# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
The Mute Wood-cricket (Nemobius interstitialis) has only recently been discovered and is only known from two localities, where it lives in large numbers. It may well be present in suitable habitat in other areas. As it has only recently been discovered and not much is known about it, this species is assessed as Data Deficient. More research is needed into the population size and trends, and into the threats in order to assess its extinction risk. Special effort has to be made to establish a better understanding of the distribution of this recently described cryptic cricket.

range:
The Mute Wood-cricket (Nemobius interstitialis) was described in 2013 (Barranco et al. 2013). So far, it is only known from two localities in the Guadarrama Mountains (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It is not easy to find and may prove to be more widely distributed in the area. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is at present estimated at ca 4,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
As this species has only recently been discovered, the population size and trend are unknown. However, one of the subpopulations has a very high number of individuals (Barranco et al. 2013).

habitat:
This species lives in underground crevices on siliceous scree slopes (Barranco et al. 2013). It is found at around 1,490 m asl.

threats:
Within the limited known distribution the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but the presently known subpopulations reside within the National Park Sierra de Guadarrama. The habitat of this species seems quite common in the area, but more research is needed into the population size and trends, and into the threats. Special effort has to be made to establish a better understanding of the distribution of this recently described cryptic cricket.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wood-cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) occurs from north Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to south England and northern Germany in the north and western Slovakia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is probably very large. It is found in the leaf litter of deciduous forests in western Europe.

range:
The Wood-cricket occurs from north Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to south England and northern Germany in the north and western Slovakia in the east. An isolated occurrence in Romania needs confirmation. The records from Crimea are probably erroneous (Bey-Bienko 1964) and are disregarded here. It is also found in northern Italy and possibly on Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012) and on the island of São Miguel in the Azores (Portugal) (Heller 2013). On the latter island it was presumably introduced. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 2.7 million km².

population:
This species is quite common and widespread in western Europe (e.g. Olmo-Vidal 2002, Maas et al. 2002, Ferreira 2009),but very rare at the eastern range border (e.g. Poland, Hungary). The overall population trend is unknown. The population size is probably very large.

habitat:
This species is found in leaf litter of deciduous forests. It is mainly found in open forests, near clearings or at the forest edge (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It prefers well-developed leaf litter, low ground vegetation cover, and low canopy cover (Browers and Newton 2009b).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the replacement of natural forests by plantations of non-native trees, particularly conifers and the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) tree. As the species is flightless it is also sensitive to habitat fragmentation (Brouwers and Newton 2009a).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered on the Polish Red List (Liana 2002). Research into its global population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Tree-cricket (Oecanthus dulcisonans) occurs from the Canary Islands via the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula to the Caucasus. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands and in the Mediterranean from the Iberian Peninsula to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean, quite common on the Canary Islands, and does not seem to be ecologically very specialised. There is an increase of records due to better knowledge of its song and morphology. However, the population trend remains unknown and more research is needed.

range:
The Large Tree-cricket occurs from the Canary Islands via the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula to the Caucasus (Cordero et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands and in the Mediterranean from the Iberian Peninsula to Cyprus (Heller 2013). Its presence in Europe has only been confirmed recently (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Cordero et al. 2009) so its distribution is still not completely understood. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 4.6 million km².

population:
The distribution of this species in Europe is still not completely understood. Therefore it is not possible to infer a population trend for this species. On the Canary Islands the species is quite widespread and common.

habitat:
This species is found in high ruderal vegetation and on trees (Massa et al. 2012). It has also been found on vegetable fields, along road verges and on pastureland.

threats:
The species might be threatened by the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Odé, B., Lemos, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The European Tree-cricket (Oecanthus pellucens) is widespread from the Canary Islands and north Africa to west Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread in Europe and its population trend is increasing; this tree-cricket is currently expanding its range in the north. In addition, subpopulations can be quite large and as the species is a good flyer, they are well connected.

range:
The European Tree-cricket is widespread from the Canary Islands and north Africa to west Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is widely distributed in the south and expanding its range in the north (e.g. Sander 1995). It has reached southern England, the Netherlands and the Berlin region in Germany.

population:
This species is currently expanding its northern range border, therefore the population trend appears to be increasing. Subpopulations can be quite large and as the species is a good flyer, they are well connected.

habitat:
This species is found in high grasses, forbs and shrubs (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs in grassland, abandoned farmland, vineyards and in ruderal vegetation in urban brownfields or along margins of roads, ditches, along rivers etc. (Sander 1995, Fedor and Majzlan 2001).

threats:
This species may be affected by pesticides. It has recently been shown that it shortens its songs under high traffic noise but this is unlikely to affect the population (Orci et al. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas and no particular conservation action is required. More research into its population trend in the southern part of its range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Eu 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Turanian Tree-cricket (Oecanthus turanicus) is a widespread cricket species which occurs from the Arabian Peninsula to the Lower Volga region. In Europe it is restricted to southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its population trend and ecology. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required in order to assess its extinction risk. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Turanian Tree-cricket is found from the Lower Volga in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) to Central Asia (Garai 2010) and the Arabian Peninsula (Eades et al. 2015). In Europe it is only found in the Lower Volga region and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. The population is possibly severely fragmented (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
There is no available information on the ecology of this species, but it is assumed to occur in semi-deserts.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Because of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe of c. 320,000 km² and in the EU 28 of c. 100,000 km², and its probably large population size, Bures' Glandular Cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Bures' Glandular Cricket is known from the southern part of the Crimean Peninsula, the southwestern Black Sea coast of Ukraine, northern and southeastern Bulgaria (Gorochov 2006, Chobanov 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is expected to occur in the extreme northeastern part of Greece and European Turkey, based on its occurrence in western Anatolia (Gorochov and Unal 2012), as well as in southeastern Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 320,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 100,000 km².

population:
The population trend is unknown. Pitfall trap sampling and field observations show that subpopulations may be dense (D. Chobanov pers. obs. 2015)

habitat:
This species lives on the ground, and at least during daytime it inhabits soil crevices and holes within stony ground, caves, leaf litter and human dwellings. It usually occurs in river valleys close to water, at altitudes between 20 and 400 m.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution and population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Karpathos Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila kinzelbachi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from a single cave in the island of Karpathos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), occurs at only one location, and any human activities altering its habitat (e.g. touristic activities and limestone quarrying) could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution area of this species, in particular whether it is restricted to a single cave or not. In addition, the cave needs to be protected.

range:
The Karpathos Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Karpathos (Willemse 1984). As this species has only been found in a single cave, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km². The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km², if the species is found throughout the island of Karpathos.

threats:
No threats for this species are known, although tourism and limestone quarrying could be potential threats. Taking into account the extent of the effects of anthropogenic activities and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution of this species, in particular whether it is restricted to a single cave or not. In addition, the cave needs to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnassos Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila krueperi) is endemic to Greece where it is found in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology.

range:
The Parnassos Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland (unpublished data; Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. It is a rare and difficult to find species, but it is assumed to be more common than recorded. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat of this species. Other species of Ovaliptila are either found in caves (O. kinzelbachi) or found in open forest, where they live among the leaf litter and/or hide underneath rocks (O. newmanae). This species is found at elevations of 900-1,560 m Asl.

threats:
There are no documented threats for this species, but limestone quarrying is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila lindbergi) is endemic to Greece and is only found on Crete, where it has been reported from a number of caves in the center and east of the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km²) there are no major threats. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.

range:
The Cretan Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found on Crete, where it has been reported from a number of caves in the center and east of the island (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².

threats:
There are no major threats to this species.A potential future threat to this species is limestone quarrying.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Dodecanese Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila nana) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur on the island of Kos, in a single cave. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), and touristic activities in the cave could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size, distribution, and trend is needed, in particular to ascertain whether or not this species is restricted to a single cave. The effects of tourism on this species need to be studied and touristic activities need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future population declines.

range:
The Dodecanese Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur on the island of Kos (Willemse 1984). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km², and its maximum EOO would be ca 450 km² (if found throughout the island of Kos). Given that this species has only been found in a single cave, its area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

threats:
No threats to this species of cave cricket have been reported, although touristic activities in the cave could drive the species to extinction very quickly. Limestone quarrying is another potential future threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in a protected area. Further research into the population size, distribution, and trend is needed, in particular to ascertain whether or not this species is restricted to a single cave. The effects of tourism on this species need to be studied and touristic activities need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Epirus Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila newmanae) is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In FYR Macedonia the species has only been found once in 1942. In the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, in the mountain ranges in the West of the Greek mainland. It has also been found in Tzrumerka in 2011. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 15,000 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is ca 2,300 km²), the overall population size is large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend is required, and into its threats.

range:
The Epirus Glandular Cricket is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov and Mihaljova 2010). In FYR Macedonia the species has only been found once in 1942. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 15,000 km². In the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, in the mountain ranges in the West of the Greek mainland, from Mt. Tymphi in the north to Mt. Tymfristos in the south (Willemse 1984, notes). The species has also been found in Tzrumerka in 2011 (Puskás and Ivković 2014) - its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².

habitat:
This species has been found in leaf litter along streams adjoined by Platanus trees as well as in leaf litter in open oak forests. It can be found in the leaf litter or hiding under rocks, and is found at elevations of 460-1,180 m Asl.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend is required, and into its threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sporades Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila wettsteini) is endemic to Greece, where it is has been reported from the eastern Aegean islands of Ikaria and Rhodes. Only some specimens of this species have ever been collected, all of which prior to 1936. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Sporades Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is has been reported from the eastern Aegean islands of Ikaria and Rhodes (Willemse 1984). Only some specimens of this species have ever been collected, all of which prior to 1936. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km² (if the species is more common on Ikaria and Rhodes), and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species, but it is likely to be a cave species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it remains unknown, whether it occurs in any protected area. Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Montenegrin Glandular Cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 18,000 km². It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) as the species probably has a large population with no reported major threats.

range:
The Montenegrin Glandular Cricket occurs along the central part of the western Balkans, from central Bosnia and Herzegovina through Montenegro to northern Albania (Karaman et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 18,000 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Due to its cryptic lifestyle it is rarely found. Studies on related taxa (O. newmanae, O. buresi) show that subpopulations of these cryptic species can be large.

habitat:
The species occurs in stony and rocky calcareous habitats between 200 and at least 1,400 m altitude. It prefers moderately moist ground in mountainous areas and river valleys. During the day, it is usually found under stones, between soil and rock crevices, in caves and leaf litter. It is active mostly at night. The species is omnivorous, and adults and nymphs probably occur throughout the year.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been documented.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this taxon, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila aliena) is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, where it inhabits various open or forest habitats with darkness conditions between 100 and 1,540 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 107,000 km² and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Further research on the population size and trends and threats to the species is needed.

range:
The Iberian Glandular Cricket is widespread in the eastern part of Spain (Gerona, Barcelona, Cuenca, Valencia, Teruel, Alicante, Zaragoza and Huesca) (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), reaching France in the Cerdagne valley (Pyrénées-Orientales department) (Braud et al. 2008, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 107,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on its population size and trend.

habitat:
Petaloptila aliena occurs in plains and in mountainous habitats, where it inhabits various open or forest habitats with darkness conditions, and it has been recorded between 100 and 1,540 m altitude. This cricket species is present under stones and trees, in dead trunks, crevices, leaf and needle litter and in cave entries(Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Braud et al. 2008). This is a secretive nocturnal species, which is rarely observed. The males have vestigial forewings and cannot sing, and prospecting by night is the best way to detect its presence.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Petaloptila aliena, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila andreinii) is found in Italy and Corsica. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported. However, more research on potential threats and into the population trend is needed.

range:
The Italian Glandular Cricket is found in Italy and Corsica (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 238,400 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population sizes and trend, but the species is widespread.

habitat:
This species lives in leaf litter of deciduous forests and caves up to 1,500 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trends, life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Baena's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila baenai) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in nine localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (2,000 km²) and its population is severely fragmented; being therefore close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.

range:
Baena's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is distributed in a small area in the central part of Andalusia. So far it has only been found in nine localities (Barranco 2004, P Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².

population:
The population size and trend is unknown. However, usually it is found only in small numbers, indicating a small subpopulation size. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since there is no connection between the caves where this flightless species is found (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016) and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This flightless species has been found in caves and one time on the basement of a building.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas, such as Sierras Subbeticas Natural Park. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Barranco's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila barrancoi) is endemic to Spain, and is found in many caves in the Almería mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is usually numerous, has a wide distribution in caves and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Barranco's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, and is known from at least 25 caves in Almería (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km².

population:
This species is usually numerous and has a wide distribution in caves. However, the population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
Two caves have been closed to the public to protect the cave fauna. However, the species is not known to occur in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bolivar's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila bolivari) is endemic to Spain, and is only known from caves and crevices in the provinces of Castellon, Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is suspected to be stable and it is unlikely to meet any of the  thresholds for a threatened category.

range:
Bolivar's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It is known from four localities in caves and from seven localities in subsoil crevices in the provinces of Castellon, Alicante, Valencia and Murcia (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 28,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size, but based on revisits of subpopulations, the population trend is suspected to be stable (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species lives in underground crevices, sometimes up to 1 m of depth  (Jiménez-Valverde et al. 2015), and it is also found in several caves (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in at least one protected area, Serra de Mariola. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Carabajal's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila carabajali) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in caves in the Sierra de Cazorla. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 200 km²) and the population is severely fragmented. This species is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.

range:
Carabajal's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is found in four caves in the Sierra de Cazorla in the eastern part of the Province of Jaén (Barranco 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 32 km² and a maximum of 200 km².

population:
This species is usually found in small numbers, but population trend is suspected to be stable (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016). As the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species lives in caves (Barranco 2004).

conservationAction:
One cave has been closed to protect the cave fauna. This species is present in the natural park Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corniolo Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila clauseri) is only known from one locality in central Italy, Castagnoli at Corgnolo. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from the type locality and was described only from one female. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats, in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The Corniolo Glandular Cricket is only known from one locality (the place where it was first described) in central Italy, Castagnoli at Corgnolo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is presumed to be found in leaf litter of temperate forests at around 780 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, since the description was based on a female. In addition, research on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats is needed. It was described from an area that is situated in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fermin's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila fermini) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is distributed in the Province of Cacéres in Spain and Serra de Estrela, Serra da Gardunha and Leiria district in Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide  distribution, it is found in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Fermin's Glandular Cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It has been discovered in Spain in the Province of Caceres (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), and a few years later it was found in several localities in Serra da Estrela in Portugal (Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008). Recently, it has also been found in the district of Leiria, in Portugal (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 11,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend. However, it has a wide distribution and is found in a variety of habitats.

habitat:
This species occurs in a variety of habitats, both in open spaces in mixed forest with oak or pine (Ferreira 2009). In Portugal, it occurs mainly between 550 m and 1,490 m asl. (Ferreira 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species known (S Ferreira and P Barranco pers. comm 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures are in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as the Natural Park Serra de Estrela. More research into its distribution, population size and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Spanish Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila fragosoi) was originally described from Sevilla (Spain), but the type was destroyed in a fire. This species is assessed as Data Deficient as its taxonomy is not clear and its identity cannot be resolved. In addition, there is no data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Spanish Glandular Cricket was originally described from Sevilla (Spain), but the type was destroyed in a fire (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Specimens from the eastern Mediterranean are currently not assigned to this species (Willemse and Willemse 2009). Its exact distribution is unknown.

population:
Nothing is known about the population size or trend of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. As the types are lost it is unlikely that its identity can be resolved. However, its taxonomic status needs to be clarified as it is likely to be a nomen dubium.


redListCategoryRationale:
Isabel's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila isabelae) is endemic to Spain and only occurs in mountains in the Provinces of Jaén and Albacete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a wide array of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported. However, its habitat may be locally threatened by man-made fires and more research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends and into its threats.

range:
Isabel's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it only occurs in the mountains in the east of the Province of Jaén and in the southeast of the Province of Albacete (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend. Usually, only a low numbers of individuals are found.

habitat:
The species inhabits open forests with pine, oak, hawthorn, juniper, broom and other shrubs and trees, being common at the entrances of caves. It can also been found in meadows. It lives in the litter, in crevices and under stones (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2010). It has been found between 900 m and 2,800 m asl.

threats:
No major threats have been reported for this species, but its habitat may be threatened locally by man-made fires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in the Natural Park of Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Llorente's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila llorenteae) is endemic to Spain, Río Jarama, Vaciamadrid and it was only found once in 1967. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information about it. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends as well as into the species' ecology and threats in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Llorente's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it has only been found once (Río Jarama, Vaciamadrid). It seems to have never been found since its discovery in 1967 (Barranco 2004), and the exact locality is unknown. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 100 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
No information is available about the habitat of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, since its description, the area has undergone severe changes, such as urban development.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, the type locality seems to be currently protected in the Regional Park Cursos Bajos de los Rios Manzanares y Jarama. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends as well as into the species' ecology and threats in order to assess its extinction risk.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Malaga Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila malacitana) is endemic to Spain, and is found in caves in the mountains of the Malaga province. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, the population trend seems to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Malaga Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It is distributed in caves and cavities in the mountains of the province of Malaga (Barranco 2010, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,600 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is believed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species lives in natural caves in the mountains, but may also be found in artificial mines (Barranco 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs within three Natural Parks: Sierra de Tejeda, Sierras de las Nieves and Montes de Malaga.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Mogon Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila mogon) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in caves in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is numerous, its population trend is thought to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Mogon Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain and it is only found in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, where it is known from 16 caves (Barranco 2004, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016, Barranco 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km².

population:
This is a numerous species, and the population trend is believed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pale Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila pallescens) is endemic to Spain, and is found on mountains in the Provinces of Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca and Avila. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread, believed to be numerous and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this species.

range:
The Pale Glandular Cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it is found in the provinces of Madrid, Segovia, Cuenca and Avila (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species, but based on published data, it may be regarded to be a numerous species.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this species. However, it is expected to be ground-dwelling, living in litter, in crevices and under stones, as other species of the subgenus Petaloptila (S. Ferreira and P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). It occurs up to 1,650 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in the National Park de la Sierra de Guadarrama. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila pyrenaea) is endemic to Spain, and is found in the Pyrenees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population size and trend are unknown, no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend.

range:
The Pyrenean Litter Cricket is endemic to Spain, and is found in the central part of the Pyrenees in the provinces of Huesca and Lleida (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend.

habitat:
This species has been found in caves. However, it is also found outside of caves and living in crevices underground, as do the other species of the sub-genus Petaloptila (Olmo-Vidal and Hernando 2000, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Risorgenza Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila sbordonii) is endemic to Italy and is only known from one locality in Basilicata. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since its taxonomy is uncertain, and it might be a synonym of Petaloptila andreinii. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species to verify if it is a valid species. If so, further research into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Risorgenza Glandular Cricket is endemic to Italy and is only known from one locality (the type locality) in Basilicata. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
There is not much information about the habitat and ecology of this species. It was found in a cave.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species to verify if it is a valid species or a synonym of Petaloptila andreinii. If the species is valid, further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Venous Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila venosa) is endemic to Spain, and is found in caves and in underground crevices in the provinces of Valencia, Teruel and Castellon. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Venous Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It was found in 1933 in Teruel at an altitude of 935 m asl. (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Since then, it has been found in the Provinces of Castellon and Valencia as well (Barranco 2004, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km².

habitat:
This species lives in caves but it is also found in underground crevices (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species does not occur in any protected areas. However, caves in Valencia have conservation legislation in place, restricting public access.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Marsh-cricket (Pteronemobius heydenii) is found throughout Africa (including Madagascar) to central Europe and southeast Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe and its population trend is increasing as a consequence of the warming climate. It is affiliated with wet grassland habitats and threatened by drainage, melioration and changes in land-use. It has declined in the past due to habitat degradation and destruction, but is currently spreading again.

range:
The Marsh-cricket is found throughout Africa (including Madagascar) to central Europe and southeast Asia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa (Italy), Rhodes (Greece) and Cyprus in the south to northern France and the Czech Republic in the north and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.4 million km².

population:
This species declined in the past as a consequence of destruction and degradation of its habitat. However, it is currently spreading as a result of the warming climate (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016) and the overall population trend is increasing.

habitat:
The Marsh-cricket occurs in open wetland habitats (Massa et al. 2012) such as wet grassland with patches of bare ground, or shores of lakes, ponds, canals, streams and rivers (Braun and Lederer 2009).

threats:
The main threat to this species is drainage or other changes in the water regime of wetlands (Braun and Lederer 2009). Land improvement of its habitats and afforestation may also threaten this species (Braun and Lederer 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It is also considered threatened in the northern parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range, some conservation action is in place for this species (e.g. Moser 2011). There is a general need for research into its population trend, better protection and appropriate management of wetland habitats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Striped Marsh-cricket (Pteronemobius lineolatus) is found in southwestern Europe. It is rather widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Atlantic part of France, while it is rare in eastern France, Switzerland and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and overall large population size.

range:
The Striped Marsh-cricket is known from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, northern Italy and southern Switzerland (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.45 million km²,

population:
This species is widespread in Portugal (Ferreira 2009), but less so in Catalonia (Olmo Vidal 2002). In France the species is more common in the Atlantic region than in the more continental region (Sardet and Defaut 2004). In Italy there are only few records, but it is likely to be underrecorded (Massa et al. 2012). In Switzerland the species is very rare (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large

habitat:
This species is found in riparian habitats (Massa et al. 2012), such as pebbly riverbanks with some muddy parts (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is found under stones along rivers and streams (Ferreira 2009) and also along ponds (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). It is usually flightless but fully winged specimens have been reported (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the regulation of rivers and streams. It is also threatened by touristic activities (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
In Switzerland the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France its status is largely unknown but overall the species is considered Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bosca's Spade-cricket (Sciobia boscai) is endemic to a large inland area in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is thought to be more common than reported and there are no major threats to it. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.

range:
Bosca's Spade-cricket is an endemic species from southern inland Spain, distributed roughly between the cities of Jaén, Albacete and Ciudad Real (Barranco and Aguirre 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 33,000 km².

population:
The population size and trend are unknown. Based on the present records it seems to be a rare species, but this is probably due to the fact that it is easily overlooked.

habitat:
This species is found in open grasslands, usually under stones.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported, but fires may pose a local threat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Iberian Spade-cricket (Sciobia caliendra) is distributed in southern Andalusia, Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide  distribution, may be quite common, and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.

range:
The Iberian Spade-cricket is only found in the southern part of Spain, in the province of Cádiz and Malaga. Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Morocco (Barranco and Aguirre 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend, but the species seems to be quite abundant where it occurs.

habitat:
This flightless species occurs in open grassland or shrubland, where during the day the species hides in crevices in the soil or under stones. In the afternoon and evening it may be heard singing from burrows and crevices. It also occurs in olive plantations with occasionally ploughed soils (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as Natural Park Grazalema. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Lusitanian Spade-cricket (Sciobia lusitanica) is widely distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, Although population trend and threats are unknown, it has a wide  distribution and no major threats to it have been reported. More research into its distribution, population size and trends is needed.

range:
The Lusitanian Spade-cricket occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, where it is widely distributed in the southern half of the peninsula (Barranco and Aguirre 2013, Ferreira 2009). Outside of Europe it also occurs in Morocco. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 380,000 km².

habitat:
This flightless species occurs in open grassland or shrubland, where during the day the species hides in crevices in the soil or under stones.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Natalia's Spade-crickets (Sciobia natalia) occurs in Morocco and in a small part of southern Spain, between Algeciras and Jerez de la Frontera. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 2,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 200 km²), and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. No immigration from North Africa is expected to occur as the species is flightless and therefore no regional adjustment is made. The species is probably sensitive to future changes in land use, particularly to overgrazing and intensive agriculture. It is also likely to be affected by the increasing number of droughts and extreme rainfall events. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats need to be preserved and a low intensity grazing regime should be maintained in order to avoid any future population declines.

range:
Natalia's Spade-cricket occurs in Morocco and in a small part of southern Spain, between Algeciras and Jerez de la Frontera (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco and Aguirre Segura 2013, Cordero et al. 2015). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 300 km² with an upper estimate of 2,500 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².

population:
The species had not been found since 1925, but focused searches have led to its rediscovery at four places in the Cádiz province, southern Spain (Cordero et al. 2016). It appears to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Cordero et al. 2016).

habitat:
The species was found in grassland and roadside hedges with dense vegetation. It usually occurs in clay or loamy soil, where it hides in cracks and crevices when the soil dries (Cordero et al. 2016). Most subpopulations have been found close to water reservoirs, suggesting a preference for moist soil (Cordero et al. 2016).

threats:
This species is threatened by potential future changes of the grazing regime as it might be sensitive to overgrazing (Cordero et al. 2016). It might also be threatened by an increasing use of pesticides in the future (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Furthermore, it is threatened by increasing numbers and lengths of droughts as well as by extreme rainfall events during the breeding season (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Even though only four (plus a historic one) sites of this species are known, it is expected to be more widespread in the region, so that the number of locations is likely to exceed ten.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats need to be preserved and a low intensity grazing regime should be maintained in order to avoid any future population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Odé, B., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Cordero, P.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
The Eastern Dwarf Cricket has a wide distribution in Europe with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 500,000 km². However, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of information on its distribution, ecology and population trends. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species.

range:
The Eastern Dwarf Cricket (Stenonemobius (Ocellonemobius) bicolor), represented in Europe with its subspecies S. b. ponticus Gorochov, 1984, is presently known from a few scattered localities on the Crimean Peninsula, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Serbia (Gorochov 1984, Chobanov 2003, D. Chobanov, G. Szovenyi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Its presence in the neighbouring countries needs to be confirmed. Outside Europe, the subspecies S. b. ponticus is present in Transcaucasia (Georgia), and its nominate subspecies is present in the Indomalaya ecozone (Gorochov 1984).

habitat:
The habitat preference of this species is poorly documented and may only be inferred from the few existing records. It possibly inhabits marshes along big rivers in the lowlands of the Pontic and Adriatic regions up to 350 m altitude. Mostly female specimens have been collected due to their active flight ability.
Regarding the ecological preferences of this species, the records from the Danube Delta in Romania for Stenonemobius gracilis (listed in Iorgu et al. 2008 crediting Marin et al. 1997), possibly concern this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Dwarf Cricket (Stenonemobius gracilis) occurs from North Africa, via southern Europe and the Near East to the Iran and Central Asia. In Europe, it is widespread in the Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. The number of records of this cricket is quite limited, but it is certainly under sampled as it is mainly caught in light traps. It might have occasionally been confused with Stenonemobius bicolor. More research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Dwarf Cricket occurs from North Africa, via southern Europe and the Near East to the Iran and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Iberian Peninsula, in Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and the southern Balkans. Its distribution is not fully understood and it is likely to be more widespread on the western Balkan Peninsula. Its presence in Ukraine is uncertain. Some of the known localities may concern Stenonemobious bicolor. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.6 million km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Due to its nocturnal life it is rarely collected. Most records stem from single specimens attracted by light traps (Cassar 2008).

habitat:
Very little is known about the ecology and biology of this species (Massa et al. 2012). It is a very good flyer and attracted by light. In North Africa it is found along temporary water courses (Massa et al. 2012). In Portugal it has been found in dry areas (Ferreira 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its ecology, threats, distribution and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Cicada Cricket (Svercus palmetorum) is widely distributed in Africa, the Near East and southern Europe. In Europe, it is found in the southern Mediterranean and on the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 km² and 1,500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This cricket is affiliated with wet habitats and the major threats to it are urbanisation, touristic and industrial development. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its habitats is recommended.

range:
The Cicada Cricket is widely distributed in Africa, the Near East and southern Europe (Heller 2013). In Europe it occurs on the Canary Islands, the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Ferreira 2009), the south of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012), Corsica and on Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.2 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO)is between 500 and 1,500 km².

population:
This species is quite rare (Massa 2011). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in wet or brackish habitats e.g. along streams, but also in agriculturally influenced moist dynamic habitats (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).  It is able to jump in the water and dive (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
The major threats to this species are urbanisation, touristic and industrial development.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its habitats is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Odé, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Eastern Arable Cricket (Tartarogryllus sandanski) has been described from Bulgaria, but is likely to be a junior synonym of Tartarogryllus tartarus. Taxonomic research is required to clarify its status. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size, population trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Eastern Arable Cricket has been described from Bulgaria (Heller 2013) but its taxonomic status is doubtful (Popov 2007, Chobanov 2009).

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend of this taxon.

habitat:
This species has been reported from dry sandy hills in vineyards (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
As the taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, threats cannot be reported.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic research is required to clarify its status.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arable Cricket (Tartarogryllus tartarus) is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is locally common, there are no indications of decline and no major threats to it have been reported. However, since it occurs on farmland and in vineyards it may be locally affected by the use of pesticides. Research on its taxonomy is needed as Tartarogryllus sandanski seems to be a junior synonym of T. tartarus. More acoustic monitoring needs to be done to understand its population dynamics and trend.

range:
The Arable Cricket occurs in Spain, North Africa (Cordero et al. 2007) and also from the southern Balkans Peninsula (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria and European Turkey) to Pakistan (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in the Ukraine and European Russia is uncertain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 813,000 km². No reliable data of its area of occupancy (AOO) is available.

population:
This species is locally common (Cordero et al. 2007) but the population density is not large as the males seem to be territorial (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on dry sandy hills in vineyards and other sandy or stony habitats with scarce vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Spain the species was found on farmland as well as in vegetation around saline lagoons, hiding under stones, in cracks of bare ground or in burrows (Cordero et al. 2007). In Greece it was found in arable farmland (L. Willemse pers. comm.).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. However, as the species occurs in farmland it might be affected by the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Research on its taxonomy is needed as Tartarogryllus sandanski seems to be a junior synonym of T. tartarus. The species has long been overlooked in Spain (Cordero et al. 2007). More acoustic monitoring needs to be done to understand its population dynamics and trend (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Cordero, P.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Trig (Trigonidium cicindeloides) is found in large parts of Africa, Madagascar, southern Europe, Asia and Arabia. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands and in the southern Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and widespread, and its population size is probably very large.

range:
The Common Trig is found in large parts of Africa, Madagascar, southern, southeastern and eastern Asia, Arabia and southern Europe (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it is found in the Mediterranean region from the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa, Crete and Cyprus in the south to Croatia and southern France in the north (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.2 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread and common in southern Europe. The population trend is unknown but the population size is probably very large.

habitat:
The Common Trig is found in wet habitats such as wet grasslands, reed beds, river shores and coastal marshes (Olmo Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). It was also found in moist meadows and along road edges (Ingrisch 1977). Eggs are laid in rush stems (Juncus spp.) or grasses (Ingrisch 1977).

threats:
The major threat to this species is drainage and other changes to the water regime in its habitat. It is also locally affected by touristic development (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution and the uncertain occurrence in Europe the Turanian Cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species in Europe.

range:
The Turanian Cricket occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. In Europe, it might occur in southern European Russia. The only known locality is found in its description by Fieber (1853) with locus typicus "southern Russia". However, this locality may concern the Central Asian territories of the Russian Empire at that time.

population:
There is no information on its population size and trend available.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its distribution and its potential occurrence in Europe is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa africana) is found throughout the African continent and in southern Europe, where it is found on the Canary Islands and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can reach high abundances and the population size is presumably very large. In addition, it is a good flyer and the subpopulations are probably well connected. This mole-cricket is found in wetland habitats and moist crop fields and the population probably shows extreme fluctuations in size, as do other mole-cricket species. It is believed that the overall population is not threatened at present.

range:
The African Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa africana) is found throughout the African continent and in southern Europe (Townsend 1983). In Europe it is only found on the Canary Islands and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Ferreira et al. 2008, Gorochov and Llorente 2001). However, its distribution is insufficiently documented. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually large. As it is a good flyer the subpopulations are probably well connected. Many mole cricket species show extreme fluctuations in population size and sometimes can become pests, but this has not been documented in Europe for Gryllotalpa africana. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Similarly to other mole crickets, this species occurs in wetland habitats and cultivated land. It prefers moist soil with scarce or low vegetation, such as bare wet ground or dense short grass (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). It is also found in moist subtropical crop fields, such as mangoes, custard apple and avocados (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
As a wetland species, it is mainly threatened by drainage and the increasing numbers of droughts. However, it is also affected by pesticides as it occurs in agricultural fields. It is believed that the overall population is not threatened at present.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Odé, B., García, M., Presa, J.J., Correas, J. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Pantelleria Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa cossyrensis) is known from Pantelleria in Italy and northern Africa. In Pantelleria, it is only known to occur around the Lake Venere. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the overall population size is probably smaller than 1,000 mature individuals. No major threats to this species have been reported, but it it might be negatively affected by habitat loss or modifications caused by human activity. More research into its population size and trend is needed.

range:
The Pantelleria Mole-cricket is known from Pantelleria in Italy and northern Africa (Massa et al. 2012). In Pantelleria, it is only known to occur around the Lake of Venere. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The overall population is small and there are probably less than 1,000 mature individuals (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives around the sandy shores of Lake Venere under stones between 10 m and 15 m asl.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported, but it might be negatively affected by habitat loss or modifications caused by human activity.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The European Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) is distributed from North Africa via large parts of Europe to West Asia. In Europe, it is very widespread and is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the south to England, south Sweden and northwestern European Russia in the north. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has dramatically declined in the northern part of its range, it still has large and well connected subpopulations in the southern part of its range.

range:
The European Mole-cricket is distributed from North Africa via large parts of Europe to West Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy (region around Naples) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the south to England, south Sweden and northwestern European Russia in the north (Strid et al. 2010, Heller 2013). The records from Estonia need confirmation. Former records of this species in European Turkey and Cyprus were probably erroneous and are thus ignored in this assessment. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.1 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 5.7 million km².

population:
The European Mole-cricket shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and can become a pest to crops (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is decreasing and particularly in the northern part of its range the species has lost many subpopulations.

habitat:
This species is found in moist habitats (Massa et al. 2012), often with sandy soils, where it builds tunnels. It is found in marshes, swamps, wet meadows, along ditches and also in gardens and farmland (Detzel 1998). The species is a very good flyer and swimmer (Massa et al. 2012), and it is polyphagous, but generally prefers insects and other small animals (Detzel 1998).

threats:
The major threat to the European Mole-cricket is drainage of wetland habitats as well as direct control with pesticides. It is also threatened by intensive agricultural land-use (Detzel 1998).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark and the UK (Sutton 2015), Near Threatened in Austria, Germany and Sweden (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011, Westling 2015), Least Concern in France, the Carpathians, FYR Macedonia and the Netherlands (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Kristin and Iorgu 2014, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014, Bakker et al. 2015) and Data Deficient in Switzerland and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003, Monnerat et al. 2007). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range it is subject to conservation action locally. It is listed as a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (Germany) (NLWKN 2011). Restoration of wetland habitats is required to preserve the species. In the Netherlands, conservation management of moist dune slacks had positive effects on this species (NLWKN 2011). The European Mole-cricket occurs in protected areas and more research into its population trend is required.

useAndTrade:
The species is used locally as bait for fishing.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described from the eastern Aegean island of Kos (Baccetti 1992). Baccetti described this species on the basis of the studies of Krimbas (1956a, 1956b, 1960), who found two Gryllotalpa species with different chromosome numbers in Greece. G

redListCategoryRationale:
The Krimbas' Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa krimbasi) is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mainland, the Peloponnesus, the Ionian island of Ithaki, and the eastern Aegean islands of Kos and Rodhes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km²), and the overall population size is presumably large. However, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and the population is probably also declining due to the use of pesticides. Further research is needed into its population size and trend, and this species' area of occupancy needs to be determined.

range:
The Krimbas' Mole-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mainland, the Peloponnesus, the Ionian island of Ithaki, and the eastern Aegean islands of Kos and Rodhes (Baccetti 1992, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. A continuing decline in the population is inferred as a result of water management activities and active pest control in the areas where it occurs.

habitat:
Mole-crickets live in the soil and are found in places with loose and soft earth situated around or in marshy areas.

threats:
As it prefers wet places, any measures which result in water extraction from, or flooding of, an area where Mole-crickets live will have an adverse effect on the subpopulation in that area, apart from the use of water for agricultural purposes. Gryllotalpa species are also threatened by pesticides, as they sometimes can become pests. The main pesticide used to control them is Chlorpyrifos.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into its population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Eighteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa octodecim) has been reported from the northern Italian mainland, Sardinia and Corsica, living in wetlands and rivers or ponds shores, between sea level and 400 m (Italy) or 800 m (Corsica) altitude. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 195,000 km². The species is likely to be vulnerable to human impacts (urbanisation, agricultural drainage, etc.), its population seems to be fragmented and it was assessed as Vulnerable in the French Red List. However, Gryllotalpa octodecim is a little-known species and most of available references are old. Because the taxonomic status of Gryllotalpa octodecim is no fully understood, it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The exact distribution of Gryllotalpa octodecim is unknown as the species was mainly characterised by the number of chromosomes, It is reported from the Italian mainland (Po basin in Piemonte, Veneto and probably other northern areas), the western and southern coasts of Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012) and coastal and central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006). However, its presence in Corsica needs to be confirmed using karyotypes (Baccetti and Capra 1978). Most subpopulations occur at sea level or at very low altitudes, reaching 400 m in Italia mainland, and 800 m in Corsica. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 195,000 km².

population:
Due to its subterranean life, and the necessity to do a cytologic analysis in order to undertake a reliable identification, Gryllotalpa octodecim is a little-known species. Most of available records are old and no data on population size or trends exist. The known subpopulations seem to be fragmented.

habitat:
As other mole-crickets, Gryllotalpa octodecim has a subterranean development cycle, preferring wet soft soils. Most of the known subpopulations occur in the lowlands. In Corsica it has been reported from the shores of rivers and ponds as well as from herbaceous wetlands (Y. Braud pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
As most of species living in wetlands at low altitudes, Gryllotalpa octodecim is probably affected by human impacts (urbanisation, agricultural drainage, etc.).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Gryllotalpa octodecim. The species is known from several protected areas, such as protected sites managed by Conservatoire du Littoral et des Espaces Lacustres or the Conservatoire des Espaces Naturels de Corse. The species was assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fifteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa quindecim)  is endemic to Italy, and it is known from Sicily and parts of the southern peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and locally common. However, the species may be affected by the use of pesticides and further research into the population trend is needed.

range:
The Fifteen-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to Italy, and it is known from Sicily and parts of the southern peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 182,000 km².

population:
The species is locally common, but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in grasslands and agricultural lands. It usually inhabits moist areas.

threats:
In agricultural areas, the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into the population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Robust Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa robusta) is known from Africa south of the Sahara. Even though the species has been reported from the Canary Islands in the revision by Townsend (1983), the exact locality is not mentioned. Kevan and Hsiung (1992) assume that it may occur on Tenerife, but without any recent confirmation of this species, its presence in Europe remains doubtful (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
The Robust Mole-cricket occurs in Africa south of the Sahara. It is mentioned by Townsend (1983) from the Canary Islands, without mentioning any specific island. Kevan and Hsiung (1992) assumed that older records of G. gryllotalpa from Tenerife may refer to this species. Recent confirmation of this species' occurrence in the Canary Islands is still required (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).

population:
It is unknown whether this species actually occurs on the Canary Islands. There is no information available on its population size or trend.

habitat:
The ecology of this species is poorly known. Gryllotalpa species typically occur in moist habitats, such as swamps and the edge of ponds.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. As a first step, its distribution needs to be clarified, particularly its occurrence on the Canary Islands.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sixteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa sedecim)  is found in north-western Italy, Corsica and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, the species is locally threatened by pesticide use. More research into its population trend is required.

range:
The Sixteen-chromosome Mole-cricket is found in north-western Italy, Corsica and Sardinia (Braud and Sardet 2006, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 173,000 km².

population:
The species is locally abundant but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species lives in grassland and agricultural land, in moist areas. It is found in burrows in the ground at altitudes between 10 m and 500 m asl.

threats:
The use of pesticides in agricultural lands may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica) is distributed in parts of Mediterranean Italy, France and Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information about it. The species is easily confused with other species of Gryllotalpa that occur within its present distribution area. More research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk, particularly into the taxonomy, population size and trend, and threats.

range:
The Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket is distributed in the lowlands along major parts of the Mediterranean coast of Italy, France and Spain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). In Italy, it also inhabits inland areas of Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012). Its presence along the Atlantic coast of France (Charente-Maritime) is doubtful and needs confirmation (Sardet et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 500,000 km². However, parts of the distribution data are old and need confirmation. This species may be easily confused with other species of Gryllotalpa that occur within its distribution range since it is only possible to identify it on the basis of its chromosome number (Ortiz 1958). Research is urgently needed to assess the present distribution of this species.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend. In some areas it seems to be quite common (Sardet et al. 2015).

habitat:
Like many other species of Mole-cricket, this species inhabits wet habitats along rivers and in marshes.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, it may be impacted by measures that affect wet habitats, like agricultural or building activities.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area, the Regional Park Camargue. More research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends as well as into its threats. In addition, more tools are needed to identify and survey the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Steppe Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa stepposa) is a widespread species. In Europe it occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula as well as in eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is sometimes considered a pest and, while it probably declined in the past as a consequence of drainage and other destruction of wetland habitats, it is still widespread, common, and has a stable population trend.

range:
The Steppe Mole-cricket has been found on the Arabian Peninsula, western and central Asia, and southeastern Europe (Chobanov 2009, Massa et al. 2010). In Europe it has been reported from Hungary and the eastern Balkans (Greece, FYR Macedonia, Bulgaria, southern Serbia) over Moldova and Ukraine to southern European Russia (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov 2011, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 940,000 km².

population:
This species shows extreme fluctuations in population size and can become a pest to crops (Chobanov 2009). It has probably declined in the past, but seems to have a stable population at present (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This mole-cricket is very common in Ukraine and Russia (T. Pushkar and O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is a good flyer, and is found in moist depressions in steppic regions. It is also found in agricultural sites (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threat to this species is drainage and the use of insecticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, as it is often considered a pest (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, threats and population trend. Furthermore, taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of this and related species (Gryllotalpa genus).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Pushkar, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

The Single-spined Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa unispina) is found from China and Siberia to Central Asia and eastern Europe. In Europe it occurs in Romania, Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and common. However, in Ukraine it is only known from three regions (but the information is probably incomplete) and the population trend is assumed to be declining. In the EU 28, this species is only known from the Danube Delta in Romania and it is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and subpopulations are well connected.

range:
The Single-spined Mole-cricket is found from China and Siberia to Central Asia and eastern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in Romania, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). In Romania it is only known from the Danube Delta and the Dobrogean Plateau in the east of the country (Iorgu et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 509,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is ca 6,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 40 and 60 km² (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small. As it is a good flyer, subpopulations are probably well connected (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Nothing is known about population fluctuations in this species, but other Gryllotalpa species are known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. In Romania the trend is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but in Ukraine it is declining (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is common (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing in Europe and stable in the EU 28.

habitat:
This species occurs in moist sandy habitats (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and close to salt lakes (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
In Ukraine the major threat to this species is excavation of sand.

conservationAction:
In Romania the species mainly occurs in the Danube Biosphere reserve and is therefore protected (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species. More research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
The Twenty-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa viginti) is endemic to Liguria and Tuscany, in the north-western part of Italy. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The Twenty-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to Liguria and Tuscany, in the north-western part of Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,100 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend.

habitat:
This species inhabits grasslands and agricultural lands and is found in moist areas at elevations between 10 m and 100 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Twenty-one-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vigintiunum) is endemic to the north of Sardinia and its surrounding islands. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
The Twenty-one-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to the north of Sardinia and its surrounding islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km².

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species but it probably inhabits dry grasslands. It occurs at elevations between 10 m and 50 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Vineyard Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vineae) occurs on the Iberian Peninsula and in France from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean mainland area. It is a lowland species that inhabits dry to mesic open habitats, especially in vineyards. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 945,000 km². This species is little known and there is no information available on the populationsize or trend. It is likely to be threatened by agricultural land use and the use of pesticides, but overall the species seems to be quite widespread. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
Gryllotalpa vineae is recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and France. In France, it is known from the Atlantic coast (in the Charente-Maritime department, O. Roques and P. Jourde pers. comm. 2015), the Garonne basin plains (Lot and Tarn-et-Garonne departments) and in the Mediterranean mainland area (to the Ardèche and Drôme departments) (Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 945,000 km². The distribution of this species is not fully known since specimens are rarely caught and their stridulation is often mistaken with others mole-crickets songs.

population:
Due to its subterranean life, Gryllotalpa vineae is a little-known species. The species has been recently discovered along the French Atlantic coast due to nocturnal song recordings, but apart from this there are no recent records, not even at the locus typicus. The population seems to be fragmented, but there is no information available on the full population size and trends.

habitat:
Gryllotalpa vineae is a lowland species that inhabits dry and mesic open habitats, including vineyards, cereal fields, dry grasslands, pasturelands and scrublands. It is recorded from sea level to 400 m altitude.

threats:
Agricultural land use (viniculture) and the use of pesticides are a threat to this species. It is also affected by urbanisation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Gryllotalpa vineae, and it is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hairy Scale-cricket (Arachnocephalus vestitus) occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula via the Near East to the Caucasus. It is widespread in the Mediterranean region of Europe, where it is found in Mediterranean shrubland and grassland, living mainly in bushes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common, even though it is difficult to find.

range:
The Hairy Scale-cricket occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula via the Near East to the Caucasus (Heller 2013). In Europe it is found from Portugal, Lampedusa, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to southern France, northern Italy and Slovenia in the north and southeastern Ukraine in the east (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².

population:
This species is quite common but difficult to find (Massa 2011). There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The Hairy Scale-cricket is found in dry grassland, bushes and trees (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in Mediterranean shrubland (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by wildfires and removal of shrubs (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and the Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). More research into the population trend and threats to this species is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Most records of the Canarian Tiny Cricket are from houses, even from urban areas. It does not seem to be threatened by human activities, but the effect of pest control in houses (e.g. against cockroaches or mosquitoes) on this species are unknown. Even though the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 4,000 km² and a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 - 200 km², there is currently no indication that the species may be declining. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Canarian Tiny Cricket is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it has been reported from Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 16 and 200 km².

habitat:
The species is often found in houses. Its natural habitat is probably beneath stones and in caves.

threats:
The threats to this species are little understood. As it occurs in houses, it may be negatively affected by pest control (e.g. cockroach or mosquito treatments).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown Scale-cricket (Mogoplistes brunneus) occurs in North Africa and southern Europe. In Europe, it is found from Sicily in the south to southern France and Slovenia in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Greece in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe and its population size is presumably large. It is found in the leaf litter of holm oak forests and oak shrubland and research into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is required.

range:
The Brown Scale-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Sicily in the south to southern France and Slovenia in the north and from northeastern Spain in the west to Greece in the east (Heller 2013). Former records from Portugal were wrong and based on misidentified specimens of Paramogoplistes dentatus (Ferreira 2009). Those from southern Spain belong to Paramogoplistes ortini (Llucià-Pomares 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.4 million km².

population:
Since this species is nocturnal and does not produce a song it is difficult to find. As a result, it is probably under sampled (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). In Croatia it is locally abundant (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). There is no available information on the population trend. The population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in leaf litter of holm oak and stone oak (Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera) forests and shrubland (Massa et al. 2012, Sardet et al. 2015), where it can also be found beneath stones (Olmo-Vidal 2002).

threats:
Potential threats to this species are deforestation and wildfires.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Kinzelbach's Scale-cricket (Mogoplistes kinzelbachi) is endemic to Greece, and up to now is only known from the Aegean island of Karpathos. This species was collected with traps in 1963, and has not been recorded again since then. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its distribution, natural history, threats and conservation status. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology is required.

range:
The Kinzelbach's Scale-cricket is endemic to Greece, and up to now is only known from the Aegean island of Karpathos (Willemse 1984). This species was collected with traps in 1963, and has not been recorded again since then. This species is only known from one locality.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Toothed Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes dentatus) is endemic to the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been found only in a few areas, but may be found elsewhere, as suitable habitat seems more widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, found in a variety of habitats, and the population size is expected to be large. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.

range:
The Toothed Scale-cricket is endemic to the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. At present, it is known from Guadalajara and Monfragüe in Spain and from Serra da Estrela and Douro in Portugal (Gorochov and Llorente, 2001, Llucia-Pomares 2015, Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008). This small species is likely to be under sampled and is probably more widespread than records indicate. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 50,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend, but based on its wide distribution, the population size is expected to be large. Subpopulations may be potentially be fragmented, because this species is small and flightless.

habitat:
This species is known from climatically different localities, both sunny and shady. It inhabits thick layers of oak litter, most frequently Quercus suber, where it finds the moist conditions it needs (Llucia-Pomares and Fernandez-Ortin 2011). It may also be found in pine litter (Ferreira 2009). Adults can be found from April to October (Llucia-Pomares and Fernandez-Ortin 2011, Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008), at altitudes between 280 m and 700 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in National Parks of Serra de Estrela, Douro and Monfragüe. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Novak's Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes novaki) has originally been described from the Croatian island Hvar and was recently rediscovered at another locality in Croatia. There is also one record from Parnassos (Greece). The records from Sardinia and Italy are considered doubtful. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty and lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.

range:
Novak's Scale-cricket has been reported from Sardinia, Italy, Greece and Croatia (Heller 2013). Its status in Italy is unclear since it might have been confused with other species (Massa et al. 2012). Altogether, it is only known from a few localities including the Croatian island Hvar (type locality), Parnassos (Greece) as well as one doubtful record from Italy and three doubtful records from Sardinia. Recently, the species has been rediscovered in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 34,300 km².

population:
The population size and trend of the species are unknown.

habitat:
Little is known on the ecology of this species. It has been collected in a pitfall trap in dry shrubs in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, taxonomic research is needed since a few other Paramogoplistes species have been described in recent years, and the subpopulations of P. novaki in Greece and Sicily remain poorly studied.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ortin's Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes ortini) is only known from southern Spain from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, and it may also be present in southern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since is expected to be widely distributed in southern Spain in forest habitats and no major threats to it have been reported. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.

range:
Ortin's Scale-cricket is only known from southern Spain from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura. It may also be present in southern Portugal. It has only recently been described (Llucia-Pomares 2015) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 95,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend. This species is flightless and has a very limited capacity to colonise new areas. Yet, this recently described species seems to be fairly abundant where it occurs.

habitat:
This species inhabits the forest floor of Mediterranean forests, especially those with oaks (Quercus suber or Q. rotundifolia). Adults are found in late summer or autumn (Llucia-Pomares 2015) at altitudes between 47 m and 1,058 m asl, but may also occur at higher altitudes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in the National Park Monfragüe (Llucia-Pomares 2015). More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
In pan-Europe, the Eastern Beach-cricket is known from three locations and it is mainly threatened by touristic development in the coastal zones of Crimea and Thasos. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 300 km², there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and of mature individuals, and its population is severely fragmented. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).  
In the EU 28, the Eastern Beach-cricket is only known from one locality (Thasos), from where it has not been reported recently. It is not known whether the species is also declining on Thasos, because this island is currently less affected by touristic development. Due to the potential threat of touristic development affecting its habitat in the future (which may rapidly drive this species to Critically Endangered under Criterion B), it is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2.

range:
The Eastern Beach-cricket is only known from the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula and one locality on Thassos island, Greece (Gorochov 1995). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (8 km²), but it is difficult to find and therefore it is estimated to have a larger AOO with an upper estimate of 300 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 100 and 500 km².

population:
Information on the population size and trend of this species is very limited. The species has only been found at two localities and the subpopulations appear to be very small. The distance between the known localities is very large, and subpopulations may become extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. Therefore, it is assumed to have a severely fragmented distribution. It is assumed to be declining as a consequence of touristic development.

habitat:
The species occurs on shingle beaches and it has been found at altitudes between 5 - 50 m Asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the development of touristic infrastructure. Based on this threat, the species is only known from three locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015). Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Madeiran Beach-cricket (Pseudomogoplistes madeirae) is only known from the island of Madeira, in Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since after its discovery in 1957, it has never been found again. Hardly any information is known about it, and a first necessary step is to confirm that this species is still extant. If so, more research is needed into the population size and trend, the species' ecology and threats.

range:
The Madeiran Beach-cricket is only known from Madeira. It has been described on the basis of collected specimens from Funchal in 1957 (Gorochov and Marschall 2001). After its first collection it has not been observed again. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37 km², based on the assumption that the species occurs throughout the island.

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitats and ecology of this species. Supposedly, like the other species of the genus, it is present in the coastal zone under stones or other debris on sandy beaches.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. The first necessary step is to confirm that this species is still extant. If so, more research is needed into the population size and trend, the species' ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Beach-cricket (Pseudomogoplistes squamiger) is widespread along the Mediterranean coasts. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, it is still abundant along the Adriatic coast, and it is probably more common than currently known. The species might be locally threatened by touristic development, recreational activities and rising sea levels. More research is needed into its distribution in order to calculate a reliable area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
The Mediterranean Beach-cricket is found along the Mediterranean coasts of North Africa, Spain, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, France, the Balkans and Greece. Records from Greece may also belong to either Pseudomogoplistes byzantius or Pseudomogoplistes turcicus (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 1.8 million km².

population:
In Spain, this species seems to be rare and one subpopulation has recently not been found (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). This species does not sing and can only be found by turning stones at beaches, and is is therefore very likely to be more common than currently known. However, it is certainly negatively affected by touristic development along the Mediterranean coasts and therefore a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred. In France the species is only present in undisturbed areas (Berville et al. 2012). In Croatia the species is still abundant along the Adriatic coast (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The Mediterranean Beach-cricket is found on rocky and sandy beaches where it lives among stones and debris just above the splash zone (Massa et al. 2012). On some Mediterranean isles the species is also found several meters above sea level, in areas that are permanently sprayed with water (Berville et al. 2012).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by touristic development and recreational activities (Berville et al. 2012). It may also be threatened by rising sea levels as a consequence of climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Critically Endangered in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Particularly the area of occupancy (AOO) needs to be determined, as it may fall below the threshold for a threatened category under Criterion B.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Atlantic Beach-Cricket (Pseudomogoplistes vicentae) is found on shingle beaches on the Atlantic coast of Europe and North Africa. In Europe, it occurs on the Atlantic coast of Portugal, France, southern England and Wales. It is also found on the Canary Islands and is probably also present on the Spanish Atlantic coast. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 620,000 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is very small - ca 220 km². The species has been intensively searched for in northern France (Normandy, Brittany) and the UK, so its distribution in this part of the range is probably not larger than currently known. However, it might have been overlooked in the southern part of its range and the upper AOO estimate is 1,500 km². In addition, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations due to the ongoing threats. This beach-cricket has been reported to be decreasing in the northern part of its range as a consequence of marine pollution and storm surges. Sea level rise is a potential future threat, and further research is needed into the population size and trend. Remaining habitats need to be protected.

range:
The Atlantic Beach-Cricket is found along the Atlantic coast from Morocco to England. In Europe, the species occurs on the Atlantic coast of Portugal, France, southern England and Wales. It is also found on the Canary Islands  and is probably also present on the Spanish Atlantic coast. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 620,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 220 km², but it is assumed to be overlooked quite easily so that the upper estimate is 1,500 km².

population:
The exact population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it has been reported to be decreasing in the northern part of its range (K. Vahed and P. Stallegger pers. comm. 2015). Since it is nocturnal, the population size of this species might be underestimated, but according to the best present knowledge, local subpopulations are small. These subpopulations are very isolated with large distances between them, there is probably little genetic exchange between them, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The Atlantic Beach-Cricket is found on shingle beaches, where it lives between the shingle, feeding on detritus (Sutton 2015). It is mainly found on sparsely vegetated places (Gardiner 2009). Eggs are laid in drift wood, which may be a means of dispersal (K. Vahed pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
A potential threat to the species is sea-level rise  as a consequence of climate change (Sutton 2015). A storm surge in 2014 heavily affected a subpopulation in England (K. Vahed  pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, the species has been found to be affected by marine pollution. A subpopulation in Branscombe (UK) was affected by pollution from a stranded ship that lost fuel and cargo in 2001, but the subpopulation survived (Sutton 2015). It has also been affected by excavation for cables for a tidal energy program (Sutton 2015). Studies from England (Chesil  Beach, Dorset) suggest that the species is not negatively influenced by tourism and may even benefit from increased  numbers of visitors by the higher amount of detritus (Gardiner 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas. After heavy storm surges in 2014, a subpopulation at Branscombe (England) was heavily affected and some individuals were raised in captivity (K. Vahed pers. comm. 2015). A total of 60 captive-bred nymphs were introduced to a site close to this locality. It is listed as "priority 1" (equivalent to Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species. Remaining habitats need to be protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Oromi, P., Braud, Y., Tim, G., Vahed, K., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Dusoulier, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C. & Fontana, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus acervorum) is a very widespread species that occurs from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus and from Bulgaria to Lithuania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is probably very large, the population trend appears to be increasing and no major threats to it have been reported. It lives in ant nests but is not ecologically highly specialised regarding its habitat. It might be currently expanding its range towards the northwest.

range:
The Common Ant-cricket is widespread from the French Atlanticcoast to the Caucasus. In Europe it is found from the Pyrenees, northern Italy and Bulgaria in the south to Denmark and Lithuania in the north (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). Its distribution is not completely clear as it has often been confused with other species (Stalling and Birrer 2013). Furthermore, ant cricket species are generally difficult to find. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.8 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread in Europe and the population is probably very large and not significantly fragmented (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It has recently been found further west and north of its known distribution (Tillmanns 2007, Schmidt and Schmitt 2011) which suggests that the population trend may be increasing (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in ant nests but has a wide ecological amplitude (Franc et al. 2015). It is found in forests, shrubland, heathland, grassland and ruderal vegetation (Franc et al. 2015, T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It parasitises several ant species nests and mainly reproduces via parthenogenesis (Junker 1997). It prefers warm, humid micro-habitats (Junker 1997, Franc et al. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Data Deficient on the Red List of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ligurian Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus aequispina) occurs in southeastern France and northwestern Italy, and it lives as a parasite in ant nests in Mediterranean scrubland, dry grassland or in coniferous and deciduous forests, from sea level to 450 m altitude. Very little is known about its exact distribution, population size, trend and threats and further research is needed to clarify the status of this species. However, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km², although it is likely to be larger, and it is thus assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The distribution of Myrmecophilus aequispina is not well understood. Its presence in southern France and northern Italy has been recently confirmed (Stalling and Birrer 2013). It was thought to be present in Germany and Austria, but these records are misinterpretations (Stalling and Birrer 2013). In France, it is known from the Hérault to the Alpes-Maritimes departments, and along the Rhône river to the north of Vaucluse Department (Defaut et al. 2009). In Italy, it is known only from Liguria (Massa et al. 2012). The knowledge on its distribution in France and Italy is very limited, and most of the former records need to be confirmed since confusions are possible with other Myrmecophilus species. Until 2013, the identification of European Myrmecophilus species was difficult as recent taxonomic literature was missing (Stalling and Birrer 2013). The currently known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km².

population:
As other species in this genus, Myrmecophilus aequispina is a very discrete species, rarely observed and difficult to identify. In Italy, only one record exists in Genoa (Massa et al. 2012, Stalling and Birrer 2013). In France, between 10 and 20 localities have been reported, but for most of them the identification needs to be checked. Currently, eight localities have been checked (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Myrmecophilus aequispina lives in dry habitats asa parasite in nests of different ant species. It is found under stones in Mediterranean scrublands and dry grasslands, under the barks or in the stocks in coniferous or deciduous forests. It occurs from sea level to 450 m altitude.

threats:
Local subpopulations are probably affected by land use changes, urbanisation and several local development projects. These impacts are not documented, and there is no information to assess whether these threats are significant.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Myrmecophilus aequispina, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Balkan Ant-cricket is currently only known from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, but it might be more widespread. It does not seem to be highly specialised, there are no indications of a population decline and no major threats to this species have been reported.  Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Balkan Ant-cricket is currently known from three localities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Stalling 2013, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The species possibly occurs in Bulgaria based on some unpublished records (Chobanov 2009) which were formerly referred to M. myrmecophilus (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,200 km².

habitat:
The species is found on stony slopes (usually limestone), either covered with grass-scrub (Juniperus communis L.) or with sparse oak vegetation. The adult specimens are found in nests of Lasius niger and Cataglyphis nodus, and the nymphs are found in nests of Pheidole pallidula. The life history of this species is mostly unknown. The adults and larvae are found in July but all stages probably occur throughout the year. Its altitudinal range is 500 - 1,100 m.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Stalling, T., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, Baroni's Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus baronii) is only known from Malta and the Italian island Pantelleria. It may also be present on Gozo. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since, although little is known about it, the subpopulations are rather small and isolated and the population is considered severely fragmented. In addition, this species has a restricted geographic range - extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,550 km², and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², but the actual AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km². Thus, this species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. According to the latest report of the habitats directive, the status of the species is "favourable" on Pantelleria and "unfavourable-bad" on Malta. More research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Baroni's Ant-cricket is known from North Africa, Italy (Pantelleria) and Malta (Massa et al. 2012, Stalling 2014). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,550 km², and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km². However, the actual AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend. As the species is flightless and subpopulations are small and isolated by the sea, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands and forest, and it is known to live in ant nests of Camponotus barbaricus between 10 and 20 m asl.

threats:
Urbanisation and touristic development are the major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on annexes II and IV of the European habitats directive. According to the latest report of the habitats directive, the status of the species is "favourable" on Pantelleria and "unfavourable-bad" on Malta (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Odé, B. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Brown Ant-Cricket (Myrmecophilus fuscus) is expected to be widely distributed in Spain, Mallorca, southern France, Corsica, Sicily and Malta. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is believed to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Brown Ant-Cricket has only recently been discovered (Stalling 2013). The currently known distribution is limited to mainland Spain, Mallorca, southern France, Corsica, Sicily and Malta (Stalling 2015, Stalling et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 700,000 km². The species is expected to be more widespread than presently known (Stalling et al. 2015, T Stalling pers. comm. 2016).

population:
While the number of specimens found in an ants' nest is usually small, the species seems to be quite common and the population trend is expected to be stable (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). The species is flightless and has a limited capacity to colonise new areas.

habitat:
The Brown Ant-cricket inhabits the nests of several species of ants. Throughout its range it can be found in a range of habitats like semi-open forest with oak or pine and shrubland (Stalling 2015, Stalling et al. 2015). This species is found from sea level up to 900 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). Further research is needed into its distribution and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Rough-tailed Ant-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 910,000 km).

range:
The Rough-tailed Ant-cricket is currently known from Crimea, southern Bulgaria, southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), mainland Greece and the island of Cres in Croatia (Chobanov 2009, Stalling and Machackova 2014). However, ant-crickets are difficult to find and its distribution may be much wider than is currently known. Its occurrence in European Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Montenegro is likely.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. It lives in relatively small ant nests usually under tree bark, where no more than several dozens of individuals can be found. However, depending on the habitat, subpopulations may be comparatively large.

habitat:
The species lives in warm habitats and is typically found in ant nests within dead wood (rarely under stones) within sparse dry forests and Mediterranean scrubland. It is found in nests of Camponotus sp., Myrmica sp., Crematogaster scutellaris, Lasius sp., Camponotus ligniperda, etc., between 50 and 1,700 m altitude (Chobanov 2009, Stalling and Machackova 2014). Adults and nymphs occur throughout the year in ant nests and sometimes disperse between them.

threats:
The threats to this species are not well known, but forest fires and wood logging (especially in southeastern Bulgaria) surely affect its populations through fragmentation and destruction of its habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The Mediterranean Ant-cricket occurs in large parts of the Mediterranean, although its distribution is still poorly understood. It lives as a parasite in ant nests in Mediterranean scrubland, dry grassland or in coniferous and deciduous forests, from sea level to 1,250 m altitude. Further research is needed on its population size, trends and threats. However, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.2 million km², but it could even be larger, and due to its wide distribution it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Mediterranean Ant-cricket is widespread on the northeastern Mediterranean basin. It has been recorded from France (mainland, Corsica), Italy (mainland), Croatia and Greece (Crete, Samos, Thessaloniki region) (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015). Records from Bulgaria might belong to another species  (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015). The species is also possibly extant on Sardinia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Rhodos and the European part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) currently known covers c. 1.2 million km². Accurate information about the distribution of this species is partly lacking as there are still doubtful records.

population:
As others species in this genus, Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus is a very secretive species which is rarely observed and difficult to identify. The species is not well known, but the population is probably not severely fragmented (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015), and is especially widely distributed in Italy. There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus occurs in dry habitats, where it lives as a nest parasite of different ant species in a large variety of habitats: under stones in Mediterranean scrubland and in dry grassland, or under the barks or in the stocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. It occurs from sea level to 1,250 m altitude.

threats:
Locally, the introduced ant Linepithema humile could be a threat for the native ant species, but it is unknown how it will affect the Ant-cricket species. It is also not a major threat in most of the range.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It was assessed as Data Deficient in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).
The Serbian Ant-cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its presumably wide distribution and no major threats affecting the species.

range:
The Serbian Ant-cricket is known from western Serbia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2008), Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009) and Hungary (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It occurs between 50 and 1,200 m altitude. Some of the Bulgarian localities may possibly refer to M. acervorum. Its distribution is generally poorly understood and it is likely to occur also in some neighbouring countries (Greece, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia). Therefore, any estimate of its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) would be speculative.

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of habitats, from dry stony areas to humid forests along rivers. It inhabits ant nests of a wide range of species living in the soil or within rotten wood, such as Lasius sp., Formica sp. and F. gagates (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe, the Ochre Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus ochraceus) is known from Spain, Italy, Malta, and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe, relatively common and the subpopulations are assumed to be large.

range:
The Ochre Ant-cricket is very widespread in the Mediterranean region from Syria and Greece to Italy, Northern Africa and Spain. In Europe, it is known from Spain (mainland and Balearic Islands), Italy (southern Peninsula, Sicily, Lampedusa and Pantelleria), Malta, and Greece (mainland and Crete) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.6 million km².

population:
This species is relatively common and the subpopulations are assumed to be large.The population is not fragmented, but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is known to inhabit shrubland, wasteland and grassland. It is also known to live in ant nests at elevations between 10 m and 800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the Calabrian Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe calabra) is known from one locality in the southernmost Italian Peninsula and is widespread in Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution in Sicily and due to the fact that no major threats to it have been reported. However, the species is present in small, isolated subpopulations. More research into population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Calabrian Stone Grasshopper is known from one locality in the southernmost Italian Peninsula (Bova, Calabria) and is widespread in Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). This species is also found in Tunisia and Algeria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 24,100 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size or trend. However, the species is present in small, isolated subpopulations.

habitat:
This medium large grasshopper inhabits open dry grasslands, shrublands, and rocky areas from sea level up to 1,300 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into is population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Compte's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe comptei) is endemic to Spain and is presently only known from six localities at the seaside in the province of Huelva, in Doñana National Park and surrounding areas (southwestern Spain). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into the population trend is needed to have a better understating of its status. Better protection of this species and its habitat is recommended.

range:
Compte's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and is presently only known from six localities at the seaside in the province of Huelva, in Doñana National Park and surrounding areas (southwestern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
The population is severely fragmented, because the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small and isolated. This species is rare and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is only known to occur in low Mediterranean-type shrubland vegetation, consisting mostly of Cistus spp. and Halimium spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997).

threats:
No major to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (such as Doñana National Park). Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, threats and ecology of this little-known species. The protection of this species, its habitats, and the creation of management plans are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Deceptive Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe deceptoria) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is known from the central and eastern part of Spain, mainly from the provinces bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and no major threats to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this species.

range:
The Deceptive Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is known from the central and eastern part of Spain, mainly from the provinces bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 185,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are small but there is no information available on the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated and individuals are flightless, thus, the population is considered severely fragmented. It is worth noting that, in some areas such as in Cuenca, repeated fluctuations in population size have been detected, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and the species is considered a pest of Rosmarinus sp. (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species is usually associated to Rosemary shrubby vegetation (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes from 300 m to 1,830 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Eulalia's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe eulaliae) is endemic to northeastern Spain. It has only recently been discovered and only a few specimens are known. It is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,250 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population appears to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Only ten specimens have ever been collected, and its subpopulations are probably very small. The subpopulations are isolated and the adults are flightless. Research on the population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed.

range:
Eulalia's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only known from four localities in the provinces of Barcelona and Tarragona in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,250 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Only ten specimens have ever been collected, and its subpopulations are probably very small. The subpopulations are isolated and because the adult individuals are flightless, the population appears to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
There is little available information for this species. Presumably, it is found in Thymus spp. and Rosmarinus spp. shrubland areas (Olmo-Vidal 2009). It has been found at altitudes between 430 m and 475 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and so far it has not been recorded in any protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population size and trend as well as the ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Galvagni's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe galvagnii) is endemic to Italy, only found on Egadi Islands. This species is assessedas Near Threatened sinceit has a restricted distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), and it is considered to occur at only 5 locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The development of tourism infrastructure poses a threat to this species. Research is needed in to the population size and trend and the ecological requirements of this species.

range:
Galvagni's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Egadi Islands (Marettimo, Favignana and Levanzo) in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
This species is uncommon but more or less regularly present on the three islands. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The large grasshopper is often found in shrubland and rocky habitats. Adults occur in spring and summer at elevations between 10 m and 100 m asl.

threats:
The island of Favignana is a tourist destination and coastal development may pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of coastal development and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, although research is needed into population dynamics, life history and ecology. It occurs in one protected area in the island of Marettimo.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Nieto, A. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Western Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe hesperica) has five subspecies, but only the nominal form is found in Europe, in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², its population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. This species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of conversion of its habitat into urban and resort areas. Research is needed into the population trend of the species throughout its range. Protection of this species' habitat is needed in order to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Western Stone Grasshopper has five subspecies, but only the nominal form is found in Europe, in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 67,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species is rare and the population trend is decreasing as a result of habitat loss due to land use change and urbanisation in coastal areas. Further inland the species is more common than along the coast.

habitat:
This species inhabits open grasslands and different types of shrubs (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from the seaside up to 1,750 m Asl in the mountains, but it is mostly found at low altitudes.

threats:
This species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of conversion of its habitat into urban and resort areas.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend of the species throughout its range. Protection of this species' habitat is needed in order to avoid any further population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ignat's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe ignatii) has been recorded only four times so far (once in each locality), with two of these records dating to the beginning of the 20th century, being therefore scarce or under-sampled. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data regarding the population trend, ecology and threats to the species. Further research is needed in these areas in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Ignat's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to central Portugal. It has been recorded only four times (once in each locality), with two of these records dating to the beginning of the 20th century (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997), and two records from the 21st century (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). The recent records are approximately 10 km apart, one of them being located in a protected area. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend. It is assumed to be rare and to have small subpopulations, similar to many other species of the family Pamphagidae. This species is flightless.

habitat:
There is no habitat information for the records from the 20th century. Recently, the species was observed in pine forest on sand dunes (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but wildfires could  potentially affect it.

conservationAction:
Available information on this species is very scarce. One recent record is located in a protected area. Research on the threats, population trend, distribution as well as its life history and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mabille's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe mabillei) is endemic the southern half of central Spain, from Valencia to Extremadura. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.

range:
Mabille's Stone Grasshopper occurs inthesouthern half of central Spain, from Valencia to Extremadura. Its range could potentially be larger in neighbouring areas with suitable habitat. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 83,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations of this flightless species are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is rare, but its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species. It has been collected in open areas with low shrubs of Rosmarinus spp., Cistus spp., and Lavandula spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes below 1,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paulino's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe paulinoi) is endemic to the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The distribution of Paulino's Stone Grasshopper is restricted to the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, where it seems to be rare (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It was only known from four published records (one from Spain and three from Portugal), but new unpublished data from recent years suggests a wider distribution of the species (S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It is flightless and it has probably small subpopulations like many other species of the family Pamphagidae.

habitat:
There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
Available information on this species is very scarce, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed on the population trend, distribution as well as the life history, ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Doñana Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe perisi) is endemic to the Doñana National Park, in the Huelva province, southwestern Spain. It has been collected from only two localities at the seaside before 1980. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
The Doñana Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Doñana National Park, in the Huelva province, southwestern Spain. It has been collected from only two localities at the seaside before 1980 (Gangwere et al. 1985) and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 650 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The subpopulations of this flightless species are probably very small and isolated, similarly to other Acinipe species.

habitat:
There is little available information on this species. It has been found in open shrubland (Gangwere et al. 1985).

conservationAction:
Despite its scarcity, there are no conservation measures in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with a protected area. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Segura Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe segurensis) is endemic to central and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is is 152 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Research should be undertaken on the population trend and threats to the species.

range:
The Segura Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it occurs in the central and southern parts of the country. It is more widely distributed in the Betic and Penibetic mountains (southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 166,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².

population:
The population of this species is considered severely fragmented as its subpopulations are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species has a very low mobility as it is flightless. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold, as occasionally outbreaks have been detected. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. As a result of such outbreaks, the species is considered pest of Rosmarinus spp. (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species typically inhabits open Rosmarinus sp. shrublands (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at a wide attitudinal range (10-1,900 m Asl).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Maghreb Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe tibialis) is found in Morocco, Algeria and the southern tip of Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,137 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Maghreb Stone Grasshopper is found in Morocco, Algeria and the southern tip of Spain (Presa and Llorente 1982). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,100 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are very small and the species is restricted to specific habitats. Given that it is completely flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is highly unlikely. All records are rather old but Pamphagidae species are very difficult to find. Extreme fluctuations in population size have been reported from other Pamphagidae species, but not for Acinipe tibialis so far. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland from sea level up to 400 m asl (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Natural Park "Los Alcornocales"). Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Lemos, P., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gomera Stick Grasshopper is endemic to La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), where it occurs mainly in laurel forest, but also inEuphorbia shrubland. Although the laurel forests are protected, they have recently been affected by wildfires. The species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 28-50 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 63 km². The number of locations, based on the sizes of recent wildfires is small (less than 5). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat. The population is severely fragmented, as subpopulations are small and the species is completely flightless. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 63 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 28 km², with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore assumed to be severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as a result of the increasing wildfire frequencies in La Gomera, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat.

habitat:
This species occurs in laurel forest andEuphorbia shrubland.

threats:
Acrostira bellamyi is mainly threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies on La Gomera, but also by habitat degradation due to agriculture (grazing inEuphorbia stands) and forestry (conversion of natural laurel forest to pine plantations). It is also threatened by natural events, such as landslides. The number of locations, based on the sizes of recent wildfires is small (< 5).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but large parts of its population occur in the Garajonay National Park. Better fire control is needed in order to avoid any future declines of the species, and natural laurel forests need to be restored. Further research on the population size and trend and threats is needed, together with the monitoring of the trend of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Palma Stick Grasshopper (Acrostira euphorbiae) is endemic to La Palma and has a very small extent of occurrence (< 20 km²). The only location of this species is strongly affected by overgrazing and logging of its main food plant, Euphorbia lamarckii, as well as wildfires. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals. Furthermore, the population is very small (200 mature individuals) and all individuals are found in a single subpopulation. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
This species is endemic to the southwestern part of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2003, 2007). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is here also estimated as 20 km² (even though calculated with a minimum convex polygon it is c. 8 km²).

population:
The population size is very small (c. 200 mature individuals) and is currently decreasing. From 2003 to 2008 the population decreased by 68%. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species occurs in scrubland dominated by Euphorbia lamarckii. Acrostira euphorbiae dwells and feeds only on this bush. Its altitudinal range is 40 - 680 m.

threats:
The insect is threatened by illegal logging of Euphorbia lamarckii, overgrazing and wildfires. Increased grazing leads to the ongoing degradation of its habitat. Previous plans of building a golf course in its main habitat have meanwhile been stopped. Its habitat is found in an area, which is very likely to be destroyed by future land slides and may also be affected by tsunamis. On the basis of any of this threats, only one location has been estimated.

conservationAction:
The species is currently listed as Endangered on the Spanish Red List (Verdú et al. 2006) and protected by law. Recent plans to build a golf course in its habitat have been abandoned (H. López pers. comm. 2015). There is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as the raising of awareness and legislation. Furthermore, there is a need for research on its ecology (particularly on the question of why this species seems to be restricted to a single food plant, which is not the case for its relatives on other islands). Finally, a strategic species conservation plan would be very useful to protect this species. A monitoring program of its population and habitat should be established.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper (Acrostira tamarani) is endemic to Gran Canaria and has a small extent of occurrence (832 km²) and area of occupancy (44 - 200 km²). The number of locations is five, based on the most important threat which is wildfires, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
The Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 832 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based on the known records is 44 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².

population:
Similar to other Acrostira species, the Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper occurs in low densities. The species is flightless and thus not able to rapidly recolonise areas. Subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing frequencies of wildfires, and there is also a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations.

habitat:
Acrostira tamarani occurs inEuphorbia shrubland and forest.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires. The number of locations on the basis of this threat is five. The species may also be affected by landslides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trends is needed as well as research on the effects of the increasing wildfire frequencies on the population of this species. A proper fire management needs to be developed to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Stick Grasshopper is only known from a small area on Tenerife with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 12 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km². It is unknown how the species may be influenced by ongoing human activities, particularly goat grazing. Projections of potential future volcanic activities suggest that the habitat of this species could be affected by future lava flows. There is only a single location, but no evidence for a continuing decline exists. As the number of mature individuals is estimated to be below 200, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Tenerife Stick Grasshopper is endemic to the northwestern part of Tenerife and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 12 km²). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
Only one subpopulation exists, which seems to be very small. The estimated number of mature individuals is smaller than 200. The species is flightless and thus not able to colonise new areas. The population trend of the species is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in Euphorbia shrubland. Its altitudinal range is 330 - 1,300 m.

threats:
The species is threatened by future volcanic eruptions on Tenerife, as future lava flows have been projected to run close to the area in which this species occurs (Carracedo et al. 2007). The effects of grazing on this species need to be studied. Based on these threats, the species occurs only in a single location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs only in a very small area, which is part of the Parque Rural de Teno. Research on its population trend and the effects of current grazing activities on the species is needed. As the species has a very small population size, a monitoring programme should be implemented.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Bordered Stone Grasshopper has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), as its upper estimate in Europe is 1,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is 1,000 km². Taking into account the severe fragmentation of its populations and the continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), the quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Bordered Stone Grasshopper is known from southeastern Romania (Dobrogea), through the eastern Balkan Peninsula (east and south Bulgaria, European Turkey) to the southern Balkans (north Greece and east Former Yugoslavic Republic of Macedonia) from the lowlands up to 600 m Asl (Harz 1975). Its occurrence in extreme northwestern Anatolia needs confirmation. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 270,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 185,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 300 and 1,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is between 250 and 1,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the decline on the quality of habitat and the area of occupancy. There is also a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO).

habitat:
The species inhabits dry inland grasslands or Pontic steppes, open bare areas dominated by grass vegetation on stony (carbonate, volcanic) substrate. In the past it was also found in coastal dunes (Buresch and Peshev 1955). The species is flightless.

threats:
The species is affected by the transformation of its habitat into agricultural land and the expansion of touristic infrastructure and wind farms (especially in Dobrudzha in Bulgaria).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Pointed Stone Grasshopper (Asiotmethis muricatus) occurs from the Caucasus and the Lower Volga region over Kazakhstan to Siberia. In Europe, it is found in southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common and the population trend seems to be stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Pointed Stone Grasshopper occurs from the Caucasus and the Lower Volga region over Kazakhstan to Siberia (Ünal 2007). In Europe it is foundin southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013) where it has been reported from the Saratov region, Orenburg region, Kalmykia and Astrakhan (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 200-500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 436,000 km².

population:
The population of this species is assumed to be stable, but slightly fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). It is a common species, but rare at the northern border of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in semi-deserts on clay and loamy soils with scarce vegetation and some bushes (Savitsky and Lekarev 2007, Savitsky 2009, Savitsky et al. 2013), dominated by wormwoods and pyrethrums (Kalacheva 2005). It is also found in steppe habitats (Zinenko et al. 2005). The main food plants are Artemisia species (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution and population trends is needed as well as a taxonomic revision of the genus.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crimean Stone Grasshopper (Asiotmethis tauricus) is only found in a small area on Crimea and the adjacent Ukrainian mainland. Its presence in the southern part of European Russia is uncertain. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals, due to transformation of its steppe habitat into farmland. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Crimean Stone Grasshopper is found on Crimea and in the adjacent part of southern Ukraine (Ünal 2007). Its distribution outside of Europe is not clear. A subspecies A. tauricus flavipes Steinmann, 1966 has been described from Kazakhstan, but assigned to a wrong species name "Asiotmethis tauritus" and wrong authority "Brunner von Wattenwyl" (Ünal 2007). It thus remains unknown whether it was intended to be a subspecies of Asiotmethis turritus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833) or Asiothmethis tauricus. Another subspecies A. tauricus steppensis Shumakov, 1949 has been described from the Saratov region and Askania Nova. As the species is flightless the records from Russia are doubtful and the two subspecies A. t. flavipes and A. t. steppensis may belong to another species. This species' extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 40,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals.

threats:
A major threat to this species is the transformation of its steppe habitat into farmland (T. Pushkar and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is assumed to occur in protected areas. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ayres' Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus ayresi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a relatively wide distribution, can be quite abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, information about this species is scarce and research is needed into the population trend, distribution, life history, its ecology and threats.

range:
This flightless species has a scattered distribution in the western Iberian Peninsula, mainly in northern and central Portugal (Llorente and Presa 1997, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011, S. Ferreira unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend, although it can be quite abundant.

habitat:
This species prefers bare ground habitats in mountainous areas (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005; Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. Although it may be affected by wildfires, it is not a habitat specialist and the effects of the fires are probably not very significant.

conservationAction:
This species is known to occur in protected areas (Llorente and Presa 1997, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011). Information regarding this species is scarce and research is needed to estimate its population trend, distribution as well as life history, its ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Hooded Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus cucullatus) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed asLeast Concern since it is common and the population size is presumed to be large. However, the population is severely fragmented and research is needed into the threats and population trend of this species.

range:
The Hooded Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, occurring in the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Some records of the species from the Burgos province in the northern third of Spain are thought to be the result of mislabelling and are therefore not considered here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 55,000 km².

population:
The population trend is unknown but the species is common and the overall population size is presumed to be large. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the species is flightless and thus has low mobility, its subpopulations are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species is usually found in open or low shrublands with Pistacia spp., Rosmarinus spp., Cistus spp., Thymus spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It is found from the sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
Greenhouse construction can lead to habitat loss in the lowlands (especially for the subspecies E. cucullatus almeriensis).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research on the threats and population trend of the species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Mountain Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus monticola) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed on its population trend and threats.

range:
The Mountain Stone Grasshopper is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km², with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. The population is considered severely fragmented since the subpopulations of this flightless species are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species is found in low Mediterranean shrublands and on Juniperus bushes (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 600 m and 3,100 m Asl.

threats:
This species may be affected by habitat loss as a consequence of climate change, making its range shift upwards.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed on its population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Speckled Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus punctatus) is endemic to a mountainous area in the Betic mountain system in southern Spain. This species is assessed as as Near Threatened since although the species appears to not be in decline, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 500 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in habitat quality due to global warming and sheep grazing; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the population trend and into the threats to this grasshopper.

range:
The Speckled Stone Grasshopper is endemic to a mountainous area in the Betic mountain system in southern Spain. It occurs in the Albacete, Granada and Jaén provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species is found at low densities (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016), although it seems to be common. The population may be considered partly fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species lives in open habitats such as open and scattered bushes, as well as in high-mountain pastures with Festuca species (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 600 m and 2,100 m Asl.

threats:
The species may be affected by habitat loss as a result of global warming and sheep grazing(F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016), resulting in a decline in the quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into the population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Rubio's Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus rubioi) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the Granada and Almería provinces of southern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 100 km²), and there is a projected continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality due to climate change; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Climate change has been shown to affect the biota of the Sierra Nevada significantly and it is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species by shifting its range upwards. Research is needed into its population trend and the effects of climate change on this species.

range:
Rubio's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the Granada and Almería provinces of southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
The species is rare, but there is no available information on the population size and trend. The population is partly fragmented since subpopulations are isolated and individuals are flightless, with very low mobility. However, it is not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in shrubland and high mountain pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997), at altitudes between 1,000 m and 3,450 m Asl.

threats:
Climate change has been shown to affect the biota of the Sierra Nevada significantly and it is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species by shifting its range upwards. This species is threatened by the effects of global warming, which can lead to its habitat shifting  upwards. Monitoring of the population size and trend is required.  Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its population trend and the effects of climate change on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Bolivar's Stone Grasshopper (Euryparyphes bolivarii) is known from Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only known from a single type specimen collected in the Málaga province. However, its distribution is not fully clear and it is also possible that the label is wrong and the species only occurs in North Africa. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats. Further research is needed to determine if this species occurs in Europe, and if so, to assess its extinction risk.

range:
Bolivar's Stone Grasshopper is known from Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only known from a single type specimen collected in the Málaga province. However, its distribution is not fully clear and it is also possible that the label is wrong and the species only occurs in North Africa.

population:
There is no available information on the population trend and size of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution of this species, particularly its occurrence in Europe, as well as into the population size and trend, breeding biology, ecology, and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Earthling Stone Grasshopper (Euryparyphes terrulentus) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is presumably large, it is quite common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Earthling Stone Grasshopper is endemic to southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 66,300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km²with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. This species is common, locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in low and scattered Mediterranean shrubland and in pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnassos Stone Grasshopper (Glyphanus obtusus) is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from the southeastern part of the Greek mainland and the adjoining northern part of the Peloponnesus. Currently, the presence of the species has been confirmed from three spots only, two around Mt. Parnassos and one southwest of Athens. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is estimated to be between 40 and 400 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in this species' extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations, and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanization and overgrazing. The area of one site where the species still occurs has been significantly reduced by urbanization due to the building of a winter-sport village. A study to collect more information on the population size, the trends in population size and its distribution pattern is needed. Research to make an objective assessment of the threats that this species faces is needed as well, and the known subpopulations of this species should be monitored. Proper management of the touristic activities and grazing is required, and site protection should be considered as means of protecting this grasshopper.

range:
The Parnassos Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from the southeastern part of the Greek mainland and the adjoining northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Currently, the presence of the species has been confirmed from only three spots, two around Mt. Parnassos and one southwest of Athens. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated at ca 9,200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 40 and 400 km².

population:
For most sites from where this species has been reported, only a single observation/collection exists. There are only three sites where this species has been found at various occasions during the past 40 years. On Mt. Parnassos, a winter-sport village was built on top of one of the known localities. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have very small subpopulations with very low detection rates. The subpopulations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and it is therefore considered as severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred due to habitat loss.

habitat:
The habitat where this species is found on Mt. Parnassos consists of open rocky slopes and flat areas covered with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses interspersed with some bushes like Juniperus. There is no available information on the habitat at the other sites where this species has been found; it is found at elevations of 300-1,200 m asl.

threats:
The hill and mountain slopes where this species is found are used for livestock grazing. Grazing poses a potential threat to the habitat but its impact on the species is unknown. Mt. Parnassos is used for skiing in the winter - the effect of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity can be very serious: in the plateau on Mt. Parnassos above Arachova, a winter-sport village was build on top of a subpopulation of this species in the 1970s to 1990s. In the Athens region, it was probably also affected by urbanization in the past.

conservationAction:
Currently, no conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Likewise, there are no conservation plans drawn up. A study to collect more information on the population size, the trends in population size and its distribution pattern are needed. Research to make an objective assessment of the threats that this species faces is needed as well, and the known subpopulations of this species should be monitored. Proper management of the touristic activities and grazing is required, and site protection should be considered as means of protecting this grasshopper.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Heldreich's Stone Grasshopper (Glyphotmethis heldrichi) is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). Within the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. In Greece, this species is affected by the intensification of agricultural practices and grazing, and further research is needed into its distribution and population trend.

range:
The Heldreich's Stone Grasshopper is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov  and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km². Within the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in this region is ca 42,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. The subpopulations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and it is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This flightless species prefers open sunny hills, with a varying amount of rock cover and a sparse to more dense herbal vegetation. It is also present in agricultural areas.

threats:
The hills where this species is found are used for grazing livestock. Grazing poses a potential threat to the habitat, but the impact on the species is still unknown. Agricultural intensification and insecticide use may also pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
Currently no conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this grasshopper.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Futile Stone Grasshopper (Kurtharzia nugatoria) is endemic to eastern Spain.This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is scarce, the overall population size is possibly large, and the habitat where it occurs is common. However, further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.

range:
The Futile Stone Grasshopper is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but this species is scarce. It is possible that the overall population size is large.

habitat:
This flightless species inhabits different types of open, low Mediterranean shrublands dominated by Genista scorpius and Buxus species (Llucià Pomares 2002). This habitat is common. It is found at altitudes between 337 m and 1,500 m Asl.

threats:
Wildfires may affect the species throughout its distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Groovy Stone Grasshopper has a very small distribution in Spain, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,500 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 to 50 km². Its population is severely fragmented. There is an observed continuing decline in EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are reforestation, wildfires and intensive cattle grazing. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Groovy Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to very few localities in the Albacete province (Llorente and Presa 1997, Gómez et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is c. 2,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 to 50 km².

population:
Although the population size is unknown, there is strong evidence from field observations that the population size is decreasing. There is an observed continuing decline in EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The subpopulations are small and severely fragmented as the species is flightless, there is no connection between the different subpopulations and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
The habitat of this species consists of sunny exposed mountains slopes with presence of bare ground and scattered scrubs, such as Sparto grass and Rosemary (Gómez et al. 1989). The habitat is within ample managed pine reforestation lands (plantations). Its altitudinal range is 600 - 880 m.

threats:
Habitat destruction by intense pine reforestation represents the major threat to this species. The wild fire frequency is increasing in the area. In 2012, an area of 70 km² burnt in Hellín, one of the main localities of the species. Massive insecticide use against pine caterpillars for the protection of managed forests around may also affect these insects around the forest. Overgrazing by cattle damages the structure of the scrub, increases eutrophication and changes the structure of the ground.

conservationAction:
The most important conservation measure for this species would be the preservation of its habitat in order to prevent the threats to the species. Mitigation of reforestation is a key factor, but regulating grazing by cattle should also be undertaken. Research is needed to get a better picture of the distribution and population size, and on the threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Cordero, P.J., Gómez, R, Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., García, M., Prunier, F., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Dotted Stone Grasshopper (Ocneridia nigropunctata) occurs in Italy and most of north Africa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in Sicily, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Dotted Stone Grasshopper is known from Sicily (Italy) and north Africa (Lybia, Tunisia and Algeria) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 29,000 km².

population:
The species is common and widespread all over Sicily. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in dry grassland, fields, shrubland and rocky habitats. Adults occur in spring and summer, egg hatching in autumn, and overwintering as nymph. It is a flightless species, and it occurs from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Brunner's Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes brunnerii) is endemic to Spain where it occurs in a wide area of the central and eastern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Spain, seems to be common and no major threat to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and further research is needed on the population size and trend of this grasshopper.

range:
Brunner's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it occurs in a wide area of the central and eastern Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km².

population:
The species is not abundant but seems to be common. The population is severely fragmented as the individuals are flightless and subpopulations seem to be very small and isolated.

habitat:
This species is found in lowlands and in lower mountainous areas and inhabits areas of scarce vegetation, usually Thymus shrubland and mixed shrub-grass associations (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this widespread species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on its population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Misleading Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes fallaciosus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Misleading Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the southern Iberian Peninsula, and is found in Spain (Huelva and Granada provinces) and Portugal (Algarve).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population is considered severely fragmented as this species is flightless, and subpopulations are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Although it can be locally common in Portugal, this is not the case in Spain. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in open Mediterranean shrublands of Thymus, Ulex and Daucus species (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 40 m and 732 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in two protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Thick-necked Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes prosternalis) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,500 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualify for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into its population trend and threats.

range:
The Thick-necked Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 170,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented since this grasshopper is flightless and the subpopulations are very small, isolated by large distances and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The species inhabits Rosmarinus and Cistus shrubland (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009) and it is found at altitudes between 188 m and 1,750 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Soler's Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes soleri) is endemic to Spain where it is known from five localities within a small area belonging to the Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
Soler's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain where it is known from five localities within a small area belonging to the Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this rare species. The population is severely fragmented since individuals are flightless and the known subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species has been collected in dense Thymus shrublands (Pardo and Gómez 1995) and it occurs at altitudes between 700 m and 900 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Slender Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus gracilis) is probably endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,875 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals due to bushfires. Stone Grasshoppers are difficult to monitor due to low population densities, and further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history, is required. In addition, proper fire management is needed to prevent future population declines, and the development of new wind parks should only be carried out after appropriate environmental impact assessments.

range:
The Slender Stone Grasshopper is probably endemic to Cyprus (Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,875 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor about its population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single observation/collection exists. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. As a result of wildfires, the species is undergoing a continuing decline.

habitat:
No information is given in the literature about the habitats where this species is found. The single specimen collected near Xandria was found on an open hill covered with low Cistus bushes. Orchamus species have often been associated with open pine forests with an undergrowth of grass and herbs and small bushes, a habitat which is very common across Mt. Troodos in Cyprus. It can by found in phryganic habitats in the lowlands. This species is found up to 1,350 m asl.

threats:
As the species occurs in habitats close to or within open pine forests, it is liable to bushfires. The establishment of wind farms may also affect this species as a result of infrastructure construction.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper fire management is needed to prevent future population declines, and the development of new wind parks should only be carried out after appropriate environmental impact assessments.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Karpathos Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus kaltenbachi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek island of Karpathos. A juvenile female was reported from the nearby island of Kasos which may well belong to this species. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 140 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires and deforestation. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. In addition, appropriate fire management is needed to prevent any future population declines.

range:
The Karpathos Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek island of Karpathos (Massa 2009). A juvenile female was reported from the nearby island of Kasos which may well belong to this species. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 140 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size of this species. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single observation/collection exists. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. A continuing decline of the population is inferred from the ongoing threats (loss of habitat through forest fires and deforestation).

habitat:
This species, like other species of the same genus, probably prefers open pine forests. This habitat is probably under stress on Karpathos, due to the cutting of trees, forest fires and overgrazing.

threats:
This species is affected by loss of habitat through forest fires and deforestation. Taking into account the extent of the effects of threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. In addition,  appropriate fire management is needed to prevent any future population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus raulinii) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area of occupancy, the number of subpopulations, the habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals as a result of bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper wildfire management is needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Cretan Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the island of Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single individual was observed or collected. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. This species is suspected to have declined as a result of forest fires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species, like other species of the same genus, prefers open pine forests with an undergrowth of small shrubs and low vegetation, and occurs up to 1,000 m Asl.

threats:
Suitable habitat (open pine forests) has declined as a result of forest fires.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper wildfire management is needed to preserve this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yersin's Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus yersini) is known from the Middle East, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. In Europe, this species is known from some of the East Aegean islands as well as a few localities on the Peloponnesus and the Akheloos delta - the south-western most tip of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is substantially smaller than the EOO, but probably much larger than 2,000 km²), is widespread across Greece, and occurs in a very common habitat type (open pine forests). However, the population is severely fragmented and its area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is declining due to bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as into its life history and ecology is required.

range:
The Yersin's Stone Grasshopper is known from the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria), Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. In Europe, this species is known from some of the East Aegean islands as well as a few localities on the Peloponnesus and the Akheloos delta - the south-western most tip of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single specimen has been observed or collected. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species, like other species of the same genus, prefers open pine forests with an undergrowth of small shrubs and low vegetation. It is also found in sandy areas close to the sea, and is found at elevation of 10-250 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat due to forest fires.

threats:
Suitable habitat (open pine forests) is declining due to forest fires.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as into its life history and ecology is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Marbled Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus marmoratus) is endemic to western and central Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is not common, there is no evidence of population declines and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
This species is endemic to western Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km².

population:
This large grasshopper is never common and has a scattered distribution. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in dry open habitats with shrubs, preferably on calcareous substrates. Adults can be found in spring and summer at altitudes between 100 m and 800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population dynamics, life history and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lampedusa Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus ortolaniae) is endemic to Lampedusa, Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and the population size shows extreme fluctuations from year to year. Research is needed into the population dynamics, its life history and ecology.

range:
The Lampedusa Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Lampedusa, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
This species is common and widespread on Lampedusa. The population trend is unknown, and the population size shows extreme fluctuations from year to year.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in dry habitats and shrubland. Adults and nymphs of different generations are found during the whole year. This species is preyed on by Eleonora's Falcon (Falco eleonorae) in Spring.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into population dynamics, its life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus sardeus) is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be found in dense subpopulations, is quite common and the population trend is probablystable. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported. However, the species shows extreme fluctuations in size from year to year and further research is needed to understand the population dynamics and the ecology requirements of the species.

range:
The Sardinian Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,000 km².

population:
The species can be found in dense subpopulations and is quite common. However, the population can fluctuate from year to year and it shows extreme fluctuations in size. The overall population trend is probably stable (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This large flightless grasshopper lives in dry natural grassland, shrubland, rocky habitats, with adults from spring to summer-autumn. It can be found from sea level up to 800 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into population dynamics to understand why this species' population fluctuates, and also into its life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The area of occupancy (AOO) of the Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper is less than 500 km² and its population is considered severely fragmented. While there is no information on a continuing decline in the population size, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals occur. Therefore, the Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper is assessed as Endangered.

range:
The Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper occurs in a few mountain ranges of southwestern Bulgaria, northwestern Greece and in the Mount Olympus (Willemse 1984), and is known from a single locality in Albania, very close to the Greek border (G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Buresch and Peshev (1955) reported this species from European Turkey, but this record is most likely a misidentification and it is not considered here. Its extent of occurrence is c. 62,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 60,000 km²), and its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is only 100-200 km², with a approximately the same value in the EU 28.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. However, some former records (Peshev 1965) and collection material (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) show its occasional occurrence at very high abundances. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky and stony slopes and screes with scarce grass or bush vegetation in the mountain and sub-alpine belts, usually at altitudes between 900 - 1,800 m Asl and rarely occurring lower than 800 m or higher than 2,300 m Asl. The species is flightless.

threats:
Overgrazing by cattle is a minor threat to this species, considering the scarce vegetation present in its main habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Bulgaria and Greece. Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Chopard's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes chopardi) is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece, where it is found in the eastern Rhodope Mountains and its foothills. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to habitat loss. Further research is needed to assess the population size and trend more accurately. In addition, better protection of its forest habitat in Bulgaria is needed, as well as better fire and grazing management.

range:
The Chopard's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece, where it is found in the eastern Rhodope Mountains and its foothills (Peshev 1965, Kati and Willemse 2001, Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 500 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where this species has been reported, only a few specimens were observed. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers.The highest density of this species was observed near Chernichino Village in Bulgaria with about ten individuals observed over a transect of 1 km, but usually the density is much lower. It is locally rare, and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the loss of habitat.

habitat:
This flightless species is found in semi-shaded oak woods (usually represented by Quercus pubescens) with sparse Mediterranean scrub undergrowth and oak leaf litter (Kati et al. 2003). Based on a model including 18 variables (environmental layers) of the potential habitat in Bulgaria (covering 300 km²) the total size of potential habitat has been estimated at roughly 500 km². It is found at elevations of 235-700 m asl.

threats:
In recent years the habitat in Bulgaria has been subjected to destruction by deforestation and frequent fires (possibly intentional) with subsequent collection of wood material for production of charcoal. Overgrazing may be an additional threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species. It is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as Vulnerable (Golemansky 2011). Distinct parts of its population in Bulgaria and Greece are found in Natura 2000 sites and a large part of the species' range in Greece falls within the Dadia Nature Reserve, which is well managed. Even though theoretically protected, this species' habitat in Bulgaria suffers ongoing retraction due to forest burning and clearing. Further research is needed to assess the population size and trend more accurately. In addition, better protection of its forest habitat in Bulgaria is needed, as well as better fire and grazing management.

redListContributors:
Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P. & Puskas, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Fieber's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes fieberi) occurs in Turkey and Greece. Within Europe, it is only known from Greece, where it has been found on the eastern Aegean islands of Samos and Lesbos. The findings from both islands date back to 1927, and since then, this species has not been recorded there again. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In addition, immigration from the nearby Turkish population is unlikely as this grasshopper is flightless. Further research is needed to assess its distribution, population size and trend.

range:
The Fieber's Stone Grasshopper occurs in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is known from western Turkey, from the region around Izmir up to Antalya. Within Europe, it is only known from Greece, where it has been found on the eastern Aegean islands of Samos and Lesbos. The findings from both islands date back to 1927 (Willemse 1984) and since then this species has not been recorded there again. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km².

habitat:
On Lesbos, this species was found on the surface of a hill covered with grass.

threats:
Specific threats to this species have not been published. As the grass covered hills of Lesbos are used for livestock grazing, this is considered to be a potential threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this grasshopper, yet. Further research is needed to assess its distribution, population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Straube's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes straubei) is known from the southeastern-most Balkan Peninsula, northwestern Anatolia and the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Chios. In the European region, it is known from the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey and the Greek islands of Lesbos and Chios. This species is assessed as Endangered because of an inferred population reduction of at least 50% during the last 10 years, based on a decline in area of occupancy (AOO). Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required, and its trend should be monitored. In addition, better management of its habitat is needed, particularly regarding deforestation, wildfires, gazing and the use of pesticides.

range:
The Straube's Stone Grasshopper is known from the southeastern-most Balkan Peninsula, northwestern Anatolia and the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Chios. In the European region, it is known from the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey and the Greek islands of Lesbos and Chios (Chobanov 2009, Willemse 1984). The Greek records date back to 1934, and no records from Greece exist since then. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,000 km².

population:
The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. In Greece, this species has not been spotted for 80 years. In recent years the range of the species in Bulgaria has retracted for  unknown reasons. Being widely distributed in some forested areas of the southern Black sea coast of Bulgaria in the 1950s and 1960s, in recent years  the search in these areas has been unsuccessful. A population reduction of 50% during the last ten years is suspected based on habitat loss.

habitat:
This species is found in warm, semi-dry, well-shaded oak woods with sparse scrub undergrowth and oak leaf litter. There is a reduction of the adult time period of this species, which is also shifting to earlier in the year. Its generation length is one year. This species is found from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
The habitat of this species is subjected to destruction by forest clearing and frequent fires (possibly intentional) with subsequent collection of wood material for production of charcoal. Overgrazing may be an additional threat. The reason for its disappearance in Bulgaria is unknown. Some suspected threats include forest management and the use of insecticides. Furthermore, the active infrastructure construction of the last 20 years destroys and fragments its potential habitats along the coast.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, yet. This species is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemansky 2011) as Critically Endangered. Part of its subpopulations in Bulgaria occur in Natura 2000 sites and a single locality was discovered on the territory of the Nature Park Strandzha. Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required, and its trend should be monitored. In addition, better management of its habitat is needed, particularly regarding deforestation, wildfires, gazing and the use of pesticides.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Apulian Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis appula) is found in southern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, it is common and no major threats to it have been reported. Research is needed into the population dynamics, population trend, life history and ecology.

range:
The Apulian Stone Grasshopper is found in southern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca200,000 km².

population:
The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals from year to year, but the species is common. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This flightless species lives in dry grassland, pastures, shrubland and fields. Adults can be found in spring and summer at elevations between 10 m and 950 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population dynamics, population trend, life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The French Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis azami) is endemic to southern France. This species is assessed as Endangered since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 300 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The species is threatened by abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession as well as by afforestation and urbanisation. More research into its population trend, distribution and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate grazing management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The French Stone Grasshopper is endemic to France where it occurs from the Alpes-Maritimes plateau to the Sainte-Victoire massif, at the boundary of the Bouches-du-Rhône department (Foucart and Lecoq 1998). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 300 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,530 km².

population:
This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals since large outbreaks have been reported (Foucart pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are usually small and given that the species is flightless, there is little (if any) genetic exchange between them; subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (L. Tatin pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall degradation and loss of habitat.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry, open habitats, particularly in rocky areas with short grass, meadows with scarce vegetation and clearings of Mediterranean evergreen forests (Streiff et al. 2005).

threats:
This species is threatened by urbanisation (Streiff et al. 2005) and abandonment of grazing (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2006). It is also affected by afforestation (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is protected in France (Streiff et al. 2005) and occurs in protected areas. Recently, more intensive mapping of the remaining subpopulations has been conducted around St Maximim and St Victoire (L. Tatin pers. comm. 2016). More research into its population trend, distribution and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate grazing management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Tatin, L. & Morin, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tortuous Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis flexuosa) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, the population size is presumed to be large and no major threats to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and further research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required.

range:
The Tortuous Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area excluding the coastal zones of Spain and Portugal (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Bivar-De-Sousa et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is ca 300,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The species is considered rare, but is probably under-sampled. The population is considered severely fragmented as subpopulations are usually very small and isolated, with little genetic exchange between them. The population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species occurs in open shrublands and dry pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). Males are able to fly, while females are flightless. It occurs at altitudes between 400 m and 2,188 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Stone Grasshopper is distributed along the Dalmatian coast. It is listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,100 and 2,000 km² in Europe (1,000 to 1,800 km² in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals occur.

range:
The Eastern Stone Grasshopper occurs at the Dalmatian coast (from northeast Italy to southern Bosnia and Herzegovina). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,100 and 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 between 1,000 and 1,800 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km² in Europe and c. 32,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and fragmented, although not severely. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the past, the species occasionally was reported as a pest in farmlands. In Slovenia, only four small subpopulations remain (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species is found in very dry habitats with scarce vegetation. However individuals were occasionally reported far away from the core habitats in villages and forests.

threats:
Abandonment of former grazing regimes seems to be the major threat to this species as many former sites where it was present are now overgrown with trees and shrubs (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Road development and tourism infrastructure also pose threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection and management of its habitat is required.

useAndTrade:
This species is not utilised, although in Croatia children use them as toys.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Gomboc, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T. & Sirin, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Crau Plain Grasshopper (Prionotropis rhodanica) is endemic to a very small area in southern France. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 40 km², the population is severely fragmented and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In addition, a continuing decline in the EOO, area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals has been observed. In the past, this species declined mainly because of the destruction of its habitat, which has been transformed into meadows, orchards, olive yards or industrial areas. One of the remaining subpopulations is found in a military area and another within a car training course, where the construction of a new road is planned. The reasons for the decline of this species within the nature reserve "Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau" are poorly understood and are being studied. A conservation strategy was developed in 2014 and is currently being implemented. A captive breeding programme has been established at Thoiry Zoo and the first experimental reintroductions of egg pods were performed in 2015. Suitable habitat management needs to be implemented as soon as the major threats are understood. Remaining unprotected habitats should be integrated into the reserve. Destroyed habitats need to be restored and the plans for new road constructions need to be stopped.

range:
The Crau Plain Grasshopper is endemic to the Crau Steppe in southern France (Foucart and Lecoq 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 to 16 km².

population:
The Crau Plain Grasshopper has dramatically declined during the 20ᵗʰ century as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat (Foucart et al. 1999). Since the beginning of the 21ˢᵗ Century the species has strongly declined even within the protected area ("Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau"). A population reduction of 70% during the last ten years is suspected from the reduction of its area of occupancy (AOO). The remaining subpopulations are very isolated and separated by roads (Streiff et al. 2005). The species is flightless, not able to recolonise sites rapidly, and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The species is also known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (A. Foucart pers. comm. 2015). Based on a recent mark-recapture experiment, the complete population size is likely to smaller than 5,000 mature individuals.

habitat:
This species occurs only in a stone steppe habitat. It prefers areas which are rich in stones and scarce in vegetation. The generation length is one year, nymphs hatch in April and become adult at the end of May. Adults can be found until the beginning of July. Eggs appear to take two years for development (L. Bröder, L. Tatin and A. Foucart pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
In the past, this species declined mainly because of destruction of its habitat, which has been transformed into meadows, orchards, olive yards or industrial areas. One of the remaining subpopulations is found in a military area. Recent plans of the French army to construct new buildings on one of the sites have been stopped. Another subpopulation is found within a car training course, where currently the construction of a new road is planned. The reasons for the decline within the nature reserve are poorly understood. It is currently being studied whether it might have been affected by predation (by birds, e.g. cattle egret, which has strongly increased in this area), by sheep medication (since many grasshoppers regularly feed on sheep faeces), by general changes of the grazing regime (e.g. overgrazing), or by climate change (e.g. droughts during the egg period).

conservationAction:
Parts of the Crau Steppe are protected in the "Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau" since 2001, but other parts are not protected. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). A strategic conservation plan for the Crau Plain Grasshopper has been developed in 2014 and is currently being implemented (Hochkirch et al. 2014). This includes research into the population size and threats as well as a captive breeding program at Thoiry Zoo. Furthermore, the site of one of the remaining subpopulations has been excluded from grazing during the activity period of the grasshopper, while grazing in spring (before eggs were hatching) has been applied at another site that was overgrown with vegetation. Awareness programs are also underway. Suitable habitat management needs to be implemented as soon as the major threats are understood. Remaining unprotected habitats should be integrated into the reserve. Destroyed habitats need to be restored and the plans for new road constructions need to be stopped. Reintroduction is planned at sites where the species became extinct recently as soon as the reasons for its disappearance are understood. The species should be protected by law.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Willemse's Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis willemsorum) is endemic to Greece, and has been reported from the a narrow mountainous region in Central Epiros in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of the habitat due to livestock grazing. Currently there are only two sites from where the species has been reported during the past twenty years, and further research is needed to provide baseline data and more objectively and accurately assess the current status of this species. In particular, there is a need to get more reliable and specific data on its distribution, population trend and threats. Proper management of its habitat (particularly of the grazing regime) is necessary.

range:
The Willemse's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece (Massa et al. 2015, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It has been reported from a narrow mountainous region in central Epiros in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. Its presence in the north around Mt. Timfi has been confirmed, but its presence in the south on Mt. Mitsikeli still needs confirmation. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated at ca 140 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 50 km².

population:
This species was first discovered in 1882 after which it was not seen for some 100 years. Although it has been observed several times in the past 30 years (1986, 1997, 2000) information on the population trend is not available. This species is flightless and Pamphagidae typically have small, isolated populations, so the population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
No specific information is available on the habitat of this species. Most likely its habitat preferences resemble those of other related Greek species belonging to the same subfamily as well as Prionotropis appula in Italy: rather open dry rocky grounds with a sparse to more dense herbal vegetation. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of the habitat due to livestock grazing.

threats:
The area where this species is found is used for livestock grazing. Grazing leads to a decline in the quality of habitat for the species and poses a threat.

conservationAction:
Currently no conservation measures are in place for this species. Further research is needed to provide baseline data and more objectively and accurately to assess the current status of this species. In particular, there is a need to get more reliable and specific data on its distribution, population trend and threats. It is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Proper management of its habitat (particularly of the grazing regime) is necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
A recent study by López et al. (2013) showed that the former records from North Lanzarote and Montaña Clara belong to a different species, Purpuraria magna.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Purpurarian Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Isla de los Lobos. Due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,500 km², the severe fragmentation of its population and the continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals, it is assessed as Endangered (EN). The main threats to this species are agriculture (overgrazing), rural development and tourism.

range:
The Purpurarian Stone Grasshopper occurs on Fuerteventura, Isla de los Lobos, and parts of Lanzarote (López et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this flightless species are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats as a result of rural and touristic development.

habitat:
Purpuraria erna only occurs inEuphorbiabushes. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 600 m.

threats:
The species feeds exclusively onEuphorbia scrubs which are threatened mainly by rural development, but also by goat grazing and urban and touristic development. It may also be affected by volcanism.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research on its population size and trend is needed as well as a monitoring program for its habitat. A thorough habitat management is recommended for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lanzarote Stick Grasshopper (Purpuraria magna) has a limited extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 400 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km². It occurs at five locations and its population is severely fragmented. The major threat to this species is agricultural land use (goat grazing), and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat as well as the number of mature individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Lanzarote Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote (Canary Islands) and the small island of Montana Clara, north of Lanzarote (López et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
The existing subpopulations are extremely small and strongly isolated and the species is highly sedentary (completely flightless). These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is thus considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.

habitat:
The species is found in Euphorbia vegetation. Females are well camouflaged when resting on stems of Euphorbia, which they also feed on.

threats:
The species is threatened by habitat loss due to rural development, agricultural land use (goat grazing) and touristic development. Based upon the threat of goat grazing, the number of locations is five.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in the Natura 2000 reserves "Los Volcanes", "La Corona" and "Los Islotes". All remaining habitats need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future declines of the species. Further research on the population size and trend and threats is needed, together with the monitoring of habitat trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Acrometopa cretensis is a species with two subspecies: A. cretensis cretensis and A. cretensis daedali; see also the Orthoptera Species File (orthoptera.speciesfile.org/). This assessment is based on (distribution) data of the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa cretensis) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in Crete, and in a number of the Cyclades Islands up to the Aegean Islands of Ikaria and Karpathos in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km²), it is widespread across the Aegean sea (found on ten different Greek islands), and is found in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Cretan Long-legged Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in Crete, and in a number of the Cyclades Islands up to the Aegean Islands of Ikaria and Karpathos in the east (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km².

habitat:
This species is found in semi-dry to dry open habitats covered with  (patches) of higher herbal vegetation or places covered with low shrubs (like Cistus spp.). It is more common in lowlands and at mid-elevations, rarely reaching altitudes above 1,000 m Asl. This species is more agile than other species of the same genus taking quickly to the wing when approached.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Research on the population size and trend is needed to get more detailed baseline information on it.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the Orthoptera Species File (orthoptera.speciesfile.org/) Acrometopa servillea is considered here as a species with tree subspecies: A. servillea servillea, A. servillea macropoda and A. servillea italica. The assessment is based on (distribu

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Serville's Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa servillea) is widely distributed across Europe from Corsica and Sardinia in the West all over Italy into the Balkans, where it is restricted to a strip of land along the Adriatic Coast, reaching Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Greece, and the southeastern tip of Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range - extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km² - it is widespread across southern and eastern Europe, and is found in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Serville's Long-legged Bush-cricket is widely distributed across Europe, from Corsica and Sardinia in the west all over Italy (including Sicily) into the Balkans, where it is restricted to a strip of land along the Adriatic Coast (Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro) reaching Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Greece, and the southeastern tip of Bulgaria (Willemse 1979, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 1 million km². Outside of Europe, it reaches Anatolia in the east.

population:
There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor about its population trend.

habitat:
This species is found in places varying from semi-wet to dry, in hills and also agricultural areas, open with or without bushes but always with a rather lush vegetation of herbs. It is found from sea-level up to mid-elevations (1,200 m Asl).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, the Syrian Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa syriaca) is confined to Greece and Cyprus. In Greece, it is confined to the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland, including its nearby islands of Samothraki and Thasos and some of the Eastern Aegean islands. On Cyprus, it appears to be widespread across the entire island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 280,000 km²), is widespread and found in a variety of habitats with a high herbal component. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Syrian Long-legged Bush-cricket is widespread across the Middle East, from Egypt in the south-west to Turkey and Iraq in the north-east. In Europe, this species is confined to Greece and Cyprus (Willemse 1979, 1984; Tumbrinck 2006). In Greece, it is confined to the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland, including its nearby islands of Samothraki and Thasos and some of the Eastern Aegean islands. On Cyprus, it appears to be widespread across the entire island. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 280,000 km².

habitat:
This species is found in places varying from semi-wet to dry, in hills and also agricultural areas, open with or without bushes but always with a rather lush vegetation of herbs. This species is found from sea level up to mid-elevations (700 m Asl).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Blackwinged Saw Bush-cricket (Ancistrura nigrovittata) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, quite common in northern Greece, FYR Macedonia and southern Bulgaria, and the subpopulations are large and well connected. However, there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and in the quality of the habitat along the northern border of its distribution. In Romania the species is possibly extinct and in the European part of Turkey it has not been recorded recently.

range:
The Blackwinged Saw Bush-cricket is found in southern Serbia, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), southern Bulgaria, and northern Greece (Chobanov 2009). A single locality existed in southern Romania which has not been confirmed since the 1960's (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and a single locality is known from European Turkey (Karabag 1974). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 190,000 km², and ca 150,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are variable in size, but often large  (K.-G. Heller, L. Willemse and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It has not been found in Romania since the 1960's (Iorgu et al. 2008, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and in the European part of Turkey since 1974 (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In Serbia the species is very rare (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Therefore a continuing decline of the number of mature individuals, EOO, area of occupancy (AOO) as well as in the number of subpopulations is inferred.

habitat:
This species is found in dry shrubland (Chobanov 2009), along rivers (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), edges of pine forests (Kaltenbach 1965), on forest clearings and meadows with Rubus spp. bushes (S. Ivkovic and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threats to this species are wildfires, deforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanisation and intensive agriculture (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas and it is protected in Serbia. Research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Heller, K.-G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Splendid Bush-cricket (Andreiniimon nuptialis) is found in few localities in Italy and the Balkans. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km² (in Europe as well as in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, touristic development and the use of pesticides. It may also be affected by overgrazing, wildfires and deforestation. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species need better protection.

range:
The Splendid Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkans Peninsula and in Italy (Heller 2013). Its distribution is very fragmented with subpopulations in central Italy, Istria, western and southern Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania and Greece. It might possibly also occur in Montenegro and Kosovo (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 921,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 530,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
This species is very rare and localised (Massa et al. 2012). The subpopulations are very small and given that the species is flightless, it is not able to recolonise extinct sites easily. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. It has recently not been found at the type locality in Albania despite searches (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats and the population trend is therefore decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in warm, moist habitats, usually bushes along rivers or in broadleaf forests (Chobanov 2009). Near Trieste in Italy, the species was found on Sambucus ebulus (Massa et al. 2012), in Slovenia on bramble leaves (Bedjanic 2005), in Croatia on Common Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) (Ingrisch 1981) and in Greece on a broom bush (Heller et al. 1989). It is always found close to streams and rivers.

threats:
This species is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, touristic development and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemeont pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by overgrazing (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016), wildfires (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016) and deforestation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is strictly protected in Serbia. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species need better protection.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes constrictus) is widespread in eastern Europe where it is found mainly in coniferous forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and is apparently expanding its range in the west. This bush-cricket was reported as a pest to spruce in the past, but local densities are usually low.

range:
The Eastern Saw Bush-cricket occurs from southeastern Germany in the west to northern Bulgaria in the south, northern European Russia in the north and central European Russia in the east (Holusa et al. 2006, Heller 2013). Its eastern range border is not entirely clear. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3 million km².

population:
This species is quite widespread but probably often overlooked; adults generally live in the tree tops where they sing during the night and can only be detected with a bat detector (Laußmann 1994). A study in the eastern Czech Republic showed that the species is widespread but not abundant (Holusa et al. 2006). The species was a pest among seedlings of conifers in the past, but currently is much less common (Kanuch et al. 2015). However this was probably an effect of former outbreaks of this species, which have become rare (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). The species seems to be expanding its range in Bavaria (Germany) (Strätz and Waeber 2003). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is strongly affiliated with coniferous forests (Laußmann 1994), particularly spruce forests (Holusa et al. 2006), but it is also found in beech forests (Kanuch et al. 2015), on birches and junipers (Maas et al. 2002). Nymphs can be found in lower vegetation at the forest edge and on clearings, while the adults live on trees (Maas et al. 2002). It is mainly found at sunny edges of the forest (Holusa et al. 2006).

threats:
This species might be potentially threatened by deforestation and intensive silviculture (including the use of pesticides). However, it has apparently spread in the western part of its range as a consequence of spruce plantation (Strätz and Waeber 2003).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes fischeri) is found on the western Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, reaching northwestern Italy in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range; itsarea of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far. However, the population is severely fragmented, and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.More research into its distribution and clarification of its AOO is needed.

range:
The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket is found on the western Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, reaching northwestern Italy in the east (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.

population:
This species is quite rare on the Iberian Peninsula (Iraola et al. 2005) and has declined in the Madrid region, but it is still quite common in the region of Albacete (J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The subpopulations are usually small and isolated in Spain. Given that the species is flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The species regularly shows outbreaks (Lemmonier-Darcemont 2009) and has sometimes caused viticultural damage (Massa et al. 2012). It therefore shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland, boxwood scrubs, common broom, riverside woodland and it also enters meadows with shrubs (Gómez et al. 1991, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Iraola et al. 2005).

threats:
The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket is threatened by the destruction of its habitat caused by agricultural land-use change and urbanisation (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It may also be threatened by the increasing frequency of wildfires.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) and due to the inferred plausible threat (touristic development) that may drive the species to Endangered (EN) in the near future, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Hvar Saw Bush-cricket is currently only known from the island of Hvar in Croatia (Harz 1969, J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 477 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be only 12 km².

population:
The current population trend is unknown, but it may decline in the future due to the development of tourist infrastructure.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean scrubland between sea level and 200 m. It is flightless.

threats:
The development of touristic infrastructure poses a major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes obtusus) occupies a rather large area of distribution in the Alps and the Apennine Mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, there are no major threats to it, and the population seems to be stable throughout its range.

range:
The Alpine Saw Bush-cricket lives on the southern slopes of the whole Alpine arc from the French Vaucluse over the Alpi Marittimi along the Italian-Swiss border into the provinces of Wallis, Tessin and Graubünden eastwards to the Veneto and the Austrian province of Eastern Tyrol (Baur and Roesti 2006, Defaut 2009, Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). It also inhabits the northern part of the Apennine Mountains and reaches southwards to the Abruzzo in central Italy (Massa et al. 2012). To the north and east it is replaced by the closely related B. serricauda, but there is a large contact-zone in north-eastern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers ca 315,000 km². This bush-cricket is a montane species, occurring at altitudes between 250 and 2,000 m asl (Baur and Roesti 1996, Massa et al. 2012).

population:
This species is rather secretive, nocturnal, and can hardly be quantified. It seems to be quite common in suitable habitats (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). There are no indications of declines in the population or range, and it seems to be stable overall throughout its range. Locally, even some increases have been documented (C. Monnerat and F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species lives along forest edges on bushes and trees, but also on broad-leaved herbs like Petasites species. It can also occur in grasslands, if the meadows or pastures are interspersed with some proportion of shrubs (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). This flightless species is mainly active at night; it produces a high-frequent song, that can be detected with a bat detector.

threats:
This species lives in rather stable and unthreatened habitats over a large geographical range and there are no major threats to it. However, subpopulations living in grasslands can be negatively affected by agricultural intensification, which often leads to the removal of shrubs and trees (Baur and Roesti 2006). Locally, this species can also suffer from the destruction of natural forest edges and the cutting of hedges or small groups of trees.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the Black Saw Bush-cricket is c. 300,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 286,000 km² in the EU 28. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in view of its overall large population, its wide distribution and the fact that no major threats have been documented.

range:
The Black Saw Bush-cricket is widely distributed in the central and western Balkans, reaching the south-eastern Carpathians. It is recorded from northwestern Bulgaria, southwestern Romania, central Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania, northwestern Greece, Montenegro, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, northwestern Croatia, western Slovenia and northeastern Italy (Harz 1969, Chobanov 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Stumpner et al. 2015), and it probably occurs also in Kosovo. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 300,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 286,000 km².

population:
It is a quite common species that shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It has an overall large population, but its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species lives mostly in bushes and on tall herbaceous vegetation, and it is also present in sparse deciduous forests from the lowlands to the mountain foothills between 100 and 1,300 m Asl. The species is flightless.

threats:
No significant threats have been reported for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Common Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes serricauda) is widespread in Europe where it mainly occurs in deciduous forests, but has also been found in coniferous forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range and the population size is presumably very large. This bush-cricket might be locally affected by the use of insecticides and deforestation.

range:
The Common Saw Bush-cricket occurs from the Pyrenees, Corsica, northern Italy and central France via central Europe to Romania. Former records from Bulgaria proved to be wrong (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.6 million km².

population:
This species is widespread. Given that it is flightless, there is very little genetic exchange between subpopulations (Richter 2008). The genus Barbitistes is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size which might also apply to this species. The populationtrend is unknown but the population size is presumably very large.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in deciduous forests (Proess and Baden 1997), and sometimes in coniferous forests (Laußmann 1997). Nymphs are found in the herb layer of open forests, clearings and the forest edge, while adults are found on trees. It is also found in boxwood scrubland (Olmo-Vidal 2002). Nymphs feed on different forbs, while adults feed on the leaves of trees (Detzel 1998). The species is mainly found by using a bat detector.

threats:
The major threats to this species are deforestation, intensified silviculture, the use of pesticides and destruction of natural forest margins.

conservationAction:
Since this species is less common in the north of its range, it is locally subject to conservation action. For example, it is one of the target species in the German nature reserve "Saale-Ilm-Platten bei Bad Kösen". It is listed in France as Least Concern, but considered Vulnerable in some French regions (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is listed as Near Threatened in the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend is needed. The restoration of heterogeneous forest ecotones with bushes and perennials has been suggested as a conservation measure (Wallaschek et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Vicentine Saw-tailed Bush-cricket (Barbitistes vicetinus) is endemic to Italy, and is found in the pre-Alp regions of Veneto and Trentino. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 580 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km²), and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, its population trend is increasing and no threats to it have been reported. More research into its population dynamics is needed.

range:
The Vicentine Saw-tailed Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, being found in the pre-Alps of Veneto and Trentino (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 580 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km².

population:
The species was formerly only known from the type locality, but it has meanwhile been found in other surrounding localities. Some subpopulations have become extremely abundant in recent years, locally damaging crops, and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals from year to year. The overall population trend is thought to be increasing.

habitat:
This species can be found in trees in open forests. They can occasionally become a pest to agricultural crops, especially viticulture. Adults can be found in the early summer at elevations between 100 m and 400 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population dynamics is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Balkan Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes yersini) is widespread on the western Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy. It also occurs in Central Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is very common. It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
The Balkan Saw Bush-cricket occurs on the western Balkan Peninsula (from Slovenia to northern Greece) as well as in Central Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 266,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 190,000 km².

population:
This species is very common, but the population trend is unknown. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in open forests and grasslands where it can be found on bushes and trees (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
A potential threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). It appears to benefit from abandonment (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Wide-winged Plump Bush-cricket (Isopyha amplipennis) occurs in Anatolia and European Turkey. In Europe it is only known from European Turkey, where it is quite rare. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-100 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals. This species used to be a pest species in eastern Thracian forests but is quite rare at present and might be displaced by Isophya speciosa which is much more common in the region. Threats to the species include urbanisation in the region of the Belgrad forest near Istanbul. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species should be protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Wide-winged Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Anatolia and European Turkey (Ünal 2003, Chobanov 2013). In Europe it is known from Istanbul and a locality close to Kumbağ, also in European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4,800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km².

population:
This species used to be a pest species in eastern Thracian forests (Can 1959), but is quite rare at present (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015) and thus assumed to be declining. The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them.

habitat:
This species is found at the edge of Mediterranean Quercus forests, where it lives on Quercus trees and Rubus bushes (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
This species might be displaced by Isophya speciosa which is much more common in the region (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Threats to the species include urbanisation in the region of the Belgrad forest near Istanbul.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species should be protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V. & Pushkar, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Andreeva's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya andreevae) is endemic to a small area in Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece, where it is common and it has dense subpopulations. It has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 9,000 km². No major threats have been reported and the population is assumed to be stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is endemic to a restricted area along the middle course of the river Strouma and the neighbouring mountain slopes between 300 and 1,800 m Asl in Rila, Maleshevska Planina, Belassitsa (southwestern Bulgaria and westernmost Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), and possibly in the Paikon Mountains in Greece (Chobanov et al. 2013, Lemonnier-Darcemont and C. Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 9,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations are possibly isolated by natural barriers and show significant differences in phenology and abundance depending on the habitats they inhabit. However, the subpopulations are generally large. The population trend is not known, but it is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits natural and secondary scrub and meadows, from dry Mediterranean Paliurus communities to ruderal forest meadows. The variety of habitat types leads to significant differences in the phenology between subpopulations. In the sub-Mediterranean climate, the hatching of the eggs may occur in March, with the adults already disappearing in June, while in the mountains adults may occur between June and August. The species is flightless.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. Minor threats may include the direct destruction or significant modification of its habitat, especially in the lowlands, due to infrastructure development and agricultural land expansion.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bei-Bienko's Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR), because it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 46 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat as a result of the ongoing habitat changes due to the abandonment of grazing. It is recommended to protect this species through national and international legislation, and a proper management and restoration of its habitats is needed.

range:
Bei-Bienko's Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the Slovak Karst National Park in Slovakia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented with six small and isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange and which may become extinct without possibility of recolonisation. The population size is small, with no more than 30 mature individuals per hectare, and the current population trend appears to be declining.

habitat:
This species is found in steep rocky grassland and shrubland in the Slovak Karst area between 400 and 800 m altitude. The species is flightless.

threats:
The threats to this species include the abandonment of grazing in karstic areas, which leads to succession to bushes and forest. Based on this threat, the species occurs at six locations.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Slovakia, and it is recommended to protect this species through national and international legislation. It occurs only in the National Park Slovak Karst (Slovensky Kras). Traditional farming and grazing of afforested grasslands are needed, and degraded habitats need to be restored. The species would also benefit from the raising of awareness about its existence. Research on its population trend and the effects of abandonment is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CE)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Boldyrev's Plump Bush-cricket is known from two localities in a small range and has not been observed in the wild since 1915. Recent searches for this species were not successful (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km², but it is not clear if the species still exists. The species is present at only one location, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is assumed. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) and may possibly be extinct.

range:
Boldyrev's Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the Volga Upland in the region of Saratov, where it has been reported from two localities (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 8 km². However, despite recent searches, the species has not been found again.

population:
Recent searches for this species were not successful (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). It is thus assumed that the species must be very rare and the population is probably declining.

habitat:
The species was found in mesic grass-herbaceous vegetation at the forest edge, at altitudes between 100 - 300 m Asl.

threats:
The transformation of its habitat into farmland is most likely a major threat to this species. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed to clarify if the species is still extant and to study its ecology and threats. An area-based management plan would be necessary after clarifying its population trend and threats.

redListAssessors:
Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Short-tailed Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya brevicauda) is a species of the southeastern Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 500-600 km², it lives in a variety of habitats and most of its subpopulations are either not under threat, or are expanding their range due to the abandonment of pastures and grasslands. Additionally, the population is considered to be stable.

range:
The Short-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is a species of the southeastern Alps, occurring mainly in the Austrian provinces of Styria (Steiermark) and Carinthia (Kärnten) (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). In the northwest of its range this species occurs in the Lungau in Salzburg (Illich et al. 2010), more to the southeast it inhabits the Slovenian provinces of Južna Štajerska and Dolenjska (Gomboc and Šegula 2014). Near Samobor, it reaches Croatia (Ramme 1931). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,350 km², and its AOO is ca 500-600 km². This bush-cricket can be found from the lowlands (in Styria down to 265 m asl) up to the alpine regions (maximum 2,071 m asl in Salzburg), but most records originate from less than 1,200 m asl (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich).

population:
This species is widespread in its range and in suitable habitats may even become quite abundant. However, there is no evidence of change in population density and range so far. It can be supposed that the ongoing abandonment of meadows in the more remote Alpine areas of Austria increases the habitat availability for this species, which is capable of living in fallow grassland. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in various habitats, characterised by a mild and moist micro-climate, combined with a dense vegetation cover. Typical sites are edges of forests, clear-cuts, shrub and linear stands of tall forbs, but also meadows with broad-leaved herbs with often wet conditions (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). At higher altitudes, this species lives in alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath (Illich et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected landscapes like the "Nationalpark Gesäuse" in Styria.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Brunner's Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Crimea and mainland Ukraine and central European Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 3,000 km². While the subpopulations on Crimea are still large, the majority of its population is severely fragmented. and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
Brunner's Plump Bush-Cricket is found in Crimea, in the adjacent mainland Ukraine, in northern Ukraine and in central European Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954). However, only two female specimens were collected from Russia a long time ago, and considering the high level of endemism of Isophya species, they may either represent another species or the subpopulation may be extinct. While it is quite common in Crimea, it is quite rare on the mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 420,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 3,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations in the Crimean Mountains are quite dense (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), while the subpopulations in northern Ukraine and Russia are very small. It is likely that the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, as it has been reported for other related species. Since the majority of subpopulations are very small and isolated, and thus may become extinct without possibility of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic steppes and mountain meadows from lowlands to 1,500 m Asl in the Crimean Mountains and it feeds on herbs. Adults usually occur from June to early August. The records from the region of Kursk (July and September) are still doubtful.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. On Crimea, it may also be affected by touristic development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its current distribution and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Bures' Plump Bush-cricket is a common species with numerous large subpopulations, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). Some threats to the species are known, but they do not seem to have a negative impact on the species.

range:
The range of Bures' Plump Bush-cricket covers the northwestern part of the Rila-Rhodope Massive and a few geographically connected mountains (Vitosha, Plana, the western half of Sredna Gora Mountains) in central and southwestern Bulgaria (Chobanov et al. 2013), as well as the region of Vlasinsko Jezero lake in southeastern Serbia (Pavicevic et al. 2014). Isophya bureschi is found only in mountain ranges from 700 m up to 2,000 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 18,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c.13,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is present on a restricted range of the Rila-Rhodopean massive and the neighbouring territory of Serbia, with subpopulations consisting of a large number of individuals. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits marshy meadows, partly entering scrub and forest undergrowth in the forest belt of Rila, Pirin, Western Rhodopi, Vitosha, Plana and Sredna Gora Mountains in Bulgaria, as well as the surroundings of Vlasina Lake in Serbia. Depending on the altitude and micro-climate, nymphs emerge between March and June and adults occur from May/July to August/October.

threats:
Threats to this species are overgrazing, ploughing, and the development of touristic infrastructure. However, the effect of these threats does not seem to be major as the species is common in certain areas, even close to settlements.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but significant part of its subpopulations occur in Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curve-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is very widespread (it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 330,000 km²), it has a large population and no major threats to the species have been documented. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) .

range:
The Curve-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is characteristic from the eastern pre-alpine and alpine areas of the Carpathian Mountains. It is known from Romania, Slovakia, southeastern Poland, westernmost Ukraine, eastern Austria and western Hungary (Heller et al. 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 650 and 1,000 km².

population:
This species is abundant and it is frequently found across its range. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits lush herbaceous vegetation in grasslands and forest clearings from 200 m (in Hungary) to 2,200 m Asl (the highest locality is situated in Parang Mountains in Romania).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been documented. In Romania, this species is locally threatened as a result of the expansion of residential development and overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ciucas Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 800 km², the fact that its population is severely fragmented, and that there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

range:
The Ciucas Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the sub-alpine plateau of the Ciucas (Iorgu and Iorgu 2010) and Vrancea Mountains (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), which are part of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 20 km².

population:
The population of this species is small and is probably decreasing as a consequence of habitat loss due to the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing. Subpopulations are very small and isolated and may become extinct with small possibility of recolonisation, so the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits lush forest clearings and sub-alpine herbaceous associations and usually lives on Urtica, Rumex, Rubus, Juniperus, Senecio and Vaccinium, species, among others. It is found at altitudes between 1,000 - 1,750 m Asl. Most of the adults appear in mid-July.

threats:
Major threats to this species are the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required, and there is a need for better protection of its remaining habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket is common and the population consists of many subpopulations. The rate of habitat loss due to human activities is unknown, but its overall population size is assumed to be very large and there is no indication of a decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Kosovo and western Serbia to Belgrade in the north (Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 44,000 km².

population:
The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket is common and the population consists of many subpopulations, and its overall population size is assumed to be very large. There is no indication of a decline, but its overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic meadows, scrubs and open pastures in the hilly and mountainous belts at altitudes between 200 - 1,800 m Asl. The phenology is not known, but it might resemble that of the closely related I. miksici, whose adults have been collected from May to August (Ingrisch and Pavićević 2010), and nymphs emerge probably in March to April.

threats:
Minor threats to this species are the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing. However, it occurs close to human settlements and in scrub or Urtica vegetation within pastures, so the presence of cattle and moderate human activity can even be favourable to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Keeled Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as its extent of occurrence (EOO) and population size are very large. However, the species is slowly declining and under the pressure of several threats.

range:
The Keeled Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. It occurs in eastern Austria, Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania (Heller et al. 2004, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 135,000 km².

population:
During the last decade, some large subpopulations have been discovered in the Hungarian Plain (Kiskunság National Park); some of them covering hundreds of hectares of continuous suitable grassland habitats. According to rough estimations, the overall size of these subpopulations exceeds 100,000 specimens. Overall the population size is very large, but the population trend is declining.

habitat:
Isophya costata lives in different types of moderately humid, mesic and semi-dry grasslands rich in forbs. It occurs in lowlands and hilly areas between 80 - 750 m Asl.

threats:
Some subpopulations of Isophya costata are threatened by habitat degradation through the intensification of grassland use (overgrazing, intensive mowing by machines), human disturbance (burning of pastures, moto-cross activity, illegal garbage deposition), and the invasion of alien plants in the grassland habitats (e.g.Solidagosp. orAmorpha fruticosa in fresh meadows). Other subpopulations are threatened by partial or total loss of the grassland habitat. In the latter case, the threats are the spontaneous succession of abandoned hayfields and pastures (transformation of grassland habitats into scrub or forest), conversion of grassland habitat into intensive agricultural land (ploughland) or forest (industrial tree plantations). It is also threatened by urbanisation (EEA 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the European Birds and Habitats Directive. According to the latest report, its conservation status is "Unfavourable-Inadequate" for all biogeographic regions (EEA 2014). The species is protected in Hungary. Most subpopulations are found in national parks and in other protected areas in Hungary and Austria. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Popina Plump Bush-cricket has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both of less than 1 km². There is only a single location on the basis of the threat of overgrazing. This threat is currently present and could drive the species to Critically Endangered in a short period of time under Criterion B, and therefore the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) under Criterion D2.

range:
The Popina Plump Bush-cricket is a local endemic species that is only known from Popina Island in Razelm Lake (southeastern Romania) (Chobanov et al. 2013), at between 1 - 47 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both less than 1 km².

population:
The population is small, but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits herbaceous vegetation in dry meadows and scrub growing at the shores of Popina Island. Nymphs emerge in April and adults occur from May to June.

threats:
Overgrazing by cattle was a major threat in the past, resulting in a restricted distribution at the margins of Popina Island. As soon as this threat will be acting again, the species may be rapidly driven to Critically Endangered. Based on this threat, the species occurs in only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research on its population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ceahlau Plump Bush-cricket has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,300 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) of 84 km², with an upper estimate of less than 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals based on an observed continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat. The species occurs in less than ten locations and therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Ceahlau Plump bush-cricket occurs in the Ceahlău, Gurghiu, Hasmasu Mare and Bistritei Mountains (eastern Carpathians) in northeastern Romania (Iorgu 2012, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,300 km² and its area of occupancy is 84 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are large but fragmented, although the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the degradation of its habitats.

habitat:
This species occurs in mountain meadows and forest clearings between 700 m and 1,900 m Asl. It is found on Urtica, Rubus, Veratrum, Rumex, Aconitum, Vaccinium, Hypericum, Stachys and Juniperus species, among others.

threats:
Threats to this species are the expansion of human settlements and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on the threat of overgrazing, it occurs at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed. Better protection and management of its habitats is required in order to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Donetsk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a very small area with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4-8 km². In the past, the species has declined dramatically due to the agricultural land transformation in the region. Its only remaining subpopulation occurs in a nature reserve, which is however affected by wildfires from the surrounding farmlands. Since there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals and the species occurs only in one location, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The Donesk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a single locality in the Donetsk Upland, Provallya site in Lugansk region of Ukraine, near the border with Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 8 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
The habitat consists of semi-dry steppe associations and forest edges where this species lives on herbaceous plants at altitudes between 100 - 300 m.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland, which has significantly reduced the range of the species. Another major threat is fire from the adjacent farmlands. Based on the threat of wildfires, the species occurs at a single location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in a nature reserve, but the area is currently affected by the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required. The remaining habitats of this species need to be effectively protected to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fatra Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is2,140 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km². This species is known from three subpopulations, and because it is mainly threatened by the abandonment of grazing and consequent succession, there are less than ten locations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Fatra Plump Bush-cricket occurs in three neighbouring mountain ridges in Velka Fatra, Kremnicke vrchy Mountains and Polana Mountains (western Carpathians) in Slovakia (Chládek 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is2,140 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
There are three known subpopulations of this species. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in mountain grasslands within herb associations, shrublands, forest edges and clearings at altitudes between 600 - 1,350 m.

threats:
The species is threatened by the succession of grassland into shrubland and forest, caused by the abandonment of grazing. Based on this threat, there are 3 - 10 locations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Bulgarian Plump Bush-cricket has a very restricted range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 20 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², representing remnants of a formerly wider range. A continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is assumed as the result of ongoing illegal tree logging and the species is only known from one location. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion B1.

range:
The Bulgarian Plump Bush-cricket is a local endemic, occurring in two forest patches in the valley of Tundzha river near the town of Elhovo (southeastern Bulgaria, Yambol district), at altitudes between 100 - 110 m Asl (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
The species is only found in two small forest nature reserves (Dolna Topchiya and Gorna Topchiya) in southeastern Bulgaria. The forest patches are remnants of formerly widely distributed, seasonally flooded forests in the Thrace lowland. Hence, the population of this species represents a remnant of a previously wider range. In appropriate micro-habitats (such as forest clearings), up to 16 adult individuals per 0.1 ha have been observed. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits the undergrowth of seasonally flooded deciduous forests, mostly concentrated in clearings that are overgrown with Urtica dioica and bushes. The dominant tree species are Quercus pedunculiflora, Quercus robus, Acer campestre and Ulmus minor, with diverse bush and sparse grass undergrowth. The habitat may be classified as a sub-division of the Habitats Directive habitat type "Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)".

threats:
Illegal tree cutting is the major threat to this species, and the destruction its habitat may lead to the extinction of Isophya gulae. Based on this threat, the species occurs at one location.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in the Dolna Tochiya and Gorna Topchiya Forest nature reserves. Further research on the population size and threats are necessary, together with monitoring on its habitat and population trends. Considering the ongoing threat of tree cutting, creating a buffer zone around the reserves including both existing reserves and the neighbouring forest patches is advisable.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cozia Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) based on its small extent of occurrence (EOO) (4 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), its occurrence at a single location, the extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and the continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, area and quality of its habitat, and number of mature individuals. After a recent wildfire, the species has not been recorded in this locality.

range:
The Cozia Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern Carpathians in Romania, where it is found in Cozia Mountains (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Iorgu and Iorgu 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are declining due to overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). A wildfire in 2013 destroyed a large area of its habitat, and this seems to be a significant threat to the species (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) as it has not been recorded in this locality. .

habitat:
This bush-cricket inhabits sunny steep forest clearings and sub-alpine grasslands with abundant Rubus, Urtica, Rumex, Veratrum, Aconitum and Vaccinium species, among others. It is distributed between 1,000 and 1,600 m Asl in the Cozia Mountains.

threats:
The threats to this species are fires and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), that significantly affect the population of this species at its single location.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Annexes II and IV of the European Birds and Habitats Directive. Its status has been assessed as "Unfavourable-Inadequate" in the most recent report (EEA 2014). The species occurs in Cozia National Park. Better grazing and fire management is required to avoid any future declines of this species. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Master Plump Bush-cricket has a small area of occupancy (AOO) between 92 to 500 km² and its population is severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the AOO and its habitat extent and quality is assumed as a result of the current threats. In addition, it experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
The Master Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Balkan Peninsula, with a fragmentary distribution in southeastern Romania (Dobrogea), southeastern and central Bulgaria (westwards reaching the Sofia Kettle) and European Turkey. It is very local in northeastern Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 96,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km², with an upper estimate of less than 500 km².

population:
Subpopulations consist of strongly isolated groups of individuals occurring either sparsely or accumulated in large numbers. Some subpopulations were sampled in high densities in certain years, while successive studies did not record the species. Therefore, this species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.
On the other hand, the species may be under-recorded because of its habitat specificity, its occurrence early in the season and the short period in which it can be found. The population is decreasing because of habitat loss as a result of agricultural activities, the building of touristic infrastructure development and the development of wind farms. As most subpopulations are very small with little possibility of genetic exchange between them and may become extinct with little possibility of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in hilly limestone terrains (from sea level  up to 700–800 m Asl). It is present in semi-dry meadows that become dry in the early  summer, including very low grass associations on  pastures (Chobanov et al. 2013). The species appears very early in the year: the nymphs from late February and March and adults from April to May (rarely to June).

threats:
Destruction and change of the natural steppe-like vegetation in Dobrogea (Romania), the Thrace lowland and Sofia Plain (Bulgaria) has probably reduced the population of this species in the past. Part of the population has probably remained unaffected, especially in infertile stony areas, which have remained intact. Present threats are the development of touristic infrastructure, ploughing, stone quarrying and wind farms. Other possible threats are overgrazing with cattle and use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Significant part of its subpopulations in Bulgaria and Romania are present in Natura 2000 sites and protected areas. Research and monitoring on its population trend is required. Furthermore, better protection of its remaining habitats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Krauss's Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and its presumably large population size.

range:
Krauss's Plump Bush-cricket is known from two subspecies occurring in central and southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, southern Poland, eastern Austria, eastern Slovenia, northern Croatia, western and northern Hungary, northeastern Romania and western Ukraine (Heller et al. 2004, Iorgu and Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 650,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 610,000 km².

habitat:
The species occurs in a variety of habitats including forest undergrowth, clearings and edges, shrublands, grasslands with tall herbaceous vegetation and dry forest steppes at altitudes between 100 - 1,800 m.

threats:
In Romania, the species is affected by habitat loss as a result of local threats like the expansion of human settlements and the use of insecticides. In Germany and in the Czech Republic, this species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Near Threatened on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011). As it is listed in threatened categories on regional Red Lists in Germany, some local conservation actions exists. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (Germany), where it is listed as Endangered (NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Limnos Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya lemnotica) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Limnos in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 790 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 475 km²), it is widespread across the island, and is not confined to very particular, local, rare or threatened habitats. In addition, it is found both in areas not used or or hardly used by humans (hills covered predominantly with low spiny bushes), and in agricultural areas; and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Possible threats the species may face should be better documented. Further research into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats to it is required.

range:
The Limnos Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Limnos in the northern part of the Aegean Sea (Willemse 1984). This species was first discovered in 1927 and it was only recorded for the second time in 2015. This species is widespread across the island, its maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 790 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 475 km².

population:
Until 2015 this species was only known from a single male and female used for its description (deposited in the Vienna museum). A survey carried out in 2015 which included the use of a bat-detector to assess its presence, showed that it is widespread across the island. Although a visual confirmation could not be made at each spot where its presence was confirmed by audio signals, individuals have visually been spotted across the entire island. Overall densities of subpopulations are low; at one site eight specimens were counted in a 10x10 m2. As the species has only been recorded on two occasions with an interval of more than 80 years, the population trend is not known.

habitat:
Isophya species are, as a rule, early season species with the adults appearing in May. On the island of Limnos adults of this species have also been found in May, predominantly at sites where at least part of the vegetation consisted of a lush herbal component. At some sites visited during the 2015 survey (Sanctuary of Kaviri, near Agia Sophia and on Fakos Peninsula), this species was found in a habitat with hardly any herbal component, where the vegetation consisted of Sarcopoterium spp., Cistus spp. and small yellow flowering Broomlike bushes (possibly Genista spp.).

threats:
Possible threats to this species may include the expansion or intensification of agriculture and livestock grazing, climate change and wildfires. It remains difficult to make any firm statements about the significance of any of these threats. The fact that the species is restricted to Limnos makes it very vulnerable to threats. A change in human activities (intensification of agriculture), or large bushfires could have serious effects on subpopulations on the island.

conservationAction:
The presence of this species has been re-confirmed in 2015, after its discovery in 1927. A three-day survey carried out in 2015 showed that the species is widespread across the island. Detailed information about densities of subpopulation and the overall population size are lacking. Possible threats the species may face should be better documented. Further research is needed into the population sized and trend, and into its ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Long-tailed Plump Bush-cricket has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km². Its population is not severely fragmented, but is continuously declining due to habitat loss caused by touristic infrastructure development at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Long-tailed Plump Bush-cricket occurs at the western Black Sea coast from Veleka River Valley north to Dobrogea and the neighbouring inland territories in Bulgaria and Romania (Chobanov et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 35,000 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The population size is probably large. There is no specific information available on the population trend, but a continuing decline is inferred from the ongoing destruction of its habitat.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic open and semi-open habitats in the lowlands (steppes, forest clearings) and in the mountain belt between the coast and 1,200 m Asl. The nominate subspecies is present in open and semi-open habitats and in steppes, while I. longicaudata adamovici occurs in forest meadows and clearings. Nymphs occur from March/April to May and adults occur from May/June to July/August.

threats:
The species occurs in urbanised areas along the Black Sea coast, where the intensive infrastructure development is probably causing a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and in the quality of the habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but some of its subpopulations occur in Natura 2000 sites. Research on its population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats of this species should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cyprian Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya mavromoustakisi) is confined to the island of Cyprus where it seems to be more common in the regions with mid-level altitudes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,200 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, the number of subpopulations, and in the quality and extent of the habitat - due to urbanization, land conversion, livestock grazing, and bushfires. Further research is needed to get more detailed information on the exact area of occupancy of this species, the population size and possible trends thereof. Its habitat needs to be better protected to avoid any future declines in the population as a result from land use changes. Furthermore, habitat management needs to focus on proper fire management.

range:
The Cyprian Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus where it seems to be more common in the regions with mid-level altitudes (Troodos Mt. range and the northern ridge) (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,200 km² - even if it turns out to be more widespread, the EOO is likely to be below 5,000 km².

population:
There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the ongoing loss of habitat. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
There is little available information on the habitat of this species. In 2013, it was found on open dry slopes covered with rather high densities of Cistus spp., a member of the rock-rose family - in fact it was found on Cistus spp. plants. It is found at elevations of 5-1,350 m Asl.

threats:
This species was found next to land which had been turned into a vineyard. Turning natural habitat into arable land to grow grapes or other crops is therefore considered a threat to this species, as is the grazing of livestock. Urbanization and road construction have also severely destroyed the habitat of this species. Being found in dry habitat on slopes which are also covered with pine forest, bushfires also pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to get more detailed information on the exact area of occupancy of this species, the population size and possible trends thereof. Its habitat needs to be better protected to avoid any future declines in the population as a result from land use changes. Furthermore, habitat management needs to focus on proper fire management.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Miksic's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya miksici) is a common species with large subpopulations, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Miksic's Plump Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Bulgaria and western Serbia, generally in the territory bordered by the rivers Iskar, Danube and Morava and the main ridge of the western Stara Planina Mountains to the south (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 9,000 km² in the EU 28, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 56 and 1,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this common species are large but its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic, open habitats in lowlands and in the mountain belt, outside of cultivated areas. Its altitudinal range is 50 - 1,600 m Asl. Nymphs emerge from late March to May/June and adults occur between May/June and August.

threats:
The population of this species may be locally affected by the modification and destruction of its habitat as a result of infrastructure development and the cultivation of abandoned land.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but large parts of its range occur in Natura 2000 sites and other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)
The Modest Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution (with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 1.15 million km² in pan-Europe and 260,000 km² in the EU 28) and large subpopulations.

range:
The Modest Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, western and central Ukraine and central European Russia, reaching the Moscow district in the north with a very local subpopulation (Bey-Bienko 1954, Heller et al. 2004, O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 1.15  million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 260,000 km².

population:
In the centre of its range subpopulations are usually large, but in the northern and western range margins they are small and fragmented. The population is assumed to be slowly decreasing.

habitat:
The species is possibly originally a steppe and forest steppe dweller, occurring in lowlands and hilly areas in meadows, bushes and forest clearings (Vadkerti and Szövényi 2005). Its lower elevation limit is 50 m, while the highest locality lies at 1,050 m Asl at the top of Domogled Mountains.

threats:
Threats to this species include the use of insecticides, habitat loss due to cultivation (especially in the past) and the abandonment of grassland management (and its subsequent succession with bushes and trees) in the northern part of its range.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Hungary and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The More-modest Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya modestior) is a widespread bush-cricket species which occurs from eastern Austria and northern Italy to Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and, while it seems to be declining in the northwestern part of its range, it seems to be stable in the rest of its range. In the EU 28 this species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) between 1,200 and 2,700 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. Major threats to this species include afforestation, overgrowth of bushes on abandoned farmland and meadows as well as transformation of grassland into farmland. Furthermore, intensification of grassland management (earlier mowing, higher cattle densities) and mowing of forest edges have been mentioned as threats as well as touristic development and urbanisation. Research on its population trend and taxonomy is needed.

range:
The More-modest Plump Bush-cricket is found in the western part of the Balkans. It occurs from northern Italy and eastern Austria to western Bulgaria and the northern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca429,000 km² in Europe, and ca 370,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,200 and 2,700 km².

population:
This species is quite widespread (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015), but subpopulations are generally small and isolated (G. Szövényi, D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu, S. Gomboc, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, G. Puskás, T. Zuna-Kratky and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are fragmented in the northern part of the range but less so in the south and centre of the range (G. Szövényi, S. Gomboc, P. Fontana, T. Zuna-Kratky and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population in the EU 28 is considered severely fragmented since in the majority of its range (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary) the subpopulations are very small and isolated. Extreme fluctuations in population size are common in the genus Isophya, but have not been reported for this species so far. It seems to be declining in the northwestern part of its range (P. Fontana and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015) whereas it seems to be stable in the rest of its range (I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic and semi-dry grassland (steppes) as well as in bushes of forest edges and clearings (Vadkerti and Szövényi 2005, Bauer and Kenyeres 2006) and on Rubus spp. bushes (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
Major threats to this species are afforestation, overgrowth of bushes (partly with invasive plants, such as Solidago spp. and Impatiens spp.) on abandoned farmland and meadows as well as transformation of grassland into farmland (G. Szövényi and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, intensification of grassland management (earlier mowing, higher cattle densities) and mowing of forest edges have been mentioned as threats (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015) as well as touristic development and urbanisation (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Hungary, where it is protected by law (Vadkerti et al. 2003, Orci et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas (G. Szövényi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Research on its population trend is needed. Also the taxonomy should be studied as there are some morphological and karyological differences across its range (D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Gomboc, S., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Nagy's Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Romania, where it has a small distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 280 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km². Due to overgrazing, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as a result of the degradation of its habitat. Considering the threat of overgrazing, the species occurs at two locations. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
Nagy's Plump Bush-cricket is present in the central part of the eastern Carpathians (Szövényi et al. 2012). It is known from the Calimani and Suhard mountains (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 280 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing.

habitat:
The species inhabits mountain grasslands where it is usually found in Vaccinium bushes at altitudes between 900 - 1,800 m Asl.

threats:
The only known threat for this species is overgrazing, especially in the northern part of its range. On the basis of this threat, the species occurs at two locations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Blunt Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Balkans and has a fragmented range, although it has numerous subpopulations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km² in pan-Europe and 15,000 km² in the EU 28. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals are inferred. Recent overgrazing observed in the treeless zone of the Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria and Serbia result in a decline in the species' habitat quality and extent and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Blunt Plump Bush-cricket occurs scattered in the higher parts of the middle and western Stara Planina Mountains and in the low and middle mountain belt of Lyulin, Vitosha and Plana Mountains between 700 and 2,150 m Asl (central and western Bulgaria and easternmost Serbia). Earlier records of this species from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Anatolia, as well as the locality Zlatibor in Serbia are most probably erroneous and either refer to other species or are misspelled localities (Chobanov et al. 2013). They are therefore disregarded here. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is 15,728 km² and in the EU 28 it is 14,580 km².

population:
Usually the species is found in small, fragmented subpopulations along the timberline or in forb vegetation along springs in the forest belt. Most records refer to a low number of individuals, but this might be caused by sampling at the end of the species' seasonal occurrence. Subpopulations in mountain meadows may contain vast numbers of individuals and there is significant variation in the population densities between years. As this species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold, it is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is considered to be decreasing due to the recent expansion of cattle grazing in Stara Planina Mountains.

habitat:
At lower altitudes the species inhabits lush moist plant associations in forests (e.g. on Petasites), while at its upper elevation limit it may be common in pseudo-subalpine lush meadows. Nymphs occur from April to June and adults from June/July to August/September.

threats:
Subpopulations at lower altitudes may be sensitive to habitat degradation due to urbanisation. The subpopulations in the treeless zone of the Stara Planina Mountains are affected by overgrazing and thus the extent and quality of the habitat are declining.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although significant parts of its range fall into Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pavel's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya pavelii) is found in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey to southeastern Bulgaria. In Europe it occurs along the Black Sea coast of European Turkey and Istranca Mts. as well as at two localities in the Strandzha Mts. in Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20  and 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its AOO and in the quality of the habitat due to its transformation into farmland. In addition, it might show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (however, this needs further research). In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known AOO is 8 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no declines have been observed thus far and the population trend is stable. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.

range:
Pavel's Plump Bush-cricket is found in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey to southeastern Bulgaria (Ünal 2003, Chobanov 2009). In Europe it occurs along the Black Sea coast of European Turkey and Istranca Mts. as well as at two localities in the Strandzha Mts. in Bulgaria (Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6,300 km², in the EU 28 ca 250 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 8 km², and in Europe between 20 and 100 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Therefore the population is considered severely fragmented in Europe and in the EU 28 (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Extreme fluctuations in population size are quite common in the genus Isophya, but have so far not been reported for this species (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The population in European Turkey is declining but the population trend in Bulgaria seems to be stable. Therefore the population trend in Europe is decreasing but the population trend in the EU 28 is stable.

habitat:
In Bulgaria the species inhabits mesic to dry meadows with scrubs of Quercus spp., Prunus spinosa, Carpinus orientalis, Rosa spp. etc. and mixed deciduous forest (Chobanov 2009).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), as well as urbanisation and development of industrial areas in European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in Strandzha Mt. Nature Park (a Natura 2000 site) but it is not found in a strictly protected area. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Pieninsky' Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 300 and 1,500 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Therefore, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Pieninsky' Plump bush-cricket occurs in Romania, western Ukraine, southeastern Poland, Slovakia, Zemplen Mountains in northeastern Hungary (G. Szovenyi pers. comm. 2015), and a few isolated localities in the Czech Republic (Heller et al. 2004) and Austria (Zuna-Kratky et al. 2009, T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 200,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 160,000 km² in the EU 28. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 300 and 1,500 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend of this species. The subpopulations are very small and isolated with very little genetic exchange between them, and may become extinct with little possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits mountain grasslands with herbaceous vegetation, shrublands with Rubus idaeus and forest clearings and edges. Its altitudinal range is 250 - 1,500 m.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. However, the species may be locally affected by urbanisation and expansion of agricultural land use.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Plevne Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya plevnensis) is a common species with numerous dense subpopulations. The rate of anthropogenic induced habitat loss remains unknown but as the population is not severely fragmented, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Plevne Plump Bush-cricket is known from the central part of northern Bulgaria between Iskar river in the west, Yantra river in the east, and the ridge of Stara Planina Mountains in the south, between 50 and 1,300 m Asl (Chobanov et al. 2013). The exact border of its range and that of I. miksici is not clear, and the question of whether both occur sympatrically and produce hybrids remains unsolved. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 12,000 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² with an upper estimate of c. 500 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are large. Even though the subpopulations are separated by dense forest or agricultural areas, there are no indications of a significant fragmentation. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic open habitats in lowlands and in the mountain belt except for cultivated areas. Its elevation limits are 50 - 1,300 m. Nymphs emerge in April/May and adults occur between May/June and August.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the direct modification and destruction of habitat through the development of infrastructure or the cultivation of abandoned land.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Parts of its range are situated in Natura 2000 sites. Research on its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The distribution of the Bazyluk Plump Bush-cricket is poorly studied. It is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² in Europe and at least 6,000 km² in the EU 28, its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30-50 km² in Europe and at least 30 km² in the EU 28, and the population is severely fragmented. Thus, it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed on its distribution and population size and trend.

range:
The Bazyluk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a few isolated localities in southeastern Poland, northeastern Slovakia and northern Romania. Its presence in the neighbouring area of Ukraine is uncertain (Heller et al. 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² in Europe and at least 6,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 50 km² in Europe, and at least 30 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The general population trend of this species is unknown, but in Romania it seems to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is a flightless species.

habitat:
The species occurs in herbaceous grasslands, shrublands, forest clearings and edges, and forest undergrowth between 200-300 m (in Maramures, Romania) to 800-1,000 m Asl (in Slovakia and Poland).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Slovakia and Poland. Further research is needed on its distribution, population size and trends, and the threats to this species. Monitoring of its population trends is also required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket is widespread and common in the Spanish-French Pyrenees and large parts of France. It occurs invarious dry to mesic shrubby habitats and adjacent herbaceous vegetation, between sea level and 1,500 m altitude. Recent surveys show that this discrete and nocturnal species is often much more common than previously thought. Since it has a large extent of occurrence which covers more than 300,000 km² and there are no major threats to the species, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket is a lowland and mountainous species known from the central Spanish Pyrenees including Catalonia and the southernmost two thirds of France (until Ile de Ré in the north-west and the Aube department in the north-east) (Defaut 1999, Poniatowski et al. 2009). Formerly, the species was also mentioned to occur in central Europe, but it was mistaken with I. camptoxypha, I. kraussi, I. pienensis and I. brevicauda. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 319,000 km².

population:
Isophya pyrenaea is a nocturnal species. In France, recent monitoring schemes using ultrasound detectors have shown that the species is often much more common than previously thought (Boitier 2003, Dehondt and Mora 2013). However, there is no specific information available on the population size and trend.

habitat:
The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket occurs in various mesic to dry shrubby habitats and adjacent herbaceous vegetation like hedges, clearings, riparian forest edges, ferns, herbaceous underwoods, Rubus and others shrubs, dense meadows, grassland with bushes and light deciduous and evergreen oak (Holm Oak) woodlands. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m altitude.

threats:
Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and several local development projects, but these threats do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Isophya pyrenaea. In its wide range it occurs in the Spanish and French Pyrenean National Parks and in several French protected natural reserves. Isophya pyrenaea was assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but is now considered to be not threatened in those French regions for which an assessment is available: Franche-Comté (Dehondt and Mora 2013) and Languedoc-Roussillon (Jaulin et al. 2011). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya rectipennis) is widespread in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and the Romanian plain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population trend seems to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket is found in northwestern Anatolia and on the southeastern Balkans Peninsula where it occurs in southern Romania, in Bulgaria, northeastern Greece and European Turkey (Ünal 2003, Chobanov et al. 2013). An introduced subpopulation of this species occurs in France, close to Aix-en-Provence (Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 182,000 km², and ca 175,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually large in the southern part of the range (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but small in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed that the population trend is more or less stable (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in its northern range are fragmented (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic grassland from the lowlands to the mountain foothills (Chobanov et al. 2013). It is found at elevations between 10 m and 1,200 m asl.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
In the Carpathian Red List the species has been assessed as Least Concern (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It occurs in protected areas (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Rhodope Plump Bush-cricket is a common species with dense subpopulations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) probably exceeds the thresholds to qualify for a threatened category. In addition, no major threats to this species are known. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Rhodope Plump Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of the Rilo-Rhodopean massif in the central part of southern Bulgaria and northern Greece, including southern Rila, Pirin, Alibotoush (Slavyanka), Stargach Mountains, western and eastern Rhodopes, Sakar and parts of Sredna Gora Mountains (Bulgaria), Vrontous, and Pangaion Mountains (Greece) between 50 and 2,190 m Asl. Three subspecies are recognized (I. rhodopensis rhodopensis, I. r. leonorae, I. r. petkovi), which are frequently connected by transition zones and hybridisation is suspected in zones of secondary contact (Chobanov et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km².

population:
Mountain subpopulations of this species may be very dense and cover vast open areas. In the lowlands the species is more restricted and its subpopulations are more fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in open grassland, which can be partly overgrown with bushes in the lowlands (where it occurs in forest meadows and scrub) and in the mountains (where it occurs in mountain meadows and pastures). Depending on the altitude and habitat, nymphs occur from March to June/July and adults from May/June to July/September.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but significant parts of its range are covered by Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its threats and population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Harghita Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) based on its small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km². The species has fragmented subpopulations, it occurs at two locations, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

range:
The Harghita Plump Bush-cricket is known from two isolated mountain ranges of the eastern Carpathians (Romania): Harghita-Ciceu and near Targu Neamt (Orci et al. 2010, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) between 450 m (at the latter locality) and 1,730 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known occurrence is 16 km².

population:
Subpopulations in Harghita consist of a high number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
The species occurs in forest clearings and open mountain meadows, where it mostly lives on Vaccinium and Rubus species. Adults occur from mid-June at least to the end of July. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat as a result of overgrazing and settlement expansion.

threats:
The threats to this species are human settlement expansion and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on the threat of overgrazing, it occurs at two locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Showy Plump Bush-cricket is quite widespread on the Balkans Peninsula. As the species is very common and may only be locally affected by human influences, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Showy Plump Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, from south Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, northeast Greece (Thraki) to European Turkey (Warchalowska-Sliwa et al. 2008). It may possibly also occur in northwestern Anatolia. This is the most widespread Isophya species on the Balkans, found from sea level up to 2,500 m altitude in the Pirin Mts (Bulgaria). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 560,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 530,000 km².

population:
The species is common and frequently found but the number of individuals fluctuate over time. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in a variety of habitat types, from dry warm forests to agricultural areas and sub-alpine meadows. Due to its wide altitudinal range, the phenology of some subpopulations may be largely shifted; in the highest places nymphs emerge when adults disappear in lowlands. Nymphs occur from February/March to June/July and adults from late May/August to July/September.

threats:
Direct habitat destruction locally threatens subpopulations, particularly through urbanisation and industrial development.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although significant parts of its distribution are situated in Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. More information is needed about its distribution, population size and trend as well as the threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Steppe Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya stepposa) is assessed as Endangered (EN) as its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 40 km², its population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

range:
The Steppe Plump Bush-cricket is known from a few scattered records in the central Chernozem areas of European Russia (Voronezh, Kursk) and the Don steppes and Dnjepr region in Ukraine (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 320,000 km², but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12-40 km².

population:
The population of Isophya stepposa is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them. Thus, they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species inhabits mesophytic steppe and forest steppe habitats at altitudes between 50 - 300 m Asl. It feeds on dicotyledons.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into arable land and the use of insecticides.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Straube's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya strauberi) is found mainly in western Turkey. In Europe, this species has only been recorded from the island of Lesbos. This species was recorded from this island in 1933 after a single female collected in 1927. Since then, this species was only recently found again in 2008 and 2010 when some field images were taken of a male and female. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,630 km²) and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Straube's Plump Bush-cricket is found mainly in western Turkey (Heller 1988). In Europe, this species has only been recorded from the island of Lesbos. The species was recorded from this island in 1933 after a single female collected in 1927 (Willemse 1984). Since then, this species was only recently found again in 2008 and 2010 when some field images were taken of a male and female. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,630 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size nor on the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
There is no available information on the habitat of this short-winged species. If similar to other species of Isophya that are found on drier islands like I. mavromoustakisi on Cyprus, this species will be found in open areas where there is sufficient vegetation of herbs and/or small shrubs like Cistus species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown..

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stys' Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species is widespread and has an overall large population.

range:
Stys' Plump Bush-cricket occurs in the Carpathian area of Romania, the westernmost part of Ukraine, eastern Hungary and Slovakia and in a small area of southeastern Poland (Heller et al. 2004, Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 130,000 km².

population:
The population trend is unknown but its subpopulations are large and the species is widely distributed.

habitat:
The species occurs in grasslands, forest edges and forest undergrowth from 100 to 1,000 m Asl (in the Ceahlau Mountains, Romania).

threats:
Major threats to this species are habitat loss or degradation as a result of the expansion of human settlements, the abandonment of grasslands, grazing intensification and the conversion of grasslands into agricultural land.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Annex II of the European Habitats Directive, and some monitoring is therefore implemented. In the latest report, the status of this species has been assessed as "Unfavourable - Inadequate" in the Pannonian and Continental biogeographic regions and as "Favourable" in the Alpine region (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Krymean Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya taurica) is quite common on the Krym Peninsula.  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km². The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Krymean Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Krym Peninsula, where it occurs almost in the entire mountainous part from the southern coast to the highest altitudes (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 to 1,000 km².

population:
This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits a variety of open habitats, including sub-Mediterranean shrub and meadows, forest edges and clearings, and mesic meadows above the treeline. It sometimes enters agricultural areas. Adults are found from April/May (at low altitudes, where they disappear already in June) and can rarely be found after mid-July in the highest altitudes (Babugan Yayla) (D. Chobanov pers. obs. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 10-1,500 m.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into vineyards and the use of pesticides. It may also be threatened by touristic development and overgrazing.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Thrace Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya thracica) is endemic to southeastern Thrace in European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,400 km²), it is common throughout its range, the population size is estimated to be very large, and the population appears to be stable. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into and the threats to this species is required.

It does not occur within the EU 28.

range:
The Thrace Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Thrace in European Turkey (Chobanov 2009, Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,400 km².

population:
The population seems to be stable and contains a large number of individuals.

habitat:
Near Elmali Village, this species was found within xerothermophyte scrub of Quercus pubescens and Juniperus oxycedrus, but possibly it inhabits a wide variety of vegetation types (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its phenology is poorly known. It emerges in February–April and the adult moult starts at the end of April; adults disappear in July. This species is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.

threats:
Destruction and change of the natural sparse forests and scrub may threaten this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into and the threats to this species is required.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tosevsk's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya tosevski) is found in Greece and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it is restricted to the eastern part of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common throughout its geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,600 km² in Europe and ca 4,400 km² in the EU 28 region, area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²) and the population seems to be stable. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Tosevsk's Plump Bush-cricket is found in Greece and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov et al. 2013). In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it is restricted to the eastern part of Macedonia (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,600 km² for Europe and ca 4,400 km² for the EU 28 region. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
The population of this species seems to be stable. Different subpopulations, possibly isolated by natural barriers, show significant differences in phenology depending on the habitat properties and may vary in numbers.

habitat:
This species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean scrub and ruderal meadows up to at least 1,000 m Asl. Its phenology is not well known but is similar to that of the lowland populations of I. andreevae.

threats:
Specific threats for this species are unknown, although in the southeastern part of its distribution grazing and land abandonment could impact this species. In the southwestern part of its distribution, intensification of agriculture and chemical use is also impacting the species.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya zubowskii) has disappeared from large areas of its former distribution due to land use changes in the past. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 500 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). 
In the EU 28, the AOO is between 160 and 300 km², but there is no indication of a population decline and it seems to be stable. The subpopulations in the north of Romania are well connected, so the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket is recorded from the lowlands of southern and eastern Romania, Moldova and southwestern Ukraine (Bey-Bienko 1954, Iorgu and Iorgu 2012). The border of its northern range in Ukraine and Moldova is uncertain. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 120,000 km² (and for the EU 28 it is c. 90,000 km²). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 500 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 160 and 300 km².

population:
In northern Romania, the subpopulations of this species are large (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), and in Romania it seems to be stable (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In other parts of its range, the species is very rare (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015). Since more than 50% of the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Overall, the population of this species is assumed to be declining.

habitat:
Isophya zubowskii occurs in mesic and semi-dry grasslands including steppes and forest clearings. Generally it is a lowland species (its lower altitudinal limit is 50 m), but it can be found in mountains up to 1,400 m Asl, albeit rarely (in Vrancea Mountains in Romania; I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Adults occur in May and June and are active at dusk and night.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the destruction of its habitat as a result of its conversion into farmland and afforestation. It is also affected by urbanisation, the use of insecticides and overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required. The remaining habitats of this species need better protection and an appropriate grazing management to avoid any future declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes albovittata) is widespread in the eastern part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may be locally threatened by intensive agriculture, it is still common and widespread.

range:
The Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket occurs from northern Germany and southern Switzerland in the west to the Peloponnesus (Greece) in the south and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe, it is also known from Turkey to the Caspian Sea (Zöller and Detzel 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.1 million km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually large (T. Zuna-Kratky and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Outbreaks have been observed (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016); it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. The population therefore exhibits extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The species is locally declining in Switzerland as a consequence of intensified grassland management (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species prefers sunny forest edges, and grasslands with bushes and perennials (Zöller and Detzel 1996). Eggs are laid in plant stems, leaf sheaths, bark or dead wood (NLWKN 2011).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016) and overgrazing (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016), but benefits from abandonment. It is generally thought to be sensitive to intensification of grassland management (frequent mowing) (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
Given that the species is less common at its northern range margin, it is subject to local conservation action. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (NLWKN 2011). It is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List, (Berg et al. 2005), as Data Deficient in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Kristin, A., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Bosnian Speckled Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the scarce available knowledge on its distribution, ecology and threats. This species has an uncertain taxonomic status as it is probably a a synonym of L. punctatissima.

range:
The species is known from three neighbouring localities in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Pavicevic and Ivkovic 2014, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 30 and 350 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 30 km².

population:
The species has been described very recently and the population trend is unknown. A relatively large subpopulation was found near Ubla (Orjen Mountains) between 1,050 and 1,100 m Asl in 2015 (G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found on clearings in mixed thermophilous forests of Quercus and Carpinus, between 700 – 1,000 m Asl on the Orjen Mountains (Pavicevic and Ivkovic 2014). It lives and feeds on leaves and flowers of different herbs, bushes and trees (Quercus, Corylus, Cornus, Viburnum, Carpinus, etc.).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected area throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, ecology, population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes boscii) is widespread in the northwestern part of the Balkans and Austria and it is less common in the southeastern Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution.

range:
The Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Greece to the Czech Republic in the north and Serbia in the east. In the west it reaches the Italian/French border and the northern Apennines. A single record exists from Romania, but the species is extinct there (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 818,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 730,000 km².

population:
This species is widespread but not common (G. Szövenyi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). It is very rare in Serbia (Skejo and Stankovic 2014) and Greece (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016) and seems to be declining (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Romania it is extinct (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The population is fragmented, but the fragmentation is not considered severe. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in grasslands (Nagy 2006), forest edges (Zechner et al. 2005), in open forests and on forest clearings (L. Willemse and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016), as well as in bushes and forbs near rivers (Skejo and Stankovic 2014).

threats:
This species is locally threatened by burning of hedges and fringes as well as by afforestation, but it benefits from land abandonment (Braun and Lederer 2009). It is also threatened by agricultural intensification and cultivation of forest edges (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). Locally it is also threatened by touristic development, even within a protected area (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Calabrian Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes calabra) is only known from Monte Tiriolo in Calabria, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are smaller than 4 km², it occurs at a single location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in habitat quality, due to abandonment of agricultural lands. Further research is needed in order to determine if there are more subpopulations, and into this species' population trend, ecology and threats. Taking into account that at present only one locality is known, the protection of the habitat is recommended.

range:
The Calabrian Speckled Bush-cricket was described in 2010, based on first records in 2008. The only known locality is Monte Tiriolo in Calabria, Italy (Kleukers et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012). It could very well be more widespread, but about 150 km north, the related Leptophyes punctatissima is found, so it is probably confined to southwestern Italy. It would be worthwhile to investigate the boundaries of the range further. However, at present, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is only limited information on the size of the population. A maximum of 50 (immature) specimens has been recorded at one time, but no exact population estimate exists. Based on the present knowledge, the best guess for the population size is 2,500 adult individuals. It is assumed that there is a continuing decline in the population size caused by abandonment of agricultural sites.

habitat:
The species occurs in tall shrubs and deciduous forest and is found at elevations between 700 m and 825 m asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is abandonment of agricultural sites. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the restricted distribution of this species, at present and based on available data, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any protected areas, and there are no specific conservation measures in place for it. As there is only one known location for this species, the protection of its habitat is recommended. Research is needed into its population trend, further distribution, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Blackwing Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes discoidalis) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 750 and 2,500 km² in Europe, and between 300 and 1,500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations and in the extent and quality of habitat. Threats include overgrazing, intensification of grassland management, urbanisation and touristic development. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.

range:
The Blackwing Speckled Bush-cricket is found on the central Balkan Peninsula, from southeastern Slovakia and northern Hungary to northern Bulgaria. Isolated subpopulations occur in eastern Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Skejo and Stankovic 2013). In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 750 and 2,500 km², whereas in the EU 28 it is between 300 and 1,500 km². Its extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 290,000 km², and ca 250,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated (I. Iorgu, G. Szövenyi, D. Chobanov, A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the ongoing threats and the population trend is therefore decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic to semi-dry meadows, forest edges and clearings (Iorgu 2012) as well as in open forests. In Slovakia it has been found in wet bushy vegetation in the floodplain of the Bodrog River (Kristin et al. 2004).

threats:
The major threat to this species is intensified agricultural land use (mowing, grazing) (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015) and removal of bushes along roads, creeks, rivers and forest edges (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanisation and development of touristic infrastructure (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Regulation of rivers also leads to habitat degradation (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (S. Ivkovic, G. Szövenyi and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species has been assessed as Near Threatened for the Slovakian, Hungarian and Ukrainian part of the Carpathians (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Montenegrin Speckled Bush-cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 6,500 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36-200 km² with a severely fragmented population. It is therefore close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B, but as there is no indication of a continuing decline or extreme fluctuations it is listed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Montenegrin Speckled Bush-cricket is a recently described species. Originally it was known only from the type locality in the Durmitor Mountains in Montenegro (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010), but in the last years it was found in Croatia (Velebit Mountains) and in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Baba Mountains and Lebrsnik Mountains). Since its typical habitat is often not easy to access and its subpopulations often have low density, it is probably distributed through the Dinaric Range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro (G. Szovenyi et al., unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 36 and 200 km². In the EU 28, the EOO is 35 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4-20 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Its abundance is generally very low, and its spatial distribution inside the subpopulations is sometimes characteristically patchy. The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little possibilities for genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species occurs in mountain grasslands between 1,000 and 1,500 m Asl and inhabits typically steep, at least partly south-faced rocky slopes with patchy vegetation. It prefers tall bushes of herbaceous plants, like Centaurea, Urtica or Cornus, where it feeds on their leafs and flowers. However, it is known to occur on nearly flat, plateau-like mountain grassland plots as well.

threats:
Fires may affect some subpopulations of this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Croatia (Paklenica National Park) and in Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes laticauda) is widespread in Italy and on the western Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the population size is probably very large.

range:
The Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket occurs in Italy (reaching southeastern France), Corsica and from the northern Balkans to western Bulgaria and southwestern Romania (Heller 2013).

population:
This species can be locally abundant (Baur et al. 2006) and the population size is probably very large. It is mainly found on trees and is therefore difficult to find. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in semi-open forests on trees and bushes (Massa et al. 2012), as well as in hedges and at forest edges (Baur et al. 2006).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the increasing number of wildfires (G. Szövenyi and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). It is also threatened by the use of pesticides (S. Ivkovic and G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Data Deficient on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Greek Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes lisae) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Peloponnesus, the Cyclades island of Andros and the island of Chios in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km²), and it occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualify for listing in threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.

range:
The Greek Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Peloponnesus, the Cyclades island of Andros and the island of Chios in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea (Heller and Willemse 1989, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 20 and 100 km².

population:
Estimating individual numbers of Leptophyes species is difficult. The individuals are rather secretive, live in shrubs, are well camouflaged and although the males produce a calling song this is very soft and hardly audible for the human ear. The best method for monitoring numbers of individuals is to locate individual males by using a bat detector to make their calling song audible at greater distances. As habitats suitable for Leptophyes spp. in Greece are found in small rather than large areas, estimating the subpopulation sizes is possible but has not been done yet. Because of the size of the EOO, the already published sites for this species, and the estimated AOO, a preliminary estimate of the population size of this species runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.

habitat:
Little is known on the ecology of this species. Nymphs have been found on the flowers of an orchid and basking on the leaves of a fern. The adults move higher up in the vegetation and are found on shrubs and tall herbs. On Andros, the species was found in a small thicket of Rubus. This species requires rather wet habitats which allows for sufficient lush vegetation also late in the season when they become adults. In Andros it was found next to a brooklet in on a hill slope rich in shade. In the Peloponnesos, the species was found on road margins in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. It is found at elevations of 50-900 m Asl.

threats:
Like with many other species, threats to this bush-cricket in Greece are related to changes in its habitat. Human activities (water extraction, livestock grazing, road construction, expanding urbanization) are among the possible threats. Taking into account the extent of the effects of anthropogenic activities and the distributions of this species it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Several aspects of the species still need to be studied so as to make a more accurate assessment. Such aspects are habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. In addition the taxonomic status of the population on Chios need to be re-examined as there are some doubts as to its identity (Willemse and Willemse 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes punctatissima) is endemic to Europe where it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, southern Italy and Greece in the south to Scotland and southern Norway in the north and Bulgaria in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its has a wide distribution, it is common and the population size is presumably large. In addition, as a consequence of human transport it is currently expanding its range. It is found in bushes and perennials and often lives in gardens. As it lays its eggs into the bark of bushes, it is often transported with garden plants.

range:
The Common Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Europe where it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, southern Italy and Greece in the south to Scotland and southern Norway in the north and Bulgaria in the east (Heller 2013). It is regionally extinct in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It is absent from the eastern part of Europe, but sometimes transported with garden plants by humans into cities. It has also been introduced to North America (Morse 1919). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.2 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common. As a consequence of human transport it is currently expanding its range and has been introduced in several cities outside of its natural range. The population size is presumably large and the trend is increasing.

habitat:
This species is found on sun-exposed shrubs, such as Prunus spinosa, Rubus spp., Rosa spp. and Urtica spp. (Proess and Baden 1997) as well as open forests, forest edges (Massa et al. 2012), parks and gardens. The female places the eggs into the bark of bushes. In east Bulgaria this species reproduces via parthenogenesis.

threats:
The species may locally be affected by pesticides or the removal of bushes and natural forest edges (Wallaschek et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), and as Least Concern on the Red Lists of Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Further research is needed into the population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes sicula) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it is rare, no major threats to it have been reported and there is no evidence of population declines. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.

range:
The Sicilian Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,800 km² and its known area of occupancy is estimated to be between 26 and 200 km².

population:
The species is quite rare, and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This small mostly green bush-cricket is found in half open forest, on trees, bushes and ferns.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Calabrian Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes ippolitoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Calabria and Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there is no evidence of population declines and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Calabrian Ornate Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known in Calabria and Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
This species is not common, and has scattered, isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This medium-sized, mostly green-coloured bush-cricket lives in shrubland, flower-rich grassland and the margins of forests. Adults can be found in summer and live on Pistacia lentiscus, Teline monspessulanum, Prunus spp. and Quercus ilex. It can be found at elevations between 400 m and 1,850 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Greek Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes oertzeni) is endemic to Greece, and occurs in the western half of the Peloponnesus and in the southern tip of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,400 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 3,000 km²), and no studies have been carried out to assess the effects of grazing and bushfires on this species. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of the potential threats is required.

range:
The Greek Ornate Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and occurs in the western half of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1977, Willemse 1984) and in the southern tip of the Greek mainland (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 6,400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be ca 3,000 km².

population:
This species is common in the Peloponnesus, but no studies have been carried out yet to measure population densities. This species is secretive and difficult to find. Most probably the use of a bat detector to locate singing males would be the best way to monitor populations. Experience indicates that the overall densities of subpopulations are low, but there may be several animals in a single bush of Quercus. There is no available information on the population trend.

habitat:
The habitat requirements of this species are not exactly known, but it is known to occur in maquis vegetation, on Quercus species from sea level up to 1,350 m Asl - a very common habitat type on the Peloponnesus. Adults are found on Quercus species (Q. ilex; Q. coccifera), and it is also found in hedges.

threats:
Potential threats mainly derive from livestock (goats) grazing and bushfires. No studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes ornatus) is known from southern Serbia (Kosovo), Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Bulgaria and Greece. Within the EU 28 region, it is found in Greece (mainland only) and the south-western most tip of Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² for Europe and ca 47,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and the population size is considered to be very large. Further research into the population size and trend, and this species' ecology is required.

range:
The Balkan Ornate Bush-cricket is known from southern Serbia (Kosovo), Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Bulgaria and Greece. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² (Chobanov 2009, Pavicevic et al. 2014, Willemse 1977, 1984). Within the EU 28 region, it is found in Greece (mainland only)  and the south-western most tip of Bulgaria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) for  this region is ca 47,000 km².

population:
No studies have been carried yet out to measure subpopulation densities. This species is secretive and difficult to find. Most probably the use of a bat detector to locate singing males would be the best way to monitor subpopulations. Experience indicates that subpopulations are usually small, although several animals may be found in a single bush of Quercus. There is no available information on the population trend.

habitat:
The habitat requirements of this species are not known, but it is known to occur in maquis vegetation, on Quercus spp., at mid elevations from 300 to 700 m Asl - which is a very common habitat type. In the southern mainland of Greece this species is found in maquis vegetation but also in more semi-wet vegetation with Rubus species. More to the north it has been reported from Quercus and Castanea species.

threats:
Threats mainly derive from livestock (goats) grazing, but no studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is present in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and this species' ecology is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes pulchripennis) occurs in Italy, Corsica, northern Sardinia and northern Sicily as well as northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its distribution is scattered, it is widespread in Italy and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Italian Ornate Bush-cricket occurs in Italy, Corsica, northern Sardinia and northern Sicily as well as northeastern Spain (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,500 km².

population:
This species is widespread in Italy, but scarce (Massa et al. 2012). It is also rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in woodlands along rivers (Olmo-Vidal 2002), at forest edges and on flower-rich grasslands (Massa et al. 2012). Adults can be found mostly on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura arctuata) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sicilian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,600 km².

population:
The species is common but the population trend isunknown.

habitat:
This medium-sized greenish bush cricket lives in high forbs and shrubs in grassland, where adults can be found from March until May at elevations between 600 m and 1,900 m asl. Morphologically, it cannot be distinguished from O. stenoxypha.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura aspericauda) is endemic to Spain, where it is widespread in the southeastern part of the country, from Cádiz up to Barcelona. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, occurs in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Iberian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is widespread in the southeastern part of the country, from Cádiz up to Barcelona (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 235,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, but it is common.

habitat:
This species occurs in many different habitats, being present in both calcareous and siliceous soils, in pine forests, pastures, scrub-land and reeds (Pascual 1978). It is found from the sea level up to 2,000 m Asl (Llorente and Pinedo 1990).

conservationAction:
The species is present in protected areas (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). Research is needed into the threats to this species and into the population trend, distribution as well as life history and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Algerian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura borrei) is found in Lampedusa, Italy, and it also occurs in Algeria and probably in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
In Europe, the Algerian Striped Bush-cricket is found in Lampedusa, Italy. It also occurs in Algeria and probably in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The species is rather common in spring but thepopulation trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits shrubland and grassland. Adults can be found in spring and summer.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura calaritana) is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sardinian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to west and south Sardinia, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,700 km².

population:
The species common but thepopulation trend is unknown.

habitat:
This medium-sized mostly green bush cricket lives in high forbs, e.g. Ferula spp., and shrubs in grassland, where adults can be found in spring at elevations between 100 m and 400 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Smooth Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura glabricauda) is found in Morocco and in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and its population size is presumably large.

range:
The Smooth Striped Bush-cricket is found in Morocco and in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 192,000 km².

population:
In Portugal, the population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing as a consequence of increased pressure on its habitat (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). However, the global population trend is unknown. The overall population size is presumably large.

habitat:
This species is found in bushes and on thistles at altitudes between 4 m and 800 m Asl (Llorente and Pinedo 1990).

threats:
This species may be locally threatened by overgrazing.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology. Additionally research is also needed into potential threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Barranco Vega, P., Odé, B., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J. & Prunier, F.


