in several national red list. There is no information on whether the species has strong and abundant populations anywhere. Furthermore, data from Romania and Bulgaria is missing. The main threats to this species are forestry clearance, removal of  forest undergrowth, and canalisation. More information on the current population size, trend and the overall rate of decline is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.      #

range:
Tozzia carpathica's natural range lies in the Carpathians and Balkan Mountains. It is found in Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. In the Ukraine Carpathians it grows in the subalpine belt from 1,140-1,890 m asl in # the mountain massif Chornogora. In Slovakia its distribution is patchy in the Západné Beskydy Mts (surroundings of Oravská Lesná, Zákamenné, Oravská Polhora and Oravice, on Mt. Kubínska hoľa), in Krivánska Malá Fatra Mts, Chočské vrchy Mts (Úplazíky Nature Reserve, Jalovská dolina Valley), Čergov (Mt. Čergov) and in the Bukovské vrchy Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland, the species occurs on Mt. Babia Góra and in the Bieszczady Mts., with additional smaller populations in the Beskid Śląski Mts. and Beskid Żywiecki Mts. (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In north-central Greece, it is found at  Varnous Mts (Kalo Nero peak, 5 km south to south-southeast of Kortsa Toumpa peak), north Pindos (Smolikas). The species is apparently rare in Greece and has a small extent of occurrence of 300 km², a small area of occupancy of 12 km², and small number of locations.

population:
In Poland, it has been estimated that the population consists of 10,000 flowering stems    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovakia, the species has been recorded in 20 localities    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Typically more than 100 individuals were noted at the  various localities. The size of the species populations and their number  are more or less stable  (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Ukraine, it has been recorded in eight localities. There is no data on population size in Greece. The sole references are since the 1980s (Strid  and Franzén 1982). On the other hand, the distribution area may be  larger since it occurs at parts of Greece which are still not thoroughly  surveyed.

habitat:
The species is found in flood plains and montane stream margins rarely also in dwarf pine and alder stands and moist forests on wet, nutrient-rich, neutral to alkaline soils, in the montane vegetation belt. Also in shady ravines and along rivulets in subalpine meadows 1,900-2,050 m on various substrates. The plant has an interesting life cycle, containing both a parasitic and a semiparasitic phase. It is not known on which host species the Carpathian Tozzia parasitizes but they are probably species of the genera Petasites, Adenostyles and Cicerbita (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of  the montane to alpine levels91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

threats:
The main threats to this species are forestry clearance, removal of forest undergrowth, canalisation and their natural processes   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Slovakia there is not a #serious threat to the habitats. Inconsiderate timber felling and also complete shading of the species sites can be harmful to the localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Tozzia carpathica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Slovakia the plant is classified as Near Threatened; it occurs in five Natura 2000 sites covering 76.5% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Bulgaria, Tozzia alpina ssp. carpathica is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the national red list (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Tozzia alpina ssp. carpathica is Critically Endangered in Serbia   (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). It is not included in the Hungarian Red List.

useAndTrade:
No information available regarding its use or trade.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient. Some of the records are very old and there is no information on current population trends, habitat requirements or threats to this species. Further research is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and Turkey (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). In Greece, it has been recorded from central Greece, there are five records from Evvias Island and a more recent record from northeastern Greece from Mitrikou Lake (Drossos 1992).

population:
There is no population information for this species for Greece or Turkey.

habitat:
It is found on limestone and conglomerates from sealevel to 1,200 m asl.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is not protected in Greece. More research is needed on the populations size and the existence of the populations in formerly known localities as some records are very old.


taxonomicNotes:
It is difficult to distinguish between Verbascum litigiosum and&# Verbascum thapsus L. and therefore the range of the species may not be well known (ICNB 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the centre-west, centre-south, and  southwest coast of Portugal where it has an area of occupancy of 1,800 km². The habitat of the species has been very degraded and population  declines are therefore assumed. It occurs in coastal habitats and the populations now count as severely fragmented. Main threats are the expansion of urban and tourism areas,  agricultural activities, the extraction of inert materials, and locally,  erosion and trampling.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it extends from the Algarve to the Serra da Boa Viagem, in the centre-west, centre-south, and southwest (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 1,800 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The habitat of the species has been very degraded and population declines are therefore assumed. Subpopulations occur along the coast and are severely fragmented. There is no information on the population size available (ICN 2006).

habitat:
A perennial plant of up to 2 m height that flowers in spring and at the beginning of summer. It occurs in sandy soils of dunes that are more or less stabilised (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2150  Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs

threats:
The main threats are the expansion of urban and tourism areas, agricultural activities, and the extraction of inert materials. Locally, erosion and trampling poses a problem in the dunes (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Verbascum litigiosum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. The following conservation measures are recommended (ICN 2006):Study the taxonomy, distribution, the population and reproduction biology of the speciesRegulate changes in land use, urban and tourism expansion, and control the trampling and erosion of dune systemsReintroductionsProhibit the extraction of sand.Regulate accessibility of the species habitat and raise public awareness.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species has a small area of occupancy in Bulgaria and is threatened in this country. However, as there is no information about the population in Romania and European Turkey available, the species must be assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This plant is a European endemic species, occurring in Bulgaria, Romania and European Turkey (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Bulgaria, it is found along the Black Sea coast and in Tundza hill country. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km²; maybe even less than 60 km². There is data from 15 grids (10 x 10 km) and within each square the real AOO was less than 1 km² (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).

population:
In Bulgaria, there are two populations in the area of the Sunny Beach resort, with densities of 0.6 and 0.3 individuals per m². It is found at low densities and the surviving rate for this species is very low. The species has a high seed production, but the surviving rate of individuals from the first to second year is very low.There is no information about the populations in Romania or European Turkey available.

habitat:
Verbascum purpureum grows in coastal and inland fixed dunes. It is a biannual herb that can also be found in dry grassland and sandy substrate.

threats:
The main threats in Bulgaria are posed by tourism and tourism development and infrastructure. In the past, agriculture and vineyards on sandy soils used to be a threat. A large part of the population was destroyed because of the development of vineyards. Forestation with exotic species of inland sandy areas was also a past threat.There is no information about threats in Romania or European Turkey available.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria, it is classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii) and protected (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is found in one protected area and some Natura 2000 sites.More information about the populations in Romania and Turkey is needed. Further recommended measures are the adequate management of sand dunes and ex situ collection of seeds for conservation. Monitoring of the population is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
V.&#anagallis-aquatica hybridises with V. catenata Penell. The hybrid, V.&#×lackschewitzii appears to have replaced V.&#anagallis-aquatica in many rivers in southern Britain. It is not clear how widespread V.&#×lackschewitzii is nor whether it may either pose a threat to V.&#anagallis-aquatica or compromise the red list assessment for either parent, however in the UK it is difficult to distinguish records of the three taxa.

range:
V. #anagallis-aquatica occurs from Europe east to China and Korea. In Europe, it has been reported from all countries except Andorra, Faroe Islands, Finland, Gibraltar, Greek Aegean Islands, Monaco, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
This species is widespread with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
This perennial plant (Hemicryptophyte) is found in most wetland habitat types, including marshy grassland, ditches, rivers, streams and rice fields.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. Hybridisation with V. catenata can occur.

range:
V. anagalloides occurs from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far East and China. It occurs throughout Europe except for the north.

population:
V. anagalloides is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
V. anagalloides occurs in a wide variety of habitats, from marshes and seasonally inundated grassland to the margins of lakes, ponds, rivers and streams, as well as temporary pools in arable fields.

conservationAction:
V. anagalloides is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Vulnerable in Austria. Otherwise, there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
It is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Greek Aegean Islands, Crete, FYR Macedonia, Monaco, Montenegro, Azores, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
V. #beccabunga is widespread and abundant in the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Hungary.

habitat:
V. #beccabunga can occur in most wetland types, it is most typical of the margins of rivers and streams, even in temporary springs in the headwaters (such as winterbournes). It will also occur in the draw-down zones of lakes and ponds and in ditches and canals either where water is relatively shallow or the bank slopes are gentle enough to allow it to root in the margins. It is also not uncommon on wet rides in woodland.


range:
V. catenata occurs throughout Europe and North America, although it is not certain that it is native in North America.

population:
V. catenata is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, otherwise it is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
V. catenata typically grows in nutrient-rich organic soils on the margins of mesotrophic to eutrophic rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and ditches, as well as in seasonally inundated grassland and arable.

conservationAction:
V. catenata is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Veronica euxina was described in 1925 from Bulgaria. M.V. Klokov (1975) described Veronica gryniana. Tzvelev (2005) regarded Veronica gryniana as a synonym of Veronica euxina.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)Veronica euxina is endemic to Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. It is extinct in Bulgaria and it has only been reported from two localities in Moldova. This plant  is known from 20 localities in Ukraine. The subpopulations are locally isolated and the present population trend is unknown. In Ukraine, hybridisation with similar species is a potential  threat. More information on the population and habitat trend are needed in order to assess the threat status of this species. It is listed as Data Deficient.In the European Union, the plant has only been reported from Bulgaria where it was known from two localities at which it has not been seen for 15 years despite extensive surveys. It is therefore classed as Regionally Extinct.

range:
This plant is native to Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It has been reported from northeastern Bulgaria from two formerly known localities: one near Varna, one near the village Senokos, district of Dobrich. The species was described in the 1920s from the type locality near Varna but had not been seen anymore since its original collection. Then it was found in the 1970s in Senokos. Now the species is regionally extinct in Bulgaria as it has not been seen for 15 years despite extensive surveys (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010). In the Ukraine, the main distribution area is in the steppe zone and in the northern part of the lesosteppe zone. Two localities are registered in Moldova, in the Bendery and Kriumency districts (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The subpopulations are locally isolated and the present population trend in Moldova and the Ukraine is unknown. Veronica euxina is known from 20 localities in the Ukraine and only two localities in Moldova.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in steppe slopes, among granite rocks, in forest meadows, forest fringes and among shrubby vegetation.

threats:
In the Ukraine, hybridisation with similar species is a potential threat. There is no information on the reasons for the extinction in Bulgaria.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as extinct and is included in the list of protected plants of Bulgaria. It is not included in the Red Data Books of Ukraine or Moldova but some subpopulations are included in protected areas in the Ukraine: in the natural steppe reserve in Mychajlivska cilyna, in the Luganskij natural reserve (department Strilcivskij steppe) and in the natural reserve of the Elaneckij steppe. More information on the size and trend of the population and status of its habitat are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Veronica micrantha is listed as Vulnerable because the populations are small and severely fragmented and regressive patterns have been observed in its distribution, population and extent and quality of its habitat, mainly due to forest exploitation, forest conversion and road construction.

range:
Veronica micrantha is endemic to central-western and northwestern Iberian Peninsula, being found in Portugal and Spain. In Portugal it occurs in the regions Minho, Trás-os-Montes, Beiras (ICN 2006) and Ribatejo (Bañares et al. 2010).The area of occupancy in Portugal is 1,300 km² (10x10 km grid) (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Spain, it can be found in the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, León, Zamora, Salamanca, Cáceres and Ávila (Bañares et al. 2010), and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 16 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species occurs in many subpopulations of small size. In Spain, population size is 278 individuals, distributed into 15 subpopulations, comprising less than 50 individuals each (Bañares et al. 2010). Population is stable, although it presents a fragmented distribution (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Portugal, 500 individuals have been noted   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The number of individuals is very low, the subpopulations are severely fragmented and decreasing trends have been observed in population size.

habitat:
This species occurs in open spaces of deciduous forests and dry heaths. It is found in oak woods within the Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae (Querco-Fagetea), between 500 and 1070 m asl, in herbaceous communities of Trifolio-Geranietea of this forests, in areas with moderate inclinations (15º) (ICN 2006). In Spain, it occurs in Linarion triornithophorae communities and in Filipendulion ulmariae and Juncion acutiflori grasslands (Bañares et al. 2010).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9260 Castanea sativa woods

threats:
In Spain, general forestry management, artificial planting and burning have been reported as threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Overgrazing and trampling due to grazing species have been also reported as threats (Bañares et al. 2010). Drying out of the humid habitats where it occurs has been also reported as a threat to the species (Palacios et al. 2010).In Portugal, the loss of oak forests also led to a decline in the populations of Veronica micrantha which is characteristic for those forests. The creation of new and widening of existing communication networks also affects this plant (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Veronica micrantha is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Reintroductions and restoration of the natural habitat are needed for this species. Sites should be protected (ICN 2006). In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of # Extremadura, and as "Vulnerable" in the catalogues of Galicia and Castilla y León. It occurs in several protected areas: Parque Regional Sierra de Gredos, SCI Sierra de Gredos y Valle del Jerte, Reserva de la Biosfera Las Sierras de Béjar y Francia, Espacio Natural Rebollar, Espacio Natural Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia and Espacio Natural Quilamas. It is listed as VU B2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Surveillance on its habitat in order to control forest managemente and grazing should be developed. Other proposed measures include population monitoring, seed collection from El Rebollar-Southwestern Salamanca and storage in germplasmbanks, and establishment of a micro-reserve in Peñaparda 1, where individuals appear well developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The plant, although apparently thriving in its habitat, is Critically Endangered due to its very restricted distribution combined with existing and future habitat decline. Existing in only two pools, nearly 1 km from each other, both experience natural seasonal fluctuations and now the smaller pool is under threat from soil erosion, which would cause a major decline in the population.

range:
This species is endemic to central Greece on Oiti Mt (Sterea Ellada). It is known only from two small vernal pools (total area 200 m2) at 1,850 m and 1,950 m (base of Greveno peak), at a distance of 900 m from each other, on opposite slopes. The whole population comprises one subpopulation at one location. Its range is calculated at 0.04 km2.

population:
The plants are small, up to 5  cm, and it is estimated that 50,000 or more individuals may appear in each lake. There is an inter-annual variation in the number of individuals, depending on the duration of winter and on the conditions during the drying up of the pools. The size of these fluctuations has not been estimated.

habitat:
This species grows in melt-water pools between an altitude of 1,850 and 1,950 m. The shallow pools, 5 – 15 cm deep, periodically inundate when the snow melts and dry up by the end of May. Veronica oetaea appears when water evaporation starts and the lake bottom becomes muddy. The first stage of plant succession in the pools includes Myosurus minimus followed by V. oetaea. Both plants complete their life cycle within two weeks and then disappear. Plant succession continuous with thick mats of Polygonum aviculare on the pulverised material of the lake bottom and with Corrigiola litoralis, Limosella aquatica, Lythrum thymifolia and Eleocharis palustris towards the peripheral zone.

threats:
Due to the prohibition of grazing applied since 1966, there is a gradual expansion of Abies cephalonica forest at the expense of the pastures neighbouring the area of Veronica oetaea. This process starts with pioneer colonisation by Juniperus communis ssp. alpina shrubs and may result in the loss of the habitat of V. oetaea. Also, erosion of the flysch soils of Greveno peak may result in the destruction of the small pool (less than 20 m2 in size).    The area where the plant is recorded is managed by the Forestry Service as a National Park but ignorance results in measures incompatible with conservation objectives such as road construction very close to the habitat of V. oetaea. Moreover, there is quite frequent off road vehicle traffic in the habitat of the plant.    Illegal grazing in the area of the plant is not necessarily a threat, but large cattle (ox) may trample the plants and destroy them before seed set.   Currently, bauxite mining takes place at the periphery of the core of the National Park. However, these activities have been intensified and both further road construction and establishment of new extraction sites even within the core area of the National Park are possible since bauxite mining is considered a matter of national interest.    #

conservationAction:
Veronica oetaea is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR2440004 and within the National Forest Park of Oiti and it is included in the Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Karetsos in: Phitos et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
There is no information regarding the use and trade of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment refers to Veronica repens sensu stricto. Populations in Spain (Sierra Nevada) previously assigned to V. repens nevadensis are now considered as a separate species V. nevadensis. Populations in Morocco previously assigned to V. repens serpyllifolia are now considered as a separate species V. serpyllifolia, but this taxon is not aquatic.

redListCategoryRationale:
Veronica repens has a fairly restricted distribution, but it is a common species and it is found at more than 30 locations in Corsica. The populations do not seem to be threatened by the deterioration of their habitat. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
Veronica repens is a strict endemic species from Corsica with Oro-West-Médeuropean origins. It is a common species in the central mountains of Corsica and a bit rarer in the other part of the island. Its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² within which the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
Veronica repens is found at more than 30 locations in Corsica (36). It has last been observed at the site of Lac d'Argent in 2007 .The populations seem to be affected by the hydrologic conditions but no decline has been noted. The populations do not seem to be threatened by the deterioration of their habitat.

habitat:
The species is found in "pozzine", peat and grass around lakes, among dwarf shrubs, at spring borders and runnels, or lands from 780 m to 2,290 m of altitude with long snow periods. This Hemicryptophyte grows on granite (granodiorite and monzogranite) and granitic glacial sediments.

threats:
The habitat is submitted to the increase of trekking that includes more pedestrian passage on the pozzine and a higher risk of fires. Therefore, there are more guards from the natural parks around the different lakes.In the future, due to the decrease of stockbreeding, this species will be affected by the competition of the woody plants.

conservationAction:
The species is currently not legally protected. It is included in the Red Data Book: v olume II. Surveillance of the existing sites is done by guards from the Regional Natural Park of Corsica and Botanical Conservatory from Corsica and search for new sites is underway.It is recommended to follow-up the dynamics of different populations, to increase knowledge about the biology, resilience, and conservation needs of the species, and to collect seeds for ex situ conservation.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name but this species is often misidentified in the existing literature sources.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category. There is no information on the size or trend of its populations available and it is not known whether the species or its habitats face any threats.

range:
V. scardica occurs in Europe, Egypt and the Middle East. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the Balkans, extending north to the Czech Republic and east into Ukraine.

population:
V. scardica is rare throughout its range. In Hungary it is classed as Data Deficient and is rare with not more than 10 confirmed localities in pioneer wet habitats. In Greece, it is very rare and restricted to one region (Ipiros). In Croatia, it has been recorded for the first time in the southeast of Zagreb (Topić and Ilijanić 2003). However, this might be a misidentification (G. Király pers. comm. 2010).In the Czech Republic, it is very rare. It was discovered in 1960s when it was found at seven localities till 1985, then it disappeared. In 2002 it was found again at two sites. One site is at the dried bottom of a fish pond.The species is relatively common in Bulgaria.

habitat:
V. scardica occurs in moist ground or wet gravel often on serpentine soil along streams, canal banks and ditches as well as on wet rocky slopes. It can also occur in inland saline habitats.

threats:
There is no information on actual or potential threats available.

conservationAction:
V. scardica is classed as Data Deficient in Hungary. In the Czech Republic it is classed as Critically Endangered and one site is protected.Otherwise there is no information available on its conservation status or needs and more research about the population size, trends and potential threats is needed.


range:
V. scutellata occurs from Europe south into North Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia and Kazakhstan to Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East, as well as throughout most of northern North America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
V. scutelata appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
V. scutellata grows in a wide range of wetland habitats on acid soils, particularly on the margins of streams and rivers, marshes, bogs and wet heath.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iv)Veronica turrilliana is a European endemic, present in Bulgaria and the European  part of Turkey. In Bulgaria, it occurs  in the Strandzha Mountains only and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is  estimated to be less than 600 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than  500 km². In Bulgaria, the populations consist of only a few individuals and are  severely fragmented. Grazing and trampling and drainage   let to a decline in the number of localities and the area of occupancy in Bulgaria. There is no information on the population status, size or  trend, or potential threats for Turkey available and this species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27 member states, Veronica turrilliana is listed as Endangered as the EOO is  estimated to be less than 600 km² and the AOO is less than  500 km² in Bulgaria. The populations consist of  only a few individuals and are  severely fragmented. Grazing and  trampling and drainage   led to a decline in the number of localities and the area of occupancy  in Bulgaria.

range:
This species is a European endemic, present in Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). In Bulgaria, it occurs in the Strandzha Mountains only and the EOO is estimated to be less than 600 km² and the AOO is less than 500 km².

population:
In Bulgaria, the subpopulations consist of only a few individuals and are severely fragmented. There is no information on the population size or trend for Turkey available.

habitat:
It is found in dry limestone rocks and crevices.

threats:
The degradation of the habitat due to grazing and trampling and drainage let to a decline in the number of localities, the AOO and the number of individuals in Bulgaria.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iv); C1 (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and it is nationally protected. All localities are in a natural park and some are in a nature reserves and Natura 2000 area.It is recommended to evaluate the AOO more precisely and the number of populations and to collect seed material for seed banks.


redListCategoryRationale:
The range of this species is extremely limited as it is only found in one, or at most two, highly fragmented localities. Less than 50 mature individuals are known, which automatically designates any species as Critically Endangered. There has been no new information since the previous assessment in 2006 and the category remains therefore unchanged.

range:
Convolvulus argyrothamnos is endemic to Crete, in the region of Ierápetra at an altitude of 450 m.

population:
Currently fewer than five individuals are known (there were eight in 1984, six in 1993 and only four in 1996). A second site with approximately 30 plants may recently have been discovered in western Crete, but its status has not yet been confirmed as of this assessment date.

habitat:
The shrubby plants at the confirmed location were growing on a limestone cliff. It is a perennial shrub.  Convolvulus argyrothamnos is one of the numerous species endemic to Crete that currently grow only on cliffs. These species, most of which are evolutionarily ancient, use cliffs as their last refuge. Here they are protected not only from more widespread plants better adapted to current conditions, but also from the voracious appetite of the ever-present goats.

threats:
The extremely small number of individuals at the site near Ierápetra puts this species at a very high risk of extinction. The final blow may be a bush fire, rare plant collectors, or the great difficulty these plants have reproducing from seed.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Internationally, C. argyrothamnos  is included in two legal documents: Appendix I of the Bern Convention (on strictly protected plant species) and as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. The plant is included in Natura 2000 site GR 4340002, which gives it indirect protection and in Greece it is listed by the Presidential Decree 67/81. In situ: No measures taken as of yet.   Ex situ: Two plants, propagated by cuttings, are currently being cultivated at the Technological Education Institute of Heraklion (Crete). Although they flower, they do not produce fruit. A programme of seed collection and storage at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (Crete) has also been launched.  Actions Needed The survival of this species is unlikely unless it can be rapidly propagated ex situ by botanical gardens, followed by reinforcement of the current site(s) in situ. It is equally important to protect the site(s) legally, and to undertake effective conservation and management measures.

useAndTrade:
Potentially collected by botanists for its rarity value.


redListCategoryRationale:
Convolvulus caput-medusae is endemic to the Canary Islands of Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria. In  Gran Canaria, a reduction of the species range of 47% over the last ten years has been estimated whereas in Fuerteventura, populations remain large and stable. However, the total area of occupancy is 32 km² and the populations in Gran Canaria are severely fragmented. The populations are affected by anthropogenic pressures on its habitat, but the negative impacts are higher in the heavily populated Gran Canaria than in Fuerteventura. The main  threatening factors are urbanisation and infrastructure development. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion A2 and conservation measures are urgently needed to halt the rate of decline in Gran Canaria.

range:
Convolvulus caput-medusae is endemic to the islands of Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows from 5 to 450 m asl (Navarro et al. 2004). In Gran Canaria it is distributed in several locations on the eastern coast, the largest populations being in the areas of Faro del Arinaga and Ojos de Garza. Main subpopulations in Fuerteventura are located in the area of the isthmus of La Pared and Jables de Vigocho. The area of occupancy has been estimated in 32 km².In Gran Canaria, regressive trends have been identified for the distribution of this species over the last ten years (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Its range decrease has been estimated in 47% over this period. In Fuerteventura, populations remain large and stable.

population:
A total population size of around 90,000 individuals (89,065 individuals counted) has been reported (Navarro et al. 2004), 70,000 in Fuerteventura and 20,000 in Gran Canaria (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population size presents decreasing trends in Gran Canaria. Seedlings have been observed in Arinaga, which usually thrive, although growth is slow. Some seeds are affected by parasites (Coleoptera larvae). The populations in Gran Canaria are heavily fragmented due to urbanisation, agriculture, roads and other infrastructure. Populations in Fuerteventura are generally healthy and regenerating well. Seed predation has not been studied in this island (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
This plant grows in coastal areas usually covered by calcareous sands swept in by the wind, although it can sometimes be found inland in sandy or sandy-rocky plains. It participates in following associations: Chenoleoideo tomentosae-Salsoletum vermiculatae, Frankenio capitatae-Zygophylletum fontanesii, Polycarpaeo niveae-Lotetum lancerottensis and Euphorbio paraliasi-Cyperetum capitatii. In psammophyte communities it is found with Polycarpaea nivea or Heliotropium bacciferum ssp. erosum. In the halophytic coastal belt of Gran Canaria, it grows together with Lotus arinagensis, Astydamia latifolia, Atractylis preauxiana, Herniaria fontanesii and Zygophyllum fontanesii. Sometimes it is found in ruderal and nitrophile areas with Launaea arborescens, Salsola vermiculata and Bassia tomentosa. Pollination is performed by insects (Diptera). Flowering and fructification occur generally during the winter and spring, from January to June. It is common to find simultaneously flowers and ripe fruits.

threats:
In general terms, main threats to this species are anthropogenic pressures on its habitat (Navarro et al. 2004), being much stronger in the heavily populated Gran Canaria than in Fuerteventura.Main threatening factors are urbanisation and infrastructure development, for they can very quickly destroy a huge amount of individuals. Predation on plants and seeds, quarrying, and trampling have been also reported as threats.

conservationAction:
Convolvulus caput-medusae is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Endangered A2c in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as "vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.In Gran Canaria, a small proportion of its populations is included in the protected areas Monumento Natural de Arinaga (SCI), Sitio de Interés Científico de Tufia (SCI) and SCI de Punta de la Sal. In Fuerteventura, large proportions of the populations are included in Parque Natural de Jandía (SCI) and Monumento Natural de Montaña Cardones (SCI) (Navarro et al. 2004). In this island, there are also populations occurring in military exclusion areas.Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, where cultivation and micropropagation of the species is developed.Proposed measures include storage of seeds in germplasm banks and implementation of benign introduction, reintroduction and reinforcement measures in areas expected to be urbanised and populations with low number of specimens.

redListAssessors:
Navarro, J., Oliva Tejera, F., Scholz, S. & González González, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Convolvulus fernandesii is  endemic to Portugal where it is restricted to the coast between Sesimbra  and Cabo Espichel. It has an area of occupancy of less than 10 km² and an extent  of occurrence of 52 km².   This plant  is rare because of its specific habitat requirements and the populations are generally composed of a few individuals. The  population trend is unknown. Currently, the main threat is posed by expansion of the urbanised areas. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
Convolvulus fernandesii is endemic to Portugal where it is restricted to the coast between Sesimbra and Cabo Espichel. It has an area of occupancy of less than 10 km² and an extent of occurrence of 52 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations can be separated from tens of metres to several kilometres and are generally composed of a few individuals. This plant is rare because it is only found where its specific habitat requirements are met and this also reduces its possibilities of expansion. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This plant is ecologically very specialized. It forms clusters in crevices of limestone outcrops and unstable substrates along the dolomitic limestone cliffs formed in the Jurassic. It prefers a south and east exposure, and is even found in abrupt overhanging cliffs, but it also requires shelter. It sometimes occurs in vegetation thickets and acts as a climber (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5320 Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation.

threats:
The main threat is the potential expansion of the urbanised areas in Serra da Azóia, Aldeia Nova, Pinheirinhos and Pedreira do Cavalo which could lead to further habitat loss along the coast. It is possible that significant reductions in the past were caused by grazing goats and fires but there is no actual data to confirm this hypothesis. Trampling could pose a problem but most of the populations are now in areas inaccessible to humans (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Convolvulus fernandesii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal. It is recommended to protect the species from habitat loss due to urbanisation, to study the impacts of grazing, and to carry out species recovery measures. Ex situ conservation of the seeds should be put in place (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Convolvulus lopezsocasii is listed as Endangered because it has a highly restricted area of occupancy of 8 km², is distributed into five subpopulations and decreasing trends have been observed in the number of mature individuals. Landslides, droughts, trampling and predation by roaming goats are the main threats affecting this species.

range:
Convolvulus lopezsocasii is endemic to the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 425 to 600 m asl, restricted to the moist cliffs of Famara, distributed into five subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 8 km² (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). Its presence has been also reported in Gran Canaria, but the existence of natural populations in this island is uncertain (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
Population has been estimated in 301 individuals, unevenly distributed so number of individuals in each location ranges from three to 266 (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). Subpopulations sometimes present low numbers of isolated specimens and recruitment is generally low. Germination levels are generally very low or no germination at all is observed. The species also propagates by cuttings.Number of mature individuals is reported to be 373 in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009) and population trends are described as regressive.

habitat:
This shrub grows in humid cracks and ledges on steep crags and cliffs, probably taking refuge from grazing pressure. It participates in communities of Convolvulo lopezsocasii-Oleetum cerasiformis. Accompanying species include: Olea cerasiformis, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Lavandula pinnata, Lycium intricatum, Asteriscus intermedius, Bituminaria bituminous var. albomarginata, Maytenus senegalensis and Sideritis pumila.

threats:
Main threat to this species are landslides that could considerably reduce the number of mature individuals (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). Other threats are droughts, trampling and predation by roaming goats, which force the species to appear restricted to sheltered sites.

conservationAction:
Convolvulus lopezsocasii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Endangered C2a(ii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The populations are found in the protected area Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.Proposed measures include the development of research about the reproductive biology of the species and the establishment of reinforcement and benign introduction actions within its potential distribution area. Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks and botanic gardens. Roaming goats should be eradicated in Riscos de Famara.

redListAssessors:
González González, R., León Arencibia, M.C. & Reyes Betancort, J.A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Convolvulus massonii is native  to Madeira, Portugal. This species grows on the island of Madeira and on  the islands of Desertas. On Madeira island, populations are very  fragmented. The total estimated number of mature individuals is less  than 1,000 which qualifies the species as Vulnerable. The main threats are urbanisation, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides.

range:
Convolvulus massonii is native to Madeira, Portugal where it grows on the island of Madeira and on the islands of Desertas (Jardim et al. 2006).

population:
On Madeira island, populations are very fragmented. The total estimated number of mature individuals is less than 1,000 (Jardim et al. 2006). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009) :1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts 9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)

threats:
The main threats to the species are urbanisation, the construction of roads and tunnels, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Convolvulus massonii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Its area is partially included in Madeira Natural Park, in a nature reserve, and in two Natura 2000 sites (Jardim et al. 2006). Seeds are conserved in Madeira Botanical Gardens seed bank.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)    The species is found at very few locations in Europe with only one site in Corsica, Cyprus and Greece and a few more in Italy. Overall, the sites are classed as severely fragmented. The seven known sites in Spain are considered as non-native. The area of occupancy is therefore presumed to be below 2,000 km2. Drainage, as well as water and soil pollution are affecting the quality of its habitat and are leading to population declines throughout its European range. The species is threatened in all European countries. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable but could even be Endangered if more precise information about the area of occupancy becomes available.

range:
Ipomoea sagittata is a species known in the Mediterranean countries, Asia Minor and tropical America. In spite of the fact that its distribution is scattered in different locations, it is considered as being native from the Mediterranean region. In Europe, it occurs in Italy and Sicily, Spain and the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Cyprus and Greece. It is overall very rare and the area of occupancy in Europe is likely to be less than 2,000 km2.

population:
The populations are in decline in the Mediterranean region. In Italy, it is present in Latium, Puglia, Calabria and Sicily (Conti et al. 2005) where it is classified as very rare in the national red list. In Corsica, it is classified as Endangered. The only Corsican site is in a small depression on Defer beach and the population is localized on only a few square meters.In Cyprus, there is one known location with 20 plants at the Fasouri marsh, close to sea level. Another location, that has been recorded in 1990, has not been found again due to continuous flooding of the area   (Tsintides et al. 2007).    In Greece, there is only one very old record by Baldacci (1894) in Aktion (west Greece) cited in Halacsy 's Conspectus Florae Graecae vol 2 (1902) "in paludosis ad Actium Acarnaniae". This locality is in nom. Etolias-Akarnanias, ep. Vonitsis-Xiromerou. The record has not been confirmed recently and there is no further information on the size of the population (if still there) and the major threats (I. Bazos pers.comm. 2010). In 1988, the species was collected in salines by the beach at Psatha, northwest of Megara (nom. Attikis, ep. Megaridos). This collection (Strid et al. 27487) is represented in herbaria in Greece, the UK and Scandinavia. The species must presumably be regarded as threatened since its habitats (saline or brackish swamps) are often being destroyed by draining, waste disposal, etc. It was growing in a reed swamp near the beach at Psatha and there was a fair amount of it, but such a locality is vulnerable to housing developments and other human activities (A. Strid pers. comm. 2010).  In Spain, it is found at around seven sites (Anthos 2009) but it is considered as exotic species from the Yucatan peninsula according to Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. in prep.).

habitat:
Ipomoea sagittata is a rhizomatous geophyte that prefers coastal marshes and verges of watercourses and irrigation canals. It is found in Phragmites communities in brackish water near the sea. Its flowering takes place in summer.

threats:
Drainage of marshes, water and soil pollution are the main threats to the habitat of this species. The populations in Corsica are threatened by trampling, vandalism and illegal waste dumping. The change of hydrological regimes and continuous flooding of the species' habitat are the main threats in Cyprus.

conservationAction:
The species is regionally protected in Corsica (official Newspaper of August 15, 1986) and included as Endangered in the national Red List (Olivier et al. 1995). In Corsica, the species occurs in the designated natural reserve of the archipelago of the Lavezzi (Corsica). It is suggested to reinforce the population of the Corsica site.In Italy, the species is considered as Endangered (Conti et al. 1997, Scoppola and Spampinato 2005). According to the latter authors the species should be considered as declining.In the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus   (Tsintides et al. 2007), the species is classed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), C2a(ii), D1).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with overall stable populations. There are some localised threats and local declines and therefore monitoring of the populations is recommended.

range:
Menyanthes trifoliata occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Scandinavia south to Morocco and east through the Middle East, Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, India, Nepal and Mongolia to the Russian far East, Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula. It also occurs throughout northern and western North America. In Europe, it occurs from Iceland east through Finland to Arctic Russia and south to the Iberian Peninsula and east throughout central Europe and the Mediterranean to Belarus and the Ukraine.In Bulgaria, it is scattered with nine (possibly 11) localities in different parts of the country and occurs mostly in  mountains: Rhodope mountains, Piirin mountains, Rila Mountains, Samokov  plain, central Balkan mountains. In the Czech Republic, it is scattered in the lowlands and  highlands but less frequent in the east and southeast.In France, it is common in all  regions but absent from the Cote d'Azur.In Germany, the plant is widespread throughout the country.In Greece, it is present at five sites (with the most recent findings from 1979 and 1998) in the north near the border of  former Yugoslavia, and found in Kato Olimbos, Iti, Vermio, Paiko. In Iceland, it can be found around the perimeter but not the glaciers and the centre. In Italy, it is found in nearly the whole country.   In Lithuania, it occurs in the entire country in the low lying area.In Scandinavia, it is widespread and occurs throughout. In Slovakia, it is more frequent in lower  areas, scattered but with many sites: Zahorska nirina lowland, western part of the country; Podunajska nirina Bezodne lowland, southwestern part of the country; Vychodoslovenskanirina lowland, eastern part of the country; Orava region, Sucha hora, northern part of the country. In Slovenia, the species is everywhere apart from the eastern or hilly region. In Switzerland, it is everywhere but scattered. In the UK, it is widespread and abundant in the  west and north.

population:
The populations are mostly stable, not fragmented and there are no extreme fluctuations. However, there are local declines even in areas where the overall trend is stable such as Italy (extinctions in the southern region Campania) and Switzerland. In Hungary, the species has heavily declined and this decline continues, it now occurs at 50  localities. In Slovenia, there were 227 locations recorded but the majority of the records has not been confirmed recently, there is no monitoring in place. M. trifoliata is declining in Croatia.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, and fruits are subject to this regulation.There are several national conservation measures in place:Bulgaria: classed as Endangered on national red list and protected. It is found in two national parks, two protected areas, five  Natura 2000 sites in the Piirin, central Balkan, western Rhodope, and Riila mountains.Croatia: classed as  Endangered on national red list   (Nikolić and Topić 2005) Czech Republic: classed as Vulnerable on the national red list, protected by national law in the lowest category.France: protected in five regions (Haute-Normandie, Pays de la Loire, Lorraine, Picardie, Centre)Greece: no protectionGermany: listed as Vulnerable on the national Red List and several regional red lists (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).Hungary: categorized Endangered in the Hungarian Red List   (Király 2007) and protected nationally. Most localities (80%) occur  in protected areas and Natura 2000 sites.Italy: protected regionally and possible  included in some protected areas.Lithuania: present in 32 regional parks and two national parks.Luxembourg: categorized Vulnerable on the national Red List   (Colling 2005).Slovakia: currently classed as Endangered but it is considered to downgrade the listing; some sites are under protection.Slovenia:  recognised as Vulnerable in the national red list, not protected.Switzerland: regionally protected and classed as Least Concern on national red list   (Moser et al. 2002).UK: found in several natural parks and protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Lansdown, R., Dostalova, A., Ericsson, S., Gigot, G., Gygax, A., Hodálová, I., Jogan, N., Montagnani, C., Rasomavicius, V. & Petrova, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in most of its range and does not face any major threats. There have been local declines and those areas should be monitored.

range:
N. peltata is native to Europe and northern Asia, from the Baltic States south to the Iberian Peninsula and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Jammu and Kashmir in India, Siberia and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, China, Japan and Korean Peninsula; it is naturalised in North America. In Europe, it occurs more or less throughout except the far north.

population:
Nymphoides peltata is present in Europe, but the number of populations is unknown.In Italy, the species is rare to very rare. In France, it occurs in all the country, but is rare in the south (Association Tela Botanica 2009). In Spain, the species is only found in the northern province Galicia (Anthos 2009). In Greece, Nymphoides peltata is recorded from Lake Prespa by G. Pavlides (1985), from lake Kerkini and the area northeast of Mitrikou lake by E. Papastergiadou and D. Babalonas (1993) and from Lake Pamvotis by M. Sarika (1999) (A. Strid pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic, the native populations are near extinct. A recent research showed that newly found populations differ from the native populations and almost certainly originated from plants from the horticultural trade.It is classed as threatened on several national red lists including Spain, Belarus, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany.

habitat:
N. peltata typically occurs in naturally eutrophic, calcareous, slow-flowing rivers and large ditches.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species but the introduction of plants from the trade to the countryside should be observed regarding its impacts on native biodiversity.

conservationAction:
Nymphoides peltata is classed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008), in Belarus   (Ermakova 2005), and in the Czech Republic   (Čeřovský et al. 1999), classed as Endangered in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007) and as Vulnerable on the German and Swiss red lists (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996,   Moser et al. 2002). It is protected in France in several regions, in the Czech Republic and in other countries.There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
N. peltata is widely sold for horticulture.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species has an arctic distribution and is found in Svalbard, northern European Russia, Novaya-Zemlya and reaches mainland Norway where only one site remains. This one population is weak and small and threatened by hybridisation and genetic pollution. However, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Svalbard with no information on potential threats and is therefore Least Concern for all of Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.       #

range:
Polemonium boreale has a large arctic circumpolar distribution in northern Canada, Alaska and northern Russia but is rare in Greenland and has a fairly scattered occurrence in Svalbard. The findings in Finnmark (mainland Norway) relate to a few occurrences in the north of the Kola Peninsula. It also occurs in Novaya Zemlya andFranz-Josef-Land (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Svalbard, it is found in three fjords. In Norway, it occurs at one location with an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km².

population:
The only Norwegian mainland site is in and around the cemetery in Bugøynes (South Varanger). The population is small and highly vulnerable despite protection by locals (Artsdatabanken 2010). No population information from Russia.

habitat:
In Russia, it has been described from banks of rivers and lakes, on rocks near rivers or sand terraces in the tundra. It is found in montane grasslands or grassland and shrubland near rivers. In Svalbard, it is found below bird cliffs and dry slopes on nutrient rich ground.In Finnmark, the species would naturally occur on stabilised dunes near the sea, but in 1992 its main population was found in a cemetery   (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
There is no information on potential threats in Russia and Svalbard. In Finnmark, it is planted with a related species, P. caeruleum, and hybridization and genetic pollution are believed to be a threat. Collection for herbaria is another threat as the population is already very vulnerable (Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is categorized as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Norway mainland, the only site is protected and the plant is listed as Critically Endangered B1a(ii)b(iii). In Svalbard, it is listed as Least Concern on the Norwegian Red List (Artsdatabanken 2010).

useAndTrade:
Polemonium boreale is used as an ornamental plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Atropa baetica is listed as Endangered because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 33 km² and a total population size of an estimated 139 individuals. Negative trends have been observed for its habitat and number of subpopulations. Predation and human presence limit the expansion of the species.

population:
The total number of subpopulations has been estimated in between 22    (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and 25-27 (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). Total population size has been reported to be 139 individuals    (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). The subpopulations are severely fragmented as there is only one important nucleus of individuals in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas (Jaén). All the other subpopulations are very dispersed and distant from each other with one to two individuals only.

threats:
The main threat is population fragmentation due to ecological specificity and dispersal mechanism, predation by wild animals, human presence and hybridisation phenomena (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). Predation by livestock and impact due to the presence of highly used paths, have been also reported as threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,iii,iv); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Most of the subpopulations occur within protected areas Parque Natural. Herbivores erradication plans have been implemented in some areas and most of the subpopulations are monitored. Ex situ propagation and seed viability tests have been developed and plant material has been stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz (Córdoba) and Escuela Técnica de Ingenieros Agrónomos (Madrid). A recovery programme is being developed in Andalucía and Castilla La Mancha.Proposed measures include new subpopulations search, awareness and education measures development and management of herbivores presence in some areas. #

redListAssessors:
Martínez Lirola, M.J., Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Algarra Ávila, J.A., Rivas Rangel, A., Luque Moreno, P., Rodríguez Vicarío, F., Sánchez Morenilla, D. & Arévalo, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)Mandragora officinarum is a Mediterranean endemic that has a European presence in Italy, Croatia and  Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is extinct in Italy. In Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina it is known from four sites and has an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km². The Croatian population is extremely small and limited and declining, the species is listed as Critically Endangered on the national red list. There is no population or threat information for Bosnia and Herzegovina available, but the plant is assessed as Vulnerable on the national red list. In Croatia, the main threats are changes in agriculture, habitat loss  and collection for medicinal purposes. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered at European level. In the EU 27 member states, the species was only known from Italy where it is extinct now.

range:
This plant is a Mediterranean endemic present in Italy, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending its range into Turkey and the Levant. It is extinct in Italy.In Croatia, it is only found in the hills of Konavle southeast of Dubrovnik. In Herzegovina, it occurs at Donja Glavska at c. 490 m asl. and Vodena jama iznad Duži (Trebinje) at ca. 280 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence is probably around 5,000 km².

population:
The Croatian population is extremely small and limited and probably declining (Flora Croatica Database 2004-2010, Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is classed as a Vulnerable species in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996).

habitat:
This perennial plant is found in ruderal habitats at the borders of arable land, in rocky and sunny places, flooded meadows. It grows in Bidention tripartitae communities (Flora Croatica Database 2004-2010).In Herzegovina, it grows in the vegetation of carst forests and scrubs, in vegetation of the order Quercetalia pubescentis, especially in the association Carpinetum orientalis illyricum and in different degradation stages of this association.Sometimes this plant can be found in gardens.

threats:
In Croatia, the main threats are changes in agriculture, habitat loss and collection for medicinal purposes (Nikolić and Topić 2005).

conservationAction:
Mandragora officinarum is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Croatia, it is listed as Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is classed as a Vulnerable species in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996).

useAndTrade:
Mandragora officinarum has been used in traditional medicine and is a mythical plant. The root contains hyoscine which is a powerful alkaloid that can cause hallucinations, delirium and even coma. Its use as surgical anaesthetic has been recorded by the Greek around AD 60 and in pre-Roman times. This ability might have led to association of the species with magic and witchcraft, especially regarding fertility and people were wearing them as good luck charms. The myth led to plants being highly thought after which created a new myth of the root being inhabited by a demon that would kill anyone who attempted to uproot it (Carter 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
Solanum lidii is classed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 5 km². Regressive trends have been observed in its area of occupancy and extent or quality of its habitat. It is present in five locations which comprise less than 35 individuals each. The  presence of urbanised areas, landslides and  predation cause this species to be threatened.

range:
Solanum lidii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004), where it can be found between 350 and 725 m asl. It presents six subpopulations, distributed into five locations on the southern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km². Regressive trends have been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
Total population has been estimated in 93 individuals, distributed throughout five locations   (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004): 32 in Temisas, 23 in Barranco de la Cruz-Lomo del Chorrillo, 7 in Fortaleza Grande, 17 in Risco del Sao and 14 individuals in Risco Gallegos-Amurga. Recruitment rates have been reported to be low. The subpopulations are isolated and severely fragmented.

habitat:
This plant grows within ruderal shrublands Artemisio-Rumicetum lunariae on disturbed sites where it can withstand long dry periods. It can now be found mainly in rocky sites   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species are Artemisia thuscula, Rumex lunaria, Echium onosmifolium, Allagopappus viscosissimus, Lavandula minutolii, Salvia canariensis and Carlina canariensis.

threats:
The most important threats to this species are anthropization due to the presence of urbanised areas, collapse of terrain or landslides, and predation (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)   in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as species "En peligro de extinción" on the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.It occurs within the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Los Marteles (SCI) (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. One subpopulation has been monitored by the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. Proposed measures include eradication of goats in the area, establishment of fences and the modification of a path that goes through one of the locations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened because although it is widespread in Europe, available evidence suggests that it is declining or extinct from almost all the countries where it occurs, it is likely to approach Vulnerable A2.

range:
E. alsinastrum occurs throughout central and southern Europe east to the Caucasus, western Siberia and Central Asia south to North Africa. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula north to France and Belgium, east to Poland and the Ukraine and more or less throughout the European parts of the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
In spite of its wide geographical distribution, the area occupied by E. alsinastrum remains generally small with scattered populations (isolated individuals) that are globally declining as a result of the destruction of their habitat (temporary pools). This species also seems to be declining in at least some parts of its European range, for example in Portugal it was formerly described as a weed of rice fields but is now very scarce.Data presented by Schnittler and Günther (1999) suggest that it is rare throughout most of central Europe.

habitat:
E. alsinastrum is a characteristic plant of temporary water bodies and the draw-down zones of permanent water bodies. It is frequent in areas where fish farm ponds are drained down at regular intervals, such as the Brenne and Dombes regions of France.

threats:
E. alsinastrum is threatened by all factors which cause the loss or degradation of temporary pools of the draw-down zones of permanent water bodies, stabilisation of hydrological regimes, drainage of seasonally inundated land, agricultural improvement etc.

conservationAction:
Schnittler and Günther (1999) suggest that E. alsinastrum should be treated as Endangered in central Europe and cite the following national status levels:   Extinct in the Wild - Austria and SwitzerlandCritically Endangered - Czech Republic, Poland and SlovakiaEndangered - GermanyData Deficient - Slovenia and CroatiaIndeterminate - Belgiumlocal in France (Protected in Alsace, Rhône-Alpes, Auvergne, Bretagne, Lorraine) and Hungaryoccurrence doubtful - Luxembourgwidespread - Italy


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because its European distribution is apparently very restricted and there is no readily available information on its population status or abundance.

range:
E. ambigua occurs from eastern central Europe east through India and the Himalayas to China (Yunnan) and Japan and south into Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam). It is apparently naturalized in Australia, Europe, and North America (California) (Yang and Tucker 2007). In Europe, E. ambigua is restricted to a small area in Romania, the Czech Republic and western Ukraine (near Uzhgorod and Beregovo). A number of sources (e.g. Cook 1996) suggest that it is naturalised in Europe.

population:
There is no evidence to suggest that European populations of E. ambigua are declining.

habitat:
E. ambigua is found in seasonally inundated areas, along rivers, around tanks and in irrigation ditches. It prefers eutrophic conditions and is mostly found on fine mineral soils; it is frequent in rice fields (Cook 1996).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures in place. Information on the population size and trend, habitat requirements, as well as potential threats should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species is classed as Vulnerable because it is currently known from only ten populations in Europe (seven in Spain, two in mainland France and one in Corsica), 12 sites in mainland France have been lost in recent years. It was last recorded in France in 2003.

range:
E. brochonii is a species with a Mediterraneo-Atlantic distribution. It is found in North Africa and southwestern Europe. In Europe, it occurs in Spain (Huelva, Léon, Caceres, Cadiz, Badajoz, Zamora, Toledo), continental France (Gironde, Landes, Pyrenees Atlantiques) and in Corsica. The area of occupancy is likely to be below 2,000 km2.

population:
E. brochonii is present in seven sites in Spain and one only in Corsica. In continental France, thirteen sites were known once in the southwest, of which only one seems to survive (Reserve of Saucat), although one new site was found (Salaunes in the Medoc) in 2003.  Populations show a big inter-annual instability linked to variation in hydrologic conditions, which makes the assessment of the status of the populations difficult. However, it is likely that the global trend is decline. Indeed, most sites in continental France do not seem to be occupied any longer or with much reduced populations; the Corsican population is known from only one site and remains fragile, it is damaged by accumulation of sediments resulting from increased erosion in the catchment due to 4x4 vehicles.

habitat:
The species is found in seasonally inundated areas from the lowlands up to 1,500 m altitude, typically in temporary pools, the margins of ponds and lakes, on sandy to clayey soils. It is an annual amphibious plant (Therophyte) that germinates on flooded soil but does not tolerate deep water because it has aerial reproduction.

threats:
The plant is of small stature and with tiny seeds. It is requiring high levels of insolation. The habitat is affected by a variety of anthropogenic threats: drainage, overgrazing, frequent passage of vehicles creating tracks, deposits of sediment from erosion in the catchments (in Corsica). Seeds are very sensitive to burying (Rhazi et al. 2007). Besides the threats of anthropogenic origin, the species is affected by the competition of woody plants or Helophytes. It is dependent on precise hydrologic conditions that are not met every year. Climatic change is likely to have an important impact on this species in decreasing the frequency of the years favourable for the reproduction and so increasing the probabilities of extinction notably in the most isolated sites. The disruptions by domestic animals or the passage of vehicles bury the seeds preventing germination. As pointed out by Rhazi et al. (2007), 87% of germination takes place when the seeds are on the surface compared to only 13% and 6% when the seeds are buried respectively under 2 mm and 5 mm sediment.

conservationAction:
In France, it is included in the Red Data Book (Olivier et al. 1995). It is classed as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Elatine gussonei has been confused with E. hydropiper and E. macropoda in the past but the distinction is clarified by Mifsud (undated).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classed as Least Concern because, although it is restricted to three islands, more than 20 populations are known and there is no documentary evidence of a decline. Elatine gussonei is vulnerable to changes in land-use and ongoing habitat loss.

range:
Elatine gussonei is endemic to the islands of Malta, Lampedusa and Gozo between Sicily and Tunisia (Mifsud undated). The maximum area of occupancy is unlikely to exceed 100 km2.

population:
Elatine gussonei is known from 20 subpopulations on Malta, one of these has recently been lost.

habitat:
This plant is found in pools filled with rain water and shallow calcareous soils, in karst on coralline limestone. All rock pools can potentially support E. gussonei, as long as the ecological requirements of the species are available. Nevertheless, species composition of rock pools may vary and E. gussonei might not be present in all   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Freshwater rock depressions/pools are rare in the Maltese Islands, being limited to the coralline limestone plateau and are very sensitive to disturbance. They are rapidly declining due to habitat modification (disturbance, pollution, filling up of pool with cement) and land reclamation (housing, hotels, quarries) rather than of natural causes. Run-off of polluted waters from nearby sites may also adversely affect this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Elatine gussonei is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


range:
E. hexandra occurs in Europe and North and West Africa (Silverside, A.J. in Stewart et al. 1994). In Europe, it is widespread from the Iberian Peninsula north to Scandinavia and east to Poland, Romania and the Balkans.

population:
E. hexandra is considered to be of conservation concern in Norway, Sweden, Croatia and Switzerland, elsewhere it appears to be widespread and abundant, while populations in the UK appear to be increasing although this may be an artefact of increased recording of aquatic plants  (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
E. hexandra grows as an annual on exposed mud at the edge of lakes, reservoirs, ponds and flooded gravel-pits, or submerged on open substrates in shallow, oligotrophic to eutrophic water (Preston et al. 2002).A study by Bernhardt et al. (2004) demonstrated that even where a species was declared extinct, seeds can still be stored in the soil banks for a long time. Germination tests of seeds from soil samples in former localities showed those seeds to be viable. In most cases they need fluctuating water levels to trigger germination and a stabilisation of the water levels has led to local extinctions of mature individuals.

conservationAction:
E. hexandra is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and the Czech Republic, Vulnerable in Sweden, Near Threatened in Norway and Data Deficient in Croatia. It is protected in seven French departments Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, Bourgogne, Auvergne, Lorraine, Picardie and Île-de-France. Otherwise there are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
E. hungarica may be synonymous with E. campylosperma, further investigations are needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Elatine hungarica is classed as Data Deficient in Europe, as there is only data available for part of its range and more information on the eastern European populations is needed to assign a threat category. #In the EU 27 member states, this species is classed as Near Threatened because there is recent evidence of a decline and it is considered rare or scarce throughout much of its range, but detailed information is insufficient to assign it to a threat class. It is likely to approach Vulnerable A2.

range:
E. hungarica occurs in a limited area from Slovakia, Hungary and Serbia through Romania and the Ukraine to the Crimean Peninsula and southeastern European Russia. There is apparently an introduced population in Portugal (Tutin et al. 1995) but this is very doubtful.

population:
E. hungarica was thought to be extinct in Slovakia but has been refound in 2010 (Király and Elias in prep.). In Hungary, annual population size depends upon rainfall and flooding; most suitable sites will support E. hungarica and the area of potentially suitable habitat is approximately 10,000 km² (G. Király pers. comm. 2010). Otherwise there is no information on population stability or trends.

habitat:
E. hungarica occurs in seasonally inundated water bodies, usually on saline or brackish clay soils, it will also occur on seasonally inundated arable land with impeded drainage. It undergoes massive natural fluctuations in population and the number of sites supporting plants varies between years.

threats:
This species is presumably threatened by drainage of seasonally inundated marshland and the consequential effects of hyper-eutrophication.

conservationAction:
A recent survey in Slovakia failed to find E. hungarica and it had not been seen recently by local botanists (Z. Kaplan pers. comm. 2010). In Hungary, it was reported from nine sites in the eastern half of the country (Farkas 1999), classed as Near Threatened and nationally protected (Király 2007). It was found at about 100 localities in the last ten years but those localities were mainly temporary.


range:
E. hydropiper occurs throughout much of Europe, east into Siberia and northern China. It is apparently naturalised in Canada (Quebec). In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula north into Scandinavia and east to East European Russia but is absent from the Balkans.

population:
Although there is some evidence of a decline in central Europe, in most countries E. hydropiper appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations.

habitat:
E. hydropiper typically grows submerged to a depth of 0.75 m or on wet mud on the margin of water bodies. Like many of its congeners it will often grow on areas that are submerged during the winter but exposed in summer. It appears to occur rarely in oligotrophic waters and although often found on gravel substrate, will also grow on quite deep silt. It has been reported from brackish waters in Scandinavia (Stewart et al. 1994).A study by Bernhardt et al.  (2004) demonstrated that even where a species was declared extinct,  seeds can still be stored in the soil banks for a long time. Germination  tests of seeds from soil samples in former localities showed those  seeds to be viable. In most cases they need fluctuating water levels to  trigger germination and a stabilisation of the water levels has led to  local extinctions of mature individuals.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to the survival of this species in Europe.

conservationAction:
E. hydropiper is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, Endangered in Hungary, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Estonia and Nationally Scarce in the UK. There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Elatine macropoda is a Mediterranean endemic. In spite of its wide geographical distribution, the real area occupied by E. macropoda  remains low with populations that are globally in decline. The causes for the decline are numerous: overgrazing,  drainage, extension of agriculture, abandonment of grazing that leads to increased competition, and droughts. The overall rate of decline at European level within the last three generations is not known and the species is therefore classed as Data Deficient but is likely to belong into a threatened category.

range:
Elatine macropoda is a steno-Mediterranean species. It is found in Portugal, Spain (mainland and the Balearic islands), France (mainland and Corsica), Italy (mainland, Sardinia and Sicily), Greece, FYR Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Cyprus, North Africa and the Middle East.

population:
In spite of its wide geographical distribution, the real area occupied by E. macropoda remains low with populations which are globally in decline following the destruction of temporary pools. In Bulgaria, the populations are presumed extinct because of the strong urbanization.

habitat:
It is found in temporary pools and marshes on flinty substrate. It is an annual amphibious plant (Therophyte) of small size that germinates on flooded or saturated soil but reproduces only when emergent (aerial reproduction). It blooms in spring and early summer (April-July).

threats:
The habitat is subject to numerous anthropogenic threats: overgrazing, drainage, extension of agriculture. Besides these threats, it is affected by competition from large plants (Helophytes or woody) that are favoured by the abandonment of extensive grazing and by the increasing frequency of droughts probably driven by climate change.

conservationAction:
In France, the species is protected at regional level in Languedoc-Roussillon.Information on the population size and the rate of decline at European level within three generations needs to collected in order to carry out an informed threat assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name, clarification having been provided by Uotila (2009).

range:
E. orthosperma occurs in Scandinavia (except Denmark), Russia (the Republic of Karelia and St. Petersburg, Ladoga-Ilmen: Neva River and northern coast of the Gulf of Finland; Volga-Kam: Urals) and Germany (Schleswig-Holstein and Bavaria) (Uotila 2009, Tzvelev 2006).

population:
E. orthosperma is apparently widespread and abundant throughout much of its range, but considered Vulnerable in Sweden. It is classed as extinct in Bavaria (Germany) where it has been last recorded in 1914 (Ahlmer 2010). There are a few historical records in the Czech Republic but no extant localities are known (Kaplan 2002).

habitat:
E. orthosperma occurs mainly in shallow water (usually at less than 50 cm depth, rarely more than 1 m), sometimes on wet soil on the margins of water bodies, usually on silt, sand or gravel substrates. It is found in meso-eutrophic lakes and rivers; in brackish water only in the least saline coasts and river estuaries in the Bothnian Bay and Gulf of Finland.

conservationAction:
E. orthosperma is classed as Vulnerable - Criteria B2ab(ii,iv,v) in Sweden; there are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.  "V.A. Martynenk’s reports about this species for the Timan tundra and vicinity of Arkhangelsk are very doubtful. A deepwater ecoform with erect and not creeping stems on the bottom of the water body and larger semitransparent leaves resembling the submerged leaves of water starwort was described under the name E.&#triandra var. callitricheoides W. Nyl." (Tzvelev 2006).  "Tall plants with long internodes and long narrow, lanceolate-oblong, flaccid leaves, with apical parts of the shoot and branches not rooted but upright, and often with flowers in both leaf axils of a node, have been distinguished as E. callitrichoides. Such plants often grow in sheltered places on very soft oozy bottoms; they are modifications and do not deserve taxonomic recognition." (Preston 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is widespread in Europe but seems to be declining everywhere through the loss of habitat. However, it is unlikely that the populations are declining strong enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories in the near future. It is therefore classed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
E. triandra has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, from Europe east through Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Himalayas in India and Nepal to Far Eastern Russia, China and Japan; it also occurs in parts of Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand and parts of northern North America. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the north and centre, extending throughout much of the Balkan Peninsula. It is also reported from South Africa where it may be introduced or recorded in error (Cook 2004).

population:
E. triandra is widespread, but is nowhere abundant; it is classed as Critically Endangered in Serbia, Near Threatened in Hungary and Norway and Data Deficient in Croatia and Switzerland. It has a big European range but suitable habitats are disappearing throughout the continent.

habitat:
E. triandra occurs in a wide variety of types of mesotrophic to eutrophic water body, from ponds and lakes to streams, marsh pools and rice fields. It usually grows in shallow water and often occurs where some action (such as grazing, vehicle activity or use of boats) suppresses competition.A study by Bernhardt et al.  (2004) demonstrated that even where a species was declared extinct,  seeds can still be stored in the soil banks for a long time. Germination  tests of seeds from soil samples in former localities showed those  seeds to be viable. In most cases they need fluctuating water levels to  trigger germination and a stabilisation of the water levels has led to  local extinctions of mature individuals.

conservationAction:
E. triandra is widespread, but is nowhere abundant; it is  classed as Critically Endangered in Serbia, Near Threatened in Hungary  and Norway and Data Deficient in Croatia and Switzerland, but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hypericum corsicum has stable populations and is currently not affected by the existing threats. Monitoring of the sites where the species is present, is carried out regularly. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
Hypericum corsicum is a strict endemic species from Corsica of Eurasiatic origin. It is a common species in the central mountains of Corsica. Its extent of occurrence is more than 5,000 km² within which the area of occupancy is smaller than 500 km².

population:
Hypericum corsicum is present at more than 46 sites in Corsica. The last observations at the sites of Monte Rotondo and Manganello took place in 2007. The populations seem to be affected by the hydrologic conditions, but there is no further information on the population dynamics. The populations don't seem to be threatened by the deterioration of their habitat.

habitat:
The species is found in "pozzine", edges of springs, at mountain rills from 780 m to 1,800 m altitude. This Hemicryptophyte grows on granite (granodiorite and monzogranite) and granitic or pyroclastic sediments.

threats:
Presently, the main threat to this species is drought. In the future, feral pigs could become a threat as well as the increase of forest due to abandonment of stock breeding.

conservationAction:
There is no legal protection for this species but some conservation measures are in place. It is included in the Red Book volume II, surveillance of the existing sites is done by guards from the Regional Natural Park of Corsica and the Botanical Conservatory of Corsica and search of new sites is being carried out.Proposed actions are to follow-up of the dynamics of different populations, increase knowledge about the species biology, resilience, and conservation, and collect seeds for ex situ conservation.


range:
Hypericum elodes is endemic to western Europe, occurring from the Iberian Peninsula north to the United Kingdom and east to Austria.

population:
Hypericum elodes appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its range.

habitat:
Hypericum elodes typically occurs on peat or peaty mineral soils in damp or wet acidic, nutrient-poor habitats, usually in shallow water, but sometimes terrestrial, or in deeper water where it may form floating mats. It occurs in heathland pools, on the margins of ponds and slow-flowing streams, and along seepages and runnels in mires.


redListCategoryRationale:
Zelkova abelicea is endemic to the mountains on the island of Crete, Greece. The extent of occurrence is c. 2,000 km² and the area  of occupancy is 60-70 km². There are  in total 10-14 locations and four to ten subpopulations. More than 50%  of the locations include a small number of plants which could be  considered isolated, so the populations may be considered fragmented. The total population is estimated to have  50-100 adult individuals. Overgrazing is the main threat, followed by use of the branches for making walking sticks and the occassional cutting for firewood due to inadequate site protection. Due to the low number of individuals, the species is assessed as Endangered but it could potentially qualify for Vulnerable B1ab(v)+B2ab(v) if there is continuous population size decline or for Endangered B1ab(v)+B2ab(v) if the population is also severely fragmented.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece and has been recorded in 17 localities on the main mountain massifs. It occurs mainly on Lefka Ori Mts, Dikti Mts, and sporadic on Idi Mts, Thrypti Mts, and Kedros Mt. Some localities at Lefka Ori and Kissamos, where the species was known to exist before 1930, could not be confirmed recently (Rechinger 1943). The extent of occurrence is c. 2,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 60-70 km².

population:
The main part of the population grows on the Lefka Ori Mountains in more compact cypress and alder communities, and on the Dikti Mountains in thinner communities with Vincetoxicum. Elsewhere there are isolated trees or small stands. There has been no systematic recording, but the total population is estimated to have 50-100 adult individuals which set seed regularly (Egli 1995). There are in total 10-14 locations and four to ten subpopulations. More than 50% of the locations include a small number of plants which could be considered isolated, so the populations may be considered fragmented. Population size decline may be or become a fact if the plant is sustained by clonal propagation only.

habitat:
This small tree grows on rocks, open calcareous woodland, scrub and garrigue on rocky mountain slopes, on north-facing slopes or flat valleys, preferably on deep soils rich in clay and humous, on limestone. Zelkova abelicea propagates vegetatively by producing new shoots (suckers) from the roots of old plants. Seed production exhibits masting behaviour (large production of sound seeds every three years). Seed germination is slow at low temperatures (5 – 10°C) and is inhibited at higher temperatures (Fournaraki 2010).

threats:
The main threat is overgrazing which is an ongoing activity at most of the locations of the plant. Sheep and goats destroy seedlings and saplings thus diminishing sexual regeneration. Although the plant regenerates well by suckering, these clonal populations may never produce mature trees or seeds. The last decades a flourishing trade of walking sticks made from Zelkova wood has developed and this has led to increased pruning of trees (Fournaraki and Thanos 2006).Lack of protection and of public education may also have adverse effects, for example cutting of trees for firewood by ignorant soldiers has occurred.

conservationAction:
Zelkova abelicea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995).Almost all of the population of the plant is included in the Natura 2000 sites GR4320002, GR4320005, GR4330002, GR4330005, GR4340008.The current legal protection is adequate and ex situ protection is also adequate, it includes a gene bank and cultivation at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania. However in situ protection measures are inadequate. The Forest Directorate of Chania, which is responsible for the largest part of the population, has attempted to fence some areas unsuccessfully due to conflicts between landowners and shepherds but has had one successful operation against illegal trading (Fournaraki and Thanos 2006).

useAndTrade:
The branches of this tree have recently been used for making walking sticks.


population:
Urtica kiovensis is classed as Extinct in the Czech Republic, Endangered in Belarus and Near Threatened in Hungary but there is no information available on population trend throughout most of its range. It is known that the populations are slowly declining and that the rate of decline is highest in Central Europe.

habitat:
Urtica kiovensis typically grows within active river floodplains, usually on organic, nutrient-rich soils with Phragmites australis, large Carex species and Salix spp. and Alnus spp. in sites which are at least sporadically flooded in winter and in oxbows.

threats:
There is no information on the causes of the species decline or potential threats. #

conservationAction:
Urtica kiovensis has been classed as Extinct in the Czech Republic (Čeřovský et al. 1999, Holub and Procházka 2000). In June 2001, another population of the species was discovered in  a #temporary pool, in the  National Nature Reserve Ranšpurk south of the town of Lanžhot (South  Moravia, distr. Břeclav). The site is situated in the floodplain of the  Dyje River about 10 km of the northernmost localities of the species  near the village of Hohenau an der March along the March/Morava River in Lower  Austria (Danihelka and Lepší 2004). The species is classed as Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005) and Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007) is. There is no other information available on its conservation needs. The causes of the population declines should be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cistus chinamadensis is listed as Endangered due to its restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy estimated in 11 km2. It presents a fragmented distribution, having been identified as different subspecies in the three different islands where it is found. Its distribution range is thought to follow a decreasing trend. Grazing, competition with more agressive species, landslides, fires and droughts limit the expansion of this species.

range:
Cistus chinamadensis is a taxon endemic to Canary Islands, Spain. Three subspecies have been described: Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis, Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae and Cistus chinamadensis ssp. ombriosus. This taxon is present in a total of seven locations and its total area of occupancy is 11 km². Its total distribution range at a species level, seems to have decreased.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coello et al. 2004), where it can be found between 400 and 700 m asl, in Anaga, on the northeastern part of the island. It is present in three locations: Roque de los Pinos, Mesa del Brezal and Monte de Aguirre with an area of occupancy of 4 km2. Distribution trends for this subspecies have been described as stable or increasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae is endemic to the island of La Gomera, where it can be found between 1,050 and 1,300 m asl, in two natural locations: Los Roques and Roque Imada (Bañares et al. 2008, Gobierno de Canarias 2009). One more natural population, known as Lerguito, was reported in the past but it has not been found since 1996. The taxon in also present in Cherelepín, where it was successfully introduced to in 1998. It has been introduced to three more sites but the viability of these populations is not known yet. Its area of occupancy is 6 km² (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008b) and its distribution is decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).Cistus chinamadensis ssp.ombriosus is endemic to the island of El Hierro, where it grows at 1,250 m asl, in one single location near Valle de El Golfo (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008a). Its area of occupancy is 1 km². It is believed that its distribution range was higher in the past (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Total population size for this taxon, including the three subspecies described, is estimated in around 2,700 reproductive individuals. Recruitment has been described as slow but constant, but under competition seedlings can not progress. Population trend at a species level seems to be more or less stable, given the trends reported for the three subspecies.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis has a population reported to be 2,280 individuals: 2,100 individuals in Roque de los Pinos; 80 in Mesa del Brezal and 100 in Monte de Aguirre (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). In 2009 the three known locations were visited and 2,186 adult individuals and 2,025 juvenile specimen were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trend for this subspecies is thought to be increasing or stable.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae has a population size reported to be 436 and 451 individuals (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008b). In 2009, 473 mature individuals and 150 juvenile specimen were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It seems that the natural population trend is decreasing, and higher population size is due to developed re-introduction plans.Cistus chinamadensis ssp.ombriosus present a population size of 49 individuals (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008a). The only known population has been reported to be well age-structured. In 2009, 47 mature individuals are recorded, and 46 juvenile specimen (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trend for the last year seems to be slightly stable.

habitat:
The species presents low ecological plasticity and slow propagation dynamics. Its grows within communities of sub-humid laurel-like evergreen forests "monteverde" and "fayal-brezal".Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis grows on ledges of communities of "monteverde" and "fayal-brezal", mainly within shrublands which could be included in Telino-Adenocarpion foliolosi. Frequent accompanying species are Paronychia canariensis, Lavandula canariensis, Micromeria varia, Pinus canariensis, Myrica faya, Hypericum canariense, Globularia salicina, Erica arborea, Ilex canariensis, Aeonium canariensis and Carlina salicifolia.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae also occurs within scrublands of type Telino-Adenocarpion foliolosi, in ledges of communities of "monteverde" and "fayal-brezal" (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008b). It can also develop in cracks and less commonly it can progress in shady under-canopy sites. Frequent accompanying species are Chamaecytisus proliferus, Erica arborea, Cistus monspeliensis, Teline stenopetala, Andryala pinnatifida and Dicheranthus plocamoides.Cistus chinamadensis ssp.ombriosus grows in gaps within Myrica faya-Erica spp. forests, on crags and cliffs (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008a). Frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Greenovia diplocycla, Asplenium onopteris, Carlina salicifolia, Micromeria hyssopifolia, Tolpis proustii, Myrica faya, Sonchus hierrensis, Pericallis murrayi and Ceterach aureum.

threats:
Threats affecting this taxon are grazing, competition with native and exotic species, landslides, fires and droughts. Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis is affected by grazing and competition with exotic species (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). The location of Monte de Aguirre is as well affected by logging activities in the area.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae is affected by competition with more agressive native species such as Erica arborea, Cistus monspeliensis and Chamaecytisus proliferus. It was highly affected by a fire in 1983 (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008b, Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Grazing has been also reported as a threat.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. ombriosus is not clearly affected by anthropogenic threats. Threats to this subspecies are fires, landslides, droughts and natural competition with more agressive species (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008a).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain.Cistus chinamadensis ssp. chinamadensis is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. All the subpopulations are within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI). Plant material from some subpopulations is stored in the germplasm banks of E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos UPM and Servicio Biodiversidad Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias.Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks, reinforcement plans and herbivorous control measures should be implemented, surveillance should be improved. The area of Roque de los Pinos should be proposed as exclusion area ("Zona de Exclusión").Cistus chinamadensis ssp. gomerae # is listed as CR B2ab(ii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008. It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The subpopulations of Los Roques and Cherelepín occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay (SCI) and the location Roque de Imada is included in the SCI Barranco del Charco Hondo (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008b). Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. A recovery plan has been developed in the Parque Nacional de Garajonay, which includes population monitoring and reinforcement measures. Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of this taxon include seed storage in germplams banks, the maintenance of reinforcement of natural populations actions and the introduction of new populations in suitable areas for their progress. Herbivorous control measures should be established. Cistus chinamadensis ssp. ombriosus is is listed as CR D in the Spanish Red List (Marrero Gómez et al. 2008) and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The only known location is included in the protected area Parque Rural de Frontera. Plant accessions should be stored in germplasm banks, population reinforcement and introduction plans should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E. & Bañares Baudet, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cistus palhinhae is endemic to  the Algarve in southwestern Portugal with an area of occupancy below  900 km². A decline in the number of subpopulations as well as  the number of mature individuals has been noted. The main threat is habitat degradation due to illegal transit of 4x4  vehicles, the disposal of debris, and fires. There is no information available on the number of locations or if the sites are severely fragmented and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient but could probably be at least Near Threatened.

range:
Cistus palhinhae is endemic to the Algarve in southwestern Portugal with an area of occupancy of 495 - 900 km² (ICN 2006, Commission of the European Communities 2009).The available habitat area has been estimated to be 45 km² (ICNB pers. comm. 2011).

population:
The species occurs localised and the number of subpopulations as well as the number of mature individuals are decreasing (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This plant is found in crevices of compact limestone soils. It prefers to colonise micro-habitats where it does not have to compete with other plants, and can tolerate extreme environmental conditions. The species is a colonizer without invasive characteristics, and regresses when its habitat is subject to catastrophic events such as fire or artificial uprooting. It is a characteristic species of the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 5140 "Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The habitat is significantly declining due to illegal transit of 4x4 vehicles and the disposal of debris and soil in Carrapateira and Sagres- S.Vicente. Fires can also pose a threat.

conservationAction:
Cistus palhinhae is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal. It is recommended to restrict access to the sites and provide appropriate protection and to improve connectivity between populations (ICN 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Flora Iberica lists it as a synonym of Halimium umbellatum ssp. viscosum (Castroviejo et al. 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
Halimium verticillatum is treated as a synonym of the more widespread subspecies Halimium umbellatum ssp. viscosum. As the taxonomy and therefore the range of the species are not quite clear, it is listed as Data Deficient. However, if it is included in the subspecies then it seems to be relatively widespread and might be of Least Concern.

range:
This species is native to the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and probably Algeria. The geographic range for Portugal is 6,052 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It occurs in the centre-west, centre-south, and southwest (ICN 2006). According to Flora Iberica, the species is absent from the northern third of the Iberian Peninsula and has been found in at least 27 Spanish provinces (Castroviejo et al. 1993).

population:
Population in the Portuguese area has been measured as 15,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is rare and suffered from a decline in its area of occupancy in the last decades. The remaining populations are in a good state (ICNB 2006).

habitat:
This small shrub flowers in spring. It occurs in heathland among Quercus suber and is characteristic for the associations Thymo capitelati - Stauracanthetum genistoidis (ICNB 2006).This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2260 "Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs". It is mainly present in sandy formations in the south margin of the Tejo River basin   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Agriculture and forestry activities are its main threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Clearing of shrubs is the main threat according to ICN (2006).

conservationAction:
Halimium verticillatum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal.More information on the population dynamics and size needs to be collected. The sites should be managed in a way that forbids non-selective shrub clearing. Afforestation with Eucalyptus should be avoided (ICN 2006). Furthermore, taxonomic research is recommended to clarify the status of Halimium verticillatum.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helianthemum alypoides is listed as Vulnerable as it has a restricted distribution range, with an area of occupancy of 66 km², extent of occurrence below 500 km² and presence confirmed in three locations. Regressive trends have been identified for its distribution, extent and quality of its habitat and population size. Mining is the main threat to this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the southeast of the province of Almería, Spain (Pérez García et al. 2011). It is distributed into three locations, with an area of occupancy of 66 km². Its extent of occurrence is below 500 km².

population:
In the three known locations, population size ranges from 487 individuals in Los Arejos, to 1,440,981 in Sorbas-Los Castaños (Pérez García et al. 2011). Total population size has been estimated in 2,028,348 individuals. Negative trends have been reported for the number of individuals of this species.

habitat:
This plant grows in scrublands on areas more or less dry, on gypsum substrates exposed to sunlight. It also grows in shrublands on abandoned crop fields, on clays and loam-gypsum soils. Frequent accompanying species are Teucrium turredanum, Santolina viscosa, Coris hispanica, Narcissus tortifolius, Anthyllis terniflora, Helianthemum almeriense, Thymus hyemalis ssp. hyemalis, Gypsophila struthium ssp. struthium, Helianthemum squamatum, Campanula fastigiata, Ononis tridentata and Rosmarinus officinalis.

threats:
Gypsum extraction is the main threat affecting this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Pérez García et al. 2011). Other threats are fires and overgrazing, exerting this last higher pressure with droughts events. Inadequate old mines restoration actions have prevent recolonization in the past.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened flora of Andalucía. It is listed as VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,v) in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Pérez García et al. 2011). It occurs within the protected areas SCI Sierra de Cabrera-Bédar, Parque Natural Marítimo-Terrestre Cabo de Gata-Níjar and Paraje Natural Karst en yesos de Sorbas. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz. #Awareness and communication programmes about the importance of the conservation of this taxon should be developed. Population should be monitored in order to analyse its response to current threats.

redListAssessors:
Pérez García, F.J., Mendoza, A., Sola, A.J., Cueto, M. & Mota Poveda, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum is listed as Critically Endangered for it is known from only two locations, with an area of occupancy of 2 km². The population is severely fragmented and suffers from extreme fluctuations which cause the individuals to nearly  completely disappear every eight to 12 years. The habitat is declining due to grazing, drought, landslides and natural  fires and the species suffers from natural competition.

range:
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio et al. 2004), where it grows from 1,100 to 1,350 m asl. Its presence has been reported in two locations: Montaña de los Hornos (La Aldea de San Nicolás) y Montaña de las Brujas (Tejeda) (Á. Marrero pers. comm. 2011), both in the massif of Inagua 2.5 km from each other. The location Montaña de las Brujas comprises three subpopulations, 200 to 700 m from each other.Its distribution appears highly fragmented (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Its area of occupancy is 2 km².

population:
Total population has been estimated in 330 individuals: 32 specimens in Montaña Los Hornos (Martín Osorio et al. 2004) and 298 individuals in Montaña de Las Brujas (Almeida and Marrero 2004), comprising three subpopulations with 240, 28 and 30 adult individuals each. The populations suffer from extreme fluctuations which cause the individuals to nearly completely disappear every eight to 12 years (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007); the survival of the species depends on the seed bank of the soil.

habitat:
It occurs primarily in phonolite ignimbrite substrates with low soil retention. Also part of rupicolous communities in the domains of pine forest, on slopes with 80-85° and 5-10% shrub cover. It is most commonly accompanied by the following species: Greenovia aurea, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Babcockia platylepis, Hypericum reflexum, Aeonium simsii, Asparagus scoparius, Echium onosmifolium, Sonchus acaulis, Descurainia preauxiana and Lobularia canariensis. The secondary habitat corresponds to platforms and foot cliffs of pine forest Micromerio pineolentis-Pinetum canariensis communities and Greenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi rupicolous communities.Seedlings were observed in the immediate environment of mother plants and by observations in subsequent years it is clear that the population evolved in cohorts, showing extreme fluctuations in the number of adult individuals. It blooms in spring, May or April and fruits from May to July, although it may withhold some seeds in the capsules until August. It does not develop vegetative propagation.

threats:
Main threats are grazing, natural competition, limited ecological resilience, poor reproductive strategy, drought, landslides and natural fires (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species. The species occurs within the protected areas Reserva Natural Inagua (SCI) and Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI) (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). Cultivation has been developed with limited success, while there have been good results in micropropagation in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the forest home of Cortijo de Pajonales. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Proposed measures include cultivation and micropropagation of the species, reintroduction, storage of seeds in germplasm banks, establishment of fences and population monitoring.

useAndTrade:
No traditional use or trade for this species is known, although it may have been collected along with other species to be used for livestock


redListCategoryRationale:
Helianthemum caput-felis is listed as Endangered due to its restricted distribution and declining trends identified for its distribution and population size. Its area of occupancy is low, fragmentation patterns have been observed, the number of locations where the species is present has decreased and regressive trends have been reported for the extent and quality of its habitat. Urbanisation and human presence threat the conservation of the species.

range:
This species occurs in Sardinia, Italy and Spain (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Spain, it can be found in five locations, in northeastern and southern Alicante, southwestern of Mallorca, western Ibiza and in the Spanish exclave Melilla, always in areas close to the coast (Agulló et al. 2011). It extends its range into Al Hoceima in northern Morocco. Its total area of occupancy in Spain is 38 km². A location near Santa Pola in Alicante is thought to have disappeared.

population:
Population size in Italy has been estimated in 400-500 individuals and stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Spain, total population has been reported to be 30,710 individuals (Agulló et al. 2011). In Alicante, important decreases in population size and in the number of subpopulations where this species occurs, have been reported (higher than 50%) due to urbanisation. Populations in Baleares and Melilla seem to be stable. Adult individuals are dominant in all the subpopulations. Seed production is high but recruitment is low, probably because of factors such as droughts and sea breeze.

habitat:
This plant grows on calcareous or sandy soils, in cliffs, slopes and dunes, always in sunny  in dry or semi-dry sites close to the sea (Agulló et al. 2011). It occurs within heliophile shrublands Rosmarinion officinalis (Halimienion halimifolii and Teucrio-Thymenion piperellae), Thymo moroderi-Sideritidion leucanthae and Ulico africanae-Rosmarinion tournefortii. It colonizes degraded and rocky limestone soils in areas close to the sea. It can be found within associations as Erico multiflorae-Saturejetum fontanesii subass. Helianthemetosum capitis-felis, Canescentis-Cistetum albidi subass. Sideretosum littoralis   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Italy, main threats to this species are urbanisation and outdoor and leisure activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Spain, urbanisation is also one of the most important threats affecting the species (Agulló et al. 2011). Presence of visitors has been also reported as a threat. In Melilla, the expansion of a port could affect the subpopulations of this species.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as EN A4c; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Agulló et al. 2011). It is protected at regional level in the Balearic Islands and in Valencia.Seeds are stored in germplasm banks and the species is cultivated in botanic gardens. In Valencia, five microreserves have been established.Seeds from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Microreserves should be created in the Balearic Islands and Melilla.

redListAssessors:
Agulló, J.C., Juan, A., Alonso, M.Á. & Crespo, M.B.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helianthemum teneriffae is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 3 km², the number of mature individuals fluctuates and is estimated to be 166 in total. All individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals. The major threats are trampling by hikers, extreme droughts, landslides and natural plant competition. #

range:
Helianthemum teneriffae is native to Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Ojeda Land et al. 2004), where it can be found in only one location in Güímar, in the southeast of the island. Its area of occupancy is 3 km².

population:
Total population size has been reported to be 166 individuals (Ojeda Land et al. 2004). Of these, approximately 35% are flowering and fruiting annually, although this proportion falls notably in the years of marked drought. Population size fluctuates depending on climate conditions (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Probability of extinction has been estimated in 69% for a 20 year period (Ojeda Land et al. 2009).

habitat:
This small shrub occurs in rupicolous environments within communities of "fayal-brezal" Pericallido-Sonchetum gummiferi, Greenovietum aizoonis. In this situation frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Bencomia caudata, Teline osyrioides, Hypericum reflexum, Crambe scaberrima and Pericallis lanata. It can also be found in more heterogeneous # formations of "fayal-brezal" Fayo-Ericetum arboreae, along with Erica arborea, Pinus canariensis, Viburnum rigidum, Hypericum reflexum and Cistus symphytifolius.Hermaphrodite species which shows a tendency to be pollinated by Hymenoptera (Apis mellifera) and flower Coleoptera. Produces 4-12 flowers per inflorescence, resulting in 24 flowers per individual per year. However, most of the flowers tend to be aborted. As regards the dispersion, there is no obvious adaptation. But there are observations of capsules being blown by the wind. On the seminal production, some estimates suggest between 7 and 8 seeds per capsule. Germination may be high, exceeding 60%.

threats:
The main threat is the high human pressure on the only known location of this species (Ojeda Land et al. 2004), mainly because of the presence of hikers. Moreover, extreme droughts in the area pose a further threat. The other two factors affecting the species are landslides and natural plant competition. Of lesser importance are predation and possible hybridisation.

conservationAction:
Helianthemum teneriffae is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the  Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern  Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2b in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs in the protected area Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal (SCI) (Ojeda Land et al. 2004). There are seeds deposited in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid. Its population is monitored and some individuals are protected from predators (rabbits) with fencing. Population monitoring should be kept in place, as well as grazing exclusion areas. Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks.

redListAssessors:
Ojeda Land, E., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Mesa Coello, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Tuberaria major is endemic to the south coast of Portugal and has a restricted range (extent of occurrence is 727 km², area of occupancy is 800 km²). The  populations are at a high risk of extinction, with a severely fragmented distribution area. This fragmentation continues due to habitat loss and degradation caused by urbanisation and tourism. Further threats are the disposal of garbage and natural succession. This plant is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
The species is endemic to the south coast of Portugal and is found in the region Algarve between Albufeira and Olhão (Euro+Med 2009). Its extent of occurrence is 727 km² and the area of occupancy is 800 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are at a high risk of extinction, with a very limited and fragmented distribution area. The known localities show different levels of degradation. The species was once extended over much of the Algarve coast but its range is now reduced to small clusters.The most dense and extensive populations with population sizes reaching 10,000 individuals, are located on the coast, in sandy soils of the west border of the Ria Formosa, especially in the area of Pontal, Ludo, Campo de Gambelas. Outside this area, particularly in Barrocal, populations with tens to hundreds of individuals exist (ICN 2006).

habitat:
A perennial plant that flowers from March to May and occurs in sandy soils or acid gravel, especially in the clearings of xerophilous shrubland. A heliophile species that is characteristic of the association Tuberario majoris-Stauracanthetum boivinii. It responds favourably to fire and reaches unusual abundance after fires, even in places where it is scarce. This suggests the existence of a soil seed bank and that seed germination is stimulated by heat shock (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs4030 European dry heaths

threats:
An increasing pressure from urbanisation and tourism leads to habitat degradation and fragmentation and this poses the main threat on this plant. Furthermore, the disposal of garbage and natural succession degrade the habitat quality (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Tuberaria major is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is protected under national law. It is recommended to manage the sites, e.g. control urban expansion, the disposal of litter, or closure of the habitat. Ex situ conservation measures are needed. A LIFE project to protect this species is underway (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
The status of Viola athois can be described as favourable since it is not threatened by human activities and its population is quite large with no indications of decline. However, the plant is assessed as Vulnerable due to its small range of 6 km² and it only being found in four locations. Should grazing increase or the construction threat become active, it would cause a major decline in the number of individuals, and may reduce one or more locations.

range:
This plant is endemic to northeast Greece at Athos Mt (Athos Peninsula, Prefecture of Chalkidiki). There is one subpopulation made up of four locations and the range is estimated to be 6 km2 (this is the projection of the summit area of Athos Mt above 1,400 m).

population:
The total population includes several hundreds of individuals scattered at the rocky slopes of Mt. Athos.

habitat:
Rocky grassland and rock crevices, on limestone, over the forest line at altitudes 1,500-1,900 m (although once recorded at 2,030 m), mostly at the south side of Athos Mt summit area. More rarely it grows in rocky forest openings or in shaded or semi-shaded sites below the forest line, among trees of Abies borisii-regis, Populus tremula, Pinus nigra or among shrubs such as Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus communis.

threats:
Grazing is prohibited on Athos peninsula. The only herbivores present in its area are a few tens of wild mules which occasionally consume parts of the plant. Human activities are few, but since 2006 there is limited building activity for the construction of visitor establishments. Construction works may affect the population of the plant adversely.

conservationAction:
Viola athois is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81.All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR1270003 and it is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This French endemic has not been seen since 1927 despite several efforts to find it. It is therefore classed as Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to the Bourgogne Yonne Departement, France, where it was detected in 1860 along the Canal de Bourgogne, in the community of Cry, departement Yonne. The species seems to have disappeared around 1930, its last finding dating to 1927 and it has not been seen since then despite several efforts to search for it (Lombard and Bajon 2000).

population:
This species is extinct now but seems to have never been abundant (Lombard and Bajon 2000).

habitat:
This herb was found on limestone hills that are facing southwards and are exposed to the sun (Lombard and Bajon 2000).

threats:
The causes for the disappearance of the species are supposed to be over-collection by botanists as well as limestone quarrying (Lombard and Bajon 2000).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It has been classed as Extinct under the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillet 1998). It is also classed as Extinct in the French Red Book of Threatened Plants (Olivier et al. 1995).


redListCategoryRationale:
Viola delphinantha is endemic to mountains in Greece and Bulgaria. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km² and it is found at less than ten locations. The population trend is unknown, but it is severely fragmented. There are no major threats known for this species. Recreational  activities such as rock climbing and skiing are potential threats as is climate change causing  warmer temperatures and drought. Further research on the population trend is needed and the affects of the potential threats listed. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened.

range:
Viola delphinantha is believed to be endemic to Greece and Bulgaria. There are unconfirmed records from central Albania  (Strid 1986). In Greece it is found in the Mountain Chelmos, Olimbos Mountain, Athos Mountain, Pangeon, Falakron and Orvilos Mountains. In Bulgaria, it is found in Slavyanka mountain (same as Orvilos). The AOO is estimated to be less than 2,000 km² and it is found at less than ten locations.

population:
The population in Bulgaria has low numbers of individuals. The population trend is unknown, but it is severely fragmented.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in crevices of limestone rocks, and also in ravines.

threats:
There are no major threats known for this species. Recreational activities such as rock climbing and skiing are potential threats. Climate change might be a potential threat to this species causing warmer temperatures and drought. In Bulgaria, intrinsic factors and the small population size are potential threats for this species.

conservationAction:
Viola delphinantha is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Greece, it is not protected but included in a national park and in Natura 2000 sites. In Bulgaria, it is protected and in nature reserves and Natura 2000 sites. The species is listed as Critically Endangered CR B2ab(ii,iii,v) on the Red List in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).More information on population size and trend is needed as well as monitoring of the populations. Legal protection in Greece is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Viola hispida is a French endemic that is found at eight localities in northern France. There are three to five locations with an extent of occurrence of 400 km² and an area of occupancy of less than  10 km². The total population counts more than  1,000 individuals and the number of mature individuals is declining and fluctuates extremely. Quality and extent of the habitat are also declining due to the  stabilisation of scree and  vegetation succession which poses competition. Viola hispida is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This plant is found in northern France where it is endemic to the Seine valley near Rouen. There are three to five locations: two localities at Amfreville-sous-le-Mont, one at Romilly-sur-Andelle and two at St-Adrien. It was more widespread in the past but the range has been considerably reduced. Its extent of occurrence is 400 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) but the area of occupancy is less than 10 km². The actually occupied area is less than 1 ha.

population:
This plant occurs in eight localities in four communes with more than 1,000 individuals. Recent counts have shown a decrease in the number of mature individuals, including the largest population (Romilly-sur-Andelle). The number of individuals there was 2,016 (in the year 2000), 2,089 (in 2002) and most recently only 938 (in 2009). It is not clear yet how recently implemented measures of restoration and habitat management can offset this decline.Data collected over the last ten years also shows significant inter-annual fluctuations in the number of mature individuals in all subpopulations. The rate of fluctuation is tenfold or more for several subpopulations.

habitat:
This species is characteristic for the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8160 "Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is the stabilisation of the scree where the species is found and the subsequent vegetation succession which poses competition for Viola hispida.

conservationAction:
Viola hispida is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, it is under national protection and included in a few protected areas (Arreté de Protection de Biotope, Réserve Naturelle). Five localities benefit from conservation actions such as cattle grazing to maintain the habitat open, creation of rocky slopes, population reinforcement or reintroductions, in the framework of a LIFE+ project.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Madeira with an estimated population of around 1,000 individuals. The current status of the population is not known as a major fire occurred in its range in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
This plant is endemic to Madeira, Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 194 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It grows on the central mountain ridge from 1,600 m to 1,800 m asl (Jardim et al. 2006).

population:
It has been estimated that its population is around 1,000 individuals with an increasing trend   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, the main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
This species is characteristic of the Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 4050 "Endemic Macaronesian heath" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Apart from a fire in summer 2010 that affected the Central Mountain Massif, the species is subject to collection, construction of paths, trampling, landslides and competition with exotic species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Viola paradoxa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Its area is included in the Madeira Natural Park and in a Natura 2000 site (Jardim et al. 2006).

useAndTrade:
Collection has been mentioned as a threat but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Norway holds more than 50% of the global populations and it is listed as Least Concern in this country. There are no major threats reported from Finland or Sweden neither and the populations are stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern at global and European level.In Sweden and Finland, the EU 27 countries, the area of occupancy falls below the threshold of 500 km² and the populations are severely fragmented in Sweden. But the populations are stable and no major threats have been reported. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2a.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to the mountains of Finland, Sweden, and Norway.In Sweden, the number of locations is 11, extent of occurrence is 3,600 km² and the area of occupancy is 48 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010). The range of the subspecies in Finland is 101 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are c. 15 sites with an area of occupancy of 5 km². Some new sites were found  recently. Norway holds more than 50% of the global population (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
In Finland, the population is around 1,650 individuals of which 100 are flowering. In Sweden, there are 5,000 individuals and the sites are severely fragmented (ArtDatabanken 2010). There are no numbers available for Norway.The populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
This plant occurs in temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes and also in basic and ultra-basic inland cliffs (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Competition has been described as an important threat to this subspecies in Sweden (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Finland, the main threats are random factors (Rassi et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
Viola rupestris ssp. relicta is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Finland, this plant is listed as Endangered D1 on the national red list (Rassi et al. 2010). The subspecies is protected by law and named as a subspecies  under strict protection (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). About 85%  of the sites are on protected areas.In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened B1a+2a (Gärdenfors 2010) and in Norway, it is assessed as Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy is probably less than 2,000 km² and its habitat might be declining in part of its range (Sweden). Also the species population is fragmented. However the species is not threatened at present.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy is probably less than 2,000 km² and its habitat might be declining in part of its range (Sweden). Also the species population is fragmented. However the species is not threatened at present.

range:
This species is found in Fennoscandia in northern Europe. In Sweden it is in 11 localities, mostly in the east, and in Finland in eight localities.

population:
In Finland the trend is stable. In Sweden the species is thought to be declining and is very fragmented.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae live in the thick dead bark of old standing aspenPopulus tremula trees both in shaded and open areas. It however seems to prefer sun exposed dying or recently dead trees.

threats:
There is lack of information available regarding the threats for this species.   The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use - affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is a key immediate issue and the removal of dead and dying trees is clearly a problem. Forest clearance, unsustainable forest management, grazing, and drainage are also issues. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.  In Finland, the species may become threatened if there were more use or demand for aspen trees which would lead to more removal of the large trees. Additionally, moose eat aspen saplings and may pose a threat to aspen regeneration weakening the future habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Sweden (2005 and 2000) and Endangered in Finland (Rassiet al. 2001). However, there is some new information on the occurrence of this species in Finland which will move the species nationally into Vulnerable or Near Threatened.

The species was first found about 20 years ago in Finland, but is not seen very frequently. The situation may be improving because aspen trees are more often being left dead in open areas, providing habitat for the species.

In Sweden this species is likely to struggle unless conditions change. Its habitat and distribution is very fragmented, with it being found in 11 localities.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

redListAssessors:
Tykarski, P., Putchkov, A. & Mannerkoski, I.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable because it is suspected that a population decline, estimated to be more than 30% would be met over the next ten years, inferred from degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use. This species has been undergoing a severe decline in Europe due to its sensitivity to forest management which is becoming more intense.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered according to criterion (A2ac),   because of a serious population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the last ten generations, inferred from degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use. The species is declining severely or even became extinct in most countries of its former range.

range:
This species is widespread across central, northern and eastern Europe. In Ukraine it is present in the forest zone and in the Carpathians. There are old records from 1876 and some disputed ones in the Czech Republic and there are assumptions that it might be present in the Bohemian Forest; it could be Extinct there. In France records need to be validated. In Finland it has a very localised distribution, more frequent in the easternmost part of Finland. It is also found in Siberia, far east Russia, Japan, and north China (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

population:
Extinct in western and central Europe and very rare and threatened in Slovakia, Czech Republic (no recent records), Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Sweden (Vulnerable) and Finland (Karaliuset al.2009).

In Lithuania there are 57 records across nine districts since its first detection in 1972 (Karaliuset al. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In Finland there is a continuing decline in the Area of Occupancy. It has disappeared from the whole mainland of Sweden, and there has been a reduction of more than 50% during the last 100 years. The last observations in some parts are from the 1920s or 1950s. In Poland there are only two localities in the very east. In Germany not extant within the borders after 1918.

The population trend is decreasing with fragmentation effects and declining habitat.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found in coniferous and mixed forests under the bark of dead conifer trees, occasionally broad-leaved trees; it requires trees with a diameter of more than 7-10 cm at a height of 120 cm, with loose bark and damp under-bark layer (Karaliuset al. 2009). It only colonises standing dead trees but may still be present after they have collapsed. The species is connected to the fungiOphiostoma pini in boreal areas - the larva feeds on the fungus under bark - and it is mainly found in Scots pinePinus sylvestristrees (primary habitat), but it is sometimes found in other trees if they have been burnt. The life cycle is two years; larvae and adults hibernate, and the adults are active in VII-VIII (Drogvalenkο 1999, Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Ukraine, the beetle is especially associated with pinePinus, oakQuercus, limeTilia, and sometimes birchBetula, willow Salix, aspenPopulus tremula, and alderAlnus. In Finland in addition to the pine dominated old-growth forests the species lives on burned areas in trees killed by fire, sometimes even in stumps.

threats:
Cultivation and intense exploitation of forests are major threats to this species (Karaliuset al.2009). Other threats include the loss, destruction and harvesting of old dead trees and suppression of forest fires. The lack of self-thinning is a threat in pine forests. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use (sensitive to forest management).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It is also categorized as threatened in all the countries where it occurs. This species is likely to struggle unless conditions change. It is important to preserve the forest in its natural condition. The species occurs in some protected areas (e.g. in the Poleskyi reserve, Ukraine).

redListAssessors:
Pettersson, R., Hyvärinen, E., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Schlaghamersky, J. & Schmidl, J.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly placed in a different genus as Schistocerus bimaculatus and this name is still in use in applied entomology literature.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
This species ranges from south-eastern and eastern Europe to the Mediterranean countries, including the Mediterranean islands.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but it is known to be common in many Mediterranean countries. The population trend is stable. In Portugal this species has   only been recorded from three sites located far apart from each other. In Spain the species is known from 30 localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in dry fresh dead wood of a wide variety of tree species. A list of host genera is supplied byAkşit and Çakmak (2005). This species has been recorded as a potential pest in vineyards on the Crimean Peninsula.

redListAssessors:
Mason, F., Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Istrate, P., Munteanu, N., Büche, B., Tezcan, S., Méndez, M., Mico, E., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Schmidl, J., Petrakis, P. & Schlaghamersky, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
In Europe, this species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean area. Its region of origin is western Africa, and A. monachus today is very widespread in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, and in the west of the southern Palearctic region. It naturalized in the Mediterranean and in South America a long ago, and was probably introduced in the times of slave-trade.

Records from Germany and Switzerland were introductions (Geis 2002), which may be the case as well in some Mediterranean countries, for example in Spain (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is found throughout Italy which suggests that it is abundant in that country. There is little information available on the abundance of this species throughout the rest of its range, although reports suggest that it is plentiful.
The trends for this species are not known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the wood of a variety of broadleaved trees, and may even enter live tissues of trees. It is considered the most destructive pest of the family Bostrichidae in Israel (Geis 2002).

threats:
The species appears not to be threatened at present.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in many protected areas and there are no conservation measures needed for this species.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Méndez, M. & Alexander, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
In Europe this species is widespread from Russia to Portugal and from northern Europe to the Mediterranean region.

It is also found in northern Africa, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Sibir, Minor and Central Asia.

It occurs in almost in all Ukraine (except steppe zone). In Hungary this species is widespread in areas covered with oak forests. In Portugal it appears to be widespread but records are few. In France it appears to be widespread but records are few. This species is known from a few localities in Istanbul (Schimitschek1953, Çanakçıoğlu 1993, Lodos 1998).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries.
  In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is apparently common (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a common species. Population size and trend have not been quantified for European Turkey. In Germany it occurs in all States, abundant in thermophilic broad-leaved forests. In Spain it is very common (134 localities). In Italy it is regarded as a pest.

It is Extinct in Britain.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This beetle inhabits dry trunks and stubs, and can be a pest species in firewood in storehouses. Mainly in wood of oakQuercussp., rarely in other wood or broad-leaved trees. The adult is active mostly in VI in Ukraine. The life cycle is one or two years. In Turkey larvae develop in Aesculus hippocastaneum, Castanea vesca, Morus alba, Quercus, and Viburnum tinus. It is also found in chairs and tables made ofAesculus hippocastanum. The adults are active in IV-VI. The life cycle is one year (Canakcıoglu 1993, Lodos 1998). In Germany it has a preference for oak, also in exposed root wood of Rosaceae trees.

In Hungary it occurs in all kinds of oak woods. In Portugal two of the three recent Portuguese records are not from oak woodlands but from degraded areas where old oaks are practically absent (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009).
 British sites are not well documented but at least one, Dunham Park, is an ancient deer park with a large number of old oak trees and rich in old growth beetles and flies; this the last known site for the species in Britain, having been found in the early 20th century.

threats:
Loss of old oak trees through forestry, tidiness, inadequate natural regeneration or planting are major threats to this species. Also habitat loss and fragmentation is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of deforestation; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present, because the species is thriving in managed forests as well.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place or needed. This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. In particular, this species has sometimes been regarded as a pest of wooden merchandise and structural timber in parts of its European range, but the extent of this problem is not known.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A., Mannerkoski, I. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a potential small Area of Occupancy and the population seem to be rather fragmented. However it is a polyphagus species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and its habitat is common. Also the species does not seem to be threatened although the population in the Canary Islands could be threatened by invasive species which are affecting palm tress.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a potential small Area of Occupancy and the population seem to be rather fragmented. However it is a polyphagus species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and its habitat is common. Also the species does not seem to be threatened although the population in the Canary Islands could be threatened by invasive species which are affecting palm tress.

range:
This species is widespread in the Mediterranean region and it is found in northern Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt), Minor Asia, Iran and Iraq.

In Europe it is found in the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands, mainland France and Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Ukraine and Croatia.

Specific details for some range states are included below:
France: it is found in the southern Mediterranean border of mainland France and Corsica (Sainte-Claire Deville 1935).
Italy: there are available only generic regional records (Sardinia and Sicily) and one precise Sicilian locality (Lundbergetal. 1987)
Portugal: this specieswas only recorded in 1984 from two localities in the southernmost area.
Spain: it is present in eight localities in mainland Spain and in the Canary Islands it is present in La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife (Lesne 1904, Machado and Oromi 2000).
Ukraine: it is present only in Crimea.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. This species is considered to be rare in Europe, and is likely to be introduced from time to time because of the rather wide larval food plant range. The population trend of this species is unknown.

In Ukraine this is a rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.  It can live on a broad variety of dry wood (Citrus,Acacia,Tamarix, probably several others) (López-Colón and Baena 1998). Larval development in the midribs of leaves and fruitstalks of date palms (Phoenix)has repeatedly been observed (Egypt, Iraq, and also in the Canary Islands) (El-Sherifet al. 1998).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this species. The habitat of this species is quite common, although the population is rather fragmented. This is best considered a natural phenomenon, because in southern Europe, the species is on the northern fringe of its range.

The population from the Canary Islands could be threatened by invasive species which are affecting palm tress.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and general ecology of this species.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Dodelin, B., Campanaro, A. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: although it has a relatively small distribution, it is widespread and apparently not rare or threatened over much of its range. Inhabits artificial habitats (e.g.Eucalyptusplantations) as well as natural woodland. Assessed as Least Concern.

EU 27 regional assessment: although it has a relatively small distribution, it is widespread and apparently not rare or threatened over much of its range. Inhabits artificial habitats (e.g.Eucalyptus plantations) as well as natural woodland. Assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species occurs in south-western Europe, where it is found on Sardinia (Italy), where there are only a small number of known sites, and also in Spain, where it is widespread but localized. Its area occupied in Spain is 2,600km². It occurs at altitudes above 900 m. Outside Europe, it also occurs in northern Africa and is rather widespread there.

population:
Widespread in Spain, where it does not appear to be rare. Population size has not been quantified, nor has population trend.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It inhabits Mediterranean deciduous forests. Larvae develop in the deadwood of broad-leaved trees (e.g. cork oakQuercus suber, but also in some introduced tree species such asEucalyptus). Recorded causing technical damage in cork production in Algier.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of older trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Mediterranean broad-leaved woodlands inhabited by this species are increasingly fragmented.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. The species is rare and has a fragmented distribution throughout its range approaching an Area of Occupancy of 2,000 km2. Its habitat requirements, old Fagaceae trees with dead wood, could be declining. The species could therefore meet Criterion B2 in the near future. There is little information about populations in Russia but it is suspected that the species is only found in the southern part and is supposed to be rare for climatic reasons.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened. The species is rare and has a fragmented distribution throughout its range approaching an Area of Occupancy of 2,000 km2. Its habitat requirements, old Fagaceae trees with dead wood, could be declining. The species could therefore meet Criterion B2 in the near future. There is little information about populations in Russia but it is suspected that the species is only found in the southern part and is supposed to be rare for climatic reasons.

range:
This species is widespread across the European continent, although absent in northern Europe.  In Ukraine it is only present in Crimea. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and lower mountainous regions covered with oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal there is a single record from the19th century, without geographic precision.L. variusis largely well distributed in France but only in large beech forests at low altitudes (Sainte-Claire Deville 1935-38). It is also found in northern Africa, Minor Asia, all Caucasus and west Turkmenia.

population:
It is a rare species over much of its European range. In France it has always been considered as a rare species (Iablokoff 1945), probably forming small patchy populations in suitable habitats (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is very rare and in Germany it is rare in broad-leaved forests, in some only records from before 1950. In Spain, Portugal and the Czech Republic it is known from just one location each. In Ukraine it is, however, a usual species and in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is also rather common on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a thermophilous species and can be found in the deadwood of all Fagaceae trees, especially beechFagusand oakQuercus. The best habitats are provided by standing dead trees with development of the fungusNummularia bulliardia. Development in small branches (ca. five cm) is possible.  The larval phase may be more than five years. The adult is active from the end of June to September (Iablokoff 1945).  In Hungary it occurs in turkey oak-sessile oak woods and white oak woods (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).In Germany this species is found in old broad-leaved forests.

threats:
Intensive forest management is a threat but it is not known how much this affects the species. The species does need ancient standing trees at least partly with dead wood in order to survive. In France there are no direct threats actually known but it may be sensitive to the rarefaction of standing dead trees of beech (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is threatened by habitat loss. Habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range in Hungary as a result of removing dead oak wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine the species is not considered to be threatened.

conservationAction:
Found in protected areas in France (a large population protected in Fontainebleau Forest), Spain, Hungary (including strictly protected areas and Natura 2000 sites) and Italy. It is considered Endangered in Germany.

redListAssessors:
Mason, F., Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Istrate, P., Munteanu, N., Büche, B., Tezcan, S., Méndez, M., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K. & Schlaghamersky, J.


taxonomicNotes:
It is also known as Phonapate nitidipennis (Waterhouse 1881).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: although this species has a relatively small distribution in Europe, it is a habitat generalist and is not thought to face any major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.

EU 27 regional assessment: although this species has a relatively small distribution inEurope, it is a habitat generalist and is not thought to face any major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.

range:
In Europe, this species is found in Spain and Cyprus. It has been recorded from the Balearic Islands (Spain), where it is possibly introduced. It is widespread in northern Africa and south-western Asia (Arab countries, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan). Its Area of Occupancy in Spain is 700km² (Bahilloet al. 2007). There are seven known sites in Spain. Occurs from sea level to 1,100 m.

population:
Typically few specimens are found. However, it is not known whether this is because the species is uncommon, or because collecting techniques are inadequate.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae are polyphagous, and occupy (and consume) the deadwood of a variety of woody plant species including date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), tamarisk (Tamarix gallica) and even bamboos. Adults are nocturnal (Bahilloet al. 2007).

threats:
This species has relatively generalist habitat preferences and is not thought to face any major threats at present.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of the assumption that it is fairly common, has a wide array of host-plants and there are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of the assumption that it is fairly common, has a wide array of host-plants and there are no major threats.

range:
This is a species of Mediterranean Europe, occurring across south-western and southern central Europe, including Cyprus and the southern Ukraine, mostly in Crimea. It is also found in Turkey and in northern Africa. In France it occurs in the Rhône valley, in the Mediterranean sea border and in Corsica (Sainte-Clare Deville 1935-38).

population:
This species is probably widespread in Italy and France. However, there is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Ukraine it is considered as a common species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Probably polyphagous in broad-leaved woody plants. In Ukraine larvae develop in vineVitiswoods.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place, or are needed at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although it appears to have a not very large population, and there is very little information about population trends, it is known to require traditionally-managed vineyards, which while declining in extent, are not expected to disappear altogether from Europe.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although it appears to have a not very large population, and there is very little information about population trends, it is known to require traditionally-managed vineyards, which while declining in extent, are not expected to disappear altogether from Europe.

range:
This species is widespread in south, central and eastern Europe, and also in southern Russia. It is also reported from the European part of Turkey, although the exact locality is unknown. It also occurs in the Caucasus and Asia Minor. 

In Hungary the species is widespread mainly in hilly regions where old vineyards occur, and rarely also in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In the Ukraine this is a common species and data from 30 years ago show a stable population. It is not thought to be in decline despite the lack of recent data (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified. In the past it was considered a pest of grapevine but now it is much rarer (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is best known where it develops in the deadwood of old vinesVitis, but it also develops in wood from other species. In the Ukraine it is found in wood of vines, and sometimes in oakQuercusand nut-groves, but not in a forest setting, mainly in open settings. In Hungary it occurs mainly in old, traditionally managed, vineyards but also in more recently established ones (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range, as the European Union encourages removal of vineyards from culture. However, the species occurs in historical wine regions which are protected and sustained (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
As the species occurs in historical wine regions which are protected and sustained, no specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Putchkov, A., Schlaghamersky, J., Nardi, G., Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N. & Istrate, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern although this species has a relatively small range and its has potentially a small Area of Occupancy. Also, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded and there is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. However it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making this species qualify as Least Concern.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern although this species has a relatively small range and its has potentially a small Area of Occupancy. Also, it is a poorly known species and may be under-recorded and there is no information on population size or trend, and no specific information on potential threats. However it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making this species qualify as Least Concern.

range:
This species is only found in the Portuguese archipelagos of Azores and Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean. An introduction to the USA has been recorded.

population:
In the Azores, the species is present on three islands (Pico, Terceira, Santa Maria), and recorded from 21 0.5x0.5 km grids, mainly near coast (Base Biodiversidade   Açores 2009). This may not reflect the total population. No detailed information is available for the Madeira archipelago.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It can be suspected thatS. barbata may use a variety of dry woods for its larval development, and is not dependent on larger diameter classes, as this is the general rule within the genus.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although the species has a relatively small range and there is no information on the population size or  trends, it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making it unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although the species has a relatively small range and there is no information on the population size or trends, it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making it unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species only occurs in the Spanish archipelago, the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean.

population:
In the Canary Islands, the species is recorded from all the islands except for Lanzarote (Machado and Oromi 2000).The population size and trends are unknown, but the species is not restricted to certain habitat types, and perhaps is common at least in some of the islands (Zoological Museum Lund holds 120 specimens).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been reared from dead branches ofLaunaea spinosa, a shrub, growing in near-coast habitats (Israelson 1974). It has also been reared from deadwood ofFicus carica (Lesne, 1904) and, in Gran Canaria, from dead branches ofVitis vinifera (Lesne, 1905). Probably, these are only three of a variety of potential hosts.

conservationAction:
There is no information regarding the conservation actions for this species; probably none are needed at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern since this species is fairly common, accepts a wide range of host-plants and does not face major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern since this species is fairly common, accepts a wide range of host-plants and does not face major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across the southern half of Europe. In France, this species occurs throughout all the Mediterranean area northwards as far as Paris (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary, this species occurs in lowland and hilly regions and it is apparently widespread, although not many localities are known (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it has only been recorded in the 1930s, from a single locality, while - in the European part of Turkey - it is known from a few localities in Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953, Lodos 1998). In Ukraine it is only found in Crimea. The species is also found in northern Africa, Asia Minor, Iran and Turkey.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown. In Ukraine this species is common, while in Spain it has been recorded from 30 localities. In Hungary, this species was first recorded in the 1990s; it is apparently widespread although not many localities are known; although very few old occurrences were already known, it apparently became more common in the last two decades  (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it occurs in the Mediterranean area and it hasalways been found in small numbers (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In the European part of Turkey, the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in deadwood of a wide variety of tree species. In the European part of Turkey, larvae have been found in dead wood of Castanea, Citrus, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Vitis vinifera. Adults are active in VI (Schimitschek 1953, Lodos 1998). In France, larvae have a preference forFicus and Morus (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009); tehy are also known fromQuercus ilexand Pistacia.In Spain, this species is found inRetama monocarpa (a widespread bush). In Hungary, most of the localities of this species fall into populated areas (towns, suburbs, villages, orchards) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are needed at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although the species has a relatively small range and there is no information on the population size or trends, it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making it unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although the species has a relatively small range and there is no information on the population size or trends, it is a polyphagous species not dependent on wood of large diameter (rather the opposite) and can tolerate modified habitats, thus making it unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is only found in the Spanish archipelago, the Canary Islands.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In the Canarian archipelago,S. ficicola is present on all major islands except for Fuerteventura (Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial). The Zoological Museum Lund holds 30 specimens.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Its name suggests an association with fig trees (Ficus), but probably it can use a variety of dry woods, including small branches, as is the general rule in the genusScobicia. It has been collected in woods ofCeratonia siliqua (Lesne 1904) and has been reared fromVitis vinifera(Lesne 1905).

conservationAction:
The species is present in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution, no major threats,   and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

 
 EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution, no major threats,  and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widely distributed across southern Europe, in the southern parts of central and eastern Europe. It is also found in the Mediterranean and in the Canary Islands. In Ukraine, it may occur in Crimea, but confirmation is still needed. This species also occurs in northern Africa, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Turkey.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Italy, this species is not rare. In Spain there are 93 localities in 81 10x10 km2.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in dead wood of various broad-leaved trees. In Spain, onQuercus ilex,Ceratonia siligua,Laurus species,Ficus, andVitis vinifera. In Italy, onQuercus species and other broadleaved species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy (< 500 km²) and it is monophagous and dependent on a threatened habitat type (indigenous pine forest reduced by cultivation and fire). Thereforethere is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of the area the species occupies, thus making this species close to qualify for Vulnerable. However there is no data on the extent of fragmentation of the pine forest it occupies, and the Near Threatened category is more appropriate.      
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because this species potentially has a small Area of Occupancy (< 500 km²) and it is monophagous and dependent on a threatened habitat type (indigenous pine forest reduced by cultivation and fire). Thereforethere is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of the area the species occupies, thus making this species close to qualify for Vulnerable. However there is no data on the extent of fragmentation of the pine forest it occupies, and the Near Threatened category is more appropriate.

range:
This species is only found in the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

population:
The species is known from the major islands    Tenerife, La Palma, El Hierro and Gran Canaria (Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial). There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It probably is uncommon like other members of the genus (Zoological Museum Lund holds a few specimens only). Population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs inPinus canariensis forests, for example in the Pinar de Garafia reserve in La Palma (800 ha). Because all other members ofStephanopachys are associated with conifers (especially pines), the Canarian pine is likely to be the only host of the species. Larval development is likely to take place in dead bark.

threats:
Indigenous pine forest are suffering reduction through cultivation and forest fires. Pine forest is commercially managed in the Canary Islands and the traditional management of dead wood is not likely to benefit this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. It has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range because there are large and relatively stable populations across the boreal zone of Europe and the EU. However, the alpine populations of this species are considered to be at risk because there are now very few fires in the Alps and consequently appropriate habitat for this species is limited and declining in the Alpine region. Conservation measures are needed for this species in the Alpine region.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. It has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range because there are large and relatively stable populations across the boreal zone of Europe and the EU. However, the alpine populations of this species are considered to be at risk because there are now very few fires in the Alps and consequently appropriate habitat for this species is limited and declining in the Alpine region. Conservation measures are needed for this species in the Alpine region.

range:
This species is widely distributed across Europe, from western Russia to the north of central, eastern and western Europe. It may occur in extreme north of Ukraine. 

It is also found in the Caucasus, Siberia, Far East of Russia and northern China.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Its population status varies from infrequent (but locally abundant) to rare in different parts of its range.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in and under the bark of  dead conifer trees. It occurs in small as well as large trees.

In Ukraine and Russia beetles live under dead bark of dry trunks of conifer trees, sometimes on oak too. Larvae develop in the bark (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Finland the species strongly prefers burned forests, where it inhabits dead pine and spruce trees at least during ten years after the fire. It may sometimes be very abundant.

threats:
Suppression of forest fires and loss of natural fire dynamics in boreal forests is likely to be the main factor having a negative impact on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It is known to occur in protected areas. Conservation measures are needed for this species in the Alpine region.

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Hyvärinen, E., Campanaro, A., Alexander, K., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Mason, F., Pettersson, R., Mico, E. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its suitable habitat appears to be not declining and there are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its suitable habitat appears to be not declining and there are no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across southern Europe, in western and eastern Europe, including the   Mediterranean islands. In Ukraine it is only known from Crimea. In Portugal, there are only two records, one from 1924 and one from 2005. In France, this species is found in the Mediterranean area and in the south-west (Sainte-Clare Deville 1935-38). It is also found in north Africa, Syria, Turkey.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Ukraine it is a rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in the dead bark or trees. In Spain this species is found on Pinus halepensis, a common native and commercially important forest species, as well as on other pine species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. It has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range because there are large and relatively stable populations across the boreal zone of Europe and the EU. Least Concern. However, the alpine populations of this species are considered to be at risk because there are now very few fires in the Alps and consequently appropriate habitat for this species is limited and declining in the Alpine region. Conservation measures are needed for this species in the Alpine region.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. It has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it isdeclining at a rapid rate across its range because there are large and relatively stable populations across the boreal zone of Europe and the EU. Least Concern. However, the alpine populations of this species are considered to be at risk because there are now very few fires in the Alps and consequently appropriate habitat for this species is limited and declining in the Alpine region. Conservation measures are needed for this species in the Alpine region.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, ranging from northern Europe including the Baltic region to central, eastern and western Europe. This species is absent in southern regions of Europe. 

This species is also found in Siberia and far east Russia, and in North America.

In Italy there are only few records from some of the Alpine regions (Nardi 2006). In France there are only two old records: in Alsace region (Haguenau) and southern Alps (Sainte-Claire Deville 1935-1938). In Germany it is only present in the Bavarian Alps. It might be present in the forest zone of Ukraine.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Ukraine it is rare. It is also rare in France and Germany. In the UK it is only known from one specimen taken before 1870 in a wood near Lincoln, England (Fowler 1913); almost certainly an introduction, not native (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in tree bark in dead and decaying conifer trees - pinePinusand sprucePicea- trees and can sometimes be very abundant.. In Finland the species strongly prefers burned forests, where it often occurs together withS. linearis at least during the first ten years after fire. In Germany it lives in open sunny pine stands in the southern slopes in the northern Alps.

threats:
Fire suppression and loss of natural fire dynamics in boreal forests- and conifer forests more generally - are likely to be the main factor having a negative impact on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It occurs in protected areas. In Germany is listed as 'R' , which means that the species has a restricted distribution.

redListAssessors:
Micó Balaguer, E., Mannerkoski, I., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Pettersson, R., Alexander, K., Mason, F., Méndez, M. & Hyvarinen, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)) because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km², it is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.


 
   EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km², it is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
In the European Union, this species is only found in Cyprus. Its general distribution is western-Asian (Turkey, Middle East).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in very dry dead wood (twigs, branches) in coniferous forests. Found in woodsheds as well as in twigs on the ground.

threats:
No information available on specific threats butthere is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

conservationAction:
No information available. The species occurs in Troodos Mountains protected area.   Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this little-known species.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Petrakis, P., Schmidl, J. & Pettersson, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found in south-western Europe, including the   Mediterranean islands. In Portugal it has only been recorded from two localities in the centre of the country (in 1981 and 2005). In France it is present in all the Mediterranean area including Corsica (Sainte-Clare Deville 1935-38). In Italy it is present in northern Italy and on the islands.

It is also present in northern Africa and Near East.

population:
The species is abundant where it occurs - locally common. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in dead trees and thin branches. Also lives onPistacia.Larvae are xylophagous with a preference forQuercus (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species appears to be not threatened.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in several protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,   presumed large   and stable population and no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,  presumed large   and stable population and no major threats.

range:
It is believed that this species is widespread throughout much of Europe, excepting only the north. It occurs in south-western, central and eastern Europe, including the   Mediterranean islands. 

In Hungary, it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions, mainly in the westernpart of the country. It is much rarer in the lowlands where it has been found in a few oak plantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it might be found in the south. In Portugal it has only been recorded in 1907, from a single locality. It has been recorded from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953). 

It is also found in north Africa, Minor Asia, Turkey, south of west Siberia and Kazakhstan.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries in the southern parts of its range, and more restricted towards the northern areas. In Italy it is reported as not rare while in Spain it is not common. In Hungary, its population size and trend have not been quantified, but the species has stable populations where occurs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  In the Czech Republic, it is not frequent and it is absent from the mountains - this species inhabits the southern warmer parts of the Czech Republic. In the European part of Turkey, its population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a thermophilous species and develops in the deadwood of a variety of broad-leaved tree species, but especially beechFagus, oakQuercusand sweet chestnutCastanea. Adults are active in V-VII (Schimitschek 1953). In Hungary, this species occurs in xerothermic thermophilous oak woods (namely turkey oak-sessile oak woods and white oak woods) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it also develops in oak forests. In Spain it develops in thin branches on severalQuercus species and also on chestnut,FicusandVitis.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. In Hungary, habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as a result of removing dead oak wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is not threatened.

conservationAction:
In Hungary, this species occurs in several protected areas and Natura 2000 sites. No specific measures are necessary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine, no specific measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species with fairly generalist habitat requirements and no known major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species with fairly generalist habitat requirements and no known major threats.

range:
This species is found across southern Europe including some Mediterranean islands. It may have been introduced into Ukraine and Germany. In Portugal it was only recorded in 1981 from three localities in the southern half. This species has its origin in tropical Africa, and today is pan-tropical and naturalized in Brazil and the southern Palearctic region (southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor).

population:
This is a relatively widespread species. In Spain alone, 31 localities are recorded. However, few specimens have been collected from each locality (Bahilloet al. 2007). Population size and trend has not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in the deadwood of a wide variety of woody plants (including some introduced species such as bamboos, but not in conifers) (Bahilloet al. 2007, Geis 2002). Adults are crepuscular.

conservationAction:
No specific measures are in place or needed. Occurs in at least two National Parks in Spain.


taxonomicNotes:
This species belong to subgenus Stereosa Casey, 1909 (Verdugo 2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: 
Listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii,iv)) in view that its area of occupancy is less than 500 km², its habitat is threatened by unfavourable forest management and under decline. This European endemic is very rare throughout its range with isolated populations and is known or suspected to be Extinct in some countries.

EU 27 regional assessment: 
Listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii,iv)), in view that its area of occupancy is less than 500 km², its habitat is threatened by unfavourable forest management and under decline. This European endemic is very rare throughout its range with isolated populations and is known or suspected to be Extinct in some countries.

range:
This species is believed to be scattered across Europe ranging from Russia to central and western Europe, and from south-eastern Europe to northern Europe; but is absent from Britain and Ireland.

In Italy it has been recorded from two Apennines sites in Basilicata Region (southern Italy) (Curletti 2006). In Romania, it has been recorded from the south-western part of the country (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). It is known from three localities in Spain. Its status in Greece is not known.

It formerly occurred in central Europe and the forest zone in Ukraine, however its has not been found there for many decades. In Germany, Austria and Sweden this species is Extinct.

population:
This species is very rare across its European range, and its populations are severely fragmented and declining. It might be extinct in Ukraine and Spain, and it is already extinct in Germany, Austria and Sweden. At present the species occurs only in a minor part of its original range with small and widely separated relict populations (Luce 1996).

In Ukraine, this species is very rare. It was known from one specimen collected near Kiev 60 years ago (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). In Spain, it is only known from three specimens collected in the last 50 years. There is only one old record from Bavaria from before 1900 in Germany

There is one recent record in Poland. In the Balkans, there is little information about the remaining populations. In Romania, a new specimen was reported a few years ago from the south-western Carpathians (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in relict old growthPinusforests.Larval development takes place in the dead wood of large diameter trunks (above 40 cm) and in the higher portion of the tree. Host trees have to be sun-exposed. In Romania, the newly reported population is inPinus nigra relict forest (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is commercial and illegal logging, affecting age structures and tree density. Several subpopulations which are not subject to this threat are endangered by slow regrowth and are therefore vulnerable to single threatening events such as fires. Remaining populations can be threatened by commercial collection of specimens. In Romania, the threats to this species are unknown, possibly the loss of populations is due to removal of dead and dying trees (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. This species is possibly Extinct in many countries and it is likely to struggle unless conditions change. Monitoring of the remaining sites and action plans based on this monitoring are recommended.

In Romania, the only known population is well preserved in one protected area; the place is difficult to access (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Italy, one of the localities is in a national park.

useAndTrade:
This species is popular with beetle collectors and this is posing a threat.

redListAssessors:
Mason, F., Campanaro, A., Horák, J., Istrate, P., Munteanu, N., Büche, B., Tezcan, S., Méndez, M. & Dodelin, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Acmaeops angusticollisis found from Poland to Siberia, northern China, north Korea and Sakhalin island. In Europe, this species is only known from the Białowieża forest in Poland, from two additional localities in Belarus and from very few localities in European Russia.Six localities have been reported in total.

In Europe, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 24km2), the population appears to be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The species' development, inside thick bark of recently dead conifers (pine, spruce), requires trees of large dimensions. This is a relatively rare habitat, directly threatened by forestry activities which remove dying trees, and lead to the harvesting of large living trees for their timber. While immigration is expected from outside of Europe, it is unknown whether this immigration is expected to decrease or whether the regional population is a sink, and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted.

In the EU 28 this species is precautionarily assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO are both 4km2), it is considered to occur at only one location, and the region where it is known to occur is on the border of an area where pines are still exploited. It is regularly found in  the forest of Białowieża but its distribution range there is very limited. The species' development is specialized and takes place inside thick bark of dead conifers (mainly pine). This requires dying or recently dead trees of large  dimension, a specific habitat which is directly threatened by all forestry activities. Even though this species occurs in the National Park of Białowieża, it is considered as a relict of primeval forests, strongly threatened by changes in itsvery specific habitat.

range:
Acmaeops angusticollis is a northeastern Palaearctic species, distributed from Poland (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001) to Siberia and Far-east Russia towards the Amur river and the Komsomolsk region, Altai Mounts, northern China, north Korea and Sakhalin island (Sama 2002). In Europe, it is known from Belarus (Alexandrovich et al. 1996, Danilevsky 2013) and Poland where it has been regularly found in  the forest of Białowieża during the last three decades (Gutowski 1988, KSIB 2016). Danilevsky (2014) reports the species from three localities in central and eastern European Russia, southward reaching the town of Chuvashia. In northern European Russia, this species does not occur in the northeast (Татаринова et al. 2007), nor in the Komi region (Danilevsky 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2in Europe, and only 4 km2 in the EU 28.

population:
There is no available information about the current population trend. However, regular observations during the last thirty years in Białowieża have showed that this species has a stable subpopulation in eastern Poland. The population appears to be severely fragmented in Europe, since most subpopulation are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in the mountainous taiga forest belt of Siberia, up to 1,000 m Asl. The larval development occurs mainly in pine (Pinus spp.) - P. sibirica in Siberia. Spruce (Picea spp.) is also cited as host tree by Bense (1995). Pre-imaginal morphology and biology are reported by Cherepanov (1990) and (as dubious) by Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). This species differs from other Acmaeops by feeding and pupating in and under the bark of recently dead trees.  Each female lays about 50 eggs in wood cracks of dying pines - trunks and branches are used. The larvae emerge after 18 days on average, and immediately bore intothe bark. They then feed inside the bark, very closely to the sapwood where, finally, they pupate. The larval development lasts two years (Danilevsky 2014).Massive colonisation has been observed in Siberian forests damaged by fire and wind. There, densities of 8 to 12 larvae under 10 dm2 of bark have been measured (Cherepanov 1990).

threats:
The species' development, inside thick bark of recently dead conifers (pine, spruce), requires trees of large dimensions. This is a relatively rare habitat, directly threatened by forestry activities that remove dying trees, and that lead to the harvesting of large living trees for their timber. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat as a result of these threats. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location in the EU 28. In the EU 28, this species occurs in a region on the border of an area where pines are still exploited.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in the National Park of Białowieża, in Poland and Belarus. There, it is considered as a relict of primeval forest (Bobiec et al. 2005). It is assessed as Endangered in Poland (Pawłowski et al. 2002). Since its distribution range is very limited in Europe (including European Russia), this species should be protected by law and through robust conservation actions such as the protection of old-growth pine forest. Research is also needed in order to better understand the population size and trend of this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is easy to find on specialised web-markets. It is also listed in some entomologists' want-lists of Cerambycidae.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R. & Soldati, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Acmaeops marginatus is widespread but uncommon in Europe. It lives under bark of dead large branches of pine, or rarely in other conifers. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is very likely to be smaller than 2,000 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to over-exploitation of pine stands. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is ca 172 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. In addition, there are only a few recent localities and there is some evidence that the species is disappearing from large areas such as southern Sweden, Poland, Belarus and Germany and there might therefore be a continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Further research should be carried out into its distribution, population size and trend. Over-exploitation of pine stands is the major threat since it removes its breeding material. Forest fires are beneficial and wildfire prevention is therefore another threat to the species. Site protection and natural process restoration are needed to conserve this species. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.

range:
Acmaeops marginatus is a northern Palaearctic species with a large area of distribution, extending from central Europe to Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, Manchuria, Sakhalin island, andnorthern Turkey (Amasya,  Ankara: Kizilcahamam) (Sama 2002, Berger 2012). In Europe, it is known from France, the Pyrenees and Alps, to Fennoscandia, the Urals (Татаринова et al, 2007), and towards south European Russia (Шаповалов 2012, Danilevsky 2014). Southwestwards, it occurs in thePyrenees where it isvery rare and localised on theSpanishside (González Peña et al. 2007), but seems to be only cryptic on the French side (H. Brustel, pers.comm. 2016). It is also found in southern Italy (from the Apennines to the Calabria province), and the central Balkans (Montenegro: Mount Durmitor). Its presence is confirmed in Greece (Imathia: Mt. Vermio) (Berger 2012) andin Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2015). In western and southern Europe, it is restricted to the mountains (Bense 1995). It is rare or uncommon throughout its distribution range. Many localities reported are old (<1950s'), and should be confirmed through field work (north of France, southern Sweden, Balkans). In Europe, this species' area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 350 km² (but very likely to be smaller than 2,000 km²), and in the EU 28 it is ca 172 km².

population:
This species is widespread but uncommon throughout its distribution range. It is regularly found and the population trend could be stable. However, there is some evidence that the species is disappearing from large areas such as southern Sweden, Poland, Belarus and Germany and further research into the population trend is needed. The overall current population trend is therefore unknown. In the EU 28, most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented at this geographic level.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is boreal, sub-boreal and montane forests, especially pine stands(Ehnström and Axelsson 2002). Detailed biology was published by Palm and Lundberg (1959). The larva feeds under the bark of pine (Pinus ssp.) - the preferred host tree - and also on spruce, fir or larch (Picea, Abies, Larix spp.). It requires very large dead branches with a symbiotic lignicolous fungus (Švácha and Danilevsky 1989). Branches must be dry but either in dying or living trees of large diameter (Bense 1995). Larval development takes two years, and pupation takes place in the soil or behind the bark. Adults are seen on dead branches, rarely on flowers. They can be attracted by beer, burned wood and turpentine (Berger 2012).

threats:
Some authors report cases of expansion of the speciesinconiferous plantations, especially of Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata in Sweden(Ehnström and Axelsson 2002, Berger 2012). However, Lindhe et al. (2010) report that it is decreasing overall in Sweden. Over-exploitation of pine stands is the major threat to this species since it removes its breeding material. Therefore, the evidence suggests that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. In addition, forest fires are beneficial and wildfire prevention is therefore another threat to the species.

conservationAction:
In France, this species occurs in the Mercantour and Pyrenees National Parks, the Jujols national reserve (Pyrenees,H. Brustel pers.comm. 2016) and old records are known from the forest of Fontainebleau (MNHN 2016). It is also present in the Białowieża forest in Poland and Belarus (Gutowski and Jaroszewicz 2001). It has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015) and as Vulnerable in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004). Site protection and natural process restoration are needed to conserve this species, as well as further research into its distribution, population size and trend. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

Acmaeops pratensis is uncommon but widely distributed in central Europe and European Russia. It  lives under bark of dead branches of various conifers standing dead for a long time.  This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large  distribution in Europe and the population trend is stable. However, in the EU 28 its distribution is more or less fragmented due to a restriction to the mountains in the southern part of its range. Its habitat is affected by forestry  activities but the species continues to be regularly reported throughout its distribution range.

range:
Acmaeops pratensis has a very large Holarctic distribution. In the Nearctic it has a presence in Alaska, Canada and southwards to central New Mexico and southern California (Linsley and Chemsak 1972). In the Palaearctic region, its distribution ranges includes northern Europe (reaching the Polar  Circle) toward to the Pacific coast of the Russian Far East (Sama 2002). Contrary to the opinion of Sama (2002), it is present in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Anatolian Turkey (Danilevsky 2014). In Europe, it occurs in Fennoscandia and in the mountains of central and southern Europe, from the Spanish Pyrenees, the Alps, western Ukraine and European Kazakhstan (Bense 1995, Danilevsky 2014). In France, it is generally uncommon with locallyimportantsubpopulations (Berger 2012). In southern Sweden, the species has not been found for at leastfifty years (N. Jansson, pers. com. 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 720 km² in Europe, and 548 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend is thought to be stable since the species is regularly reported throughout its distribution range.

habitat:
The species inhabits the coniferous forest zone up to 2,000 m Asl or close to the Polar Circle, up to the 70°N parallel (Heliövaara et al. 2004, Danilevsky 2014). The larval morphology and bionomics  have been described by Palm  (1956), Cherepanov (1990) and Švácha and Danilevsky (1989). The larvae develop under bark of Pinus, Picea and Abies spp. trees, which have been dead for a  long time. The larvae occur in branches of 3 to 8 cm of diameter (Teppner 1970). Mainly xylophagous, it may be occasionally carnivorous on other lignicolous  larvae (Berger 2012). The life cycle lasts two years, then pupation occurs in the soil or under bark (Bense 1995). Adults visit flowers from June to August (Sama 2002).

threats:
Over-exploitation of the coniferous stands is an ongoing threat to this species since it removes its breeding material. The species is uncommon and seems to have disappeared from large areas, like the south of Sweden.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in a large boreo-alpine zone through Europe in which numerous protected areas exist. For example, it is present in the Pyrenees and Mercantour National Parks in France (H. Brustel and B. Dodelin pers.comm. 2016). The species is certainly present in protected areas in Europe. It has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Czech Republic (Rejzek 2005). No research or conservation actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Acmeops septentrionis is  uncommon but widely distributed in the mountains of central Europe and north European Russia.  It  lives in thethickness of the bark of recently dead branches of conifers, mostly pine and spruce. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the population trend is considered to be stable. In the EU 28, the distribution area is more fragmented since the species is restricted to the mountains in the south of its distribution area (area of occupancy (AOO) is about 300 km2). Special habitat requirements, subpopulationsrestricted  to montane habitats and negative impacts of human activities (forestry, removal of dying trees, fire suppression), can lead to local extinctions. However, there is no observed continuing decline and the population is not severely fragmented; the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in the EU 28.

range:
Acmaeops septentrionis is a northern Palaearctic boreo-montane species, widely distributed from Europe to China, Russia, Sakhalin  and Japan (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2012). In Europe, this species is uncommon and found in the Polar Circle in northern Fennoscandia   (Bílý and Mehl 1989, Heliövaara et al. 2004) and European Russia  (Danilevsky 2014). It is also found in the western Alps (France, Berger 2012), in Bulgaria and Romania, and in Belarus and western Ukraine (Danilevsky 2014). In the Baltic Republics, its presence in Latvia (De Jong et al. 2014) is doubtful as the species doesn't appear in the checklist provided by Telnov (2004). A unique and recent citation from the Orenburg  region, in eastern European Russia also seems doubtful, after Шаповалов (2012). In the EU 28, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is close to 3.2 million km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is about 300 km2.

population:
This species is uncommon across its distribution range. In France, it is known to be very rare and occurs only in the eastern mountains (Jura and Alps) (Berger 2012). Since observations are regularly published from the same localities, the population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits boreo-montane forests, including forests north to the Polar Circle, up to the 70°N parallel (Heliövaara et al. 2004). The larva develops in nearly all the species of Pinus, Picea and Larix (Plewa 2010). It has been described by Palm (1957), Švácha and Danilevsky (1989),  Cherepanov (1990), and more recently by Plewa (2010) who published the most detailed observations. He notices thatthe larva is sometimesparasitized by Rhimphoctona melanura (Holm.) (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae). The development takes place in stems and branches larger than 5 cm of diameter, on trees dead for one to three years. The eggs are laidin one to eight groups of 20 to 115 eggs each (Zagajjkevich 1991 in Plewa 2010). Larvae hatch after about 10-14 days and feed only in thethickness of the bark,withoutentering the sapwood. After two years, the grown larvae split in twogroups with  differentbehaviours: one pupates directly under bark in a cradle made with woodsplinters, while the others move down to the ground for pupation. This second group may besubject to greater pressure from parasitoids orbirds(Plewa 2010). Adults are visible on host trees and very rarely reported from flowers. In Sweden, this species is known to use trees damaged by fire (Ehnström and Axelsson 2002).

threats:
This species can be threatened by forestry activities and wild fire suppression, which lead to a reduction in the availability of breeding material for this saproxylic beetle. However, no continuing or severe decline has been reported.

conservationAction:
This species is present in many protected areas in Europe. In France, it has been reported from the National Parks of the Mercantour and Ecrins, the Nature Reserve of the Vercors' high plateau and at the  border of the strictly protected area of the Vanoise National Park (MNHN 2016). In Poland, the species occurs in the Biebrza National Park (Plewa 2010). It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004) and as Near Threatenedin Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016).

useAndTrade:
Single specimens were for sale by professional retailers during an entomological convention (B. Dodelin, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Acmaeops smaragdulus is currently confirmed in a few localities in the western Alps of France and perhaps in Switzerland, the northern part of Finland, Belarus and Russia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 132 km² in Europe and ca 22 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a clear continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. In many countries, the species is only known from old records and many localities could not be confirmed recently. The population trend is clearly decreasing but the threats are not fully understood.Nothing in the biology of the species supports a problem with the host tree (various conifers in boreal or montane conditions). The cause of its increased rarity probably has to do with climate warming and forest over-exploitation. Further research is needed into the threats to this species, as well as into the population size and trend. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended.

range:
Acmaeops smaragdulus has a boreo-alpine Euro-Siberian distribution from France to Scandinavia and Korea (Bense 1995, Berger 2012, Lim et al. 2014). Because there is a strong possibility of confusion with the black form of A. septentrionis (Allemand et al. 2009), old records and publications must not be trusted and need to be validated based on the original material. In Europe, this species is present in the Alps of France and possibly of Switzerland, but not in Italy. It also occurs in Fennoscandia, Belarus (Alexandrovitch et al. 1996) and Russia - where it is only found in the northern part (Danilevsky 2014). It is found in Bryansk, Komi Republic with numerous localities published by Татаринова et al. (2007), Arkhangelsk, Yamal and the regions of Vologda and Perm. A citation from the Orenburg  region, in eastern European Russia is considered doubtful by Шаповалов (2012). In the Baltic Republics, its presence in Latvia (De Jong et al. 2014) is doubtful as the species doesn't appear in the checklist provided by Telnov (2004). In Poland, the species is definitely absent after a misidentification (wrong definition of E. angusticollis, see Gutowski 1988, Danilevsky 2016). Its presence in Switzerland is only reported from old records and publications (earlier than 1900) (Tăuşan and Bucşa 2010, Monnerat et al. 2015). Thereafter, no recent records have been published for these countries. The species is no longer in the Swiss list of Cerambycidae  (CSCF 2016). In Sweden the same situation occurs, with no recent data and consequently, the species has been considered regionally extinct(Ehnström and Axelsson 2002).In France, three old records are reported by Villiers (1978, MNHN 2016), but the species has been confirmed in an historic locality (Chamonix) by Sudre in 1992 (Sudre 1998) and in the Hautes-Alpes (Vallouise: Entre-les-Aygues, leg.Dupont 2001, Berger 2012). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 132 km2, and 22 km2 in the EU 28 (excluding very old historical records).

population:
In France and Switzerland, this species is considered very rare (Berger 2012). According to Finnish authors, the species is very rare in central Europe and, in Finland, a rare northern species (Heliövaara et al. 2004). In many countries, the species is only known by old records and many localities could not be confirmed recently. The overall population trend is therefore clearly decreasing. In addition, most subpopulations are small and isolated and and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented both in Europe and in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species is known to live in temperate and boreal coniferous forests, up to the Polar Circle near the 70°N parallel (Heliövaara et al. 2004, Berger 2012, Danilevsky 2014). For the host trees, Cherepanov (1990) lists Picea, Pinus, Abies (various species) and Larix. Development takes place under bark of decaying stems for two years. Pupation occurs in the soil and adults are found on flowers (Sudre 1998) or directly on the dead stems, even onthe walls of housesmade of woodandwoodpiles (Pinus) (Lindberg 1933).

threats:
Threats to this species are poorly-understood. In the Alps, the species can be sensitive to climate warming and subsequent degradation of its preferred microhabitat. Forest over-exploitation may be another threat but more research is needed to understand the true microhabitat of the larvae. In many countries, the species is only known from historical records and many localities could not be confirmed recently.However, nothing in the biology of this species supports a problem with the host tree (various conifers in boreal or montane conditions). The cause of its increased rarity may probably be related to climate warming and forest over-exploitation. Even though the threats are not fully understood there is a clear continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

conservationAction:
This species is present in few protected areas. In France, only one locality is located at the border of a protected area, the Ecrins National Park.
This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Finland (Heliövaara et al. 2004) and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2016). Further research is needed into population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to it, so that appropriate conservation actions can be determined. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known as Megopis scabricornis (Scopoli, 1763) and is within the Prioninae subfamily (Bense 1995, Panin and Savulescu 1961).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern based on its abundance in the south-western part of its range (Spain, France and Italy). However, in the other part of its range, the species faces serious threats as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.
For the eastern part of its range, action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern based on its abundance in the south-western part of its range (Spain, France and Italy). However, in the other part of its range, the species faces serious threats as it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available.
For the eastern part of its range, action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is found across central and southern Europe in a east-west band from northern Spain into the Balkans (Bense 1995).In Hungary, this species is widespread all over the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread only over the Carpathian Mountains and it does not occur in Transylvania. In Ukraine, it is found in the Carpathians and in the steppe zone in Crimea. It has been also reported from Istanbul (Oymen 1987) and from Kırklareli (Ozdikmen 2008) in European Turkey. It is also found in Asia Minor and Iran.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, although reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries. The overall population trend is believed to be declining and Extinct in some areas although it is stable in others. It is rather a common species in Hungary, Ukraine, France, Spain and Italy while it is rare in Germany, Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia. 

In Hungary,A. scabricorne the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is rather common on its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) as in France, where the population is stable and also common in the localities (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, there are small populations and the population is declining slowly. In Bulgaria, this species is less rare than in Romania but there has been a massive habitat loss in recent years (P. Istratu pers. comm. 2009). In Italy, the population is stable and the species is found in several localities in northern and central Italy; the distribution of the species is more scattered in the south and there are few populations in the Italian islands. In Spain, this species is absent in the north-western part but it is found in 56 localities in the north. In Germany this species is found in the south-western corner and in one isolated population in Brandenburg. It is Extinct in Bavaria and Saxony, while in the Czech Republic is found in the south-east and considered Extinct in Bohemia. This species is present in the lowlands in the south and east of Slovakia. In the European part of Turkey, the population size and trend have not been quantified.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in moist decaying wood of standing or fallen trunks, often in dead or dying parts of living trees. Pupation occurs in spring or summer in the wood near the surface. The adults are found on the tree host during evening and night, from June into August. The life cycle lasts at least three years. It is polyphagous in broad-leaved trees (especially in Populus and Salix, also in Juglans, Acer, Quercus, Alnus, Tilia, Prunus, Platanus, Fagus, Ulmus, Celtis, Fraxinus, Morus, Aesculus, Carpinus, Castanea, Prunus, Malus, Eucalyptus). The adults are crepuscular and nocturnal. The species seems to prefer large diameter trees (> 40 cm) and requires large populations of them; it can also be present in urban areas.

In Hungary,A. scabricorne is most common in riverine and swamp forests, but occurs also in hilly hardwood forests and populated areas (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, it has been found in limes (Tilia sp.). In France, the species has a preference for Populus alba and P. nigra (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Germany, the species has been found onPopulus trees in floodplains and in a few old-growth beech forests. In the European part of Turkey the larvae develop inPopulus nigra (Sekendiz 1974). In France, A. scabricorneislargely distributed in lowland forests (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing or mowing activities. Removal of ancient living or dying trees poses the major threat. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. 
In its south-western range, these threats exist but only marginally affect the populations at the moment.

In Hungary, habitat loss is occurring in some parts of the range as aresult of removing dead wood; however this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, losing large areas of woodland in the Romanian Plain may be the major threat to this species (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In Germany, this species is Critically Endangered (2009) by loss of large dead trees. In Ukraine there are currently no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The necessary actions to preserve this species are  habitat preservation, continuity and connectivity. In Hungary, this species occurs in several protected areas, so no specific measures are necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania, this species occurs in national parks. A good selection of old trees is needed in order to preserve this species and keeping some of these inside the broad-leaved forests is important (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009).


