# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently spilt from Unio pictorum in Spain, and hence there is little data under this name. It was assessed for the Andalusian Red Book under the name Unio cf pictorum. Araujo et al. (2009) reviewed the status of the species and fully documents other synonyms.

redListCategoryRationale:
Unio delphinus is the more common and distributed Unio species in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula . Nevertheless, as all the naiads, its reproductive cycle is highly specialized and relies upon a fish. Moreover, juvenile naiads are very demanding in terms of water and sediment quality. These two factors combine to see a decline in the overall populations, with loss of recruitment.# In addition, the anthropogenic alterations suffered by water bodies in the last decades (water transfer, water detraction, river channeling and dredging, impoundments etc.) have had serious consequences on aquatic ecosystems and the negative impact of these disturbances on the richness and density of naiad species has been demonstrated (Araujo et al. 2009). the species is considered to be close to meeting the 30% loss of populations over the last 3 generations, and hence is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A2c.

range:
This species is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it is found in the# rivers draining Spain and Portugal, towards the Atlantic Ocean (Araujo et al. 2009). It is present in at least a hundred 10 x 10 km2 in the region.

population:
There is little data prior to 2000 to establish population trends, but the species is believed to be declining. 20-30% loss of populations over the last three generations (30-45 years, based on a generation length of 10-15 years).

habitat:
The species is found in all kind of rivers and streams with permanent water, in sandy, gravel or muddy substrate at the shores and slopes under the tree shadow, but also in sunny sandy beaches. It can live in lakes (Ruidera lakes). In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish.

threats:
Its habitat is threatened by changes of hydrologic regime of the streams due to dams and impoundments. The loss of host fish populations is also impacting the species, as well as the water pollution resulting from nitrate run-off from intensive farming and some water pollution from industry.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Spanish and Andalusian Red Lists of Invertebrates.# - Spanish Red List of Invertebrates: Near threatened# (Verdu and Galante 2009). Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates: Vulnerable A4ce;B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) . Water catchment management schemes and pollution monitoring are required to improve the conditions in the rivers, as well as restocking host fish populations and ex-situ breeding to provide juveniles for restocking populations in the rivers that are declining.


redListCategoryRationale:
U. gibbus lives in one Spanish river with very few specimens found. It is considered to be one of the most imperilled Iberian naiad species. The restricted distribution, population status and threatened habitat of the species make it of major importance from a conservation point of view. In the unique population known, droughts could eliminate the specimens meaning the population in permanent danger of extinction. The water detraction and pollution by the increasing industry and farm development near the river where the species lives is a constant threat. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) in Europe, based on the habitat degradation, as the site completely dried out in 2007, and it is uncertain whether this population is still extant. The populations in Morocco and Tunisia are still extant although the rivers are under pressure for water extraction. Actions are required to look at ex-situ breeding to conserve the species in Europe as well as catchment management plans to maintain habitats for the species.

range:
This species is known from one locality in Europe where live specimens have been recently found in the Barbate River, Cádiz, southwest Spain. Elsewhere the species is known from Atlantic rivers of south Iberia and Morocco where two localities were found recently in the Beth River, Sebou basin, northwest Morocco (Araujo et al. 2009).

population:
There is no population trend information as the species is only known from a few specimens, although the habitat is being degraded, with the site completely drying out in 2007, and it is uncertain whether this population is still extant. This has not been confirmed either way.

habitat:
This species has been found in temporary Mediterranean-type streams and in substrates of sand and gravel at pool areas that do not dry up during the dry season. In the Spanish river, the species shares its habitat with Potomida littoralis, Unio cf. pictorum and Anodonta cf. anatina, whereas in Morocco it was found living with another species of Unio and with Potomida sp. (Araujo et al. 2009).

threats:
The species' habitat is threatened by change in the hydrological regime of the streams through natural droughts, water detraction, dams and impoundments, the loss of host fish populations and increases in intensive farming and industry.

conservationAction:
The species was recommended for urgent inclusion in the Spanish Red List, as Endangered, based on its single location, low density of population and threats from habitat degradation (Verdu and Galante 2009).# It was proposed for   Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates: Endangered A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)+C2b. Actions  are required to look at ex-situ breeding to conserve the species as  well as catchment management plans to maintain habitats for the species. Efforts should be made to attempt to increase the known range of the species and to determine if the population at the known site is still extant after it completely dried out in 2007.


taxonomicNotes:
Unio mancus is now considered to be the valid name for this species and was previously known under the name elongatulus.At present, Araujo considers the Iberian sub-populations to be a separate species.# Bank et al. (2006) recognise numerous subspecies for this species, all geographically restricted, and these may require further research to establish the nature of the range in the light of Araujo's findings for the species Unio tumidiformis, which was previously considered a subspecies of this species.           Unio (Unio) mancus mancus Lamarck, 1819 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus aleronii Companyo  Massot, 1845 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus bourgeticus Bourguignat, 1882 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus brindosianus de Folin  Bérillon, 1874 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus glaucinus Porro, 1838 – Distribution: Switzerland  Unio (Unio) mancus kruperi Drouët, 1879 – Distribution: Greece (mainland). Synonyms: copaisanus Drouët, 1896; nitidosus Drouët, 1879; quellenneci Drouët, 1896  Unio (Unio) mancus moquinianus Dupuy, 1843 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus requienii Michaud, 1831 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus turtonii Payraudeau, 1826 – Distribution: Corsica (France).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently being revised.It has been given a status of Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, based on the decline of the habitats and loss of sub-populations in the Mediterranean parts of the range. The species has been reported to be in decline in parts of the range and the status in much of the range needs regular review. As all the naiads, its reproductive cycle is highly specialized and relies upon a fish. Moreover, juvenile naiads are very demanding in terms of water and sediment quality, compared to the adult specimens, and given the anthropogenic alterations suffered by water bodies in the last decades (water transfer, water detraction, river channelling and dredging, impoundments etc.), these have had serious consequences on status aquatic ecosystems, especially in the southern parts of the range and the negative impact of these disturbances on the richness and density of naiad species has been demonstrated (Araujo pers. comm. 2010).The Iberian populations have now been revised and considered to be separate species, and hence are assessed as a distinct species.

range:
The range is currently reported as a species that extends from the Iberian peninsula to Turkey, however recent reviews by Araujo et al. (2009) split the Spanish populations and consider them as several species (Unio delphinus, Unio gibbus), with Unio mancus restricted to the River Ebro. Consequently the details of the range requires review in the light of these findings. It has been recorded from Germany, due to expansion along the canal (Glöer  Meier-Brook 2003).  Bank et al. (2006) report a more restricted range for the species as present in France, Switzerland,  Italy and Greece. The presence in Albania, Croatia and Slovenia is based on older records from Haas (1969). The range extends into the Middle-East (Graf and Cummings 2007), however the identity of these middle-eastern population requires further investigation.

population:
This species requires the presence of a host fish to enable the glochidea to grow to larval stages of the mussel. With regard to the glochidial host fish, U. mancus is a species with a very wide host range (Araujo et al. 2004), unlike species of Margaritifera, which have very few suitable hosts.

habitat:
This species is found in all kind of rivers and streams with permanent water. It is found in sandy, gravel or muddy substrate at the shores and slopes under the shading from trees. It is also found in artificial channels and ditches with natural bottoms. In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish.

threats:
The threats to this species come from dams and impoundments, water extraction from rivers changing flow regimes,# water pollution (domestic and agricultural sources), exotic fish competing with the natural host fish, gravel extraction from river beds and modernization (covering with concrete) of the ditches and channels with natural bottoms where the species lives.

conservationAction:
Under the name U. elongatulus,  this species is protected under the two main pieces of European  biodiversity conservation legislation: the Habitats Directive (Annex V)  and the Bern Convention (Annex III). The status of this species urgently needs review to define whether the eastern sub-populations divide into additional species. The latest reports on the conservation status for this species (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity, 2009) suggest that in much of the Mediterranean part of the range, the status is either unknown (Greece) or unfavourable/inadequate (Spain, southern part of Italy). In the rest of the range the status is favourable.

useAndTrade:
There is no use or trade information for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are 6 subspecies currently recognised over the region (Falkner et al. 2001), based on shell morphology and biogeographical range.

redListCategoryRationale:
This freshwater mussel is widespread in Europe where it is found in a range of habitats and is tolerant of poor conditions. There is evidence of decline at the northern edge of its range, and there is pressure from water management and exotic species, but as the species is still widespread it is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a widely distributed species. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain (UK), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Turkey (European part), Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands. It occurs throughout most of lowland England and into east Wales. It is rare in south-west and northern England, and from much of Wales, and is absent from Scotland. In Slovakia, it occurs in the upper and middle Danube and its tributaries and in the Tisza catchment.

population:
There is no comprehensive data about the population available. There is some evidence of local regional declines in south-east and northern England, and Scotland but this may be an artefact of lack of recording effort.The species has an average age of 9 years suggesting 30 years for an assessment period.

habitat:
This species lives mostly in calcareous water in large, slow-flowing rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs in lowlands , and occasionally in ponds, oxbows, and flooded gravel pits. Populations tend to be concentrated in the marginal zones of large rivers where a firm, muddy substrate is available, but it is found less commonly in sand, fine gravels and soft mud (Aldridge 1999). It extends further towards the upper reaches of rivers than other Unio species.

threats:
The major threats to this species include river (or canal) modification, river and canal management (dredging and weed cutting), destruction or over-dredging of large ponds and lakes, water quality decline, tourism and development pressure (e.g. marinas), competition or direct mortalities due to exotic species. This species is vulnerable to impacts from the continued spread of zebra mussels.  Studies in the UK (see Killeen et al. 2004) have shown that U. pictorum is relatively tolerant of polluted waters and can be the sole large mussel species present in waters immediately downstream of sewage outfalls. However, in France, Mouthon (1996) included the species in his list of species with lower tolerance to biodegradable pollution and in Sweden it is considered to have lower tolerance (Vincent Prie, pers. comm, 2010).

conservationAction:
There are potentially bad long term prospects for this species if the current intensive pressures on canal and river habitats continue. However if water quality improvement can be achieved under the Water Framework Directive to counteract current and future increased pressures then the prospects for this species are more positive, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management and the continued spread of zebra mussels.This species is considered as Least Concern (LC)in the UK, Czech Republic and Slovakia. There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place.The conservation status of the subspecies Unio pictorum pictorum is Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden, based on rare and isolated subpopulations. There has been a decrease in range of 25% and it is possibly fragmented.


taxonomicNotes:
U. tumidiformis has been a neglected species in Spain and Portugal and replaces U. crassus in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Araujo in: Barea-Azcón 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This is one of the most imperilled Iberian naiad species (Araujo, pers. comm., 2009). The endemic nature, host specificity, restricted distribution, population status and threatened habitat of U. tumidiformis make this species of the main importance from a conservation point of view. In all its distribution area, the habitual droughts eliminate many specimens, putting the populations in permanent danger of extinction.The water extraction and pollution by the increase of industry and farm development in areas near the rivers where the species lives is a constant threat. A population is known in Spain which had thousands of specimens until 2005, but has been practically extinct after the drought. The population of the Ruidera lakes is endangered by water pollution, urbanism (hotels, recreation areas) and loss of host fish populations. Several sub-populations have disappeared in the last 50 years from the two of the five river basins (Guadiana and Guadalquivir). In the Guadalquivir basin, there is no record of living specimens today, so this sub-population is considered lost. Therefore this species is considered as Vulnerable A2ac based on estimated loss of 30-35% of populations using data from recent loss of parts of 2 out of 5 sub-populations, relatively  restricted range (extent of occurrence under 20,000 km2), and the complete loss of all living specimens in one river basin as well as the decline in the sub-populations of the host-fish which are required for part of the life-cycle.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable A2ace at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union European regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2aceMediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2ae

range:
This species lives in the#river basins of the#south-western Iberian Peninsula.#Live populations are distributed throughout the Guadiana, Mira and Sado river basins in Spain and Portugal.#In Portugal it is known from Mira (Torgal River) and Sado basins.#It occurs in several tributaries of the Guadiana river in Spain (Estena, Milagro, Bullaque, Guadalmez) and Portugal (Amoreiras, Azambuja, Barranco do Vidigao, Caia, Chança, Foupana, Limas, Lucefecit, Marmelar, Odeleite, S. Pedro, Terges e Cobres, Vascao). There is#one population at the Ruidera lakes (Guadiana river, Spain).#

population:
It is estimated that between 30 and 35% of the total populations have been lost in the last 50 years. The generation length is 15-25 years, providing 3 generations as 45-75 years. Also one subpopulation which had thousands of specimens until 2005 is now practically extinct after the drought in that year. There is one good population at the Ruidera lakes (Spain).

habitat:
This species lives in temporary Mediterranean-type streams, on shores and slopes under the tree shadow, generally on sandy or muddy substrate at pool areas that do not dry up during the dry season. It can live in lakes (Ruidera lakes). In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish. Maturing of larvae (glochidia) is not always synchronous. Unio tumidiformis has proven to be an unusual host-specific species, apparently parasitizing only fishes of the genus Squalius, regardless of the mussel and fish species being sympatric or not. Successful encapsulation or complete metamorphosis was observed in five species: S. alburnoides complex, S. aradensis, S. caroliterti, S. pyrenaicus and S. torgalensis.

threats:
The habitat of this species is threatened by change of hydrologic regime of the streams, natural droughts, gravel extraction, water extraction, dams and impoundments. Loss of host fish, due to the introduction of exotic fish competitor, is also negatively affecting the species, as well as the increase of pollution due to intensive farming and industry.

conservationAction:
The species has been proposed for listing as Vulnerable A3c  in the Spanish Red List of Invertebrates and as Vulnerable A2c; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates. Special conservation interest must be devoted to the population of the Ruidera lakes. More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species, as well as on the habitat trends.


taxonomicNotes:
There are numerous subspecies recognised in Europe. Falkner et al. (2002) recognised 5 subspecies in different geographical regions; Switzerland, France, and Austria. The status of these subspecies has not been established, and as such they are not assessed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and although there is evidence of decline it does not meet the 30% decline over 30 years criteria. The major threats to this species mainly lie at the edge of the range. Therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is relatively widely distributed in Europe. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the species occurs in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania,#Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Ukraine.In Germany it inhabits all suitable habitats although it is missing in the German part of the Danube River (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003). In the Czech Republic the populations are concentrated in the southern Bohemia (fishponds nearby Trebon) and southern Moravia (Dyje and Morava rivers) (Beran 1998). In Slovakia it occurs mostly in the River Morava, Danube, Tisa, Vah and Hron.(Nagel et al. 2006). There is a patchy distribution throughout the UK, principally in the lowlands of England, Wales and Scotland (Aldridge pers. comm. 2010). This is the most widespread of the Unioid species in Sweden and Finland. This species is hardly present in Norway (von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010).Kantor et al. (2009) reported the species present in Russia, through to the Urals.# It is recognised there under several subpecies and species names (Tumidiana conus conus (Spengler, 1793) Ural river, Tumidiana conus borysthenensis (Kobelt, 1880) Ukraine, Belorussia, Tumidiana muelleri (Rossmässler, 1838) Irtysh River basin (within Chelyabinsk district), Tumidiana tumida falcatulus (Drouët, 1881) Ukraine River Kharkov).

population:
There is no comprehensive data about populations available. There is some evidence of local regional declines in south-east and northern England, and Scotland but this may be an artefact of a lack of recording effort. There is evidence of the species extinction in several localities in the Czech Republic.The average age of this species is 9 years, which suggests an assessment period of 30 years.

habitat:
This species is found in slow flowing rivers,#canals#and drainage channels, river oxbows, fish ponds, water reservoirs, and flooded gravel pits.The swollen river mussel lives principally in large, calcareous lowland rivers and canals, occurring less frequently in lakes and reservoirs.# Populations of Unio tumidus are concentrated in the marginal zones of large rivers where a firm, muddy substrate is available, although U.tumidus can be more abundant in the central channel than other unionid species (Aldridge 1999, Killeen et al. 2004). The mussel is found less commonly in sand, fine gravels and soft mud. U.tumidus lives in a narrower habitat range than U. pictorum being more restricted to larger bodies of good quality, oxygenated water.

threats:
The main threats to this species are river (or canal) modification, river and canal management (dredging and weed cutting), destruction or over-dredging of large ponds and lakes, water quality decline, tourism  development pressure (e.g. marinas), competition or direct mortalities due to exotic species. Conditions within the sediments seem to be decisive for the survival of juvenile mussels and thus for the age structure of the populations. Weber (2005) showed negative influences from sporadically occurring low oxygen and high ion concentrations in the water. Aldridge and McIvor (2003) showed premature evacuation of gills under hypoxic stress. In France Mouthon (1996) showed#Unio tumidus#(along with#Pseudanodonta complanata) to be the bivalve species least tolerant of biodegradable pollution whereas further north in Scandanvia it is considered the most tolerant species.

conservationAction:
There are currently no conservation actions targeting this species in place. This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia and Czech Republic. In some German states in south Germany where it is largely absent# it is considered as strongly threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is introduced in Europe therefore it has been assessed as Not Applicable (NA) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is not native to Europe, but is found in Netherlands, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Italy (mainland), Ukraine, and Hungary. This species is originally from east Asia, introduced in 1939 to south North America, in 1980 from North America to Europe (Portugal and south of France, 1994 Netherlands, 1999 Austria, 2000 Romania) (Animalbase 2011).

population:
The population trends of this species are unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in rivers and lakes.

threats:
This is an introduced species in Europe with no foreseen threats.

conservationAction:
This is an introduced species in Europe so no conservation measures are deemed necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not-native to Europe, but is widely recorded in region, and as such there are no threats (except to other species) and no conservation action needed as this is an invasive species which is spreading  rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.The assessment is Not Applicable, as a non-native species, but would have been Least Concern if considered native.

range:
This species is not-native to Europe, but is widely recorded as an introduction from Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Luxembourg France (Mainland), Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Italy (Mainland), Hungary and Romania. It has been introduced in North America, South America and Europe. It is thought to have arrived in Europe in 1970s to  Portugal and spread eastwards to Spain, France, The Netherlands,  Switzerland. Now occurs from the Norfolk Broads broads in Britain and extends to the  Danube in Romania (Minchin, 2008; see download from Daisie Database).# Son (pers. comm, 2009) notes that it is present in Ukraine. It is native to Southern and eastern Asia (eastern Russia, Thailand, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan), Australia, and Africa.

population:
A hemaphrodite (cross- and self-fertilizing) releasing a brooded  non-swimming pediveliger stage at 200µm length. Reproduces at ~15 °C  from about 6-10mm from three months of age with more than one brood a  year with releases from late spring to autumn (Michin, 2008).

habitat:
Oligotrophic to eutrophic flowing streams, rivers and lakes on  oxygenated muddy to sandy sediments, but also occurring among gravel and  cobbles. Also can occur in irrigation and drainage cuts.# It is tolerant of seasonal drying for weeks but intolerant of low oxygen levels and tolerates 2-34 °C and salinities to ~5‰ with short periods of up to 14psu, but intolerant of areas with high nutrient loads.

threats:
Although this species is intolerant of pollution and low oxygen levels in water, it is recognised as an invasive species which is spreading rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.

conservationAction:
No conservation action needed as an invasive species which is spreading rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.

useAndTrade:
It is used in ornamental ponds and aquaria and as angling bait.


taxonomicNotes:
Morton et al. (1998) reviewed the status of this genus, and noted that although many had considered the genus to be extinct, there was still one extant species in the cave systems in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. They regarded this species as a ‘living fossil’, as the species is a single representative of a genus that once had many species during Tertiary times.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range and habitat. It is only found within rivers within cave systems, and appears to have been isolated since the Tertiary era. The conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU A2ac), is based on the estimated loss of individuals in surviving sub-populations combined with total loss of sub-populations from sites that have been well monitored since the discovery of this living fossil. The loss range is between 25 and 35%, based on the estimated generation length of 25 years, providing an assessment period of up to 75 years. In some parts of the range the loss maybe more severe.

range:
This species is known around seven locations is Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. In Slovenia the species is known from one site where it was found as shell deposits. In Croatia there were originally 15 sites described from five sub-populations in the 1960's, but following extensive surveys only three have been re-discovered over the last two years. In Bosnia  Hercegovina it has been described from 13 sites of which four populations have been re-discovered (although not all original sites have been searched). According to Morton et al. (1998) in Bosnia  Hercegovina the species has been recorded from six cave systems at Lusci Palanka, Dabarska Pecina, Tihalijina, Metkovic and Popova Polje as well as from shells in springs at Isvir Krupe and Vrgarac. The main cluster of sites are between Spilt, Mostar and Dubrovnik.

population:
There is little data on population trends. In Bosnia  Hercegovina there is good evidence of serious declines. This species is believed to be long-lived, based on the growth rings in the shell, with an assumption that one growth ring is laid down each year. The estimated age of a species 12.7 mm in length was 25 years, and the largest known shells are over 25 mm (Morton et al. 1998). Morton et al. (1998) also suggests that sometimes there are years with high juvenile mortality and little recruitment.

habitat:
This species has been recorded from cave systems where it cements onto the rock surfaces. It lives as clusters of shells attached to the cave walls, with the waters having a relatively constant temperature of 9 degrees C and thec# clusters are not exposed to sunlight. These caves are only accessible during the summer periods, when after periods without rain, water levels within the caves drop, allowing access. This drop in water level is thought to be the trigger for reproduction, when the sperm are released into the water, and then in all probability ‘inhaled’ by the females from the water. The eggs are brooded internally and either released as larva with a short planktonic life, or as ‘crawl away’ juveniles, as is the case with Corbicula fluminea.

threats:
Main threats to the species come from pollution of groundwaters from domestic sources and agricultural runoff. # Although the species is able to withstand a late summer/early autumn drop in water levels, it would also be vulnerable to longer periods of draw-down (water extraction) as would happen if these cave waters were to be heavily exploited as a source of artesian waters for domestic supplies.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Croatia, however the pollution is still a problem for this species and urgent conservation actions are required to control polluting sources and reduce groundwater use for the extant populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has only recently been reviewed and found to differ from the more widespread species, D.polymorpha. The presence in four known locations, with threats of possible over-extraction of water, suggest the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis.# If the species is found to be more widespread, as some literature suggests, then a reassessment of Least Concern may be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU  27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the  European Union

range:
This species is known from confirmed records from the two southern European Lakes; Lake Trichonis and Lake Amvrakia. In addition, D.blanci also occurred sympatrically with D.presbensis in the two northern Lakes Pamvotis and Prespa. Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that it is possible that these maybe lone "migrant" specimens, as no juveniles were found in the surveys of the northern lakes, however, it may also be a factor related to the timing of collection of samples (Spring as opposed to Autumn). Albrecht et al. (2007) point out that due to the confusion in the literature, where these shells may have been regarded as a variety of D.polymorpha, it is under-recorded, and hence they believe that D.blanci maybe dominant in the southern part of mainland Europe, in Greece.

population:
The population trends of this species are unknown as it maybe under recorded.

habitat:
This species is found in lakes and possibly other man-made water bodies with slow flowing waters (e.g. canals and ponds).

threats:
Changes to the water quality in the lakes may impact the species, as well as repeated lowering of water levels due to use of the lake-waters. Albrecht et al. (2006) commented that even this species had suffered losses in the lake as the lake’s littoral zone has been damaged because of repeated massive recent water extractions. In 2005, there were almost no live molluscs from the lake proper, while common opportunistic species could be found only at the margins.

conservationAction:
A critical point in all conservation efforts related to the lakes described here is public awareness of the uniqueness of these ecosystems. This is unfortunately not the case at present. Water management plans must assure controlled water extraction. These regulations must be supervised and enforced. Sewage treatment systems should be installed along the actual lakes and all tributary systems. Agricultural practices should be more sustainable with reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use as ultimate goals. All these practices can only be effective if a concerted action plan can be implemented very soon in order to preserve this limnic fauna that is of continental importance.


taxonomicNotes:
A recent Dreissenid molecular phylogeny using COI and 16S sequences (Therriault et al. 2004) concluded that Dreissena bugensis and D. rostriformis actually represent distinct races of a single species (sequence divergence was 0.23 - 0.54%, comparable to intraspecific variability in other species). The authors recommended the ancestral name D. rostriformis be used, with two races, bugensis and distincta (Therriault et al. 2004, Orlova et al. 2005). However, there is still confusion over this. This species is also regarded by some as a subspecies of the invasive Zebra Mussel D. polymorpha (M. Seddon pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Dreissena bugensis has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at# both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to its widespread and abundant distribution. It is tolerant of a variety of habitats and demonstrates tolerance to habitat alteration.

range:
This species is native to the middle and south Caspian Sea at depths of 20 - 80 m (Therriault et al. 2004). Whilst the closely related species D. rostriformis has never been reported outside this historical distribution, this species has spread from the Black Sea basin north-east along the Volga River into Russia, north along the Dnieper River into Ukraine, and west along the Danube canal and Rhine as far as the Netherlands (van der Velde and Platvoet 2007). This species has also spread to North America and Canada, where it was first reported (from Lake Ontario) in 1991 (Therriault et al. 2004), and has since spread throughout the Great Lakes region and south-west to the Mississippi River, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Arizona and California (Benson et al. 2011, NatureServe 2010).

population:
This invasive species has steadily increased its abundance in Europe and North America in the last 10 - 20 years, colonizing the freshwater rivers and lakes and decimating native mussel populations through competitive interference. This species has now increased in its abundance to the extent that it is now displacing the highly invasive Zebra Mussel (D. rostriformis) (Ricciardi and Whoriskey 2004).

habitat:
This species occurs in freshwater or oligohaline (less than 3% salinity) rivers, lakes and canals; recorded at depths of 0 - 28 m in the Ukraine, but as deep as 130 m in the Great Lakes (Mills et al. 1996, Therriault et al. 2004).

threats:
There are no threats impacting on this species. This species itself threatens the biodiversity of the habitats it invades.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, and actions should in fact be taken to limit its spread and population growth, before the negative impacts on many ecosystems become irreversible. Records demonstrate that this species can tolerate low levels of salinity (Mills et al. 1996).Further research is recommended to determine whether this species and D. rostriformis are separate species or two races of the same species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is invasive in much of Europe, with less than 5% of its European range native, therefore it is considered as Not Applicable (NA) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is native to the drainage basins of the Black, Caspian and  Aral Seas (Birnbaum 2006). It is a highly invasive mussel, and has  spread throughout Europe, to southern Scandinavia and Britain, east into  Eurasia and south to Turkey via shipping canals. Rather than a natural  migration, this spread has been human-mediated and therefore this  species classes as an alien in these regions (Birnbaum 2006).

population:
This species can attain huge densities in parts of its range, sometimes up to 40,000 individuals per m2 (Birnbaum 2006).

habitat:
This species occurs in a range of habitats, from freshwater to  oligohaline (low salinity) waters in rivers, estuaries and coastal shallows of large brackish lakes (Therriault et al. 2004). In introduced regions it has been found at depths of below 60 m (Therriault et al. 2004). It is most abundant on hard surfaces in calm waters upstream of dams (Birnbaum 2006). Due  to its bio-fouling properties, especially of ship hulls and industrial  intake pipes (Birnbaum 2006), this species has had strong negative  economic consequences in countries to where it has spread. It also has  ecosystem-level impacts, including out-competing native taxa, slowing  down eutrophication, and biodeposition, although these seem to manifest  themselves towards the beginning of an invasion (Birnbaum 2006).

threats:
This species is widespread and highly invasive and is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats.

conservationAction:
This species is widespread and highly invasive, so there are no proposed conservation actions in place for the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that Dreissena stankovici is not the valid name for this taxon, as a form of D.blanci was described earlier for Lake Prespa: D.blanci f. presbensis Kobelt, 1915. The figures of this ‘form’ in the original description (Kobelt 1915: plate 566, figure 2877, 2878) show the same high winged and keeled shell that is typical for D.stankovici. As Kobelt (1915) studied a large series of specimens of this form, they assume them to represent D.stankovici and not nominal D.blanci blanci, a single juvenile specimen of which they found in Lake Prespa as well.# Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) currently listed the species as Dreissena stankovici.

redListCategoryRationale:
#This species has only recently been reviewed and found to differ from the more widespread species, D.polymorpha. The presence in six known locations, with threats of possible over-extraction of water in two of the lakes in Greece, suggest the species should be listed as Near Threatened (NT), on a precautionary basis.# If the species is found to be more widespread, as some literature suggests, then a reassessment of Least Concern would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU  27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the  European Union, as it is only found in four lakes in Greece, with a possible threat of over-extraction of water.

range:
The species is currently only known on the basis of confirmed records using molecular data from# Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa, Lake Skutari, Lake Dojran, Lake Pamvotis and Lake Vegoritis. However Albrecht et al. (2007) point out that due to the confusion in the literature, where these shells may have been regarded as a variety of D.polymorpha, it is under-recorded, and hence they believe that D.presbensis appears to be dominant in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. Most records of D.polymorpha in the region will require review, as result of this work, to determine whether they are D.polymorpha, D.blanci or D.presbensis, as Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that no specimens collected from the Balkan lakes were confirmed as D.polymorpha, so in their view it is not found there.

population:
There is no information on population trends of this species, and it may be under-recorded.

threats:
Changes to the water quality in the lakes may impact the species, as well as repeated lowering of water levels due to use of the lake-waters.

conservationAction:
Water management plans must assure controlled water extraction. These regulations must be supervised and enforced. Sewage treatment systems should be installed along the actual lakes and all tributary systems. Agricultural practices should be more sustainable with reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use as ultimate goals. All these practices can only be effective if a concerted action plan can be implemented very soon in order to preserve this limnic fauna that is of continental importance.

useAndTrade:
There is no trade and use information for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This non-native species is thought to have spread to Europe as early as 1835 with  records close to ports and canals over northern Europe. It is invasive, and as such this species is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats, although in parts of the range it is targeted for removal. It is considered as Not Applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Not Applicable.

range:
This species is thought to have spread to Europe as early as 1835 with records from Belgium, where it gradually dispersed along coasts, and  is now found along the North Sea coasts from Germany to France,  including the Thames Estuary and Cardiff# Bay in Great Britain (Oliver et al. 1998). There are records from the Baltic Sea in 2000, when it was found near Rostock. In 2003 it had further dispersed to the Gulf of Finland (Laine et al. 2006). In 1996 it was found at a salinity of 15 ppt in Wales, UK (Oliver et al. 1998), and in 2003 it was identified from the estuary of the river Guadalquivir in Spain (Escot et al. 2003). In all cases where localities are described these have been man-made, such as ports and canals, or very close to ports.

population:
There is no data on population trends, but the range is believed to be expanding.

habitat:
It is found in brackish and marine waters, in docks, lagoons and canals. It was found near Rostock in a salinity of 0.7-2.5ppt (Darr Zettler 2000) and salinity of 15 ppt in Wales, UK (Oliver et al. 1998).

threats:
This species is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats, although in parts of the range it is targeted for removal.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions necessary as this is an invasive species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe, and is found in many types of water-body, and hence it is not considered to be threatened, nor to be in need of conservation actions, and therefore it is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe (Bank et al. 2006) although rarer in the south-eastern Mediterranean, where it is present at several locations in Syria and Turkey. The range is probably Holarctic, and although it occurs principally in Europe, it has been widely spread elsewhere (e.g. China, Hong Kong).

population:
Information on the population status and trend of this species has not been given.

habitat:
Musculium lacustre occurs in a wide range of freshwater habitats in hard or soft water, but it is most frequently occurring in swamps, ponds and marsh drains, or in the well-vegetated margins of rivers and canals (Killeen pers. comm. 2009). The species is tolerant of moderately polluted water or stagnant, poorly oxygenated conditions, and places subject to periods of drought.# In poor environments M. lacustre may be the only bivalve present. M. lacustre occurs on muddy substrates often over anoxic mud, and frequently where there is a dense vegetation cover.# It generally occurs crawling amongst weeds and at the substrate/weed interface. It is mostly a very shallow water, lowland species often occurring in habitats which are subject to some seasonal drying.

threats:
There are no current threats to this species.   However the types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered to have very little conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, and destruction and infilling of pools.

conservationAction:
This species is viewed as Least Concern in many European countries.# It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (Glöer and Meier-brook 2003). There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is not considered to be native to Europe, and as such the species should be assessed as Not Applicable (NA) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union as it is an introduced species to this region.

range:
This is a North American species widely introduced to parts of Europe. It was first reported in England in the mid 19th century, and also cited from The Netherlands (Kerney 1999).

population:
The species was more common last century and has been declining in the UK, where it was established in the 19th century (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is known from canals in Germany and The Netherlands.                 In England this species has been recorded only from canals and canalised rivers (Kerney 1999). The records from Europe are also from such habitats. In its native North America the species occurs in a much wider range of freshwater habitats including rivers, creeks, ponds and pools. Kerney (1999) notes that the species prefers a muddy substrate and can tolerate anaerobic bottom conditions. The most recent record from England (Lindley 2006) records specimens from thick mud in a managed canal in north Yorkshire.

threats:
This species is moderately tolerant of polluted habitats and is under no threat in Europe, where it is potentially expanding its range.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed for this species.

useAndTrade:
There is no information relating to the trade or use of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is still widespread in Europe. It is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline, however, at present, and without up-to-date surveys, there is insufficient data to indicate whether the species is under any real threat. Therefore it is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union until further information regarding its population trends and threats are available.

range:
This is a palaearctic species occurring throughout most of Europe but becoming rarer to the north, in Iceland and Scandinavia and in the south-eastern Mediterranean region. The species is present at several locations in Syria and Turkey. It has been introduced to eastern North America.

population:
There is no available information on the population status or trend of this species. This is a very short-lived species, and as such assessment period would be10 years.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide range of lowland, permanent, usually flowing habitats: streams, rivers, canals, large drainage ditches, but less often in lakes and large ponds. This species prefers clean, calcareous water.

threats:
The major threats to this species include pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that P. amnicum was one of the species of Pisidium most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species in Europe. This species is regarded as a Endangered (category 2) in Germany, Vulnerable in The Netherlands, Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, and Least Concern in the UK, Republic of Ireland and Hungary.


redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution of Pisidium annandalei includes parts of south-east Europe: Sicily, Greece, southern Italy, Israel and Turkey (Bank et al. 2006). It is widely scattered, and so maybe a candidate for Least Concern, but there is little detail on distribution. Organic pollution, eutrophication and over-abstraction of water for  domestic and agricultural supplies are considered possible threats in Europe, however the extent to which these are impacting the species is uncertain, and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Kuiper (1981) first recorded the species from the Mediterranean region, as it was originally described from India. The distribution of Pisidium annandalei now includes parts of south-east Europe: Sicily, Greece, southern Italy, Israel and Turkey (Bank et al. 2006).

population:
There is little population trend data for Europe, as like as Pisidium species, it is difficult to identify and requires expert assistance to confirm determinations.

habitat:
It is restricted to springs, and small to medium sized streams.

threats:
Organic pollution and eutrophication have been noted as the major threats to this species in south Asia, and it is thought that these threats also apply in Europe, as well as over-abstraction of water for domestic and agricultural supplies.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species in Europe and none are considered necessary. More data on distribution and the impacts of the identified threats is required to confidently assess the species' conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors place the species in the subgenus Euglesa. Pisidum casertanum varies considerably in size, shape, shell thickness, and hinge features (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009). Many of the forms have been assigned varietal names of which the most distinct are Pisidum casertanum f. ponderosa, Pisidum casertanum f. humeriforme and Pisidum casertanum f. globulare. The latter is now recognised as a distinct species and is treated separately in this review. Pisidum casertanum form ponderosa is also regarded as a distinct species by many continental authors and so requires further research.

redListCategoryRationale:
This cosmopolitan species is widespread throughout Europe and is not considered threatened, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This cosmopolitan species is widespread throughout in Europe and has been recorded at several locations in Syria. It is found living on every continent (except Antarctica).

population:
There is insufficient data on the population trends of this species across the range, although there is a decline in some parts of the region.

habitat:
This species is found in the widest possible range of freshwater habitats, in virtually every type of habitat from the largest lowland calcareous rivers to the poorest quality high altitude flushes. Pisidium casertanum form ponderosa occurs mostly in large rivers and canals.

threats:
Given the cosmopolitan distribution and abundance of occurrence there are few perceived threats to this species. Mouthon (1996) found P. casertanum to be the Pisidum species most tolerant of biodegradable pollution. There is a potential future threat to some locations in the future from abstraction of surface water or from pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are considered necessary.

useAndTrade:
There is no known trade in this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is an Arctic-Alpine species, and hence present in suitable habitats in the northern part of the the range and no specific threats to the species are known. As this species inhabits cold waters in  lakes and tarns,  their water temperature may be adversely compromised by future climate  change. Overall it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, although some sub-populations may be threatened.

range:
This species has a holarctic distribution, but is restricted to cold water, either in circumpolar areas, or at high elevations. In Europe, it has mainly a relictual distribution in high altitude lakes, hence it has a scattered range, wide ranging in Scandinavia but localised further south.   It is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) in the Faroe Islands (Denmark), Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy (mainland). This is a rare species in Britain, having been recorded only from Snowdonia in Wales, Helvelyn in the English Lake District, and a few locations in Scotland. In Italy, there are three localities. Five localities are situated outside the Alpine area in Germany.

population:
There is no population data available for this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits mostly deep oligotrophic waters. It tolerates a lack of calcium. It is found in the profundal zone (below the range of effective light penetration) of large lakes. It occurs mostly in cold mountain tarns and lakes and also in deep lochs at lower altitudes (e.g. Loch Ness). It is adapted to a narrow range of environmental conditions and its optimum temperature conditions are 3.86°C-6.85°C (Killeen et al. 2004).

threats:
No specific threats to this species are known. The species habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by conversion of the water bodies into reservoirs, but in general, it is unlikely that the lakes in which this species lives are under threat from pollution or drainage. However, their water temperature may be adversely compromised by future climate change.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions targeting the species are in place. In some countries in the southern part of the range it is considered to be a species of conservation interest, as these habitats could be compromised by climate change; in Great Britain this species is listed as Vulnerable, based on few locations (unpublished manuscript, M. Seddon and I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Recent molecular studies confirmed the close relationship of this species with the endemic Lake Prespa pea clam# Pisidium maasseni and the widespread P. nitidum (Schultheiß et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pisidium edlaueri is endemic to the lake, which is smaller than 358 km2, and it is present only in one location where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to eutrophication and macrophyte growth affecting the oxygen availability for this species. The extent of the habitat is also shrinking, in particular on the southern shore and the ecology of the species makes it more sensitive to habitat changes. It is therefore assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This small freshwater bivalve is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009), where it is mainly found on the northern and southern sandy beaches (Schultheiß et al. 2008).

population:
This is a locally abundant species (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in littoral zone and partly in the sub-littoral zone on soft substrates. It is a very small pea-clam (3 to 5 mm), living in the soft substrate.

threats:
Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small mussel and its ability to filter water. The eutrophication of the lake due to agricultural pollution results in the growth of macrophytes, covering the soft substrate and diminishing the oxygen availability within the substrate (anoxic).

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. More sustainable management of the watershed is needed to reduce the eutrophication of the lake. Habitat monitoring for this species would be recommended.  ###########


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally considered to be a variety of the widespread  species Pisidium castertanum. However, Araujo and Korniushin (1998) showed that  Pisidium globulare was a good species based on both shell morphological  characters and anatomical features.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout northern and central Europe and is not considered threatened, but as this is a recently elevated from a form to a full species the distributional data is limited and so the range may well extend to other countries currently not listed. This species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
A European species found in northern and central Europe which extends to Russia, and is not found in the Mediterranean, based on current knowledge. In Europe records include Norway, Sweden, Lithuania, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Latvia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and UK (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010) however, more countries may recognise the species now that it has been separated from Pisidium castertanum.

population:
As this is a recently separated species, the population trends are unknown.

habitat:
In mainland Europe, Pisidium globulare has been recorded from swamps, forest pools, wet meadows, littoral zone of small ponds and lakes, often in the floodplains of large lowland rivers. The habitats are often ephemeral, shallow and naturally high in nutrients.

threats:
The types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered to have little conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, and destruction and infilling of pools, however these threats are localised and are not considered to be problematic over the region.


taxonomicNotes:
Kantor et al. (2009) noted that the species was placed in genus Henslowiana Fagot, 1892 however, this genus name is used at subgeneric level elsewhere in Europe and North America.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe and given the lack of threats throughout its range, this species should be considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a Palearctic species which is widespread in lowland Europe. Its distribution is more scattered in southern Europe and it becomes much less frequent in northern Scandinavia and almost absent from Norway.# Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) recorded the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).Kantor et al. (2009) list the species as extending to Siberia, and P. henslowanum also occurs in eastern North America although there is conjecture over its status as a native species as it is a species known to be moved by birds (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009)

population:
There is no current information about population trends of this species available. It is a short-lived species and hence needs to be assessed over 10 year period. It is locally abundant in some countries (Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia).

habitat:
This species occurs in several types of freshwater habitats e.g. rivers, fish ponds and lakes. In rivers it prefers a sand-muddy substrate.

threats:
There are no specific threats to the species.   The general threats to Pisidium species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that P. henslowanum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution. Kuiper  Wolff (1970) showed that P. henslowanum was very resistant to pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions targeting the species over the region. In some parts of the range, habitat monitoring may be required to evaluate the changes to the species. If water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, it would benefit this species, however some decline is likely through the loss of habitat as a result of water course management.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a northern European species, that is one of the most common species in northern Scandinavia, but in the south, the species has been in decline (Spain and Italy). Owing to its widespread distribution and only localised threats the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in northern Europe, where Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) recorded it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland) and Ukraine.Kantor et al. (2009) noted that it was in the central part of Dnieper basin in Russia.

population:
There is no comprehensive data about the population available. In Germany it is sporadically distributed and in Czech Republic it is relatively rare. A survey of 337 sites in southern and south central England in 2000-2002 showed that the species was still widespread in that area (Killeen  Willing 2004).# However, as appears to be normal for species in lowland rivers, P. hibernicum was found to be very locally distributed and usually in low abundance – demonstrating that detailed, systematic sampling is required to locate the species in these habitats.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide range of aquatic habitats, in both calcareous and soft water (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009). It lives in rivers, canals and large drains through to ponds, lakes and upland tarns. The species occurs in stagnant waters such as fish ponds and swamps). It can be found in slow flowing rivers with muddy substrates.

threats:
In lowland rivers the principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. The species habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources, angling activities, and invasive species (e.g. zebra mussels). Mouthon (1996) showed that P. hibernicum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions targeting this species across its range although it is considered threatened in some countries. In Czech Republic it is considered Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005), in Spain it is Vulnerable, in Italy it is Near Threatened and in Germany it is Category 3.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is rare in northern Sweden and Norway. The number of locations will vary depending on the nature of the threat. Climate change may become a threat, as the species lives in cold water, and as such, the number of locations will be less than 10, as this threat could operate on multiple sites at the same time. So an assessment of Near Threatened (NT) at the European level is proposed for this species, as the time-scale over which this is happening is unlikely to be within 10 years. Should the rate of change escalate, then the assessment for Europe may be Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)). This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, as it is only found in three sites in Sweden.

range:
The species has a northern holarctic distribution, with scattered occurrences from Kamchatka through Siberia to northern Sweden and Norway. It has also been found in Alaska, and the total distribution is probably circumpolar. It has been recorded from three sites in Sweden and approximately ten in Norway. Only two of the Scandinavian records are situated south of the Arctic Circle.

population:
Recent information concerning the population status and trends of this species is lacking, but the population trend is believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in small lakes in the pre-alpine region, in Sweden one record has also been made in the spruce (taiga) zone. Like Pisidium waldeni, Pisidium conventus and Sphaerium nitidum it is a pronounced stenotopic (only able to tolerate a restricted range of environmental conditions) cold water species and is found at depths of 2-10 m. The species' ecology is poorly known.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known, however exploitation of lakes for hydroelectricity may, due to the large variations in water level, be a potential threat. The split-up distribution and the few localities of this species makes it vulnerable to chance effects. In Norway, it is also found in isolated localities and it is considered to be a threatened species, although it is not listed on the Red List. Possible longer term threats come from water temperature changes as a result of future climate change.

conservationAction:
All older localities should be re-investigated and targeted investigations in suitable lakes in the pre-mountain region should be performed to get up-to-date information concerning the species’ status. Current localities should be protected against exploitation. In Sweden, it is classified as Vulnerable (VU) D2, due to its very restricted area of occupancy.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe, being most common in northern countries, becoming rarer in southern countries, where it is sometimes considered threatened. As the species is not facing threats across its entire range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species has a holarctic range occurring principally in northern latitudes and in upland areas in more southerly countries. In Europe it is boreo-alpine. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Is. (Denmark) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland) and Ukraine.

population:
There is no population trend data available for this species.

habitat:
A boreal relict species found mostly in upland areas from small tarns to very large lakes and lochs, but also occurs occasionally in the sheltered margins of swift-flowing rivers and streams (Killeen et al. 2004). This species  is tolerant of a wide alkalinity range but occurs more often in soft water. The species lives in a wide range of sediment types but unlike most other Pisidium species it also occurs commonly in coarser sandy or gritty substrates.

threats:
In northern countries thus species is not viewed as being threatened, however towards the southern limits, threats include pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, impounding, and changes to flow regimes. The species' habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by conversion of the water bodies into reservoirs, drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources, angling activities, and invasive species (e.g. zebra mussels).

conservationAction:
The species is not considered threatened, except towards the southerly limits of the range; in the United Kingdom it is considered to be borderline for Near Threatened (NT), in Germany it is Category 2, in Spain it is Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)) (Verdú and Galante 2009). There is little recent survey data for this species, as like most Pisidium species it is difficult to identify, however, survey data will be required from southern parts of range to determine future trends in the status of this species.

useAndTrade:
There is no use or trade information available for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Recent molecular studies confirmed the close relationship of this species with the endemic Lake Ohrid pea clam P. edlaueri and the widespread P. nitidum (Schultheiß et al., 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pisidium maasseni is small freshwater bivalve is restricted to Lake Prespa, where the range (EOO) is smaller than 500 km2 and where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality in relation with eutrophication and macrophyte growth affecting the oxygen availability for this species. The extent of the habitat is also shrinking, in particular on the eastern shore and the ecology of the species makes it more sensitive to habitat changes. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:This species is restricted to Lake Prespa, with a smaller EOO in Greece (EU27), the range area and the declining quality of habitat would be appropriate for Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

range:
Pisidium maasseni is restricted to Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece (Schultheiss et al., 2008). The total surface area is 254km² and it lies between the three countries with190 km² in FYROM, 84.8 km² in Greece and 38.8 km² in Albania.

population:
This is a locally abundant species in Lake Prespa.

habitat:
This small bivalve, a pea-clam, is found in freshwater habitats where it is found in littoral zone of the lake on soft substrates.

threats:
The increase of sediment load as the result of erosion of the neighbouring area impacts this small bivalve and its ability to filter water. The eutrophication related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the adjacent area to the lake results in the growth of macrophytes, covering the soft substrate and diminishing the oxygen availability within the substrate (anoxic). The introduction of alien fish species for recreational fishing has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this endemic species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake. Habitat monitoring should be introduced to determine the impacts of sedimentation and declining water quality for this species. The impact of the introduced fish are unknown, but the pea-clams are known to be fish-food in other lake habitats, and so more understanding of the impacts of the native and introduced species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as it is widespread throughout these regions in suitable habitats. It is more localised than some of the Pisidium species leading to listing as a species of conservation interest in some countries.

range:
This holarctic species is widespread in Europe. It is recorded by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Spain (mainland), Ukraine, and Greece.   Elsewhere it is known from North Africa and North America.

population:
This is a widespread species but it usually has small local populations.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, both calcareous and non-alkaline, particularly in ponds, marshy pools and drainage ditches with swampy conditions. Although it is found in streams, rivers and canals it usually only occurs where there are densely vegetated margins (Killeen et al. 2004).

threats:
The threats to this species are very localised and not impacting it throughout its range. In lowland rivers the principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. In ponds, swamps, roadside ditches, fens and marshes, the species' habitat is threatened by destruction of habitat, drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species is relatively tolerant of biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions targeting the species across its range, and although considered threatened in some countries, it is not the subject of conservation actions, and none are considered necessary over the entire range although local actions maybe necessary.This species has been assessed for national red lists in some countries. In Czech Republic it is considered Near Threatened (Beran et al. 2005), in Germany# Category 3 (Near Threatened) (Glöer 2002), in Slovakia Vulnerable (Steffek and Vavrova 2006) and in Great Britain Least Concern (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
This European and western Palearctic species is not threatened through its range, however there localised threats to the species, particularly the pollution of its habitats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, however targeted surveying is recommended to monitor localised declines.

range:
This is a European and western Palearctic species. Its range covers Europe from Ireland to western Russia, and southern Scandinavia. Apart from some places in the Balkans, it is largely absent from southern Europe. The species is also known from Kazakhstan, Israel, Turkey and Syria, and has been introduced into North America (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009).In Ireland P. moitessierianum was thought to be extinct at one time but discovered along the Royal and Grand Canals by Moorkens and Killeen (2005). It has since been recorded from Lough Conn, Co. Mayo (I. Killeen and E. Moorkens, pers. comm., 2009).

population:
There is little data available on the population of this species, so the current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in a relatively narrow range of habitats - principally in canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It occurs less frequently in small rivers, streams and large lakes. The species lives in calcareous, generally unpolluted habitats in mud and fine sediments, sometimes in gritty sand (Killeen et al. 2004)

threats:
This species is not threatened throughout its range, however localised threats are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species was one of the species of Pisidium most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
If water quality improvement can be achieved under the Water Framework Directive to counteract current and future increased pressures on water-bodies then the population status of this species may improve, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management (unpublished manuscript, I. Killeen  M. Seddon 2009). #There has been relatively little survey for Pisidium species in general over the last 10 years. Without up-to-date data it is not possible to determine if the species is a candidate for categorising as Threatened. Hence, further, targeted surveying in areas of decline are required to determine the current status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Pisidium nitidum form crassa is regarded by some authors as a distinct species. It differs in having a rather more trapezoidal shell outline, coarser striations and a more solid hinge (Killeen et al. 2004, Glöer Meierbrook 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
This holarctic species is widespread throughout Europe, as is not threatened across its range, however there are localised threats, particularly from pollution of its habitats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a widely distributed holarctic species found throughout Europe, possibly North Africa and in North America (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010). Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from# Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine and Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).

population:
There is no comprehensive data available about the population trends of this species, however it is likely that the population is stable. Where found this it is usually the dominant species.

habitat:
This species occurs in a wide range of moderately clean aquatic habitats, mostly in flowing drainage ditches, streams, rivers and canals, but also in lakes and ponds. The crassa form occurs principally in canals and large slow-flowing rivers (Killeen et al. 2004)

threats:
There are no specific threats to this species throughout its range, however localised threats include   pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that#this species is moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place, and none are needed across its range, although some localised actions may be necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Palaearctic species is present throughout Europe to high latitudes within the Arctic Circle. Due to a lack of significant threats across its European range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This Palaearctic species is present throughout Europe to high latitudes within the Arctic Circle. Fauna Europea list the species from: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, FL, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (Mainland), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Ukraine and Greece (including Andikíthira I., Evvia I., Ionian Is., Samothráki I., Northern Sporades Is., Thásos I.) (Bank et al. 2006).

population:
There is insufficient data on populations to establish the trends over Europe.

habitat:
This is principally a lentic species (standing water). It is found primarily in ponds, but also swampy habitats and marsh drains which usually have very dense aquatic vegetation. It also lives in pools, ditches, fens, marshes and bogs, often in situations which are prone to desiccation. Further sites are known from canals, large rivers and lakes but usually only in swampy margins. The species is tolerant of hard and soft water.

threats:
The types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered not to have any conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, destruction and infilling of pools, and so on.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place or deemed necessary at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The widespread distribution of this species in Europe and the lack of overall threats means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Latvia, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (mainland) and North Aegean Islands (Greece). According to van Damme (pers. comm. 2010) it has also been recorded in Syria, two springs in Lebanon and in north Africa.

population:
There is no information available on the population status or trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is characteristic of poor quality habitats such as small streams and trickles, roadside ditches, ponds, pools in fields, upland flushes, pools in woodland, and bodies of water subject to desiccation. It lives in both hard and soft water. It is also found in the margins of lowland rivers and large lakes particularly in ephemeral shallows and confluences with ditches. It can live in saturated ground (for example in flushes, fens and bogs) and in pools to depths of a few metres. It has been recorded at altitudes over 900m (Killeen et al. 2004).

threats:
This species is not threatened throughout its range, however localised  threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through  eutrophication or other chemical sources (van Damme, pers. comm., 2009), alteration of water courses,  changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of  invasive species. Water abstraction is a potential threat in the southern countries of the range in Europe.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are required, although the species is listed in some parts of range as Threatened, these threats are localised.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although sometimes locally rare, the widespread distribution of this species and the lack of significant threats  means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a European species, mostly occurring in northern Europe as far north as southern Scandinavia and stretching to Ukraine, Ireland and Italy (Castagnolo et al. 1980, Falkner et al. 2001, Korniushin 1996). In the Czech Republic it is known from only two localities (in 1976), but in 1996 it was recorded only at one site. It is sporadically distributed in the northern and southern parts of Germany. In the United Kingdom this is a locally distributed species found principally in southern and eastern England: the Somerset Levels, Pevensey Levels, Romney Marsh, Kent Levels, East Anglian Broads and Marshes, and occasionally elsewhere (Kerney 1999).

population:
There is no comprehensive data about population available. In the U.K there have been a significant number of new records in the past 10 years as a result of detailed surveys of grazing marsh complexes particularly for other Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) molluscs (e.g. Segmentina nitida, Anisus vorticulus) (Kerney 1999). There is sufficient evidence to indicate that, at present, the species may be increasing within its current range which supports the preferred habitat, although not necessarily outside this range.

habitat:
The species occurs mostly in shallow waters. It is a lowland species that is sometimes a common component in drains and ditches on grazing marsh complexes but is found occasionally in larger drains and ponds. It occurs in richly vegetated, swampy habitats with clean, standing water and a muddy substrate.

threats:
The species is threatened by land drainage and pollution, eutrophication, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, destruction and infilling of pools, and so on.#In the U.K the richly vegetated swampy drainage ditch habitat that the species is found in is the sort of habitat that is particularly subject to dredging and clearing often for conservation of other invertebrates which may not necessarily be appropriate for P. pseudosphaerium and other molluscs which require these habitats. The future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under  the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through the  loss of habitat as a result of water course management.

conservationAction:
In the U.K it is proposed as Near Threatened (NT). The future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through the loss of habitat as a result of water course management.In Slovakia the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Nagel et al. 2006), as in the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005), where there is protection of the one site where the species is still known to be present. There is likely to be species introduction to suitable sites in the future in this country.Although sometimes locally rare, this species has a widespread distribution and no conservation actions are required on a species scale at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The widespread distribution of this species and localised threats means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is Palearctic in its distribution, mostly in lowland northern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) reported it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and Ukraine.

population:
The population trends of this species are unknown at a European scale, however it is locally declining in parts of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in good quality, clean, calcareous water, in small rivers/large streams, small disused canals, and drainage ditches (especially those with a flow). It is also found in lakes and ponds and occurs much less frequently in large, managed canals and slow-flowing rivers.

threats:
The principal threats to this species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. P. pulchellum is considered to be one of the species of Pisidum most sensitive to pollution (Mouthon 1996).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring and data on population trends are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although there is evidence of decline in some parts of the range, the widespread distribution of this  species and the lack of significant threats  means that it is classified  as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe where it is found from Ireland, Iceland and Spain to Latvia and Finland. In southern Europe, it is present although rarer in the Mediterranean region and it has been observed in Turkey and, more recently, in Lebanon (Van Damme, pers. comm. 2010)

population:
The species is known to have declined in some parts of its range. However, no information on the population status or trend over the whole range has been available.

habitat:
The species occurs in different types of freshwater habitats such as slow flowing rivers, canals, oxbows, fish ponds and flooded gravel pits.

threats:
While there are no current major threats impacting this species, there are localized threats from pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. However, Mouthon (1996) has shown that P. subtruncatum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species across the range, although local actions may be in place. Although the species is still widespread at present, it has been declining in parts of the range (Killeen pers. comm, 2009). Hence further surveys are needed to determine the decline levels, and then determine whether further actions are necessary.


range:
This species has a Palearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern Europe and southern Scandinavia. It is generally rare in southern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed the species for Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. It has a sporadic distribution in Germany, Czech Republic and Poland (Vavrova pers. comm. 2010); in Germany it is mainly present in the northern areas with isolated records in the south .In Great Britain (UK) the species is found principally in central, lowland England – the area often referred to as the canal basin, and the large river catchments in Yorkshire. It is absent from Scotland and there are no recent records from the Welsh borders (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is little data available on the population trends across the range of this species. In Great Britain (UK) a survey of 337 sites in southern and south central England in 2000-2002 showed that the species was present and locally abundant in the largest rivers (e.g. Thames, Cherwell and Thame) but very sparse or absent elsewhere (Killeen and Willing 2004)

habitat:
This species lives in a relatively narrow range of clean, calcareous habitats. In Britain it is virtually restricted to canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It occurs in a range of substrates from mud through to sandy grit, often in deeper water than for many other Pisidium species, and is less common in very shallow margins.

threats:
No specific threats to the species have been identified, however water pollution and subsequent ecosystem degradation could negatively influence the species' population.

conservationAction:
There is no information about conservation actions targeting this species. In Bulgaria it is listed as Extinct in the forthcoming Red Data Book of Bulgaria: Volume 2 Animals (in press).


redListCategoryRationale:
In some parts of its range this species  is extinct, in other parts it nearly qualifies for Vulnerable based on recent decline rate and loss of local populations. However the overall range and the habitats are such that the species currently meets the criteria for Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. This is species should be monitored as the decline rates may accelerate, depending on future water quality issues and long-term changes in river management practices.

range:
This species is widely distributed across the western Palearctic from the Mediterranean to southern Sweden and eastwards to Belarus (Drisviaty Lake) and Russia. It has a scattered distribution in many countries (e.g. UK, France, Germany, Poland). This species is also known to occur in Israel, Syria and more recently, from two springs in Lebanon.This is a rare and endangered bivalve in the Czech Republic (Beran and Horsak 2001) - only about 15 localities were known before 2000, but a survey of# most of these localities showed the species was missing. However, two new localities were found in 2000 at two brooks (Liběchovka and Pšovka, Central and Northern Bohemia) in the Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area.There are scattered records of this species from Loir et Cher and Jura (Brault and Gervais 2004), but it is known more widely throughout other areas of France; Pas de Calais (Cucherat, 2003) and 23 lakes across France (Mouthon 1993).        There are scattered records of this species from Northern and Central Italy; it was only recorded from twenty 10 km squares. There are no records from Sardinia (Cianfanelli, Giusti and Manganelli, pers. comm., 2009).    This species is considered Extinct# in the Netherlands (de Bruyne et al. 2003), based on absence of records in period 1985-2000, compared to 1965-1984.The status of this species in Spain is uncertain. The species was cited with doubts in Spain by Araujo (1995). In the UK this species is mainly found in central southern England, principally the Hampshire and Thames basins.# It is also known from south and south-east Wales (Rivers Lugg, Monnow and Usk), Yorkshire (Rivers Wharfe and Ure), the River Mimram in Hertfordshire and the River Axe in Devon. It was formerly known from rivers and canals in the Midlands and from ponds in Sussex, and Herefordshire. The species has not been recorded from Scotland (I. Killeen, pers. comm., 2009).In Germany this species is known to the south from North Rhine Westphalia and Brandenburg and sporadically in the southern part of Germany. (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003)

population:
This species is in decline in Europe. It has been found to be extinct in some parts of the range, and in other countries thought to have declined (in the UK there have been declines of 39% in the period 1965-1998, and more recently down to 19% and stabilising (M. Seddon and I. Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). Studies in Britain (Killeen and Willing 2004) have shown that this species frequently occurs in low numbers, rarely comprising more than 10% of all Pisidium individuals from a sample, although in some places (e.g. River Whitewater, Pang) it has been found in abundances as high as 80% of all individuals in a sample.Mouthon (2008) has shown that this small bivalve gives birth to two or three generations per year that emerge from May to September. The sampling in the French Upper Rhône shows the presence throughout the year of gravid individuals and newborns suggests that each individual reproduces several times during its lifetime (iteroparity) of one to two years, and in European Pisidium this reproduction strategy has only been observed in populations of P. conventus living in deep zones of lakes, however, it does not appear to endow P. tenuilineatum with any particular advantage since it is most usually represented by only small populations

habitat:
In Britain this species  lives principally in clean, calcareous, unpolluted, lowland rivers, large streams and occasionally in ponds. The species lives in both swift and slow-flowing water, most often in fine sediments that accumulate at river margins, particularly on the downstream side of tall, emergent macrophytes. In Poland Piechocki (1989) records that its characteristic habitats are small lowland rivers with fine bottom sediments, in which it is sometimes abundant. It tolerates low levels of calcium (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003).

threats:
The principal threats to this species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species is the species of Pisidum most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.# In Poland Piechocki (1992) highlighted the sensitivity of the species to orthophosphate, and more recently in the UK, studies have shown that the distributional limits within a river are affected by levels of orthophosphate (Killeen and Willing 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is Red listed in several European countries (Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and some federal regions of Germany). No conservation actions are known for this species across its range,  although local actions are in place in some areas. Although the species is still  widespread at present, it has been declining in parts of its  range, hence further surveys are needed to determine the decline  levels, and then determine whether further actions are necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has been placed in the Family is listed as Sphaeriidae, although some authors regard the Pisidium as worthy of listing as a distinct family Pisiidae, traditionally it is still placed as a subfamily of the Sphaeriidae.

redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe this species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland. It is widespread in suitable habitats (Kuiper et al. 1989). No threats are known for this species and thus it is treated as Least Concern (LC) at the European Level and at at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a circumpolar species. In Europe this species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland. It is widespread in suitable habitats (Kuiper et al. 1989).

population:
There is little information available. It is often found in low numbers in Sweden.

habitat:
This species lives at depth in the Profundal zone in cold stenothermal lakes and on mountains up to 1,300 m asl.

threats:
There is no information on specific threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place or currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently revised and S. ovale and S. nucleus spilt from S. corneum, hence the data will often be for the old concept of.S. corneum (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
This freshwater species is widespread in Europe, where it is present in many habitats and has no specific threat towards it. Therfore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, and as Least Concern (LC) at the European level.

range:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) record the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (mainland). This a widespread species, however distributional information may include a mix of different species (S. ovale and S. nucleus) as in some areas there has been no revision of the distributional data.Kantor et al (2009) noted that the distribution extends to central Asia.

population:
There is no data on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This is a common freshwater species that inhabits pools, lakes, rivers and streams.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is quite poorly known due to confusion with Sphaerium corneum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although locally threatened and poorly known, as most data is for Sphaerium corneum (old concept), this is a widespread species. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is recorded widely in Europe, from Spain to Ukraine. Fauna Europea listed the species from            Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Poland, UK, Netherlands, Belgium,# France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain (Mainland), Ukraine (Bank et al. 2006). A record from Luxembourg was uncertain. It is not considered to be a Russian Species (Kantor et al. 2009) and hence maybe endemic to Europe.

habitat:
The species is known from lentic habitats (still water), densely and richly vegetated swampy conditions in drainage ditches, and occasionally in lake margins, including turloughs (temporary lakes). It is found in muddy or silty substrate usually with a high organic content. Substrate types vary from mud through to coarse sand or gravel. In Britain and Ireland it appears to prefer better quality habitats and lives mostly in densely and richly vegetated swampy places, often with a diverse suite of molluscs and other invertebrates, including rare beetles and rare mollusc species such as Anisus vorticulus or Pisidium pseudosphaerium. These are often found in old grazing marsh complexes.

threats:
Some localised declines are likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management such as dredging sites for drainage of agricultural land.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions known for this species, and none are considered necessary. However, water quality improvements would benefit the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively widespread distribution in Europe and currently faces no threats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. Although this species occurs in Greece and Spain, and hence possibly other  Mediterranean countries, there has been little recording, possibly due  to confusion with similar taxa, and hence the species is assessed as  Data Deficient (DD) for the Mediterranean region.

range:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) regarded this species as a Northern European species found in Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Great Britain (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, extending south to Ukraine, Spain (mainland), Greece (mainland) and east into Russia. There is some confusion in the literature in some countries, as for example, this taxon was not recognised as a UK species by Anderson (2005).

population:
No information about the population trends of this species is available.

habitat:
This species lives in stagnant and flowing waters and does not like fast running waters.

threats:
There are no specific threats to the species. Water pollution and ecosystems degradation are potential future threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions focusing on this species in place and none are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Central and Eastern Europe, although there are localised declines in population, due to conversion of habitats (drainage and canalisation), water pollution and possible competition from the invasive Corbicula fluminea. At present these declines are not expected to threaten the species across Europe, and so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists it from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania and the Ukraine.Within the Russian Federation it is found as far east as the Tobol River, and as far north as St Petersburg (Korniushin 2001)

population:
Sphaerium rivicola is considered to be declining in parts of its range. For example in Great Britain, there is some evidence of local regional decline in south-east and northern England, and Scotland, but it may be an artefact of lack of recording effort. The species has a life span from a few months to 4 years (Killeen et al. 2004)

habitat:
Sphaerium rivicola lives in a much narrower range of habitats than most sphaeriids, it is principally found in clean, calcareous water in canals and large, slow-flowing rivers, and very occasionally in large canalised drains connected to large rivers (Killeen et al. 2004). In mainland Europe it is very occasionally found in lakes. It lives in large, well oxygenated water bodies in association with a rich diversity of other mollusc species such as the large unionoid mussels, Pisidium supinum and the gastropod Viviparus viviparus. It appears to require deeper water than other Sphaerium or Pisidium species and is rarely found in marginal habitats less than 0.5 m in depth. The species is found in a wide range of soft, fine substrates from mud to sand and grit, usually with a silty element.

threats:
The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that Sphaerium rivicola was one of the species of freshwater bivalve most sensitive to biodegradable pollution. The invasive species Corbicula fluminea maybe out-competing this species in parts of its range.

conservationAction:
This species is included on the regional red list# in Baden Wurtenburg, Germany as (Category 2).Currently no conservation actions are required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is very localised throughout the range in Europe, and hence is a species that is considered threatened in some countries. However, it is is extending its range in some countries e.g. Hungary. The principal threat to this mussel is water pollution and river  regulation, as well as exploitation of sand and gravel from river beds, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species.# Given the reduction in range in last 30 years it is considered a candidate for Near Threatened (NT) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, based on loss of habitat, leading to loss of populations.

range:
This species is locally distributed in the lowland regions of central and eastern Europe. There are some records from west Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain (mainland), and Ukraine.In Germany the species is found in the north and central part, with a sporadic occurrence. A decline in population trend has been observed. In Czech Republic the only sub recent#record is from the River Elbe. It is considered as Extinct in Czech Republic (Beran 1998).In Great Britain it has historically been found in a short stretch of the River Witham (Lincolnshire), one part of the Great Ouse (tidal) section, Earith Cambridgeshire and intermittently along 19 km of the Great Ouse (non-tidal). In Hungary it is likely to be a recently spreading species.It is present in Russia, extending to the Yana river basin, basins of Ob and Pechora rivers under different species names that Korniushin (2001) placed in synonym.

population:
There is no comprehensive data about population trends available. Nevertheless population decline has been observed over the last decade.Surveys in 2001 and 2002 in Great Britain show a near total collapse of populations of the species on the Witham system in 10-15 years.#Surveys in 2003 – 2004 show intermittent distribution along about 20 km of the Great Ouse but at most sites (sampled to mid-channel of river) only a few freshly dead shells were recovered; 7 sites produced in total only 7 live mussels. One Great Ouse site sampled in 2003 (then showing a healthy population of live individuals) produced no live individuals in 2004. Population size: (1) a few live individuals in drain adjacent to Witham in 2003; absent from Witham sites when surveyed 2002  2003;#(2) a moderate population (exact nos. hard to estimate) in a short stretch (perhaps only a few 100 m) of tidal Great Ouse at Earith, Cambridgeshire and very small numbers (few live individuals# in isolated populations) along 19 km of Great Ouse (old channel) downstream of Earith (I.Killeen pers. comm. 2009).In Germany the population is in decline.vSphaerium solidum belongs to the rarest molluscs in Poland. The species is protected by law. Now it has 10 confirmed localities at the utmost. Relatively large populations persist in the Szczecin Lagoon, Zegrzyn Reservoir, and in large rivers in eastern Poland: Biebrza and Narew.

habitat:
The species occurs in rivers with fine sediments, very often in the#littoral#zone. The species lives in canalised rivers and large, deep drains and backwaters of large rivers, and is very occasionally found in lakes (Killeen et al. 2004, Zettler and Glöer 2006). #Due to the species rarity in Britain, the details on the species ecology are sparse.# However, the habitats in which it was found in Lincolnshire are generally poor in aquatic vegetation but rich in their associated mollusc fauna, and they are generally found in deep water (as for Sphaerium rivicola)(Killeen et al. 2004).

threats:
The principal threat to this mussel is water pollution and river regulation, as well as exploitation of sand and gravel from river beds, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species.# Mouthon (1996) showed that Sphaerium solidum was one of the species of freshwater bivalve most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.# The recent decline and possible extinction from some of its former known sites in England resulted in its addition to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan list of Priority Species in 2006. There is circumstantial evidence on both Witham and Great Ouse systems suggesting eutrophication as a primary cause; however, excessive sediment clearance could also pose possible threat to local populations.

conservationAction:
There are localised conservation actions in place for this species. In Germany this species is considered Category 1 (highly threatened) and in most states either 0 or 1, and in Baden Wurtenburg Category 2. In Poland it is considered Endangered. This species was added to the#UK Biodiversity Action Plan list of Priority Species in 2006 and considered Endangered (I.Killeen and M.Seddon pers. comm. 2010). Future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management.

redListAssessors:
Killeen, I., von Proschwitz, T. Vavrova, L.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species in eastern Europe, with a range that extends into Russia. It has been reported to be declining in the western part of the range (Germany and Poland) and as such is a candidate for national listing. At present the range is too extensive for listing using the B criteria, and there is insufficient data to support a listing using the population decline trend data (A criteria). It# is listed as Least Concern (LC), pending further data on population decline rates, as given the extensive range it is not considered to be in danger of extinction within the next 3 generations. This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) reported this species from Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Germany, Austria, Slovakia Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and possibly from other states in the former country of Yugoslavia. Schütt (1965) described the range as occurring from the Baltic to the Black Sea and over to the Ural Mountains. This is a widespread species but declines in number of locations, population size and the quality of its habitat have been observed in parts of the range (Vavrova pers. comm. 2009). In Poland, recent surveys suggest it has been lost from 29/46 locations on the tributaries of the  Vistula River (Wieprz, Bug, Narew, Wda) and in the Warta River at  Orzechowo (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009).In Romania, it is present in the middle Danbube, where the river bed has relatively uniform biotopes with a mostly sandy-clayish beds. The gastropod populations are represented by the species Borysthenia naticina, Theodoxus transversalis, Valvata piscinalis, which are common (Ciobou pers. comm. 2010).In the Ukraine, it is known from basins of rivers Dnieper and Danube (Anistratenko 1998).Outside Europe, Kantor et al. (2009) reported it from the river basins of Dnieper, South Bug, Dniester, Danube, Neman, Visla rivers; Kaliningrad Region. Schütt (1965) also reported the species from Turkey, near Anatyla.

population:
There is limited information available on populations trends for this species, however in some parts of the range (e.g. Poland ) it is considered to be declining.In Poland, recent surveys suggest it has been lost from 29/46 locations  on the tributaries of the  Vistula River (Wieprz, Bug, Narew, Wda) and  in the Warta River at  Orzechowo (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009) which is equivalent to decline of around 60%, however the time period over which this is calculated is uncertain.

habitat:
This species typically lives in large and medium lowland rivers where it lives on the sandy bottom covered with a thin detritus layer.

threats:
The main threat to this species is pollution of the river habitats.

conservationAction:
Habitat management is needed to ensure the species is not impacted by pollutants and flow management schemes and more population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species using the population decline trend data.In Poland it is considered Critically Endangered (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009) and has been added to the official list of protected species.In Germany the species is considered category 1 (Highly Threatened) (Glöer 2002, Gloer and Meierbrook 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species in Europe. There is no information available about the population trends of this species, but it is frequently abundant when present, living in stagnant and slow-moving water, often found amongst aquatic plants. Therefore this species is considered Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union .

range:
This is a widespread palearctic species throughout Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record this species from Scandanivia, to Spain, and from Ireland to the Ukraine. Countries include Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).Kantor et al. (2009) record the species from Europe, western Siberia and the central Dnieper basin.

population:
There is no information available about this species and its trends, but it is frequently abundant when present.

habitat:
This species lives in stagnant and slow-moving water, often found amongst weeds, but can also be found in artificial ponds, oxbow lakes, and even in swamps of alluvial forest.

threats:
This species inhabits wetlands and river ecosystems, which are threatened by unappropriate water management and pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation action for this species, and none are required.


taxonomicNotes:
Molecular analysis suggested that this species might be the same as Valvata rhabdota (Hauswald et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata hirsutecostata is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is endemic to Lake Orhid, which has a total area of 358 km2. As this is a sub-littoral species, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly  impact it unless the level of pollution increases. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008).

population:
This rare species is found only at a few collecting points, and where recorded is usually in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater species is usually found in the sublittoral zone of the lake.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, although there is a slower decline in water quality in the deeper waters of the lake (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009). Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also potentially impacts this small freshwater gastropod.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. More research is needed on the taxonomy and on the populations trends, as well as the distribution range (Hauswald et al. 2008).# Monitoring of habitat trends (water quality and sediment load) would assist is determining changing status for this species.   ###########


taxonomicNotes:
According to Hauswald et al. (2008) this species shows no significant differences within the COI gene fragment to the Balkan widespread Valvata sp.1.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. It has declined severely at its only known sites between 1962 (when it was thought to be common) up to#1982. Recent surveys in the last 25 years have only recorded shells, and the most recent surveys have only found dead shells at sites on the northeast and northwest edge of the lake Trichonis as well as Lake Ozeros, but not in Lake Lysimachia (Albrecht et al. 2009). The species is under threat from multiple changes in the waters of the lake, heavy pollution (with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage) and over abstraction of water from the lake as the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment: #Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii))

range:
This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis,   Lake Ozeros, and Lake Lysimachia   (Albrecht et al. 2009). Currently V. klemmi is restricted to the north-east and –west shore of Lake Trichonis as well as west shore of Lake Ozeros (Albrecht et al. 2009).

population:
This species has declined since 1962, when Schütt reported that the species was also found in Lake Lysimachia. Until 2007, this species could not be found again by several authors.

habitat:
This is a freshwater gastropod found in littoral and partly sublittoral parts of large lakes, where it is found on various substrates like stones, gravel, pebble, sand and mud.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to water level drop, related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture, is threatening this species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species although Lake Ozeros, Lake Trichonis and Lake Lysimachia are included in the network Natura 2000 (GR2310008-Limni Ozeros and GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia correspondingly).       Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes, as well as sewage from neighbouring villages need to be drastically reduced.#Conservation actions should include monitoring of the habitats in the lake, as well as surveys to establish whether the species is still extant in both lakes.#


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a wide geographical range but has very localised  occurrence, especially in the western part of Europe. According to Faltýnkova et al. (2008) this species is widespread across northern and eastern  Europe and although this species is present in most of the European countries precise information on the number of sub-populations, the rate of decline and the population trends are insufficient to support a listing as Near Threatened (NT) or Threatened, however further research on population and habitat trends is needed, as continued decline in last 10-15 years has been observed.# The species is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC), but in the future evidence of continued decline may support a threatened category at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species has a wide geographical range but has a localised occurrence. This species is widespread across northern and eastern Europe  (Faltýnkova et al. 2008). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the  species from: Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,  Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands,  Belgium, Luxembourg (presence uncertain), France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria,  Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Greece  (Mainland).

population:
This species has been described as common within aquatic systems in Northern and Eastern Europe (Faltynkova et al. 2008). However, in western Europe the habitats have been in decline for the last 50 years, and overall the European population is recorded as widespread but declining (Wells and Chatfield 1992).

habitat:
This species lives in wetland habitats including rivers, canals, oxbows and dykes. Ormerod et al. (2010) note that sites dominated by floating vegetation are occupied by this species.

threats:
Localised threats to this species include habitat degradation mainly by pollution and eutrophication (Ormerod et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable in the UK Red Data Book and is a  priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) (Ormerod et al. 2010). It is  also Critically Endangered on the Red List of Molluscs of the Czech  Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Endangered in the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003) and Category 2 in Germany. Further research is recommended into the  species population trends, life history and biology.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a small extent of occurrence (about 400 km2) and is only known from 5 closely located sites. Two of these sources are used from water abstraction for domestic use, and it is proposed that more water should be taken from one of the sites. This has lead to declining water levels in the areas where the species lives. In addition there are threats from eutrophication of the water bodies, leading to declining quality of habitat. The species is therefore listed as Endangered#(EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
Valvata montenegrina is endemic to#Montenegro, where it is known from several closely located sites,#from#the river Mareza drainage (canals and pools), the Skadar lake (Podlum and Karuc spring) and Maol Brato.#Lake Skadar is split between Montenegro and Albania,#only 25 km from the Adriatic Sea.#Lake Skadar has a surface area that can vary between 370#km2#and#in winter, its waters swell and expand to cover all of 540 square kilometres, but is very shallow(between 5 and 8 metres on average). #It is possible that this species may exist in the Albanian part of the lake.

habitat:
This species   lives in canals between the emergent (Phragmites communis) vegetation (Mareza canals). Also in littoral part of the Skadar lake between vegetation consisting of Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum, which covers partially decomposed organic matter and red clay (Karuc spring) or in emergent (Scirpus lacuster, Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans) vegetation (Malo Blato, Podhum).

threats:
The primary threat is considered to be the eutrophication of all the sites. In addition, there has been loss of habitat at Mareza area, due to the use of water taken for drinking to the capital Podgorica.# IThere has been rapid process of eutrophication in sublacustrine spring at Karuc with a rapid declining of the lake depth in last 25 years due to the use of this sublacustrine spring for the aquaculture.# There are also proposals to use spring water from Karuc for drinking water in towns along the coast of Montenegro.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Montenegro. On-going transboudary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. monitoring of the habitat is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The subspecies Valvata piscinalis alpestris is distributed in Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Glöer 2002).The subspecies Valvata piscinalis antiqua  is distributed in Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Romania,  Switzerland, the Netherlands and United Kingdom (Glöer 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata piscinalis has been  assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. This species is widely distributed throughout Europe and is frequent in surveys, and as such it is currently unlikely to be impacted by any major threat processes.

range:
This is a widespread palearctic species throughout Europe. Fauna  Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record this species from Scandinavia to  Spain, and from Ireland to the Ukraine. Fauna Europaea listed the species in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of# Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).# Kantor et al. (2009) record the species from Europe, western Siberia, and lakes and rivers in Armenia. In this volume they consider many species, that have in the past been considered subspecies or synonyms of V. piscinalis, and these would extent the range to the Kurile Islands.# It is also recorded from North America, where it is introduced.  (see Global account of this species).

population:
The population trends are unknown, but the species is frequently found in surveys.V. piscinalis is a hermaphrodite, where one  individual acts as the male and the other as the female, and the species has no  free larval stage (Fretter and Graham 1978). It  may lay up to 150 eggs deposited on vegetation and hatching  normally occurs in 15–30 days (Fretter and Graham 1978). Individuals  breed around the age of 1 and usually die at 13–21 months (Grigorovich  et al. 2005). In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September,  occurring later at more northerly latitudes (Fretter and Graham 1978).

habitat:
This small gastropod is found in freshwater streams, rivers, and lakes,  preferring running water and tolerating water with low calcium levels.V. piscinalis is known for its rapid growth and high fecundity. It reproduces as a hermaphrodite, one individual acting as the male and the other as the female, and has no free larval stage (Fretter and Graham 1978; Grigorovich et al. 2005). It may spawn 2 or 3 times in a year, laying up to 150 eggs at a time (Grigorovich et al. 2005) which are deposited on vegetation. Hatching normally occurs in 15–30 days (Fretter and Graham 1978). Individuals breed around the age of 1 and usually die at 13–21 months (Grigorovich et al. 2005). In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September, occurring later at more northerly latitudes (Fretter and Graham 1978).

threats:
As this species is widespread, although there are local threats due to loss of habitats and pollution, these are unlikely to impact the species as a whole.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known and none are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata relicta is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. The rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels of pollution, and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008)

population:
This species is found at suitable habitats only in very low abundances.

habitat:
This littoral and partly sublittoral species, can be found on various substrates like Dreissena shells, stones and gravel.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod.# However these threats are only impacting populations within the littoral zone of the lake.  #

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.#


redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata rhabdota is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. However it is an abundant and common species which is larger than other sub-littoral species and is therefore less sensitive to the threats from sedimentation.#It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU D2) as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species in the next ten years. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
Valvata rhabdota is endemic to Lake Ohrid, where it is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008).

population:
This species is found at suitable habitats in high abundances.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found in the sublittoral zone.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, but there is less impact in the deeper waters at present. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) may also impact this gastropod in the future.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.   Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata saulcyi has been categorised as Near Threatened (NT). It is widely spread among different habitats and is tolerant to salinity, however, water systems in the region where this species is found are under extreme stress from water abstraction.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii))Europe regional assessment:#Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii)).

range:
This species has a disjunct distribution. Germain (1921-2) notes presence in Syria and Palestine and it is also known in Egypt (Germain 1921-2). In Europe it is known from Italy (Sicily) (Bank et al. 2006).

population:
There is no available information on the population status or trend of this species.

habitat:
This species occurs in different types of standing water and springs, preferably with aquatic vegetation.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species.#It is widely spread among different habitats and is tolerant to salinity, however, water systems in the region where this species is found are under extreme stress from water abstraction.

conservationAction:
There is no current or recommended conservation action for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors questioned the validity of this species, but recent mollecular analysis showed the distinctness of this species (Hauswald et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Valvata stenotrema is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2, and a couple of nearby springs. It is an abundant and common species which is larger than other sub-littoral species and is therefore less sensitive to the threats from sedimentation.#It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU D2) as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species in the next ten years. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
Valvata stenotrema is endemic to in Lake Ohrid and in the Feeder springs system (St. Naum), and is recorded from Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Hauswald et al. 2008).

population:
This species can be found at suitable habitats in very high abundances.

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral and partly sub-littoral zones, occurring in the sandy beach in the north and the south of Lake Ohrid, and in sandy patches in the feeder springs.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (sewage, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# As a result of this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the area of suitable habitat for some species. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.

conservationAction:
The species is present in Lake  Ohrid which is a World Heritage Site, where the Albanian side has been protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and the sites at the spings are in Galicica National Park. There are no current conservation actions in place for this species.   Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently renamed by Boeters and Falkner (1998), as the species name Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820 is invalid and these authors have described this species as Valvata studeri Boeters Falkner, 1998.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described by Boeters and Falkner (1998), and Bank et al.  (2006) noted that it can be found in Switzerland, northern Italy,  Austria and southern Germany. At present there is little recent data on population trends, and some of the distribution data requires review, however it is believed to be present in lakes and pools in  lowland alpine zones. As a consequence of this species occurring in a relatively large area and part of their habitat coming under environmental habitat protection laws it is considered to be of Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species was renamed by Boeters and Falkner (1998), and Bank et al. (2006) noted that it can be found in Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and southern Germany. In Germany the species is declining (Falkner et al. 2003). In Italy it is recorded from the northern parts of the country, however there is a note that the few data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections, require thorough checks as these may also include Valvata macrostoma and Valvata studeri. At present there is little recent data on distribution, however it is  believed to be present in lakes, pools in lowland alpine zonesKantor et al. (2009) list the species from Ukraine and western Siberia, but note that the specimens require review, as Boeters and Falkner (1988) considered that Valvata studeri was restricted to the alpine regions of Europe.

population:
There is no population trend data available as the species was recently described, but the species is considered stable, except in the northern edges of the range where it is thought to be declining.

habitat:
The species occurs in low alpine areas and moorlands where it inhabits small shallow standing water and is recorded from alpine lakes.

threats:
This species may be affected by habitat degradation in the future, especially towards the northern edge of the range, as the species occurs in areas that may be drained, or affected by seasonal drying.

conservationAction:
The moorland habitat is protected under the Habitat Directive and several sub-populations lie within protected areas. There is no known conservation actions for this species. More data is needed on populations, distribution and threats to enable a better conservation assessment for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered Viviparus acerosus maritzanus (F. Haas, 1913) recorded from Bulgaria to be a subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This European species is facing continuing decline in population size and is listed as threatened is several National Red Lists, however it is still widespread and expanding in parts of the range hence it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species occurs in central and southern Europe with indigenous  populations occurring throughout the River Danube, Dneiper and Dvina  River systems (Kantor et al. 2009).# It has also proved to be a successful invasive species as a consequence of commercial use (Soes et al. 2009), establishing populations in the Bodensee lake in south Germany (Soes et al. 2009), Romania (Gloër and Sîrbu 2005) and the Netherlands (Soes et al. 2009). Fauna Europaea (Bank et al.   2006) list the species for Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,   Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia (River   Danube, Morava, Tisa), Ukraine, Serbia and Greece.# In Russia it is  distributed through entire Dnieper River Basin and basin of the Western  Dvina River in Belarus and Russia (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
There is no population trend information available for this species, although the range seems to be expanding.

habitat:
This species occurs in slow flowing rivers and muddy channels.

threats:
The main potential threats to this species are water pollution, regulation of water ecosystems (dams, water reservoirs etc.). Populations occurring in muddy channels are threatened by changes in the water flow.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place, and none are considered necessary at European level.The species is included in several National Red Lists:    Germany: category 2 (stark gefährdet), Austria: category1.2 (stark gefährdet), Czech Republic: category 3 (gefährdet)# (Gloer 2002) and Slovakia: category VU (Vavrova pers. comm., 2009).

useAndTrade:
This species is sometimes used in Aquariums, but there is no data on levels of exploitation.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has three recognised subspecies:Viviparus ater ater (De Cristofori  Jan, 1832)   Viviparus ater gallensteini (Kobelt, 1892   Viviparus ater hellenicus (Clessin, 1879)       Bank et al. (2006) recognised two subpecies in addition to the nominate race, gallensteini (Kobelt 1892) from Croatia and Slovenia, and hellenicus (Clessin 1879)# from Greece.

redListCategoryRationale:
The European endemic is still widespread within its known range, although the species is moderately pollution sensitive.# There is evidence of decline in some parts of its range.# These areas require conservation plans to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve.# At present the rate of decline over Europe does not meet the thresholds for a threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extirpation.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional  assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern  in the 27 member states of the European Union)Mediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, and its distribution is mainly southern and eastern Europe including Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea, 2006). In Italy the species is widespread throughout the northern catchments, becoming infrequent in the central part of the country.      The subspecies Viviparus ater ater (De Cristofori  Jan, 1832) occurs in Germany, Italy and Switzerland.The subspecies Viviparus ater gallensteini (Kobelt, 1892), occurs in Croatia and Slovenia.  The subspecies Viviparus ater hellenicus (Clessin, 1879) occurs in Greece (Fauna Europaea Web Service 2010).

population:
This species has been described as common in Lake Zurich (Staub ad Ribi 1995).

habitat:
This species inhabits lakes (Ribi 1986) showing a preference for lentic waters with a weak current and lots of aquatic vegetation.  The females of this species are ovoviviparous and give birth to offspring with a shell width of between 6 to 11 mm (Ribi and Arter 1986). This species reaches sexual maturity in its second year (Ribi 1986), and both sexes can live for ten years or more, growing to approximately 45 mm in shell height (Ribi et al. 1986 in Staub and Ribi 1995). In Lake Zurich this species remains buried in the sediment for approximately five months during winter (Ribi 1986).  This species and V. contectus are sympatric in several places in southern Europe and hybridize naturally where they co-occur, even though they differ in several morphological, karyotypical and life history traits (Ribi and Porter 1995).

threats:
It is unlikely that this species is being threatened on a global level. On a local scale it is probably affected to some degree by pollution, and also habitat degradation from recreational activities. The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources.# Other threats lie in alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging.

conservationAction:
There are no global level conservation measures in place for this species. The species is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List. The conservation status in Italy is Least Concern (Manganelli et al. 2001.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is still widespread within its known range, and the species is moderately pollution sensitive and there is evidence of decline in some parts of it’s range.# The species is in decline and requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve.# At present the rate of decline doesn’t meet the thresholds for Threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extinction.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern

range:
Viviparus contectus is a Palearctic species, occurring over most of the European states in the west, north and east, but much rarer in southern Europe. It is widespread in northern and central Europe recorded from UK in west of region, to northern countries of Sweden, Latvia, Estonia and Denmark, through to Germany, Switzerland, south to Italy, Slovenia and east to Greece and Bulgaria.This species is Palearctic in distribution extending to western Siberia.

population:
This species can live up to 10 years, and occasionally more.

habitat:
This species lives in generally lentic habitats, in large slow-flowing rivers, large drainage ditches, fenland dykes, ditches on grazing marshes, and occasionally in large ponds and lakes.

threats:
The main potential threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources – especially intensification of agriculture, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging – particularly of drainage ditches on grazing marsh complexes.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measurements in place. However several subpopulations are in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and mainland Greece. There is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats. therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further research. #This species also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:#Date Deficient (DD)#EU 27: #Date Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Known from SE Europe, where there are records from Albania, Montenegro, Croatia (Bank et al, 2006; #Fauna Europea) and Greece [Lake Pamvotis, Ioannina, #Epeiros (Frogley  Preece 2007)]. Schutt (1965) reported it from#5 km north east of Karlovac in Croatia (subspecies#carlovacensis Kobelt, 1909)#and from Lake Skopje in Montenegro, but more data is required on this species. #There are also records from the Lower Danube (Ciobou, 2010, pers. comm.), however these are not reported in Fauna Europea.

population:
There is no population data available for this species for Albania, Montenegro and Croatia. In Greece#most of the specimens collected from Lake Pamvotis were dead shells (Frogley Preece 2007) .

habitat:
The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.#In Lake Pamvotis specimens of V. mamillatus were observed on the thick algal mat covering the limestone blocks used to line a quiet and relatively deep water channel serving a pumping station (Frogley  Preece 2007)

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown for part of the range, however in Greece#water pollution probably threatens this species in Lake Pamvotis (Radea, pers. comm., June, 2010)#

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, however in Greece it lives in#Lake Pamvotis which is a proctected site (GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon) of Natura 2000 network. Further research is needed relating to the population, habitat and possible threats of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Gloer (2002) listed Viviparus penthicus (Servain 1884), as a distinct subspecies of Viviparus viviparus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is still widespread within its known range, although it is moderately pollution sensitive and there is evidence of decline in some parts of its range. The species is in decline in parts of Europe and hence requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve. However, at present the rate of decline doesn’t meet the thresholds for listing as a Threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extinction, so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This large gastropod species is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). It has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia. It is generally rare in southern Europe. In northern and central Europe it has been recorded from the UK and  Ireland in the west; Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Estonia and Denmark in  North; Portugal in the south; and Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia  to Greece and Bulgaria in the east.  Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list the range as Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal (mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Ukraine. According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) it was originally reported from the former country of Yugoslavia but the full country list uncertain. Viviparus viviparus penthicus (Servain 1884) is listed as a subspecies by Gloer (2002) that is restricted to the River Elbe, around Hamburg.KAntor et al (2009) report the species from extreme north and south, western Transcaucasia.

population:
This species can live to10 years (occasionally more). Currently this species is declining in parts of its range.

habitat:
This species is found in a relatively large range of freshwater habitats, particularly large slow-flowing water bodies and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It lives in a relatively narrow range of deep, clean, calcareous habitats. In some parts of Europe, it is virtually restricted to canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It is a bottom-dwelling, suspension feeder that is usually found on a muddy substrate.

threats:
The species has been in decline in western Europe due to changes in river channel management practices as well as pollution from domestic and industrial sources as well as increased levels of phosphates and nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999). The principal threats to the species# in the future remain pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging. Mouthon (1996) showed that V. viviparus was moderately sensitive to biodegradable pollution

conservationAction:
Within its range this species can be found in some protected areas. In most countries in western Europe this species is considered to be Least Concern, however it is declining throughout the range. In Germany it is placed as category 2 (Endangered), and in Poland category 3 (Rare). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, although the species is currently declining , it is still widespread (Seddon and# Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Netherlands it is considered as Least Concern (Bruyne et al. 2003). In the republic of Ireland it is considered ‘Not Applicable’ (Byrne et al. 2009). In Slovakia it is listed as Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005). In Switzerland it is considered to be category 2 (Turner et al. 1994). Research actions include, further research to establish population and habitat trends and to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in the coastal areas of South Anatolia in Turkey, and although locally threatened, it is not considered to be threatened at the regional level.#This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Applicable (NA), as# its distribution is a marginal in Greece and Cyprus.Europe:#Not Applicable (NA), as# its distribution is a marginal in Greece and Cyprus.Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widespread in the coastal areas of South Anatolia in Turkey, but is also reported to occur in Cyprus and Greece (Samos Is.). The distribution area extends from İzmir and Denizli, through coastal parts, till east of Ceyhan river, at Adana north of Nur Mountains; towards the east it is replaced by T. jordani. (Schütt and Şeşen 1989). Through basins it can extend inwards, particularly in depression areas, as understood by its common presence in Burdur, Denizli, and Afyon provinces. Such occurrences is blocked by continuous Taurus ranges, but in the east it can be found in the tributaries of Ceyhan river (in prov. Kahramanmaraş).

population:
There is no information about the populations of this species.

habitat:
This species is found in hard substrates or stones in springs, extensions of sources and on banks of streams.

threats:
There are no threats known to be affecting this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Although Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the distribution as Balearic Islands  (Mallorca Island, Menorca Island and Pityuses Islands) and Spain (mainland),  Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) lists the range as mainland only and  restricts the range to Andalucia. According to Martinez-Orti (pers.  comm., 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction  with the tributaries near Sevilla. The records from other regions,  Murcia and Valencia, are considered to be potentially different species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) restricts the range to Andalucia, Granada and Alicante in Spain. According to Martinez-Orti (pers.  comm. 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction  with the tributaries near Sevilla and has been lost from 23 other sites in the region. Consequently it is now only known from a single site, where water quality and flow levels need to be maintained, as currently the water quality and flow management have changed in the last 20 years, which has probably led to decline of the species. It is now listed as Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)).

range:
Although Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the distribution as Balearic Islands (Mallorca Island Menorca Island and Pityuses Islands) and Spain (mainland), Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) lists the range as mainland only and restricts the range to Andalucia. According to Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction with the tributaries near Sevilla. The old records, which have not been reconfirmed from Granada and Alicante during recent surveys, are considered to be this species, whereas the records from other regions, Murcia and Valencia, are considered to be potentially different species.

population:
This species has been lost from over 22 sites where it had formerly been recorded from (Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater rivers, where it lives on hard substrates in clean water, usually very carbonated. Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) notes that at the current known stretch of river where the population has been found the water has a  high conductivity (1,447 uS / cm), pH 7.7, containing 74% oxygen and  the temperature reaches 25 ºC in the summer.

threats:
The  seasonal drought and the over-exploitation of aquifers that feed the  tributaries of the river Guadalquivir have negatively effected the flow and  pose a serious risk to the conservation of this species. The  use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the garden surrounding as  well as domestic and industrial discharges contribute to the  deterioration of water quality. Anthropic actions on the channels (channel management, silting, dredging, etc.) also pose a threat to the habitat. The  rapid spread of some exotic shellfish such as Corbicula fluminea in the  Guadalquivir river basin could become a serious threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There is no management plan for this species. Conservation actions include reviewing the  taxonomic status of other populations, studying the biology and ecology of the species and controlling invasive bivalve populations. The species should be included in the National Catalogue of Endangered Species, as well as protect their area of ​​occupation. A habitat monitoring scheme to detect future changes of population is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
There are numerous synonyms for this species: astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994; benacensis Récluz, 1850; chrysostomus E. von Martens, 1879; danasteri Lindholm, 1908; gardensis Westerlund, 1886; mantuana de Betta, 1870; serratilinea Menke, 1828, serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914 Theodoxus (Theodoxus) danubialis stragulatus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) is viewed as a subspecies by Fauna Europea, with a range of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a declining species in parts of its range, and these subpopulations require conservation action, as water quality and possibly competition with other species may be causing the decline of the Danube populations. Given this decline, attention must be focused on monitoring habitat quality and population levels at the northern edge of the range. The current status of the southern population, as present, suggests the species should be listed as Least Concern, as the decline in the north has been over too long a time period to merit listing as Vulnerable using A2c. This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern

range:
Found in central and eastern Europe, this species is mainly present in rivers of the Danube Basin (Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania) as well as other river basins and lakes south of the Alps from northern Italy  to  Slovakia, Ukraine and Bosnia-Herzegovina . In Germany it is restricted to Bavaria.# In Czech republic it is only present in Moravia. In Romania Theodoxus danubialis “var. serratilinea”# was described from Episcopiei resort near Oradea (Soós, 1943) where it lived in the thermal waters, however it hasn't been sampled live since the 1870’s and is thought to be extinct at Crioana.The range has# declined in  Austria, and the last known sub-populations in Donauauen National Park may have disappeared (P. Reichshutz, pers. comm. 2009).In Italy known from over 50 sites including lakes and rivers.In Serbia recorded from over 30 sites (on the Danube and Sava rivers)

population:
No detailed population trend information, although some data to suggest the populations have been declining.

habitat:
The Theodoxus species are all freshwater nerites, which like well oxygenated water conditions, often fast-flowing, where the species are found living on rocks on the river bottom.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is considered to be a Category 1 threatened species in Germany (Falkner and Niederhorf 2008).# In the Czech Republic it is viewed as Critically Endangered. In Slovakia it is viewed as Threatened.# Whereas in Italy it is viewed as Least Concern as it is widespread in the catchments draining into the Adriatic (CK Map 5.3.8).

redListAssessors:
Tomovic, J., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Cioboiu, O. BERAN, L.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species for Ukraine but not for Greece, however Theodoxus#                euxinus has been regarded by some as a subspecies of the widespread Theodoxus fluvilatis, and hence this status of the taxon as a species may be worthy of further research.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Least Concern (LC), based on the Ukraine assessment, as this is the majority of the range. Son (pers. comm. 2010) notes that                 whilst it is widespread within its native range, its habitats are gradually being reduced by man-induced changes of salinity in the estuarine and coastal waters (especially by freshwater sewage). The species maybe in decline in Greece, but there is insufficient data on the reasons for the decline, the threats and distributional changes to make an assessment for this part of the population (K. Radea pers. comm. 2010).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
In the Ukraine, this species is considered widespread,                 found in the estuaries and lagoons of the Black Sea Coast: Dniestr Liman, Dniepr-Bug Liman, Berezanskij Liman, and Budakskij Liman. Isolated populations connected with historical places of Dniepr avandelta were kept in some marine bays (Son 2007). It is marked as an invader in several artificial reservoirs and canals (Anistratenko et al. 2007, Son 2007). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this taxon for Ukraine but not for Greece, but T.#                euxinus was recorded from Greece by Reischütz (1988) where it was found# in Eastern Macedonia (Northern Greece) and the island of Samothraki (N. Aegean Sea). However recent surveys by Georgiev and Stoycheva (2010) didn’t collect this species on island of Samothraki so the current status is uncertain.

population:
There is no data on population trends for this species, but Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists it for Ukraine.

habitat:
The species is recorded from freshwater streams in Greece and on stony riverbeds and in brackish reservoirs in Ukraine. This species is able to tolerate some salinity .

threats:
There are known threats specifically for this species, although general threats exist such as human-induced changes of salinity in the estuarine and coastal waters (particularly through freshwater sewage).

useAndTrade:
There is no trade or use data for this species, but it is unlikely to be utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species which is relatively tolerant to pollution, it is continuing to spread in the Danube drainage.# Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern

range:
This is a widespread species with a Western Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia to 60 degrees. It is widespread in suitable habitats from Ireland north to Sweden# and south to Italy, Portugal and Spain, and is now expanding towards the Black Sea Basin and the Carpathian Basin where this species is invasive.

population:
The trends are unknown over the range, but some countries report a decline.# In other parts of the region it is expanding. The species has a life span of 2-3 years and the eggs are laid from mid-April  to October, with juveniles hatching after 30 - 60 days.

habitat:
This species can be found in rivers, larges lakes, estuarine section of rivers and springs (within the Mediterranean part of the range).# It requires a solid surface such as rocks, concrete, stones to be able to attach itself to.

threats:
The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or  other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes,  and over-frequent dredging, however these threats don't seem to create major declines in the species.# Mouthon (1996) showed that T. fluviatilis was relatively insensitive to biodegradable pollution.# In the Danube, where it is an invasive species it is replacing the original Theodoxus spp, as it seems to tolerate the polluted waters.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation efforts known for this species. In Red Lists of Latvia, Italy, UK, Republic of Ireland it is viewed as Least Concern.# In The Netherlands it was considered to be Vulnerable. In Switzerland the species was considered to be highly threatened (CR equivalent) and in Czech Republic it is listed as Extinct.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to cold water in brooks and springs of Sicily and north-western Tunisia. In Sicily the species is known from 14 locations, and as such is thought occupy an area of 500 km². In Tunisia van Damme  Ghamizi suggested that a conservative estimate of the area of occupancy should be about 50 to 100 km² maximum, where it was present in less than 5 sites. In view of the desertification in Tunisia and increasing demand of water in both Sicily and Tunisia, hence the the habitat and also the species must be decreasing rapidly. There is a relict area already in Tunisia so evidence for decline (possibly at least half sites gone, so may also qualify under A2c). Given future climatic extremes, other locations may have disappeared in Tunisia.# In Sicily, it was considered Data Deficient for the Italian Red List. However, the number of different streams and springs, and the nature of the threats suggests that Least Concern may be more applicable.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern

range:
This species is considered endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is apparently restricted to Sicily (Europe) and Tunisia (North Africa).   The species is restricted to cold water in brooks and springs of Sicily and north-western Tunisia. In Sicily the species is known from 14 locations from north and south streams/springs, and as such is thought occupy an area of 500 km². In Tunisia van Damme and Ghamizi suggested that a conservative estimate of the area of occupancy should be about 50 to 100 km² maximum, where it was present in less than five sites.

population:
The Current Population Trend is Decreasing.

habitat:
Small streams and springs (ie the part of the stream just next to the spring). This species is dispersed by birds and is found in cold water.

threats:
All species of Theodoxus are in decline because of human alteration of habitat such as water pollution. Possible other factors include drought induced by Global warming.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in a special habitat, in hypothermal springs within the Pannonian Basin, in Austria, Hungary, Germany and previously Croatia and Romania. A few decades ago there were several known subpopulations in the Pannonian Basin, but many of them went extinct (the last extinction was in 2008, in Rabagani, Romania due to construction works). In 2009, there are only four remaining subpopulations and one of them (Kács) is severely threatened by proposed construction, similar to that of Rabagani. Therefore the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)), as it has few remaining subpopulations and some sites are threatened. A reintroduction programme in planned as the habitats in some locations have improved, and hence the species might be successfully reintroduced and maintained in Hungary.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv))EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species has a highly patchy distribution in the Pannonian Basin. Now, it is present in Austria (Bad Vöslau, Bad Fischau) (Resichutz, pers. comm. 2009), Slovenia (Buseca vas) and Hungary (Kács). In 2008, it went extinct in Romania (Rabagani) (Sirbu, pers. comm.,# 2009). There are other occurrences mentioned in the literature, which are partly based on misidentification and are partly unconfirmed. It is extinct in Croatia where the last known record was in 1905.

population:
The Kács subpopulation was studied by Ötvös (Feher et al. 2011), and it was found to consist of 100,000 to 1,000,000 specimens. There is no data on population trends.

habitat:
This freshwater species inhabits hypothermal (15-20°C) springs, and the initial section of their outflows.

threats:
Where thermal springs are located close to urban developments, their subpopulations are very sensitive to habitat destruction as the extinction of the Rabagani subpopulation in Romania indicates. One of the existing subpopulations (Kács) is threatened by construction work that will be started in the near future (Feher, pers. comm., 2009).

conservationAction:
This species was present in numerous localities (near Tata, Miskolctapolca, Diósgyőr) in Hungary a few decades ago. One subpopulation went extinct due to reconstruction works of the spa, those of Tata due to the drop of the ground water level, and that of Sály due to the capturing of the spring. Now the above mentioned habitats are - at least partly - recovered, therefore they seem to be suitable for this species again. Consequently a reintroduction action plan is planned to begin in 2010 (Feher, pers. comm., 2009). Specimens will be reintroduced from Kács to Miskolctapolca, Tata and Sály.


redListCategoryRationale:
The status of this species is uncertain, as it is known from a wide area in Greece, but there is no detailed information on the range, population trends, threats or conservation actions, and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information that will allow an informed conservation assessment.

range:
In Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the range is reported as#Greece (mainland) and Greece (Kriti; Crete). This species was reported from Attika, Euboea, some islands of Cyclades (i.e. Andros and Tinos) and Crete (Schütt 1986, Frank 1988).

population:
There is no information on the population status or trend for this species

habitat:
There is no habitat data for this species, but presumed to be present in rivers and streams, based on other species in the genus.

threats:
There is no information about threats affecting this species

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed into the population, habitat and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from a restricted geographical range in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its habitat is threatened by agricultural and domestic pollution, so based on the limited range and threats this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is known to occur within a narrow range in the karstic area of Popovo Polje, near the city Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also listed from Croatia.

population:
There is no data on population size and trends.

habitat:
This species inhabits subterranean creeks in a karstic area.

threats:
The main habitats are threatened by pollution (from agricultural and domestic sources).

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. We have no data on conservation actions in place regarding this species, but the species requires habitat management to improve the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of about 80 km2. Due to the loss of habitats and sub-populations in Hungary, this species is considered to be severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, quality of habitat and number of sub-populations. It is therefore considered to be Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv).It is also assessed as  Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv) for Europe and the countries of the EU27.

range:
This species is distributed along the Danube river system including the Tisza (Tisa, Theiss) river system. Its geographical range includes Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary (Rába, Hernád, Bódva, Upper-Tisza), Serbia (Juzna Morava, Velika Morava and Nisava), Bulgaria (Danube, Zlatna Panega), Romania and Croatia.In Romania, Sirbu (2001) notes that the most extensive range was in the Tisa Basin, including Mures (Maros) river and tributaries of the Olt River (mostly in the middle sectors however, by the 1960s the range had declined to a few localities from the specified area). Surveys over the last 20 years have shown the disappearance from the whole of the Mures and Olt Rivers and from all sites in Transylvania. It is also no longer found in the Crit Rivers basin and in Marannret region.The last record in Slovakia is from 1999 (Danube River), and the species is probably extinct from the Hungarian section of the Danube also.

population:
There are only a few known sub-populations (less than 20). Some of  them are in good condition (e.g. Bódva in Hungary and Zlatna Panega in  Bulgaria), but most of them are threatened by pollution and the invasive  Theodoxus fluviatilis species.  There are long term monitoring results in Hungary and two of the  Hungarian populations (Tisza and Hernad) are close to extinction. Population size decline has been observed in 50% of the Hungarian  populations. There are no data on population size in other countries. It is however probable that soon sub-populations along the whole Danube section  will be extinct and only some fragmented sub-populations will remain in  some tributaries.

habitat:
This is a fluvial species, it occurs in rivers associated with solid surface.

threats:
Habitat decline has been observed in parts of the species range. This is due to domestic and industrial pollution, competition from the non-native species Theodoxus fluviatilis and changes in the hydrological regime through dams.

conservationAction:
This species is listed by the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive (EUHSD). It is also protected in Hungary on a national level. Population and habitat monitoring combined with a water management plan is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is now only present in one location,# Rio Verdu, with all sites lying  within a 10 km x 2 km area.The major threats are the extraction of groundwater, pollution (agricultural and industrial sources), and the risk of drought. The populations of this species, in turn, are affected by introduction of exotic species competing and extraction (collection) of individuals. The species is considered to be Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. Originally only known from a two sites on one river in Valencia, the species was thought to be lost from these with changing habitats, however recent surveys have relocated the species from 3 sites on a different river, the Rio Verdu, all lying within a 10 km x 2 km stretch of river.

population:
The population was originally abundant at the original site (L’Alcudia de Crespins, río Los Santos) until the 1980s, when the population started to decline, until they were lost (Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009). The species has since been found in a 10 km stretch of a different river (Rio Verdu).

habitat:
This species lives in natural channels of#very clean, well oxygenated water with a#high calcium content. It needs a very constant water temperature, ranging between 16 and 18 ºC. It lives on hard substrates (concrete, stone and gravel) where it feeds on diatoms and other algae scraping the surface of the substrate.

threats:
The major threats are the extraction of groundwater, pollution (agricultural and industrial sources), and the risk of drought. The populations of this species, in turn, are affected by introduction of exotic species competing and extraction (collection) of individuals. In addition, there are intrinsic factors such as its limited dispersion, small area of occupancy and extremely reduced populations that make this species very sensitive to any alteration of their habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat and population monitoring is recommended, in addition to sensitive water management, control of invasive species and enforcement of legislation relating to illegal collecting.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) recognise two subspecies of Theodoxus varius: Theodoxus varius varius (Menke, 1828), Synonyms: rivalis Jan, 1833. Theodoxus varius callosus (Deshayes, 1835), Synonyms: limosa Récluz.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Albania and Greece. This widespread and locally abundant species is present in numerous small mountain creeks, which are not facing major anthropogenic pressure, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).#

range:
This species is widespread in Greece and also present in Albania.       The subspecies Theodoxus varius varius is present in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009b) and Crete.The subspecies Theodoxus varius callosus is present in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009).                 It was also found in a spring near the road from the village Mirtia to Lake Trichonis (K.Radea pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater snail is living in both standing and running waters, often in small mountain creeks.

threats:
The main threat to the species is pollution from agriculture and sewage.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Sustainable management of the watershed is recommended along with population monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
Given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is mainly threatened by habitat loss and so it is considered Least Concern (LC) overall.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This small gastropod is found in brackish areas throughout the Atlantic and western Mediterranean coasts. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Republic of Ireland (Eire) Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland) and Portugal (mainland).

population:
There is no data on population trends, although the species is generally frequent where present.

habitat:
This species is found in brackish waters in estuaries and salt-marshes.

threats:
There are no specific threats across the range of this species, but localized threats due to loss of habitats from land reclamation in estuaries (for industrial units and marinas) and water pollution from industrial sources (shipping).

conservationAction:
In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. Research actions include further research to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the distribution and population trends of the species are not certain, the widespread nature of the species within the region suggests that it should be regarded as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

range:
This brackish water species is widespread in Northern Europe, especially on the Atlantic coasts, extending into the western Mediterranean. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) list the range as Netherlands, Belgium, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Azores (Portugal), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland).

population:
There is no recent data on population status or trends for this species.

habitat:
This species occurs on edges of brackish water bodies, usually on mud or under vegetation, estuaries, saltmarshes and lagoons.

threats:
The major threats lie in change of habitat such as conversion and reclamation of land for industrial areas, harbour developments, construction of sea-defences, leading to habitat loss for the species.

conservationAction:
In most countries, the status has not been assessed, as it lies in the interface between marine and freshwaters, hence more data is required on distribution and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Acroloxus improvisus is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is restricted to a single location, the rate of change in the declining quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered or Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) if there are changes in water quality or the water temperature or if an invasive species expands to the lake impacting this species.

range:
Acroloxus improvisus is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found only on the rocky eastern and south-western shore.

population:
Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted that A. improvisus is strictly restricted to the rocky eastern and south-western shore. It is a very rare species.

habitat:
This species is living in a freshwater lake, where it is found in rocky areas in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs on the underside of stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon and sublittoral species (Hadzisce 1956).

threats:
Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area, causing increased sediment loads in the lake which impacts the feeding and resting places for this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake leading to declining water quality. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the water of Prespa lake, which in turn feeds the aquifer of Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in Lake Ohrid (Matzinger et al. 2006). However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999.# A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring and population trend monitoring would be recommended for this species

redListAssessors:
Albrecht, C., Feher, Z., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is# widespread throughout Europe, and although there are  local declines reported, in general the species is not in danger of  extinction and hence is placed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
Acroloxus lacustris is widespread in Europe mainly in lowland areas north to c. 61°N in Scandinavia (Kerney, 1999);# Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006) lists the species from: Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia), Bosnia  Hercegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland).#  This project also has records from Serbia.Globally, the species range is from Europe to the east, extending to western Siberia where it is recorded from rivers and permanent waterbodies (Starobogatov et al. 2004).

population:
There are no specific data on population trends across the range, but it is believed to be stable. In some countries, there has been decline, partly due to habitat loss (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This small freshwater limpet inhabits clean water in canals, slow lowland rivers, lakes and drainage ditches and small ponds. It is usually found attached to vegetation (leaves and stems of aquatic plants) or dead submerged wood and sometimes large freshwater mussel shells. It is generally a calciphile, although tolerant of soft water (Kerney 1999).

threats:
It prefers clean water, but threats are localised, mainly losses due to habitat destruction and water pollution (domestic and agricultural sources) and are not likely to impact the species on its whole range.

conservationAction:
This species is common throughout Europe and in most countries is not under any management plans.# It was considered to be Least Concern in GB (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010) and Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). In Austria it is given Category 4 and in Sweden Category 3. In Germany, it has a listing of Vulnerable in some states and Category 3 in other states.


redListCategoryRationale:
Acroloxus macedonicus is only known from a single location, a small area of this freshwater lake with an AOO of less than10 km2 and has very specific hydological requirements. Water pollution is the current threat, and increased frequency of fires in the region, the consequent erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are an important  projected threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
It is strictly restricted to a freshwater lake, where it is found on the rocky bottom of the south-eastern shore and requires specific hydrological conditions. It is found only in very low abundances.

threats:
Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area causing increased sediment loads in the lake which impacts the feeding and resting places for this small freshwater limpet. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake leading to declining water quality. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the water of Prespa lake, which in turn feeds the aquifer of Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in Lake Ohrid (Matzinger et al. 2006). In addition, increased frequencies of fire in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended, to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species, as it is difficult to collect given the cryptic habitat and the low population density. Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from two locations in Slovenia. The quality of water is important for this species, as it clings to rocks in fast flowing waters, and hence is vulnerable to pollution events that might impact the groundwaters flowing through the habitats of this species, consequently it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), although it may qualify for a higher threat level if the severity of threats increase.

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found in the River Krka. The sources of the river Krka are fed by water that flows underground from the broad karst hinterland of the Grosuplje basin. There is a recent record from Italy, believed to be this species (de Mattia et al. 2009, Museum of Natural History of Trieste).

population:
There are no data on population decline levels.

habitat:
This species clings to rocks within fast flowing water in caves.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats where it lives are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicides and pesticides) sources. Seasonal droughts impacting water levels in the river maybe become more frequent.

conservationAction:
Acroloxus tetensi was listed as Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species, which Slapnik (pers. comm 2010) suggested equated to Vulnerable (VU D2). Conservation actions include monitoring changes in habitat at known sites, as the monitoring data will provide a proxy for decline of the species, as well as the other freshwater molluscs found at theses sites. Confirmation of the presence of this species in Italy will increase the number of known sites, which may change the conservation assessment.


taxonomicNotes:
The species Galba occulta was described from Poland and since then has been listed from various European countries, and is currently regarded as a Euro-Siberian species. However a recent paper by Glöer and Vinarksi (2008) suggests that the species might be the same as Lymnea palustris var terebra (Westerlund, 1885), in which case, as the name is available, then the species may need to be revised to Catascopia terebra (Westerlund, 1885).NB: change the species name to follow Glöer and Vinarksi (2008)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found from central Europe (Germany, Czech Republic,#Poland and Slovakia) and the range extends to Siberia#(Göler and Vinarksi 2008)#with possible records in the Mediterranean part of the Ukraine. In central Europe it is reported to be#present at about 15 sites in Europe. In some parts of the range it is considered threatened, however given that the species occupies temporary habitats that are variable in extent and these may be under-recorded, it is currently listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is found from Germany, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia and the range extends to Siberia (Glöer and Vinarksi 2008) . In Germany there are a few sites in Eastern Germany. In the Czech Republic, it is known from two sites in the Elbe Lowland (Beran pers. comm. 2008). The presence in these sites has been confirmed three times in the last 10 years, as there is an active monitoring programme (Beran pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
The species is usually found in #temporary lowland pools on#wetlands.

threats:
The species is not considered threatened across its range, although the habitats where the this species is found are susceptible to agricultural disturbance and changes in river channel positions on the floodplain and presumably higher than normal flooding events.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and none are currently needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This snail species is widespread in Europe with no major threats, and only localised threats present, hence#it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread throughout the world. It is known from North America, Europe, North-west Africa, West and North  Asia, Trans-Himalayan zone of Ganges river system and elsewhere in the mountain  region of Nepal.In Europe it is recorded from: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown), Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, Greece (mainland), North Aegean Islands.(Greece).

population:
This species tends to be abundant where it is present.

habitat:
This species is extremely tolerant of poor habitats. It is found in shallow pools, roadside ditches, marshy grassland, dune slack pools, small wet flushes on hillsides; #it tolerates disturbance such as trampling from livestock in bare mud, although it avoids highly acid ground (Kerney 1999)

threats:
This species is a widespread species with no known major threats, although it has been the subject of local control (eradication schemes) associated with control of the vectors of disease. As it is tolerant of polluted water it is able to colonise and remain in poor habitats.

conservationAction:
Given the widespread nature of the species and the ability to colonise temporary habitats there are no current or suggested conservation actions required for this species.

useAndTrade:
It serves as an intermediate host of many trematodes including sheep liver-fluke#Fasciola hepatica.


taxonomicNotes:
The use of the genus name Lymnaea is still controversial, some considering it to be a lump genus that should be divided in the genera Galba, Lymnaea, Pseudosuccinea, Stagnicola, etc. The present assessment follows Brown (1994) who still uses Lymnaea as the generic name.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lymnaea stagnalis is widespread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Although it is rare in some countries or parts of some countries, it is not considered to be threatened at the European level or at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, and hence is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the regional level.

range:
This holarctic species has a widespread European distribution, occurring in all European countries. #Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Is. (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (total list of countries unknown), Croatia, Ukraine, Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, Thásos Island)##The species also occurs in south-west Asia (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Israel) where Lebanon marks the southern limit of the species' distribution in this region.

population:
No detailed information on population status or trends is available at the European level, and although there are localised declines, the species is believed to be stable.

habitat:
The species is found in large permanent water bodies with clean water, slow-flowing rivers, canals, drainage dykes and lakes. Occasionally found in temporary habitats or closed ponds, but not typical habitats (Kerney 1999).

threats:
There are localised threats through the region due to water pollution (nitrates and sewage pollution) and loss of water due to over-abstraction of water for irrigation and domestic supplies.#In the future, increased frequency of drought and raised temperatures could impact water flow regimes throughout the Mediterranean zone.

conservationAction:
As this species is widespread and not in decline, it is not considered necessary to list any recommended conservation actions for this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is known to be used as food in Russia (Ponomareva and Petson 2005) and as food for animals in some other parts of Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is rare in the southern parts of its range, and in these countries it is considered threatened or even possibly extinct. In the northern stronghold it is considered stable, and there is no evidence of decline in Sweden. There are no known threats in the northern part of the range, whereas in the south loss of habitat and declining quality of habitat are the main issues. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, although the species may qualify for Near Threatened (NT) if the northern populations start to decline, or if the levels of extirpation in the south were to be confirmed by repeated surveys over the right time of the year.

range:
This species is mainly found in the Northern European area whereas it is scattered in the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe and is possibly extinct in many of its former localities. Fauna Europaea lists the following countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Northern Ireland, Poland, Sweden, The Netherlands, Ukraine (Bank et al. 2006). However, it is frequently under-recorded, as surveys for the species need to be carried out at the right time of the year.Outside Europe the species is recorded from south part of West Siberia, northern part of Central Siberia (eastward to Ob mouth), northern Kazakhstan (Kantor et al. 2009)

population:
In northern Europe it reproduces early, when sea-ice is melting and this is the only time to find mature individuals. The species is only a short-lived species, so assessment period over 10 years. There are no comprehensive data about population available. However it is thought that there is a regional decline in population size. Although as it is a naturally rare species it is difficult to  record. Recent surveys have failed to locate this species at a former site near Oxford (Kennington Pit) in the U.K. It is present only in a single mesotrophic lake in  Wales, Llyn Tegid. This is a 50% decline in terms of sites in the U.K. supporting the species (UK BAP report). The last record of the species in the Czech Republic is from 1950s. In Ireland it has been lost from 50% of the  sites in the last 30 years and is mainly found in the Royal and Grand Canals (Bryne et al. 2009). E. Moorkens and I. Killeen considered that#the Irish populations were  globally important suggesting that they represented up to 50% of the  global population (Bryne et al. 2009). In Germany it is found in the north. In Schleswig-Holstein there are very     few populations left. The Red List indicates a 90% decline since 1960 in the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003). In Finland the species has a restricted range as it has in Norway, where it is confined to the south-east. However, in Sweden the species has a large range, with scattered sites along the Baltic  Sea.

habitat:
The species prefers water bodies with very clear water, which is free from fine sediments and nitrate or phosphate pollution, and a firm substratum on which the snail can crawl. A preference for hard water has been noted in the U.K., although calcium levels in Llyn Tegid are relatively low (H. Jones, in litt.). They inhabit generally small, mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes with a dense vegetation.A population of M. glutinosa in one of the lakes (Lake Bolstaholm) was monitored over two seasons. In spring, individuals live on rocks where they feed on epilithic algae and propagate, then die. In late summer the new generation hatches and is mainly found on leaves of water lilies. During this time they grow, feeding either on epiphytic algae or on decaying leaves. In late autumn, having reached their adult size, they descend to deeper water to hibernate.

threats:
A main threat is from habitat degradation from eutrophication and changes in water levels.

conservationAction:
There are species actions plans in various European countries. In the UK, the species is listed on the Biodiversity Action Plan requiring monitoring of the habitats on a regular basis. This is a naturally rare species and is difficult to  record. The species is thought to be declining throughout much of its range so more data on the species distribution, population and habitat trends and threats are of importance to monitor this.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies for Spain are listed: Omphiscola glabra glabra and Omphiscola glabra cantabra (Alvarez 1965, Bank et al. 2007).##

redListCategoryRationale:
Omphiscola glabra has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as despite a widespread distribution throughout the Palearctic region, regional declines have been evident throughout its range due to continuing threats of habitat loss. This species is typically found in soft, nutrient poor waters with few other aquatic animals or plants. These include freshwater marshes, small ditches, temporary pools or seepages that dry up or significantly diminish in summer. These habitats were typically converted into productive agricultural land or improved visually for landscape reasons.The species was listed as "of Special Concern" in Europe by Wells and Chatfield (1992) due to the levels of decline over the previous 20 years.Further research is required to ascertain the rate of decline in this population in order to determine whether this species should be elevated to a higher threat category (based on criterion A).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
Omphiscola glabra is found south of 61onorth  in Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark), Latvia and throughout central parts  of Western Europe, including UK, Eire, France, Germany, Spain, the  Netherlands and Belgium. It is however declining throughout its range  and is now localized wherever it occurs (Gloër 2002, Macadam and Baker 2005). It is not known in Russia, except possibly the margin close to Baltic Sea (Kantor et al. 2009).France:# In central  France, this species is localised, but poorly known (Boulord et al. 2007).Germany: Mostly found in north-west Germany, but there are several localities in the southern part (Glöer 2002). It is listed as Category 2, Threatened, and is lost from parts of the range in the south of Germany (Falkner et al. 2008).Ireland  (Northern Ireland  Eire):# Regionally extinct. In 1980 it was present  in 3 locations. In the latest version of the Irish Red Data book it  states 'One of the rarest of Irish molluscs. A colony was reported from Ballymacar Bridge, Shelmaliere Commons, near New Ross,  Co. Wexford. This site has now been drained and the  colony destroyed.' (Byrne et al. 2009)In Great Britain over the last 25 years the populations is thought to have declined by 25-49%, reflecting conversion of marginal lands to agricultural use. Decline still continues, with 30% loss in Scotland in the surveys in 2005-6; strongholds are maintained in Yorkshire and New Forest (M.Seddon and I.Killeen pers. comm 2010).In Netherlands there has been a loss of 30% of the sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003).Poland:# This species is Regionally Extinct.It is viewed as widespread in suitable habitats in Norway.

population:
Generalised declines across this species' range have occurred, although there is insufficient population trend data available in order to infer the rate of population decline.# Habitat loss and hence loss of sub-populations has been reported for the last 100 years. This species# is reported to be rare and regionally declining in Spain, France, Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands. Population estimates are difficult for this species due to its presence in temporary water habitats leading to fluctuating populations (Gloër 2002, Macadam and Baker 2005).# Populations have been lost in Poland and Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009) where it is now regionally extinct.

habitat:
This species is found in challenging water-bodies of poor water quality and dramatically fluctuating conditions such as freshwater marshes, ditches, temporary pools and seepages that may dry up completely in summer months (Boycott 1936, Macadam and Baker 2005). When habitats do recede, further challenges threaten the survival of the snail through dormant periods where it buries to a depth of 1-6 cm in the exposed soft mud (Macadam and Baker 2005). This species shows a habitat preference for uncultivated land with acidic, sandy of gravely substrate such as heaths, commons and unimproved grasslands (Boycott 1936). Although some populations can occur in more permanent water bodies such as swampy dykes, permanent ponds, freshwater rivers and streams, a large majority of this habitat type has been lost as a result of conversion for agricultural use (Macadam and Baker 2005).

threats:
Contributing threats to this species include continuing habitat loss and disruption as a result of improved drainage, land modification and poaching by livestock on agricultural land. Chemical run off as a result of agricultural use of herbicides and pesticides also threatens the species survival (Macadam and Baker 2005). Care must also be taken when implementing conservation management for alternative species such as newts, frogs, toads and dragonflies to ensure that the habitat isn't consequently made unsuitable for Omphiscola glabra (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation management strategies being implemented for this species. However, it is listed on the following national red lists: Ireland as Regionally Extinct; Republic of Ireland as Critical and in Great Britain, Netherlands and Sweden as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009). It is also recognised as Endangered in Germany, Critical in western Germany and Extinct in Bavaria (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009). In the UK this species has been listed on the Red Data Book 2 as Vulnerable and has been selected as a species of conservation concern under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) (Macadam and Baker 2005). This species is reported to be rare in France, and regionally threatened  in Germany, Ireland, UK and the Netherlands (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).In Norway, it is considered stable and listed as Least Concern as it is widespread in suitable habitats.Further research is recommended regarding the population trends and threats impacting the global population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Gassies (1867: 128, Pl 1 Fig. 5) described Limnaea glabra var. D reticulata of "laques clayonnées près l'étang de Cazau" in the Landes, but that name seems forgotten by subsequently, especially by Germain (1931) or by Falkner et al. (2002).  Omphiscola reticulata (Gassies, 1867) reappears as a valid species in Fauna Europaea v2.3. However, we found no references for such revalidation (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2010). # At present there is no distributional data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).

redListCategoryRationale:
At present there is no population, distribution or threat data for the taxa, which is listed as a single site endemic from Landes in France. It has been treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774) for over 70 years. Further research is required to substantiate its revalidation as a species, and then to make a conservation assessment of the taxa. Therefore, at present it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
According to Bank et al. (2006) this species occurs in France, however we have no record of this from Falkner et al. (2002). At present there is no distributional data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).

population:
At present there is no population data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).

habitat:
Listed for an etang (small lake) in the Landes.

conservationAction:
Firstly, research is needed to establish whether this species is valid or whether it is a synonym of the more widespread O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).


taxonomicNotes:
There is ongoing debate as to whether this species should be placed in the genus Stagnicola or Stagnicola retained as a subgenus of the genus Lymnaea.

redListCategoryRationale:
This common Nearctic species has been introduced in Europe, New Zealand and different regions of Africa. This species has a localised range in Europe and the Mediterranean and is not under threat, and as such is Least Concern, but as a non-native species it is not considered to be a species for evaluation, and as such the status is Not Applicable (NA) for both Europe and the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This common Nearctic species has been introduced in Europe, New Zealand and different regions of Africa. In Central Europe it is known in Austria, Hungary and Romania. In the Mediterranean it has been recorded from France, Italy, Spain (Balearic Islands, Mainland) and Egypt (Brown 1994) where it is thought to have been introduced in 1944 (Mandahl-Barth 1968).

population:
This is a common species with an expanding distribution within the region.

habitat:
This species is found in all kinds of stagnant and slow-flowing water bodies, including rare and seasonal pools (aestivation up to 6 months has been reported).

threats:
This species is considered to be a vector of Fasciola gigantica which affects livestock and as a consequence this species is targeted by control programmes with an aim of eradication.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known in Europe for this introduced species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species can been confused with other species, and as such although it is recorded from a number of countries in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), the range may be more extensive.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe with only localised threats and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species is widespread in Europe, where it is recorded from Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Ukraine and Greece.The Global range extends from Europe, to southern Siberia eastward to Baikal Lake (Vinarski pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is no Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.

habitat:
This species is found in ponds, ditches, and in quiet slow-flowing canals and rivers, usually in the shallower parts amongst the water weeds.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species. There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species. It was viewed as category 3 in Germany (Glöer Meier-Brook 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe with no known overall threats and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the 27 member states of the European Union. There is no-Europe wide data showing decline, and although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.

range:
The species is widespread in Europe, where it is recorded from Norway,  Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad  region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK),  Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France  (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia,  Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic  Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania,  the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Reported from the former country of  Yugoslavia (current country unknown), Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, and Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian  Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).

population:
There is no European-wide data on the population status or trend of this species.

threats:
There are no known overall threats to this species. There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread and tolerant species, which is not believed to face any major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) at the European level, the Mediterranean level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a widespread species across Europe. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the species is present in Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores (Portugal), Balearic Islands (Spain), Belgium, Great Britain (UK), Bulgaria, Channel Islands (UK), Corsica (France), Czech Republic, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, France (mainland), Germany, Greece (mainland), Hungary, Iceland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Russia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madeira (Portugal), Malta, Northern Ireland (UK), Norway, Poland, Portugal (mainland), Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain (mainland), Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Ukraine.Kantor et al (2009) noted that the range extended to Lake Baikal and southern Siberia.

population:
This is an abundant species with a stable population.

habitat:
This species inhabits rivers, streams, streamlets and stagnant waters.This is a very tolerant species that can survive in eutrophic waters.

threats:
There are no specific threats to this species, although it may be negatively affected by water pollution and changes in water regime.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally known as Radix 'palustris' sensu Hubendick, and is now regarded as a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species, although poorly known throughout its range, is widespread across Europe and facing limited threats, therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The distributional data is lacking on this species, as in many cases the country may not yet recognise the species. It occurs in the south of Germany, Sweden and Norway, and probably has a wider distribution, but there is insufficient data to map the range of this species. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is widely scattered in Europe, where it is recorded from Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Spain (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatia, Ukraine and Greece.

population:
#There is no Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.

habitat:
This species occurs in a range of freshwater types, for example found in the upper parts of river catchments near the springs, and in swampy woodland in Scandinavia.

threats:
This species is not considered to be threatened across the range, but it may well be sensitive to eutrophication, so there maybe localised declines.


taxonomicNotes:
Germain (1931) lists lagotis for Afghanistan, Armenia, 'transcaucasie'. Turkenstan, Iran and Syria, Palestine. Also possibly present in India (Subbao Rao, listed as synonym). However, this is based on old taxonomic treatment, and the range is likely to be more restricted. Bank's list for EU includes both R. balthica and R. lagotis and considers them separate taxa (Bank et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been spilt from Radix baltica, and appears to be endemic to the Danube Basin. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), given the confusion on older records and the need for taxonomic review. This species has been assessed at the regional level too:EU 27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)

range:
Bank et al. (2006) regarded the range as restricted to Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Czech Republic. This species has been spilt from Radix balthica, and appears to be endemic to the Danube Basin.

population:
There is no-Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe. However, its exact population is not known.

habitat:
This species lives in ponds, rivers and lakes.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species.# There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from the type locality in Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and although it may be vulnerable to habitat degradation, further data is required on distribution, population trends and threats to inform a conservation assessment. As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information on distribution and threats.

range:
This recently described species was found in between La Granja and Esporla, on Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and is only considered to be found at the type locality.

population:
There is little population information as the species has only recently been described.

habitat:
The species seems to have a preference for freshwater rivers and streams.

threats:
Any threats to this recently described species are unknown at present.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species. Further data is required on its distribution, population trends and threats to inform a conservation assessment.

useAndTrade:
This species is not known to be utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
Radix pinteri is only known from a single location, a site which is smaller than 5000 km2, and where there is declining habitat quality in relation with pollution, which has impacted the species, hence it is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:At the EU27 level, although the species has an smaller extent of occurrence of less than 100 km2 immigration from the sub-populations in the other parts of the lake is likely to occur, therefore Radix pinteri is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) at the EU27 level too.

range:
Radix pinteri is endemic to the Prespa Lake, which lies between Albania, FYROM(also known as Macedonia) and Greece.

population:
This species can be found only in low abundances, sympatrically with a more abundant congeneric species (Radix auricularia).

habitat:
This species has been found on both sandy sublittoral (type specimen ) and sandy littoral (paratypes) (Schütt, 1974). Nowadays R. pinteri is rare and patchy, restricted to the littoral, mainly on stones and occasionally on sand.

threats:
Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.  An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.  #


taxonomicNotes:
The subpopulation found in the feeder springs system is considered to be genetically distinct from the rest of the population (Albrecht et al. 2008). If this subpopulation is described as a valid species, its Red List status will need to be reviewed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This widespread and abundant species is less sensitive to the threats impacting its habitat due to its life cycle and ecology. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC). However, if the feeder springs system sub-population is described as a valid species, it will qualify as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).  #

range:
Endemic to Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), this species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, the St. Naum, Zagorican and Tusemista feeder springs of Lake Ohrid, the Drim System at least upstream to the dam Lake Globocicko (approximately 15 km north of Lake Ohrid), and to the Sum spring north-west of Lake Ohrid (Albrecht et al. 2008).

population:
This is an abundant species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
In Lake Ohrid, Radix relicta was recorded between depths from 0 m to 35 m. It lives mainly on hard substrata (e.g. rocks, Dreissena bundles) or on algae of the Chara belt. (Albrecht et al. 2008)

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).   In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Galicica National Park.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.


redListCategoryRationale:
Radix skutaris#is only known from the Skadar lake, a lake which is being threatened by rapid process of eutrophication. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to#Skadar Lake, and at present known from 5 sites in the Montenegro part of the lake (Virpazar,Vranjina, Tanki Rt, Karuč, island Grmožur). However as#Skadar Lake extends to#Albania, it is expected that species should be found on the Albanian side of the Lake. Among more than 100 samples collected in different waters of Montenegro, no specimens of#R. skutaris could be found, thus it is presumed that the species R. skutaris is endemic to Sakdar Lake (Gloer and Pesic 2008).

population:
No population data available to show declines, but it is not recorded outside the lake.

habitat:
This species lives in the emergent and floating vegetation in littoral zone of this freshwater lake.

threats:
Primary threat is considered to be the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake; further the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc should be captured for coastal (part of Montenegro) water drinking, leading to additional reasons for lake level fluctuation, which could impact littoral zone habitats.

conservationAction:
Ongoing trans-boundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. #Habitat monitoring is recommended to determine future changes in conservation status for this species.#


redListCategoryRationale:
Stagnicola corvus has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as it is widespread and not facing major threats, although there will be localised declines relating to habitat degradation.

range:
The range data for this species is rather incomplete, as at present in some countries the species is not mapped nor recognised as a distinct taxon. It is a rarer species than the other species of Stagnicola. It is found in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, south to Italy and east to the Ukraine.Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Ukraine.

population:
There is no data available on the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is found mostly in lowlands and basins, in pools, oxbow lakes, ponds, wetlands and along rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no known species specific conservation strategies in place for this species. Further data on population trends and distribution of this species would be valuable.


redListCategoryRationale:
Given the present range of this species it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one that is possibly under-recorded due to confusion with other species and so it is considered Least Concern (LC) overall.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widely distributed in Europe, and Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list it from Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Greece (mainland), and possibly Croatia.

population:
The current population trends are not known, but are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is usually found in lentic waters (standing or still waters) but is also present in small water bodies which are susceptible to drying out.

threats:
There are no specific threats across the range of this species, but there are localized threats due to degradation of habitats from changing river channel management and water pollution from agricultural sources (nitrates).

conservationAction:
No species specific conservation actions are in place for this species. Research actions include further research to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are threats to most of the known localities for Stagnicola montenegrinus.# In the main locality, Lake Skadar there is a rapid process of eutrophication; furthermore there are future plans to use the sublacustrine spring Karuc in the lake for drinking water.## However the species is known from 3 locations including the lake, which is a large location and as such the threats to these localities are unlikely to impact within a 10 year time period, and as such the species has been assessed as Near Threatened rather than Endangered.  This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Not applicable# (This species is not present in the 27 member states of the European Union)  Europe: Near Threatened (En B2a) Mediterranean: Near Threatened (En B2a)

range:
A recently described species that is listed as endemic for Montenegro, known only from Lake Skadar, and may occur in Albania, #as similar biotopes exist there.It has been found in 8 sites (River Crnojevića, Malo Blato, Vranjina, Tanki Rt, Karuč, Plavnica, Vitoja, Virpazar).

population:
It is known from many of the sites where collecting occurred, and occurred throughout the Montenegro side of the Lake Skadar. Might also be present in the Albanian side of Lake Skadar.

habitat:
Lives in the littoral part of the lake; different habitats but mostly in vegetation consisting of Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum. #

threats:
The main threat for this species is the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake. Further, the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc should be captured for coastal (part of Montenegro) water drinking.

conservationAction:
Lake Skadar is under various transboundary projects focused on ecosystem management. Population trends monitoring, habitat monitoring, water quality monitoring and critical levels of pesticide monitoring are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stagnicola palustris has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to its widespread and common distribution, and its suitability to a range of habitats.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Balearic Islands (Spain), Portugal (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine.Kantor et al. (2009) note the species has a range extending to western Siberia.

habitat:
This species is found mostly in lowlands and basins, in pools, oxbow lakes, ponds, wetlands and along rivers

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation measures known to be in place and none are considered necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in eastern and central Europe (Bank et al. 2006). This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) and  is listed as threatened in these countries, however the broad range suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union currently, although if habitat loss continues then it may become a candidate for Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species occurs in eastern and central Europe (Bank et al. 2006). In Europe it is listed from the Danube River and the Upper Elbe occurring in south Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and south Germany. The range may be more extensive to Russia based on synonyms of other species as noted in Kantor et al. (2009).

population:
No information on the population status or trend of this species is available.

habitat:
This species inhabits temporary water bodies in periodically flooded areas, also in other well vegetated slow-moving waters.

threats:
This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) possibly due to habitat degradation associated with land drainage for agriculture.

conservationAction:
This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) and is listed on the German Red List as category 3 (Gefährdet) (Glöer 2002) and on the Austrian Red List as category 2 (Stark Gefährdet) (Glöer 2002). There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Taylor (2003) suggests that in the southwest part of the range, the species may be replaced by a different species in the genus#Paraplexa ataxiaca#in western Switzerland and probably southern France. However this paper is not well recognised, and Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) do not recognise this taxa as a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is still widespread within its known range, and although there is evidence of decline in some parts of its range, at present the rate of decline do not meet the thresholds for Threatened species, hence listing as Least Concern at the European level, although it may locally be threatened with extinction.# The species is in decline and requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution and land managements change in its habitats, in order for the status of the species to improve.

range:
This small gastropod species is found throughout Europe to the arctic regions. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) list the range as Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, FL, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) also note it was reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown). Outside Europe the range extends to the south of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, eastward to the Altai (Starobogatov et al. 2004). Taylor (2003) has discussed the range data for the region, noting presence in Turkey and Georgia.

population:
There is evidence of decline in some parts of this species range.

habitat:
This species is found in small water bodies amongst aquatic vegetation.

threats:
The species has been in decline in western Europe due to changes in land management practices as well as water pollution from increased levels of Phosphates and Nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999). The principal threats to the species# in the future remain pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources and drainage of the ditches where it is found.

conservationAction:
In most countries in western Europe, this species is considered to be Least Concern. In Switzerland, it is listed as Category 3 (Turner et al. 2004). In Great Britain, it is considered to be Near Threatened, as although it is still widespread in Britain, there have been many local and regional declines (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm, 2010), with the Kerney (1999) atlas showing a loss of 41% of 10 km2 up to 1965 and the NBN maps shows around only 50x10 km2 records since 1990, hence on this basis the species merits listing as Near Threatened. In Slovenia, it was listed as Vulnerable. Conservation actions required include efforts to reduce the impact of pollution and land managements change in its habitats, in order for the status of the species to improve, as well as habitat monitoring.


taxonomicNotes:
Taylor (2003) has transferred Physella acuta to the genus Haitia Clench Aguayo, 1932 and this generic name is now used by Fauna Europea(Bank et al, 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe, there are no major threats known and its population may even be expanding. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species is widespread in Europe, where it is found in many countries  including Sweden Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia, Montenegro, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland), North Aegean Is. (Vóreion Aiyáion); Greece.  It has also been reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown).It is considered to be Holartic, and hence not restricted to Europe.

population:
The population is thought to be stable and possibly increasing.

habitat:
This species is common in both stagnant and flowing waters such as in channels and streams, and as it is relatively tolerant of pollution, is found even in polluted places. It is a pioneer species (i.e., first to arrive in new habitats) that is very easily spread by birds. Considered by some authors as an introduction, the species' impact upon  native fauna is currently unknown. It is a vector for parasites that  occur almost everywhere.

threats:
There are no major threats known to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no major conservation actions known and no measures are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Physa fontinalis is widely distributed and abundant  throughout Europe, hence it has been  assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. Although in some countries it is placed on the national and  regional Red Lists, the wide range of the species means there are currently no major  threats to the status of the population as a whole.

range:
This holarctic species is found in North America and Europe. In Europe it is widespread but localised throughout Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine.

population:
It is not considered a rare species, although it is localised.

habitat:
This species is found in springs, streams, rivers, ponds, lakes as well as canals and irrigation ditches (Taylor 2003). It can tolerate (moderately) polluted water bodies (Appleton and Brackenbury 1998).

threats:
Although this species demonstrates a moderate tolerance to pollution, the impacts of water pollution from a variety of sources are the main threat to the global population of this species (D.V. Damme pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place and none considered necessary given the range of this holarctic species, however it is considered to be locally threatened.# This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005), and as 'highly endangered' on the Swiss national Red List (Turner et al. 1994 cited in Byrne et al. 2009). It is also listed as 'R' (Rare) on the regional Red List for the Alsace region (France) (ODONAT 2003 cited in Byrne et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is a native of North America and has been introduced to Europe, and is currently known from UK, Ireland and Spain. There are no known conservation actions for to this introduced species in Europe and none are considered necessary.# The species is listed as Not Applicable (NA), as the species is non-native in the region.

range:
This species is a native of North America and has been introduced to Europe, and is currently known from UK, Ireland and Spain.

population:
There is no population trend data for this species.

habitat:
Physella gyrina occurs in almost any permanent or intermittent freshwater habitat type, including ponds, lakes, ditches and rivers.

threats:
There are no known threats to this introduced species in Europe.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for to this introduced species in Europe and none are considered necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has often been placed in synonym with the widespread European river limpet Ancylus fluviatilis.# The current status of this taxon is uncertain as the Madeiran populations were not examined by Albrecht et al. (2006), in their review of the phylogeny and taxonomic status of the river freshwater limpets in Europe. Several different species were recognised within the European river limpet Ancylus fluviatilis, some of which have a species name, other clades were more difficult to assign to a species name.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is abundant on the island of Madeira, and as such may merit a conservation status of Least Concern (LC), but given the taxonomic uncertainty of the species, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research.# If it is considered a distinct species it should be listed as Least Concern (LC). If it is considered to be part of a more widespread species, it should also be listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is endemic to the Madeiran Islands (Portugal) where it is restricted to the main island of Madeira. On Madeira a freshwater limpet is found widely around the island (Seddon pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Although the taxonomic status of these populations is uncertain, the population status is considered stable as plenty of habitat is present on the island.

habitat:
This species is often found on grasses in the spray zone of waterfalls, as well as on rocks in rivers.

threats:
There are no specific threats to this species, as it is widespread in suitable habitats on the island.

conservationAction:
This species requires a full taxonomic review to determine its status as a distinct species.# However, no actions are necessary to conserve the population as the species is widespread and abundant in suitable habitats.


taxonomicNotes:
Ongoing genetic research by Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfenninger et al (2003) suggests that this species should be split to more than 1 species in Europe. However, agreement has yet to be reached on the specifics of such changes, as the results from the two papers shows slight differences. Albrecht et al. (2007) suggest there are possibly 6 different species within the traditional range of the old species concept of Ancylus fluviatilis.

redListCategoryRationale:
The Ancylus fluviatilis species complex has a widespread distribution and faces no current overall threats in Europe, therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. The species is declining locally in southern Europe (Mediterranean region) due to pollution and  climate change but is not considered as currently threatened. However, if  the three species viewed by Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfeiffinger (2003)  are recognised as valid species, then different assessments may be  required.    Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto) Albrecht et al. (2007): this occurs mainly in northern Europe, but reaching  southern limits in Spain, France, northern Italy and Slovenia. This  species is considered Least Concern (LC) in Europe. Most of the remaining  habitats in Mediterranean could fall into the species listed below,  however the Mediterranean zone is on the southern limit of the  distribution of Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto)  in the region, and might be affected by decline  episodes as a result of the effect of climate change and over exploitation of the main rivers.    Ancylus sp A Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is restricted to a small area in southern Portugal. The current  range of this population is uncertain, and although it may qualify as  threatened, given the current status of distributional knowledge, a  status of Data Deficient (DD) would be appropriate.     Ancylus sp B Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is mainly found in the Mediterranean region, from the Canary  Islands, Morocco, Italy, though to Greece and Turkey. This population,  if considered a valid species , would probably qualify as Least Concern (LC)  given the extensive range in the Mediterranean, however most of the  habitats in Mediterranean are under pressure for exploitation of the water sources, and hence the species may be locally threatened.    Ancylus sp C Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is mainly found in the western Mediterranean region, from Portugal,  Spain to Italy. This population, if considered a valid species, would  probably qualify  as Least Concern (LC) given the extensive range in the Mediterranean, however  most of the habitats in Mediterranean are under pressure for  exploitation of the water sources, and hence the species may be locally  threatened.  These species should be monitored as their status is currently uncertain  and some sub-populations/species maybe threatened as a result of the  effect of changing rainfall patterns and over-exploitation of the water  resources.

range:
Ancylus fluviatilis is widespread in Europe. However, range data is difficult to assess at present as recent splits have led to three species being recognised, whereas only one was previously thought to be present throughout Europe.Albrecht et al. (2007) summarise the range of the species currently recognised within the river limpet:Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto) Albrecht et al (2007): mainly in northern Europe, but reaching  southern limits in Spain, France, northern Italy and Slovenia. Ancylus sp A Albrecht et al.  (2007): restricted to small area in southern Portugal.# Ancylus sp B Albrecht et al.  (2007): mainly found in the Mediterranean region, from the Canary  Islands, Morocco, Italy, though to Greece and Turkey. Ancylus sp C Albrecht et al.  (2007): mainly found in the western Mediterranean region, from Portugal,  Spain to Italy.

population:
There is no information on the current population status or trend of this species.

habitat:
The river limpet is usually found in clear fast flowing rivers, with the species preferring to cling to rocks.

threats:
Although no current threats are currently recognised for this species, pollution is suggested as being a potential future threat. Over-exploitation of water and management of river flow for energy production may have localised impacts on populations.

conservationAction:
The most urgent conservation action for this species is taxonomic research to establish the nature of this species complex and name the three other taxa identified. Subsequently research is needed to determine the range of each taxa, to establish whether any of them are range restricted species, and whether they qualify as threatened species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not believed to be traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ancylus lapicidus is restricted to Lake Ohrid, where it is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the lake has an area of only 358 km2, and there is continuing decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species).  #

range:
Ancylus lapicidus is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.

population:
This species is found at suitable habitats in relatively low abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in the littoral zone of lakes where it is restricted to hard substrate.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ancylus scalariformis is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in Lake Ohrid (a lake with an area of 358 km2), the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly impacting this species, and populations in the sub-littoral zone are currently unaffected. However, with pollution levels increasing, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

population:
It is found at suitable habitats in relatively low abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species found# in the littoral and sublittoral zones of the lake, that can be found on various substrates like Dreissena shells, gravel and stones.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod within the littoral zone.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  ###########


taxonomicNotes:
Originally viewed as a variety of the variable species Ancylus fluviatilis, now there is reason to conclude that there are several cryptic species within the range. Albrecht et al. 2007# reviewed the molecular systematics of the freshwater limpets in Europe and found there was a southern Mediterranean species, which had a range extending to Canary Islands, through northern Africa extending to Greece and Turkey. At present they haven’t concluded which is the oldest valid name for this taxa, although there are possible names from parts of the range, but they suggest that A. pileolus Férussac, 1822 may be their Ancylus sp B.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) based on grounds of taxonomic uncertainty and lack of distributional clarification, following recent research which showed that populations of the river limpets Ancylus fluviatilis are more than one variable species. If the species has an extensive range outside the Canary Islands and the Azores then it should merit Least Concern (LC), but given the taxonomic uncertainty, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at regional levels as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level, Date Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, and Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean level.

range:
There is some confusion about the range of this species following recent molecular investigations. Bank et al. (2002) reported the species as restricted to the Canary Islands, however according to Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfenninger et al. (2003), the species found in the Canary Islands, has a range extending through the Mediterranean. Fauna Europea (Bank#et al. 2006) now has the range including the Azores and Canary Islands, but not the Madeiran islands.

population:
The status of this species is uncertain, and as such the general information on subpopulation status is uncertain.

habitat:
The general habitats for these small freshwater limpets include rivers, streams and other fast-flowing water such as ditches, waterfalls and small outlets from freshwater springs. It is usually found on rocks or submerged wood, and occasionally submerged grasses in the spray-zone of waterfalls (Kerney 1999, Seddon pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain, given that the range is uncertain, however as the species tends to prefer clean fast-flowing water, then general threats will include changes to flow regimes, sedimentation and changes to the river bed.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, but the species is in need of taxonomic review to determine whether this species is present in the southern Mediterranean or restricted to the Canary islands and the Azores.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ancylus tapirulus is restricted to Lake Ohrid (one location), which has an area of 358 km2. The range of this species covers the littoral and sub-littoral zones of the lake, but it is not clearly known which is the main habitat of the species. For species with similar distribution, it was considered that the habitat quality decline was only affecting the littoral part of the range and therefore was not compromising the survival of the species. However, in this case, this species is so rare that it is likely to be more sensitive to changes in its habitat quality. Therefore a precautionary approach is preferred and the species is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
The species is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.

population:
This species can be found at suitable habitats in very low abundances (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrate.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research is needed on the population trends and on the distribution range.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known under different species names: A. septemgyratus. This is the older name, and so could take priority according to the code.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread but localised in eastern Europe with a range that extends to the Altai Mountains.# Given the wide range it is not considered to be a threatened species and so is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species from eastern and central Europe, from  Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Germany and Italy. Kantor et al. (2009) consider the range extends to Altai region of Russia and Kazachstan , and hence it is not a European endemic.

population:
There is a little data regarding the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species occurs in small standing waters, ponds and swamps; it tolerates temporary droughts.

threats:
Although this species occurs in habitats that have localised threats of habitat degradation (e.g. drainage for agriculture use, channel modifications for flood control), there are areas with little disturbance, hence the threats are not likely to impact this species in the short-term.

conservationAction:
The suggested research action for this species is further taxonomic research to clarify the relationships with other closely related taxa.## No conservation actions are known and none are considered necessary at a regional scale, although local threats may require conservation actions within countries.

useAndTrade:
There is no information regarding the use or trade of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has various synonyms, some of which are considered in some regions to be valid species. For example, in Great Britain Kerney (1999) regarded A.spirorbis as a synonym of A.leucostoma, noting that it was a more broadly coiled shell with fewer whorls than the narrow-whorled shell that was typical in British ponds. This species has been confused with other species of Anisus, and so some of the distributional records may be questionable. This species is not possible to segregate on shell characters and needs to be identified based on anatomical characters.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread across Europe and abundant where present, hence it is not likely to become threatened. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, the lowland sites close to large cities may be vulnerable to development for industrial purposes and sites in agriculturally productive area are vulnerable to drainage for land reclamation. This could cause localized threats to sites.

range:
This Palaearctic species is widespread in Europe recorded to 63°N in Sweden (Kerney 1999) where it is abundant in suitable habitats as defined by Glöer  Meier-Brook (2008). In Europe the range includes Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Northern Ireland (UK), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Netherlands, Belgium Luxembourg France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Greece (mainland) and Greece (Kriti; Crete). In Asia it is recorded eastwards to the left bank of the Lena and Nizniya Tunguska Rivers (Kantor et al. 2009), and south to Mediterranean Turkey (Sereflisan et al. 2009) and northern Iran (Mansoorian 2000).

population:
There is no comprehensive data about population trends available. This is a widespread species with relatively stable populations.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, canals, ponds, ditches, temporary water bodies than dry out intermittently (e.g. periodically flooded fields), and sandy banks of rivers (Kerney 1999). It is mostly found in stagnant periodic waters in low and middle altitudes. In Great Britain it is a lowland river species mainly found in hard water areas.

threats:
The species is abundant where present and tolerant of drying out and hence survives in a wide range of habitats. However there are localized declines noted in many countries, due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands (Kerney 1999) and changes in the water regime.

conservationAction:
In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009).# In Great Britain, although it has declined in the Midlands and the north, it is considered to be stable and listed as Least Concern (Seddon and# Killeen pers. comm. 2010).In Austria and Sweden it is considered as Category 3 (Byrne et al. 2009).# Research is needed to establish the taxonomic status of the different populations of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been confused with other species of the Anisus genus, and so some of the distributional records may be questionable. This species is not possible to segregate on shell characters and needs to be identified based on anatomical characters.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is very localised in most countries and not abundant where present, however given the present geographical range it is unlikely to be threatened in the near future. At present, due to past taxonomic issues, the species is considered Data Deficient (DD) in parts of the range. This absence of good distributional data from some regions suggests that further research needs to be undertaken to understand the range and ecology of the species, especially in countries which currently do not recognise the species as being present. Given the wide range and lack of significant threats, the species is regarded as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is listed as being widespread throughout Europe, although it is localised in most countries and not abundant where present. The distributional data is questionable, as different views of the species are taken, and some countries do not recognise the species being present. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea, 2006) give the range as: Iceland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Belgium, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Spain (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland), Montenegro, Albania and possibly from the Netherlands and Corsica. It has been reported from the former country of Yugoslavia so it maybe present in other countries in the Balkan region.#According to Kantor et al. (2009), the range extends outside Europe into#western Siberia, northern Kazakhstan and the Ural River.

population:
There is no population trend information available, but species is widespread, and not thought to be declining throughout the range.

habitat:
Mainly found in running water, such as rivers and streams. This species serves as first intermediate host for the parasite, Prosthogonimus ovatus.

threats:
There are no known threats for this species operating across the range.

conservationAction:
There are no known actions in place for this species, but none are necessary. The species is considered#Vulnerable (VU) in the#Czech Republic and#Stark gefährdet (highly endangered)#in#Germany (Gloer and Meier-brook 2003). The absence of good distributional data from some regions and confusion with other species of the Anisus genus suggests that further research needs to be undertaken to understand the range and ecology of the species, especially in countries which currently do not recognise the species as being present.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea for Ukraine, there was some informal discussion as to whether it may have been a synonym of a more widespread species. The latest version of the catalogue (Kantor et al. 2009) accepts this as a valid species. As the status has been doubtful in the past, and the distributional data and population status data are rather difficult to interpret and require further review.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Ukraine and Russia (Kantor et al. 2009).                  This species has few localities and as such may fall into a threatened category, however small steppe aquatic habitats in Eastern Europe are rarely surveyed and as such recent data are insufficient for this assessment, hence it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is only known from isolated localities in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia) (Stadnichenko 1990) where it is currently viewed as very rare. In the last decades there is only one record of live specimens in the Southern Bug Basin (Uvaeva 2007).

habitat:
Temporary pools in steppe grasslands and and rivers.

threats:
Loss of habitats due to conversion of steppe to agriculture on floodplains of small steppe rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, however data is needed on distribution, population trends and habitat loss to determine the conservation status.

useAndTrade:
There is no trade information for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe it is viewed as a widespread species with no  evidence of significant decline across the range, although localised declines are reported. Therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe.   Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the full range as: Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine. As it was reported from the 'former country of Yugoslavia',# it maybe present in other countries in the region.The presence in Albania is reported by Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) based on a distribution map drawn by Meier-Brook in 1983 according to Feher and Eross (2009).Outside Europe the range extends to west Asia.

population:
In some parts of Europe, this species is in decline. In Great Britain, it is still viewed as a widespread species, with no evidence of significant decline, although the majority of the records for this species pre-date 1975. It is less common in Scotland. In Ireland it has suffered a 63% distributional decline since 1980 (Moorkens, 2009 pers. comm). The species is known to be lost from a number of sites where it was previously recorded. It is a rare species in the major canal systems in Ireland (Royal and Grand Canal) and was rarely encountered in a recent study (Moorkens and Killeen 2005).

habitat:
The species is found in clear, weedy water in larger streams, rivers and lakes. It prefers clean well oxygenated water, and in some parts of Europe is most common in hard water. It is usually found amongst weeds but is not tolerant of drying out, unlike Anisus leucostoma. It is mainly a lowland water species, and hence is less frequent in mountains and higher latitudes.

threats:
Although this species is still widespread, it has suffered localised losses due to various reasons such as habitat loss and changing water quality. For example in Republic of Ireland, declining water quality caused loss of species in parts of the range (Moorkens pers. comm. 2009) and also in Germany (Falkner pers. comm., 2010) whereas due to habitat destruction caused losses in Great Britain (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm., 2010) and the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
In some parts of Europe this species is in decline, but not sufficiently across its range to justify conservation actions. It was listed as Vulnerable A2c in Ireland and Rare (Level 3) in Switzerland (Moorkens, pers. comm., 2009) and#in Germany it is considered Rare or Vulnerable in some states, but overall it is not considered to be a threatened species.#Like all species, it would benefit from knowledge on the value of aquatic biodiversity and their role in freshwater systems, as well as habitat monitoring. Further distributional data is required on the presence of this species and closely allied taxa in Eastern and Southern Europe.


taxonomicNotes:
It is possible to confuse specimens of Anisus vorticulus with dwarf forms of A. vortex that occur in temporary water bodies (described as Planorbis numulus Held 1837) (Terrier et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is widespread it is considered to be declining in some parts of its range. At present the rates of decline are very variable across the range, and hence it may not qualify as threatened, using the population decline over 3 generations (10 years). However, the general loss of sub-populations in countries over the range in the last 30 years, suggests it should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) under criteria A at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread but very localised throughout western and central Europe with listing from Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine.Terrier et al. (2006) provide a full account in their paper, noting that Anisus vorticulus is a Western Palaearctic species with its distribution centred in eastern and central Europe, with sub-populations that are widely separated and localised. Here its European countries of occurrence also include Belarus, Bulgaria and Russia (Terrier et al. 2006). A locality along the Danube in the former Yugoslavia is given by Frank et al. (1990), but it is not possible to locate this site with enough accuracy to determine if it is in present-day Croatia or Serbia. The known distribution extends in Scandinavia to the Skåne province in Sweden (Wells  Chatfield 1992) and in Russia eastward to the Ob drainage system, where it has been found at Omsk and Tomsk (Kantor et al. 2009).According to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel in France it is known from eight widely scattered sites. In Croatia a single record is known from Krka National Park (Beran 2009). In Germany it is common in the northern part and locally distributed in southern part of the country. In the Czech Republic it is only few localities (Elbe, Morava, Dyje) (Beran 2009, in litt)In Switzerland it is considered rarer in the north than the south (Turner et al, 1998). It is also rare in Slovakia with only 10 recent localities (Danube floodplains, lowlands in the eastern part) (Steffek  Vavrova 2006). Only three localities are known from Serbia (Zasavica, Kovalski rit).

population:
There is no comprehensive data about population available. Anisus vorticulus is a hermaphrodite, usually with an annual life cycle. There is localised evidence of decline over much of the western parts of Europe. In Great Britain three sub-populations have shown actual decline of around 40% over the last 40 years with sub-populations lost from around 10 sites between 1950-1990 (Killeen, pers. comm., 2010) and recent surveys of Arun Valley (1999-2010) show a substantial decline of around 60% (Willing, 2010 pers. comm). In the Netherlands there has been a decline of 47% over a number of recorded sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003).

habitat:
This species inhabits clear stagnant waters usually with dense vegetation. It lives in various types of water bodies in river floodplains (isolated pools, former channels and meanders), the edges of lakes, banks of streams and slow rivers and drainage ditches in grazing marshes  (Terrier et al. 2006).In Great Britain it occurs in ditches on grazing marshes in clean still water where it is found with other rare species such as Valvata macrostoma, Segmentina nitida and Pisidium pseudosphaerium (Kerney 1999).This species can stand highly fluctuating water levels in floodplain water bodies, but does not seem to survive full desiccation (Terrier et al. 2006).

threats:
The causes of the decline observed in some areas are not well understood. It has been attributed to the loss of natural habitat, pollution, eutrophication of water bodies caused by agricultural fertilisers, reduction in ground-water levels and general inappropriate habitat management and modification of the physicochemical character of water bodies (Killeen  Willing 1997, Terrier et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Annex II and IV of the European Union, Habitat  Species Directive and although species is found throughout Europe, in many countries it is in decline, rare and very localised. In Great Britain it was originally listed as Vulnerable (Kerney 1999) based on the limited number of known sites and loss. However, the recent update (2010, in prep.) listed the species on a precautionary basis as Endangered, based on the 60% loss of sub-populations in several of the remaining locations (Seddon, Killeen  Willing, pers. comm., 2010). In the The Netherlands it is listed as Vulnerable based on 47% loss of sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003). In Germany it is considered as a Category 1 Threatened species, based on the number of sites lost in the southern part of the country where it is now extinct in some of the states (Falkner et al. 2003). In the Czech Republic, Beran (2009, in litt) noted that   it is Critically Endangered. He notes it is nearly extinct in Bohemia (Elbe River Basin) and Silesia (Odra River Basin), more sites in Moravia River Basis are declining, based on the decline of suitable habitats. In Slovakia it is only known to occur at 10 localities and is Critically Endangered (Steffek  Vavrova 2006). In Switzerland it is listed as Category 2 (Turner et al. 2004).Recommendations are to monitor known habitats and manage areas at risk from the identified threats more sensitively.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in western and central Europe and is common in the western countries. Therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean and European levels, as well as at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in western and central Europe and is common in the western countries. #Bank et al. (2006; Fauna Europea) report the species from#Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Macedonia Slovenia Croatia, Bosnia  Hercegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine and#Kalingrad region (Russia). #The species occurs outside Europe, with a range extending to Siberia (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
This species has a wide range and collection data suggests that it is not a rare species.# However in Hungary, during field work the impression was that its frequency had begun to decrease in the past decade (e. g. during the long-term monitoring project of the Kis-Balaton, it was found to disappear gradually, and in the final 4-5 years it has not been found at all) (Feher et al. 2006).

habitat:
This species inhabits shallow waters of a range of freshwater habitats, as well as brackish bays and human-dominated habitats such as dam reservoirs, old river beds and ditches (Carlsson 2006, Michalik-Kucharz 2008).

threats:
Threats to this species include eutrophication of water bodies caused by agricultural fertilisers, inappropriate habitat management# and habitat destruction.

conservationAction:
Being such a widespread species some of the subpopulations are within protected areas, however in general there are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and none are required.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea recognise two subspecies in southern Europe: Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus contortus (Michaud, 1829, Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus rivularis (Philippi, 1836) (Bank et al. 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Africa, extending up to the Mediterranean region, where it is found in scattered locations towards the edge of the range in the north. It is common, abundant when present and may be distributed by birds, and with an ability to withstand dessication is frequently able to colonise new sites. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level.EU27 regional assessment: Not applicable at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (less than 5% of total range).

range:
This species is mainly found in Africa, but the northern limit of the range is found in southern Europe, where it is reported as present in scattered locations in Portugal, Spain#(including#Balearic Islands), France (including#Corsica), Italy (including Sardinia) and Greece.Fauna Europaea list the two subspecies in southern Europe as being from:  Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus contortus (Michaud, 1829): France (Mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland).   Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus rivularis (Philippi, 1836): Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Greece (Kriti; Crete).

population:
This species is common, abundant when present and may be distributed by birds, and with an ability to withstand dessication is frequently able to colonise new sites.

habitat:
The species can be found in various water bodies, both flowing and standing. It can withstand dessication and is found in temporary wet habitats such as ditches and marshes.

threats:
There are no specific threats other than possible eradication programmes for the species, as it is a host for parasites that carry disease to livestock.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species and none are considered necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered this species to be a synonym of the more widespread species F. wauteri and as such listed it under this name.

redListCategoryRationale:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered this species to be a synonym of the more widespread species F. wauteri, and as such listed it under this name. The records from Italy were of F. clessiniana. Data is needed  on taxonomic status, as well as populations, distribution and threats  to enable a conservation assessment for this species. This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to the taxonomic complexities of this genus, which are difficult to differentiate the species limits. It is also difficult to know whether the species is overlooked or non-native through much of the range.

range:
Under the name F. wauteri this species has been recorded throughout Europe, usually as occasional  sightings in each country. Bank et al. (2006) reported it from Latvia,  Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France  (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech  Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria,  Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown),  Ukraine, Greece (mainland), North Aegean Islands (Vóreion Aiyáion; Greece). The records from Italy were of F. clessiniana.##

population:
This species seems to be expanding through Europe.

habitat:
The genus is found in varied habitats including streams, lakes, seasonal pools and irrigation channels. According to van Damme (pers. comm. 2009) it can be found in reasonably polluted lakes as well as cleaner water.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. This species seems to be expanding and seems able to tolerate mildly polluted water and disturbed habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Data is needed on taxonomic status, as well as populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation assessment for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Opinions have been expressed over the taxonomic status of British Gyraulus acronicus. Kerney (1999) notes that the taxonomy of the genus Gyraulus is complex and the identity of this particular British form with the species known under the same name in mountain lakes in Scandinavia and the Alps is not firmly established. Confusion arises from the similarity in shell morphology of G. acronicus to G. albus (Müller, 1774) and there is therefore the suggestion that the taxon referred to as G. acronicus in Britain may be no more than a peculiar ecophenotype of G. albus. A further species, Gyraulus stroemi (Westerlund, 1881) has recently been identified within this complex. Its distribution and ecology is very incompletely known, but there are records from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Sibiria. Revision of all material of G. acronicus is needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species should be under taxonomic review given the possible different entities in Scandinavia. There has been#confusion between#G. acronicus,#G. albus#(Müller, 1774) with some suggestions that the taxon referred to as#G. acronicus#in Britain may be no more than a peculiar ecophenotype of#G. albus. Killeen  Gloer (pers. comm. 2010) have reviewed the UK populations and consider that these populations are the same as the continental populations of#G. acronicus. However, additional complexity with a further species,#Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881) has recently been identified within this complex (T. von Prosowitz, pers. comm. 2010), and consequently the distribution and ecology is very incomplete. The records from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Siberia may be Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881). The range is uncertain for both potential species, G. acronicus and Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881) and so it must be assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This is a central and northern European species occurring from England to the Baltic States, and from the Alps to northern Scandinavia and down to the Ukraine (Falkner et al. 2001, Glöer 2002). The species is unknown in France and Belgium and occurs in the Netherlands only as Holocene fossils.The global range of this species extends through northern Eurasia, Kantor et al. (2009) note it occurs eastwards to the basin of# Nizhnyaya Tunguska and south to Armenia.

population:
There is no population data across the range, but there are localised declines within certain countries. However, given the difficulties with separating species, this cannot be confirmed.

habitat:
The species has a preference for slow-moving water and densely vegetated river margins, but is also present in lakes.

threats:
Some countries report declines as the result of water pollution, mainly from  agricultural sources. An example is in the UK (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm., 2010). There are localities which are severely threatened, such as at Bodensee on the Swiss-German border, (Falkner and Niedhoffer 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no species specific conservation actions in place at a European Level. However, populations in some countries are threatened, with habitat monitoring in place. In Germany, the Baden Red List places it as Category 2: at Bodensee decline started in the 1960's (Falkner pers. comm., 2010). In the UK the species was originally considered Vulnerable (Bratton 1991) and more recently reviewed and maintained as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (Killeen  Seddon, pers. comm., 2010) with a very localised range in the Thames Valley. In Switzerland it was listed as Category 1, as it was only present in northern Switzerland (Turner et al. 1994). In Slovakia Beran et al. (2005) placed the species as Endangered as it was in Czech Republic.Conservation actions should include, further taxonomic review of the status of the Scandinavian and European populations to establish the geographical range of each potential taxon, as well as levels of decline to establish the threat status of both taxa.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus albidus is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is restricted to a single lake. Although there is declining quality of habitat, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly at current levels of pollution, although these might be worsening. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the quality of habitat changes significantly.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

habitat:
This freshwater species occurs in the littoral zone occurs at the northern and southern sandy beaches of Lake Ohrid, as well as in sandy patches along the rocky eastern and western shoreline.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the suitable habitats for this species.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe. Given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened locally by habitat loss and high levels of pollution and, so it is considered Least Concern overall.

range:
This is a palearctic species found throughout the region to 65°N (Kerney 1999). Declines have been observed in parts of the range (e.g. Portugal, Sweden), but these are at the margins of the distribution in Europe. In the former USSR, the range extends to Ural River, western Siberia  plain, eastward to Altai and to Transcaucasia (Kantor et al. 2009). In the Mediterranean region there are no records south of Turkey, with no reports from Jordan, Syria or Lebanon, but there is a recent record, which is believed to be an introduction in Israel, possibly by migrating waterfowl or possibly with introduced plants (Miensis 2007)

population:
In parts of the range, it can be the most abundant species in the habitat.

habitat:
This species is tolerant of mild pollution and is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, rivers, pools, canals, ponds, swampy ditches and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It is usually found amongst aquatic vegetation (weeds) and on bottom mud. It doesn't require a high level of calcium. In Great Britain it is often the most abundant species in rivers and streams in upland areas (Kerney 1999).

threats:
No known threats to the species and it is tolerant to low levels of pollution. There are some localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands or heavy pollution .

conservationAction:
In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). #In Great Britain, it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). In the Netherlands it is also considered to be Least Concern, and it is not listed  as a threatened species in the other Red Lists ( Poland, Norway, Sweden,  Finland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia Latvia, Spain). Research actions include: further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al.  2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so  the distribution, population trends and threats are uncertain and  research is required to enable a conservation assessment. Consequently it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the distribution is uncertain.

population:
There is no recent data on population trends in the Canary Islands.

habitat:
This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the habitats are uncertain.

threats:
This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the threats are uncertain.

conservationAction:
This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the distribution, population trends and threats are uncertain and research is required to enable a conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus crenophilus is restricted to the lake and three feeder springs in the Lake Ohrid water catchment, and is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii). The total EOO is no more than 500 km2, it lives at low densities and pollution is causing a decline in water quality, which impacts the habitats and feeding areas of this species, which requires clean water and is intolerant of pollution.

range:
This species is endemic to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid and in the springs near Ohrid town (north-east of the Lake), and in the Albanian Feeder springs system (Tusemista and Zagorican) (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009)

population:
It is found at suitable habitats in low abundances.

habitat:
This species is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake with sublacustrine springs and cold water springs. It is probably a species needing a specific (and narrow) constant water temperature and chemistry (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).   The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More sustainable water management is needed to ensure the continuing quality of the habitat. Monitoring habitat trends would be beneficial for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread across Europe, and given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened by habitat loss and high levels of pollution. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This small species of Planorbid is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2009) report the species from: Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland),, Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Slovenia Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, Greece (mainland).In the former USSR the range extends to the Ural River, western Siberia plain, eastward to Altai and to Transcaucasia (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
There is no information relating to population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is tolerant of mild pollution and is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, canals, ponds, swampy ditches and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). In Great Britain it is often the most abundant species in rivers and streams in upland areas (Kerney 1999).

threats:
This species is abundant where present and seems to be stable. However there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands, or heavy pollution.

conservationAction:
In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and# Killeen, pers. comm. 2010). In Latvia and Switzerland it was considered to be category 3 (Endangered). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus fontinalis is known from three springs in the Lake Ohrid catchment, with a combined area of approximately 16 km2. There is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution, aquaculture and excessive water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Gyraulus fontinalis is restricted to the Feeder springs system (St. Naum, Tusemista and Zagorican) of Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
It is at suitable habitats in low abundances.

habitat:
This species needs a constant water temperature and chemistry to survive. It occurs in places with low flow rate.

threats:
Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).#  The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, and over-abstraction of water.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Galicica National Park. More sustainable water management is needed to ensure the continuing quality of the habitat. The trend in habitat decline should be monitored to determine changes to this species status.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus ioanis#is#only known a single site, where it is retricted to the littoral zone of#Šasko Lake in Montenegro.# This lake is being impacted by the rapid process of eutrophication threatening the quality of habitat in the lake margins. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
This species is endemic for Montenegro, known only from Šasko Lake (a small lake south of Lake Skadar, south of Montenegro, near the town of Ulcinj).

population:
The population size and trend is unknown for this species.

habitat:
This species lives between the emergent (Phragmites communis) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum) vegetation in the littoral zone of Šasko Lake.

threats:
There is a rapid process of eutrophication observed at least in the last decades. The dimension of the lake is small (3.5 km2), the water of Šasko Lake comes originally from the Bojana river and several springs. The communication with the Bojana river is interrupted during summer period (July and August) resulting in a decrease in the level of water of the lake.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for this species. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to its widespread distribution this species is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future, so it is is considered as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, there are localised declines due to habitat loss and pollution so the population and habitat trends should be monitored.

range:
A Palaearctic species found throughout region to north of the Arctic circle (Kerney 1999). The distribution is very scattered with few localities in many states. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, Greece (mainland possibly including Andikíthira Island , Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands and Thásos Island)

population:
The population trend of this species is declining. This is generally a relatively rare species, even though in the western part of its range, it might be locally more abundant. In Germany it is not abundant on its sites and in Czech Republic and Slovakia it is considered rare.

habitat:
This species lives in slow flowing waters, such as rivers, lakes and ponds, where it is usually found on weeds, but sometimes on muddy bottoms and on stones. It avoids places with with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It can be found in artificial habitats such as gravel pits, quarries, reservoirs and fish ponds. It is occasionally found in canals and ditches. It tolerates high level of eutrophication and slightly brackish water, and so has been found in sand dune pools (Kerney 1999).

threats:
The species is very localized across its range in Europe and there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually the loss of temporary habitats, drainage of marshy ground to increase agricultural lands or heavy pollution close to large urban centres.

conservationAction:
In many countries this species is considered to be localised and in decline, so as a consequence, has been listed as threatened although no species specific conservation actions are known to be in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Endangered based on loss of over 50% of the populations over the last 30 years (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Near Threatened, as the species has a scattered range with loss of some sites in central England (M. Seddon and# I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005) and Norway it was listed as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009).# In the Netherlands and Sweden it was listed as Endangered. In Germany and Switzerland it was listed as Category 1 (Highly Endangered) (Byrne et al. 2009). In Slovakia it is listed as Rare (Steffek and Vavrova 2006, Byrne et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus lychnidicus#is an abundant and common species found all along the shores of Lake Ohrid. Although its restricted range qualifies it for Endangered under criteria B, as it is a larger species with wide habitats, #it is less sensitive to threats like sedimentation and adapts well to changes in its habitat quality (it is found on artificial substrate, etc.). It is therefore considered as Near Threatened.

range:
Gyraulus lychnidicus#is restricted to Lake Ohrid, where it is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

population:
It is found at suitable habitats in relatively high abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers.comm. 2009)

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrates, including artificial constructions. The juveniles are found amongst the Chara meadows.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  ###########


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus meierbrooki is endemic to Lake Skadar, which has a total area of 370 km2 and at present is only found at 4 sites in#Montenegro. There are threats to most of the known localities of occurrence for this species. Rapid process of eutrophication has been observed in Lake Skadar (especially in the area of Malo Blato). Spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for coastal drinking water (in a part of Montenegro). There is a planned infrastructure project (bridge) in the area of Tanki Rt, one of the recorded sites. As such the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to and known only from Lake Skadar, based in Montenegro and Albania,#only 25 km from the Adriatic Sea.#Lake Skadar has a surface area that can vary between 370#km2#and in winter, its waters swell and expand to cover all of 540 square kilometres, but is very shallow(between 5 and 8 metres on average).#This species is expected to be present in the part of the Lake Skadar which belongs to the Republic of Albania and is found at 4 sites of Virpazar, Tanki Rt, Karuč and Malo Blato on the Montenegro part of the Lake.

population:
The population size and trends for this species are unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in the emergent and floating vegetation in littoral zone of the freshwater lake.#

threats:
There are multiple threats for this species in the lake. Rapid eutrophication has been observed in Lake Skadar (especially in the area of Malo Blato) (V. Pesic pers. comm. 2009) and this is leading to declining habitat quality. In addition, spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for coastal drinking water (in a part of Montenegro) leading to fluctuating water levels. In the future there is a planned infrastructure project (bridge) in the area of Tanki Rt.

conservationAction:
On-going transboundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Lake Skadar area, however, there are no direct conservation measures for this species. #Monitoring habitat quality would provide information on future trends that would impact this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus piscinarum is widely recorded through South-East Europe and South-West Asia; including Turkey through to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. It is considered Least Concern (LC) in view of the lack of known threats and its wide range.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Not Applicable (Known from a single site)Europe: Not Applicable (Known from a single site), although if recorded in Greece, the species would become Least Concern.Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widely spread through South-East Europe and South-West Asia# including Turkey through to Jordan and Syria. The species was also recently reported in Lebanon. In Bulgaria its locality is given as in marshes at Marita River near Plovdiv (Angelov 2000). It is possible that this record is from river floodline debris, and if so the record could come from anywhere in the river catchment.

population:
No information on the population status or trend has been provided for this species.

habitat:
Gyraulus piscinarum occurs in swamps and slowly flowing waters with abundant vegetation. In Bulgaria (Angelov 2000) found it in aquatic vegetation in marshes and 'river floodline debris'.

threats:
There are no current threats recognised for this species, although pollution may become a threat in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to central and eastern Europe, where it is  found in living in temporary pools, a habitat that can be threatened due to change in land use requiring drainage. However the scattered range and number of new records suggests the species should be considered Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, although it is locally threatened due to the number of locations in parts of the range.

range:
This species is restricted to central and eastern Europe, where it is found in France, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, then extending to Russia (Glöer 2002, Bank et al. 2006, Kantor et al. 2009). The species has also recently been found in Ukraine, Romania (Son pers. comm. 2010) and Lithuania (Bank pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species seems to be increasing within the European range based on recent records of new distributions.

habitat:
This species is found in temporary pools in woodlands.

threats:
There are no known threats across the range, although the very localised nature of the locations means some sub-populations are threatened by habitat loss through drainage for land reclamation (agriculture).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions across the range, although the very localised  nature of the locations means some sub-populations are threatened and hence require habitat monitoring (e.g. sub-populations in Germany where the species is listed as Critically Endangered).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found only in the littoral region of Lake Šasko, in Montenegro. The lake itself is very small, with a surface area of 3.5km2. There are existing threats to the habitats and known localities from eutrophication of the lake and interruption of communication with the river Bojana. This species is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic for Montenegro, known only from Šasko Lake (south of Montenegro, near the town of Ulcinj).

population:
Current population and population trends are unknown for this species.

habitat:
This species lives between the emergent (Phragmites communis) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum) vegetation in the littoral zone of the Lake Šasko.

threats:
The Lake    Šasko is undergoing rapid eutrophication, which has been evident in the last decade. The dimension of the lake is small (3.5 km2), the water of Lake   Šasko comes originally from Bojana river and several springs. The communication with the Bojana river is interrupted during summer period (July and August) resulting in a decrease in the level of water of the lake.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions exist for this species. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus stankovici is described from only one location and has a Extent of Occurrence of less than 300 km2 and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii), although the range at present does not merit a high level of threat. However, it is a species that requires monitoring actions, which could be undertaken through habitat monitoring.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Prespa which lies in Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece.#

population:
This species has only been found in low abundances in recent surveys in the lake (Albrecht et al, pers. comm. 2010)

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zones in rocky habitats.

threats:
This species is vulnerable to habitat loss resulting from abrupt drops in water level (of several metres) related to excessive abstraction of water for agriculture, coupled with extremely dry summers, leading to impact in the littoral zone which is threatening this species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area is also responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrates of the lake bottom is changing, which is diminishing the habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. The lake is recognised as a protected area (GR1340001-Ethnikos Drymos Prespon)#and is listed by Greece as a Natura 2000 site (Radea, pers. comm. 2010).#


redListCategoryRationale:
Gyraulus trapezoides#is endemic to a single lake, with a total area of just 358 km2. Its distribution is also thought to be restricted within the lake, where there is a decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution which affects the biofilm of the hard substrate where the species lives (and reduces the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore considered Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Gyraulus trapezoides#is restricted##Lake#Ohrid, where at present it is only known from the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of the Lake.

population:
It is found at suitable habitats in relatively high abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrate. It occurs in considerable deeper water than G. lychnidicus. Juveniles live amongst the Chara meadows.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, which is diminishing the habitat and food availability.#

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helisoma trivolvis ranges the native range in North America, from arctic Canada to Florida. It has been introduced sporadically around the world, and is recorded from the Azores where it doubtless been spread artificially by hobbyists and water gardeners.# Globally the species would be Least Concern, but in Europe as an introduction it is Not Applicable.EU27: Not Applicable (Introduction)Europe: Not Applicable (Introduction)

range:
Helisoma trivolvis ranges the native range in North America, from arctic Canada to Florida. It has been introduced sporadically around the world, as this is the “ramshorn” snail is commonly sold for use in freshwater aquaria, and has doubtless been spread artificially by hobbyists and water gardeners. Fauna Europea listed this species for the Azores, where it is found at a few localities on the island of Terceira (A. Frias Martin, pers. comm, 2008)

population:
No data on trends, but possibly expanding.

habitat:
In North America found primarily in lakes, ponds, swamps, and the calmest areas of coastal rivers.# It thrives in rich, eutrophic environments, and does not occur in especially acidic waters.

threats:
No known threats to the species in Europe.

conservationAction:
This is an introduced species therefore no conservation actions are needed.

useAndTrade:
This species is used in the aquarium trade as a species stocked in garden centres and fish aquarium and as such it is possible that the species may spread to other regions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species in Europe, found in many habitat types, and given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the  species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened by  habitat loss and high levels of pollution. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This freshwater species is widespread in Europe from Norway and Sweden to Portugal, east to Greece, Ukraine and Russia.

population:
There is no information regarding the current population trends of this species.

habitat:
This freshwater snail lives more commonly in lowland habitats and is typically found in slow flowing water in canals, rivers, lakes, ponds and ditches. It prefers calcium-rich waters and is usually found amongst vegetation. It avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). Often found together with Gyraulus spp and Acroloxus spp.

threats:
The species is not showing evidence of significant declines across the range, however there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands, or from heavy pollution.

conservationAction:
In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and# Killeen, pers. comm. 2010).# In Germany and Switzerland it is considered to be category 3 (endangered). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.

useAndTrade:
There is no trade or use information for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This freshwater snail is only known from Croatia. There is no recent data on the distribution, habitat preference,  population and threats to the species. First of all, the species'  validity and presence in Croatia should be confirmed. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This freshwater snail is only known from Croatia. There is no recent data on the distribution of the species, and as such more survey data is required to confirm the presence in Croatia.

population:
There is no data on the population of this species.

habitat:
There is no data on the habitat preference of the species.

threats:
Any threats to this species are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
There is no recent data on the distribution, habitat preference, population and threats to the species. First of all, the species' validity and presence in Croatia should be confirmed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three sub-species for this species: Planorbarius corneus arabatzis (Reischütz, Reischütz  Fischer,# 2008), Planorbarius corneus grandis (Dunker, 1850) and Planorbarius corneus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758).# From Feher  Eross (2009) 'Beside the nominate form of P. corneus, Fauna Europaea recognizes one another subspecies, P. c. grandis. There was no type locality given in the original description, and it was reported only from Greece (Lake Kastoria and Kavala) to now (FRANK 1987). P. corneus populations, occurring in the two Prespa Lakes, resembles to Planorbis grandis described and figured by DUNKER (1850). This form, mentioned as "abnormale populatie uit het Prespameer" (MAASSEN 1980) or "Form des Gr. Prespasees" (REISCHÜTZ  STUMMER 1989), differ from the nominate form by having more tumid spire, more asymmetric aperture and asymmetrically depressed spire (deeply on the ventral side and slightly on the dorsal side). Misguided by its unusual shell morphology, this P. corneus form was inaccurately associated to Planorbella anceps by ERŐSS et al. (2005). P. REISCHÜTZ (personal communication) believes, that two distinct subspecies occur in the Prespa region: P. c. grandis in the Small Prespa Lake and an undescribed species subspecies in the Great Prespa Lake. Until the systematic position of the "Great Prespa form" is clarified (P. REISCHÜTZ is studying it), we tentatively assign the populations of both lakes to P. c. grandis.'

redListCategoryRationale:
Planorbarius corneus is widespread all over Europe, it is abundant and there are no major threats for this species. It is classified as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Mediterranean assessment: This specie sis also widespread in the southern part of its range and is not facing major threats. it is therefore also listed as Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean level.

range:
This is a very common and abundant species in northern and central Europe and the Balkans across to central Asia. In the south-west part of Europe is becomes rare, and is not present in Spain, however there are records from the Atlantic islands.# As a species found in the aquarium trade, it can be found in small ponds outside the main range. In the Balkans there are two subspecies have been described from the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lake.Slovakia: It is known as a common species in large rivers such as the Danube, Morava, Vah, Ipel, Latorica, Tisa, as well as streams and fishponds.Czech Republic: Common species, and in the second half of the 20th century it has expanded it's range to new localities.Germany: More common species in the north lowlands, and is absent from central germany and is relatively rare in the south. Serbia: It is a common species in the Danube and Sava Rivers.UK: widespread.

population:
This is a common and abundant species. The sub-species present in the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lakes are also common and abundant.

habitat:
This  is a large freshwater gastropod, also adapted to semi-aquatic habitats.  The species inhabits different types of habitats - large rivers,  streams, fishponds, swamps, slow flowing waters, flooded gravel pits,  etc. and it is typically found in water which is still, or only moving  slowly, where there is a good growth of many different kinds of pond  weeds, and where there are high levels of calcium dissolved in the  water.In freshwater lakes, such as Prespa and Mikri Prespa, it is found on a variety of substrates.P. corneus arabatzis is found in the Prespa Lake and occurs on hard substrate like stones and rocks.P. corneus grandis is found in the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lakes on soft substrate and macrophytes.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been more commonly known as Planorbarius meditjensis Forbes, 1838 in most of the literature until 2009.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species that is stable and possibly increasing. There are no identified threats and as such it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is known from Spain and Portugal in Europe, and has a range that extends into the Maghreb, where it has been recorded as widely dispersed from Morocco and Algeria (van Damme et al. 2010). Araujo (pers. comm., 2010) reported the species as widespread and common in the Iberian peninsula, except in the north where it is replaced by Planorbarius corneus.

population:
Its populations are thought to be stable and possibly increasing.

habitat:
This opportunistic species lives on vegetation around slow-moving waters and can stand some degree of water pollution. In is also present in man-made drainage ditches.

threats:
No major threats are known to this species and it is tolerant of disturbed and mildly polluted habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species and none are considered necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is non-native in Europe and as such is listed as Not Applicable (NA).

range:
This species is native to North America, but is widely introduced in Europe, where it is found in aquariums, indoor pools and other artificial habitats. The species is often a temporary resident, and may die out.

population:
This non-native species is expanding its range in Europe.

habitat:
This species is found in ponds and aquarium tanks.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species, but it is a non-native species in Europe.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions and none are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) as it is present in many water courses in northern Greece, however it is vulnerable to declines, as it is present in habitats that are suffering from pollution events, changing water levels resulting from increased frequency of summer droughts, and over-abstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.

range:
This species is endemic to northern Greece. The distribution of this species is updated in the forthcoming review of Glöer (2010 in press), however it is found in East Aegean Islands, Ionian Islands, Crete, Cyclades, North Sporades, Attica, Euboea, Peloponnisos and probably in Epirus as Reischutz and Sattman (1990) tentatively recorded the species in two river systems (Louros and Artharos) (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, but it may be declining due to habitat decline.

habitat:
This species is found in small rivers, brooks, pools and freshwater springs.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain, but are likely to be pollution in the rivers, as well as seasonal droughts impacting the species during periods of low water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and at present only awareness of biodiversity campaigns and preservation of water would be required to assist in the conservation of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe with no threats at the European level and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe. It is found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland) and Portugal (mainland).Outside Europe it is recorded from Turkey, and has recently been reported in Lebanon.

population:
No information on the population status or trend for this species is known at the European level.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species that is found in swamps and slow-flowing waters with abundant vegetation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Planorbis macedonicus is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the it is known from a single locality, Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality (both water and lake-bed) as a result of water pollution and increased sedimentation from the catchment, which is impacting this species.

range:
This species is restricted to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid, in the surroundings of sub-lacustrine springs.

population:
This species is strictly restricted to the rocky south-eastern shore and could be found only in low abundances.

habitat:
This littoral species is strictly restricted to hard substrates like rocks and stones.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has uncertain distribution, population data and threats as it has been regarded until recently as conspecific with Planorbis argraulus, which is now regarded as a North African species (Gloer and Zettler 2009).# It is easily confused with other Planorbid species and as such is under-recorded, requiring anatomical verification for confirmed records. Although the range is only partly known, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it is known from at least 13 locations on Corsica and is probably widespread in suitable water bodies.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

range:
Giusti et al. (2005) described a Holmediterranean distribution for this species, regarding it as conspecific with Planorbis argraulus.# However it is now considered to be more restricted, from Sardinia, Corsica, possibly Alpes Maritime (Gloer and Zettler 2009, Falkner et al. 2002). On Corsica it is listed from at least 13 locations (Gloer and Zettler 2009) and as such is not range restricted.

population:
There are no population data available for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species, however monitoring of the habitat needs to be carried out as does more research into distribution and trends in population.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread throughout Europe with no known threats across its range and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe, being found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macdeonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece and Ukraine.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species across its range.# There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.

conservationAction:
There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Planorbis presbensis is only known from the Lakes of Prespa, where it is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), as it is present only in two locations. Despite the decline of habitat quality, the ecology of this species and its larger size allow it to withstand changes from the algae growth resulting of the eutrophication of the lakes, it is therefore considered that it does not currently meet the requirement level of threat for Endangered.This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union: For the EU27 assessment, immigration from sub-populations in Albania and FYROM is considered possible through passive dispersion by water birds, and hence the species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU D2) at the EU27 level too.

range:
This species is restricted to the small Prespa Lake ("Mikri Prespa") and the Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece. #

population:
Although the population trend is unknown P. prespensis is frequently recovered in recent surveys within suitable habitats in the freshwater lake (Albrecht et al, pers. comm., 2009).

habitat:
This littoral species occurs in rocky habitat.

threats:
Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action.  #


redListCategoryRationale:
Given the present range this species is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future, although there are localized species declines throughout the range, and so the species is a candidate for listing as threatened. Given that the major threats to the species are habitat loss and high levels of pollution there is a need to maintain habitat and population monitoring programmes, as if the rates of decline accelerate it could qualify as Near Threatened (NT) or Vulnerable (VU), although at present it is considered Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This small species of Planorbid is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland, Corsica) Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).In the former USSR the range extends to Ural River (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
In Great Britain over the last 100 years it is has declined from the northern part of the range with a few isolated populations remaining in Kent, Sussex, Norfolk and Somerset (Kerney 1999).

habitat:
This species is found in small pools, ditches, grazing marshes or small depressions, former floodplains and ponds It is usually found in places with clean hard water amongst dense vegetation and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999).

threats:
The species has been in decline in western Europe. This is due to changes in land management practices, mainly conversion of marshy ground to agriculture, change in dredging frequency of marsh ditches, and increased levels of phosphates and nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999).

conservationAction:
In most countries in western Europe this species is considered to be of conservation interest. In Great Britain it was listed as Endangered, as the species is currently declining and a species action plan is place for several of the known sites as these also host A.vorticulus another threatened species (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). In Slovakia it is listed as Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005). In Switzerland it is considered to be catgeory 2 (Turner et al. 1994). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is endemic to Croatia, where it is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation and over abstraction of water) suggest that the species could be listed as Vulnerable (VU), pending further research on the taxonomic status, or Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. On the basis of the precautionary principle it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) pending better data on the range and taxonomic status.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and the caves at Ombla source (type locality) is the only location where it has been found in quantity, but often the material contains shell fragments, as it is found in material which washes out from the cave system. Schütt (2000) suggests that the three species of Emmercia, including this species, might be present in the Dalmatian and Montenegrina coastal strip from Metkovia to Kotor.

population:
The population trend for this species is unknown, however Schütt (2000) comments that the species was frequent in the Ombla system (type locality).

habitat:
This species is found in outflow water from underground rivers.

threats:
Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, there are general threats to habitats in this region from pollution (domestic and agricultural sources) and over-abstraction of water (domestic and tourism purposes).

conservationAction:
This species was listed on a Council of Europe report on the status of   Emerald Network Pilot Project in Serbia and Montenegro. It was one of several species proposed as an addition to the Emerald List of Protected Species (2006). However there are no known conservation actions are in place for this species. Research on the population size, distribution and trends, and threats to this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is known from the type locality on Neretva River, but is possibly present in other groundwaters in Bosnia, as numerous species were originally described by Letourneux from the region (Bourguignat 1880) and these are all placed into four species now.

redListCategoryRationale:
Fauna Europa (Bank et al. 2006) considered that this species is geographically restricted to groundwaters in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however there is little data to confirm the restricted nature of the range, and it maybe present in other springs and groundwater systems. Although nothing is known about the population status, and the general range, there are general threats to habitats in the region, from habitat degradation and over abstraction of water, suggest that the species could be listed as threatened pending further research on the taxonomic status, or Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. The species is currently listed as Data Deficient pending further information.

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is known from underground river systems. Currently it  is listed from groundwaters of the Dinarides (Komarek 1953: 331), mountain chain in Southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,  Kosovo. But the original records where from the Neretva river, with the type locality near to Mislina in the River Neretva delta (Bourguignat 1880).

population:
There are no data on population trends for this species.

habitat:
The species is found in outflow water from underground rivers.

threats:
Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, there are general threats to habitats in this region: habitat degradation due to pollution from domestic and agricultural sources and over abstraction of water for both domestic purposes and hotels.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place. Better knowledge of range, ecology and life history would assist the conservation assessment of this species. Further work on raising awareness of the value of freshwater and underground biodiversity within the region particularly from the over abstraction of water would also benefit this and other species in these habitats. Monitoring of the population trend to identify any impacts from the potential threats in the area is advised.


taxonomicNotes:
Emmericia patula is one of four species found in the Balkan regions,#and one of the four recognized extant species of this genus, three of which are found in subterranean habitats:#E. ventricosa#Brusina 1870 (Bole  Velkovrh, 1986:#190, from caves around the Popovo Polje),#E. patula#Brumati 1838 and#E. narentana#Bourguignat, 1880 (Komarek, 1953) from underground sources of the Dinarides.

redListCategoryRationale:
Emmericia patula is restricted to Southern Europe, mainly in the Mediterranean Zone.# Although there are localised threats, the species has a wide range, and as such is considered Least Concern.

range:
This species is listed from France, Italy, Albania, Croatia, Germany and Slovenia in Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006). The range of the species suggests that it is not localised, and is adjacent to the range of the other three species in the genus Emmericia. In France it was added as a new species to the french fauna in 1986, following an inventory on the Rivers Doubs in Eastern France. In Italy it is present in scattered localities, mainly in NE Italy, but with odd records in NW Italy and central Italy.# The records for Albania are uncertain and require confirmation.

habitat:
Springs and rivers, in the upper parts and middle parts of the river in Croatia.

threats:
There are localised threats from water pollution and habitat degradation with road construction in valleys and river channel management plans, however these are not viewed as threatening the species across the region.

conservationAction:
Emmericia patula is protected by the Law on Nature Protection of the Republic of Croatia. However there are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It is also listed as Least Concern on the European and Mediterranean regional red list assessments.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of the four recognized extant species of this genus; three of which are found in subterranean habitats:#E. ventricosa#Brusina 1870 (Bole and Velkovrh 1986), from caves around the Popovo Polje,#E. patula#Brumati 1838 and#E. narentana#Bourguignat, 1880 (Komarek 1953: 331) from underground sources of the Dinarides.# There are many different names in Bourguignat, 1880, and some of these may be synonyms which could extend the range.# Further research is needed on these taxa to resolve the range and limits.

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is geographically restricted.  Although nothing is known about the population status, the general  threats to habitats in the region, from habitat degradation and over  abstraction of water, suggest that the species could be listed as  Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending further research on the taxonomic status, or  Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. On the basis of the  precautionary principle it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending  better data on the range and taxonomic status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2.Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Schutt (2000) listed it from in the eastern Trebinijca valley just inland from Dubrovnik, but noted it was not found in the Ombla caves system.

habitat:
This species is known from underground cave rivers.

threats:
Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status of this species, there are general threats to habitats in#the eastern Trebinijca valley including habitat degradation due to lake creation for hydroelectric generation and over abstraction of water for both domestic purposes and hotels.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place. Better knowledge of  range, ecology and life history would assist the conservation assessment  of this species. Further work on raising awareness of the value of  freshwater and underground biodiversity within the region particularly  from the over abstraction of water would also benefit this and other  species in these habitats. Monitoring of the population trend to  identify any impacts from the potential threats in the area is advised.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has not been# recorded or studied since its original description, and as it appears in the Marine List of Europe (CLEMAM) it may be a marine species. This taxon was not mentioned in the revision of the genus Assiminea by Aartsen (2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has not been# recorded or studied since its original  description, and as it appears in the Marine List of Europe (CLEMAM) it  maybe a marine species. This taxon was not mentioned in the revision of  the genus Assiminea of Aartsen (2008). As there is no current data on range, population status or threats the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Europe regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was described from Mahon, Balearic Islands (Spain), but has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the distributional status is uncertain.

population:
This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the population status is uncertain.

habitat:
This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the habitats are uncertain, but possibly either a brackish water species or full marine species.

threats:
This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the threat status is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are currently no known conservation actions as this species has not been studied since it was first collected. However further surveys to determine the taxonomic status, geographical range of this species and threats would be recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been confused with Assiminea grayana in part of the range (Falkner et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been recorded from France, Spain as well as the Atlantic Islands and is through to be widely distributed in suitable habitats, which are relatively localised on the Atlantic coast from La Rochelle (France) south to Morocco, MNHN, leg. Gofas). Although these brackish habitats are under pressure from habitat change (infrastructure developments), the species is not known to be threatened and so it is listed as Least Concern. As an Atlantic coast species it is not thought to be present in the Mediterranean basin.

range:
This species has been recorded from France, Spain as well as the Atlantic Islands. Falkner et al. (2002) described it as widely distributed on the Atlantic coast, from La Rochelle (France, Paladilhe 1877) to Cadix (Spain), Ria de Arosa (Galicia, Cadée 1968 in Falkner et al. 2002) and Tanger (Morocco, MNHN, leg. Gofas). It is likely to be widespread on the Atlantic shoreline from France to Morocco at 4 detailed recorded locations. Due to a lack of research, further sites need to be added to the range in Spain and Portugal to improve the map.

population:
There is no specific data on population status.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in coastal areas, on the edge of lagoons, within interstitial waters on the stony areas of beaches, sometimes covered by salt-tolerant vegetation.

threats:
This species lives in a restricted habitat that is often modified for recreational purposes or for industrial development, however given the widespread distribution only parts of the population are impacted by these threats.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, although some localities will lie within protected areas, as lagoonal habitats are protected in some countries. More knowledge is needed on the species distribution, life history and ecology.

useAndTrade:
Assiminea eliae is used for human consumption.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is abundant where present, therefore not likely to become  threatened given the current range, hence it is listed as Least Concern (LC). However the estuarine sites are  vulnerable to development for port and harbour purposes, for tourism  (marina construction) and industrial estates. This would provide local threats to sites.

range:
This species is known from the coasts of western Europe, where it is mainly found on the countries bordering the North Sea. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list the range as Denmark (mainland), Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), and Germany.# The records from Italy (mainland) require confirmation, as there are other species of Assiminea that have recently been separated. Kerney (1999) suggests that Assiminea grayana could be an introduction in Ireland, as it is only found around the Shannon Estuary and the first records were in 1991.

population:
In Great Britain this species is abundant where present, although localised on the East Anglian and South Yorkshire Coasts in suitable habitats (Kerney 1999).

habitat:
This species is usually found in salt marshes or estuaries at or just above high tide level, usually crawling on wet mud, under stones and pieces of drift wood and sometimes on the stones under seaweed/vegetation.

threats:
This species is abundant where present and hence not likely to become threatened given the current range, however, the estuarine sites are vulnerable to development for port and harbour purposes, for tourism (marina construction) and industrial estates. This would provide localized threats to sites.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, although the presence in some salt-marsh/estuarine areas in the UK, The Netherlands and Belgium may provide protection for the habitats where the species is found. In Ireland, it is probably introduced, and assessed as Not Applicable (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain, although it has a restricted distribution, it is considered to be stable and listed as Least Concern (Seddon and Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Netherlands, it is considered Endangered (Bruyne et al. 2003) based on loss of habitats in the last 40 years. Research actions include: further research to establish the taxonomic status of the Italian populations; origin of introduced populations in Ireland; better understanding of the range overlap with the recently described species in the North Atlantic.


taxonomicNotes:
Syn: Paludina boissieri Küster, 1852: change to genus Bithynia confirmed in Gloer and Maasen (2009) based on anatomy of topotypes which show that Paludina boissieri belongs to the genus Bithynia because it has a penial appendix and a flagellum.Bythinia ilysaeca, which should be a synonym of Bithynia boissieri, is, according to the drawing given by Locard (1894: pl. VI, Fig. 5), distinct from the topotypes of B. boissieri as well as from the specimen depicted by Beriozkina  Starobogatov (1995) (from Gloer and Maasen, 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
The population size and trends as well as the distribution of this species are uncertain. It can be confused with B. leachi. Therefore given the current uncertainty Bithynia boissieri##is considered as Data Deficient.

range:
There is confusion in the literature on the range of this species. #According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is known from Italy and France (Corsica).# However, in Italy the species was originally described from Rome, but listed for Sicily. In Corsica, it is only known from a single site on the northern coast (INPN 2009).# According to Gloer and Maasen (2009) Paludina boissieri Küster, 1852, was been described from the region of Rome (Kuster 1852: 36) as its type locality, and not Sicily, as given in Beriozkina and Starabogatov (1995).

population:
There is no information about the population size and trends.

habitat:
This is a freshwater snail found in rivers.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown as the distribution and taxonomic status is uncertain.

conservationAction:
Research on the population size, trends and distribution is needed. It is not known what conservation measures should be taken to protect this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia candiota is found in scattered localities across Crete (Kreti). Its extent of occurrence is 8,336 km²# and is in at least three locations, but as it maybe present in other locations on the island and the major threats are uncertain,# the listing is downgraded to Near Threatened. It is likely that the sites are declining in their habitat quality due to overuse of freshwater resources. The species is therefore in need of further survey work to determine the distribution and threats, to allow a revised conservation assessment.The species is considered regionally as:EU 27: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)Europe: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)Mediterranean: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)

range:
Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the species from the mainland Greece and Crete, but Glöer and Maassen (2009) present only material from Crete (total area: 8336 km2) and it is not listed by Glöer et al (2010) for mainland Greece.# It is found in scattered localities across the island of Crete, including nomos Lassithi, Kato Metochi; nomos Rethimnon, valley along river Petres, 9 km W of Rethimnon;# in debris of river Petres, 9 km W of Rethimnon, UTM KV61;# nomos Iraklion, small river near river Gerapotamos near bridge at Phaistos.

population:
No population trend data are available for this species.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population size, trends and distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has not been redefined since originally collected by Clessin, until recent work by Gloer and Beran (2009) confirmed that the taxon differs from#Bithynia tentaculata and Bithynia mostarensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
This freshwater species is endemic to Croatia, where it is currently known from one river catchment with an extent of occurrence of less than 12,000 km2, hence it is possibly Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii) as its populations are very restricted, and it is threatened by past and ongoing flow water management.# Further research is required to determine if the species is present at other sites in the region and habitat monitoring is required to ensure that no detrimental activities occur to disrupt or destroy the existing habitats.

range:
This species is restricted to the Cetina River Drainage (Glöer et al. 2007, Glöer and Pesic 2007).# Recently Glöer and Beran (2009) reviewed material collected at Omiš, on River Cetina near the coast in Dalmatia, and confirmed the presence of the species in the river. The lower part of the river from the Gubavica Falls (49 m a.s.l.) near the village of Zadvarje (20 km from Omiš), is less gorge-like, although still fast flowing.

population:
The species has been recently collected, but there is no population trend data.

habitat:
This species is found in lower parts of freshwater rivers.

threats:
The species lives in a freshwater river, where the flow is managed as there are several hyrdolectric dams across the lower courses of the river, and there may be some threats from flow management, however the impact on the species is uncertain, as it may occur elsewhere in the catchment.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
According to some authors this species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece and has an extent of occurrence of 22 km2; this lake has been affected by man-made impacts such as sewage discharge and water level fluctuations, which are causing the habitat to degrade, therefore this species could be considered to be Critically Endangered if this restricted range is confirmed. However there are other records from two further sites that require investigation in light of the taxonomic revisions in this group, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2, until the taxonomic reviews have been carried out.This species is also assessed at regional level as:EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable D2European regional assessmen: Vulnerable D2Mediterranean regional assessmen: Vulnerable D2

range:
According to Glöer and Maasen (2009), this species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece.# However older literature suggests a wider distribution, where B. graeca was also found in Tenaghi Philippon (Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Schütt 1987) and in artificial Lake Kerkini (Serres, Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Eleutheriadis and Lazaridou-Dimitriadou 2001). Lake Kerkini was formed by construction of a dam across Strymon river valley. The water of this lake is used for irrigation purposes. According to Frogley and Preece (2007), the identity of the above specimens need clarification in the light of the taxonomic revision made by Glöer and Pešič (2006).

population:
This population status for this species is unknown, although it has been recently collected.

threats:
During the last decades Lake Pamvotis has been influenced by many man-made impacts, such as sewage discharge and water level fluctuation. Lake Pamvotis is an eutrophic ecosystem exhibiting also a serious decline of submerged vegetation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions: Restoration management strategy requires reduction of the external and internal organic load, control of non-point pollution sources, control of hydrological regime, and establishment of bio-manipulation techniques. Lake Pamvotis and Lake Kerkini are sites of Natura 2000 network (GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon and GR1260001-Limni -Kroussia-Koryfes Opus Beles, GR1260008, Texniti Limni Kerkini correspondingly).


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia hambergerae is considered to be Data Deficient, as there are doubts on the extent of the distribution, as being a recently described species the range maybe more extensive if the tentative records from Albania are confirmed. If this species is considered to be endemic to Montenegro, where it is possibly restricted to two localities, and given the threats to these locations, then the species would then be classified as Endangered (En B2 ab(iii)).

range:
Bithynia hambergerae is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from the River Plavnica near Gornja Plavnica, area of Lake Skadar. This species has recently been described but the distribution is uncertain. There are also records from Albania, however, these records are unconfirmed and therefore the range maybe more extensive.

population:
As this species has been recently described, the population size and trends are not known.

habitat:
This specie inhabits freshwater lake margins and rivers.

threats:
There is rapid eutrophication taking place in Skadar Lake. In the last years, the area of Plavnica (at Skadar Lake) is devastated by the development of a local tourist centre and a littoral part of the lake at Plavnica is deepened to consent of the local touristic ships.

conservationAction:
No specific actions exists for this species, but there are some conservation actions in place for the Lake itself. Distributional data is required.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on trade for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally described from Lepanto [=Nafpaktos], Greece, and recent speciments though to be this species were taken from Lake Taka (10 km south of Tripolis, Peloponnes).At present further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.# It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), in view of the lack of data on trends and threats to the species.

range:
This species was originally described from Lepanto [=Nafpaktos], Greece, and Kobelt (1892) also reports the presence on the Greece Islands. Glöer et al. (2010) note that specimens which resemble this species were taken from Lake Taka (10 km south of Tripolis, Peloponnes).

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown, as the species has been overlooked until recent taxonomic reviews, which suggest that it is not conspecific with other taxa.

habitat:
This species is found in a small freshwater lake.


taxonomicNotes:
Bythinia italica is considered as a distinct species from B. leachi by Falkner et al.(2002). They restrict the name B. leachi to populations from the North and West of the Alps. Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two species proposed by Falkner : Bythinia italica and B. boissieri.#The name B. italica is based on material from SMF, and applies applies to type locality Novoli near the Fosso Macinante, west of Florence It is mentioned by Falkner et al.(2002) from Pietracorbara# in Corsica ("Cape Corse" only) ; and Viareggio and Lago di Massaciuccoli in Italia, where it is syntopic with B. boissieri.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia italica is recently considered a valid species in Italy and France, and as such most data on distribution or population status is for two species (Bithynia italica and Bithynia#boissieri#) which were both listed and mapped as one species,#Bithynia leachii. #However, the current unpublished data from Bodon, Cianfanelli and Prie (Feb 2010 pers. comm.) suggests that#Bithynia italica#is widespread and unlikely to be under threat of extinction.

range:
The species is listed for Italy by Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006), however in Fauna Italica it is considered to be B. leachi. #According to Bodon and Cianfanelli (Cianfanelli, pers. comm. Feb 2010), Bithynia italica, Paulucci, 1880 is a valid species and this species is widely distributed in Italy and in Corsica.#The type locality for this species is# Angitola river near Pizzo in Calabria, Italy. It is mentioned by Falkner et al.#(2002) from Pietracorbara# in Corsica ("Cape Corse" only) ; and Viareggio and Lago di Massaciuccoli in Italia, where it is syntopic with B. boissieri.

population:
No data on population status although believed to be widespread.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater rivers.

threats:
The threats to the species are localised and the wide distribution in Italy and Corsica suggests that the species is unlikely to be threatened.

conservationAction:
Further data is required on population status and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), as it is only found in one lake (Lake Kastoria), where there is continuing habitat degradation as a result of changing water quality caused by pollution from the agricultural developments alongside the lake, as well as domestic sewage entering the lake close to the major urban areas. The area is within a Nature 2000 site, and would benefit from better water management plans to ensure the long-term survival of the freshwater species in the lake.

range:
This species is found in Macedonia (Northern Greece) where it is recorded from Lake Kastoria (Glöer et al. 2007). The Kastoria Peninsula (with the town of Kastoria) divides the lake into two parts, the larger to the north and the smaller to the south. The total lake area is 28 km².

population:
The population status of Bithynia kastorias remains unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on rocks of the littoral zone (0–0.5 m depth) of the eutrophic lake Kastoria (Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Glöer et al. 2007).

threats:
The main threats to this species arise from human activities around the lake, such as intensive agriculture and disposal of untreated town waste which pollute the lake water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Lake Kastoria is included in the network Natura 2000 (GR1320001-Limni Kastorias). However the ecosystem of this lake is disturbed and polluted mainly because the water of streams draining into it carry agricultural fertilizers. The area would benefit from better water management plans to ensure the long-term survival of the freshwater species occurring in this lake.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a recently described species. Although this species is only known from one single location, further information (in particular on threats) is required to determine whether it merits the higher conservation status of Critically Endangered (CR), and as such this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 on a precautionary basis.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location, Torrent de Fornalutx, Soller Stadt, Mallorca (Glöer and Beckmann 2007)

population:
This is a recently described species so there is no data on population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in a freshwater river entering the bay at Soller Stradt.

threats:
As this is a recently described species the threats to it are not fully evaluated, however there are likely to be pressures on water supplies in the region as well as possible pollution from the urban developments in the catchment.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further data is required on distribution, population trends and threats, as the area is quite developed, therefore the species may be under threat.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously considered to be conspecific with Bithynia troschelii (= B. transsylvanica) however, Gloer has recently shown that they are distinct species (Gloer et al. 2005).Two other species have recently been spilt by#Falkner#et al.(2002). #Bythinia italica#is considered as a distinct species from#B. leachii by Falkner#et al.(2002). They restrict the name#B. leachii to populations from the North and West of the Alps. Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two species proposed by Falkner :#Bythinia italica#and#B. boissieri.#Bithynia rumelica Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a synonym of Bithynia (Codiella) leachii by Angelov (2000). Georgiev and Stoycheva (2010) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria near the town of Krichim (Wohlberedt, 1911). The only known such spring is Krichimski Vircheta, near the Vacha River. The taxonomic status of the species is unclear.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia leachii is widespread through Europe and lives in different types of habitat, such as oxbows, rivers, streams, fish ponds, etc. Although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events (i.e. natural sedimentation and water pollution), the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions. Therefore the species qualifies for Least Concern.# If Bithynia rumelica  Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a valid species, then it is possibly  extinct. Georgiev (2010) noted that it was described as a new species  from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes  Mountains, Bulgaria where the only known spring is Krichimski Vircheta,  near the Vacha River. The taxonomic status of the species is unclear, but  Krichimski Vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could  be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009, presumably as a result of many  people washing themselves in the hot water. In the springs pollution  from plastic and other materials was obvious. The species was recorded last century from North Africa, however there are no recent records, so it is considered to be regionally extinct in North Africa, whereas in the northern Mediterranean, it is still widespread, but local, and as such is considered Least Concern. However according to Falkner et al (2002), the Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two  species proposed by Falkner :#Bythinia  italica#and#B. boissieri. Hence, taxon in southern Europe Bithynia  italica and Bithynia boissieri  have been considered as part of  Bithynia leachii, as such some of the map data for the region is  incorrect. Although these species should probably be considered as Data Deficient, the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be Least Concern, as certainly Bithynia  italica is presumed widespread and Bithynia leachii is widely recorded in the region.

range:
This is a widespread species in Europe according to Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006). Some older distributional data might refer to B. troscheli which is now considered to be a distinct species. Fauna Europaea lists the following countries: Austria, Balearis Islands, Belgium, U.K. - Great Britain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Serbia.Czech Republic: Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) and Bithynia troschelii (Paasch, 1842) are both recorded in the Czech Republic, where both species are restricted to South Moravia; in the floodplains along the Morava River and the Dyje River where both species are very rare.UK:# Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) is widespread in lowland rivers, but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years (Killeen, pers. comm, 2009).#Slovakia: Mainly the Danube and Morava River. Also in the Latorica River and slow flooding canals and oxbows, and fishponds.Germany: Common in the north part. In the southern part only in the River Rhein, Neckar and Chiemsee.Bulgaria: Bithynia rumelica Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a synonym of Bithynia (Codiella) leachii by Angelov (2000). Georgiev (2010) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes Mountains near the town of Krichim (Wohlberedt, 1911). The only known such spring is Krichimski Vircheta, near the Vacha River.   This species has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia.# It is widespread within its known range in Europe from Scandinavia to the Iberian Penisula, and from Eire to Ukraine.#

population:
There is no unified information available on population and trends for this species, although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years.#There is little evidence of any significant decline.

habitat:
This species lives in different types of habitat, such as oxbows, rivers, streams, fish ponds, slow flowing canals, etc. It is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams, rivers, canals, large drains, marsh drains and lakes, however, it is less common in smaller ponds. It shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats, often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates.

threats:
Its habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts (i.e. natural sedimentation and water pollution), although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality. It is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline.     Other Threats: Pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging.# Mouthon (1996) showed# that B. leachii was one of the species of gastropod most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.##

conservationAction:
Most probably there is no conservation action for this species in place.

useAndTrade:
This species is used for human consumption.

redListAssessors:
Vavrova, L., Cianfanelli, S., Prie, V., Georgiev, D. Ghamizi, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Schutt (1988) suggested that it was not a valid species, but a synonym of B. tentaculata (Gloer  Maassen, 2009). Schutt (1988) designated a lectotype: 4.5 whorls, shell height 4.6 mm, shell width 3.1 mm, and identified this species as a juvenile of Bithynia tentaculata. According to Gloer and Maassen (2009), Beriozkina et al. (1995: 36, Fig. 5a) illustrated Bithynia majewskyi from the Rostov Region with measurements: shell height 6.6 mm, width 4.6 mm, while Anistratenko and Stadnichenko (1995: 150) illustrated quite a different looking species with the measurements: shell height 5.3 mm and width 4.2 mm, whereas in their description they gave the measurements: shell height 4–4.5 mm, width 3–3.5 mm. Gloer and Maassen (2009) commented that the identity of the species used for their description of Bithynia majewskyi is questionable, as is their range description “Sicily, Balkan peninsula, shores of northern part of the Black and Azov seas and Caspian Sea”. In addition, Beriozkina et al. (1995: 35) mentioned Bythinia hellenica Kobelt, 1892 as a younger synonym of B. majewskyi, but the syntypes of B. hellenica, studied by Gloer (cited in Gloer and Maasse 2009), look distinct from B. majewskyi. If Schutt (1988) and Gloer and Maassen (2009) are correct, in their views that# B. majewskyi is a younger synonym of B. tentaculata, then Gloer and Maassen (2009) comment that the genus Paraelona has no type species and is not a valid genus name.# However at present it is still listed as a valid species pending further taxonomic research in the region.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is listed as Data Deficient given the uncertain taxonomic status and current information on species distribution and threats. It is likely that the species should be listed as Not Applicable, whilst the name is still considered valid, as the species seems to be a synonym of the more widespread B. tentaculata, however further research is needed to confirm this.The species is also assessed at regional level as:European regional assessment: Data DeficientEU27 regional assessment: NE, as it is not present in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient

range:
The range of this species is currently under review, as is the status of the species. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) listed the species for Croatia. Anistratenko and Stadnichenko (1995: 150) gave their range description “Sicily, Balkan  peninsula, shores of northern part of the Black and Azov seas and  Caspian Sea”. Beriozkina et al (1995: 36,  Fig. 5a) illustrated Bithynia majewskyi from the Rostov Region. Gloer  and Maassen (2009) commented that the identity of the species  used  for the range description of Bithynia majewskyi  is questionable.

population:
The population trend is uncertain, given the uncertain species status.

habitat:
The habitats are uncertain, given the uncertain species status.

threats:
The threats are uncertain, given the uncertain species distribution and status.

conservationAction:
None in place. The conservation actions are needed to establish the uncertain species distribution and status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is currently known from the type locality, a  stream in the Soller region on the island of Mallorca, Spain. The species' range may be limited and any threats are as yet unknown, so conservation actions required include more data on range and  threats. As such, given that we have no data on threats, the species is listed for now as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This newly described species is currently known from a fast flowing stream in the Soller region on the island of Mallorca, Spain.

population:
There is no population information for this species.

habitat:
The species was found on the bed of a freshwater stream on consolidated, calcareous rocks.

threats:
Any threats to this newly described species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This recently described species has unknown threats and the range may be limited, so conservation actions required include more data on range and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Feher and Eross (2009) noted that this species was listed by Reischütz et al. (2008) for Albania, but they suggested that it may well be B. radomani rather than a distinct species.# This requires further investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed for Montenegro by Fauna Europea, but there is little recent data on the range or threats, and there are some doubts about the records and as such it is listed as Data deficient.

range:
This species is listed for Montenegro by Fauna Europea, but there is little recent data on the range.

population:
There is no known population data on this species.

habitat:
There is no data on habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
This species requires research on threats, population trends and distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been treated as a form of B. tentaculata (Schutt, 1988).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is poorly known, originally described from a lake that is now a possible site for a hydroelectric scheme. At present with little information on other possible sites, the species should be considered Data Deficient (DD), however, if the range is confirmed as restricted to the lake, the species could be Vulnerable (VU D2) or Endangered (EN) depending on the level of possible threats.

range:
Bithynia mostarensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it was originally described from Mostarsko blato, a temporary lake on marshland#near Mostar. Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) considered that#Bithnyia mostarensis#is#present in lentic (still water) habitats within the Neretva drainage basin, although at present there is little data on its distribution and ecology, so it maybe more widespread within this drainage basin.

population:
There is no data on the current status of these populations.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater lake and lentic (still water) habitats in rivers.

threats:
General threats to the lake include a proposed hydroelectric plant to produce hydro power. In addition four hydroelectric power plants are planned in upper part of Neretva River, which could lead to devastation of small lentic (still water) habitats downstream which are probably the most suitable habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research relating to the population size, distribution and trends of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is recently described and separated from the widespread species, B. tentaculata. There may be more records for this species once older records of B. tentaculata are examined.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a recently described species known from two sites, with no#data on population trends or threats at the sites. #It may qualify as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), if there are threats, and if the range is confirmed as limited to two sites. However, as the main range of the species is likely to be within a protected area and a Ramsar site (Parc Albufera), a listing of Data deficient (DD) is proposed.##

range:
This species is endemic to Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from two locations: Parc Albufera, S'Illot and Port Alcudia, Mallorca (Glöer and Beckmann 2007). Port Alcudia is a small harbour for fishing and has a small marina for yachts. S'illot is at the southern end of the Protected Area of Parc Albufera. The area of the Parc is quite extensive, and the distribution of the species is currently uncertain, as it is recently described and separated from the widespread species B. tentaculata.

population:
This species was recently described, and as such no population trend data is available.

habitat:
This species has been described from small rivers adjacent to roads (possibly within managed channel areas). It may occur more widely within the catchment.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, as it is recently described. It lies in the edge of a national park (also a Ramsar site) and as such may lie within the managed catchments. It may be vulnerable to water pollution and variability in water flow levels.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, a Ramsar site and as such surveys should be carried out in small rivers and streams to determine if the species is present more widely in the catchment. Habitat management is needed to ensure these rivers are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia prespaensis is known from a single lake with an extent of occurrence of less than 300 km² where there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and over-abstraction of water. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, the species has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², with only one location and a decline in the habitat quality, but immigration from the subpopulations in the other parts of the lake is likely to happen. The species is therefore also assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) at the EU27 level.

range:
This species is restricted to the Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM and Greece.

population:
This species is frequent in suitable habitats in the lake.

habitat:
This littoral species lives in weedy areas of the lake, where habitats are declining due to influx of pesticides, herbicides and other pollutants from groundwater and surface run-off.

threats:
Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake and could be impacting this species. In addition habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, could threaten this lake species in future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action specifically for this species, however, a water management plan in the region is in place, although there are still substantial problems due to pollution. Hence existing water legislation needs to be enforced and fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Longer term, regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action to improve the water quality in the Prespa Lake.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from the type locality in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller, Mallorca, Balearic islands (Spain). It is only considered to be vulnerable to habitat degradation as it lies within an area that is subject to ongoing habitat management. As such it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), pending further information on distribution and threats.

range:
This recently described species was found in the ponds in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller, Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and is only considered to be found at the type locality (Glöer and Beckmann 2007).

population:
There is no population trend data as this species was recently described.

habitat:
This species is found in the ponds in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller.

threats:
The major threats to the species remain in the management of the Botanic garden water bodies, as degradation of the habitats through 'cleaning' and pollution events could potentially impact the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, and as such surveys should be carried out in adjacent springs to determine if the species is present outside the gardens and habitat management is needed to ensure these are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring is recommended to identify potential declines of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although Bithynia radomani is localised and considering the threats stated, this species is not seen to be threatened in the region as it is the most abundant species in some of the habitats, and as such is considered to be Least Concern..

range:
Bithynia radomani is endemic to Albania  Montenegro.    It is known from Lake Skadar and many of the tributaries that flow into the lake. It is the most abundant species in the Zeta River, as well as in the Drin River Catchment and Shkodra lake drainage (Feher  Eross, 2009).

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater lakes and rivers.

threats:
The major threats lie in the decline in habitat quality, due to the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake and infiltration of domestic waste waters causing water pollution in most of the rivers in southern Montenegro.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for this species which is endemic for Skadar Lake drainage (Montenegro) and for Albanian part of Skadar Lake (Dhora 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
According to Schütt (1987) Frauenfeld (1865) described this species on the basis of juvenile specimens.

redListCategoryRationale:
The lack of data on the taxonomic status, population, distribution and threats to this species mean that a conservation assessment of this species is not possible, hence the it is currently considered Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was listed for Albania and Greece by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), however, the distribution of the species is uncertain, and the species was not listed for Greece by Glöer et al. (2010) and Feher and Eross (2009) note that the Albanian record may be erroneous.

population:
The population status and trends of this species are unknown.

habitat:
The habitats of this species are uncertain, but it may be found in rivers and streams.

threats:
There is no data available on threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There is no data on conservation actions for this species. Research on the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats to this species are needed.

useAndTrade:
There is no data on trade use for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia skadarskii# is an  endemic species of Lake Skadar, where it is  known from 3 sites,   Karuč, Vranjina, Island Kom.# The lake is suffering rapid eutrophication, and as such the habitat is declining in quality, and as such the species is considered to be threatened.Europe: Endangered B2a, b(iii)  Mediterranean: Endangered B2a, b(iii)  EU 27: Not applicable.

range:
Bithynia skadarskii# is an endemic species of Lake Skadar, between Montenegro and Albania. It is known from 3 sites, Karuč, Vranjina, Island Kom. This species is listed for the Albanian part of Skadar Lake (Dhora 2009) but without locality.

population:
Population size and trends for the species is unknown.

habitat:
Bithynia skadarskii lives in the littoral part of the lake between the emergent (Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia, Scirpus lacuster) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans) vegetation.

threats:
The lake is suffering rapid eutrophication as the result of agricultural activities and pollution from domestic sewage.# There is also offtake of water from parts of the lake for domestic supplies in the towns adjacent to the lake.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for the species. Lake Skadar has some ecosystem management plans in place, however, this species requires habitat management to maintain the ecosystem in view of the possible lake-level changes and eutropication, as it#                lives in the littoral part of the lake between the emergent and floating vegetation.# Survey-work is required to establish the number of subpopulations in Albania.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia tentaculata is widespread  through Europe and lives in different types of habitat, such as lowland rivers, streams, canals, dykes and fish ponds, etc. Although there are local impacts on  its habitats from both human activities and natural events (i.e. natural  sedimentation and water pollution), the species is so widespread that  it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions.  Therefore the species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level, Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union and Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean level.

range:
This species has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia, extending eastwards into western Asia and is also introduced into North America. It is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia to the Iberian Penisula, and from Eire to Ukraine and the species is still widespread within its known range. The full distribution in Europe is given in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006): Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire) Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) note that it was reported from the former country of Yugoslavia so maybe present in other countries.

population:
It is moderately tolerant to pollution and there is little evidence of any significant decline across the range. Population levels are stable, although localised declines are known.

habitat:
This species is found in a wide range of aquatic habitats - streams, rivers, canals, large drains, marsh drains and lakes, but is less common in smaller ponds. It shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats, often with muddy or silty substrates.

threats:
There are relatively few threats to this species apart from major deterioration in water quality, and significant alteration of water courses, flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging. Mouthon (1996) showed that B. tentaculata was relatively insensitive to biodegradable pollution.##

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and it is considered as Least Concern (LC) in European Union, Europe and Mediterranean. Given the current status and abundance, no specific conservation actions are required, although general biodiversity awareness of the role of freshwater molluscs is useful for all species.


taxonomicNotes:
The name for this species is either Bithynia troschelii or Bithynia transylvanica. In western Europe, the species mostly has been regarded as Bithynia transylvanica. In eastern Europe the name Bithynia troschelii mostly has been used. An application needs to be made to ICZN in order to resolve the name, as at present there are two existing lectotypes. Details given in Kantor et al. (2009) noted that Falkner (2003) believes that Paludina troschelii is a junior synonym of Turbo leachii Scheppard, 1823, whereas the large form of what is treated as troschelii belongs to Paludina transsilvanica E. Bielz, 1853. Whereas, Glöer (2004) denied the synonymy of Paludina troschelii and Turbo leachii and considered the use of Paludina transsilvanica premature.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia troschelii#is widespread in central Europe, and locally abundant, hence it is#not considered to be threatened across the range, although there are localised threats to some locations.#This species is lives with B. leachii, both species in the same habitats; hence the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Bithynia troschelii is found in the lowland rivers in Eastern Europe from Elbe eastwards. It has been recorded from Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Romania and Germany. It was originally throught to be extinct in Sweden, but has been re-found in a different location (Von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010). In Denmark, it is known from a single locality and never been re-found#(Von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010)#The Hungarian and Romanian (Carpathian basin) populations of both taxa (leachii and troschelii) seem to be taxonomically isolated from the others (Vinarksi and Glöer, 2008). It is considered to be widespread in central Europe (Hungary, Poland) (Feher pers. comm. 2010). In Czech Republic Bithynia troschelii was also found in three other sites scattered in Bohemia and northern Moravia, but these occurrences are not indigenous (Beran pers. comm. 2010). In Czech Republic B.troschelii is less abundant than B. leachii, but they co-exist in several sites#(Beran pers. comm. 2010)Outside Europe, according to Kantor et al. (2009) the species is recorded from Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Ural River.

population:
The species is less abundant than B. leachii, but still widespread especially in the eastern part of the range.

habitat:
Wetlands, pools, oxbow lakes, and small slowly flowing canals are preferable habitats for both species.

threats:
This species is not considered to be threatened across the range, although there are localised threats from changes to river management practices (canal dredging) and infilling of ponds for land reclamation.

conservationAction:
In the Red List of Czech molluscs (Beran et al. 2005) B. troschelii was classified as Regionally Extinct (RE); however, this classification should be changed to Critically Endangered (CR). It is not listed for Germany, and it is considered as Least Concern (LC) in Hungary.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is insufficient data on taxonomic status, distribution, population trends and  threats, and hence this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until  more information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
The species is listed for the south Dalmatian region and Albania. Feher and Eros (2009) suggest that the records for Albania are uncertain. However there are no records from the last 50 years, possibly due to confusion with other widespread species.

population:
There is no data on the population status and there are no records from the last 100 years, possibly due to confusion with other widespread species.

conservationAction:
Research is required to determine the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bithynia zeta is endemic to a single lake, where the major threats are ecosystem degradation as Lake Skadar is undergoing eutrophication, and the   sublacustrine springs Karuc and Gornje Vrelo feeding the lake are partly captured for drinking water, possibly impacting water levels in the long-term. this species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
Bithynia zeta is   endemic for Lake Skadar. It is found in Montenegro and is also listed for the Albanian part of the Lake (Dhora 2009) but without locality. In tems of detailed records, the species is only known from 5 sites on the Lake Skadar. They are Tanki Rt, Malo Blato, Vranjina, Karuč, spring Girnje Vrelo in Dobre Vode village (near Bar).

population:
Population size and trends are unknown for this species.

habitat:
This species lives under the stones on mud substrate in the littoral part of the Lake Skadar.

threats:
Rapid process of eutrophication is taking place in the Lake Skadar. Further, the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for drinking water use in coastal Montenegro. The spring Gornje Vrelo is partly captured for local drinking water.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place for the species. However, Lake Skadar is under various transboundary projects focussed on ecosystem management. More research on habitat trends and population size and distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is endemic to Lake Ambrakia in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985. Although the species is found in a single location with a small range, at present further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), in view of the threats to the quality of water in the lake, pending further data to determine whether a higher classification is suitable.

range:
This newly described species is endemic to Lake Ambrakia, where it was first collected in 1985. The lake lies in Epirus, Greece (38°48'North, 21°12'East).

population:
As this species has been recently described, the population status is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in a small freshwater lake.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are not known.According to the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for the site GR2310007-Limni Amvrakia "the main problem that confronts Lake Amvrakia is the reduction of its surface area. The balance of the lake shows a negative tendency because of the continuous irrigation of the surrounding fields. This results in the degradation of the littoral ecosystem especially in its northern part. The eutrophication of the littoral zones is a consequence of their loading with fertilizers and pesticides from the surrounding cultivated fields, but this does not seem to have reached a critical level yet. The village of Rivio pollutes the lake with unprocessed sewage. Overgrazing is also observed in this site, as well as at the drained northern part of the lake. The vegetation of Amvrakia has been strongly influenced by human activities".


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is endemic to Euboea Island in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985. Although this species is found in a single location with a small range, further surveys are urgently needed, as the type locality may well have been lost through over-abstraction of water. Hence the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). The species is also listed at a regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii))

range:
This newly described species is endemic to Euboea island, in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985 near Marmaris. The type locality lies in small pools and stream running from a freshwater spring in a damp meadow at the coast.

population:
There are no population data available as the species has recently been described. However the habitats have degraded suggesting the populations have declined as well.

habitat:
The species is found in a small freshwater pools running from a spring in a damp meadow at the coast.

threats:
The main threat to this species is over-abstraction of water from the spring for domestic supplies. This threat has been ongoing and Gloer et al. (2010) report that the spring and the meadow was lost in 2003, so the species may also have disappeared..

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine whether the species is till extant, and if so population trends and threats to this species. If rediscovered, a habitat management plan will be required if the species still has a restricted range.


