# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece, but its exact distribution is problematic. The species is reported from the island of Evvoia but also from parts of Thessaly (Westerlund 1889). # #There is limited information on this species and it is inadequate to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. This species is listed as Data Deficient. Research is recommended on the taxonomy, distribution and population trend, biology and threats to this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, but its exact distribution is problematic. The species is reported from the island of Evvoia but also from parts of Thessaly (Westerlund 1889).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. There is no study on this species since the original description.

threats:
The ecology and biology of the species is largely unknown. #Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. #More research on the taxonomy, the distribution, biology and threats for this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite widespread and abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. More research on its taxonomy to clarify its global distribution is urgently required.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known to be distributed in south-eastern Europe. According to Fauna Europaea the species is present in #Albania, Greece, many countries of former #Yugoslavia. The species is also reported from Romania. #Monacha frequens has also been reported from Bulgaria, but according to Irikov (2008) and Feher and Eross (2009), the species is not present.

habitat:
The species is met in a variety of open habitats and in different vegetation types.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is abundant in its native range. It is now considered as an invasive introduced species in Southern Ukraine, where it quickly expands its distribution. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is originally an endemic of the Crimean Peninsula, in Ukraine. However, it is now considered as an introduced species in Southern Ukraine (Sverlova and Son 2006, Sverlova et al. 2006).

population:
This species is abundant and its population is increasing. It is now considered as an introduced species in Southern Ukraine.

habitat:
This species is able to tolerate a wide range of habitats.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. The expansion of the species is connected with transport activities


taxonomicNotes:
Pintér (1977) created for this species the new Subgenus Szentgalya. This is not accepted by Bank # (2011) in Fauna Europaea (which this assessment is following), but Liberto et al. (2010) elevate Szentgalya to the rank of a full genus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This endemic species has a restricted distribution area, with an extent of occurrence of less than 720 km2, and is found in scattered localities. Part of the known localities is situated in the proximity of an expanding major city and there is a continuing decline in  the quality and extent of its habitat. It is therefore considered as  Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.

range:
In the Italian checklist (Manganelli et al. 1995), the species is indicated as endemic to western Sicily and the Isola di Favignana (Isole Egadi). Liberto et al. (2010) indicate historical material from the surroundings of Palermo and the Madonie mountains.

threats:
The main threats to this species are degradation of habitats, due to urbanisation, road construction and pasturing.


taxonomicNotes:
According to #Sattmann   #Reischütz (1994), there are several differences between #Monacha haussknechti and #M. emigrata. For this reason, M. haussknechti is treated as a separate species, and further #investigation is urgently required to clarify its taxonomic status.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic and is distributed in Thessalia and Ipirus (Sattmann and Reischütz 1994). #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is endemic to Greece distributed in the #Greek #mainland. It seems that the species is distributed in Thessalia and Ipirus (Sattmann and Reischütz 1994).

habitat:
This species is usually in open habitats, in different vegetation types.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species needs to be fully investigated, especially at the molecular level.

redListCategoryRationale:
The exact distribution of this species is unknown. There are no population information. Due to confusion with other species, the knowledge is very fragmented. Logging and channelisation of rivers might impact the species, but the specific threats to the species are unknown. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is found in Hérault, Vaucluse, Var and possibly Isère.

habitat:
This is a hygrophilous species that lives in valley bottom, edge of rivers, etc.

threats:
Logging and river channelization are potential threats.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomic status, the distribution and the population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a quite restricted area. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from the island of Lesvos and Imbros (Gökçeada) and is possibly present in the nearby Turkish coast (Hausdorf 2000).

habitat:
This species is usually found in open, xeric habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The fact that the species is favoured by human activities indicates that it in the near future it is unlikely to face any direct threats. #The species is quite #abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is currently known only from the island of Rhodes, but it is quite possible that it is present in other south-eastern islands of the Aegean Sea (Hausdorf 2003).

habitat:
The species is found in many different vegetation types of the region and is significantly favoured by human activities (e.g. cultivations).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in Peloponnese (Westerlund 1889).

population:
The species is quite abundant but there is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
It is reported from a great variety of habitats, such as shrublands (maquis and phrygana), as well as from some forested areas (Cameron et al. 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in northwest Republic of Makedonija and central Albania. The species is relatively widespread and there are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in northwest Republic of Makedonija and central Albania.

habitat:
This species was found on relatively humid meadows.

threats:
This species inhabits wetlands which can be affected by human activity.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is present in Greece (Chios, east Aegean Islands), north-western Turkey and Bulgaria. From Bulgaria is known from a single locality (Hausdorf 2000, Irikov 2008). #This species is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in Greece (Chios, east Aegean Islands), north-western Turkey and Bulgaria. From Bulgaria is known from a single locality (Hausdorf 2000, Irikov 2008).

habitat:
This species is usually found in open habitats of various vegetation types.


taxonomicNotes:
Manganelli et al. (1995) mentioned the species with an uncertain taxonomic value.

redListCategoryRationale:
A precise search was initialised by members of the Forum Natura Mediterraneo and demonstrated that this rare species is recognisable despite a certain taxonomical uncertainty. The pictures in Natura Mediterraneo give evidence of the intensive pasturing in the subalpine region of the Abbruzze. This poorly studied species has a relatively restricted extent of occurrence of about 4,000 km2. It needs further research and is threatened (by the alteration of biotopes) to become extinct before its taxonomical status is clarified. It is currently considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to central Italy. It is denoted by Kobelt (1878) as a "character snail of the Abbruzzes"; the centres of the distribution are the massifs of Monti della Laga, Gran Sasso and Maiella. The typical form is present in the border area of the three regions Marche, Latium and Abbruzze.

habitat:
This snail inhabits grasslands on calcareous ground in the montane and subalpine zone, at the base of rocks and under stones.

threats:
The main threats to this species are pasturing and alteration of biotopes by intensification of land use; mainly related to sportive activities like hiking and skiing.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. more research is needed on its distribution and population.


taxonomicNotes:
Irikov (2008) wrote: "We consider there is needful investigation of genital anatomy in details and check-up the material of M. oshanovae in the future, wherefore we assume the taxon validity only conventional".

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Bulgaria in the Struma region, Skrât W of Petrić, at the Greek-Rep.-Makedonijan-Bulgarian border. #As the number of known locations is about five and area of occupancy is 20 km2, but there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, number of  locations or population trend is in decline. However, the range of this species is very small and therefore as a precaution is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species lives in Bulgaria in the Struma region, Skrât W of Petrić, at the Greek-Rep.-Makedonijan-Bulgarian border.

population:
The range is possibly underestimated and there may be more populations within the area. #Within its relatively large range this species does not appear to be rare. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat of the species, but it may be the same as in other Monacha species. #Monacha oshanovae may be xerotolerant species, preferring open habitats.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.).

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria, however some of the sub-populations may be found in protected areas. Research on possible threats is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
It is difficult to distinguish this species from M. crenophila, and from the species of the group M. (Paratheba) hemitricha. Furthermore, there are no constant conchological differences between M. ovularis and M. (Paratheba) ascania # and M. (P.) bithynica and M. (Metatheba) stipulifera (Hausdorf 2000).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Bulgaria and Turkey. As the number of known locations is about five and the area of occupancy is 20 km2, but there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy number of  locations or number of sub-populations are declining. As it is quite difficult to distinguish from other species, the distribution might be larger than indicated. However, due to the very small range of this species, it is listed as Near Threatened.This species is listed as Near Threatened at the European and EU 27 States level.

range:
The species lives in southeast Bulgaria (South Black Sea Coast: camping site "Zlatna ribka" about 5 кm southeastern of Chernomotets (NG59), 2-3 m alt.; firth of Silistar River (NG85), 1-2 m alt.; Strandja Mountain: Mladejko, about 40 km northwest of Malko Tarnovo (NG26), ~ 200 m alt.) (Iriko 2008), and in the European part of  Turkey (Hausdorf 2000).

population:
Within its relatively narrow range #this species does not appear to be rare. #The population trend is thought to be stable. #This species might have been under recorded as it is difficult to distinguish from similar species based on conchological data only.

habitat:
According to Irikov (2008) the species occurs in xerothermal habitats in Strandja Mountain and southern Black Sea Coast in southwest Bulgaria. It prefers open habitats with grasses and bushes, but also occurs in sands on the seacoast.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria and in Turkey. Some sub-populations may be found protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
#This species is widespread and quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is reported from #Greece (mainland, Cyclades, Crete), Croatia, Italy, Bosnia   Herzegovina  #(see also Sattmann and Reischütz 1994, Manganelli et al. 1995, Štamol 2004, 2010, #Triantis et al. 2008). #The presence of the species in Albania has to be confirmed (Dhora 2009). The species is also reported from Israel as introduced (Roll et al. 2009). Note that #Roll #et al. (2009) report Cyprus to be the potential source of the introduced species, but the presence in Cyprus has to #confirmed.

habitat:
This species is usually found in open habitats, on the soil and under stones.

threats:
This species appears to be expanding #its distribution through human activities. There are no known threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation action in place for this species and currently none are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. Up to today the species has been #anatomically confirmed from a number of islands of Kyklades and East Aegean Islands (Ikaria, Kinaros, Astypalaia with its surrounding islets, and Anafi (Hausdorf 2003, Triantis #et al. 2008). #This species is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. Up to today the species has been #anatomically confirmed from a number of islands of Kyklades and East Aegean Islands (Ikaria, Kinaros, Astypalaia with its surrounding islets, and Anafi (Hausdorf 2003, Triantis et al. 2008).

habitat:
The species is found in many of the vegetation types of the region and is significantly favoured by human activities (e.g. cultivations) (Mylonas 1982, Triantis et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
In the restricted sense, as revised by Reitano et al. (2009), this species is considered as a narrow range endemic with actually four known occurrences. Changes in land use, especially related to urbanisation and pasturing, are threatening the species. It is therefore considered to be Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to eastern Sicily. It was also indicated by Forcart (1965) for the Italian mainland which opinion is followed by Fauna Europaea (Bank 2011). But Reitano et al. (2009) consider #Monacha  rizzae as an endemic species of Sicily, restricted to the eastern part of the island. Currently, the species is known from four localities (Grotta Palombara, Cava d'Ispica, environs of Siracusa, Monti Iblei).

habitat:
This species is found in humid to dry habitats; riparian biotopes alongside water courses, in moist litter, but also in dryer zones under stones, litter or stands of herbaceous plants.

threats:
The main threats to this species is related to changes in land use, urbanisation, pasturing and desiccation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place, but its habitats should be conserved, particularly the few remaining moist places in eastern Sicily.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has partly been misidentified by several authors. Further anatomical #examination is needed for the verification of the species' presence to various areas (Hausdorf 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. The species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats to the species. It is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to the Aegean Sea area, most probably restricted to Kyklades, although this needs confirmation (Hausdorf 2003).

habitat:
The species is found in almost all the vegetation types of the region and is significantly favoured by human activities (e.g. cultivations) (Mylonas 1982).

threats:
#There is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). There is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on taxonomy is recommended for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
A. Hallgass (pers. com. 2011)has recently detected Helix pantanellii De Stefani, 1879 at its type locality Monte Fionchi (less than 20 km distant from the Monti Reatini) and found it similar to Monacha ruffoi in anatomical characters, but different in color and form of aperture. This opens the possibility that M. ruffoi might be a local summit form of M. pantanellii.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in a restricted area (extent of occurrence of 70 km2 and area of occupancy of 28 km2), # in seven scattered sites. # The region is subject to heavy tourist exploitation., which leads to a decrease of the quality of the habitat. The species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
The species is endemic to central Italy, where it occurs in a restricted sector of the western Reatini mountains, and is known from 7 sites in the higher mountain region.

habitat:
This species occurs in clearings or pastures with shrubs, in beech woods of the montane and subalpine zone; in meadows with Trifolium repens and Plantago medica.

threats:
The main threats tot his species are pasturing and alteration of biotopes by tourism and sport activities.


taxonomicNotes:
M. solidior is difficult to distinguish from other Monacha species based on shell characters only (mainly M. carascaloides) (Hausdorf 2000).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria and Turkey. This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats and the population appears to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed at Least Concern at the European level.

range:
According to Hausdorf (2000) the species is known from west Anatolia, the Anatolian north-west-coast, the European part of Turkey and Bulgaria. There may also be some records of M. carascaloides from Greek Thracia and Macedonia must be referred to M. solidior.

habitat:
In the area of Arcutino the species is occurs on the Black Sea Coast among sands dunes (Irikov 2008). The ecological conditions during the summer season are extreme, strongly expressed xerotermics around the sand surface, but sometimes there is typical a high aerial humidity over the dunes because of proximity of the sea. The winter is soft with a little snow and relatively high temperatures. The animals are found mostly among microhabitats of psammophytic and halophylic grass vegetation. #During the inactive periods in the summer (at time of a long dry, high temperatures in the day, low aerial humidity) and in the winter, the animals aggregate at the base of stems and under leaves of plants (Irikov 2008). The leaves with a rosette-form are peculiar umbrellas, ensuring more optimal microclimatic conditions. The psammophytic plant absorbs minimum amounts of dampness even, creating around the succulent and deeply situated in the sand roots a zone with a higher moisture. The sand in the base of the stem remains moist even in prolonged summer dryness and heat. The animals are #concentrated to the base of stems or are buried around the root sometimes at a long depth. The movement of animals on the dunes is facilitated by the presence of moss, covering a sizable part of sands. This species is xerophilic, thermophilic and drought-resistant.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed and quite #abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is widely #distributed #in Greece, Turkey, #Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt (Hausdorf 2000, Schütt 2001, Triantis et al. 2008, #Heller 2009).

habitat:
This species is usually found in xeric, open #open habitats of various vegetation types and also in meadows and cultivations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known only from the Rapotamo region in Bulgaria and from the European part of Turkey (2 km south of Kofcaz) (Hausdorf 2000). There is one known occurrence in Turkey and two localities on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria. The number of known locations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, however there has been no decline in the population. The Bulgarian populations are in a protected area. Due to the small range size, as a precaution this species is listed as Near Threatened.This species is listed as Near Threatened at the European and EU 27 States level.

range:
The species is known only from the Rapotamo region in Bulgaria and from the European part of Turkey (2 km south of Kofcaz) (Hausdorf 2000). There is one known occurrence in Turkey and two localities on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria.

habitat:
This species lives in Bulgaria in the coastal  vicinity, in open habitats covered by grasses. In the summer it is found under  stones, active after rainfall. According to Irikov (2008) the species inhabits open grass spaces in xerothermal habitats near to seacoast in Southwestern Bulgaria. In the summer the animals are concealed under stones and are active only after shower and possibly in the night.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria and in Turkey. Some subpopulations may be found protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has at least six known subpopulations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from six localities distributed in the Banat region (Romania). Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively small range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species (Grossu 1979) with a preference for beech forests where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. However, considering the number of populations of this species, local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Romania. At least a part of the known subpopulations occurs within protected areas such as at Valea Susara near Sasca Montana. #The systematic position of the species is doubtful (Páll-Gergely, personal communication), therefore research activity should focus on this point, as well as attempting to discover new localities. Conservation actions are not currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the certified distribution records (unless the Macedonian and Albanian occurrences are confirmed), this should be considered a narrow range Bosnian endemic species. Several questions and problems are associated with this species. Firstly, its range should be better studied (because it might live  in other locations in Bosnia). Secondly, it would also be important to know how  the habitat and the population on the Trebevic Mountain were affected by construction works  during Winter Olympic Games in 1984 and by military activities during  the Bosnian War. This species could qualify for Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). However, the threats to this species happened more than 10 years ago and the current level of threat is much lower. There is still a plausible threat in relation with the possible future development of the ski resort and the extension of the recreational activities around the capital. Therefore, this species is currently assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. Should the threats become more immediate, it would directly qualify for a Critically Endangered (CR) category.

range:
Fauna Europaea lists this species as being from Bosnia-Herzegovina, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania. However, according to Stankovic et al. (2006), this species does not occur in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and indeed the Albanian occurrence is not reinforced to date (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Fehér and Erőss 2009b). The species was described from Bosnia, "Trebovic near Sarajevo, 1629 m", but De Winter and Maassen (1992) do not mention further specific distribution record. Therefore, unless the Albanian and/or Macedonian occurrence is confirmed, we might assume that it is a narrow range Bosnian endemic species.  The species is far from being well studied and its range and distribution needs to be studied # in the future. However, at the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well studied and as such there is hardly any information on population trend.

habitat:
Based on the locality data and related species, the habitat requirement and the ecology of this species can only be deduced. It is found in the highest region of a limestome mountain, in rocky habitats among leaf litter or under stones.

threats:
During the 1984 Winter Olympics Trebević, like the other Sarajevo mountains, was used for a number of Olympic events, such as bobsledding. During the Siege of Sarajevo, Trebević proved ideal positions for besieging artillery and the mountain became a key fighting ground. The effect of these activities on the population is unknown, but considering it is a narrow range endemic species any of them might affect significantly the population. The ski resort might still be developed in the future and recreational activities from the capital might also have a negative impact on the habitat of this species in the future.

conservationAction:
This is a problematic species. First of all, its existence should be confirmed on the Trebevic Mountain, near Sarajevo. Research to determine the current range should be carried out as well as to the current threats potentially impacting the species such as from continuing development and recreational activities, as at present this information is unknown. It would also be important to know how the habitat and the population were affected by construction works during the Winter Olympic Games in 1984 and by military activities during the Bosnian War. Conservation actions may be required based on the findings of this research.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with 3 subspecies: Monachoides incarnatus incarnatus (O. F. Müller, 1774), Monachoides incarnatus armatus (STABILE, 1859), Monachoides incarnatus welebitanus (L. PFEIFFER, 1848). The status of the last subspecies is currently under investigation (Nordsieck   Neubert, in prep.).

range:
This species is widespread in central Europe, and locally abundant. It has been recorded from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine.

population:
The size and trend within the sub-populations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate forests and moist hedges.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and none are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from one location, at the border of Kosovo with Montenegro. However, it is very likely to be found in the whole area that has not been properly investigated. There are some potential threats related to deforestation, but on one side land-mines prevent access in a large part of this area and on the other side, forest cover is large enough and is not likely to be entirely affected by these threats. Therefore this species is considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting the criteria Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is known from one location in Serbia on the eastern slope of the Cakor pass, around four km West of Kuciste (1600 m asl.). It is assumed that it is very likely to be found in the whole area that has not been properly investigated due to the danger of land-mines.  As long as there are no further records, this should be considered a narrow range endemic species. The type locality is as near the Montenegrin border, therefore its presence in Montenegro can be reasonably supposed.

habitat:
This is a forest-living species being found in pine forest on trunks of pine trees. It is thought to live among leaf-litter and decaying dead-wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests can impact this species, but it is unlikely to wipe out the population entirely.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level. Cakor pass and its vicinity is not a protected site. As this area hosts numerous invertebrates of high conservation concern and should be protected. Research activity should focus on the better exploration of the species' range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to the Sinjajevina Mountains of Montenegro. The number of known locations is five and the area of occupancy (AOO) is not thought to be less than 20 km2. As the range is not well studied, it is presumable that number of known locations and subpopulations as well as the area of occupancy  (AOO) are underestimated. Moreover, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species was described from the Tara valley near Bistrica. #In the collection of the HNHM there are material from other locations in the Tara valley and in the upper section of the Moraca valley, on the opposite part of the Sinjajevina Mountains.    The species is far from being well studied and its range and distribution needs to be studied in the future. At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species it is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones or at the base of rocks.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Montenegro and its known sites are out of protected areas.     The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points to determine if conservation action is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range in the Carpathian region and there are several known subpopulations. Though its preferred habitat type is vulnerable to man-made disturbance and forestry, there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a Carpathian species, its range extends to northern Moravia (Czech Republic) westwards, to the Bielowicza Forest and the Sudeten (Poland) northwards, and to the vicinity of the Iron Gate (Grossu 1983). There are isolated occurrences in the Pannonian Plane (Bátorliget, Hungary) and in the Nordfrankischer Jura (Pottenstein) (Soós 1943, Grossu 1983, Kerney et al. 1983, Lisicky 1991, Wiktor 2004).There are several published and unpublished distribution records and there is no evidence that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be  rare. However, due to its special habitat preference, the population is   fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and  there  are no data  on population trend. Forest habitats are  known to be diminishing in many regions where it occurs and therefore one might suppose that  number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are potentially declining.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species with a preference for deciduous and pine forests of higher altitude (over 700 m asl.) (Grossu 1983), where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range, local logging, residential and commercial development or recreational activities are not known to affect the whole population significantly, although information is lacking.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Hungary and some subpopulations are known to occur within protected areas. Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (300,000 km2), due to its special habitat preference, the population is    fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and   there  are no data  on population trend. However, forest habitats are   known to be diminishing in  that region and therefore one might suppose that   number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are   declining. Therefore research into its population trend are proposed to determine the validity of this assumption.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Mount Canigou, in the Pyrenees, France. It is only known from the type locality and has not been seen since the end of the 19th century. Hydrophilous meadows is a threatened habitat, as they have been drained for agricultural purposes. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct.

range:
This French endemic is only known from the type locality, on the Mount Canigou, near the village of Casteil (Pyrénées-Orientales).

population:
This species has not been observed since the end of the 19th century.

habitat:
This species inhabits hydrophilous meadows, under rocks.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to four mountains # in north-eastern Spain where it has a restricted range (Extent of occurrence = 250 km2 and Area of occupancy = 64 km2). # The current population trends are unknown but it is not thought to be currently experiencing a continuous decline in the quality or extent of its habitat. Fires and changes in forestry management are thought to be potential future threats to this species, however this might not affect the whole population, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT B1a + B2a).

range:
This species is endemic to north-eastern Spain where it is distributed across the Montserrat Saw, Sant Llorenç de Munts Saws, the Garraf and possibly the Montseny.

population:
There is no population information for this species, and no observed, inferred or projected conclusion can be drawn.

habitat:
This species is abundant on cliffs and steep rocks covered in conifer, deciduous and sclerophyll forests. It is found in communities with Saxifragetum catalaunicae, and is also present in groves of evergreen oaks, oak woods and stony areas.

threats:
Fire is the main threat to this species. Changes in the habitat due to changes in forestry management practices is a potential threat to this species. Shells of this species are collected, but these can be found fairly easily, which prevents collectors from taking live specimens.

conservationAction:
All populations of this species are included in the regional nature reserve, which provides some protection. Studies relating to the population size and the biology and ecology of the species are recommended.

useAndTrade:
This species is collected, but due to the easy availability of shells live specimens are rarely taken.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula, where it is found in both Spain and France. This species is locally threatened by fire, and in Catalonia (Spain), there is a proposal to list this species as Vulnerable (VU),  but due to its wide distribution (Extent of occurrence = 11,500 km2 and 40 locations) it is currently listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula in Spain and France. In Spain its range extends from Barcelona, where Bros (2004) has cited it at numerous localities including Collserola's Sawa, the clump of the Montseny, the high basin of the Ter and coming up to Ribes's valley . In France it is known from several localities in the Pyrénées-Orientales (Bertrand 2002).

habitat:
This species is typical of mixed forests, oak woods and evergreen oaks, although it can be also found in meadows and pastures if there are refuges (trunks, walls and stones) available. It has been found alive in humus and verbiage, under stones or dead trunks, and occasionally in walls and stones.

threats:
The major threat to this species is from fire.

conservationAction:
Many of the known populations of this species are included in Natural Reserves  (Nature reserve of the Montseny and Nature reserve of the Serra de  Collserola. It is recommended that a conservation plan is devised and that studies relating to the population size and the biology  and ecology of the species are performed.


taxonomicNotes:
Moreletina horripila was treated by Backhuys (1975) as an Actinella, a Madeiran genus, on account of its anatomy. Cunha et al. (2005) listed it in its present combination, following the work of Martins (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial islands (extent of occurrence = 25000 km2), and is found in both endemic and secondary forests; it is relatively abundant on some islands and is not facing any major threats. Therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial islands, Azores. Morelet (1860) states that this species is spread throughout the whole archipelago, but Backhuys (1975) restricted it to São Miguel, São Jorge, Flores and Pico (the latter fide Nobre 1924). Unpublished, preliminary research has lead to restrict its distribution as presented above, but further investigation is needed to assert the taxonomical identity of the populations outside São Miguel island; the specimens from Flores appear to be a different species and will not be included in this assessment. (A. Martins pers. comm. # 2010)

population:
In São Miguel, this species is abundant throughout the island in the drier environments of forested areas, from sea cliffs to high up in the mountains. On the other islands, however, it is relatively rare, with very few known sites in Terceira, Pico and Faial, although somewhat spread in São Jorge.

habitat:
Moreletina horripila lives in the drier portions of endemic and, most frequently, secondary forests, where it can be found under dead leaves, fallen logs as well as under loose stones.

threats:
Due to its wide range of habitats, no threats are foreseen in the islands of São Miguel and São Jorge. Its localized distribution in Terceira, Pico and Faial makes it more vulnerable on these islands.


taxonomicNotes:
Moreletina obruta was described as a fossil. Backhuys (1975:203) attributed it cautiously to the genus Cernuella. Martins et al. (1991) found it alive and placed it under Helicella. Finally Martins (2002) placed it in a separate genus, Moreletina. Two ecomorphs were recognized, their true taxonomic identity awaits molecular analysis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the highly restricted area and few number of sites where the specimens were found, it is clear that we are dealing with a small population; the disjunct distribution of the two morphs, which could well be two different species, enhances the fact that the diversity within the population is very much at risk due to isolation and small size. The fact that it was first found as a fossil but later found alive enhances the need for protection. This species is considered Vulnerable (VU D2) due to the combination of its small area of occupancy (Area of occupancy = 20 km2), its two unique locations and potential threats from accidental fire and natural events (such as cliff erosion).

range:
This species is only found on Santa Maria island, Azores, where it is restricted to two small areas.

population:
This species appears to have a disjunct distribution, the white ecomorph living in Figueiral (N 36º 56.873'; W 25º 07.715'; 100 m) and west of Praia Formosa (coordinate unavailable; 10 m); the black ecomorph was collected east of Anjos (coordinate unavilable; 50 m) and west of Anjos (N 37º 00.481'; W 025º 08.318'; 20 m) (Martins 2002)

habitat:
Moreletina obruta lives near the shore on sea cliffs; the white morph lives among gramineae, the black morph under stones. Although there are plenty of dead shells of the white morph, living specimens can be hard to find; the black morph is even rarer.

threats:
As this species lives in cliff areas near the sea, only natural threats are foreseeable; however, accidental fires may pose a real threat to the white morph colonies, which live among gramineae.

conservationAction:
Due to their habitat (cliffs near the sea), only general preventive measures can be advised, such as preventing fires that could destroy the habitat. More taxonomic research is also needed on the two ecomorphs.


taxonomicNotes:
Moreletina vespertina was treated by Backhuys (1975:218) as an Actinella, a Madeiran genus, on account of its anatomy. Cunha et al. (2005) listed it in its present combination, on account of the work of Martins (2002) for Moreletina obruta.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present on four islands in the Azores: Terceira, São Jorge, Fayal and Pico (Extent of occurrence = 7500 km2) where it has adapted to secondary forest. It is common throughout the four islands and faces no major threats, so it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on Terceira, São Jorge, Fayal and Pico islands, Azores. Morelet (1860) mentioned this species only for Terceira, but Backhuys (1975) has given the correct account of its actual distribution.

population:
This species is fairly common throughout each of the islands it is present on Terceira, São Jorge, Fayal and Pico islands.(Cunha et al. 2005, Martins et al. 2006)

habitat:
Moreletina vespertina lives in the drier portions of endemic and, most frequently, secondary forests, where it can be found under dead leaves, fallen logs as well as under loose stones. It is distributed from about 150 m (Ribeiras, Pico island: coordinates unavailable) to over 1000 m (Cabeço da Bola, Pico island: N 38º 28' 42"; W 028º 25' 11"; 1040 m) (Martins et al. 2006)


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy and is  only known from a few scattered localities with a more dense occurrence in the  Iglesiente. Its restricted and fragmented occurrence, and its status as a narrow range endemic which mostly occurs in low densities, and as well as the threats of biotope deterioration leads to assess this species as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. It is only known from a few localities which are scattered from central to the southwestern part of Sardinia with a more dense occurrence in the Iglesiente.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but field observations showed that the population size is quite low.

habitat:
The species especially lives in litter, under stones on shrubby bolder slopes in more or less matured woodland dominated by Quercus ilex; indifferent to the presence of limestone. It is also found in the litter of typical macchia.

threats:
The major threats to this species are wild-fires and logging of the Mediterranean woodlands. Forest clearance, i.e. removal of the undergrowth, is a serious destruction leading to a decline of habitat quality. Ongoing pasturing is a threat as is causes alteration of the vegetation and kills specimens by trampling.


range:
This species has a wide distribution ranging from France in the west to Sweden in the north extending into Russia eastwards. It is a European endemic.

population:
The sub-populations are declining around the edges of its range. In France, the presence of the species has been doubtful and it might now be extinct.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate forests at moist and shaded places.

threats:
There are actually no major threats to this species. Local subpopulations are under threat (see Bavaria) because of habitat destruction and deformation by logging and forest management, but this does not affect the whole species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red List of Bayern, Germany ( Falkner et al. 2003) as Critically Endangered (CR).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range in the Carpathian  region and there are several known subpopulations. Although its preferred  habitat type is vulnerable to man-made disturbance and forestry, there  is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of  subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or  extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, from southeastern Poland to the Banat region. There are several known locations (Wiktor 2004, Soós 1943, Lisicky 1991, Grossu 1983, Fehér and Gubányi 2001, Kerney et al. 1983) and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations  are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. However, due to its special habitat preference, the population is  fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and there  are no data  on population trend. However, forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions and therefore one might suppose that number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are declining.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species with a preference for humid, deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by humans. It lives on the ground among leaf-litter, under stones or decaying dead wood.

conservationAction:
The species is only known to be protected at a national level in Hungary, although some other #known subpopulations live within protected sites such as Retezat National Park in Romania. Due to the large extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and population there are no conservation actions required for this species at this time.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range with 10-15 known sub-populations.  Due to its habitat preference however, it can be supposed that extent and  quality of the habitat as well as the size of area of occurrence (AOO), extent of occupancy (EOO), the number of sub-populations and/or the number of mature individuals are declining.  However, the threats are not likely to impact the entire population in the next 10 years. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Eastern Carpathians (Prockow 2009). Compared to the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), it seems to be rare and sporadical within its range. Known occurrences are: Czarnohore Mountains, Gorgany Mountains in Poland (Wiktor 2004, Soós 1943), Nizke Tatri in Slovakia (Kerney et al. 1983, Wiktor 2004), Nagy-Milic in Zemplén Mountains in Hungary (Pintér and Suara 2004), four locations in the vicinity of the Hoverla Mountain in the Ukraine (Soós 1943) and the Rodna Mountains in Romania (Grossu 1983).    The species is far from being well explored, its range and distribution needs to be studied in the future. However, at the present moment there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species is relatively rare within  its range. Due to its special habitat preference, the population is  fragmented. The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and there  are no data on population trend. However, forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions and therefore one might suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining.

habitat:
This species has a preference for humid, deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man. It lives on the ground among leaf-litter, under stones or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. Considering the fragmented occurrence and the limited number of known subpopulations, even local logging or recreational activities might affect population.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Poland. Several known subpopulations live within protected areas in Poland, Slovakia and Hungary, and probably also in the Ukraine and Romania. Monitoring of the population is advised due to the potential for there to be an ongoing population decline. There are no conservation actions required for this species at present however.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Falkner (1995), the correct year of description is 1859, which is accepted here. According to AnimalBase, it was mentioned in 1859 just as a nomen nudum and valid date of description is 1860 (AnimalBase).Soós (1943) treats this species as a subspecies of Petasina filicina, but according to Polinski (1924), it is a distinct species. There are two accepted subspecies: P. bielzi bielzi and P. bielzi euconus Westerlund, 1890.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. The identified threats of deforestation and disturbance #do not affect the whole population significantly and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
This species is distributed in the Eastern Carpathians and in the Apuseni Mountains. Distribution data are provided by Polinski (1924), Soós (1943), Grossu (1983), Wiktor (2004), Lisicky (1991), Kerney et al. (1983), Fehér #et al. #(2008) and Prockow (2009). There is also a recently found and therefore unpublished Hungarian occurrence (R. Farkas, in prep.). #There are several known locations and at the present moment there is no  evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the  number of locations are declining or  extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be  rare. However, due to its special habitat preference, the population is   fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and  there  are no data  on population trend. However, forest habitats are  known to  diminish in  that region therefore one might suppose that  number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are  declining.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species with a preference for humid, deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man. It lives on the ground among leaf-litter, under stones or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. However, considering its relatively large geographial range, local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Poland and several known subpopulations live within protected areas. No further conservation actions are required for this species at this time.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species that is currently subdivided into 5 subspecies:Petasina (Edentiella) edentula edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) – Distribution: France, Switzerland. Petasina (Edentiella) edentula helvetica (Polinski, 1929) – Distribution: France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, AustriaPetasina (Edentiella) edentula liminifera (Held, 1836) – Distribution: Germany, AustriaPetasina (Edentiella) edentula subleucozona (Westerlund, 1889) – Distribution: Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Italy Petasina (Edentiella) edentula suevica (Polinski, 1929) – Distribution: Germany

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in the alpine regions of central Europe and there are no known threats to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in central Europe, and locally abundant. It has been recorded from Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein # and Switzerland . It is mainly of an alpine distribution.

habitat:
This species lives in moist alpine forests.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, there are three distinct subspecies: Petasina filicina filicina L. Pfeiffer, 1841, P. filicina bosnensis Moellendorff, 1873 #and P. filicina styriaca Klemm, 1954.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are  several known subpopulations. Identified threats #do not affect the whole population significantly at present and there is no evidence to suggest that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it  is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is an # Eastern Alpin-Illyrian species, distributed from Steiermark, Kärnten, Alpi Giulie and Carso (Klemm 1973, Manganelli et al. 1995) to central Bosnia and western Serbia (Moellendorff 1873, Soós 1943). Its range includes the drainages of the Drava and Sava Rivers. There are isolated occurrences in the Inovec Mountains #(western Slovakia) and in the Vértes Mountains (Hungary).    There are several known locations (Klemm 1973, Lisicky 1991, Pintér and Suara 2004, Soós 1943, Prockow 2009), but this might underestimate the real number of existing subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be  rare. However, due to its special habitat preference, the population is   fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and  there  are no data  on population trend. However, forest habitats are  known to be diminishing in some regions therefore one might suppose that  number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are  declining.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this  species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of  this species, local logging or recreational activities are not thought to affect  the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs. Some of the subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the Mecsek Mountains and Vértes Mountains in Hungary, however no conservation actions are currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has three recognised subspecies: Petasina leucozona leucozona, P. leucozona heteromorpha, and P. leucozona ovirensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is no data on population trends and there are known threats to some sub-populations. However, this species is widely distributed with an extent of occurrence of over 30,000 km2. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species has a south-eastern Alpine distribution, being found in Austria, Italy and Slovenia. It has a wide extent of occurrence of over 30,000 km2 (P. leucozona leucozona: approximately 2,500 km2, P. leucozona heteromorpha: approximately 22,000 km2, P. leucozona ovirensis: approximately 400 km2).

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trends.

habitat:
The subspecies Petasina leucozona leucozona and P. leucozona heteromorpha may be found in mountainous to sub-alpine areas on woodland edges with tall herbs. P. leucozona ovirensis is found on higher alpine grassland between boulders and at the foot of rock walls.

threats:
Threats to the species have been identified as biotope destruction by alpine pasturing and through tourism related activities.

conservationAction:
The subspecies P. leucozona ovirensis is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) on the Austrian Red-list whilst the subspecies P. leucozona heteromorpha is assessed as Endangered (EN) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).Monitoring of population trends is recommended as there is no data at present and there are known threats. Although local sub-populations may be threatened, no conservation actions are currently required for the species as a whole.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon is in need of critical revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no   data on population trends. However, it is widely distributed with an extent of occurrence of over 20,000 km2 and there are no identified threats.  Therefore it  is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is extant in sub-alpine areas of Austria, Croatia, Italy and Slovenia. The extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km2.

habitat:
This is a sub-alpine species and can be found on woodland edges in tall herbs.

threats:
Any threats to this species are unknown at present.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz # 2007).Research into any potential threats to the species are recommended. However, there are no conservation actions currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B as the extent of occurrence is 8,125 km2 and is known to be declining, but the population is not severely fragmented , it is known from numerous locations and there are no extreme fluctuations. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Austria, being found in two sub-areas: southern Lower Austria and Styria with an extent of occurrence of 8,125 km2. Klemm (1974) noted approximately 60 known sites.

population:
According to Reischütz and Reischütz (2009) the population is decreasing.

habitat:
The species may be found on forest edges with tall herbs, on rocky grassland or in ruins.

threats:
This species is known to be threatened by biotope destruction through both clear-cutting of suitable habitat and afforestation with spruce.

conservationAction:
This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz # 2007). The known population requires monitoring to establish the severity of the observed population decline described by Reischütz   Reischütz (2009). If current biotope destruction continues to cause population declines throughout the range then conservation measures may be required in the future.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species that is currently subdivided in 6 subspecies:Petasina (Petasina) unidentata unidentata (Draparnaud, 1805) – Distribution: Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania. Petasina (Petasina) unidentata alpestris (Clessin, 1878) – Distribution: Germany, AustriaPetasina (Petasina) unidentata bohemica (Ložek, 1948) – Distribution: Czech RepublicPetasina (Petasina) unidentata carpatica (Poliński, 1929) – Distribution: SlovakiaPetasina (Petasina) unidentata norica (Poliński, 1929) – Distribution: Germany, AustriaPetasina (Petasina) unidentata subalpestris (Poliński, 1929) – Distribution: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there are no known threats to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in central Europe, with an east-alpine Carpathian distribution pattern. It is recorded from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Switzerland.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate mountain forests.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and currently none are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, restricted to Picos de Europa massif. #The area of occupancy is limited to 40 km2 #although more sampling research is needed to know the full extent. It is restricted to three locations. There are no population or range declines and there are no future threats. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, restricted to Picos de Europa massif. It has been found in the Duje valley, from Tielve to Aliva and upper Fuente-De cable railway. This valley constitutes the separation between the East and Central Massifs of Picos de Europa. It has also been found in the surroundings of the Enol Lake in the West Massif 20 km from the Duje valley.

habitat:
Lives in open places of calcareous substrate, protected under stones or within herbaceous vegetation growing between bare rocks as well as in rock crevices. It can also be found on the rock surfaces, at the bottom of vertical walls.

threats:
Since all known populations are part of the National  Park Picos de Europa, and that its range probably covers a wide part of the karstic area of this natural reserve, we  believe that # threats to this species are scarce and in any case  very localized. Fires, and the development of roads and other infrastructures can be indicated as threats.

conservationAction:
This species requires it habitat to be preserved. More research is also recommended on it's population size, distribution and ecology.


taxonomicNotes:
The monotypic subgenus Polloneriella (Alzona Alzona Bisacchi, 1940) has been elevated to the rank of a full genus (Giusti and Manganelli 1998).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it occurs in two separated areas on the Italian mainland and on Sardinia with nine locations. Polloneriella contermina is known only from the Italian mainland along the Tyrrhenian coast between Livorno and Terracina and from the west-coast of Sardinia. The southernmoast occurrence at Terracina has not been confirmed since more than 100 years. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), because as a strictly coastal species with a narrow ecological niche (sand dunes), it is subject to the strong pressure by tourist exploitation of sandy beaches.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy. It occurs in two separated areas on the Italian mainland and on Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated for both areas (8000 km² for the mainland, 3000 km² for Sardinia). It is known only from six locations on the Italian mainland along the Tyrrhenian coast between Livorno and Terracina and from three locations on the Sardinian west-coast. The indication of Bonifacio (Corsica, France) as type locality was apparently based on shells washed up by the sea on the coast of Corsica (Pollonera 1905).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. The southernmoast occurrence at Terracina has not been reconfirmed since more than 100 years.

habitat:
This species lives in sand dunes along the Mediterranean coast.

threats:
The major threat to this species are large constructions for the coastal protection, afforestation of the sand dunes with pine trees, and particularly tourist use of sand beaches with destruction of the typical dune vegetation.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under the law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56). The site Macchia Grande north of Fiumicino (airport) is a WWF-protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic history of the genus Ponentina is very complex. #Some authors consider there are more than one species, mainly #Ponentina #subvirescens #(Bellamy, 1839) and #Ponentina #ponentina #(Morelet, 1845), #while others believe there is only one valid species (Ponentina #subvirescens) (authors summarized in Puente 1994, Arrebola 1995, Arrébola and García 1999). #According to Arrébola (1995), # the discrepancies between the specimens described in the literature as #P. #subvirescens, #P. #ponentina #or synonyms, #especially at the level of the anatomy of the reproductive system, suggest that more than one species exist, as future more specific #studies might demonstrate. Particularly, the study of one of the traditionally considered synonyms concludes with the specific validity of #Ponentina #martigena #(Férussac, 1832), considered as #Trichia (=Trochulus) martigena #by Arrébola and García (1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and, even though it is not very abundant, it does not face major threats that would impact significantly its whole population. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) for the moment. More accurate data (on the population, ecology, life history, etc.) are needed to assess more precisely the conservation status of this species and might lead to its classification as Near Threatened (NT) in the future.

range:
P. #martigena #(=Trochulus martigena (Arrébola   García, 1999)) lives in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula (provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz and Málaga). It has a shell so similar to the one of P. ponentina #that both have been confused during the last century. However, P. martigena #does not exceed the northern barrier represented by the river Guadalquivir, whereas P. ponentina does not occur in the south of this limit (Arrébola and García 1999). It is still unclear if this species is also present in North Africa where Ponentina specimens have been cited (Arrébola 1995, Arrébola and García 1999).

population:
There are no population data about this species, but it is not #excessively #abundant in the localities where it has been found

habitat:
It has been located mainly in areas dominated by hardwoods (with or without scrub), wastelands, grasslands and the vegetation that grows near roads and waterways. It is often found in soil (inside vegetation) and, sometimes, under stones (Arrébola and García 1999).

threats:
Part of the range of this species is affected by human activities (urbanization, agriculture, tourism...) and a certain level of threats can therefore be inferred.

conservationAction:
Biological studies, population estimates and basic species monitoring are recommended. This species is classified as Least Concern (LC) in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (pag. 45; in Verdú and Galante 2009) and in the Red Book of Andalusian Invertebrates (pag. 1307; in Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperon and Moreno 2008). Part of its range is included in Los Alcornocales and Grazalema Natural Parks. #This species is listed in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic history of the genus Ponentina is very complex. #Some authors consider there are more than one species, mainly #Ponentina #subvirescens #(Bellamy, 1839) and #Ponentina #ponentina #(Morelet, 1845), #while others believe there is only one valid species (Ponentina #subvirescens) (authors summarized in Puente 1994, Arrebola 1995, Arrébola and García 1999). In western France, P. revelata (Michaud, 1831)  is also cited, despite the fact that it was considered synonymous of P. subvirescens, which is also mentioned, separately, in northern locations (Brittany). According to Arrébola (1995),# the discrepancies between the specimens described in the literature as#P.#subvirescens,#P.#ponentina#or synonyms,#especially  at the level of the anatomy of the reproductive system, suggest that  more than one species exist, as future more specific#studies might  demonstrate. Particularly, the study of one of the traditionally  considered synonyms concludes with the specific validity of#Ponentina#martigena#(Férussac, 1832), considered as#Trichia (=Trochulus) martigena#by Arrébola and García (1999). See also Distribution.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widely distributed species, which is well adapted to a wide range of habitats. There is no known threat. Even though there is still some doubts on the taxonomy of this species, it is considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
P. ponentina is an Atlantic species living#throughout the western third and some northern points (Palencia, Burgos, Alava and La Rioja)#of the Iberian Peninsula. It has not been fully elucidated if it is also living in the western part of France or if the Ponentina specimens mentioned there belong to other species, i.e. P. revelata (Michaud, 1831) (except in Brittany) or even #P. subvirescens #(in Brittany). Other records of Ponentina spp. were placed in the north-western part of Africa, specifically in Morocco (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010), Algeria (in Puente 1994) and  #recently in Tunisia (Abbes and Nouira 2007). However, P. ponentina has a very similar shell to P. #martigena #(= Trochulus martigena  (Arrébola   García, 1999)), which lives in the southernmost part of the  Iberian Peninsula (provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz and Málaga) and both have been confused during the last century. P. martigena #does not exceed the northern barrier represented by the river Guadalquivir, whereas P. ponentina  does not occur in the south of this limit (Arrébola and García 1999).  The specific identity of the North African Ponentina specimens still needs to be clarified.

population:
There are no population data about this species, but it is widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula.

habitat:
P. ponentina lives in many different habitats: forests, shrubs, orchards, crops, cliffs, dunes, river banks, meadows, groves, etc. and seems indifferent to calcium (Puente 1994).


taxonomicNotes:
P. revelata has been considered by some authors synonym of P. subvirescens (Bellamy 1839). The latter species lives in SE England and Wales, as well as in Britany in France. P. revelata is the name for the Ponentina populations living in South France, Spain, and Portugal, but some research is need to know if all these populations are more than one different species. Populations of Ponentina from Morocco are considered a different species. More research about this genus is needed to know the population size.

redListCategoryRationale:
P. revelata #is present in southwest Europe, including southwest France, west Spain and Portugal. #All the populations from Spain, southwest France and Portugal are classified within P. revelata. If all these populations belong the same species, P. revelata should be considered as Least Concern. However, it is possible that P. revelata contains more than one species. This needs to be investigated before an accurate assessment of threat status can be done. This species is listed as Data Deficient. Research on the distribution and taxonomy is recommended.This species is also listed as Data Deficient under a European assessment.

range:
P. revelata #is present in southwest Europe, including southwest France, west Spain and Portugal. In France it is limited to Landas and west Pyrenees departments. In the Iberian Peninsula it is distributed throughout Portugal and in the neighboring provinces of Spain. In the north of Spain it is extended to La Rioja, while in the south it gets as far as Jaén and Córdoba.

habitat:
P. revelata lives in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, gardens, cliffs, dunes and ruderal environments. Sometimes it is present on stone walls or over stalks of plants, but it is also protected under stones during dry conditions.

threats:
The species lives in natural conditions, in a wide variety of habitats as well as in human altered habitats. The only threat to consider is fire.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research about the taxonomy of the whole genus Ponentina should be made in order to better delimitate the species and to know if there are threatened taxa of conservation concern. Research is also needed on the population size and trend of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic history of the genus Ponentina is very complex. #Some authors consider there are more than one species, mainly #Ponentina #subvirescens #(Bellamy, 1839) and Ponentina ponentina (Morelet, 1845), #while others believe there is only one valid species (Ponentina #subvirescens) (authors summarized in Puente 1994, Arrebola 1995, Arrébola and García 1999). According to Arrébola (1995), # the discrepancies between the specimens described in the literature as #P. #subvirescens, #P. #ponentina #or synonyms, #especially   at the level of the anatomy of the reproductive system, suggest that   more than one species exist, as future more specific #studies might   demonstrate. Particularly, the study of one of the traditionally   considered synonyms concludes with the specific validity of #Ponentina #martigena #(Férussac, 1832), considered as #Trichia (=Trochulus) martigena #by Arrébola and García (1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no clear decline in its population or range. Most of its range is protected. Therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC). If the land-use management changes significantly within the prime habitat on cliff –tops, and if a decline in the range was observed, then the species could become Near Threatened (NT).

range:
P. subvirescens is a western Atlantic species living in West Wales, Southwest England, the Channel Islands #(Devon, #Cornwall, Isles of Scilly) and Brittany in France #(Preece 1984, Kerney 1999, Falkner et al. 2002).

population:
There are no population data about this species. #A #large proportion of the European population is found in the UK, where the species is very localised, so it is difficult to establish a trend from the current data, but it is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is mainly found on sea cliffs, inland along estuaries and around spoil from old china clay quarries. It is found in grassland, heather and tussocky grass, over well-drained soils on top of cliffs, sometimes near sea thrift (Aremeria maritime), Sea Campion (Silene maritima) (Kerney 1999).

threats:
The main threats are its restricted range and changes in the land management near the coast (grazing, trampling).

conservationAction:
On the basis of a range that incorporates Brittany (France) and Britain, this species meets the criteria for a “Species of Conservation Concern” in the UK, as the country holds a substantial part of the known global range (50-75%), however, no actions are currently in place for the species. A large part of the range in the UK is within areas managed by the National Trust or National Parks. # These areas are close to sea-cliffs and are managed through grazing. If the plans to extend the managed areas in the south-west go ahead, then much of the range will be protected. # However, most grazing management plans are not specifically adapted to this species and more work is needed to ensure that the ecological requirements of this species are known and that the management plans incorporate this information.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and does not face major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is an Atlantic endemic species, distributed in the western third of Iberian Peninsula (Puente 1994).

habitat:
P. inchoata lives in riparian habitats, valleys, forests and meadows, but also in ruderal vegetation, usually in humid and cooler places (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995).

threats:
This species is threatened by urbanization, agriculture development and long periods of dry weather. However, these are unlikely to impact the species on its whole range.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population, distribution and ecology of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that it was possibly only a giant form of #Pseudocampylaea portosanctana, but both have been found alive on Ilheu de Cima and, according to Wollaston (1878), there are a few other conchological differences besides size.

redListCategoryRationale:
This large and conspicuous species has not been found living in any recent survey work over the last 40 years. It was last seen prior to 1878, and may well have been extinct over most of the range much earlier than this as it is a common Quaternary fossil over the island (Seddon 2008).

range:
This species was endemic to the Madeiran islands, and according to Wollaston (1878) one specimen was collected alive by Moniz in the 19th century on Ilheu de Cima off Porto Santo; otherwise it is present abundant as a Quaternary fossil on Porto Santo (Cameron et al. 2006) and adjacent islet of Ilheu de Baixo; it is now thought to be extinct (Seddon 2008).

population:
One specimen was collected alive by Moniz in the 19th century on Ilheu de Cima off Porto Santo.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown, as it has not been seen in the last 100 years.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown, as it has not been seen in the last 100 years.

conservationAction:
This species is believed to be extinct, so no conservation actions are necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) considered the species as Near Threatened (Version 3.1) as although the species is reasonably abundant within the limited range, the restricted range combined with declining quality of habitat on the mainland (changing agricultural practices and hotel developments), suggested the species may meet criteria for Vulnerable B2b(iii). However, during evaluation, the presence of 4 populations on different offshore islets, which all lie in protected areas with the only threat being predation by rats and mice, suggested that the species should be placed into the Least Concern status.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is restricted to Porto Santo and the adjacent islets of Ilhéu de Cima and Ilhéu de Baixo. # It is known from about 17 sites in 9 different locations, including 4 of the adjacent islets, and hence it widespread, but localised on these islets (Seddon 2008). It was more widespread on Porto Santo, based on the subfossil evidence (Cameron et al. 2006).

population:
The species is not collected in abundance, but is a large helicid gastropod, which is vulnerable to predation.

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones on grassy slopes; amongst scree and amongst leaf-litter at base of crags (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The species is a large helicid gastropod, which is vulnerable to predation by rodents, which have been present on the islands for many years.

conservationAction:
The population of the offshore islets all lie in protected areas, and hence are safe from habitat degradation due to tourism developments. Conservation actions required for this species include rodent control programmes, as the species is vulnerable to predation. # Research actions include population monitoring and habitat monitoring, especially for the mainland populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is not considered to be threatened at a global level, but there are some locally threatened populations, as the species habitat is threatened by channelisation of rivers. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This European endemic has an eastern distribution with its western limit in Belgium, Netherlands, France and Germany. It extends eastwards to European Russia. In Sweden, it is only found in the northern Baltic islands where it is rather common.

population:
In France, a few new localities of isolated occurrences have been found. In Germany, the species is very localised and threatened by river channelisation.

habitat:
This snail lives in wetlands in the flood zone of freshwater rivers. The habitat is characterized by areas of bare mud, covered with an important layer of litter and by a sparse community of tall herbs #often including nitrophilous plants species.

threats:
The major threat to this species is river channelisation which leads to a total loss of wetlands, and thus loss of the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
It is listed in Germany (Bayern) as Endangered (EN). For the remaining subpopulations, there are no data on the population size or trend, so research is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudoxerophila bathytera #is #frequently found in central and eastern Crete, but also in some cases in the western part of the island, as well as in some of the surrounding islets (Vardinoyannis 1994, Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). The species is also reported from the island of Karpathos #(Vardinoyannis 1994). #This species is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Pseudoxerophila bathytera is #frequently found in central and eastern Crete, but also in some cases in the western part of the island, as well as in some of the surrounding islets (Vardinoyannis 1994, Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). The species is also reported from the island of Karpathos #(Vardinoyannis 1994).

population:
A quite an abundant species. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in xeric shrublands and open habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Despite being endemic to a single island, the species is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Gittenberger 1991).

population:
The species is quite common in the south part of the island for which available information exists. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in open xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas in Cyprus #included in various protection schemes (e.g. five Natura 2000 sites; http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/), there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudoxerophila oertzeni #is endemic to Crete, #restricted to the western part of the island. Its main centre is around #the Lefka Ori (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Pseudoxerophila oertzeni is endemic to Crete, #restricted to the western part of the island. Its main centre is around #the Lefka Ori (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is mainly found in open, xeric shrublands.

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
DNA phylogenetic studies show that P. oberthuery (Ancey 1884), P. poncebensis Ortiz de Zárate 1956 and P. schaufussi (Kobelt 1876) are junior synonyms. P. covadongae Ortiz de Zárate 1956 is also considered synonym of this species (Elejalde et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to north Spain and lives #in the Cantabrian region. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to north Spain and lives #in the Cantabrian region.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on calcareous rocks and in crevices, as well as within the chasmophitic vegetation. In the East part of its range it lives between 900 - 1,300 m of altitude. In the west part of its range (Picos de Europa and peripheral regions) it lives from 100 to 2,600 m.

threats:
Global warming could be a threat for the species in the east part of its range (east Cantabria and Basque country).

conservationAction:
Research is needed to better define this species area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes. A large part of the locations are largely within areas managed by National and Regional Natural Reserves. It is also necessary to conduct studies about its biology.


taxonomicNotes:
DNA sequence studies show that both, P. carascalensis and P. carascalopsis are different species. Subpopulation from Andorra seems to be a different phylogenetic lineage.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain #and #France, where it is restricted to high altitudes in the central #Pyrenees. There are no known threats to this species. Research on the population size and the full distribution of this species are recommended. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and France, where it is restricted to high altitudes in the central Pyrenees.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on calcareous rocks and in crevices, as well as within the chasmophitic vegetation, above around 1,200 m of altitude.

conservationAction:
Conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes. A large part of the locations are largely within areas managed by National and Regional Natural Reserves. It is also necessary to conduct studies about its biology.


taxonomicNotes:
DNA sequence studies show that #P. carascalensis and P. carascalopsis are different species. P. esserana (Fagot 1888) is a junior synonym of P. carascalopsis.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted range, and populations are severely fragmented. But it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria for listing. Although it has been cited in ten localities, some of them are very small areas (just a few hectares). This species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of small range size. #This species is listed as Near Threatened on the European level.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and France, where it is restricted to the higher altitudes (above 2,000 m) in the central Pyrenees. A. Bertrand (pers. comm. 2010) indicates that it also lives in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on calcareous rocks, in crevices and under stones above 2,000 m of altitude.

threats:
Global warming can be a main threat for this cold-adapted species.

conservationAction:
Conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes. A large part of the locations are largely within areas managed by Regional Natural Reserves. It is also necessary to conduct studies about its biology.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Cotiella massif in the Spanish central Pyrenees. #The distribution range of this species is very isolated living only in one mountain system. The area of occupancy is less than 20 km2 and it is restricted to one location. Climate change causing significant shifting in its habitat is a potential future threat to this species. This species is listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Cotiella massif in the Spanish central Pyrenees.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation. Is found above 2,000 m in karst areas, being refugeed under limestone rocks with vegetation in its vicinity, as well as in areas of accumulation of stones. They remain inactive during the dry season showing activity in humid conditions. During the winter months it is protected from freezing by being inactive under seasonal snow.

threats:
The main threat is determined by a possible global warming, since it is a species of alpine affinities, living just above 2,000 m. The very small range of this species makes it particularly vulnerable to environmental change.

conservationAction:
The population of the species is found within a regional reserve. This allows the preservation of this natural space. However, the area of occupancy as well as its density and species biology should be studied. P. cotiellae is included within  the Threatened Species List of Aragón.


taxonomicNotes:
DNA phylogenetic studies show that P. daanidentata is a monophyletic lineage, very closely related to P. cantabrica. Its specific or subspecific status requires further research # (Elejalde et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain, living only in the western massif of the “Picos de Europa” System in “Peña Santa de Castilla” mountain. It is present only on the south slope of this mountain above #2,000 m. #The distribution range of this species is very isolated, living only in one mountain system. Climate change is a potential future threat which might affect this alpine species. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, living only in the western massif of the “Picos de Europa” System in “Peña Santa de Castilla” mountain (2,596 m). It is present only on the south slope of this mountain above 2,000 m.

population:
This species is very localized and therefore difficult to establish what the population trend is from current data, but it is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
It lives in calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation. Is found above 2,000 m in karst areas, being refugeed under limestone rocks with vegetation in its vicinity. As well as in areas of accumulation of stones. They remain inactive during the dry season showing activity in humid conditions. During the winter months it is protected from freezing by being inactive under seasonal snow.

threats:
The main threat is determined by a possible global warming, since it is a species of Alpine affinities, living just above 2,000  m. Moreover, its area of occurrence and extent of occurrence are very small, which makes it particularly vulnerable to environmental change. Hybrid forms with Pyrenaearia cantabrica have been identified below 2,000 m, but the extent of the hybridization zone, and the risk of the hybridization process to the survival of the species is unknown.

conservationAction:
The population of the species is found within the National Park Picos de Europa. This ensures the preservation of this natural space. However, the area of occupancy as well as its density and species biology should be studied. The problem of hybridization with P. cantabrica should be quantified. Up to now sampling efforts have been limited to altitudes placed below 2,200 m. It should be tested if the species reaches higher altitudes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to east Spain, living on two medium high mountains (c.920 m) in the Tarragona Department in the pre-litoral mountain system of Catalonia (Puente 1994, Elejalde #et al. #2009). #The population is restricted to only two sub-populations in an area of occupancy of less than four km2. However, the presence of this species has only been confirmed in one of these two mountains. This species is restricted to the top 50 m of the mountains and a change in the temperature of 0.1 degrees might affect this species and its habitat. Models indicate that this region will warm by more than this in the near future due to climate change. This species is listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to east Spain, living on two medium high mountains (c. 920 m) in the Tarragona Department in the pre-litoral mountain system of Catalonia (Puente 1994, Elejalde et al. 2009).

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. The area of occupancy is very small. Besides it is very difficult to see live specimens while dead shells are not abundant. It indicates a low population density. There are probably below 1,000 adult specimens in each location. This species needs population studies.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on calcareous rocks and in crevices, as well as within the vegetation growing in crevices, in the calcareous walls of the uppermost part of the mountains, above 850 m of altitude. Only present in the north face of the mountains, where it is more humid and shaded.

threats:
The species lives in the top of the two mid-altitude mountains. Thus, global warming could cause the extinction of the species. Heavy rains seems to have a direct impact on the subpopulation (washing specimens down the mountains).

conservationAction:
No actions are currently in place for the species. Conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes. The declaration of the "Sierra de Llavería" as area of natural interest, allows the protection of this natural area. P. molae is included in the strictly protected fauna  species list of Catalunya (Decreto 328/1992). It is also included in the project of endangered fauna list of Catalonia as Vulnerable (List dependent on approval in 2010). The impact of heavy rain drags on the population should be investigated. It should be tested if the species is still living in the “Mola de Llavería”, and to better determine the occupancy area of the two subpopulations.


taxonomicNotes:
Prieto (1991) considered two subspecies: P. navasi navasi and P. navasi sylvatica with the latter living within forests and characterized by its greater size. Nevertheless, DNA sequenciation studies (Elejalde et al. 2009) showed that both morphs are only ecotypes, and subspecific categories should not be considered.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain, found only on the Moncayo mountain. #The distribution range of this species is very isolated. Climate change is a plausible future threat that could drive the species to extinction as any change in temperature could greatly affect the species. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, found only on the Moncayo mountain (2,319 m), with two ecotypes in two sub-populations. One is found above 1,800 m of altitude (more abundant above 2,000 m asl) and the second is found in forests at #1,200 m.

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. Sub-population living above 1,800  m is probably greater than 2,500 specimens. The sub-population living in forests seems very small, probably fewer than 250 adult specimens. This data is based on density of specimens observed during samplings.

habitat:
One of the forms of this species lives at high altitudes and is restricted to the top of the Moncayo mountain (2,314 m), above 1,800 m with the more dense populations living above 2,200  m. It lives only in the stony area with north orientation, under stones of siliceous composition. The other form lives in deciduous forests with high humidity substrate under stones and among decomposing litter.

threats:
Global warming might have a dramatic effect on this species. Transit of mountaineers off mountain trails is another threat. It is common to see mountaineers who descend directly through the north slope, causing the destabilization of its habitat.

conservationAction:
On the basis of its very restricted range, conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and sub-population sizes. The place were it lives is a Regional Nature Reserve. P. navasi is included within the Endangered Species List of Aragón. It is also necessary to conduct studies about its biology. Information panels should indicate to the mountaineers the damage that leaving the marked walking trails, can have on the species of fauna and flora typical of high altitudes, particularly in the stony areas of the north slope, placed near the top of the mountain.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of this species has been confirmed by phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences (Elejalde et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain, restricted to a few canyons situated in two valleys of the Pyrenees in Catalonia, between 500 and #700 m #in altitude. It has only been found in three canyons in the valley of the river Segre, closely spaced, “Gorges de Organyá, dels Espluvins and del Pont de la Torre” (Fagot 1905, Bofill and Haas 1920b, Bech 1990), as well as in the “Gorge de Collegats” in the #valley #of #Noguera Pallaresa #(Bofill and Haas 1920a). #The population is restricted to only four sub-populations. #A decrease in the extent of occurance, area of occupancy and quality of habitat is evident by the enlargement of roads with dense traffic and a decline in the number of mature individuals. This species is therefore listed as Endangered. If populations are identified along the high altitudes on walls, without being restricted to their  base, this species might have to be reassessed. #Due to lack of knowledge about population size and on the biology and ecology of the species, it is recommended to conduct studies on all these aspects. Studies should also be conducted in the four canyons to determine the height at which the species lives.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, restricted to a few canyons situated in two valleys of the Pyrenees in Catalonia, between 500 and 700 m in altitude. It has only been found in three canyons in the valley of the river Segre, closely spaced, “Gorges de Organyá, dels Espluvins and del Pont de la Torre” (Fagot 1905, Bofill and Haas 1920b, Bech 1990), as well as in the “Gorge de Collegats” in the valley  of Noguera Pallaresa (Bofill and Haas 1920a). In the latter gorge it has not been found after Bofill and Haas (1920a). Explorations of the “Gorge de Collegats” did not allow us to find the species. We were able to confirm the persistence of P. organiaca in the three gorges of the River Segre.

population:
No studies have been made on population size. The only reference is the annotation of Altimira (1963), who said that it is "extremely abundant in the Gorge d'Organyá from its beginning to the end." Unfortunately, due to habitat alteration, currently it is very difficult to find living specimens or dead shells within this gorge, except in a few places, very reduced in extension. The same occurs in the “Gorge dels Espluvins”. The largest population and the best preserved seems to be that of the “Gorge del Pont de La Torre”, where during a recent surveys we were able to see a couple of dozen live specimens, during a linear walking route of # half an hour throughout the whole gorge. The current existence of the species in the “Gorge de Collegats” needs confirmation.   All the data about the presence of the species are limited to the bottom of calcareous walls (3-4 m above the road, or in accessible areas below it). It should be studied if the species also lives at higher altitudes in the vertical walls of these four canyons, with very difficult access.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation in non overhanged places within narrow canyons.

threats:
The main problem for this species is that the successive widening that has been made on the two roads that cross through the four gorges where this species is found. They were made by emptying the base of the rock walls by drilling with explosives. This practices have given rise to long overhangs to which the access of rain is not possible, thus destroying much of the useful habitat for the species. The only areas not affected by overhanging are those where the gorge is slightly wider, but being more open areas are more influenced by variation in weather. Fortunately, the latest enlargement of the two roads has been made by digging tunnels under the rock. This has eliminated traffic from Collegats, Pont de la Torre and Espluvins gorges. On the contrary, in the Organyá gorge, where historically lived the best population of the species, the road is still running along the entire canyon, so that overhanging areas are almost a continuum. In addition, it is frequent to find garbage dumps in well-preserved habitat areas, as well as snail shells with signs of having been preyed upon by rodents, probably introduced rats.

conservationAction:
Due to lack of knowledge about population size and on the biology and ecology of the species, it is recommended to conduct studies on all these aspects. Furthermore, studies should be conducted in the four canyons to determine the height at which the species lives. It is recommended to study the rodent species that prey upon it and its impact on snail populations. The gorge of the Pont de la Torre, which currently appears to contain the best subpopulation, should be protected, especially now that road traffic has been diverted into a tunnel. In this gorge there are several climbing routes, an activity that should be regulated, preventing the opening of new ones. Collegats is included in the areas of natural interest of Catalonia, which allows the preservation of this gorge. P. organiaca is included in the strictly protected fauna species list of Catalonia (Decreto 328/1992).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain, where it is restricted to a few mountains of the north of #Catalonia. #The population has a very restricted area of occupancy (less than 20 km²) and number of locations. There are three sub-populations which are thought to be one location due to the threat of climate change. No population decline or range decline have been observed. Climate change and associated habitat shifting and alteration is a potential future threat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to a few mountains of the north of Catalonia.

population:
There are no demographic studies of this species. During surveys, it has emerged that its population density is not high, at least in the Pedraforca massif, where it is necessary to extend sampling efforts for several hours to observe a few dozens alive specimens. In addition, it is also relatively difficult to find empty shells, despite being relatively hard and therefore somewhat resistant to disintegration.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation. Is found above 2,000 m elevation in karst areas, taking refuge under limestones, or placed directly on the rocky walls. It occurs mainly under stones arranged on the clay soil and vegetation in its vicinity. They remain inactive during the dry season showing activity on rainy days. During the winter months it is protected from freezing by remaining inactive under seasonal snow.

threats:
Global warming can have a dramatic effect to this species. Transit of mountaineers off mountain trails is another potential threat.

conservationAction:
Conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes and to study its biology. All the locations where the species lives are Regional Natural Reserves. Studies to obtain indices of abundance should also be made in order to monitor population trends of these subpopulations. P. parva is included in the strictly protected fauna  species list of Catalunya (Decreto 328/1992).  Information panels should indicate to mountaineers the damage that leaving the marked trails, can have on the species of fauna and flora typical of high altitudes.


taxonomicNotes:
DNA sequences indicate that #Pyrenaearia velascoi is closely related to P. carascalensis, but it constitutes a proper genetic lineage restricted to the Basque Country mountains. Although Altonaga et al. (1994) indicated that P. velascoi could be subdivided into two or three subspecies, molecular studies do not support subspecific taxa.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to #Spain #where it is restricted to the highest calcareous mountains of the Basque Country and Navarra Department (Altonaga #et al. #1984, Elejalde #et al. #2009). #The species has a very restricted range and is only known from six localities. One subpopulation (Aralar, Altxueta) has been severely damaged by the construction of a road and a relay mast (antenna) on the top of the mountain. Another subpopulation (Gorbea, Peña Lekanda) is nearly extinct. The other four populations are living in the highest altitudes of four mountains (above 1,300 m in places with a maximum altitude of 1,340- 1,530  m). Climate change causing alteration in its habitat is a potential future threat to this species and it is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the highest calcareous mountains of the Basque Country and Navarra Department (Altonaga et al. 1984, Elejalde et al. 2009). It does not reach the Pyrenees.

population:
Studies on population trend have not been conducted on this species. Nevertheless, the observation that the species is very difficult to find in Peña Lekanda and the alteration of the habitat in Aralar: Altxueta indicated a population reduction during the last decades. In other localities, Pyrenaearia cantabrica (a species living between 900-1,300 m in the Basque Country and Navarra) is reaching places which previously were apparently occupied exclusively by P. velascoi. The interaction between these two species should be investigated.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on calcareous rocks and in crevices, as well as within the vegetation growing in crevices or on the bottom of the walls, above ca 1,300 m. Is only present on the north side of the mountains, where it is more humid and shady.

threats:
Global warming might have a dramatic effect on this species. Transit of mountaineers off mountain trails. Possible competition with the native Pyrenaearia cantabrica.

conservationAction:
Conservation recommendations should be based on preserving the localities where the species is present, as well as to more accurately define its area of occupancy and subpopulation sizes. Some of the localities where the species lives are Regional Natural Reserves. It is also necessary to conduct studies about its biology. It should be investigated whether the species is still living in Peña Lekanda, since recent visits have not allowed to observe it. Studies to obtain indices of abundance should also be made in order to monitor population trends of these subpopulations. Another action should focus on investigating the interaction between P. velascoi and P. cantabrica in locations where they coexist. We have seen this contact in Aldamin Mountain, Peña Lekanda and San Donato. In areas where mountaineers walking may interfere with the species (Gorbea, Txindoki, Aitzgorri), information panels should indicate the danger that leaving the marked trails, can have on the species of fauna and flora typical of high altitudes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the small Island of Marettimo (Aegadian Islands), west of Sicily (Italy), where it has only a very restricted area of occupancy (only two known sites). Fire and trampling are potential threats, The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) # D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the small Island of Marettimo (Aegadian Islands), west of Sicily (Italy). This species is restricted to the small Island of Marettimo, where it has been found in two sites. Observations indicate that, concerning the Schileykiella-species, the actual distribution in each site is not larger than approx. 20 x 20 m.

habitat:
This is a xerophilous species, living in leaf litter in woody or maquis biotopes, or under stones in open garigue and steppe, usually on calcareous substrata in Mediterranean shrub vegetation.

threats:
Fire can destroy the habitat completely, and pasturing and trampling are also threatening the subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sicily: The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) according to the present state of knowledge. Due to the very restricted occurrence in each locality, its extinction in a few sites could lead to its classification as Vulnerable (VU). Malta: If the species is considered as occurring naturally on Malta, where it is obviously extremely rare and has not been re-found since 1970, it should be assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2a b(ii,v) in that area.At the global level, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessement: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessement: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessement: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
The species occurs, with wide distribution gaps, over a large part of Sicily (cf. distribution map in Cianfanelli et al. 2004). On Malta only a single specimen has been found in 1970. An anthropogenic origin of this is not excluded according to Giusti et al. (1995). Observations indicate that, concerning the Schileykiella-species, the actual distribution in each site of is not larger than approx. 20 x 20 m. This species is recorded from 16 locations.

habitat:
This is a xerophilous species, living in leaf litter in woody or maquis biotopes or under stones in open garigue and steppe; on calcareous substrata in Mediterranean shrub land.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However, fire can destroy the habitat completely, and pasturing and trampling are also threatening the subpopulations. Road construction can also be important.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, according to the present state of knowledge. Due to the very restricted occurrence in each site, its extinction in a few sites could lead to its classification as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
This species is endemic to northwestern Sicily (Italy). Its distribution is limited to a restricted area between Palermo and Capo San Vito (cf. distribution map in Cianfanelli et al. 2004). Observations indicate that, concerning the Schileykiella-species, the actual distribution in each site # is not larger than approx. 20 x 20 m.

habitat:
This xerophilous species lives in leaf litter in woody or maquis habitats or under stones in open garigue and steppe; it mainly occurs on calcareous substrate.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the destruction or alteration of its habitat trough exploitation, especially pasturing, road construction, etc.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, there are two distinct subspecies: Semifructicicola costulata costulata and S. costulata serbica A.J. Wagner, 1914, which is in contrast to AnimalBase. #Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) note that its systematic position is unclear.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only a few known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) ,number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The type locality of #Semifructicicola #costulata serbica #is at Prosjecenica vrata  near Grab at the river Sutjeska; Bielasnica near Sarajevo. Further localities are in South Bosnia and Montenegro (AnimalBase). The type locality of #S. costulata #costulata #is the Volujak Mountains at high altitude. Other published locations are at Volujak; central Durmitor, near Bobotov kuk (Wohlberedt 1909), Koritnik Mountains, Ljuma (Wagner 1915).Tomic (1959) does not indicate that this species occurs in Serbia. If this species really lives in the Albanian part of the Koritnik Mountains (Wagner 1915, Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996), then its occurrence in Kosovo seems probable.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, but associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found in high altitudes in rocky grasslands under stones.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are outside of protected areas. Due to the stable population there are no conservation actions required at this time, however, efforts should be made to clear up the taxonomic confusion surrounding this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Groh and Hemmen (1986) examined Geomitra coronata, and reclassified it with two other taxa (both extinct) into a new subgenus Serratorotula. Bank et al. (2002) elevated the subgenus to generic status.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally assessed under Geomitra coronata. It was previously listed as Endangered, using the version 2.3. of IUCN criteria. It is still considered to be Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii), as it has two known locations, and the range and habitats are very localised, with pressures of disturbance from grazing and human recreational activities. # The reproductive cycle for this species is longer than other continental equivalents, with few young produced, so species recovery is slow (Seddon, pers. comm., 2009). The previous listing as Endangered was based on similar data, and no additional sites have been recognised close to the other localities in Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

range:
This species is endemic to the small island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran island Archipelago. The majority of the species no longer live in their original natural habitats as the vegetation prior to human colonisation in 1419 was apparently dry forest, and today it is open grassland which is grazed (Seddon 2008). # There are subfossil specimens from many parts of the island, however today it survives is two small patches of habitat on the island (Seddon 2008).

population:
Small remnant sub-populations survive, which are very localised.

habitat:
The species is found amongst small areas of scree on grassy slopes of two small hills on the island.

threats:
The major threats to the species remain the very small area of surviving habitat, which is vulnerable to disturbance by grazing animals, habitat trampling and possible disturbance by shell collectors.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed on the Habitats Directive list of protected species, although it is one of the most threatened species due to the small area of suitable habitat and the likelihood that this maybe disturbed. #Research actions include habitat monitoring as a proxy for population monitoring given the likely small population size.


taxonomicNotes:
Cameron et al. (2006) has shown that there appears to be a range in size from the two extremes of form with S. depauperata representing one most common size form and S. latina the smallest extreme. Both Seddon and Cameron’s research on the fossil deposits of Porto Santo do not recognise any fossil material as S. latina, but recognise that at sites, material appears to have a consistent shape and form. Cameron et al. (2006) show that types of the two species are extremes of the range of variability.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in many localities and does not face any major threats. Hence although it has a small range is not considered threatened. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands. It is restricted to Porto Santo where it is found at scattered locations all over the main island and on at least two of the offshore islets (Seddon 2008).

population:
Population trends are uncertain, but are likely to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found under rocks in grassland.

threats:
There are no known threats to the species, although there is localised loss of habitats due to tourist developments along the coast and adjacent to roads.

conservationAction:
Research actions include population monitoring and habitat monitoring, especially for the mainland populations


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in many localities, and hence although it has a small range is not considered threatened. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands. It is restricted to the main island of Madeira where it is mainly found in central valleys of Madeira and scattered localities near coast, especially along the southern and western coasts.

population:
Population trends are uncertain, but are likely to be stable, except possibly in the regions close to Funchal.

habitat:
This species is found in damp muddy places amongst leaf-litter and detritus at base of crags, usually very cryptic, as it coats its shell with mud.

threats:
The threats are localised and are mainly habitat loss for development close to towns/villages as well as road improvements. Forest and grassland fires may pose a possible threat, given their increased frequency in the last 20 years.

conservationAction:
Two parts of the range lies in protected areas, but no conservation actions are known specifically for this species. Research actions include habitat monitoring, especially for the populations close to urban areas.


range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is restricted to Porto Santo. There, it is common over the island and on two offshore islets (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in dry exposed areas and under rocks.

threats:
The threats are localised and are mainly habitat loss for development close to coast (and beach) as well as road improvements around eastern hills. Grassland fires may pose a possible threat, given their increased frequency in the last 20 years.

conservationAction:
One part of the range lies in protected areas, but no conservation actions are known specifically for this species. Research actions include habitat monitoring, especially for the populations close to urban areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested the species may qualify as Endangered B1 a, b(iii) as it is only found in a small area, with four known localities, and in coastal habitats and intermediate valleys with changing vegetation impacting habitat quality.Spirorbula squalida is restricted to the coastal regions in the south near Funchal and western Madeira near Porto Moniz. Despite intensive surveys (1984-2003) the species has not yet been recorded in other parts of the south coast. It was been re-assessed as Vulnerable in 2000 # from Near Threatened (1996) and Rare (1994). # It remains rare, although it is cryptic and hence difficult to find in surveys. Fire events have been reported  in the region inland of Funchal, which would impact as one of the four sites and hence the species listing is retained as Vulnerable (VU) D2. # As the sites south of Porto Moniz should lie in the protected area of Achadas da Cruz, it is not listed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is found mainly at the west end of the main island, although there are isolated records from valleys to north-west of Funchal (Seddon 2008). This has changed little from Wollaston's time (1878), when the species was described as rare, mainly from Riberia de Janella to Porto Moniz and near Funchal (still present) and along north coast (no recent records). There are Pleistocene fossils from Canical.

population:
The species is never abundant when found (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species is found on walls, rocky faces and slopes with large boulders, usually very cryptic, as it coats its shell with mud (Seddon 2008).

threats:
There is a possible decline in the quality of habitat in the coastal area around Porto Moniz, where non-native plants have become established. #This species is very rare but difficult to survey due to the cryptic nature of the species in its habitat. Non-native plant species maybe impacting habitats in the valleys, as could other types of habitat disturbance on the rock faces and walls. Fire events have been reported in the region.

conservationAction:
This species is very rare but difficult to survey due to the cryptic nature of the species in it's habitat. Habitat monitoring maybe the best indication for the status of the species, given the cryptic habits.


taxonomicNotes:
The original generic name Tyrrheniella Giusti Manganelli, 1989 is preoccuppied and was replaced by Tyrrheniellina Giusti Manganelli, 1992. Thyrreniellina josephi, secondary spelling erroneously used in Fauna Europaea.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is no actual threat or observed decline known, but the extremely restricted area of occupancy and the low population density could drive the species to Critically Endangered (CR) or Extinct (EX) in a very short time; therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B; any (even minor) threat will automatically qualify this species for a higher conservation status.

range:
The species is endemic to Italy, and # the western Tyrrhenian area. It is exclusively known from one locality on the islet of Praiola adjacent to Capraia and one locality at the Golfo degli Aranci on Sardinia (Giusti and Manganelli 1989). This distribution was confirmed by Giusti 2007. There is one record from La Maddalena (Sardinia) reported in Natura Mediterraneo 2007, but this is not reconfirmed.

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown. It is obviously very rare in both localities, and there are only a few specimens found (Prajola: 1976: 4, 1986: 3; Golfo Aranci 1988: 5).

habitat:
In the type locality, the species has been found under stones partly covered by litter of maquis-vegetation; in Sardinia it lives under stones in grassy places on gneiss.

conservationAction:
Protected under law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56). The occurrence on La Prajola is situated in the Parco Nazionale del Arcipelago Toscano; the locality on Sardinia is not protected. More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Gittenberger (1991), the status of #Helicella (Jacosta) syrensis carinatoglobosa #(Haas 1934) remains #unclear. Gittenberger (1991) supports that 'this is most probably a separate species, restricted to a small area in the #southern part of the [Cyprus] island. Its generic position is unclear'. Fauna Europaea is classifying the taxon under #Trochoidea (Trochoidea) carinatoglobosa (F. Haas  1934).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Cyprus. The current, quite limited, information for the species' taxonomic status and ecology is inadequate to make a full assessment of its risk of extinction. Hence, the species is listed as Data Deficient. #Nevertheless, #according #to #Gittenberger (1991) it is possible that the species #is #restricted to a small area in the #southern part of the island. In such a case, it would probably be classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2, depending on the current distribution and the level of threat to the known sites. #

habitat:
The species is known from three locations on the island. #Akrotiri forest (type locality), Cape Gata to Cape Zevgari (Haas 1934, Gittenberger 1991).

threats:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is quite unknown and thus a full #assessment #of the possible for the species threats cannot be made. Nevertheless, #grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. #

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. More research on the taxonomy of this species is required.


taxonomicNotes:
The correct year of publication is1832 (see Sherborn 1924, Index Animalium, Sect. 2, Part 5: p. 1110).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species seems to be expending and there are probably no major threats to the species. It is therefore classified as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy. Up to now, it is known as extant in Western Sicily and on Capri, and from fossil occurrences on Malta. In Sicily, it is distributed between Palermo and Trapani, on the Aegadian islands, and in the Madonie. In 2007, A. Hallgass (in: Forum Natura Mediterraneo) has found the species for the first time on the Italian mainland in the province Latina: an extant subpopulation in the Ausoni mountains near Terracina and empty shells in the Aurunci mountains near Formia.

population:
There are no data available, however, the population seems to be increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs on calcareous rocks in mountainous regions, in the Madonie, it is also found under marly stones.

threats:
The species seems to be expending and therefore there are probably no major threats to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
The subpopulation on Lampione constitutes perhaps an undescribed conchologically well characterised subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
Like many of the small xerotolerant Hygromiids, T. cumiae is able to build up new colonies with many individuals and the extreme fluctuation in densities is part of its life strategy. On the other hand in phases of low density the populations are sensitive to alterations or loss of biotopes. In view of the restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 21 km2) and the scattered occurrences this may form a serious threat under increasing anthropogenic pressure. The special population on Lampione seems to be seriously threatened, as surveys in 2000 did not find any living specimen (Cianfanelli in Corti 2002). The species is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy. Trochoidea cumiae is mostly find in scattered sites near the coast, rather evenly distributed over the island of Lampedusa and the small adjoining islet Isola dei Conigli. A special form occurs exclusively on Lampione.

population:
There are no data available on the population trend. The populations are fluctuating, and are normally rich in individuals.

habitat:
This snails occurs in wild grassland, herbaceous edges of cultivated land, and Mediterranean garigues.

threats:
Urbanisation and tourism development are impacting this species, as well as agriculture.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and is common, especially in the south of its range.   There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern   (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in Western Europe, from Greece to United Kingdom.This species is also known from Tunisia and Algeria.

population:
This is a common species in the south of its range.

habitat:
This species inhabits open calcareous meadows and shrublands.

threats:
There are no major threats. Urbanisation might affect the species locally.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to coastal areas of Cyprus. It's maximum extent of occurrence is 9,248 km2. Its habitat quality is declining due to tourist activities and development. # However, it occurs in more than ten locations. Thus, it is assigned in the Near Threatened category, almost qualifying for B1b(iii).

habitat:
The species seems to be restricted in the coastal areas of Cyprus.

threats:
Coastal areas are strongly #affected #by human activities, especially on islands like Cyprus, with a lot of tourism activity. Since the species is restricted in the coastal areas of Cyprus, there is a high #probability #that its populations, have been, and will be effected by human activities and the destruction of its habitat.

conservationAction:
The species has been reported from the Natura 2000 site (Alykes Larnakas; #CY6000002), but #there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in the mediterranean Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain.This species is very abundant in Northern Africa, Near East and Turkey.

habitat:
This species lives preferably close to the coast, in the vegetation or sand dunes, or on limestone outcrops under a maritime climate regime.


taxonomicNotes:
The specific validity of this taxon is under discussion. In the Italian checklist (Manganelli et al. 1995) it is treated as a synonym of T. pyramidata.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to its uncertain taxonomic position, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to southern Italy (Apulia, Basilicata, and Calabria) and eastern Sicily. A living specimen from the Amphitheatre of Taormina is figured in Falkner (1992).

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland on rocky substrates.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the alteration of the habitat by pasturing, road construction or tourist activities.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.


range:
This species is widespread in the central Mediterranean Europe. It is recorded from Albania, Croatia, France, Italy Serbia and Montenegro, and Spain.It is also known from Algeria and Tunisia.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable


taxonomicNotes:
A taxonomic review of the genus Trochulus spp. is underway by Gerhard Falkner and Ted von Proschwitz.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information regarding the population, distribution and threats to the species, as well as taxonomic uncertainties surrounding the genus, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is endemic to Europe, found in Switzerland. There is a population suspected in Austria but this requires taxonomic clarification. Recorded sites have been between 1,360 and 2,380 m asl. There is also a potential location in Germany.

population:
There is little information available regarding the species' population. However, where it occurs the density seems to be quite high and is locally abundant.

threats:
Any threats to the species are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Data Deficient (DD).Information on the distribution of the species and the population trend as well as potential threats is needed. A DNA study to determine whether Trochulus apicola is indeed a good species would be useful.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently known from 5 locations, but this may result from under-sampling. It has a disjunct distribution with an known extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km². Logging might impact it locally. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for criteria B.

range:
This French endemic occurs on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees and is currently known from a disjunct distribution between Pyrenees-Atlantiques on one side and Ariège and Aude on the other side.

habitat:
This species occurs in deciduous forests.

threats:
The threats are unknown. A potential threat is logging.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on taxonomy (particularly genetic studies), population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The  species meets the area requirements under criterion B for Endangered due to it having an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km2. There is evidence of ongoing habitat loss and degradation as well as population loss through the impacts of climatic change, with some populations below 2,000 m altitude being lost. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,iv).

range:
The  species has a very restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km2, and is only found in the Central Alps in Switzerland. It is known only from Kantone Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri. There are 130 very small localities known, all between 2,100 and 2,575 m asl.

population:
The density is low and the population trend is decreasing. Some populations of altitudes between 1,800 m to 2,000 m asl. no longer exist.

habitat:
This species lives on alpine meadows underneath carbonate rocks which become free from snow relatively early.

threats:
The populations are threatened by the climate change (Baggot 2010, unpublished). Some populations between 1800 and 2000 m no longer exist and there is a trend of the species' range reducing below 2,000 m. As a result of climate change the habitats of the populations are becoming more unstable as the cycles of freezing and thawing increase and stones are loosened with a greater risk from avalanches.The Swiss military used the locus typicus for shooting target practice which may have had a negative impact on the species, but this stopped some years ago.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Vulnerable (VU) (Turner et al. 1998). The known sub-populations require monitoring to see if the apparent trend in the decline of sites of lower altitudes continues.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a very restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km2. The populations are not severely fragmented, occur at several localities and have a presumably stable trend at the moment. However, the habitat is known to be declining and degrading in places as a result of rock climbers and quarrying which takes place in the area, as well as a motorway being built. It is not quite clear how these threats will affect the species and it is therefore classed as Near Threatened (NT). If further population research is carried out the species might also approach Criterion C2(a i) as the number of mature individuals is suspected to be less than 10,000 and the populations are all very small. However, there is not enough evidence to assess the species under this Criterion at present.

range:
This species is endemic to an area South of Basel in the Jura mountains in north-western Switzerland. The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2. The 29 known sites are small and are from between 400 and 1,280 m in altitude.

population:
#The density is low but the population is thought to be stable at present.

habitat:
This species lives in cool, moist gorges on steep carbonate rocks. Few populations have been found on open rocks exposed to sunshine.

threats:
Quarrying is taking place in the area and rock climbing is another potential threat. There is also a new motorway being built from Biel to Basel with potential implications.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Vulnerable (VU) (Turner et al. 1998).The impact of the habitat threats on the species need to be studied and the size of populations needs to be verified if possible.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with two subspecies: Trochulus clandestinus clandestinus and T. clandestinus putonii Clessin, 1874.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed with an extent of occurrence of around 35,000 km2 and with no identified threats for the sub-species T. clandestinus clandestinus which makes up the majority of the species' range and population. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).If the sub-species T. clandestinus putonii were to be assessed individually it would qualify for (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is native to France, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. T. clandestinus clandestinus is found in numerous areas of northern Switzerland and adjacent areas of Germany (Baden-Württemberg) and Liechtenstein, whereas T. clandestinus putonii is endemic to France (Vosges) and currently only known from two sites.

population:
The overall population trend can be said to be increasing. However, the sub-species T. clandestinus putonii is in decline.

habitat:
Habitat preference varies between the sub-species. T. clandestinus  clandestinus is found in vegetated areas from semi-open shrubs to humid deciduous forest and also extends into cultivated or ruderal places. T. clandestinus putonii is known from riparian forests alongside the uppermost Moselle river in tall strong herbs.

threats:
Ongoing threats to T. clandestinus putonii are from biotope destruction in the form of deforestation. There are no known threats to T. clandestinus clandestinus however.

conservationAction:
The sub-species T. clandestinus clandestinus is under severe pressure with only two known localities. However, the species as a whole does not require any conservation actions at present.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea and AnimalBase treat this as a distinct species. #Ehrmann (1956), however, treats it as a synonym of Trochulus hispidus. Germain (1930) treated it in the same way, if the name "choanomphala Locard" is a mistyping and refers to the taxon. According to Prockow (2009), it is a synonym of Trochulus caelatus (Studer, 1820). Until recently T. coelomphala was confounded with large forms of T. hispidus; the taxon is in need of a critical revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the number of known locations, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and declining habitat quality, this "species" should be automatically assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). However, its systematic position is not fully clarified. As long as its relationship with Trochulus hispida and/or Trochulus caelatus is unclear, there is no sense to assess this as a distinct species and to initiate any conservation actions. Therefore, it is temporarily assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Locard originally gave "France, South Germany, Switzerland" as type locations. In its current form, this "species" is considered to be endemic to the Danube Valley between the Suebian Alb and the Wachau. There are large gaps between the records from Bavaria and Austria .The extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated on the basis of the only definite location in Germany, as the two settlements are around 130 km from each other, thus the extent of occurrence was calculated as 130 x 2 km = 260 km². As long as the French and Austrian occurrences of this species are neither confirmed nor refuted, the extent of occurrence is very indefinite.

population:
The species is far from being well studied due to the taxonomical and faunistical uncertainty and there is no specific information on population trend. However, from field observations it can be deduced that the trend is slightly declining.

habitat:
This "species" inhabits the floodplain of the Danube River and lives in periodically flooded grassland vegetation, on stands of larger herbs in the riparian forests

threats:
This species inhabits riparian forests along the Danube valley, which is much affected by human impact. In the location this "species" is known from there are many ongoing threats including: residential and commercial development, agricultural activities, deforestation, pollution by waste water, and habitat destruction by increasing river regulation.

conservationAction:
There is no information if this "species" is protected in Germany and there is no information to suggest that the only known location is protected.   There is little information about its taxonomy and distribution, therefore, research activity should focus on these points. #As long as its relationship with #Trochulus hispida #and/or #Trochulus caelatus #is unclear, there is no sense to assess this as a distinct species and to initiate any conservation actions. This species is listed as Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List.

redListAssessors:
Feher, Z., von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, G. Falkner, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC)  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is primarily distributed in the western Balkans. According to Fauna Europaea, it occurs in Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, south-western Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria. In the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, there are materials from a few Slovenian locations. In Hungary, it is supposed to be native in the south-western part of the country, however there is a further occurrence in Budapest, which is thought to be an introduced subpopulation. Currently, there is no evidence that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the  number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, and therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found in the crevices, under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks. Though according to (Damjanov and Likharev 1975) in Bulgaria it lives in wooded areas around swamps and rivers, under the leaf litter and under the stones in areas of high humidity.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem  modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be  threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation  (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large  extent of occurrence (EOO) and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect  the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The taxonomic position (whether or not distinct subspecies exist) of some local subpopulations is unclear. Research activity should focus on this point.  This species is not protected in any of the countries where it potentially occurs although some subpopulations are known to occur within protected areas (e.g. in Albania: Prokletije National Park in Hungary). No conservation actions are required at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to a narrow range in Germany, and is known only from four locations. However, # no direct threats are known, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in South Germany: Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb near Geislingen and Blumberg.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in grassy stone fields in light and steep mountain forests, the snails stay firmly attached to grass blades.


range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in Europe except in the southern peninsulas (in Spain southwards to Madrid region, introduced to Huelva), eastwards to St. Petersburg, Poltava, Ural, between 50° N and 60° N.

population:
There is no information on population trends, however, #the population trend is thought to be stable. In Ireland, it is abundant throughout except in highland areas (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in various humid habitats in  light forests, shrublands and cultivated areas, often at Urtica dioica  near water bodies. Sometimes also at rock rubble of alpine pastures,  road margins and (in northern Scotland) in disturbed habitats. In Spain it is usually found in  dry places, but it is absent from very dry sites. It can occur up to 2,300 m in Alps and  Pyrenees, but is usually below 1,600 m.The hairy snail is mostly found in wet, shaded habitats and, unlike T.  striolatus, is not attracted to gardens. However, it is often found in other kinds of 'rich' or eutrophic places  such as nettle beds and waste places. A nearly hairless, flattened form with very wide umbilicus is  frequent in dry calcareous pastures and coastal dunes (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no ongoing conservation actions. This species is currently listed as Least Concern in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. Identified threats do not affect the species significantly and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is primarily distributed in the northern Carpathians (Lisicky 1991). However, its range extends to south-eastern Germany (Schniebs and Reise 1997), Niederösterreich and Vienna Basin (Austria) (Klemm 1973) and southern Poland (Wiktor 2004). In Hungary it lives in the Medves and Zemplén Mountains (Pintér and Suara 2004). In the Ukraine, there is one published record in Soós (1943): Körösmező [=Jaszinya] and there are two further lots in the HNHM Mollusc Collection (unpublished): Lonka and Munkacevo. According to Soós (1943) there is only one record in the territory of the present Romania: Borszék [=Borsec], however, Grossu (1983) believes that its Romanian occurrence is doubtful. Currently, there is no evidence that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the  number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species which if found in a relatively wide habitat range. It occurs in forests or on the edge of forests where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter and decaying dead wood, or among the tallgrass vegetation along creeksides.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests such as from recreational activities are the main threats to this species, as is residential and commercial development. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of this species, local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in Slovakia, Poland or Hungary. Some subpopulations are known to live within protected areas such as Zemplén TVK in Hungary. However, no conservation actions are currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is taxonomic misidentification surrounding this species and its distribution range cannot be clearly defined. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). This could be modified to Least Concern (LC) if more information becomes available as the populations are currently thought to be stable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This is a European endemic with a current distribution known from the western Alps in eastern France, western Switzerland (Jura mountains) and north-western Italy, from an altitude of 300 to 1,670 m asl. However, its distribution range cannot be clearly defined, e.g. presence in Italy.

population:
There is little information available regarding the population of this species, and indeed no information for France. However, the density seems to be high and the population as a whole is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The species lives mainly in deciduous forests and gorges, but also in more open biotopes with carbonate rocks.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed on the Swiss Red List as Near Threatened (NT). There is taxonomic misidentification around this species and its distribution range cannot be clearly defined so research is required in these areas.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies: Trochulus oreinos oreinos, and T. oreinos scheerpeltzi Mikula, 1957. The latest molecular genetic studies have shown that they could perhaps be regarded as two separate species (Duda et al. 2011). For the time being, both subspüecies are assessed as a single species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively restricted extent of occurrence of 7,000 km2. The two subspecies show a different degree of threat and deserve to be evaluated separately. The subspecies T. o. scheerpeltzi seems to a higher degree threatened due to anthropogenic biotope destruction. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species is an Austrian endemic, distributed from the Northern and Central Alps from Schneeberg to the Totes Gebirge and from the Höllenstein to the Eisenerzer Alpen; Sengsengebirge, west of the Enns the species is represented by the subspecies T. oreinos scheerpeltzi with 12 known localities. The extent of occurrence is around 7,000 km2. There are 12 locations for T. o. scheerpeltzi, and eight for T. o. oreinos (area of occupancy (AOO) # for T. o. oreinos = 48 # km², area of occupancy (AOO) # for T. o. scheerpeltzi 32 km²).

population:
The sub-species T. oreinos scheerpeltzi is known to be in decline. There is no data on population trend for T. oreinos oreinos.

habitat:
The species is found in sub-alpine to alpine areas in rocky grassland.

threats:
Biotope destruction by construction of ski slopes has been identified as the major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The sub-species T. oreinos scheerpeltzi has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the Red List Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).More research into the distribution of the species is needed, particularly for T. oreinos oreinos, as there is currently no data available. Monitoring of population trends is required, not only for the sub-species T. oreinos scheerpeltzi which is known to be in decline, but also for T. oreinos oreinos to ascertain if the same pressures are impacting on these populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic from the Grande Chartreuse and Vercors mountains in the French Pre-Alps. It has a relatively restricted range with an known extent of occurrence of 1,550 km². It is common where it occurs and is found in more than 10 locations. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Pre-Alps of France (Grande Chartreuse and Vercors mountains).

population:
There are no population information. This species is locally abundant.

habitat:
This species lives in deciduous forests on limestone.

threats:
The main threats are unknown. Potential threats are logging, recreational activities and cleaning of the edges of rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions. This species should be protected by French law to ensure its survival in the long-term.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively new to science, first described in 2005 (Pfenninger and Pfenninger 2005). Due to the lack of information regarding the population, distribution and any potential threats to the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until further data is available.

range:
This species is known only from two sites in south-western Switzerland in the Prealps north-east of Lake of Geneva.

population:
There is very little information available for this species in terms of population size and trends having only been described very recently (Pfenninger and Pfenninger 2005), but the density seems to be low. #

habitat:
This species lives on extensively used pastures on southerly exposed slopes. The snails live on the ground between the vegetation composed of typical alpine herbs and grasses. #

conservationAction:
Due to the recent discovery of the species research into the its distribution, population and any potential threats is required. Until more sites are found the two known sites should be conserved.


redListCategoryRationale:
There  is taxonomic misidentification around this species and its distribution  range cannot be clearly defined in France and Italy. Until these issues can be resolved it is classed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This European endemic is native to France, Italy and Switzerland where it is found at one site near Montreux. It occurs in France, in the areas of Ain, Drome, Isere and Ardeche. It is not known where the Italian sites are.

population:
The population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend.

habitat:
This species lives in warm, dry forests and in bushes.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species at present.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Data Deficient (DD). There is taxonomic misidentification around this species and its distribution range cannot be clearly defined in France and Italy so research is required in these areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was classified as a synonym of T. hispidus by Proćków (2009: 128).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the    species is usually not effected directly by human activity, therefore it       is   assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
The species lives in the Alps without eastern margin, to Pyrenees, England and western German highlands. According to Fauna Europaea, the species is also present in Romania.

habitat:
The species lives in various habitats, swampy to  moderately dry deciduous or coniferous forests, also in open forests,  shrublands, reed swamps and moist to moderately dry meadows, alpine  pastures and old ruins. In Switzerland, it is found up to 2,400 m altitude, but it is usually  below 2,000 m.

conservationAction:
There are no ongoing conservation actions.


range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species is widespread from Hungary to the north of France and the British Isles (except the Shetlands islands).

habitat:
This is a garden pest nicknamed the strawberry snail and typical of synanthropic  (humanly disturbed) habitats. It is locally abundant in woodland, scrub, waste ground and around old  buildings and gardens and is found within sites typically concentrated in nettle beds or along old  walls (Byrne et al. 2009). According to AnimalBase (2010), it lives in humid and natural shady  habitats in forests, shrubs and badlands, road margins, in the north of France and  the British Isles among tall grasses and Urtica dioica, often artificially  dispersed, occasionally a pest in gardens. In the north of Switzerland, it occurs between 400  and 800 m, in Austria between 150-2,000 m.

threats:
Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe    destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the  large   number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the  whole   population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is native in Britain, but has  become much commoner through human activity, still expanding its range  in Scotland where it was rare in the 1930s. It is listed as Rare in Bavaria, and Low Concern in Switzerland and in Ireland. The species is protected in Hungary.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is erroneously referenced by Giusti and Fauna Europaea as being described by Clessin in 1873; in fact, this species has been described by him in 1878. Trochulus suberectus Clessin, 1878 is described from the Löß close Regensburg. This fossil form species is not identical with the species described by Forcart (1965) under the name Trochulus suberecta with the authorship Clessin, 1878. The presumed recent species is in urgent need of taxonomic revision as the identity of the attributed isolated populations remains unclear.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the taxonomic issues surrounding this species and the lack of data on its population and the potential threats it may be facing, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species has been described from Austria, Italy and Switzerland (Forcart 1965).

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend.

habitat:
The habitat preference for this species is currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed as Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).First of all the taxonomic issues concerning this species must be resolved. Then, more research is needed into the distribution, population, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are  several known subpopulations. #Local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it  is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is primarily distributed in the northern Carpathians. Its range extends to the Moravian Basin westwards, to Silesia northwards and to Munkacevo and the upper Dnester area in the Ukraine eastwards (Kerney et al. 1983, Soós 1943, Lisicky 1991, Wiktor 2004, Prockow 2009).The centre of the range is in Slovakia, where Lisicky (1991) lists more than 100 known locations, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in humid forests, where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter and decaying dead wood. It prefers the tallgrass vegetation in particular along riversides. #

threats:
Deforestation, development schemes and disturbance to the forests from recreational activities are the main threats to this  species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of  this species, local logging or recreational activities do not affect  the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widely distributed species with stable populations of high density and there are no identified threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Current distribution is known from Austria, France, south-west Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The species follows rivers north of the Alps such as the Rhein until Mainz and the Donau until Dillingen. Known sites are from 350 to 2,400 m asl.

population:
There is little data available on the species' population size and trends but the the density seems to be high in the areas where it occurs and the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in forests and bushes, in biotopes with high humidity. It can also be found in open biotopes.


taxonomicNotes:
In her latest revision, Prockow (2009) states that the taxonomic status of T. waldemari requires further studies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bosnia. It is far from being  well known and its range and distribution needs to be studied in the  future. There are at least four known locations within a relatively wide  range, but we can reasonably suppose that the number of known locations/subpopulations as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) are underestimated. Moreover, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic in Bosnia, although its range and distribution needs to be studied further in the future. The current known locations are Vrbas gorge near Banja Luka, Krupa na Vrbasu, 15 km South of Krupa na Vrbasu, nine km North of Jajce, Plivsi Jezero near Jajce and Vlasic Mountain near Travnik, 1500 m asl. (Maassen 1985). #There are at least six known locations within a relatively wide range, thus we can reasonably suppose that several undiscovered populations exist, and thus the area of occupancy (AOO) might be higher than 20 km2 and/or number of locations may be more than five. At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Although this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones in rocky grasslands, or at the base of larger rocks.

threats:
This species occurs in rocky, mostly limestone, habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road constructions or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Bosnia-Hercegovina and its known sites are outside of protected areas.     The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points.


taxonomicNotes:
There is one distinct subspecies: Urticicola glabellus telonensis, endemic from the countryside of Toulon.

range:
This species occurs in France (southern Alps and Pre-Alps), with some scattered subpopulations in Italy.

population:
There are no population information, but the species is common.

habitat:
This snail occurs in a relatively wide range of habitats, from deciduous forests to sub-alpine meadow.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a distinct subspecies, Urticicola isaricus ventouxianus, endemic from Mont Ventoux.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Pre-Alps of France (Grande Chartreuse, Vercors and Mont Ventoux mountains) with a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO less than 2,300 km2). Overgrazing and recreational activities are affecting the species and climate change will probably have a significant impact on its specialized habitat in the future. The subpopulation in the Ventoux is probably declining, but there is not enough information to define a precise rate of decline. There are no information on the subpopulation in the Vercors. The total number of locations is not known. This species is therefore considered to be Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to the Pre-Alps of France (Grande Chartreuse, Vercors and Mont Ventoux mountains). It is also recorded from northern Italy, but this has to be confirmed. The French subpopulation from Mont Ventoux might be considered as a distinct species rather than a subspecies (currently Urticicola isaricus ventouxianus), but molecular studies are needed.

habitat:
This species inhabits exclusively altitudinal calcareous rocky grassland, under rocks.

threats:
Overgrazing and recreational activities are probably affecting the species. Global warming, by elevating the isotherm lines, might have a impact on the lower ceiling and thus decreasing the available ecological habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is probably present in the Vercors natural reserve and is recorded from the Ventoux protected area, but there are no species-specific conservation actions. More research on taxonomy, population and distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively restricted range (extent of occurrence of about 1,065 km2 and area of occupancy of about 92 km2). Depending of the park management, the number of locations varies between 10 and 20. For the moment, the populations are thought to be stable. However, they are fragmented, due to its very specific habitat and the species is thus assessed as Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species inhabits the mountain summits of the southern Alps in France (Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) with few localities in Italy just across the border.

population:
There are no demographic studies for this species but where it occurs, it is common and the populations are thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in open, stabilised scree moderately colonised with alpine plants (Festuca, Dryas octopetala L.), exclusively on limestone mountain summit above altitude of 1900 m.

conservationAction:
Most populations of this species occur within the Mercantour National Park, and the park managers are aware about this. However there are no specific conservation actions taken. Taxonomic studies are needed to know if all the populations belong to the same taxonomic unit.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO of about 2,000 km2). It has a main subpopulation around Grasse, in France and some scattered sub-populations in the Ste-Victoire Mount and in Italy. The population size and trend, as well as the main threat to this species are unknown. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species occurs in the Mediterranean south-east France, extending slightly in Italy.

population:
The main subpopulation occurs in the south-east of the Alpes-Maritimes, in mountains north of Grasse. There are scattered sub-populations in the Ste-Victoire Mount and in Italy.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean calcareous grasslands and shrublands, under rocks. It lives from 500 m to 1500 m asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. Overgrazing by sheep is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place, but more research is needed on the population, distribution and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to the south-east of France, with a limited extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km2. # Its habitat is threatened by fires. It has numerous locations. However, its # habitat is very specific and its exact area of occupancy and population are unknown. It is therefore considered to be Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic from the Maures and Esterel mountains, in Var (France).

population:
There are no population data available. This species does not seem to be abundant, but occurs regularly across its range.

habitat:
This species occurs exclusively in Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber) forests.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires.


range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in western Ukraine to northern Carpathians, south of  Poland, eastern German highlands, eastern Alps and nearby highlands, to the west up  to southern Germany (Fränkischer Jura, Oberschwaben), west of Austria (Tirol:  Inntal), and Bosnia.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in herbal and shrub layers in humid forests, usually in mountains.

threats:
Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe     destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire,  etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the  large    number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the  whole    population significantly.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. It does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). #This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Eu27 regional assessment: This species occurs in one EU27 state (Romania), where it has less than 5 known locations, therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species occurs in eastern Bosnia, northern Montenegro and central Serbia. There are some known occurrences also in the Banat region of Romania which seem to be somewhat isolated from the main area. Fauna Europaea indicates that this species is also from Macedonia.Published distribution records include Grossu (1983) and Tomic (1959). This species seems to be abundant, as in the HNHM Mollusc Collection there are records from around 40 different locations, which might underestimate the number of existing subpopulations.     There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the large number of existing subpopulations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs. Most of the known sites are outside of protected areas. This species does not require conservation actions at this time.


taxonomicNotes:
Xerocrassa amphiconus and X. siderensis #populate the same region in eastern Crete, but are #usually not syntopic. The two species are quite similar in both their genitalia and shell characteristics (Hausdorf Sauer 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Xerocrassa amphiconus is #restricted to the easternmost mountain range of #Crete. Most records are from the central region of the #mountain range (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

threats:
Over-grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Spanish province of Alicante, where it is known from many localities. The species faces some potential threats from anthropogenic activities and wildfires, which have caused some populations to decline. These effects are currently localised as the species is widespread across Alicante (23 locations) so it is currently considered to be of Least Concern (LC), but habitat and population monitoring are recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is known from many localities in the province of Alicante. It was reported from the town of Cartagena (Murcia), but after investigation it was not found alive in this locality.

population:
Some populations of this species have declined because of anthropogenic activities and wildfires.

habitat:
This is a xerophytic and thermophilic species living in environments of Mediterranean scrub and pine forests, including roadsides, dry crops and dunes.

threats:
The main threats to this species come from fires, quarrying, urban expansion, extension of roads, temperature extremes, drought and specimen collecting.

conservationAction:
This species is not threatened but population monitoring is recommended.

useAndTrade:
This species is collected for shell specimens.


taxonomicNotes:
Gasull (1964) and other authors considered X. cardonae as a junior synonym of X. nyeli. However, Quintana and Vilella (2001) consider it is a valid species. Molecular studies are necessary to confirm this taxonomic situation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Balearic island of Menorca where it is known from four locations, however it has not been found at three of the locations in recent surveys. Fires, tourism and urban developments are all potential threats that  could affect the population of this species in the future. It is  therefore currently listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), however taxonomic research is needed to confirm whether this is a valid species. If the species is valid it is recommended that the locations are resurveyed to determine whether the species has disappeared from three of the four locations. If this is the case the species may qualify as Endangered (EN).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) where it is currently known from four nearby localities.

population:
There is no population information, therefore no observed, inferred or projected conclusion can be drawn. In recent surveys, live individuals were only found in one of the four locations (Quintana and Vilella 2001), and the species might have disappeared from the other three. Therefore it is likely that the population size is decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives under stones in pine (Pinus halepensis) and oak (Quercus ilex) forests.

threats:
The threats facing this species are fires, urban expansion, droughts, road modifications, and collecting of shells. Its limited dispersion and low population density, based on the scarcity of specimens found during surveys, could potentially compound the threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species. It is recommended that a Plan of Conservation is drawn up for this species, and that its habitat and # known populations are protected.


taxonomicNotes:
There are as many as five subspecies considered. X. caroli caroli (Dohrn Heinemann 1862), X. caroli formenterensis F. Schröder 1984, X. caroli jaeckeli (Altimira 1965), X. caroli spartariensis F. Schröder 1984, and X. caroli alegriae F. Schröder 1984.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain in #the Pitiusas Islands (Ibiza and Formentera). #This species has a restricted range, but it does not meet either  population decline or range decline criteria. #Main threats are changes of land management which can alter the natural habitat, but these are acting at a local level. Predation by the black rat (Rattus rattus), an introduced and invasive species in some small islands where the species is found. #This species is listed as Least Concern. #More attention should be given to the subspecies living in the small  islands surrounding Ibiza, which could be in a threat category if the invasive black rat is causing a population decline.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain in the Pitiusas Islands (Ibiza and Formentera). It is present mainly in the south of Ibiza and in Formentera, as well as in the several small islands surrounding them, which has led to several sub-species.

habitat:
This species lives in arid environments, which according to Gasull  (1964) appears in pine forets, sand dunes or in cliffs above the sea.  Schröder (1978) says that it is adapted to different biotopes,  even to those habitats where other species can not live, and it adapts to different environmental  conditions by developing various forms of shell. Schröder  (1984) has suggested that the current distribution of Xerocrassa caroli is  determined by climatic factors, particularly temperature and rainfall.  Thus,  in the localities inhabited by the species annual precipitation is below 450 mm, and the average temperature in summer is 1 or 2 º C higher than in localities where  it is absent.

threats:
Main threats are changes of land management which can alter the natural habitat, but these are acting at a local level. Predation by the black rat (Rattus rattus), an introduced and invasive species in some small islands where the species is found.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by a  resolution of the Balear Department of Environment which includes it in  the Balear Endangered Species List # "(BOIB, no. 66, 15/05/2008)  with the category of species of special concern. Action plans should be defined on the basis of this local resolution. The main conservation  action should be focused to habitat preservation, and to better  delimitate its area of occupancy. Studies about the population and bioloy are also needed. The taxonomic validity of the several subspecies described based on shell morphology should be confirmed. Moreover, the presence of black rats in the different islands and their  threat should be studied to face to its eventual eradication.


taxonomicNotes:
Molecular studies are needed to compare the different subpopulations (on the separate islands) and to ensure that these are all the same species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to parts of northern Ibiza and a number of islands around it. It is threatened by fires and recreational activities, but no continuing decline has been recorded. Further research is needed to clarify if this is a valid species or if it is the same species as X. ebusitana. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (NT), however this might change depending on the results of the taxonomic review.

range:
This species is endemic to the north-east of the island of Ibiza (Balearic islands, Spain) and the surrounding islets. (Beckmann 2007).

population:
There is no population information for this species and the current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found under rocks, in crevices, in ruderal areas, on ocean cliffs, and rocky areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species come from fires and recreational activities of tourists (e.g. hiking).

conservationAction:
Taxonomic research is needed to clarify that all subpopulations are part of the same species, furthermore, the population size needs to be studied. Parts of its range are in protected areas (regional reserves).


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic of single, small, island, (i.e. Gavdos) is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Gavdos, south of Crete (Welter-Schultes 1998).

population:
The species is quite common on the island of Gavdos (Welter-Schultes 1998). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is mainly found in #xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana). #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently the threats to this species are unknown. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009).  #Although Gavdos Island is included #various protection schemes (e.g. Natura 2000 Site GR4340013), there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is restricted to two small islands, south of Crete, it is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Gavdos and Gavdopoula Islands, south of Crete (Welter-Schultes 1998).

population:
The species is quite common in the islands distributed (Welter-Schultes 1998). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is found in a variety of habitats, but mainly in xeric shrublands.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). Although Gavdos and Gavdopoula are included #various protection schemes (e.g. Natura 2000 Site GR4340013), there is no conservation action regarding the species. #


taxonomicNotes:
Species described by Ortiz de Zárate (1962) that would need more precise anatomic data to characterize it, specially because there are several non-described Xerocrassa #species in Andalusia, for example in the province of Granada. However, #X. cobosi #can be differentiated from all other species by its shell features: it has a small shell, big umbilicus and angulated periphery #(Ruiz et al. 2006; Arrébola, Ruiz and Cárcaba, unpublished data).

redListCategoryRationale:
Currently, there is not enough information about this species to determine its exact distribution or any specific level of threat, hence it has been classified as Data Deficient (DD). However, if further research found this species to be distributed in the Gador mountains only, then it is likely that this species would be qualify for a Near Threatened (NT) or threatened category.

range:
This is an Andalusian (Spain) endemic species that has been cited in the provinces of Granada (Alonso 1975) and Almería (Ortiz de Zárate 1962). However, according to our data, this species is endemic to the Sierra de Gádor in the province of Almería (Ruiz et al. 2006), which means that the Granada records belong to other Xerocrassa spp. Thus the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy may change in the future, when more data are collected on this species.

habitat:
The habitat of X. cobosi is similar to that of Iberus spp. in Sierra de Gador (Almería, Spain). It finds refuge in limestone rocks and shrubs (Stipa tenacissima) (Ortiz de Zárate 1962, Ruiz et al. 2006).

threats:
Loss of habitat does not impact this species in Sierra de Gádor. The other possible threats are not known. Generic threats, such as fires, temperature increase, etc. are likely to influence this species.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution range and taxonomy of this species. Once this information has been gathered, other information on threats and conservation actions could be inferred.


taxonomicNotes:
A detailed study is required to assess which of  #the #forms present in the Aegean Islands, Greek mainland, the #west coast of Turkey, Cyprus, Libya, and Egypt #(Brandt 1959) #are actually conspecific with X. cretica, and which should be considered as separate species (Hausdorf   Sauer 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively wide distribution in the eastern of the Mediterranean with quite dense populations. There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. #This species needs research on its taxonomy and distribution. #This species is listed as Least Concern. #This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in Aegean Islands, Greek mainland, the #west coast of Turkey, Cyprus, Libya, and Egypt #(Brandt 1959, Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in xeric vegetation, coastal regions and cultivated areas.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions currently applied. This species needs research on its taxonomy and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and the threats it faces are not impacting it significantly on its whole range. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC). However, habitat and population monitoring is recommended, as no living specimen have been collected in Murcia in recent years, which could mean that the actual extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and number of locations are smaller than expected. If that was the case, this species might qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to the north-east of the Iberian peninsula, where it is found in the Spanish provinces of Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. It is widely distributed in Alicante, but rare in Valencia and Murcia. Recent surveys in Mazarrón, Murcia province have found no specimens.

population:
Some populations of this species have declined because of anthropogenic pressures and wildfires.

habitat:
This is a species living in environments of Mediterranean scrub and pine (Pinus halepensis) and oak forests under stons and trunks.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires, quarrying, urban expansion, temperature extremes, road extension and drought.

conservationAction:
This species is currently not threatened, but habitat and population monitoring is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomical status of this species requires clarification. The specific placement of this polytypical species has suffered diverse modifications following the works of Schröder (1978), Puente (1994) and Pons and Palmer (1996). Puente (1994) considers the following subspecies of X. ebusitana (15): X. e. ebusitana is the form most widely distributed, occupying the southern half of Ibiza, and Conillera, Formentera, Espardell and Espalmador.X. e. ortizi ia found in the northern part of Ibiza as well as in the islet TagomagoX. e. hortae only live in the approximately 200 m2 del Illot de S’HortX. e. canae live in the Illa d’es CanarX. e. cisternasi in Illa Grossa de Sta. EulàriaX. e. redonae in the Illa Redona de Sta. EulàriaIn the southern islands of Ibiza live X. e. vedrae (Vedrá) and X. e. vedranellensis (Vedranell)In the west of Ibiza, in the islands of Ses Bledes live X. e. scopulicola (Na Gorra, Bleda Na Bosc y Bleda Plana), X. e. conjugens (Escull Vermell), X. e. calasaladae en S’Illeta, in front of Cala Saladaand X. e. margaritae in Ses Margalides, island in front of Santa AgnèsThe northern islands of Ibiza are home to X. e. muradae (Illa Murada), X. e. calderensis (Illa d’en Calders)and X. e. mesquidae (Illot de Sa Mesquida).Recently Beckmann (2007) has segregated X. cisternasi from X. ebusitana of Ibiza,  assigning to the first the current subspecies (14) and the four fossil subspecies (Sacchi 1954, Paul 1984) to the second.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Balearic islands (Spain), where it is found on the Ibiza and Formentera and their surrounding islands and islets. This species has given rise to several subspecies, and taxonomic research is needed to establish if the subspecies are separate valid species. This species has an extent of occurrence of 1,800 km2, an area of occupancy of 288 km2 and 14 locations. The main threats to this species come from fires and tourism, which are causing a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT B1b(iii) + B2b(iii).

range:
Xerocrassa ebusitana is endemic to the Balearic islands (Spain), where it is found on Ibiza and Formentera and their surrounding islands and islets, where it has formed several subspecies.X. e. ebusitana is the form most widely distributed, occupying the southern half of Ibiza, and Conillera, Formentera, Espardell and Espalmador.X. e. ortizi ia found in the northern part of Ibiza as well as in the islet Tagomago.The remaining subspecies have extremely limited distributions, restricted to the surrounding islands of Ibiza:X. e. hortae only live in the approximately 200 m2 del Illot de S’HortX. e. canae live in the Illa d’es CanarX. e. cisternasi in Illa Grossa de Sta. EulàriaX. e. redonae in the Illa Redona de Sta. EulàriaIn the southern islands of Ibiza live X. e. vedrae (Vedrá) and X. e. vedranellensis (Vedranell)In the west of Ibiza, in the islands of Ses Bledes live X. e. scopulicola (Na Gorra, Bleda Na Bosc y Bleda Plana), X. e. conjugens (Escull Vermell), X. e. calasaladae en S’Illeta, in front of Cala Saladaand X. e. margaritae in Ses Margalides, island in front of Santa AgnèsThe northern islands of Ibiza are home to X. e. muradae (Illa Murada), X. e. calderensis (Illa d’en Calders)and X. e. mesquidae (Illot de Sa Mesquida).

population:
There are no demographic studies of this species. Gasull  (1964), referring to the genus Xerocrassa # (found in the Balearic islands in general), noted  that their population density was usually very high. Research is necessary to determine the population status of this species.  Recent visits (Martínez-Ortí, pers. comm., 2011) to various locations on Formentera found two extant populations; on Ibiza only shells were discovered. Schröder (1978) said regarding X. e. hortae,  that there is a  danger of extinction in the coming years, with only few specimens  observed alive. This could also be the case on other islands and  subspecies.

habitat:
This species lives in ruderal places (edges of roads and paths), rocky coasts and rocky areas with small amounts of vegetation, where it is found in crevices. It is also found in shrub habitats.This species is an intermediate host of the juveniles of the digenean trematode Dollfusinus frontalis. The adults of D. frontalis are found in the Algerian hedgehog (Atelerix algirus) and the  nasal passages of rodents such as the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus  ophiusae) and the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus).

threats:
The main threats to this species are from # fires and anthropogenic pressure (mainly tourism, specimen collecting, urban expansion, recreational activities and road extension) This species is also an intermediate host of the juveniles of the digenean trematode Dollfusinus frontalis, which is spread by the invasive black rat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Balearic Catalogue of Threatened Species (BOIB, no. 66, 15/05//2008) under the category of species of 'special interest'. This category provides the species with a management plan. The presence and population size of the invasive black rat on each of the islands needs to be determined, as it spreads the digenean trematode Dollfusinus frontalis, with the eventual aim of eradication from the islands. Controls need to be put in place to prevent the indiscriminate collection of specimens by collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the nature reserve of the Serra d'Espadà, Castellón province. It has an Extent of occurrence of 100 km2, and Area of occupancy of 16 km2 and has one location. It is threatened by fire, road construction, collecting of cork and tourism, which are causing a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat, therefore it has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii) = B2ab(iii)). Research relating to its population size, distribution and the effects of human disturbance are required.

range:
This species is endemic to the Valencian autonomous community of Spain, where it is restricted to the Sierra de Espadà in the Castellón province.

population:
This species present with a low population density, with only four live specimens # found during annual surveys conducted over the past sixteen years. #

habitat:
It lives in dry environments, in the herbaceous stratum in cork forests (Quercus suber) and in successional shrubs (such as Cistus monspeliensis, Erica scoparia, and Lavandula stoechas), accompanied occasionally by maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), on soils of siliceous substratum. #It is associated with some other terrestrial molluscs species, such as Hypnophila malagana, Rumina decollata, Xerocrassa subrogata, Pseudotachea splendida and Iberus alonensis.

threats:
The main threat to this habitat comes from fires, which in 1994/5 destroyed approximately 800 ha of pine forest, and in 2009 destroyed approximately 8.2 ha (Martínez-Ortí and Puente, in press). Other threats to this species include grazing, human activities (e.g. road  construction), cutting of trees for corks and associated  activities (altering the vegetation and substratum of the habitat), tourism (localities are within a nature reserve), and quarrying. The effects of these threats could be compounded by the small number of locations, low population density and limited dispersal ability of this species.

conservationAction:
All the populations are included in a regional protected area of the Serra d'Espadà (Castellón), but a conservation plan is needed. New sampling efforts are needed to define the Area of occupancy and population size, and to determine the effects of human disturbances on the population.


taxonomicNotes:
The specimens of this species living in the Insel Pobre (Cabrera Archipelago) have been classified as a different subspecies (Xerocrassa ferreri pobrensis Gasull 1964). The other subpopulations belong to the nominal subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Balearic Islands in Spain. It #has a very small area of occupancy of 50 km2. It lives in only five islands (five locations), four of them being very small in extension (Islets of Cabrera Archipelago). There are no major current threats but fires could seriously affect parts of the population in the future. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Balearic Islands in Spain. It is restricted to the southeast of Mallorca Island and the Cabrera Archipelago. In Mallorca it extends along a narrow area near the coast, between the Cap de ses Salines and S'Estanyol.

habitat:
This species lives in very dry, open and sunny habitats, near the coastline, in places with sand and calcareous stones substratum and with Mediterranean herbaceous and shrubland vegetation.

threats:
Presently, urban and tourism development is not a major threat for this species. There are only two main urban areas with the rest of the coast where this species is living, being well preserved. The development of new residential areas is only a future threat. The main threats are recreational activities and fire risk.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused to habitat preservation. Cabrera Archipelago is a Natural Reserve (National Park) which allows the preservation of this land in its almost virginal condition. Studies about the population and biology of this species would be of great interest in order to better design conservation actions. Its area of occupancy should be better delimited.


redListCategoryRationale:
Xerocrassa franciscoi #is endemic to Crete, is #restricted to the southern slope of the western Asteroussia #Mountains, south of Kapetaniana (central Crete) (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Xerocrassa franciscoi #is endemic to Crete, and is #restricted to the southern slope of the western Asteroussia #Mountains, south of Kapetaniana (central Crete) (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) mainly in limestone areas. #


taxonomicNotes:
Four subspecies are considered within #X. frater: X. frater frater (Dohrn   Heynemann, 1862), X. frater pollenzensis  (Hidalgo, 1878), X.frater pulaensis Beckmann 2007, and X. frater newka (Dohrn   Heynemann 1862), with the last two taxa having a very reduced area of occupancy.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). It is widely distributed throughout almost the entire extension of this island. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). It is widely distributed throughout almost the entire extension of this island.

habitat:
This species lives in a wide variety of habitats with rocky substrate, as pine forests, shrublands and grasslands, as well as in other open places.

threats:
The alteration of natural habitat is a major threat for the species. It includes the development of urban areas, tourism and agroindustry. Nevertheless, there are still large areas in which the habitat has not been severely transformed. Another threat is fire.

conservationAction:
On the basis of its reduced range which is restricted to the Island of Mallorca, this species meets the criteria of Species of Conservation Concern, however no action plans have been designed for it. Nearly 10% of its range is within areas of the Natura 2000 networking programme. More research is need to know the population size and trends, as well as to ensure that the ecological requirements of this species are known and that management plans incorporate this information. Conservation actions shoud be focused on habitat preservation.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of the least studied European Xerocrassa species. As it is often confused with conchologically similar species, the available literature is almost impossible to interpret. A completely new approach is needed to clearly define this species and clarify its correct distribution area.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species has an extent of occurrence of over 20,000 km2, the populations are widely scattered and are known to be decreasing in some areas. However, recent data is lacking for most countries and as it is often confused with conchologically similar species, the available literature is almost impossible to interpret. As a result, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is distributed mainly in central Europe, but has a scattered occurrence from the island of Gotland to north-eastern Spain. The extent of occurrence is over 20,000 km2.

population:
In many areas the population of this species is thought to be decreasing. In Switzerland there are two localities within a few hundred metres of each other. The first one has been known for five years, and the second since 2009. Other localities have disappeared. However, in Sweden (Gotland) the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The species is found in open calcareous or loessic grass and scrublands with sparse vegetation cover on mountaintops as well as on karstic highland plateaus and disturbed pastures, which are thought to constitute ecological refuges. In south-eastern France it inhabits localities from 900 to 1000 m above sea level, but it was also found 370 m above sea level in Mont Vertoux, which is unusual.

conservationAction:
The species has been assessed on the Swiss and German Red Lists as Critically Endangered (CR) (Jungbluth et al. 2009).Monitoring of the population is necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Xerocrassa grabusana #is most #similar to X. subvariegata (Hausdorf Sauer 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Xerocrassa grabusana #is endemic to north-western Crete (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Xerocrassa grabusana #is endemic to north-western Crete (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) mainly in limestone areas.


taxonomicNotes:
It was described as a subspecies of Xerocrassa murcica (currently X. subrogata). It is accepted as a valid species by some authors but only as a subspecies of Xerocrassa murcica by others. The taxonomy needs to be clarified.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Catalonia in north-eastern Spain. It has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) as taxonomic research is needed to clarify its species status. This species may be a subspecies of Xerocrassa murcica, which would increase its range. However, if this is a valid species it should be listed as Near Threatened (B1b(iii) + B2b(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Catalonia, where it is found in the southern half of the province of Tarragona in north-eastern Spain.

population:
Recent sampling shows the populations of this species to be stable.

habitat:
This is a xerophilous (adapted to dry environments) species of steppe environments that has been collected in pinnates, Mediterranean bushes, groves of evergreen oaks, and by the edges of roads.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires, quarries, urban expansion, temperature extremes, extension of roads and drought.

conservationAction:
This species is found in some national parks. The protection of its habitat and of the known populations are recommended. Taxonomic research is required to clarify the validity of this species.


range:
The range of #Xerocrassa heraklea #extends in northern Crete (from Tombrouk #(east of Iraklion) in the west to the Lasithi Plateau in #the east) (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Mallorca Island (Baleareic Islands, Spain). It is widely distributed in the eastern part of Mallorca Islands with a few isolated localities in the middle south part of central and west regions of the island. It is more frequent near the east and southeast coast. #The construction of new urban residences, together with gardening are reducing the area of occupancy of this species. Nevertheless, the impact of this activities are still limited. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Mallorca Island (Baleareic Islands, Spain). It is widely distributed in the eastern part of Mallorca Islands with a few isolated localities in the middle south part of central and west regions of the island. It is more frequent near the east and southeast coast.

population:
No population studies have been made, but it is assumed to be stable in places with undisturbed habitat.

habitat:
This species lives in coniferous forests with sparse undergrowth, and open areas with sparse herbaceous and shrub vegetation, in calcareus rocky substrate.

threats:
Threats to this species are urban growth, new residential areasconstruction and recreational tourist activities which are reducing the habitat extension of the species.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused on habitat preservation. Studies on its population size and biology are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Although it is often possible to differentiate this species from #X. zaharensis #only using shell characteristics, a positive identification can only be determined by studying the reproductive system (Puente and Arrébola 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is an Andalusian endemic and  is considered as Near Threatened (NT) on a precautionary basis, as it almost qualifies for criteria B1 and B2a. It is found in 12 locations and the number of individuals within the subpopulations is relatively low. Fires are frequent in this region and one fire could wipe out a single subpopulation. #However, if more subpopulations of this species were to be found, then it is likely that it would be reassessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
X. jimenensis #is endemic to the South of Spain, in the Andalusian provinces of Cádiz, Málaga and southern Seville #(Puente and Arrébola 1996).

population:
There is no population data about this species.

habitat:
This species is living in open places in karstic, disturbed and pasture environments, characterized by a low herbaceous cover #(Puente and Arrébola 1996). It is mentioned in some of the extensive calcareous mountains of Andalusia.

threats:
Apart from the fires, no specific threats are known for this species, but further studies are needed (including on the population, biology...) to determine potential threats.

conservationAction:
This species is classified Near Threatened (NT) in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (pag. 45; in Verdú and Galante 2009) and Least Concern (LC) in the Andalusian Invertebrates Red Book (pag. 1309; in Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperon and Moreno 2008). The localities where it has been mentioned belong largely to protected areas, such as the natural parks of Grazalema, Los  Alcornocales and Torcal de Antequera. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is much more extensive than the one of #X. zaharensis #and, although it is mentioned in only 12 grids of 10 km2 to date, future more intense samplings might reveal a greater presence and extent of occurrence. In fact, as this species lives in limestone areas that are abundant in the province of Cádiz, Málaga and Seville, it is likely that the status of this species is better than currently known. It is recommended to conduct biological studies, population estimates and some species and habitat monitoring.


range:
Xerocrassa kydonia restricted to north-west Crete (from Platanos in the #west to Kakopetros in the east, and the Rodopou #Peninsula in the north) #(Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
Xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) mainly in limestone areas.


range:
Xerocrassa lasithiensis #is #restricted to the central-east part of Crete (the region north-east of the Dikti #mountains, from Sisi to Agios Nikolaos) (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is favoured by man activities and is mainly restricted #restricted to anthropogenic habitats. #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Xerocrassa meda is known #from the Italian mainland, Sicily, and Malta. Its #native range is unclear, because the species is #restricted to anthropogenic habitats. Originally, it #was described from Sardinia, but only a single record #is known from there, and could possibly be the result #of a recent introduction (Giusti et al. 1995). Xerocrassa #meda has also been introduced on Lesvos #(Bank 1988) and Kos (Bank and Neuteboom 1988). On Crete it #was found only once on the old city walls of Chania by #W. J. M. Maassen in 1987 (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).  #Hausdorf and Sauer (2009) note that they could not locate the species in Crete in the location mentioned by #W. J. M. Maassen and they consider that probably #the introduced population became #extinct.

population:
The population trend for this species is increasing due to recent expansions of suitable habitat. This species lives in anthropogenic habitats.

habitat:
Mainly restricted in anthropogenic habitats.

threats:
The species is favoured by man activities and is mainly restricted #restricted to anthropogenic habitats. #

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. #


range:
Xerocrassa mesostena is endemic to Crete. It is distributed across almost the #whole island, except from the eastern and #north-western tip, and the region between Chania #and the Psiloritis mountains (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

population:
The species is known from a significant number of locations across Crete. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is mainly found in open xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to two Columbretes islands and has a very restricted range (extent of occurrence = 14 km2 and area of occupancy = 14 km2). The islands are protected areas and the population is thought to be increasing. Currently, there are no major threats to this species, however, fires or stochastic events could affect this species and lead it to extinction. The species is therefore listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the Columbretes islands (Castellón province) to two islands: Columbrete Grande (L'Illa Grossa) and Mancolibre.

population:
There has been a slight increase in the population of this species since the islands they inhabit have been protected.

habitat:
This species lives in exposed places on the stems of bushes and under stones.

threats:
Potential threats to this species include fires, depredation by rats and birds and tourism.

conservationAction:
This species is currently abundant on the Columbrete islands but the habitat is fragile and a Plan of conservation and the inclusion of this species in protected species catalogues is recommended. The specific status of this taxon should be investigate as it is possible that it was introduced to the Columbrete islands from the Pine islands (Balearic islands).


taxonomicNotes:
Puente (1994) considers X. montserratensis and X. betulonensis two different species. Martínez-Ortí and Bros are working to clarify the taxonomic status.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Montserrat mountainous chain in Catalonia, Spain. It has an extent of occurrence of 3,600 km2, an area of occupancy of 448 km2 and is found in 5 - 10 locations. It is close to urban areas, one subpopulation has been lost and there are threats to the others, even though some of the sub-populations occur in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Taxonomic research is required.

range:
This species is endemic to Catalonia, Spain, where it is restricted to Montserrat's mountainous chain and the littoral mountains of the basin of Besos river, in the province of Barcelona.

population:
The population is thought to be decreasing as a low number of specimens have been found during surveys, and a subpopulation in the Collserola mountains can be considered extinct (Bros 2004, 2009). According to Bros (2011), the more important population of this species is found in Montcau (Natural parc of Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac).

habitat:
This species lives on the stems of shrubs in dry places and under stones, in open rocky areas.

threats:
In the past, urbanisation was a major threat. Presently the main threats are fires and recreational activities (such as hiking and mountain biking).

conservationAction:
Some subpopulations of this species are included in several natural reserves. It is included in the Bern Convention and there is a proposal for its protection in Catalonia (both X. montserratensis and X. betulonensis have been proposed).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic the Balearic island of Mallorca (Spain) where it has an extent of occurrence of 1,000 km2 and an area of occupancy of 320 km2. Assuming fire is the main threat this species is found at no more than five locations. This area is very popular with tourists and it is not protected, which is causing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality of its habitat. This species is therefore listed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii,v) + 2ab(iii,v)).

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic island (Spain) of Mallorca, where it is restricted to the north of the island, in the northern half of the Serra de Tramuntana.

population:
The population size of this species is not known, but studies suggest that it is not easy to find live specimens.

habitat:
Xerocrassa moraguesi is found from the sea level up to 450 m altitude in the mountainous region of Pollensa. It is found in shrub land and under stones (Graack 2005). It is also found in pine forests.

threats:
The threats to this species are fires, anthropogenic pressure from tourism and collecting, urban expansion, recreational activities, extension of roads, temperature extremes and drought.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Balearic Catalogue of Threatened Species and of Special Protection under the category of species "of special interest" (as Xerocrassa claudinae). This category provides a management plan for the species. It is recommended that a Plan of conservation is drawn up for the species. It is also  necessary to control the indiscriminate collection of specimens by  collectors.

useAndTrade:
This species is collected for specimens.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic to Cyprus. #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, found mainly on the #central #part of the island (Gittenberger 1991).

habitat:
The species is mainly found in xeric, dry, shrublands.

threats:
Over-grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas in Cyprus included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Menorca Island, with a whole extension of 700 km2, although it only lives in places with unaltered habitats. The natural system of the island is well preserved, but tourism activities and urban development are serious threats. Presently, population and geographic range reduction, as well as fragmentation of locations are not high enough to classify this species in a threatened category. However it is possible that the negative impacts are increasing and will be more serious in the future. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). It is widely distributed in the Island, although restricted to localities with unaltered habitat conditions. It is also found in coastal areas and in well preserved habitats of inland.

population:
There are no population studies, but it is assumed to be stable in places with unaltered habitat conditions.

habitat:
This species lives in forest (Quercus, Pinus, Oleaea), shrub and grasslands places with rocky substrate, remainig protected from drying under stones during dry conditions. It also lives in dunar areas with shrub and herbaceous vegetation.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat alteration by urban growth, new residential areas construction and recreational tourist activities.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused on preserving natural conditions of the habitat. Some places of Menorca are included in the Natura 2000 network, and the whole island has been declared Biosphere Reserve. This allows the preservation of its habitat and the traditional uses of land. Studies about the population and biology of this species would be of great interest in order to better design conservation actions. Its area of occupancy should be better delimited.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widely distributed across the south-east of France, the principality of Andorra and Spain. Whilst there are some general threats to this species from fires and human activities the population trend is stable, and these threats are likely to only impact on a local scale. Therefore this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives in France, the Principality of Andorra and Spain. It is found in the south-east of France in the Hautes-Pyrénées and in the Pyrénées Orientals (Les Corbières Maritimes, between Narbonne and Perpignan). In Spain it is widely distributed over the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre, Castile-La Mancha (provinces of Cuenca, Albacete and Ciudad Real) and Valencian Community (all provinces).

population:
This species has a large number of populations and the current population trend is stable.

habitat:
This is a xerophilous species (adapted to dry environments) that is characteristic of steepe habitats. It lives under stones or at the base of the stems of # shrubs, # in pine forests, meadows, pastures and rocky areas.

threats:
The threats to this species are # fires, quarries, urban expansion, temperature extremes, extension of roads and droughts.

conservationAction:
Currently no conservation measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic of a small island, i.e. Antikythira, it is quite abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted in the island of Antikythira (Gittenberger and Goodfriend 1993)

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. The species is absent #from the late Pleistocene 16,000 year-old fossil record form the island #(Gittenberger and Goodfriend 1993).

habitat:
This species is mainly found in open, xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although the island of Antikythira is part of various protection schemes (e.g. Natura 2000, Site: #GR3000008), #there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
The validity of #Xerocrassa prietoi muroensis Graack 2005 needs further research.

redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution range is limited to Mallorca, Spain. The reduction of population size and extent of occurrence and area of occupancy have been a continuous process during last decades, particularly in the southwest of Mallorca, where the records of the species are mostly concentrated. But declines during the last decade is not higher than 10% indicating that it does not meet criteria for a threat category. There are still some places where habitat conditions are well preserved. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Mallorca (Baleares Islands, Spain), where it is widely distributed in the west part of the island. Most records come from the southwest part of the island.

population:
There are many places, particularly in the southwest of Mallorca Island that have been destroyed by the growing of urban constructions and gardening, together with tourist activities, particularly intenses during last decades. The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives in forest places (pine and oaks) as well as in shrub and grassland open areas with rocky calcareous substrate, being protected against dessication under stones.

threats:
The main threats to this species are habitat reduction, mainly in coastal places, by urban construction, gardening, and tourist activities. Snail collecting to trade with collectors, and fire are another threats. Sometimes, there are local areas with many stones turned in the ground, probably by fauna researchers or collectors. These activities should be regulated. Shrub and grassland removal from pine forest areas for "forest rehabilitation" are causing habitat degradation locally.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused on habitat preservation. Cleaning the  undergrowth in pine forests should avoid habitat destruction. Collecting snails activities to trade with other collectors should be limited to dead shells, without disturbing its habitat. Research is need to better delimitate its area of occupancy (AOO), to know the reduction of its habitat caused by residential and tourist activities and to know the current size of its population. Research is also recommended on this species' taxonomy.

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes collected by shell collectors.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in France and Spain, where it is mainly distributed in the central Pyrenees. The population is stable. Therefore this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives in France and Spain. It is distributed across the central Pyrenees, where it is found in a few localities on the slopes in France and is more widely spread on the slopes in Spain. The Spanish provinces where it is present are the Aragon  provinces of Huesca and Teruel and Castellón province in the Valencian Community.

population:
The current population trend of this species is stable.

habitat:
This species lives at high altitudes on pinnates, between the fissures of rocks and on stones.

threats:
The threat to this species is mainly fires.


range:
Xerocrassa rhithymna is endemic to Crete and is #is restricted to the northern part of the island, between #the Lefka Ori and the Psiloriti mountains (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

population:
The species is known from a significant number of locations (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Natural Reserve of the Sierra Calderona in the north of Valencia Province, Spain. It has an extent of occurrence of 300 km2, an area of occupancy of 46 km2 and is known from two locations. The main threats are fires and anthropogenic activities (such as tourism, road construction and urban developments), which could cause a decline in the quality and extent in parts of of its habitat in the future. Parts of the species habitat (800 ha) were previously destroyed by a fire in 2004 and further fires could decrease the population in a short time, therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic restricted to the Natural Reserve of the Sierra Calderona in the north of Valencia Province, Spain.

population:
This population trend of this species is decreasing # after a fire in 2004. Recent sampling has failed to find the species in some of the localities that were affected by the fire.

habitat:
This is species lives in dry environments such as pine forests and Mediterranean shrubs.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires and anthropogenic pressures (such as recreational activities). Other threats include urban developments, temperature extremes, widening of roads, collecting of shells and droughts.

conservationAction:
All of the known populations of this species are within the regional protected area of the Sierra Calderona, however parts of this area (800 ha) were destroyed by a fire in 2004. A conservation plan is considered a necessity for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The shells of X. siderensis are very variable #especially between populations. Some populations, #especially east of Agia Fotia and west of Zakros, are #characterized by a distinct edge at the periphery ofthe body whorl and ribs. In the population from Agia #Fotia, 1.7 km towards Palekastro, an extreme specimen #with a distinct keel and a very narrow umbilicus #was found. This specimen approaches the charactersof X. amphiconus. However, the specimens from adjacent #populations of X. amphiconus have a more #protruding keel and are more depressed. The intermediate #specimen might be evidence for an introgressionbetween X. siderensis and X. amphiconus. #Nevertheless, we classify X. siderensis and X. amphiconus #as distinct species, because such specimens are #very rare, and even these can be referred to one of #the two taxa without doubts (see remarks by X. #amphiconus) (Hausdorf   Sauer 2009).

range:
Xerocrassa siderensis is restricted #to the easternmost mountain range of Crete, #where it commonly occurs near the coast. The westernmost #localities from which specimens were determined anatomically are Agia Fotia, Lithines, and #Kalo Nero (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
This species is found mainly in xeric shrublands (phrygana and maquis).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions currently in action.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea the species belongs to the genus #Candidula Kobelt 1871, when previously was assigned to Trochoidea. According to the Hausdorf and Sauer (2009) it should be included in #Xerocrassa, i.e. #Xerocrassa siphnica (Kobelt 1883).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in Cyclades (Mylonas 1982). #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, distributed in Cyclades (Mylonas 1982).

threats:
#Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Falkner (1995), all populations cited as Trochoidea murcica have to be summarised under the older name Xerocrassa subrogata (L. Pfeiffer 1853).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is distributed across the eastern Mediterranean slope. It has a large Extent of occurrence (EOO = 120,000 km2) and has a stable population trend. There are general threats to the species from fires and human activities but these pressures are localised, therefore this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic distributed across the eastern Mediterranean slope in the Spanish provinces of # Zaragoza, Teruel, Lérida, Tarragona, Murcia, Cuenca, Albacete, Ciudad Real, Granada, Alicante,Valencia and Castellón.

population:
The population trend is stable for this species, and populations are usually easy to locate.

habitat:
This is a xerophilous species (adapted to dry environments) of steepe environments that has been collected in pine and oak forests, Mediterranean shrubs and ruderal habitats.

threats:
The threats to this species are fires, quarries, urban expansion, temperature extremes and the extension of roads.


taxonomicNotes:
Xerocrassa subvariegata is most similar to #X. grabusana. #Some depressed forms of X. subvariegata can also be #similar to Pseudoxerophila oertzeni (Maltzan 1887), #from which it differs in the narrower umbilicus andthe lack of incised spiral striae (Hausdorf   Sauer 2009).

range:
Xerocrassa subvariegata is endemic to Crete, spread in the north-western island #(Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
The species is mainly found in open xeric schrublands (maquis and phrygana).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the province of Teruel in Spain where it has an Extent of occurrence of 1,400 km2, an Area of occupancy of 28 km2 and is known from 13 locations. Currently this species does not qualify for a threatened category due to its number of locations, however it is threatened by fires and anthropogenic pressure which could reduce the number of locations to a level where they meet the criteria for a threatened category, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic found only in Spain, where it is restricted to Aragon in the province of Teruel.

population:
There are eleven known populations of this species. Observations have shown that populations present a good number of specimens.

habitat:
This species lives under stones, wood or in the base of vegetation in meadows of Alpine type between altitudes of 1,200 and1,600 m.

threats:
The threats to this species are fires, quarries, extension of roads, ranching and shell collecting.

conservationAction:
The recommended conservation actions for this species is the protection of its habitat and known populations.


taxonomicNotes:
Although it is often possible to differentiate this species from X. jimenensis #only using shell characteristics, a positive distinction can only be done by studying the reproductive system #(Puente and Arrébola 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from one location. It could be classified as Data Deficient (DD), as much more information is need to have a clear picture of the conservation status of this species. However, this species was not found during the recent surveys conducted # in the provinces of Cádiz, Málaga and Sevilla in the last years and fires are a real potential threat, especially as the species is restricted to  one site in a very small area in shrubland. It is therefore listed as  Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This snail is only known from the type locality in Zahara de la Sierra (Cádiz, Spain) #(Puente and Arrébola 1996).

habitat:
This species is found under rocks in wooded ravine (Quercus rotundifolia, Ceratonia siliqua, olive and fruit trees) with low exposure (Puente and Arrébola 1996).

threats:
Due to its restricted range, fires and stochastic events can severely affect this species. Further threats are not known.

conservationAction:
This species has been classified as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates #(Verdú and Galante 2006) and as Endangered (EN) in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates #(Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). #It is also included in the "Conservation and Sustainable #Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). More research is needed on the ecology and distribution of the species and on the threats it faces. Habitat protection is also recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
According to www.animalbase.org, the valid generic affiliation of the species is Helicopsis # rather than Xerolenta. Damjanov Likharev (1975) do not mention the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a very small area in Eastern Bulgaria. #The number of known locations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, however there has been no decline in the population. Due to the small range size, as a precausion this species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is known from a very small area in Eastern Bulgaria. According to the collection of the HNHM the following localities are known: Beloslav, Gebedzensko ezero; Nevscha; Beloslav; Razdelna.

habitat:
This species prefers dry grassland and rocky habitats.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering that inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria, and the known localities are not in protected areas. More information on the population size and trend is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was previously described as Helicella macedonica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria and Macedonia. This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed at Least Concern at the European level.

range:
According to Dedov (2008) this species lives in the Alibotush Mts. (southern Bulgaria). It was reported from five localities within the mountain range. The collection of the HNHM contains samples from the following localities: Pirin, Banderica; Javorov; Slantcev Brjag. It occurs also in Macedonia (FYROM) according to Stankovic et al. (2006), Damjanov and Likharev (1975) mentions the species from Jugoslavia, however Fauna Europea (www.faunaeur.org) does not mention the species from other countries than Bulgaria.

habitat:
This species prefers dry grassland and rocky habitats. #This species lives in high mountains in altitudes around 1900 - 2200 m.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria and in Macedonia, but some of the known localities are within protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea list two subspecies: #Xerolenta obvia obvia and X. obvia pappi.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There are no major threats at present and as such there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is distributed in the majority of the European countries. Westwards it reaches the Rhone valley and northwards it reaches Southern Sweden. Eastwards it reaches central Turkey (Schütt 1996). In many locations it is very frequent, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grasslands, shrublands and in disturbed ruderal habitats where it lives on the ground among herbaceous vegetation.

threats:
This species prefers partly "man-induced" habitats and it seems to be of wide tolerance. There are neither ongoing nor hypothetical threats that might threaten this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in most of the countries where it occurs. There is little information, but it is very probably that some subpopulations occur within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species occurs parapatrically with X. obvia and could be conspecific with this species (Pintér 1969). The taxonomic status of the species needs a serious reinvestigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomic status of this species is not clear and needs further investigation. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
According to the collection of the HNHM the species lives in a very restricted area in the surroundings of Razlog, in the Pirin Mts. According to www.animalbase.org and Fauna Europes (www.faunaeur.org) the species also occurs in northern Greece, however no reference to prove that information has been found.

population:
This species is locally very restricted, but abundant where present. The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found on sunny meadows, at the bottom or under stones and pieces of wood. It is not found on acending plants like X. obvia.

conservationAction:
Taxonomic investigation of the species is urgently needed. The species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria, but some of the known localities are within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Romania and in Bulgaria along the Black see coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975, Grossu 1983). This species also lives in Northern Greece. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several  known sub-populations. There are no major threats and the population trend is thought to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in Romania and in Bulgaria along the Black see coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975, Grossu 1983). According to the Fauna Europea and www.animalbase.org the species also lives in Northern Greece.

habitat:
According to Grossu (1983) this species prefers dry, sunny places, it can be found on the grass and weed plants and often occurs together with halophilous species.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected where it occurs. However due to its large range size, some of the populations can be found in protected areas.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted on the island of Thasos (north Aegean Sea) (Reischütz 1983).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in Thasos # included in various protection schemes, (e.g Natura 2000, Site: #GR1150003), # #there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
#This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the north part of Peloponnese (Hausdorf 1995).

population:
#There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Mainly in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). Although there are a number of areas in Peloponnese included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Xeromunda candiota is characterized by a #conical-globular shell, with a very narrow umbilicus #and a very short flagellum. It differs from the #conchologically similar Xeromunda durieui #from North Africa and Puglia in the larger dart sac, the comparatively smaller #basal portion of the dart apparatus, and the shorter #flagellum (see Giusti   #Manganelli 1989) (Hausdorf   Sauer 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite #abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #Research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is recommended.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
Only material from the #Peloponnessos, Crete and the Aegean Islands has been #determined anatomically. Records from Turkey, #Cyprus, Syria, the Lebanon, and North Africa (Brandt 1959) must be confirmed anatomically, #because they might refer to X. durieui (Hausdorf and Sauer 2009).

habitat:
Usually found in open, xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

conservationAction:
No conservation action is currently applied. Research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The Italian occurrences of this species have for a long time been considered as Cernuella durieui candiota (Mousson, 1854) (Forcart 1965); however, Manganelli and Giusti (1989) pleaded for a specific separation of the eastern (Cernuella durieui candiota) and western (Cernuella durieui durieui) Mediterranean forms. Still, this problem of the specific differentiation is not satisfactorily resolved, and so we follow the view Manganelli and Giusti (1989).

redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe, this species lives only in a restricted area in South Italy (coastal area of Basilicata, and Puglia), where it occurs in # nine isolated localities living on sand dunes. The European occurrences are of conservation interest under assumptions of their origin. As an isolated relict of migrations in geological times, it would indicate the existence of former land bridges. If considered introduced by human, it would be a remarkable evidence of ancient trade. Due to the fragmentation of its distribution area, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
The main distribution of this species is the Mediterranean coastal area of northern Africa from Algeria to Libya. In Europe it is only present in scattered localities along the coast of the Gulf of Taranto (coastal area of Basilicata, and Puglia), Italy. It is unclear whether the European occurrences are due to past faunistic migrations from North Africa to Italy or whether they originate from an ancient anthropogenic introduction.

habitat:
This species lives in sand dunes along the coast.

threats:
The major threat to this species is any alteration of its habitat like increasing tourist exploitation of the sandy beach areas and destruction of the sand dune vegetation.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in Peloponnese and probably in central Greece (Hausdorf 1990).

habitat:
Mainly in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana)


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in Thessalia (Hausdorf 1990).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in Greece (central Greece, Thessalia and Peloponnese) and in Albania (Hausdorf 1990, Dhora 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Xeropicta akrotirica differs from the congeneric species by the globular, relatively small #shells, with an irregular sculpture, and a narrow umbilicus (Gittenberger 1991).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species although endemic to Cyprus, is quite #abundant. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is known from the southern part of Cyprus (Gittenberger 1991).

habitat:
The species is usually found in xeric shrublands.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There are no significant threats to the species at present and as such there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Commission.

range:
This species is widely distributed around the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in Asia Minor, Crimea, the Caucasus, the Middle East and Iran. #Due to the fact that this species can only be distinguished from other species by anatomical examination, records in the faunistical literature are partly doubtful however. #De Mattia (2007) provides a good summary on the known distribution records. #The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and in some places, such as in Dalmatia, it is very common, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This species occurs in rocky grasslands and rocky shrublands, where it lives on the ground among herbaceous vegetation.

threats:
This species does not seem to be sensitive to any ongoing ecosystem modifications such as residential and commercial development.

conservationAction:
There is no information as to if this species is protected at the national level in the countries where occurs but most of the known sites are outside of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are  several known subpopulations which #do not seem to be sensitive to any ongoing ecosystem modifications such as residential and commercial development. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it  is assessed as Least Concern (LC) #at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Commission.

range:
his species is distributed from the Blacks Sea area to Iran. In Romania ii occurs only in Dobrogea (Grossu 1983), in Bulgaria at the Black Sea coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975) with further populations in Cyprus, Asia Minor, Iran, Crimea (Grossu 1983, Damjanov and Likharev 1975) and Turkey (Schütt 1996).The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and in some places it is  very common, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or  the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in rocky grasslands and rocky shrublands where it lives on the ground, among herbaceous vegetation.

conservationAction:
There is no information as to whether this species is protected at the national level  in the countries where it occurs. Most of the known sites are out of  protected areas, however it can be supposed that some of the  subpopulations occur within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Xeropicta ledereri # #is hypothesized to be a polytypic, extremely variable, species species with #X. l. ledereri #and #X. l. mavromoustakisi #as subspecies (Gittenberger 1991).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species although endemic to Cyprus, is quite #abundant. #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

habitat:
This species is usually #found in xeric shrublands.

conservationAction:
#Although there are a number of areas in Cyprus included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Gittenberger (1993), the similar #Xerosecta #species living in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula (X. cespitum, X. promissa, X. reboudiana and X. adolfi) #can be identified by some shell features. Puente (1994) and Arrébola (1995) indicated that sometimes reproductive system studies are required for an unambiguous identification.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the south of Spain and has a very restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 600 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO = 400 km2). Its habitat is threatened by agriculture and urban expansion. It occurs in three locations. It is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the province of Almería (south-east of Spain). It lives in Campo de Dalías and Nijar depression #(Arrébola 1995; Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009).

population:
There are few population data about this species. Nevertheless, given the substantial increase in greenhouse agriculture and tourist development during the last decades in the geographic area where this species lives, it is possible to infer a demographic decreases/fluctuations in at least two locations. The subpopulations are highly fragmented and declining due to agricultural developments and changes in land use, especially in the plain of Campo de Dalias (where 85% of the surface is used in a way that prevent the presence of a continuous subpopulation of X. adolfi, 82% being used to grow crops under plastics). In the eastern part of the range (Níjar depression), where two new subpopulations have recently been found, there are large areas of grassland and scattered scrub, which is considered a suitable habitat for this species, and therefore where potentially larger subpopulations could exist. Unfortunately, more than half of the localities sampled in this area did not show any sign of the species. Finally, the life cycle is unknown but, as in other xerothermophilous species in the area, #aestivation #must play an important role in its survival (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009).

habitat:
The natural habitat of X. adolfi is considered to be areas of grassland and scrub steppe with scattered bush and shrub. It also appears in human-modified biotopes and pre-coastal environments but not dunes or salty systems. #In the inland areas, it is not able to colonize the surrounding mountains (Sierra de Gádor and Alhamilla). The life cycle is unknown but, as in other xerothermophilous species in the area, #aestivation #must play an important role in its survival (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009).

threats:
Threats to habitat: only one of the known locations is in a good state of preservation, being part of a protected site. #The other two are threatened, mainly by the expansion of greenhouse agriculture. This factor, together with the urban expansion, have reduced the #potential area of occupancy up to the 43.4% of the known extent of occurrence. Both factors have led to a decline in area of occupancy of 8.5% between 1991 and 1999. #In the Níjar depression, where the largest areas of grassland and scattered scrub are, the growth of greenhouses has led to an habitat loss of 4.1% between 1991 and 1999. The area occupied by greenhouses has grown by # 34.5% in that period #demonstrating #a clear increasing trend of this threat (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009). Threats to the population: subpopulations affected by the greenhouse agriculture are subject to soil and water contamination by pesticide treatments. The ground water overexploitation has produced an increase in salinity in most of the aquifers.  #In this context, the mortality increases and the species is gradually replaced by other species, more resistant to these human activities and impacts, such as Rumina decollata, Theba pisana or Otala lactea murcia #(Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009).

conservationAction:
This species was classified as LR/nt by the IUCN Mollusc Specialist Group in 1996 (IUCN 2006). It is considered as Endangered (EN) in both the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008) and the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 2009). It is also included in the "Conservation and Sustainable #Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). It is crucial to elaborate and implement an integral recovery plan for the west coast of the province of Almería that would #benefit not only # #X. adolfi, but also other threatened species in this area, i.e.: the terrestrial snails #Iberus g. gualtieranus #(Linnaeus, 1758), #H. stiparum #(Pfeiffer, 1854), #Theba subdentata helicella #(Wood, 1828), #Xerotricha mariae #(Gasull, 1972), #Hatumi cobosi #(O. de Zárate, 1962), #Xerocrassa cobosi #(O. de Zárate, 1962) #and #Iberus gualtieranus mariae #(Cobos, 1979) (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola y Puente, 1998). In this plan, the steps needed to ensure the conservation of the species should be clearly defined.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a taxonomic confusion between X. arigonis and X. cespitum and molecular studies are needed to confirm the validity of both species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and has no major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Spain, France, the principality of Andorra, Balearic islands (Spain) and Sardinia (Italy).

habitat:
This species prefers limestones soils, but has a wide range of habitats, such as ruderal, riverbanks, roadsides, crop irrigation and dryland, gardens and to a lesser extent Mediterranean scrub areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is utilized for food by humans.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has often been confused with Xerosecta introducta in the past.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively limited in range, but is relatively abundant where it occurs and does not seem to be threatened. It is therefore  listed as  Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is found in the South-East and in Corsica. Fauna Europaea v2.3 (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species from Belgium, as it has been introduced there and is now naturalized (Marquet 1985).

population:
There are no population data available, but it is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean to sub-alpine calcareous grassland and shrubland.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Fires might be a potential threat locally.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures for this species. Distributional and population data are needed to distinguish between this species and Xerosecta introducta.


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information regarding the population, distribution and threats to the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
There are three known populations scattered in the northern area of Sardinia.

habitat:
The species is found in the herbaceous layer in open, dry biotopes.

conservationAction:
Research into the population and potential threats to the species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a fragmented distribution in France, Spain and Algeria and has an area of occupancy of only 150 km2. In France, populations occurring eastward of the Rhone river have disappeared and the remaining populations are severely fragmented because of the loss of habitat due to anthropogenic activities. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and some populations have disappeared, therefore this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is restricted to the western Mediterranean area, with a fragmented distribution in France, Spain and Algeria. In France, it is distributed all along the Mediterranean coast (from Alpes-Maritimes to Pyrénées-Orientales). In Spain, it inhabits the coastal area from Valencia to Denia (northern Alicante Province). In Algeria, it seems to be restricted to west of Algier.

population:
The populations of this species are decreasing as some formerly extant populations are now extirpated.

habitat:
This species inhabits coastal habitats no more than 500 m from the sea, mainly in dunes with scattered vegetation.

threats:
This species inhabits places where land pressure due to tourism and buildings are high. Invasion of the native habitat by exotic plants (Carpobrotus spp.) is also a threat as the species does not support this habitat alteration.

conservationAction:
This species needs strong protection for its survival and Action Plans should be carried out. In France, it is now forbidden to build on very coastal areas. In Spain, this species occurs in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The species is cited as Xerosecta sp. in the Italian check-list.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species lives on a very restricted area where rather recently two separeted subpopulations have been constated. Due to the annual life cycle under the conditions of seasonally strong drought the population is extremely fluctuating. Periods of low population density may be much more prone to extinction. An ongoing volontary monitoring has shown that the population up to now recovers regularly from the state of low density, and can thus be regarded as stable. Nevertheless the small area of occupancy, together with the serious threads including a fluctuating population density leads to an assessment as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv). It has to be stressed that the assumption that periods of low density would indicate a continuous decline is surely erroneous. However, if a threat affects the population in such a "low density stage", the extinction of the whole population, and therefore the species, is highly probable. For this reason, the assessment as Critically Endangered (CR) is fully justified.

range:
The species is only known from its type locality, Boccheggiano in the Colline Metallifere, province of Grosseto in southern Tuscany (Italy), where it lives in two small, neighboured, but disjunct, populations. These can be considered as a single location.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable (see observations since 2007 by Alessandro Margelli in Natura Mediterraneo).

habitat:
This is a xerotolerant species living in extensively pastured biotopes and garigues on calcareous ground at the foot of calcareous rocks; annual life cycle with fluctuating populations, most adults occur in September.

threats:
The major threat to this species is overgrazing (destruction of the typical vegetation), goat trampling, and fire.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under the law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56). It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) by Manganelli et al. (2001); this assessment has also been incorporated in the subsequent versions of "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". A voluntary monitoring exists since 2003.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon is in need of taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information regarding the population, distribution and threats to the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). A new approach to resolve the taxonomical, and biological problems of this species is urgently needed.

range:
The species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy, there is one recent finding from Capocaccia (Sassari) reported in naturamediterraneo (www.naturamediterraneo.com).

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. However, a recent finding from Capocaccia (Sassari) is reported in Natura Mediterraneo.

habitat:
The species is known from the herbaceous layer in open, dry biotopes # in mediterranean shrub vegetion.

conservationAction:
Due to the lack of data, research into the species' distribution, population trends and potential threats is required. Taxonomic revision of the species is also required.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has often been confused with Xerosecta cespitum (Draparnaud, 1801) and was considered as a synonym of this species by some authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
As a preliminary classification, the species is listed as Least Concern (LC),  because of its large presumed distribution area. However, many older  records can not be used, because there is a confusion with X. cespitum  (Draparnaud, 1801). From experience it is known that such xerophilic  species tend to produce quite large populations, and this holds true for  X. introducta as well. The species has often been confused with Xerosecta cespitum in the past. However, it is relatively abundant  where it occurs and does not seem to be threatened. It is therefore   listed as  Least Concern (LC).The taxonomy, population structure and biology of this species urgently  need further investigation. A particular focus of further research  should be on the discrimination of this species from X. cespitum. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is mainly distributed in the Alps and Pre-Alps of south-eastern France and in adjacent Italy, from the maritime Alps to the Ligurian and Tuscan Apennine. There exist 18 taxonomically confirmed records from Parc national du Mercantour (Gargominy and Ripken 2006). The extent of occurrence is larger than 20,000 km2.

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. # However, this species is abundant where it occurs.

habitat:
The species is known from open biotopes from montanous to sub-alpine zones.

conservationAction:
Investigations on the taxonomy, population structure and biology of this species urgently needs further investigation. A particular focus of further research should be on the discrimination of this species and X. cespitum in order to produce correct data for an assessment of the conservation status.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Gargominy, O.


taxonomicNotes:
Locus Typicus: Sevilla. #According to Gittenberger (1993), the similar #Xerosecta #species living in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula (X. cespitum, X. promissa, X. reboudiana #and #X. adolfi) #can be identified by some shell features. Puente (1994) and Arrébola (1995) indicated that sometimes reproductive system studies are required for  an unambiguous identification.

redListCategoryRationale:
According to the current data, #Xerosecta promissa is widespread and abundant and does not face major threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Xerosecta promissa is endemic from the South of the Iberian Peninsula, where it is very common. It has been cited in all the provinces of Andalusia and Castilla-La Mancha, Badajoz in Extremadura and Algarve and Alentejo in Portugal (Arrébola 1995, Puente 1995, Bragado et al. 2009).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, most of the surveys reported a great number of individuals in almost all the localities visited (Arrébola 1995). It is more abundant than X. reboudiana in most of the Andalusia provinces (Arrébola 1995).

habitat:
This species is well adapted to human-modified environments such margins of roads and edges of cultivated fields, riparian vegetation near villages, orchards, vineyards, wastelands, etc. (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995).

threats:
Apart from general and global threats, such as climate change, the increase of intensive agriculture, pollution. There are no specific threats that may affect consistently this species. It is well adapted to human-modified habitats.

conservationAction:
Xerosecta promissa #is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable #Use of Andalusian Snails Program" #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). No other conservation actions are needed.

useAndTrade:
Xerosecta promissa #and less frequently #X. #reboudiana are confused with T. pisana, which is heavily consumed from spring to summer in the Southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Therefore it can be occasionally harvested by people collecting snails.


taxonomicNotes:
Locus typicus: Oran (Algeria). According to Gittenberger (1993), the similar #Xerosecta #species living in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula (X. cespitum, X. promissa, X. reboudiana #and #X. adolfi) #can  be identified by some shell features. Puente (1995) and Arrébola (1995)  indicated that sometimes reproductive system studies are required for   an unambiguous identification.

redListCategoryRationale:
According to the current data, #X. reboudiana is widespread and abundant and does not face major threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
In Europe, X. reboudiana occurs in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula: in Spain, it is found in Andalusia (except Almería), Extremadura, Ciudad Real, Madrid and in Portugal, in Algarve and Alentejo. It also lives in Algeria (Arrébola 1995, Puente 1995).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, most of the surveys recorded great number of individuals in almost all the localities visited (Arrébola 1995).

habitat:
This species lives in disturbed environments (such as margins of roads and edges of cultivated fields), riparian vegetation and Mediterranean low mountains areas (Puente 1995, Arrébola 1995).

threats:
Apart from general and global threats, such as climate change, the increase of intensive agriculture, pollution..., there are no specific threats that may affect consistently this species. It is well adapted to human-modified habitats.

conservationAction:
X. reboudiana is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable #Use of Andalusian Snails Program" #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). No other conservation actions are needed.

useAndTrade:
X. promissa #and less frequently #X. #reboudiana are confused with T. pisana,  which is heavily consumed from spring to summer in the Southern Iberian  Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Therefore it can be occasionally  harvested by people collecting snails.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted range, with an extent of occurrence of about 350 km2. The lack of data on the population of this species and the threats it faces doesn't allow to evaluate its conservation status. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to France, north of Toulon (Maures mountains).

population:
There are no population data available. This species is relatively rare compared to other Xerosecta species.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean shrublands.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. More research is needed on the distribution, the population and the threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recorded as the "lancerottensis" form from La Gomera by authors (Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC). Monitoring and scientific research on the subpopulations of this species are strongly recommended for the future.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. There is no specific locality mentioned by the original author. It is found in coastal areas in the south and east of the island.

population:
There is no information available on on the population size or trend of this species.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction and agriculture. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. Monitoring and scientific research on the subpopulations of this species are strongly recommended for the future.


range:
In Europe, this species is recorded from Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. It is also known from almost the entire northern coast of Africa from Morocco to Libya.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean shrubland. It is a thermophilic species and prefers limestone substrates.

threats:
There are actually no threats to this species. Potentially, fires and overgrazing may affect the populations, but it is not known whether these threats actually have an influence on the subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. It #has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of approximately 4 km2 in only two locations. There is no decline in geographic range and number of mature individuals during the last decade. However, a major fire could affect or even destroy both locations in the future. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. Its range is limited to a very small area in the border between León and Orense provinces, in the upper Sil river valley (Bierzo region). Sampling efforts have confirmed the presence of the species in only four UTM grids of 1x1 km2.

population:
There are no population studies, but the population trend is assumed to be stable. #Density seems to be very low, as it is inferred by the efforts need to find specimens: three to five live specimens found per hour of sampling (only calculated during dry weather conditions and during the day).

habitat:
This species lives in places of limestone substrate in shrublands of Quercus and Arbutus with rocks covered by a thin film of slime, in open places (on vertical rock surfaces) or under chasmophytic vegetation.

threats:
The construction of Peñarrubia reservoir/ dam has probably eliminated an important part of the population of this species. Road construction would not constitute a major threat to the species, because X. bierzona can easily colonize recently disturbed vertical rocky slopes. Nevertheless, cementation of vertical slopes in the margins of roads to avoid the falling rock would destroy an important part of its habitat. Another risk is the competition with another native snail (Helicella sp.) which lives in similar habitat conditions. Contact zones between them have not been found, which prevents us from knowing if they hybridize. The major future threat to this species are fires.

conservationAction:
The localities where this species is found in Orense province are within a regional natural reserve (Parque Natural Serra Enciña da Lastra). The limits of its # range should be better delimited. The population size, biology, and the interaction with Helicella sp. should be studied.


range:
This species is widespread in the Mediterranean area. For Europe, it is recorded from Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Portugal, # Spain.It is also known from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is also recorded from the Mediterranean parts of Turkey.

habitat:
This is a thermophilic species. It is known from Mediterranean shrubland, particularly from degraded areas with short grass (Garigue). It also can be found in crevices of calcareous rocks.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider this species must be included in #Helicella #instead of #Xerotricha #genus (Gittenberger and Manga 1977).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to León province, Spain. Information about this species has been lacking for the past 16 years but it appears to have no immediate threats and is classified as Least Concern (LC). However, threats such as #fires, urban development, road construction, floods (caused by rising river levels) and farming could impact any of the subpopulations in the future, and in the event of any of these threats the classification could be reconsidered as Near Threatened (NT) or Vulnerable (V).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic to the northern León province, Spain.

population:
There are is population data regarding this species. No observed, estimated or projected conclusions can be made regarding this species.

habitat:
This species lives in mountains in grasslands, walls, ruderal habitats, rocky areas and the riparian forest.

threats:
This species is threatened by fires, urban development, road construction, floods (caused by rising river levels) and farming.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place, but monitoring of all subpopulations is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information available on this species, it has not been found back since its description in 1878. Hence the species is # listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. It was found at the Barranco de Galga.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. This species has not been found back since its description (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

habitat:
This species is found in the lowland shrub vegetation (Piso basal).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, as it has not been found since its description.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider this species must be included in the genus Helicella #instead of Xerotricha (Giusti and Manganelli 1989, Arrébola 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
The strong development in agriculture, both extensive and intensive and all its #secondary #effects, has displaced this species from where it was formerly distributed. In 2008, 61 localities were sampled, including the four where the species had been previously cited, in order to define the range of the species and its threatened status. However, no individuals were found (Arrébola, Díaz, Ruiz and Puente 2008). #Urgent actions are needed to try to rescue this species. It is currently listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v), however if future surveys fail to find this species, it might need to be upgraded to Critically Endangered (CR) or possibly even Extinct (EX).

range:
This Spanish endemic is known from only three locations (four records): two in the province of Seville and one, the type locality, in the province of Málaga. The three locations are far from each, delimiting a quite fragmented range.

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, it is possible to infer a strong and continuous decline over the several decades (loss of habitat).

habitat:
The appropriate habitat of this species is not very well known. The three locations where it was sampled were strongly modified by human activities: one in the margins of cultivated land and two in erial. The two locations in Sevilla are situated in the agricultural regions "La Campiña" and "La Vega", a large expanse of #land almost fully occupied by different crops. So, it seems that X. gasulli #only survives in those places where the agricultural influence allows it.

threats:
The main threat is the strong development in agriculture, both extensive and intensive, and all its #secondary #effects, that occurred in the area where this species was formerly distributed. In 2008, 61 localities were sampled, including the four where the species had been previously cited, in order to define the range of this species and its threatened status. # No individual was found (Arrébola et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Urgent actions are needed to try to save this species, including captive breeding, reintroduction, protection and management of its habitat, etc. #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #This species was firstly classified as Endangered (EN) in the Spanish Red Book of Invertebrates Invertebrates #(Verdú and Galante 2006) and the Red Book of Andalusian Invertebrates #(Arrébola and Ruiz 2008), but #later it was proposed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Atlas of the Spain Threatened Invertebrates (Arrébola, Díaz, Ruiz and Puente 2008) #.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and does not face threats that are likely to impact significantly its whole population. Therefore, it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where its is restricted to the north of the Iberian peninsula. It is distributed along the  mountainous north-eastern León until Urbasa and Leire in Navarre,  occupying almost the entire northern half of Burgos province and some locations  in the mountains of Demanda, Urbión and Cebollera.

population:
The current population trend of this species is unknown. Increased sampling may find more populations.

habitat:
This is a calcicolous (likes calcium rich environments) and montane species, which also frequents rocky areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires and shell collecting.


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: Murcia (Iberian Peninsula).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the range of X. huidobroi is comparatively wide and it seems to be relatively well adapted to human-modified environments, its population trends is unknown and could be decreasing while urbanization, agriculture, tourism are increasing within its range. Adopting a precautionary approach, this species is listed as Near Threatened (NT). It might be reassessed when further information is available.

range:
This species is endemic from Spain, where it is found in the provinces of Granada, Almería, Murcia, Alicante and Tarragona (Puente 1994, Martinez-Ortí 1999).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, it seems to be well represented in the areas where it lives, especially in Murcia and the south of Alicante.

habitat:
This is a xerophile species, living # #in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, pines and rainfed crops #in calcareous and steppe areas (Gasull 1975, Martinez-Ortí 1999).

threats:
Agriculture, urbanisation and tourism are the main threats for this species, even though it is able to resist a certain level of pressure.

conservationAction:
The main conservation actions are further research on the ecology and distribution of this species, as well as monitoring of the species and its habitat. Further actions are the management of the area and the development of adequate regulations to protect this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider this species must be included in #Helicella #instead of Xerotricha #genus (Gittenberger and Manga 1977).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it has an Extent of occurrence of 40,000 km2, an Area of occupancy of 1,300 km2 and has 10-15 locations. Information about this species has been lacking for the past 16 years but it appears to have no immediate threats and as such is classified as Least Concern (LC). However, threats such as #fires, urban development, road construction, floods (caused by rising river levels) and farming could impact any of the subpopulations in the future and then the classification could be reconsidered as Near Threatened (NT) or Vulnerable (V).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic and has spread to the west of the Meseta del Duero, Spain. Its northern boundary is the Cantabrian Mountains and the southern boundary is the Gata and Gredos mountains.

population:
There is no population data relating to this species and there are no observed, estimated or projected conclusions for it.

habitat:
This species lives in ruderal biotopes, river banks and in the stone walls surrounding fields. This species seems to be indifferent to calcium.


range:
This species is widespread on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote and the northern islands.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider this species must be included in the genus Helicella #instead of #Xerotricha (Gittenberger 1993; Puente, 1994; Martínez-Ortí, 1999; Martínez-Ortí Gittenberger, 2004; Martínez-Ortí Uribe, 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and abundant in Andorra and Spain. The threats to this species are not likely to significantly affect the whole population. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic, widely distributed in Spain and Andorra. In Spain, it occurs in Andalusia (Eastern provinces), Castilla y León, Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha, Aragón, Catalonia, Comunidad Valenciana and Murcia.

population:
This species is abundant and there are numerous subpopulations.

habitat:
This snail lives under stones or at the base of the stems of shrubs of ruderal vegetation and pine forests.

threats:
The main threats are fires, quarries, urban developments, #extreme #temperatures, extension of roads and drought.


taxonomicNotes:
Since its description by Gasull in 1972, the taxonomic status of the hygromiid Helicella #(Xerotricha) mariae has been considered uncertain. It was collected from a single locality in #the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula in the province of Almería: “Sierra de Gata, Barranco del Sabinal, Cumbres del Mediodía”. #However, the correct name for the locality would be "Sierra del Cabo de Gata" where there is a ravine (barranco) named Sabinar instead of Sabinal (with 5 endemic plants described). Description and generic assignment of this snail were based on conchological (= shell) characteristics only. The reproductive system of three syntypes was studied #by Dr. Edmund Gittenberger (in Gasull 1972), but these were found to be sexually immature. Finally, the subgenus Xerotricha was named with some doubts by Gasull (1972). #Ruiz, Cárcaba, Porras and Arrébola (2006) indicated that because it has never again been found in its type locality nor in the rest of the Sierra de #Gata, both its presence and its taxonomical validity #must be confirmed. #Martínez-Ortí and Uribe #(2008) also indicate that both the taxonomical validity and the generic placement in the #Family Hygromiidae are yet to be confirmed. Martínez-Ortí (2008) #studying #(conchologically) #the type series of the species concludes Helicella mariae must be considered a junior synonym of Xerotricha conspurcata. However, new samplings #in the type locality and its surroundings #have discovered living specimens of a species distinct from X. #conspurcata, although with similar general conchological features. Several #specimens were dissected but were also sexually immature. Even so, the genital anatomy resembled those of the Xerocrassa genus (A. Ruiz pers. comm.). #Future samplings will be made during more appropriate seasons in order to find sexually mature specimens. However, we must consider that X. conspurcta #is not distributed in the province of Almería (Arrébola 1995), except in its northern part where there is a single record given by Puente (1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomy status of this species must be confirmed. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD). However, if this species appear to be a valid species, then it would qualify as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is restricted to one single location, but there is no decline in the quality of the habitat. However, fires or other stochastic events could impact drastically this species.

range:
This species is endemic from the "Sierra de Gata" in the south of the province of Almería (Spain) (Gasull 1972).

population:
There are no population data about this species but an extremely low density of individuals can be inferred due to the great difficulty to find it.

habitat:
This species lives under stones (Gasull 1972) in Barranco del Sabinar, a rocky area of volcanic origin.

threats:
Fires and stochastic events can severely affect this species, due to its restricted known area. However, more data are needed about the species and also about the threats.

conservationAction:
This species has been classified as Data Deficient in the Red book of Spanish Invertebrates #(Verdú and Galante 2006) and the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates #(Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperon and Moreno 2008, pp. 1309). It is also included in the "Conservation and Sustainable #Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). More research on the taxonomy, population and ecology of this species is needed. The range of the species is included in the Natural Park of Cabo de Gata.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on # all aspects of taxonomy and biology of this species. Hence it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. The type locality on this island was not specified by the original author.

population:
There is no information available on on the population size or trend of this species. This species has not been found back since its description (Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and biology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the caldera and its slopes on the island of Tenerife. This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the caldera and its slopes on the island of Tenerife.

habitat:
This species lives in high altitudes in the dwarf-shrub vegetation in the caldera.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no known specific threat to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife, where it is widespread and abundant.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), but also in salt marshes at sea level and in the pine forests at higher elevations (Pinar).

conservationAction:
Only few subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma and inhabits the southern and eastern part of the island. This species is recorded from two locations and two isolated sites. Each site is less than 1 km2, and is threatened by wild-fires. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) under B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma and inhabits the southern and eastern part of the island. This species is recorded from two locations and two isolated sites. Each site is less than 1 km2.


taxonomicNotes:
This name was considered incertae sedis by Puente (1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
The exact distribution, habitat, population and threats to this species are not known. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
The exact distribution of this species is unknown, its locus typicus being situated in Pic du Gar (Fagot 1882), in the French Pyrenees. This species is endemic to central Pyrenees, in France and Spain.

population:
There are no information in the population.

habitat:
The is a mountainous species, found up to the summit, but its precise ecological preferences are not known.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population, distribution and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider that this species should be included in the Hellicella instead of Xerotricha genus (Puente 1994).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, has a fairly wide distribution (Extent of occurrence = 28,000 km2) and is known from 12 sites. It is found in mountain forests and pastures where fires and urban development are potential threats, but are unlikely to significantly affect all the populations, therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is an Iberian endemic extending to the eastern border of Duero river plateau, Spain.

population:
There is no population information for this species and the current trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a mountain species living in forests and mountain pastures.

threats:
Fires and urban developments are potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The protection of this species habitat and of the known populations is recommended. It might be found in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The generic position of X. vatonniana remains unclear, as different interpretations have been done by authors: Helicella (Ortiz de Zárate and Ortiz de Zárate 1961, Puente 1994), Helicopsis (Gasull, 1972), Xerotricha (Gittenberger 1993), Xeroleuca (Arrébola 1995). More anatomical data, especially from North African specimen, are needed (Arrébola 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
The strong development in agriculture, both extensive and intensive, and all its #secondary #effects, has displaced this species from its former distribution range. In 2008, 34 localities were sampled, including some of the sites where the species had been previously cited, in order to define more accurately the range of the species and its threatened status. The result was 4 confirmed previously known subpopulations and 8 new subpopulations. More actions are needed to protect this species. It is threatened by agricultural expansion and practices (such as the burning of the edges of fields to destroy weeds). It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), D2.

range:
This species is known with certainty in the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula (Algarve in Portugal and east of the provinces of Huelva and Seville) and in North Africa (Algeria and Morocco). There is also one record in Almería (Andalusia) that could not be confirmed despite intense sampling efforts and some other records in the province of Cádiz with no accurate localization (Servain 1880) #(Arrébola 1995).

population:
There are no population data about this species but a low density of individuals was recorded in most of the sites where it has been cited.

habitat:
The appropriate habitat of this species is not very well known. # It is found sheltered in sites strongly modified by human activities like edges of arable fields, roads and highways, wastelands or abandoned farm lots and, occasionally, in places where it can survive despite farming activities (i.e. in the vegetation growing #at the foot of the olives). #It is also found in small patches of uncultivated land #acting #as true "refuge islands" surrounded by vast agricultural fields.

threats:
Habitat: loss and degradation of habitat by agriculture, agricultural land pollution and stubble burning. #The strong development of extensive and intensive agriculture in the province of Sevilla, and the actions involved (stubble burning, use of biocides ...), have forced the species to take refuge in increasingly scarce "natural #vegetation islets" or growing on the edges of fields and roads. #Population: low density aggravated by the strong fragmentation caused by agriculture and other. #The strong impact of farming and population fragmentation itself directly affect the few known subpopulations. #In places where it seems to be resisting the loss of original habitats, it is displaced by opportunistic species better adapted to frequent changes in habitat. #These species are Theba pisana (Müller, 1774), Candidula gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1848), Xerosecta promissa (Westerlund, 1893), Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778).

conservationAction:
It is necessary to continue to search for subpopulations of this species and to promote studies of its biology. #Subsequently, urgent actions should be implemented to protect and restore the habitats where it still survives, and even evaluate the creation of natural corridors to allow contact between subpopulations. #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #This species has been classified as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red book of Spanish Invertebrates #(Verdú and Galante 2006) and the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates #(Arrébola and Ruiz 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider that this species must be included in #Helicella #instead of #Xerotricha #genus (Gittenberger and # Manga 1977).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain and has an extent of occurrence of 3,600 km2 and an area of occupancy of 700 km2. It is considered to occur in 5 to 7 locations. Information about this species has been lacking for the past 16 years but it appears to have no immediate major threats and is classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. However, if threats such as fires, urban development, road construction, floods (caused by rising river levels) and farming impact significantly the subpopulations in the future, then the classification could be reconsidered as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
This species is an endemic from the Galicia-Leon regions in Spain, specifically in the mountains surrounding Sanabria lake.

habitat:
This species lives in shrubby vegetation and grassland vegetation. In El Courel, it is specifically found under stones in the #calcareous area.


taxonomicNotes:
This species, described by Ortiz de Zárate (1950) using a single specimen, was classified by this author in a new subgenus of the genus Helicella. The taxonomic classification of this species needs to be clarified (especially the status of the genus).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from its type locality and from three additional localities, however more research on its actual taxonomy, range etc. is needed, especially as it has not been collected in recent years. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic for the province of Grenada, in Spain. There are only four records known for this species: the type locality (Ortiz de Zárate 1950) and three more by Alonso (1975). Later authors were not able to find new living specimens neither in the type locality, nor in the province of Granada, including the localities mentioned by Alonso (Puente 1994, Ruiz et al. 2006).

population:
There are no population data about this species, but a low density of individuals can be inferred due to the great difficulty to find it.

habitat:
This species lives in rocky limestone biotopes (Alonso 1975).

threats:
The type locality is a calcareous dolomitic #mountain (Monte Jabalcón), quite different geologically from the surroundings lands, that has experimented several pine reforestations during the second half of the last century. It is also affected by some #tourist #activities. The three locations cited by Alonso (1975) belong to heavily modified areas, close to agriculture activities, except one in Sierra Elvira.

conservationAction:
The most important action is to carry out more research about the species, specially on its taxonomy, population, distribution and its threat situation, and then to take the relevant actions. It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #This species has been classified as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red book of Spanish Invertebrates #(Verdú and Galante 2006) and the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates #(Arrébola and Ruiz 2008; pp 1308).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in UK (GB and Northern Ireland), the Republic of  Ireland, Spain and western France. The species is generally found in well established woodland.  Consequently the principal threat to the species is habitat destruction. # However, this threat is localised and hence will  not lead to the long-term extinction of the species, hence the species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is found in UK (GB and Northern Ireland), the Republic of Ireland, Spain and western France. In Great Britain it is widespread in the western and northern parts of the country (South-West England, Wales, Lake District, Yorkshire and Scotland) becoming rarer in central and south-eastern England (NBN Network download 2010; Kerney 1999). In Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) it is widespread in an arc around the south,  west and north of Ireland but rare or very local in the central plain  and in eastern counties (Byrne et al. 2009). # Cucheret (2003) notes that it is present in northern France in Department Nord and Pas de Calais with records from Brittany in western France. Falkner et al. (2002) noted that the range extended from Brittany, along the Atlantic coast, then inland around the Pyrenees, reaching Auch (Gers), Nérac (Lot et Garonne) and Salies-de-Bearn (Pyrenees-Atlantique). # It is more widespread in northern Spain, present in the Basque Country (Altonaga et al. 1994) extending west to Asturias-Leon (Hermida et al. 1994).

population:
This is an old woodland relict species that has shown a decline in Ireland of >60% since 1980 (Byrne et al. 2009). However, it is more widespread in Great Britain and Spain, but there is little data on trends, although it is believed to be stable in these regions.

habitat:
Zenobiella subrufescens is an old woodland relict and it is confined to old woodland and scrub in glens,  river valleys and scarps. It often occurs in association with the wood rush, Luzula. It appears adept at climbing trees and may often be swept or beaten  off trees such as hazel and beech (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
The species is generally found in well established woodland. Consequently the principal threat to the species is habitat destruction (Byrne et al. 2009). # However, this threat is localised and hence will not lead to the long-term extinction of the species.

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is currently listed as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009), however the species is not threatened in Great Britain (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm., 2010). # There are no conservation actions known for this species, however none are considered necessary. In UK, the species could be listed as a species of conservation interest.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago, where it is probably present within the laurisilva zone in the steep-sided valleys. Even though it is relatively restricted, it is known from a large number of locations and hence it is probably not threatened, although some sites may be impacted by local habitat disturbance. For example the sites on Madeira may have been impacted by the recent forest fires (August 2010). It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago. It is mainly found at intermediate elevations on Madeira within the laurisilva zone were it is present at over 14 sites. It is probably present at other sites at similar elevations in these steep-sided valleys.

population:
There is no data on population trend, but it is presumed to be stable, even if it is present in low density in samples from the leaf-litter in the Laurisilva forests.

habitat:
It is mainly found at intermediate elevations on Madeira within the laurisilva zone, where it is on ferns and amongst moss and lichen on the trunks of laurels.

threats:
There are no widespread threats to the species which lies on five different islands in two different island groups.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions specific to the species. However, some parts of the range lie in protected areas, so some habitat protection is provided.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is localised and found in the laurisilva zone on Madeira and on the Canary Islands. Part of the range of the laurisilva forest is protected, but the species may also be vulnerable to humidity changes, as it lives amongst moss and lichen on the trunks of trees. The species is poorly known as there is little collection of litter samples, so better information is required to establish its conservation status, although in each island, the populations may qualify for a threatened category. For example, Seddon (2008) noted that the Madeiran populations merit a rating of Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (version 3.1).The global status for  the species is probably Least Concern, as there are no widespread threats to the species which lies on five different islands in two different island groups, with less than 30 sites over the five islands, the species is close to meeting the Near Threatened status, however given its presence in protected areas, Least Concern (LC) is the agreed assessment.

range:
This species is endemic to the Atlantic islands: Canary Islands and Madeiran archipelago. it is found at intermediate elevations on Madeira in laurisilva zone. On the Canary islands, it is known from El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife in the laurisilva forests (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
There is no data on population trend, but it is presumed to be stable. It is rarer than the introduced species Lauria cylindracea on Madeira, occurring in the Laurisilva forests.

habitat:
This species occurs on ferns and amongst moss and lichen on the trunks of laurels (Seddon 2008) in laurisilva forest.


taxonomicNotes:
The Lauriidae of the Azores are currently under revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread across the Azores and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on all islands of the Azores.

population:
Morelet (1860:199) states that this species is common under stones on all islands and Backhuys (1975:95) that it is one of the most common land molluscs in the archipelago. Although the group is presently under revision, this appears to be the case; the material collected on Corvo needs deeper study, but it is provisionally assumed as L. fasciolata. This species is abundant throughout the islands in dry environments as in forested areas, preferentially near the sea. In Pico island it was found from 10 m to about 550 m (Martins et al. 2006), but Backhuys (1975: 94) reported it from 915 m, on Flores island. This currently widespread species is most probably a complex, so its representation on the various maps is mostly circumscribed to the typical specimens, and may not reflect the true extent of the taxon.

habitat:
L.fasciolata lives in forested habitats, where it can be found under dead leafs, as well as under heaps of rocks and stone walls, from xeric, littoral habitats, e.g. Ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo (Martins 1995), to the endemic forest, e.g. Lagoa Seca, Flores island (Backhuys 1957: 94). It is very common under rocks, mainly at lower altitudes; in forests it can also be found on the underside of the leafs of live Hedychium gardneranum, but more commonly hiding in the curled, dry leafs of that same plant.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where all records in the last 50  years are from the fossil deposits at Canical on the Pta de Sao  Lourenco. Wollaston (1878) recorded that it was almost unique as living  shells, but gave no locality and no-one has located this species  despite surveys. Regnier et al. (2009) noted that this species was extinct, but it is listed as #Critically Endangered (Possible Extinct) B2ab(iii), as #given the number  of deep remote valleys that remain poorly accessible and surveyed, as well as possibility that it occurs in unsurveyed offshore islets around the Ponta da Sao Lourenco.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where all records in the last 50 years are from the fossil deposits at Canical on the Pta de Sao Lourenco (Seddon 2008). Wollaston (1878) recorded that it was almost unique as living shells, but gave no locality and no-one has located this species despite intensive surveys between 1978 and 1999, some specifically for the species in areas believed to have been recorded by Wollaston (1878).

population:
This species has not been recorded living in the last 150 years.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown, but probably around crags based on similar looking species.

threats:
The threats are uncertain, as the precise location maybe erroneous, but probably habitat change due to urban development on the south coast.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. Further survey work on the south coast in remote ravines to determine if the species is still extant.

useAndTrade:
The species is rarely collected living and hence not known to be exploited.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that this species should be considered as Near Threatened (version 3.1), as it is close to meeting the threshold for Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) (version 3.1). This species is very localised, being present in two main areas on Madeira, representing four locations. The extent of occurrence is under 500 km², however the quality of habitat was not known to have declined in the last 15 years and one of the areas is protected by Natural Park status. Recent changes in 2010 on Madeira may have impacted this species, as there were extensive fires in central Madeira and major storms. As a consequence Cameron (pers. comm. 2010) considered that the species should be assessed as Vulnerable D2, given that the species requires large trees and is rarely found on young trees. He argues that these large trees are more vulnerable to storm damage and fires, and give the recent flood, storms and fires on Madeira, the species should be considered a higher risk. The agreed assessment was Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, it is only found on the summit areas of central Madeira on the north side in the laurisilva zone and towards the northcentral coast., where it has an estimated area of occupancy of under 70 km², and at least # six different valleys.

population:
There are no recent data on population trend.

habitat:
This species is found on the trunks of laurisilva trees, in moss and under bark (Seddon 2008).

threats:
Cameron (pers. comm. 2010) notes that that the species requires large trees and is rarely found on young  trees. He argues that these large trees are more vulnerable to storm  damage and fires, and give the recent flood, storms and fires on  Madeira, the species should be considered at higher risk. Any changes to the laurisilva zone which changes the numbers of large trees, such as logging, tourist developments, might impact the species.

conservationAction:
Further survey work are required to determine the impact of the recent forest fires in August 2010 and the major storms in February 2010.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an small area of occupancy of 14 km2, with four known locations. Some sites are vulnerable to declining quality of habitat due to development for tourism on the island. However, the species lies in plantations on the summits, and so as these habitats are still present after 50 years with the species in abundance, this suggests that the species may merit a lower status than Vulnerable D2 on the basis of its small range and limited threats to the habitat. Revised assessment as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo. Wollaston (1878) found L. calathiscus on the summits of Pico Branco and Pico do Facho. This species can still be found on Pico de Facho, Pico Branco and Pico de Castello (Seddon 2008). Fossil shells have been obtained from Porto do Frades, Porto do Morena and the Fonte de Areia; this species must have been present since the Late Pleistocene and during the late Weichelselian it was more common at lower altitudes (Cameron et al. 2006).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, although the species can be abundant when present in some habitats (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species is usually found in the leaf-litter around the base of the trees and low crags or on dead branches and occasionally in crevices on crags. Generally it was found in association with L. monticola in the old conifer plantations.

threats:
As this region is subject to tourist activities, the habitat is changing, which might affect the species. # Other possible threats come from deforestation, as some sites are in plantations.

conservationAction:
This species has sparse distribution on Porto Santo, so recommended conservation actions include management of the known sites areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the main island of Madeira. Wollaston (1878,  p. 213) commented that it was found at several sites including Ribeira  de Santa Luzia, Ribeira de Sao Jorge and Santa Anna. However there are  no recent records of this species (Seddon 2008). There have been  numerous surveys in the Ribeira de Santa Luzia and Ribeira de Sao Jorge  in the last 30 years, some specifically looking for this species, but as  yet, there are no recent records of this species (Seddon 2008). The  habitats have been modified extensively since Wollaston collected the  species in 1870, as these valleys all lie on the edge of urbanisations. Seddon (2008) proposed the species should be listed as IUCN Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct as there are no recent records confirming the distribution. As there are remote areas on Madeira which are very inaccessible, there is a possibility that the species may still exist in a small pocket of suitable habitat, as other endemic species on the island have been refound after over 50 years without records. # #

range:
This species is endemic to the main island of Madeira. Wollaston (1878) commented that it was found at several sites including Ribeira de Santa Luzia, Ribeira de Sao Jorge and Santa Anna. However there are no recent records of this species (Seddon 2008). There have been numerous surveys in the Ribeira de Santa Luzia and Ribeira de Sao Jorge in the last 30 years, some specifically looking for this species, but as yet, there are no recent records of this species (Seddon 2008). The habitats have been modified extensively since Wollaston collected the species in 1870, as these valleys all lie on the edge of urbanisations.

population:
Not possible to establish trends, as the species declined in 1870s. There have been numerous surveys since 1970, at many different points on the island, over different seasons using different sampling methodologies, and as yet the species has not been located.

habitat:
Two of the valleys lie on the edge of urbanisations and so the habitats have been modified since 1878, with only small remants of Laurisilva forest remaining.

threats:
The major threats to the species were loss of habitat, as much of the forest on the south coast where the species may have been found has been changed to agricultural land, plantations, urban developments and residential gardens.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. Further survey work on the south coast in remote ravines to determine if the species is still extant. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs at one site with a restricted area of occupancy of 4 km2. The site is close to a road where declining quality of habitats is inferred and hence it meets the criteria for Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, the type locality was from the head of  the Ribeira de Sta Luzia. It was recorded in recent surveys at a single site in  central Madeira. It was previously recorded by Waldén (1983) from a single  site, which is thought to be close to the current site.

population:
The species is not considered abundant, and there are very few recent records in recent surveys at the single site known in central Madeira. Therefore it is not possible to establish trends.

habitat:
Wollaston (1878) suggests it is in leaf-litter on rock ledges of large crags. However, Coles (pers. comm. 2008) found it on rock ledges in damp areas. Uncertain whether Wollaston (1878) recorded it from shaded crags within laurisilva forest, as past records suggest the known site at that time was wooded.

threats:
The site is close to a road where declining quality of habitats is inferred, as the road creates an area with pollution from run-off, and the species lives in damp habitats with leaf-litter, which would be vulnerable to seepage.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species. Further survey work on the central habitats close to the last records, especially in remote ravines to determine if the species is still extant and if it has a wider range. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Teneriffe, Canary Islands, Spain. It has only be recorded twice, 1852 in the original description, and in Wollaston (1878) from Garrachico. No additional records have been published since 1878 for this species. Due to the lack of data on the distribution, habitat and threats to the species, it is here considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the Island of Tenerife. It has been described from Tenerife and La Palma, but the presence of this species on the last island has already been questioned by Wollaston (1878: 453), who recorded this species from wet rocks above the village of Garrachico.

habitat:
This species has been recorded to live on wet rocks.

threats:
There are no threats known to this species, because of a general lack of information.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More information on the distribution and the population of the species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it has a fairly restricted range, but it is known through over seven different valleys in more than 16 sites, and is currently considered to be stable. The species requires well-shaded habitats, so measures that protect  Laurisilva forest will benefit the species. # Habitat monitoring is  required at known sites to identify future changes in habitat quality,  as at present the species is not threatened, but it has a restricted  range, that could be vulnerable to declines if habitat quality declines  in future.Seddon (2008) suggested the species should be listed as Near Threatened, however discussions during evaluation reveal that it may be present at other sites in these valleys, and stable in most sites, so it is now listed as Least Concern (LC), as levels of threats are currently unlikely to lead to extinction given the populations within protected areas.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is known from the northern central mountains and western parts of the main island, where it is mainly found at intermediate elevations (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, although it is probably stable, as the majority of the habitats are in protected areas or inaccessible areas.

habitat:
This species is found in damp, shaded places, usually in laurisilva woodland, often on fronds of ferns and amongst leaf-litter, and near shaded crags and rocky areas (Seddon 2008).

threats:
Some of the habitat is in the central part of the island within the Natural Park protected area and as such the declining quality of habitat has been stopped, and as the major threat is loss of habitat, the species is considered to be less threatened than other taxa, as it is present in more valleys, and needs shaded, damp habitats, which can be provided by a variety of trees in addition to Laurisilva.

conservationAction:
The species requires well-shaded habitats, so measures that protect Laurisilva forest will benefit the species. # Habitat monitoring is required at known sites to identify future changes in habitat quality, as at present the species is not threatened, but it has a restricted range, that could be vulnerable to declines if habitat quality declines in future.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is only known from the type  locality in the valley of Ribeira de Faja da Nogueira which lies within a remote, relatively inaccessible area. The risk to the species is  mainly loss of habitat, possibly from forest fires or storms changing  stability of hillslope vegetation and increasing erosion, but this threat  is relatively low level. # However, if there is an event, the entire population would be susceptible to extinction, and as such it is listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is only known from the type locality in the valley of Ribeira de Faja da Nogueira on the northern slopes of Pico Arreiro (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in litter ledges on north-west facing crags and slopes within Erica arborea and laurel woodland.

threats:
This species lies within a remote, relatively inaccessible area, # where the risk is mainly loss of habitat, possibly from forest fires or storms changing stability of hillslope vegetation and increasing erosion. # This threat is relatively low level.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring is required at known sites to identify future changes in habitat quality, as at present the species is only threatened by extreme weather events or forest fires, but it has a very restricted range, that could be vulnerable to declines if habitat quality declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally assessed as Vulnerable D2, based on small range and plausible threats of fire and overgrazing impacting the area around, but where there had been little change for over 30 years. Recent intensive fires mean that the species needs urgent reassessment, as it may have been impacted by the fires in August 2010, hence it is uplisted to Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) until surveys reconfirm the current status.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is only found on the summit areas of central Madeira at the extreme end of Ribeira do Santa Lucia and Pico Arreiro (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found close to rock crags, often amongst small stones and sticks in moist places near streams and leaf-litter on ledges of crags (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The main threat to this species are fires and overgrazing impacting the area around.

conservationAction:
This species lies in a protected area where there had been little change for over 30 years. Recent intensive fires mean that the species needs urgent reassessment,  as it may have been impacted by the fires in August 2010, hence it is  uplisted to Endangered until surveys reconfirm the current status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an area of occupancy of six km2 with some decline in quality of habitat on the main island following development for tourism, and these threats remain the major threats for one of the two location, which lies close to the beach. This suggests that the species merits the status of Vulnerable D2 on the basis of small range and limited habitat. The threats and the distribution remain the same as in 1996, and so the assessment has not changed.

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo, where it is only known from the south-west part of the mainland (Seddon 2008), a restricted area where it is found close to the coast.

population:
The species is currently thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found amongst vegetation on coastal slopes, especially on small crags and around rocks within the spray zone. It also occurs in fissures in the rocks.

threats:
The threats to the species lie in development of the sites where it lives for recreation and tourism (cafes, footpaths, hotels), as most sites lie at the end of the long beach that dominates the south coast of Porto Santo.

conservationAction:
This  species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and  the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. There are no known actions for this species, and the habitats do not lie in a protected area, so it remains vulnerable to development of the site for tourism and infrastructure to support tourism in the region.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was previously regarded as a candidate for IUCN status Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (version 3.1) as it is only known from a small region of Porto Santo, around the summit areas of the mountains, and, in the past, there was some evidence of declining habitat quality due to agricultural change which merits higher listing than Vulnerable D2 (Seddon 2008). However, most recent visits to the island show that since the area of Pico Branco was designated a protected area, the threats have now been removed (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010), and as a consequence the species is now considered to be Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo on the north slopes of Pico Branco in an area about three km by two km (Seddon 2008). No fossil material has been found of this species (Cameron et al. 2006)

population:
There are no recent data to establish population trends, but it is believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species was found in the crevices and in the leaf-litter on the rock ledges; Leiostyla monticola and Leiostyla calathiscus were living in the same habitat (Seddon 2008).

threats:
There are no current threats following the designation of the region as a protected area. Although fire is a possible threat, # it probably would not impact the species over the entire area, given the presence on rock crags and in fissures.

conservationAction:
Since the area of Pico Branco was designated a protected area, the threats have now been removed (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010), however the species would benefit from a non-sampling based monitoring programme to establish future trends and re-occurrence of threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously assessed under the name #Leiostyla laevigata. Bank et al. (2002) proposed Leiostyla falknerorum nom. nov as a new name for Pupa laevigata Lowe, 1852 as they considered it to be preoccupied by Pupa laevigata von Gallenstein, 1848. This name was known to Pilsbry (1922-26) and Waldén (1983) who both considered it a forgotten name.

redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) proposed that the species should be assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) (version 3.1), as it is very rare and localised, and was thought to be extinct until survey work in the 1990’s found new sites (Seddon and Oliver, 1996). The area of habitat is at present very small and as such vulnerable to events that destroy habitat such as storms, grazing and forest fires, such as the events in 2010. Urgent surveys are required to establish if this species was impacted by the fires.The species was previously assessed under the name Leiostyla laevigata, and given the status as Vulnerable D2, based on limited range, but as it lay within the protected area, it was not given a higher status. The revised status as Endangered B2ab(iii) reflects recent changes in habitat, which may have impacted the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, it is only found on the summit areas of central Madeira at the extreme end of Ribeira do Santa Lucia and Pico Arreiro (Seddon 2008). This species was relocated after surveys in these valleys in 1994 #(Seddon 2008) and has a restricted range of less than 10 km2.

population:
There is no recent data to establish trends, although habitats were stable until recent fires in summit regions in August 2010.

habitat:
This species occurs in remnant patches of laurisilva forest, with some rocky outcrops. The species was found within leaf-litter on crags and at base of trees.

threats:
The area of habitat is at present very small and as such vulnerable to events that destroy habitat such as storms, grazing and forest fires. Over 8500 ha of habitat were lost in the fire in August 2010, and the impact on this species is unknown. Reseeding has commenced in January 2011, however this species, which requires plant cover for feeding and habitat may have been severely impacted by the fires.

conservationAction:
Much of its distribution falls within protected areas (Maciço Montanhoso Central da Ilha da Madeira #Site of Community Importance).  #Resurveys are needed at the last known sites to establish if this species is still extant, as recent forest fires and storms may have lead to damage of the laurisilva forest remnants.

useAndTrade:
This species is not known to be traded or used.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo, where it is found in only two locations. Most recent visits to the island show that the habitats where this species is found at the western end of the island are still stable (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010). As a  consequence, the species is still considered to be Vulnerable (VU) D2, due to lack of protected area status increasing the chances of habitat change (overgrazing, recreational impact from trampling, small fires).

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo. It has been recorded by Wollaston (1878) from the Pico de Ana Ferreira and Espigao; Wollaston (1878) discounted the records listed in Paiva from other areas. The pecies is still present on Pico de Ana Ferreira and Espigao, two hills at the western end of the island of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

population:
The species has been present on these two hills for at least 140 years, and so is seen as being stable.

habitat:
This species was found in the crevices and in the leaf-litter on the rock ledges of the low crags within grassland.

threats:
These two hills do not lie in a protected area, although Espigao is further from the tourist area, Pico do Ana Ferreira is closer to the tourist area, and so is subject to more pressure. The threats are not considerable, mainly light recreational use and although fire is a possible threat, it probably would not impact the species over the entire area, given the presence on rock crags and in fissures.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions include habitat monitoring for indication of population trends, and non destructive-sampling based methods for population monitoring. The area would benefit from protected area status.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) listed the species as IUCN Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1). This species is only known from two closely adjacent localities, however, the laurisilva forests are protected in the Parque Natural da Madeira and hence the habitats are no longer declining in quality as they did late last century. The species may well be present at other inaccessible sites in this steep-sided valley. The major threat is disturbance to the damp microclimate in these deep ravines, by extraction of water feeding the rivers or through increased frequency of drought events. The species was previously listed as Vu D2, and the status has not changed.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is known from two small tributary valleys on the north central part of the island (NMW collections and Coles collection) (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no population trend data, however it is believed to be stable, based on the lack of disturbance of the habitats.

habitat:
This species is found living on ferns or in the litter beneath ferns in moist places at intermediate elevations in the laurisilva zone (Seddon 2008). It is often found in the spray zone of large waterfalls.

threats:
The major threat is disturbance to the damp microclimate in these deep ravines, by extraction of water feeding the rivers or through increased frequency of drought events.

conservationAction:
Thi species is known from two closely adjacent localities, which lie in laurisilva forests that are protected in the Parque Natural da Madeira. No conservation action plan specifically for this species and habitat monitoring is recommended on the valley and the Caldeiro Verde, one site where the species is known.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species could be regarded as a candidate for Near Threatened (version 3.1), as it has a restricted area of occupancy, it is known from c. 12  sites, all closely located on the north-west coast of Madeira and it ocurs in cliff  type habitats susceptible to disturbance by modifications to the roads, so it is close to  meet the criteria for Vulnerable B2ab(iii). # However, it is likely to be present on the extensive cliff habitats along the entire coast between Porto Moniz and Sao Vincente, and hence it is unlikely that the threats would lead to a decline that is sufficient to impact the entire cliff habitat, hence it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is present in a restricted area along the North Coast of Madeira, where it is known from at least 12 sites along the coast between Porto Moniz and Sao Vicente, but it is probably present at inaccessible portions of the cliffs.

population:
There is no population trend data, but the species is quite frequent in collecting surveys in correct habitats, so it is probably stable.

habitat:
This species occurs under dry leaves on rock ledges, behind Sempervivum on rock faces, within debris on rock ledges on dry crags.

threats:
The threats to the cliff type habitats are disturbance by modifications to the road which runs along the base of these sea-cliffs, however this impacts a small part of the range, and hence the threats are not viewed as being sufficiently high to endanger the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known and none considered necessary, although habitat monitoring for other threatened species in this habitat would benefit this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The range of this species across the Azores is uncertain due to taxonomic concerns. Until the pending taxonomic review is complete this species is considered to be Data Deficient (DD), as the extent of this species distribution could affect its category.

range:
This species occurs in all the islands of the Azores, except Corvo.

population:
Morelet (1860) states that this species is common under leafs and stones on all islands. Backhuys (1975) referred the high variability of the taxon but was cautious about extending its range to all islands, for he left out the islands of Santa Maria, Graciosa and Corvo. It will be provisionally mapped here in the first islands, pending the results of the revision under way; the specimens from Corvo seem quite different and will not be included here.

habitat:
Leiostyla fuscidula lives in forested habitats, where it can be found under dead leafs, as well as under heaps of rocks and stone walls, from xeric, littoral habitats, e.g. Ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo (Martins 1995), to the endemic forest, e.g. Cabeço da Bola, Pico island (Martins et al. 2006). It is common under rocks, mainly at lower altitudes; in forests it can also be found on the underside of the leafs of live Hedychium gardneranum, but more commonly hiding in the curled, dry leafs of that same plant.

conservationAction:
The species is under taxonomic review, and research is needed regarding its true distribution across the islands due to taxonomic uncertainty.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has not been recorded living for 150 years, and only two shells were known in 1878. Surveys have been carried out in suitable habitats and at the last known localities, but as yet no material has been found. The species is listed on the European Union Habitats Directive. Cook et al. (1993) described the stratigraphy of the Caniçal deposits finding that #Leiostyla gibba  was present in the early Holocene deposits, common in the late Holocene deposits (1600–200 years BP), and only one shell was found in the post-colonisation material. Thus, it is possible to infer that Leiostyla gibba may have disappeared from the peninsula between the late Holocene or even possibly after human colonisation. As other species have been refound in remote and less accessible areas after long time periods it has been listed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii) rather than Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira. It is common as a fossil in Quaternary deposits on Pta do São Lourenço. The only living records are from Ribeira de Sta Lucia by Wollaston (1878) and there are no records since despite frequent general surveys in 1920's, 1930's, 1970's, 1980's, 1990's and 2000's.

population:
There are no records since 1878 despite frequent general surveys in 1920's, 1930's, 1970's, 1980's, 1990's and 2000's.

habitat:
This species was described as found in leaf-litter on rock ledges on tall cliffs.

threats:
L. gibba has not been recorded for nearly 140 years, so it is assumed that degradation and loss in the last known habitats due to increasing urbanisation may have lead to the loss of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. Further survey work on required to determine if the species is still extant.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally listed as a subspecies of L. sphinctostoma, but Waldén (1986, pers. comm) believed that the taxa merited specific status. Bank et al. (2002) treat this as a separate species in their checklist and Seddon (2008) also treated it as a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that the species should be assessed as Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1). This species occurs at four sites with a known area of occupancy of under 16 km². Until recently there was no evidence of declining quality of habitat over the last 15 years, and the laurisilva forest and the summit areas in the centre of the island are protected. However, there was a severe fire in the region where this species is located in August 2010, and hence it is still considered Vulnerable D2, given these recent threats.

range:
This species is found in central highlands of Madeira, where it is found at four closely localised sites (Seddon 2008).

population:
The species is rare. It is usually found in specialist surveys targeted at the species. Since the fire in August 2010, the status is uncertain (C. Abreu, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species is found on rock ledges and on crags in the summit regions of Pico Arriero and Pico Ruivo.

threats:
Until recently, there was no evidence of declining quality of habitat over the previous 15 years, and the summit areas in the centre of the island are protected. However, there was  #a severe fire in the region where this species is located in August 2010, and surveys are needed to establish the impact on this species which lives on rock ledges and on crags, however, it is suspected that the species may have been impacted. Storm have also damaged the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
Although the species range lies in a protected area, it does not prevent storm damage. Surveys are needed to establish the impact of the recent fires and storms on this species which lives on rock ledges and on crags.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) noted that this species is close to meeting the criteria for Near Threatened (version 3.1), as it occurs at over 15 sites with known area of occupancy exceeding 60 km2. However, there is no evidence of declining quality of habitat over the last 15 years, and the laurisilva forest in the centre of the island is protected. The region may be subject to changing micro-climate as the result of increased movement of water through use of levada water for generation of electricity. Given the lack of current threats, the species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, # where it is found mainly in the central laurisilva forests and on the north coast between São Vicente and Porto Moniz (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
It is often found on wet rock faces and crags resting on Marchantia and dripping grasses in laurisilva forests, usually in the spray zone near waterfalls.

threats:
The species is found on rock ledges on large crags and on rocky slopes and hence habitat degradation (blasting crags during road enlargement schemes) and changes to the damp habitats (fire, extraction of water) are two of the major threats to these species.

conservationAction:
No conservation areas have yet been designated for Leiostyla irrigua. Further research is needed to establish whether there is a clinal range with other similar species, and studies are ongoing (Cameron and Pokrysko, pers. comm., 2010). The range of the species lies partly in the Special Protected Area (Laurisilva de Madeira).


redListCategoryRationale:
In the past this species has been listed as Extinct, as there have been no records since 1878. The only recent records (pre-1878) were in Ribeira de Sta Luzia above Funchal and the ravine of Vasco Gil on the main island of Madeira (Wollaston, 1878). Pilsbry (1922-26) gives the range as at intermediate elevations (ca 600–1,000 m) on the southern side of Madeira. This species has not been recorded living for 150 years. #Surveys have been carried out in suitable habitats and at the last known localities between 1970s and 2000 but as yet no recent shells have been found. Some of the possible habitats have limited protection for the landscape (Riberio de Sta Luzia). Other potential habitats are within the National Park, where habitat disturbance is under control of the Regional Government. The region of Vasco Gil has largely been modified with conifer plantations and Eucalyptus forest replacing the native vegetation. Seddon (2008) suggested it could be listed as #Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii), given the number of other species on Madeira that have been refound after over 60 years without records, however as it is already listed as Extinct, it is considered prudent to wait until it is refound.

range:
This species is endemic to the main island of Madeira. Wollaston (1878) commented that it was at several sites including Ribeira de Sta Luzia and Vasco Gil and that it was common as a fossil at Caniçal. Since 1878, the region of Vasco Gil has largely been modified with conifer plantations and Eucalyptus forest replacing the native vegetation. Although Wollaston noted that L. lamellosa was present as a fossil, Cook et al. (1993) did not find any specimens during their survey of the Caniçal sands. Recent surveys between 1970s and 1990s have failed to find any living specimens.

population:
There have been no recent records for this species.

habitat:
There are very few records, but was originally found in moist places at intermediate elevations on the south side of island in the laurisilva zone and from leaf-litter at the base of large perpendicular crags.

threats:
Some of the habitats have been modified since it was last recorded in 1878.

conservationAction:
This  species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and  the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. No conservation areas have yet been designated for Leiostyla lamellosa as it is difficult to know whether (and if so where) it survives. Some of the possible habitats have limited protection for the landscape (Riberio de Sta Luzia). Other potential habitats are within the National Park, where habitat disturbance is under control of the Regional Government. #Conservation actions include surveys in remote and inaccessible regions to determine whether the species is till extant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is rare, being restricted to the laurisilva zone, with a small area of #occupancy below the threshold of 100 km2, with fewer than 10 known localities and possible degradation of habitat with changing humidity conditions and ageing trees in the laurisilva zone. In addition there is the possible disturbance from fire, and rainstorms based on recent events on the island (Seddon and Abreu, pers. comm., 2010). As such, the species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).The previous assessment for this species was Conservation Dependant, as it occurred with Natural Park regions.  #This category has now been removed from the IUCN Red List categories, so the species reverts to Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, it is only found at intermediate elevations in the Laurisilva forest of central Madeira, on the southern valleys only at the extreme end of Ribeira do Santa Lucia and below Pico Arreiro, on the northern valleys and other scattered locations (Seddon 2008). It has a restricted extent of occurrence of 300 km2 and is known from six locations (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
There is insufficient data to obtain population trends.

habitat:
This species is mainly found on the tree trunks of large Laurisilva trees (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The species lives on mature trees and so there is a possible risk due to ageing trees in the laurisilva zone (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010). The major threats are the loss of the large trees and the lack of regeneration of large trees and in recent years, there have been major storm events that have the potential to damage large trees (Seddon and Abreu, pers. comm., 2010), so if these events increase in frequency, it may impact this species. Other possible threats include degradation of habitat with changing humidity conditions (off-take of water and changing climatic patterns) and possible disturbance from fire.

conservationAction:
Part of the range falls within a designated protected area, however there are no known actions for this species. Conservation  actions include habitat monitoring for indication of population trends and forest management to ensure presence of large trees is maintained.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species occurs at coastal and intermediate elevations on the northern laurisilva forest areas of Madeira. Seddon (2008) proposed a listing as IUCN status Least Concern (version 3.1). Although it has a restricted range, this species is present at over 20 sites in the northern part of the island and there is no evidence for declining quality of habitat. Most sites are within protected areas and hence the habitat is covered by legislation. It is recommended that the range of this species is reviewed on a regular basis.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, mainly on the north side of the island, from central laurisilva forests down to the north coast between São Vicente and Porto Moniz and near Boaventura (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is insufficient information to determine population trends, although probably stable.

habitat:
The species occurs at coastal and intermediate elevations on the northern laurisilva forest areas of Madeira.

threats:
As some of the area lies in protected areas, then the main threats of habitat degradation have been lessened, although some risks lie in tourist developments close to major roads and forest/grassland fires.

conservationAction:
This species was not listed as threatened in 1983 (Wells et al. 1984). It was reviewed in 1990 and again not thought to be threatened (Wells and Chatfield 1992).


taxonomicNotes:
Wollaston (1878) considered macilenta as a separate species, although he noted that it could be a variety of Leiostyla recta. Pilsbry (1922–6) and Waldén (1983) listed the taxa as a subspecies. Cameron and Cook (1999) treat this as a species rather than a subspecies. Seddon (2008) noted the there are differences in shell form and size, and given that the two taxa are present on different islands it seems to be grounds to maintain these two forms as different taxa.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO = 16 km2). It is only known on two islands, with six locations. At present the habitats are within protected areas. Once the goats and rabbits are completely eradicated then the vegetation should gradually recolonise and this would allow L. macilenta to expand. For the moment, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; it is found only at three locations on the island of Deserta Grande, two near the north end and one close to Doca on the west coast. It also occurs at three closely adjacent sites at the south end of Bugio (Seddon 2008, Cameron and Cook 1999).

population:
There is insufficient data to assess population trends.

habitat:
This species occurs in crevices and hollows on rocky slopes and cliffs (Cameron and Cook 1999).

threats:
There was past decline of habitats due to goats on islands, which will have impacted this species. The goats have recently been removed (programme over the last 10 years), and as such the vegetation is being restored, hence the species should benefit from these actions. Introduced rabbits are also impacting the species.

conservationAction:
The goats have recently been removed (programme over the last 10 years), and as such the vegetation is being restored, hence the species should benefit from these actions. Habitat monitoring will be required to get future population trend data.


redListCategoryRationale:
Leiostyla millegrana has a restricted range, but shows no evidence of decline, although habitat quality has been in decline on the south side of Madeira due to increased tourist developments and on Deserta Grande following grazing by introduced animals. # As such the species is assessed as Least Concern (version 3.1).

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is present within all the coastal regions and also recorded from two sites on Deserta Grande (Cameron and Cook 1999). There are old records from Bugio (Wollaston 1878), but the sites were not located in recent surveys (Cameron and Cook 1999).

population:
There are no evidence of declining populations at present.

habitat:
The species is found under stones and on rock ledges and crags in dry coastal regions of Madeira.

threats:
One of the smaller species of Leiostyla, the major threat to this species would be habitat loss, however at present the majority of the range is still intact, and hence it is not considered threatened.

conservationAction:
Part of the range falls within a designated protected area on Pta da Sao Lourenco, however  there are no known actions for this species. No conservation  actions are considered necessary although habitat monitoring of sites for other species would provide indication of population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that the species should be considered as Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1). The species is recorded from about 11 sites, some very closely adjacent on a small island. The species could be viewed as either Near Threatened or Vulnerable D2, but Seddon (1998)  placed it in the latter as she suggested there was a possible risk of grassland fire and habitat change around some of the sites. However subsequent evaluation noted the lack of declines in populations, and limited decline in habitat in recent years, so downgraded the listing to Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo; it is currently limited to the peaks (Pico do Castello, Pico Branco, Pico do Facho). Fossil shells are scarce, but have been obtained from Porto do Frades and the Fonte de Areia; these may vindicate Paiva’s claim (which Wollaston did not believe) to have found this species’ fossil (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
It is generally found on summits, in the leaf-litter or on dead branches. It is found in association with L. calathiscus in the old conifer woods, which are plantations established early last century. It can also be present in leaf-litter on rocky slopes near coast.

threats:
Possible threats lie in risk of grassland fire and habitat change, due to tourist activities around some of the sites.

conservationAction:
The species requires regular review to ensure that litter and our recreational activities do not impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a restricted range with an area of occupancy of 84 km2, it is # present all around the coast of Madeira and is known at more than twenty sites. Furthermore, there are plenty of inaccessible habitats between the sampling points and the species is expected to be present on these cliffs and slopes. It is noted that there has been some decline in habitat quality in the areas of tourist development in the last 15 years and it is suggested that research is carried out to see if this species can colonise artificial habitats (walls, gardens, bridges). This species is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is restricted to Madeira where it is found in coastal habitats all around the island.

population:
The population is considered to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found on ledges and rock faces on coastal crags, walls and other rocky habitats all around the island. Wollaston (1878) noted the affinity to Sempervivum tabulaeformis, finding specimens around the dried leaves and roots.

threats:
Like Leiostyla fusca, this species is found in dry habitats, on ledges and rock faces on coastal crags, walls and other rocky habitats all around the island and so it is only under localised threats of habitat disturbance due to tourism developments (gardens, walls, bridges)

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions are in place for this species, however research work should be undertake to establish whether the species can colonise the artificial habitats provided by plantations and tourism developments (gardens, walls, bridges), as the coastal areas are the more developed habitats on Madeira.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a single site, on an offshore islet of Porto Santo. # This species was previously assessed as Vulnerable D2, but has been downgraded to Near Threatened, as the location now lies in a protected area, where the habitats are only disturbed by occasional visitors. # The most likely threat would be quarrying, however, as this is an offshore islet, this seems a remote threat. # Conservation actions should include habitat monitoring for this species, and the other endemics on Ilhéu de Baixo.

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo; it is only known from the Ilhéu de Baixo.

population:
The population trend is uncertain, but is thought to be stable, as the islet has few visitors.

habitat:
This species is reported from crevices of exposed rocks in the spray zone on the coastal cliffs on the island (Wollaston 1878).

threats:
The most likely threat would be quarrying, however, as this is an offshore islet, which is protected this seems a remote threat. Other threats probably includes increased frequency/intensity of fire given recent events on Madeira.

conservationAction:
The main conservation measure is to continue the protection of the site, as this status has seen habitats protected from possible threats such as quarrying. Habitat monitoring for indication of population trends is also recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species in uncommon, but has adapted to secondary forests and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from São Miguel, Graciosa, São Jorge and Pico islands in the Azores.

population:
This species is found on São Miguel, Graciosa, São Jorge and Pico islands in the Azores. Morelet (1860) described this species based on only one specimen from Pico island, but Backhuys (1975) found some specimens, on Pico island, at the edge of arable land under plant-covered stones. This is a rare species, found primarily in forests.

habitat:
Leiostyla rugulosa lives in forested habitats, endemic and secondary, but Backhuys (1975) found some specimens on Pico island, at the edge of arable land under plant-covered stones.

threats:
This species is uncommon; however, because it has adapted to secondary forests and is found on several islands, no threats are foreseen.

conservationAction:
More research on the taxonomy is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was not listed in 1983 (Wells et al. 1983). Its status was reviewed in 1990 and it was thought to be threatened (Wells and Chatfield  1992). The first review placed the species as possibly Extinct, and in 1996 the species was placed as Critically Endangered (CR), following the category and criteria changes (version 2.3), as there was insufficient survey data to show it was extinct. However as noted above it has rarely been recorded in spite of all of the surveys undertaken between 1970 and 2005. It is also possible that the species is a rare form of L. spinctostoma, as the shells of this species are very variable. Seddon (2008) suggested that Data Deficient should be the assessments,  as this species is very poorly known and is only known from little shell  material in Museum collections. However, this species is currently considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct.

range:
This species is very poorly known from little shell material in Museum collections. There is no map for this species (Seddon 2008), as it was described from "Madeira".

population:
This species is very poorly known, there is no population trend data.

habitat:
This species is very poorly known, the habitats are uncertain, but likely to be rock crags and on rock ledges amongst leaf-litter.

threats:
This species is very poorly known, so the threats are uncertain.

conservationAction:
This species is very poorly known, so there are no conservation actions in place, although it requires surveys based on the Museum collection material to establish status and then field surveys to relocate the range and hence establish populations and conservation status. This species was not listed in 1983 (Wells et al. 1983), and reviewed  again in 1990 and thought to be threatened (Wells and Chatfield  1992).


taxonomicNotes:
Wollaston (1878) recognised two forms ‘rupestris’ and ‘arborea’, which are now separated as different species; L. sphinctostoma and L. arborea. Pilsbry (1922–6) noted that sphinctostoma as recorded was very variable, and he felt that there were sufficient differences to separate two further subspecies heterodon and simulator. Bank et al. (2002) and Seddon (2008) treated both as a separate species in their publications.

redListCategoryRationale:
#The species is widespread in many of the valleys on central Madeira. Our surveys show at least 26 sites over an area of occupancy of c. 120 km2. # Some sites may have been impacted by the forest fires in August 2010, however the wider range in Madeira means this taxa should be able to recolonise suitable habitats once revegetated. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; it is only found on Madeira, where it is widespread at intermediate elevations. It is known at more than 26 sites on mainland Madeira and likely to be high in the inaccessible valleys.

population:
Population trends are not known, however believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is usually found on crags, varying from shaded to unshaded habitats.

threats:
The species is only locally threatened, for example, some sites may have been impacted by the forest fires in August 2010. # In general, most sites lie in protected areas or within inaccessible valleys on the high cliffs, and so the threats are likely to be minimal.

conservationAction:
Sites that are impacted by fire should be revegetated as soon as possible after the events, as this will minimise soil erosion which would impact this species. This species was not listed in 1983 (Wells et al. 1984), and reviewed again in 1990 and not thought to be threatened (Wells and Chatfield 1992).


taxonomicNotes:
A synonym used for this species is Pupa pythiella Mousson 1872 (see the records for this taxon in Wollaston 1878).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the islands of La Palma, Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain. However, since the records supplied by Wollaston (1878), the species has not been mentioned again. It is known, that the species had been collected randomly by Ibanez on Tenerife and La Palma, at least (Groh pers. comm., 2011). No data are available on trend and size of the subpopulations and their actual distribution. Due to the lack of data, the species is here considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the islands of La Palma, Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain.Wollaston (1878: 454 ff) records this species from several localities: Tenerife: Taganana, Agua Garcia; Esperanza-forest near La Laguna. La Palma: El Monte above Barlavento; Cumbre above Buenavista; Pinal near the edge of the Caldeira Taburiente. El Hierro: dense forest region of El Golfo, in the N of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the high altitudes of the islands in the wet pine forests.

threats:
There are currently no threats known to this species . However, deforestation can destroy its habitat completely.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only found on one island in the Azores (Extent of occurrence = 97 km2), where it is uncommon. There is a general trend on Santa Maria island of populations of endemic species declining, however the reason for this decline is unknown. The population trend of, and potential threats to Leiostyla tesselata are unknown and more research is needed, therefore it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is only found on the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. #Morelet (1860: 206) stated that it is found on the interior mountains of Santa Maria; it is found on the Pico Alto complex, but also on the eastern end of the island (Backhuys 1975; Martins #et al. 1991).

habitat:
Leiostyla tesselata lives in forested habitats, endemic and secondary.

threats:
This species is uncommon; but because it has adapted to secondary forests, no man-made threats are foreseen. However, a general trend has been noticed in Santa Maria, whereas endemic species are now absent from sites otherwise rich fifteen years ago. This trend is being investigated to ascertain its origin as it is a threat to the rich endemic fauna of this small island.

conservationAction:
Research is needed on the population trend of Leiostyla tesselata and the potential threats it is facing.


taxonomicNotes:
The identity of this species has been challenged by Backhuys (1975), considering the possibility that it is a variation of L. rugulosa. The Lauriidae of the Azores are currently under revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to three islands of the Azores (Extent of occurrence = 25,000 km2), where it is uncommon. Little is known about Leiostyla vermiculosa, and its taxonomy is uncertain, therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira and São Jorge islands, Azores.

population:
Leiostyla vermiculosa is an uncommon species, found in forests.

habitat:
Leiostyla vermiculosa lives in forested habitats.

conservationAction:
There is a lack of information regarding this species. Research is needed relating to its taxonomy, population and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is mainly restricted to the  northern coastline. It is present at over 11 locations, and could  be present in the more inaccessible cliffs between the recording points  (Seddon, pers. comm, 2010). # The species was previously assessed as Least Concern (LC), based on the low level of threats to the cliff locations. # The level of threats remain the same, and so at present uplift to Near Threatened is not recommended, however, should any major plans than may disrupt the small waterfalls along the north coast then # higher threat category would be more appropriate.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it is mainly restricted to the northern coastline, where it is present at over 11 locations, and could be present in the more inaccessible cliffs between the recording points (Seddon, pers. comm, 2010). # The most frequent records come from the north-west coast between São Vicente and Porto Moniz.

population:
Population trend data is not available, however believed to be stable at present.

habitat:
This species is found in dripping Marchantia polymorpha on the sea- cliffs above the sprayzone, usually in wet flushes or edges of waterfalls.

threats:
The major threats lie in the disturbance of habitats, which are quite restricted in ecological type. The risks come from road widening schemes along the coastal cliffs.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring would be necessary in order to establish whether populations are declining. Any road widening scheme on the north coast cliff road needs to review the potential impacts on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are 40-50 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the Extent of occurrence (EOO), Area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from the southeastern Alps (Prealpi Veneto orientale, Alpi Giulie, Carso in Italy and Karnten in Austria) as far as to Dalmatia (Omis).Distribution records are provided by Klemm (1973), Alzona (1971) and Soós (1943). Further distribution records: Slovenia: Kamniska Bistrica spring, West of Reka, between Permani and Rupa; Croatia: Paklenica and Mala Paklenica near Starigrad, Omis, Plitvice, Sv Juraj, Fuzine, Obrovac, Zlobin, Dom Brdo near Benkovac (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished). Considering the small size and the hidden life of this species it is probable that this species is more frequent than shown by distribution records.     There is no reason to suppose that Extent of occurrence (EOO), Area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the small size and hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found in crevices of the rock or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications such as through forestry, recreational activities and quarrying. However, total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely and therefore local activities do not affect the whole species significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. Some of the known subpopulations are within protected areas, however due to the distribution of this species and the stable population there are no further conservation actions required.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with taxonomic problems associated with the subspecies. The currently accepted subspecies are: Orcula austriaca austriaca, O. austriaca faueri Klemm, 1967, O. austriaca goelleri Gittenberger, 1978 and O. austriaca pseudofuchsi Klemm, 1967.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Austria. It has a relatively large distribution and the main threat is not thought to impact all the sub-populations. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, some subspecies have extremely restricted distributions and all subspecies, except Orcula austriaca austriaca, are considered threatened and are red-listed in Austria.

range:
The species is endemic to Austria, with some subspecies having extremely restricted distributions. For example O. austriaca pseudofuchsi is known only from one locality (less than 10 km²), O. austriaca goelleri from five localities (less than 10 km²) and O. austriaca faueri from two localities (less than 10 km²).

population:
The population of this species is currently unknown, and there is no data available on population trends.

habitat:
The species has a preference for grassy, calcareous rock ledges.

threats:
Threats have been identified as habitat destruction through the afforestation of spruce (Picea) trees.

conservationAction:
All the subspecies, except Orcula austriaca austriaca, are red-listed in Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).No conservation actions are required for this species as a whole under this assessment. Research to resolve the taxonomic confusions surrounding the subspecies is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Populations in Austria are known to have shown a decline (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). However, the core area is situated in Slovenia where the species is not red-listed. As there is currently no evidence for a population decline outside of Austria the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is known from the South-Alpine-Dinaric; from Austria (southern Carinthia) through the Julian Alps to Croatia.

population:
The population of the species is currently unknown, and there is no data on the overall population trend, although some areas are known to be in decline (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).

habitat:
The species is found in herbaceous layers and in leaf litter between calcareous boulders.

threats:
There has been an identified decline of the species in Austria as noted in the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007), but the reasons of this decline are not clear.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) as Near Threatened (NT). However, no conservation actions are known to be in place or required for the species at this time.


taxonomicNotes:
According to www.animalbase.org "this species was classified by R. Bank in the Fauna Europaea checklist (www.faunaeur.org 7-2008) in the genus Orcula (possibly without any published reference behind), Grossu had originally described it in the genus Sphyradium. We follow Bank and classify it preliminarily in Orcula. More research is necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from one locality in Romania, Tulcea county in the Luncaviţa forest at the Cocoş monastery. #However it inhabits a protected forest reserve, which is less affected by human impact, disturbance and ecosystem modifications. It is possible that future studies will find further sub-populations. #Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. Considering that the species is known from only a single shell, this species is here listed as Data Deficient (DD). More data are needed to infer the situation for this species, and as it is only known from a very small area it might later qualify for Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is known only from one locality in Romania, Tulcea county in the Luncaviţa forest at the Cocoş monastery.

population:
This species is only known from a single shell and so is most likely very rare. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species was found among leaf litter at the bottom with some herbal vegetation in a forest, in relatively dry habitat.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. Considering that the species is known from only a single location, local logging might affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania, but the only known location of the species (Luncaviţa forest) is protected by the law. Research on the taxonomy, population trends and the distribution is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species. The currently accepted subspecies are: Orcula dolium dolium, O. dolium edita Pilsbry, 1934, O. dolium gracilior Zimmermann, 1932, O. dolium infim Pilsbry, 1934, O. dolium pseudogularis A. J. Wagner, 1912, O. dolium raxae Gittenberger, 1978 and O. dolium brancsikii Clessin, 1887 (Bank et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extended Alpine-Carpathian distribution with a range  extending from France in the west through to Romania and Poland in the east.Threats have been identified as biotope destruction through the afforestation of spruce (Picea) trees and two endemic subspecies are red-listed in Austria with O. dolium gracilior being listed as Vulnerable (VU) and O. dolium infima listed as Critically Endangered (CR). However, due to the very wide distribution of the species as a whole it is assessed here as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species has an extended Alpine-Carpathian distribution with a range extending from France in the east through to Romania and Poland in the west.

population:
There is no information on the population of the species, and no data on any trends in the population.

habitat:
This species is found in leaf litter, and under mossy boulders on wooded slopes as well as on grassy calcareous rock ledges.

threats:
Threats have been identified as biotope destruction through the afforestation of spruce (Picea) trees.

conservationAction:
Two endemic subspecies are red-listed in Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007): O. dolium gracilior is listed as Vulnerable (VU) and O. dolium infima is listed as Critically Endangered (CR). O. dolium infima is legally protected in lower Austria.The species as a whole is not thought to require conservation actions at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Austria, where it is found in a very restricted range on the margin of the eastern Alps. Habitat  destruction in the form of the afforestation of spruce trees has been  identified as a major threat which is resulting in a decline in the  population. The extent of  occurrence (EOO) is just 35 km2, with an actual inhabited area of just 0.5 km2, and the six known localities are severely fragmented, with a continuing decline in the area of suitable habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)).

range:
The species is endemic to Austria, where it is found in a very restricted range on the margin of the eastern Alps.

population:
The exact population size of this species is not known. However, it is only known from six fragmented localities and the general trend is declining.

habitat:
This species is found in a mountainous-subalpine area, at the foot of steep calcareous rock walls and on grassy rock ledges.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for the species, although it is listed on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and # Reischütz 2007) as Endangered (EN).Habitat destruction in the form of the afforestation of spruce trees has been identified as a major threat which is resulting in a decline in the population. As there are only six known sites with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of just 35 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) of just 0.5 km2, known sites require protecting from these activities to halt the decline. The creation of suitable habitats in the area to attempt to reverse the current trend is also proposed. Continuing the monitoring of the population size and trends is needed to accompany this.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with the currently accepted subspecies being: Orcula gularis gularis and O. gularis oreina Pilsbry, 1934.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has two separate areas of distribution: in the southern  Alps from the north-eastern Dolomites to the Kamniške Alps (Steiner  Alpen); and in the north-eastern calcareous Alps from Berchtesgaden (Germany) to Semmering (Austria). This wide distribution of the species and lack of any evidence of population decline or threats means that it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is found in Austria, Slovenia, Germany and Italy. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) also lists Romania as a country of occurrence, however this is considered to be probably erroneous. The species has two separate areas of distribution: in the southern Alps from the north-eastern Dolomites to the Kamniške Alps (Steiner Alpen); and in the north-eastern calcareous Alps from Berchtesgaden (Germany) to Semmering (Austria).

habitat:
This species is found on grassy calcareous rock ledges and vegetated semi-open boulder slopes. The subspecies O. gularis oreina is found in areas of high altitude.

conservationAction:
The subspecies O. gularis oreina is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Austrian Red list (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).There are no conservation actions required at present for this species as a whole.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are  at least 12 known subpopulations, all of which are in Romania. Although the population trend is unknown there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number  of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature  individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
According to Soós (1943) this species is distributed in the southwestern part of Transilvania and in the Banat region (Romania). The following definite locations are given by Soós (1943): Zalatna [=Zlatna], Vajdahunyad [=Hunedoara], Herkulesfürdő [=Baile Herculane], Stájerlak [=Anina], Detonata [=Detunata], Kolozsvár [=Cluj] and he supposed that other Orcula dolium records (Ordinkus-valley near Aranyosfő [=Arieseni], Kőrösbánya [=Baia de Cris], Vormága [=Varmaga], Nagyenyed [=Aiud], Mézged [=Meziad], Rézbánya [=Baita] from the Apuseni Mountains also refer to this species. This species is not thought to live in Hungary as its Hungarian record is based on a fluvial flotsam.    Currently there is no reason to suppose that extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be   rare. However, due to its special habitat preference, the population is    fragmented.  The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and   there  are no data  on population trend. However, forest habitats are   known to  diminish in  that region therefore one might suppose that   number of  subpopulations  or the number of mature individuals are   declining.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species which is found among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this  species. However, considering the relatively large geographial range of  this species, local logging or recreational activities is not known to affect  the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is not thought to be protected in Romania, however it is probable that some of the subpopulations live within protected areas (e.g. in the Ordinkus valley, Apuseni Mountains). Due to the suspected current population decline research could be proposed to ascertain the validity of this assumption. #However, there are no further conservation actions required for this species at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species meets the area requirements under criterion B for Endangered (EN) (extent of occurrence = 280 km2 and area of occupancy = 50 km2). The quality of habitat is declining, however the population is not severely fragmented and is known from about 40 localities. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The species is endemic to Upper Austria and Styria; found in the northern Alps between the rivers Traun and Enns.

population:
The population is known from about 40 localities, but is decreasing.

habitat:
This is a sub-alpine species, found under mossy boulders on wooded slopes or on grassy calcareous rock ledges or rock surfaces.

threats:
Identified threats to the species are through alpine pasturing, tourist activities and afforestation with spruce trees (Picea).

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). Conservation actions are not required at present, however, due to the fact that the population is observed to be in decline, monitoring of the population trend is necessary to see if this continues. If this is the case, conservation actions may be required, such as through habitat protection in known sites by restricting identified threats such as afforestation, detrimental tourism activities and pasturing.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors treat this species as the subspecies of Orcula gularis (Klemm 1983).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species lives within a narrow range, it can be supposed that the number of locations is higher than five and the areao f occupancy (AOO) is larger than 20 km2. As there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southeastern Alps. Its type locality is in Slovenia: "Krain,  Feestritzthal bei Stein" [=Kamnik]. In Austria there are two locations; Loiblpass and Vellachtal (Klemm 1973). AnimalBase provides a Croatian record: "Croatia: Zumblerak mountains,  Jastrobasrko", however this is doubtful according to Stamol (2010).There might be other, as yet unknown, locations/subpopulations and   there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access there are no data on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This species is generally associated with rocky habitats. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, or at the base of the rocks among leaf-litter (Kerney et al. 1983).

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at species level in Slovenia nor in Austria, however it is probable that some subpopulations live within protected areas such as Triglav National Park in Slovenia.Due to the stable population and area of occupancy (AOO) there are no conservation actions required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea and Hausdorf (1987) this species is comprised of two distinct subspecies: Orcula #schmidtii schmidtii and O. #schmidtii transversalis Westerlund, 1894.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 20 known subpopulations. Total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely and local activities do not affect the whole species significantly. #There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).EU27 regional assessment: As there are probably more than 5 sub-populations in Greece, this species is also listed as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is distributed from Montenegro to nothwestern Greece. The type locality of the nominate subspecies is in Montenegro, near Cetinje. The type locality of O. schmidtii transversalis is Tsumerka [=Athamon Mts.]. #Other published locations are: Anilion near Metsovon, Milea near Metsovon (Hausdorf 1987), Loutra near Amarandos (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990), five locations in North Albania (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996), Galicica Mountains, 1800 m (Gittenberger (1978). In the Mollusc collection of the HNHM there are a further 12 unpublished locations from Albania, but it might underestimates the real number of subpopulations.In Albania it is not rare and therefore there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is neither an obligate rock-dweller nor a silvicol species, but generally associated with limestone areas where it lives in rocky forests or rocky shrublands. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, or under stones.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications (which affect either the rocks or the vegetation in their habitats) such as through forestry, recreational activities and quarrying. However, total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely, therefore local activities do not affect the whole species significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs, however at least some of the known locations are within protected areas such as in the Park Kombetar Theth in Albania. Due to the distribution of this species and the stable population there are no conservation actions required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
Gittenberger (1978) separated Orcula spoliata and O. austriaca as two distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Italy with scattered localities mainly in South Tyrol and adjacent Venetia. There is very little data on population size and trends. Potential threats have been identified as alpine pasturing,  touristic exploitation and afforestation. Due to the lack of current data, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). However, if new evidence shows that the population is declining, it might qualify for a threatened category.

range:
The species is endemic to Italy with scattered localities mainly in South Tyrol and adjacent Venetia: north-eastern Dolomites, Schlern and Val di Non Monti Lessini.

habitat:
This species is found on grassy calcareous rock ledges and on vegetated semi-open boulder slopes.

threats:
Probable threats to this species are thought to be through alpine pasturing, tourist activities and afforestation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Research to assess the population size and trends in known localities is proposed as well as to gauge the level of threat of alpine pasturing, tourist activities and afforestation may be causing. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is relatively small at less than 5,000 km2, so research to attempt to identify new sites is also suggested.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are more than 40 known subpopulations which do #not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Indeed, some subpopulations lie within protected areas. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern and southeastern Alps. Its type locality is "Wasserfall Pericnik bei Tolmein am Isonzotale" in Slovenia, but a larger part of its range falls into Austria. There are more than 40 distribution records in Austria (Klemm 1973) and there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, there are more than 40 known locations and there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of known subpopulations (>40), drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.

conservationAction:
There is no information as to whether the species is protected in Slovenia or any of the Austrian provinces where it occurs. Some of the known subpopulations live within protected areas, however due to the distribution of this species and the stable population there are no further conservation actions required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has two subspecies, the nominate subspecies is distributed in Albania and in Greece, whereas the subspecies Orcula wagneri ljubotinensis Sturany 1914 is found in the Shar Planina region (Ljubotin) in the boarder region of Macedonia (FYROM) and Kosovo.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in #Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Greece and Serbia. The number of known locations is around six and the area of occupancy is between 20-24 km2. The population appears to be stable. #However the small range size could be threatened if future threats appeared. This species is listed as Near Threatened, being close to the criteria threshold for Vulnerable. #The isolated occurrence of #Orcula wagneri ljubotinensis #might need more conservation attention and taxonomic research to determine whether it is in fact a species and in this case it would receive a higher threat class.

range:
Orcula wagneri ljubotinensis  Sturany, 1914 is found in the Shar Planina region (Ljubotin) in the border  region of Macedonia (FYROM) and Kosovo. The nominate species is also known from "East of Anilio, Strassentunel" and from some localities in Albania (Periferi Berat, Periferi Malësia, Periferi Skrapar) (according to the collection of the HNHM).

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, there are no data on population trend. The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The species lives at high altitude around 2000 m. The habitat type where this species is found is alpine meadow. The snails can be found under limestone rocks (Z. Fehér pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs, but most of the known populations are known from protected areas or their habitat is largely inaccessable.


taxonomicNotes:
The anatomical structure of the species is unknown, therefore the generic status of the species is questionable (Hausdorf 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from one single location in Bulgaria with an extent of occurrence and an area of occupancy of 4 km2. It is included in a protected area, however removal of dead wood, the species habitat, is taking place and could potentially affect the population. Research on this impact, as well as the distribution, population size and ecological requirements of this rare species are needed. It is therefore precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
The species was described from the Rapotamo region in Bulgaria, and E. Neubert found a single specimen in the Asian part of Turkey (Vil. Kütahya) (Hausdorf 1996). Recent publication showed that the area of the species is much bigger in Turkey than it was thought before (Páll-Gergely 2010). In Europe, there is only one locality known from Bulgaria and there are no records from European Turkey.

population:
It seems that the species is very rare everywhere where it lives (Irikov and Erőss 2008, Páll-Gergely 2010). There is no information on the population size but it is presumed to be stable.

habitat:
According to www.animalbase.org the habitat of the species is: "Soil of humid and shady deciduous forests, under leaf litter and rotting wood". This matches with field survey data from Turkey.

threats:
The threats to the species in Bulgaria are unknown. Its single location is included in a protected area, however collecting of the dead wood is taking place in the area and can potentially affect the species. This impact needs to be studied.

conservationAction:
The Rapotoma region is protected in Bulgaria. A monitoring of the population is highly recommended. Research on the species taxonomy, distribution and population trend, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, known only from a small area in Irakleio, vikariant with the ranges of #Orculella #cretimaxima and O. fodela (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species has an average height of 7.4 - 9.3 mm and a width of 3.8 - 4.0 mm.

threats:
#Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. #


taxonomicNotes:
Before Garrido et al. (2005) discovered extant populations of #Orculella  bulgarica #in the Iberian Peninsula, all records had been from shells (fossils and modern), except possibly those collected in Bulgaria by Urbansky #(1960 in Gittenberger 1983). That, in any case, did not include data about the reproductive system. For this reason, its anatomy remained unknown and a confirmation of the taxonomic classification in Orculella #genus was needed. There are two subspecies of O. bulgarica, O. b. bulgarica described by Hesse (1915) and O. bulgarica lamellata #described by Hausdorf (1996). This last subspecies lives in southeastern Turkey. Orculella bulgarica has reduced lamella and there are few criteria to the shell structure to distinguish between the shells of Spain and those from the rest of the localities.

redListCategoryRationale:
Since the discovery of extant populations in Spain (Garrido et al. 2005), continuous decline has occurred in the number of locations and the number of mature individuals. Three subpopulations (out of eight) have also disappeared. At the same time, different alterations have been registered in other locations that have led one subpopulation to the brink of extinction and probably extirpated another one. The extension and the quality of the habitat has decreased and most subpopulations are at high risk of extinction. In conclusion, the species has an area of occupancy of less than 4 km2, the subpopulations are severely fragmented, the species has experiencing a decrease of its extent of occurrence and of its area of occupancy and important habitat alterations. #In addition, without the continuous implementation of urgent conservation actions with the remaining subpopulations, the future of the species in Andalusia (Spain) will be seriously compromised. The Bulgarian subpopulation is considered to be a fossil subpopulation  and therefore this assessments was only done for the Spanish  subpopulation, which is considered to be Critically Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). A reassessment of this species will be needed if living specimens are found in Bulgaria.This species is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
The main range of this species is known from Bulgaria to Turkey, Armenia and Krasnodar (Russian Federation) (Hausdorf 1996). In Spain, eight subpopulations were discovered recently (Garrido #et al. 2005, Arrébola et al. 2008, Arrébola, Ruiz and Cárcaba unpublished data). Actually, the area where this species occurs in Spain is very restricted (about 0.12 km2). The only living individuals that have been identified in Europe are found in Spain. In Bulgaria and other countries, only shells have been collected although there have been intense sampling efforts. In 2010 in Turkey, Páll-Gergely (unpublished data) found a small living subpopulation.

population:
During the last  #few years, a number of censuses and basic biology studies have been done on the three subpopulations of O. bulgarica in Spain (Andalusia). #These studies have allowed us to understand the population structure, identify periods of reproduction and growth, and to quantify them temporarily. One of the subpopulations seems to be stable in quantitative terms, having experienced a population increase during the period of the study. #This, coupled with a inferred good capacity of recolonization if the habitat conditions are maintained, suggested the possibility of a high viability of translocations. These have been done during 2009-10 and the first results are very positive (Arrébola et al. unpublished data).Three of the current subpopulations in Andalucia (Spain) have disappeared in the past ten years (approximately since 2000). All the subpopulations in the eight locations in Spain are severely fragmented. Fossil and subfossil mentions in the Iberian Peninsula have been compiled by Robles and Martinez-Ortí (2009).

habitat:
The species is found in hygrophilous habitats such as small marshes; permanently moist and waterlogged soil habitats in permanent spring areas of limestone (Garrido et al. 2005, Páll-Gergely pers. comm. 2010). According to Garrido et al. (2005), bioclimatic data analysis from localities near those where O. bulgarica specimens have been found alive (Andalusia) or where fossil shells have been collected (Bulgaria, Turkey and Caucasus region) suggest this species has restricted thermoclimatic tolerances, preferring humid/sub-humid environments. Semi-arid environments would restrict the species to habitats with humidity during the summer months, as it is the case for the Andalusian subpopulations.

threats:
This species has a fragmented range in Spain that, according to our findings on its distribution and habitat, is natural and due to the situation of regression of the species to habitat refuges. #Nevertheless, human-induced degradation observed in many potential habitats-islands, mostly through the use and transformation of traditional irrigation systems, has helped to increase the degree of natural fragmentation, reducing the subpopulations to small patches without any interconnection capacity. #In any case, the separation between the locations and the lack of continuity of #favourable #habitats #cause such a severe fragmentation that it makes impossible the recolonization of an extinct location, or any kind of genetic exchange between localities #(Arrébola et al. unpublished data). On the short term, the main threats impacting O. bulgarica in Spain, that might lead to its extinction, are the habitat destruction in the known locations due to the high #human pressure existing on the use of #water and soil. On the medium and long term, the severe fragmentation #of its habitat, coupled with the potential effects of climate change, could determine a regression #even greater than the one observed currently. There is also a high risk of contamination and #drying out of the natural sources of water due to the increase of intensive farming within its potential distribution area.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Spain (Arrébola et al. 2008, Arrébola and Garrido 2008), whereas it is not protected in the Middle East. #Since 2005, a Conservation Plan for #O. bulgarica #within the Programme for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Land Snails of Andalusia, sponsored by the Ministry of Environment of the Junta de Andalucía and led by the Physiology and Zoology #Department (University of Seville), has been developed. As a recent result, #breeding in captivity (laboratory scale) has been able to complete the species life cycle (Arrébola, Ruiz and Cárcaba, unpublished data).


