# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is small (636 km², 500 km²),  there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of suitable habitat due to anthropocentric pressures and climate change (populations in the alpine zone of mountains) and the populations are isolated and fragmented, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2.

range:
Colletes floralis has a very wide distribution from Spain, Ireland, the British Isles and Scandinavia in the west to Japan in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009a,b; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). While its distribution seems to be more or less continuous in the north of its range living in lowlands, this species has a disjunct distribution pattern in the remaining area. In north-western Europe C. floralis is mostly confined to some coastal areas but is restricted to the alpine zone of mountains in the south from the Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees and the Alps in the west to the Himalayas and Tian Shan in the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,815,340 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,564,654 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 636 km² and in the EU 27 is 500 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes floralis are highly fragmented and isolated not only in the central European coastal populations, where this species has largely disappeared, but also at its western part of the range in the British Isles (Davis et al. 2010). The situation is likely to be similar in the alpine zone of mountains of central and southern Europe, where C. floralis is only found locally, but probably is less severe in the northern parts of its range where it occurs in lowland areas.

habitat:
The coastal populations of Colletes floralis are often associated with sand dunes or cliffs (Davis et al. 2010); while little is known about the habitats in northern Europe and the alpine zone of mountains, it likely is associated with open grassland communities. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction, touristic developments at coastal and alpine zone of mountain areas) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. Both coastal and mountain populations might be negatively affected by climate change causing loss of habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Spain (Least Concern; Verdú and Galante 2008) and Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010). The species has been the subject of targeted conservation action in Great Britain, and is listed in section 41 of The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006).It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is small (1,092 km², 824 km2 ), the species is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of suitable habitat due to anthropocentric pressures, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.

range:
Colletes fodiens has a wide distribution range from the Iberian Peninsula and western Europe through Asia Minor and Central Asia eastwards to Mongolia, western China and Pakistan (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,005,838 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,243,657 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,092 km² and in the EU 27 is 824 km².

population:
The populations of this species are generally in decline in western and central Europe, while in southern Europe Colletes fodiens is widespread but not common and populations seem to be isolated.

habitat:
In central Europe and Great Britain Colletes fodiens is mainly found in open and warm sandy areas (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) but little is known about its habitats in other parts of its range. The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Colletes foveolaris is distributed from north-western Africa through southern Europe to western Turkey (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,798,918 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 300 km² and in the EU 27 is 296 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species, but it is widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes foveolaris are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Resedaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Resedaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


range:
Colletes gallicus is a species with a western Mediterranean distribution, occurring in north Africa from Tunisia to Morocco and in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to Italy (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,628,472 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,630,027 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 200 km² and in the EU 27 is 172 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes gallicus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 192 km², EU 27 160 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its host plants.

range:
Colletes graeffei has been recorded from Italy, Austria and the Czech Republic in the west through parts of the Balkans and the Ukraine to the Caucasus area in the east (Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,365,179 km² and in the EU 27 is 618,508 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 192 km² and in the EU 27 is 160 km².

population:
Populations  of Colletes graeffei generally seem to be small and isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them and therefore the species is considered to be severely fragmented. Because of the special habitat requirements (warm, open grassland sites) and forage plants (large flowered Allium species) of this species, anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in population size is likely.

habitat:
Colletes graeffei has a preference for open and warm (limestone) grassland sites (Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Allium (Amaryllidaceae) with large flowers (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008), which seem to be in decline.

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. The preferred habitats of C. graeffei, open and warm (limestone) grassland sites with its Allium host plants are in decline as traditional land use, like sheep grazing, is disappearing. Thus, sites are overgrown by bushes and shrubs (as part of natural succession) or get used in different ways unsuitable for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).      It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.   Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is relatively small (420 km²), its preferred habitats (salt marshes including dry sandy areas for nesting) are in continuous decline due to  anthropogenic  pressure (e.g., coastal development) and impact of climate change (sea level rise), thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
Colletes halophilus is a coastal species only known to occur from the Atlantic coast of southern France to the North Sea in north-western Germany and along parts of southern and south-eastern England (Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 369,667 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².

population:
Many sub-populations of Colletes halophilus seem to be isolated, though they are continuous in much of the range. Populations often appear to be small, particularly since the preferred habitat (salt marshes) are under threat from coastal management schemes. Thus, population declines are likely.

habitat:
Colletes halophilus almost exclusively occurs at the sandy margins of salt marshes (Kuhlmann et al. 2007). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) with a special preference for Aster tripolium (Kuhlmann et al. 2007, Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction, coastal management, urban and infrastructure development) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. An additional threat might be climate change induced sea level rise.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011). The species has been the subject of targeted conservation action in Great Britain, and is listed in section 41 of The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., coastal salt marshes, coastal grasslands with open vegetation and bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants (principally Aster tripolium) of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in a number of protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species can be locally very common and it is spreading its range into western and central Europe.

range:
Colletes hederae has been recorded from Cyprus and many parts of southern and western Europe where it is currently rapidly extending its range northwards (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Bischoff et al. 2005; Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012; Roberts et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,271,208 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,180,515 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,200 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,120 km².

population:
At least in western and central Europe populations are often very large and the species is rapidly extending its range northwards and westwards (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Bischoff et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012; Roberts et al. 2011).

habitat:
Colletes hederae occurs in a wide range of open habitats including anthropogenic habitats like gardens or sand pits. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Hedera (Araliaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Hedera) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).

threats:
This species occupies anthropogenic habitats and is expanding its range, thus, is tolerant of habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Colletes hethiticus occurs from the Balkans eastwards to Turkey, north-western Iran and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 379,908 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
Little is known about the either the populations or population trends of Colletes hethiticus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at its north-western edge of its range and populations seem to fragmented.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes hethiticus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite being considered threatened on the Red Lists of some central European countries it still is one of the most  widespread species of this genus in Europe.

range:
Colletes hylaeiformis is known from most parts of southern and south-central Europe through the Ukraine and Asia Minor to the southern parts of Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 4,941,372 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,839,161 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 760 km² and in the EU 27 is 560 km².

population:
While populations at the edge of its range in central Europe are decreasing, the  situation in southern Europe is less clear; however, declines in southern Europe are likely, due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes hylaeiformis still is one of the most widespread European species of this genus and is regularly recorded.

habitat:
Details of the habitats used by Colletes hylaeiformis are unknown but but it is known from open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Eryngium (Apiaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (576 km²),   there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and extent and quality of the habitat due to anthropocentric pressures, and the populations are isolated and fragmented, thus  qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2.

range:
Colletes impunctatus has a wide distribution from western and central Europe and Scandinavia in the west to Siberia and Mongolia in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Kuhlmann 2009, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). While its distribution seems to be more or less continuous in the north of its range, this species has a disjunct distribution pattern in the remaining area. In north-western Europe C. impunctatus is confined to some coastal areas but is restricted to some mountain areas in the south (parts of the Alps, Tatra Mountains). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,493,597 km² and in the EU 27 is 2,240,136 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 576 km² and in the EU 27 is 312 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes impunctatus are highly fragmented and  isolated in the central European coastal populations, where  this species has disappeared or is in decline in many places. The situation is likely to be similar in the Alps and Tatra Mountains, where C. impunctatus is only found locally, but probably is less severe in the northern parts of its range.

habitat:
The coastal populations of Colletes impunctatus are associated with sand dunes and in the mountains the species can be found in sparsely vegetated and often stony areas (Westrich 1989). Little is known about the habitats in northern Europe. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction,  touristic developments at coastal and mountain areas) of habitat (e.g.,  open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.  Both coastal and mountain population might be negatively affected by  climate change causing loss of habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Threatened but level unknown, Westrich et al. 2011 ), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed  as Least Concern because despite declines at the western edge of its range this species seems to be widespread and at least locally common within the rest of its range.

range:
Colletes inexpectatus is known from south-eastern Poland, Slovakia, eastern Austria and the Balkans to Central Asia (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,323,964 km² and in the EU 27 is 631,064 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 224 km² and in the EU 27 is 164 km².

population:
While populations at the western edge of its range in central Europe seem to be in decline, the  situation in eastern Europe is less clear; however, declines there are likely due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes inexpectatus still seems to be widespread within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes inexpectatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., steppe areas, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005)    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes intricans is  restricted to a small area in the southern Iberian Peninsula  representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species, which is  widespread in north Africa.

range:
Colletes intricans occurs in north Africa from Egypt to Morocco and in Europe it is only known from two sites in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Kuhlmann and Ortiz-Sánchez 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012), representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 679 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
No information is available about the populations or population trends for this species but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes intricans are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a moderately specialized flower visitor that prefers to collect pollen on Fabaceae and Resedaceae (mesolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


range:
Colletes ligatus is known from Tunisia to Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula and southern France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 541,302 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes ligatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Apiaceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


range:
Colletes maidli has a wide distribution from the Iberian Peninsula through southern Europe to Ukraine and Egypt, the Middle East to Asia Minor and Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,082,642 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,616,986 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 580 km² and in the EU 27 is 480 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes maidli are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species seems to be widespread and at least locally common within its range.

range:
Colletes marginatus occurs from southern Scandinavia, Britain and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Balkans, Ukraine and the Altai Mountains in the east (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 6,451,248 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,630,178 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is 724 km² and in the EU 27 is 616 km².

population:
While populations in northern and central Europe are decreasing, the  situation in southern and eastern Europe is less clear; however, declines there are likely due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes marginatus still is one of the most widespread (although not common) European species of this genus.

habitat:
In central Europe and Great Britain Colletes marginatus only occurs in sandy areas (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) but little is known about habitat preferences in other parts of Europe. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in  protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (24  km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there is a continuing decline in the habitat of the species due to  anthropogenic pressure (intense agriculture) and changes in land use,  thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion B2ab(iii).

range:
Colletes merceti is endemic to a small arid area in south-eastern Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,118 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes merceti  appear to be very small, localized in an intensely used agricultural  landscape, and seem to be isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them. This species is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend of the species is declining.

habitat:
The specific habitats used by Colletes merceti are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) and semi-desert environments. Within its entire range the natural habitats have been transformed on large scale by agriculture, particularly. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction by intense agriculture) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Spanish Red Data Book as Least Concern (Verdú and Galante 2008).It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.  It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 76  km², EU 27 68 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there likely is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of habitat due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use (overgrazing) affecting its host  plants, thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion  B2.

range:
Colletes meyeri is only known from the Balkans, Turkey and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 382,851 km² and in the EU 27 is 180,708 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 76 km² and in the EU 27 is 68 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes meyeri  seem to be small and isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Campanula and Asyneuma species  are  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be   particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats due to overgrazing and decline in   population size. Thus, it is likely that the population of this species is declining.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes meyeri are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) in higher altitudes (800 - 2,500 m). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Campanulaceae (Asyneuma, Campanula) (it is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


range:
Colletes mlokossewiczi occurs in southern and south-central Europe eastwards via Ukraine and Asia Minor to Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Burger and Kuhlmann 2008; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,417,612 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,335,377 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 504 km² and in the EU 27 is 272 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes mlokossewiczi are little known but in central Europe it seems to prefer warm calcareous grassland sites (Burger and Kuhlmann 2008). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed  as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,342 km², the  area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² (species is under-recorded so AOO is probably larger, although less  than 2,000 km²), the species is severely fragmented and there is a continuing  decline in the AOO and extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to strong anthropogenic  pressure (agriculture, tourism).

range:
Colletes moricei is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is known from the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera and La Palma (Hohmann et al. 1993, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,342 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km². However, the AOO is probably larger (though less  than 2,000 km²), as the species has most likely been under-recorded.

population:
The populations of Colletes moricei are likely to be small  and fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and  touristic developments on the lower parts of the Canary Islands, but  little information is currently available. The population trends are unknown.

habitat:
The specific habitats used by Colletes moricei are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands). Within its range the natural habitats have been transformed on  large scale as a result of anthropogenic  pressure (particularly agriculture and tourism). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed   as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 400   km², EU 27 288 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated   and there is a continuing loss in the AOO and in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species due to   anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its host   plants, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.

range:
Colletes nasutus has been found in parts of central Europe, the Balkans, Ukraine and Asia Minor to the Caucasus region and Iran (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,172,610 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,116,999 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 400 km² and in the EU 27 is 288 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes nasutus generally seem to be small and  isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. A rapid and continuous decline of this species has been observed in central and eastern Europe. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Anchusa species are  visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size. Thus, it is likely that the population of this species is declining.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes nasutus are largely unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., grasslands, steppe habitats), and sandy soil seems to be required for nesting (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Anchusa (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


range:
Colletes nigricans is a western Mediterranean species occurring from Tunisia to Morocco and from the Iberian Peninsula to the western part of the Balkans (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,470,361 km² and in the EU 27 is 2,453,025 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,084 km² and in the EU 27 is 960 km².

population:
Nothing is known about either the populations or the population trend but within its range Colletes nigricans is one of the most common species of the genus.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes nigricans are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


range:
Colletes noskiewiczi has been recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 367,292 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes noskiewiczi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Colletes pannonicus is listed as Least Concern because although it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), the only known population is in a National Park and seems to be reasonably safe. The distribution and habitat preferences of the species are quite well understood, but the population should be monitored.

range:
Colletes pannonicus has recently been described and is only known from a single locality (the type locality) near the Neusiedler See lake in eastern Austria (Hölzler and Mazzucco 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
Little is known about the population or population trends of Colletes pannonicus but given its habitat and occurrence in a National Park the population is likely to be stable.

habitat:
Colletes pannonicus seems to be restricted to steppic pastures and meadows at the margins of saline ponds. The species seems to have a strong preference for Tripolium pannonicum (Asteraceae) (Hölzler and Mazzucco 2011). Distribution and habitat preferences of the species are quite well understood due to the work of local entomologists.

threats:
Given its habitat and occurrence in a National Park there are no obvious threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in a National Park area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because although its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,107 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² (qualifying it as Endangered), the species is under-recorded on Crete  so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger (though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km², respectively). The populations are likely to be small   and severely  fragmented and there seems to be a continuous decline in the AOO and the  habitat of  the species, thus qualifying this  species for  Vulnerable.Although less than 1% of the global population of C. perezi is found in Europe, it is possible that the population on Crete is a different species, and therefore a precautionary approach was taken and the species was assessed in Europe. If the population on Crete does turn out to be C. perezi, then the species would be assessed as NA (Not Applicable) because &lt;1% of the global population will be present in Europe.

range:
Colletes perezi is known from the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, north Africa and Crete (Frommer and Kuhlmann 2009, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 3,107 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km². However the species is under-recorded on Crete  so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger, though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively.

population:
The populations of Colletes perezi are likely to be small    and appear to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them. Considering this, and given the extent of agricultural land transformation and    touristic  developments in large parts of Crete, this species is believed to be severely  fragmented; however,  little information   is  currently available.  Given rapid land transformation in Crete, a continuous decline in the habitat and also  of  the population size of the species can be assumed.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes perezi are unknown but likely are open vegetation, desert and semi-desert environments. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Frommer and Kuhlmann 2009).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, tourism) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed   as Vulnerable because it still seems to be widespread although  its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92   km² (likely to be under recorded but can be assumed to be less than 2,000 km²), populations generally seem to be small, severely fragmented and there likely is a continuing decline in the AOO and the habitat of the species due to   anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use also affecting its host   plants, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion   B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Colletes pulchellus so far has only been found in Spain and France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 364,645 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km². However, the species likely is under recorded so its AOO is certainly larger, but can be assumed to be less than 2,000 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations or population trends of Colletes pulchellus. The species seems to be relatively widespread but populations are likely to be generally small and isolated, with little or no genetic exchange, thus the populations are considered severely fragmented. Given that the likely habitats are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) and these areas are under threat and declining across Europe, it can be assumed that the population of this species is declining.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes pulchellus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Given the combination of habitat requirements (Mediterranean shrub lands/grasslands  and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable  habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that the  area of occupancy is declining.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 160  km², EU 27 96 km²) and populations generally seem to be small and isolated (presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them). Furthermore, given the combination of habitat requirements (shrub lands/grasslands and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that   suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat (also  affecting its host   plants), it is likely  that the AOO is  declining along with the extent and quality of habitat, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.

range:
Colletes punctatus occurs from Poland, Slovakia and Austria in the west through the Ukraine and the Balkans to the Middle East, Asia Minor to the Caucasus region in the east (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,085,238 km² and in the EU 27 is 572,813 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 160 km² and in the EU 27 is 96 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes punctatus generally seem to be small and  isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them. This species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Nigella species are  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes punctatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Nigella (Ranunculaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Given the combination of habitat requirements (shrub lands/grasslands and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that the area of occupancy (AOO) is declining.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Colletes schmidi is listed as Least Concern because despite its very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (318 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (40 km²), there are no immediate threats recognizable in the National Park area where much of the population seems to exist. The species needs to be closely monitored because although there is no specific evidence that climate change is currently impacting the area where the species is found, it could be a serious potential threat in the future. This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red Data Book (Verdú et al. 2011) based on the suggested negative impact of tourism and human development in the Sierra Nevada. Given that the species is known from a National Park, it is assumed here that C. schmidi is fairly well protected and not threatened.

range:
Colletes schmidi is an endemic species of higher altitudes in the Spanish Sierra Nevada (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 318 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
No detailed data is available about this but the size of the populations of this species but Colletes schmidi generally is not abundant. The species seems to be restricted to high alpine habitats in a National Park area, so no declines are expected.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes schmidi are not well known but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Alpine meadows) and the species seems to prefer areas near streams and high mountain lakes. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Potential threats are the anthropogenic loss of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants by touristic activities (trampling, building of facilities for winter sports) and potentially change in habitat caused by climate change because Colletes schmidi just occurs in the highest parts of the Sierra Nevada.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red Data Book (Verdú et al. 2011). It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends. The species occurs in a National Park area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient because this species has been very rarely recorded and is only known  from a few places. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.

range:
Colletes senilis has been found from Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor to Central Asia (Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,896,629 km² and in the EU 27 is 102,804 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 28 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km².

population:
No information is available about the populations for this species but from the few available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes senilis are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes sidemii is restricted to a small area in the east of the European part of the Russian Federation representing less than 1% of the total range of this species that is widespread in Asia.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Colletes sidemii is a species with an eastern Palearctic distribution that has mainly been found in the Asian part of Russia, Mongolia, China and Central Asia with only two records from the eastern part of European Russia (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Therefore the European population represents less than 1% of the total range of this species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 591 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² but it does not occur within the EU 27.

population:
No information is available about the either the European populations or population trends of Colletes sidemii.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes sidemii are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed   as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 44   km², EU 27 16 km²) and populations generally seem to be small and isolated  (presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them). Furthermore, given the combination of habitat requirements (grasslands/light  forests and host plant) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat (also affecting its host   plants) it is likely  that the AOO is declining along with the extent and  quality of habitat, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.

range:
Colletes sierrensis has only been recorded from Spain, France and Switzerland (Kuhlmann and Ortiz-Sánchez 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 56,837 km² and in the EU 27 is 16,640 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 44 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km². Given the combination of habitat requirements (grasslands/light  forests  and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable  habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that  the area of occupancy is declining.

population:
The populations of Colletes sierrensis generally seem to be small and  isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Odontites species, with a special preference for O. viscosus, are  visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats.

habitat:
Colletes sierrensis can be found in open grasslands and light forests where its principal host-plant Odontites viscosus occurs (Westrich and Westrich 2006). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Odontites (Orobanchaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Westrich and Westrich 2006, Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite being on the Red List of some northern and central European countries, it still is one of the most common species of this genus in Europe and it occurs in a range of places including anthropogenic habitats.

range:
Colletes similis is present in Europe from southern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, in parts of north Africa, the Middle East, Asia Minor to Central Asia and western China (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 8,154,514 km² and in the EU 27 is 7,177,061 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 2,256 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,772 km².

population:
While populations in northern and central Europe are decreasing, the situation in southern Europe is less clear; however, declines are likely there due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes similis still is one of the most widespread and common European species of this genus.

habitat:
Colletes similis has been found in a range of open vegetation types, such as various forms of grassland and shrub lands, including anthropogenic habitats like sand pits and quarries (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Colletes squamulosus is listed as Data Deficient because within Europe only a single record of this species is known, from Cyprus at the margin of its distribution range. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.

range:
Colletes squamulosus is only known from single records from Cyprus, the Middle East and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
No information is available about either the population or population trends of Colletes squamulosus.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes squamulosus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.      Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because this species has been recently described and too little is known about its taxonomy, distribution and ecology.

range:
Colletes standfussi has been described recently and is only known from a single specimen from the type locality in Greece (Kuhlmann 2003, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population or population trends of Colletes standfussi.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes standfussi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) loss of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.      Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is relatively small (1,296 km²),  populations are in continuous decline in central and southern Europe and there is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of the species (heath lands) due to anthropogenic  pressure, natural succession on heath lands by trees and eutrophication. However, in western and northern parts of its range the situation is better for C. succinctus, thus making this species close to qualifying for Vulnerable  under Criterion B2.

range:
Colletes succinctus occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and southern Scandinavia in the west to Greece, western Caucasus and western Kazakhstan in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 9,212,447 km² and in the EU 27 is 6,723,398 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,296 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,096 km².

population:
Populations are decreasing at least in central Europe due to the loss of heath lands caused by changes in land use and agriculture. However, in larger heathland sites in sandy areas, Colletes succinctus still seems to be frequent, though further declines and fragmentation of populations at least in agriculturally intensely used areas can be expected.

habitat:
Colletes succinctus occurs mainly in moorland, heath lands and other sandy habitats where its host-plants grow (Westrich 1989). The species is a flower visitor that prefers to collect pollen on Calluna and Erica (Ericaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Ericaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Heath lands are in continuous decline in central  and southern Europe with respect to extent and quality due to anthropogenic  pressure, natural succession on heath lands by  trees and eutrophication. In the west and north of its range C. succinctus also occurs in wetter moorlands and not just sandy lowland heath lands. In these areas C. succintus can be still quite common. In some parts of its range, the species nests in large and dense aggregations.

threats:
Threats are the anthropogenic loss (eutrophication of heathlands, change of heathland management, transformation of heathland into agricultural land or for use in commercial forestry, natural succession on heathland by trees) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following five European countries: Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats like open heathlands, nesting sites in open, sandy soil and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient because of the uncertain taxonomic status of this species. In addition, the last record of this species is from 1929 so surveys need to be carried out in to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Colletes tardus has only been found in the Ukraine and does not occur within the EU 27 (Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 803 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
No information is available about the either the populations, or population trends, of Colletes tardus.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes tardus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and its taxonomic status and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed  as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common in the core area of its range and marginal populations are likely to be stable given the preferences for lower mountain areas.

range:
Colletes tuberculatus occurs in Sicily (only on Mt. Etna), the Balkans and the Ukraine through Asia Minor and the Middle East to Central Asia and Pakistan (Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,457,897 km² and in the EU 27 is 305,972 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 124 km² and in the EU 27 is 48 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations, or population trends, of Colletes tuberculatus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at its western edge of its range and populations seem to fragmented. However, the species seem to be common in places where it is found and populations are likely to be stable.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes tuberculatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). Lower mountain areas seem to be preferred. The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.

range:
Colletes tuberculiger is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 218,567 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes tuberculiger are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (52  km² in both Europe and the EU 27), the two known populations are small and isolated from each other and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of habitat of the species due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its sole host  plant, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.

range:
Colletes wolfi is endemic to Italy (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012), where it occurs in 2 disjunct sub-populations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 29,043 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
The two known populations of Colletes wolfi are small and disjunct, with no exchange between them. The species is thus considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Cynoglottis barrelieri is  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes wolfi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Cynoglottis barrelieri (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, 2008).

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there is very little information available on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to this species. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
The species is restricted to the western Mediterranean area. The distribution is centred in north Africa.

population:
An infrequent species, with small populations, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
This species is restricted to the mountains of the east Mediterranean area along the coast from Croatia to Greece.

population:
Locally, populations of this species are not small, however, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus adriaticus is listed as Rare on the Slovenian Red List (Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.Additional studies are needed into the abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information regarding its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus alpinus is distributed from the Pyrenees to the Alps and from the Tatra mountains to the Balkans. It lives at high altitudes from 1,000 m to 2,100 m.

population:
This species is frequent in its range and the populations there are not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus alpinus is an alpine species. There are no detailed data available on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.

threats:
Given the restricted distribution of this species to alpine areas, it is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no  published scientific information to support these statements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus alpinus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), and Spain (Least Concern; Verdú   et al. 2011).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to better understand the threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus angustatus is recorded in Europe from the Mediterranean to about 60° N. It is found from Spain to eastern Europe and from Greece as far north as Norway and Finland. It is found at high altitudes such as in the Alps at 1,700 m.Outside of Europe, it is also found in Morocco, the Caucasus, Asia, Lebanon, Iran (Chalus).

population:
It is an abundant species in much of the west Palearctic, however, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus angustatus is found in a variety of habitats including woodland edge, sand- and gravel pits, hedgerows, waste ground, built-up areas (Westrich 1989), and dry, grazed coastal meadows (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests of this species have been found in the stems of blackberry, related shrubs, and the rotten wood of a dead apple tree, which was destroyed by xylophagous beetles (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants) and found at Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in at least one European country, there appear to be no major threats affecting this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus angustatus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Additional studies should be carried out to establish the population size and trend of this species and identify any possible threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
Hylaeus annularis is found across most of Europe from the western Mediterranean region to eastern Europe, as far as Bulgaria and European Russia; and north-west to the Dutch Atlantic coast and west Germany. Outside of Europe it occurs in north Africa.

population:
Hylaeus annularis is an infrequent species in the west Palearctic. Populations are small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The nests of Hylaeus annularis are found in the stems of Eryngium spp. and blackberry bushes (Rubus fruticosus agg.) (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because although it has a wide distribution, there is no information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus annulatus is found throughout central and northern Europe and as far east as Ukraine and Russia. It is found in the high mountains of central Europe (from 800 to 2,000 m altitude) and the Pyrenees. It is an Holarctic species that reaches as far north as the Arctic Circle. In the Nearctic, it is spread from Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to New Mexico. It is also found as far east as Kamchatka.

population:
Although widely distributed, it is an infrequent species and populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information regarding the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.

threats:
As this species is found in high mountains, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus angustatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al.1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further studies are needed into the abundance, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a restricted distribution, it is nearly present in all the islands of the Canary Island archipelago and the species is relatively common and abundant. However there is no information regarding the habitat, ecological requirements and threats to this species, so further research is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, and is present in nearly all the islands of the Canary Island archipelago (Dathe 1993).

population:
A relatively frequent and common species, found in many collections. Populations are not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because this species was described in 1992 and there is little information regarding its status. Additional research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species is endemic to the Azores Islands and was described in 1992 (Warncke 1992c).

population:
The populations are probably small as the species is described from only one male. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. The introduced species, Hylaeus signatus, may compete with it.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in the Portuguese National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only found in Spain. Outside of Europe, it has been recorded only from Egypt and Morocco. The distribution is centred in north Africa and the occurrence in Europe seems to be at the edge of its range.

population:
Populations are probably very small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus bifasciatus occurs in southern Europe and is found in France, Italy, Croatia (Dalmatia), Greece and southern Ukraine. Historic records mention that it was found sporadically in southern Switzerland; most recent records from Switzerland are from 1946. Outside of Europe, it is found in Iran (Tabriz) and Israel.

population:
It is a very rare pontic species, and populations are probably very small. However there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus bifasciatus is considered in the National Red List of Switzerland as Extinct (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Additional studies are needed into the abundance, habitat and general ecology and threats to this little-known species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
This species is distributed in the west and central Mediterranean region. The reports from eastern Europe (Poland and Ukraine) need verification (H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).

population:
It is an infrequent species with small populations. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Additional studies are needed into the distribution (e.g., to verify if the species occurs in Portugal and Ukraine), abundance, habitat and general ecology and threats to this little-known species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is required to establish the current status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is found in the eastern European countries of Ukraine and Russia. The species also occurs in Turkestan.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats. However further research is needed into the population size and trend and into the taxonomy.

range:
Hylaeus brevicornis is widespread throughout Europe, from Iberia towards eastern Europe and from the Balkans north to Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is found at altitudes as high as 1,900 m, in the Alps and Pyrenees. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco and Iran (Mazanderan). Since the taxonomy of the H. brevicornis group is unclear and not uniformly applied by all authors, the information on the distribution differs (H.H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).

population:
A very abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. The populations are probably large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Westrich (1989) lists the habitats in which this species occurs: pasture woodland, woodland edge, hedgerows, bramble thickets, sand-, gravel- and clay pits, sunny dry wasteground, and town and village parks and gardens. Most known records in Ireland are from coastal or woodland sites and in Great Britain from heathland edges. Hylaeus brevicornis nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The nests are usually found in the pith of twigs such as blackberries (Rubus), ash (Fraxinus), willow (Salix), elder (Sambucus), buckthorn (Rhamnus), mulberry (Morus), fennel (Foeniculum), and also in the stems of Eryngium spp. (Janvier 2012). The species is polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and is found at Apiaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in Ireland, there appear to be no major threats affecting the species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus brevicornis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any future threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information regrading its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands and occurs at high altitudes (above 1,000 m) (Dathe 1993).

population:
This species is abundant within its restricted range and therefore populations are probably large, however there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The details about the habitats, the bionomics and the ecological requirements of this species are not known.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range and occurs at high altitudes, so it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because although it has a wide distribution, its populations are rather small, and there is little information on its population size and trend, status, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus cardioscapus is predominantly found in eastern Europe and Russia and it is found as far west as Spain and north as Scandinavia. It is also present in lower and upper Austria (along the Danube towards the Linz area), and in eastern Germany.The species was first described from Far East Asia.

population:
This species is widely distributed throughout Europe, but it is rare at the edge of its range. The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species but threats at the local level are unknown.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus cardioscapus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002) and Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.


range:
Hylaeus clypearis is a circum-Mediterranean species, sporadically found in central Europe, north to Denmark. It is well established also in Austria (lower Austria and southern Styria).The species also occurs in north Africa.

population:
A very abundant species, particularly in the southern parts of Europe, around the Mediterranean Sea. The populations are obviously large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus clypearis inhabits woodland edges, hedgerows, bramble brakes, vineyards and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests have been found in the pith of rose stems and in the stems of Bougainvillea (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and found at Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae and Resedaceae species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known locally although the species is often, or at least regularly, found in collections so therefore it appears not to be threatened.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus clypearis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Endangered; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Research should be conducted into the the population status and trends of this species.


range:
Hylaeus communis is found throughout Europe, from Spain to Ukraine and Russia, and from Greece to Sweden. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,600 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe it is found in the Urals, the Caucasus, and in Iran (Mazandaran).

population:
The species occurs very frequently in the whole west Palearctic, and it is probably the most common species in northern and central Europe. Populations are large and although there is no information available on the population trend of this species, it is likely to be stable.

habitat:
Hylaeus communis is an almost ubiquitous species and is found in habitats such as woodland edge, hedgerows, gravel-, sand- and claypits, bramble thickets, roadside embankments, and a variety of man-made habitats such as parks, gardens and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The majority of known records are from urban environments in Ireland and man-made habitats in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).The species preferably nests in old wood. The nests have been found in twigs of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and wild plum (Prunus sp.), in the roots of Arundo donax, in the bark of pine (Pinus) trees, in the dry branches of old Elder (Sambucus) and the pith of blackberry (Rubus) twigs (Janvier 2012).  The species is broadly polylectic (in that it forages on different plants), and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae and Resedaceae species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus communis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
The occurrence of Hylaeus conformis is centered in northern Africa and in Europe it is mainly restricted to the Mediterranean parts of western Europe (including Portugal and Sicily).

population:
This species is infrequent. The populations found in Europe are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
H. conformis has been found at flowers of Resedaceae species. There are no further data available on the habitat and ecological requirements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus conformis is listed in the National Red List of Red Data Book of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.


range:
Hylaeus confusus is a trans-Palearctic species across all of Europe, as far north as 66° and as far south as the Katara Pass in northern Greece. In the Alps it occurs up to 2,000 m altitude. Outside of Europe, the species is found as far east as the Kuril Islands of Russia.

population:
A very common species in the west Palearctic, but less abundant in the east. The known populations are large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus confusus exploits a wide range of habitats including woodland edge, open areas, river levees, sandy heathland, sand- and gravel pits, vineyards and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The nests have been found in reed (Phragmites) straws, the pith of several other plant stems, the dead wood of trees and shrubs such as willow (Salix), lilac (Syringa) (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and is found at flowers of Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats affecting the species. The species is often found in collections and is therefore presumably not threatened.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus confusus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research would be recommended to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any possible threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus convergens is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is only known from a few sites in Portugal and Spain, especially at high altitudes (Sierra de Guadarrama at 1,500 - 2,100 m).

population:
A very rare species which has possibly been overlooked. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species and to investigate the taxonomy.

range:
The “pure” form is described from the Iberian Peninsula and France. The presence in the Balkans need to be examined. The species also occurs in northern Africa.

population:
A not very abundant species. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and there are no major threats affecting the species.

range:
Hylaeus cornutus is almost a circum-Mediterranean distributed species, that is found in Europe from Spain to eastern Europe, and as far north as Denmark. It is also found at altitudes of up to 1,300 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe, the species is found as far as east as Turkmenistan, and south to Israel.

population:
A widely distributed species but not frequent. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus cornutus is a species of calcareous grassland. In Germany, it is associated with river levees, roadside banks and verges, hillside vineyards, sand pits and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The species nests in plant stems or in loose walls. The nests have been found primarily in the stems of Rumex, but also in Eryngium campestre and Dipsacus silvestris (Janvier 2012). The species is probably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae and Asteraceae species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus cornutus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkač et al. 2005), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymus 2002), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 2,000 km2, and the populations are severely fragmented. However further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.

range:
Hylaeus crassanus has a disjunct distribution from Spain and Portugal east to Italy and the Balkans. The population is severely fragmented as the species has been recorded from isolated localities where there is no chance for genetic exchange. The area of occupancy (AOO) is possibly less than 2,000 km2 (H.H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).

population:
Rarely recorded species, which might be influenced by the disjunct distribution pattern of the species. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
H. crassanus is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. There is not any detailed data about the habitat and ecological requirements of H. crassanus.

threats:
This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavourable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus crassanus is included in the National Red list or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area although it is possible it occurs. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to determine if the species occurs outside of Europe and to understand better the ecology of this species and the existing threats.

range:
Hylaeus cypricola is described as restricted to Cyprus, possibly as a local endemic. A single record from Egypt exists but it is difficult to assess its true status there (Warncke 1992c) .

population:
An infrequent species, even within its restricted range. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occur in any protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
This species is found mainly on the Mediterranean isles of France, Italy and Greece, although it is also found on the French and Greek mainland.

population:
Most records of this species are from the Greek isles of the Mediterranean Sea. A scarce species with rather small populations but there is no further information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its distribution, population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirement, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus difformis is a trans-Palearctic species that ranges from Portugal and Spain towards eastern European, and north from the Balkans to Scandinavia. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,100 m in the Alps.Outside of Europe the species occurs in northern Africa and in Asia (Far East).

population:
An infrequent species, despite its wide distribution, with the occurrence centred in Europe. The populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The habitats in which Hylaeus difformis is found are not yet fully understood but from the information from Germany it is thought that they inhabit woodland edge, clay pits and inland dune systems (Westrich 1989). The species nests in plant stems or in loess walls. The species is polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in several European countries, at the European level there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus difformis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkač et al. 2005), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), the Netherlands  (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it probably does. Further research is needed into the population size and trends of this species.


range:
Hylaeus dilatatus is distributed in the whole of Europe northwards to 62° N in Sweden, and east to central Asia (Kazakhstan). The species also occurs in northern Africa (Morocco, Tunisia).

population:
An abundant and widely spread species in Europe. The populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus dilatatus lives in a broad range of habitats such as inland and mobile dune systems, sandy heaths, vineyards, bramble hedges, waste ground, sand- and clay pits, woodland edges, riverside levees (Westrich 1989) and in flower-rich meadows (Levchenko 2009). The nests of H. dilatatus are found in hollow plant stems, such as those of brushwood stems, and also in the cavities of wood (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in collections.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus dilatatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action although it does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trends of this species and to investigate the taxonomy.


range:
Hylaeus duckei is found from central France to the Balkans and eastern Europe. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland it is detected only sporadically. It is missing on all islands in the Mediterranean Sea, in Iberia and in southern Italy. Outside of Europe it occurs in Asia Minor.

population:
This species is not abundant and populations seem to be small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
From the few German records, the habitat requirements of this species are not fully detailed but the species has been found in vineyards, a scrubby dry hillside and from waste ground (Westrich 1989). H. duckei is probably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and it is found at Apiaceae and Crassulaceae. There are no further data available to its ecological requirements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus duckei is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al.1998, 2011) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and the threats across the European range. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus euryscapus is mainly distributed in central and east Europe, reaching also north Africa and Central Asia.

population:
This species is not very abundant in Europe. Its populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
H. euryscapus nests in small dry stems of honeysuckle (Lonicera) (Janvier 2012). It is associated with dry, coastal habitats, and in the UK is found on coastal shingle and sand dunes. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in summer from June to August.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, although development of tourist infrastructure, and coastal shingle extraction may well be important in parts of the range.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus euryscapus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, to identify the threats to this species and investigate the taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably close to 2,000 km2 and its population is severely fragmented. However further research is needed to establish if the population is decline and the threats to this species.

range:
Hylaeus friesei is only found in a few high mountains in Italy and the Balkans. The exact area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown but it is probably close to 2,000 km2.

population:
A very rare, unusual and specialized species, that is restricted to a few sites only in mountain areas. Those populations are certainly small and are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; therefore this species is considered as severely fragmented. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from the Iberian Peninsula.

population:
The populations are very small, it is an infrequent species but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the habitat and ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable (NA) as the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe. The European population host less than 1% of the global population.

range:
The distribution of Hylaeus gazagnairei is strongly centred in north Africa, but there are also single records from Spain. It is therefore considered that the European population host less than 1% of the global population and this species is therefore considered of marginal occurrence in Europe.

population:
A frequent species in north Africa but very seldom found in Europe. Its population in Europe is small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the current status of the species in Europe, the extent of its range, details of its habitat and ecology and to identify any existing threats and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus gibbus is widely distributed throughout Europe, from Iberia to eastern Europe, and from Crete to Scandinavia. It mainly prefers coastal areas. It has been found at altitudes up to 1,900 m in the Alps and Pyrenees.Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus.

population:
An abundant species in Europe, although individual sub-populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus gibbus is found in habitats such as woodland edges, river levees, vineyards, sheep-grazed juniper heath, anthropogenic areas in villages and towns (Westrich 1989) and at the coast (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests have been found in the soft dead wood of a young cherry tree and also in a branch of ash (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus gibbus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Hansen et al. 2010), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend of this species. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. However the species has a limited distribution in Europe and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus glacialis is distributed widely mainly in high mountain regions of Europe. It is found in the Pyrenees, the Alps (1,500-2,000 m), France, Italy (south Tyrol), Switzerland, and Greece (Ioannina, Pindos). Outside of Europe it is found in eastern Turkey (Hakkari).

population:
In Europe, the species is limited to a narrow ecological zone and is only rarely recorded. It is a rare species, but more frequent at the higher altitudes. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Hylaeus glacialis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. It nests in plant stems. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and flies from mid-June to the end of September (Amiet 1999). There are no further data available on its precise habitat requirements.

threats:
The detailed threats to this species are not known. However, this species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors which would modify the alpine habitats by allowing less cold-tolerant species to flourish.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the habitat and ecology. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, although its presence is highly likely.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall population and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus gracilicornis is a trans-Palearctic species that ranges across much of Europe, although it is most typical of central and eastern Europe. The species also expands to Asia.

population:
This is not an abundant species despite its wide distribution. Detailed knowledge of the population size and trends is unknown.

habitat:
Hylaeus gracilicornis occupies a wide range of habitats including woodland edge, hedgerows, bramble thickets, vineyards, reed beds, waste ground (Westrich 1989), dry and wet meadows, roadsides (Söderman and Leinonen 2003), and montane habitats (Ornosa and Ortiz-Sánchez 2004). The species has been found to nest in bramble twigs. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus gracilicornis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland  (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the current population size and trends across the range. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, although it is considered likely.


range:
Hylaeus gredleri is widespread throughout Europe, in the Alps up to 1,500 m (Carinthia), south to Sicily and Samos. There is also evidence that the species occurs in Morocco and in western Kazakhstan (Tien Shan) in the east. The taxonomy of the species group (H. gredleri, H. kahri, H. intermedius and H. imparilis) is difficult and therefore not uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the distribution differs.

population:
A very abundant species, spread throughout most of the west Palearctic. The distribution is presumably centred in Europe.

habitat:
This is typically a species of warm and dry habitats, where it is most numerous on sand dunes and also post-industrial sites (e.g., sandpits, quarries, gravel pits, and spoil heaps). It also occurs in steppes and open shrubby habitats and along hedgerows and woodland edge (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013). In the National Reserve of l'Estagnol (France), it is found on dry bauxite banks surrounding Phragmites australis dominated wetland (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013).Hylaeus gredleri is an aerial nesting species, with nests being found in the pith of dry Rubus stems (Janvier 2012), in wooden walls and fence posts (Celary 1999) and probably also in the stems of Phragmites australis (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from May to September.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. This common species is often found in collections.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus gredleri is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend and to investigate the taxonomy.The species occurs in at least one protected area (National Reserve of l'Estagnol - FR).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution and further research should be carried out to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species is limited to higher mountain regions in Greece at 1,700-2,300 m altitude.

population:
An infrequent and specialized alpine species, restricted to the high mountains of Greece. There is no information about the population size or trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, the details of the habitat and ecology, and to identify any threats and trends.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas although it is very likely that it does.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria and Tenerife).

population:
The species appears abundant in the Canary Islands. There is no information about population trends.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, the habitat and ecological requirements and also to identify any existing threats.It is not known if this species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because there appear to be no major threats affecting the species.

range:
Hylaeus hyalinatus is common and widespread, from Spain to Greece and as far north as Sweden. The focus of the distribution is mainly in the central and northern regions of Europe. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,800 m. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus.

population:
A very abundant species of the whole west Palaearctic with its distribution centred in Europe.

habitat:
Hylaeus hyalinatus is found in habitats such as the dry faces of sand-, clay- and gravel pits, vineyards and orchards, woodland edge, waste ground (Westrich 1989), a range of habitats most commonly associated with coastal sites, dunes, heaths, river banks, railway embankments, woodland rides, parks and gardens (Peeters et al. 1999), deciduous woodland margins, and agricultural habitats (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in plant stems, sand and loose stone walls. The nests are mainly found in the sand but sometimes in the marrow of blackberry stems (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
There are no major threats affecting this species. The species is often found in collections.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus hyalinatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of very little information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
This species is widely spread throughout the Mediterranean, particularly on islands of the Mediterranean Sea.

population:
This species not very frequent within its range and its populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
This species is restricted to high mountain regions in Spain at altitudes between 1,800-3,100 m.

population:
The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus ibericus is red listed in Spain (Data Deficient; Verdu et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus imparilis is frequent in the Mediterranean, and spreads from Iberia, north to the Alps and to Hungary, and south to Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Tunisia and Iran (Minudasht, Ardabil). The taxonomy of the species group (H. gredleri, H. kahri, H. intermedius and H. imparilis) is difficult and therefore not uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the distribution differs.

population:
It is a very abundant species in the Mediterranean area and also in the Near East. There is no information on the population trends for this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus imparilis nests have been found in dry stalks of Ailantus glandulosa (Janvier 2012). Any further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus imparilis is red listed in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkač et al. 2005). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Further research is needed to establish its distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
As a result of previous admixture of this species with H. gibbus and H. stigmorhinus, the distribution has to be generally re-examined. As secured occurrence, the following countries can be given preliminarily: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Russia (Straka and Bogusch 2011).

population:
A moderately abundant and widespread species probably in the whole west Palearctic (Straka and Bogusch 2011, Proshchalykin and Dathe 2012). The population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the distribution of the species, its habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status, also the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus intermedius is found in southern France, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea countries, and as far south as Crete. In central Europe it is still insufficiently known apart from in Poland (Ratibor in Silesia, locus typicus) and Austria. The taxonomy of the species group is difficult and therefore not  uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the  distribution differs.

population:
An infrequent species of the whole west Palearctic, with its distribution probably centred in Asia minor and the Near East. The population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status and the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus kahri is found in the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, from Iberia to the Balkans and eastern Europe. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,600 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Iran (Ardabil).

population:
This species is abundant in central and south-eastern Europe. The populations of Hylaeus kahri are scattered but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus kahri is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a very restricted range and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species is limited to higher mountain regions of Crete at altitudes between 1,400-2,100 m.

population:
The species is limited to a narrow distribution area and is only rarely recorded. The population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus leptocephalus is widespread throughout Europe from northern Spain towards eastern Europe, north to Denmark (57° North), and south to Crete. It has also been described from Russia (Saratov) and Asia Minor.

population:
Hylaeus leptocephalus is an abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. The populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus leptocepalus nests in the soil and in plant stems. The species is probably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae species. There is no further information regarding the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus leptocephalus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the habitat of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus lineolatus is a Mediterranean species, distributed throughout southern Europe from west in Iberia to the east in the Balkans. It reaches as far north as Germany (Brandenburg) and Austria (Burgenland). The distribution is centred in Asia Minor and north Africa from Morocco (Marrakech, High Atlas), Algeria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, Asia minor, the Black Sea area, Azerbaijan, and east to Iran (Mazandaran).

population:
Hylaeus lineolatus is an abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. Populations are probably numerous but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus lineolatus is known from inland dune systems, sand-pits and sunny woodland edges (Westrich 1989). This species has been found to nest in plant stems and plant galls. The species is probably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae and Campanulaceae species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species, although locally the threats are not known.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus lineolatus is listed in the National Red List of Red Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), and Germany (Threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is frequently collected and there appear to be no major threats.

range:
In Europe Hylaeus longimaculus was mainly recorded from the Greek islands, maybe at the edge of the distribution area. It continues east to Asia Minor and south to the Middle-East and Egypt. The distribution is centred in Asia Minor.

population:
A frequently collected species from the Greek isles along the Turkish coast, rather seldom found on the European mainland. Populations are certainly not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However the species has a restricted distribution and further research is needed to establish the status of the species.

population:
This is an infrequent species. The populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This bee has been found in uncultivated areas bordering fields on Madeira where it is reported to visit the flowers of bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.). The bee almost certainly nests in the pith of dead, dry bramble stems (Fellendorf et al. 1999). Full details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this endemic species are not known. It is probably competing with the introduced species Hylaeus signatus and H. taeniolatus.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further study is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus meridionalis is a ponto-Mediterranean species that spreads from Iberia to the Balkans and eastern Europe. The northernmost localities are in Switzerland (Valais) and in Austria (Lower Austria, Burgenland). Outside of Europe, it spreads from Morocco to Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). The distribution is centred in Asia Minor.

population:
A moderately frequent species of the whole west Palearctic region. The populations are seemingly not very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus meridionalis is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area. Further research is needed to study the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is reported from a narrow distribution area in Greece only.

population:
It is a very rare species only found in its type locality. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Due to the species' occurrence in Greece, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. Details about the habitat, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, taxonomy, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus moricei is a pontic species with a wide distribution that ranges from Spain, south to Crete to the east up to Iran (Demavend). In central Europe it occurs north to the Berlin area, in Switzerland at Lake Constance, and in Austria (Vorarlberg, Burgenland, Lower and Upper Austria). The nominal form was described from Suez (Egypt).

population:
Hylaeus moricei is a rare species. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus moricei has been found to inhabit water meadows, oxbow lakes and old river channels, sea walls, and reed beds in old sand pits (Westrich 1989). The species is probably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
Even if the species appears to be threatened at the national level in some countries, there appear to be no major threats to this species at the European level.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 1998, Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2012), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002), Spain (Vulnerable; Verdu et al. 2011) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed to establish the threats affecting the species.

range:
Hylaeus nigritus is widespread in the central regions of Europe (40-62° North), from the Iberian Peninsula (south of Sierra Nevada 37° North) to eastern Europe. It is found in the Alps at altitudes up to 1,600 m. Outside of Europe the species extends from Morocco to the Caucasus, Asia minor, Iran to Siberia.

population:
An abundant species that is easy to recognize and is regularly recorded. Populations are possibly small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus nigritus occupies a variety of habitats such as sand-, clay- and gravel pits, quarries, in exposed sandy and loessic areas in vineyards, waste ground and in parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). The species has been found to nest in rock crevices and walls, as well as in spherical oak galls of Cynips argentea (Janvier 2012). The species is oligolectic and is found at Asteraceae species only.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus nigritus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book for Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is need to establish the population size and trend and the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
There is an isolated finding of Hylaeus nivaliformis in Piedmont (Alpe Marittime), otherwise, this pure alpine species is distributed in the eastern Alps at 1,200-2,000 m altitude, Austria (Carinthia, Carnic Alps and Karavanke, Kremsmauer in Upper Austria ), Tyrol (above Meran Schlern at 2,000 m), Trentino (Monte Baldo), Slovenia (Julian Alps, Karavanke). It is also found isolated on Mount Olympus in Greece at 2,500 m altitude.

population:
A rare and specialized species of high mountain areas. Populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus nivaliformis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. There are no further data available to its ecological requirements.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but as it is a high alpine species with a relatively restricted range, it may presumably be threatened to some degree by climatic factors.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus nivaliformis is listed in the National Red List or Data Book of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus nivalis is an alpine species of the western Alps found at altitudes up to 1,000-2,500 m in France (Drôme, Mt Ventoux, Alpes Maritimes, Auron), Italy (Piedmont, South Tyrol), Switzerland, Austria (east to upper Carinthia).

population:
A rare and specialized species of high mountain areas. The populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus nivalis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations and high altitudes. It nests in rock crevices. There are no further data available as to its ecological requirements.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but as it is an alpine species with a relatively restricted range, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus nivalis is listed in the National Red List or Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus paulus is found in Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and European Russia. The distribution information must be verified because of the previous mixing with H. gracilicornis (Morawitz, 1867). The species is an original Siberian species and outside of Europe it is found in Mongolia, Primorye and Japan.

population:
This is an infrequent species. There is no information on the population status of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus paulus nests in plant stems. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements or habitat.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. The threats to this species are not known locally.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus paulus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and threats. The species is considered threatened in several European countries and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus pectoralis is distributed throughout the Palearctic, but due to the special nesting in galls it is only locally present, predominantly in central and northern Europe. Outside of Europe its range extends eastwards to Japan.

population:
This species is not very abundant. Its populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus pectoralis inhabits damp ditchsides, landward edges of coastal saltmarshes, drying reed bed margins, water meadows, sea walls, dune slacks and heathlands (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 1999, Söderman and Leinonen 2003). The species is known to nest in reeds (Phragmites communis), particularly as a tenant in the spindle-shaped galls next to the gall fly Lipara lucens (Janvier 2012). The offspring are mostly reared from Phragmites galls which serve as brood nests. The species is polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. This species has a relatively restricted ecological range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic and other factors (which may include water quality and land reclamation).

conservationAction:
Hylaeus pectoralis is listed in the National Red Book or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.


range:
Hylaeus penalaris is restricted to a few mountain areas of the Iberian Peninsula.

population:
A rare and unusual species in its area. The populations are very small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
This species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices particularly through: intensification typified by increasing nitrogen deposition; swapping from hay production to silage; and reduction of Fabaceae cropping systems. This has reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. Genetic bottle-necking is also a threat in isolated populations.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus penalaris is red listed in Spain as Least Concern (Verdu et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus pfankuchi is a Transpalearctic-Eurosiberian species. There are only individual recordings from France, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Ukraine. It is found in Sweden at 55° North, and in Switzerland at altitudes up to 500 m. Outside of Europe it stretches as far as Primorsky Kraj and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).

population:
This is very widespread species but is rare - nowhere are populations abundant. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus pfankuchi has been found to inhabit reed beds, fens and wet meadows (Westrich 1989). This species is known to nest in reed beds. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. The threats to this species are not known at a local level.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus pfankuchi is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Finland (Neat Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends.


range:
Hylaeus pictipes inhabits Europe from Portugal to the Balkans and eastern Europe, to 60° North in Sweden. It also occurs in the Caucasus.

population:
An abundant and widespread species, the distribution is centred in central and north-west Europe. Populations are not large but there is no reliable information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus pictipes is known to inhabit river banks, woodland edge, orchards, clay pits, waste ground, village and town environments such as parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). This species nests in the soil and in plant stems, such as the branches of honeysuckle, Ailanthus glandulosa and blackberry (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Liliaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species, although the threats to this species at a local level are not known. The species is not seldom found in collections.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus pictipes is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Regionally Extinct; Hansen et al. 2010), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus pictus is distributed mainly throughout the Mediterranean.

population:
The species is not very abundant (less frequent than Hylaeus gibbus and H. incongruus) and populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus pictus nests have been found in the vicinity of wetlands, particularly in stems of Arundo donax (Janvier 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size and trend, habitat and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus pilosulus is widespread in western Mediterranean countries such as Portugal, Spain and France. It is found locally in central Europe in Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. The species also occurs in northern Africa.

habitat:
Hylaeus pilosulus nests in sandy slopes. They are found in abandoned cavities created by other Hymenoptera in sandy walls, pits and slopes with compact hard surfaces (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Asteraceae and Resedaceae species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus pilosulus is listed in National Red List of Germany as Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view in of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status and the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species has been reported from southern Spain, France and Italy (Sicily). It also occurs in the Asian part of Russia.

population:
Records of this species are rare and populations are probably small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus punctatus is a common species especially in the Mediterranean region, that ranges from southern France in the west through Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily to eastern Europe. The species is increasingly encroaching into central Europe, currently up to northern Germany (Brandenburg).

population:
A very abundant species and the distribution is centred in southern Europe. In recent years in Germany a trend of spreading northward was noted (H.H Dathe pers. comm. 2013). The populations are probably not small, but there is no sufficient information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus punctatus is found in habitats such as woodland edge, waste ground and in towns and villages (Westrich 1989) It is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae and Resedaceae species. Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus punctatus is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus punctulatissimus is found in the southern Palearctic, from Iberia to eastern Europe and north to Denmark (55° North). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Israel and Iran (Chalus).

population:
A conspicuous but not a very abundant species, which is widespread but not often found. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus punctulatissimus inhabits inland dunes, vineyards, anthropogenic habitats such as onion fields and market-gardens (Westrich 1989). It is a species of warm, sunny places, also found in gardens and roadside embankments (Peeters et al. 1999). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The species is oligolectic and found only at Allium spp. (Liliaceae).

conservationAction:
Hylaeus punctulatissimus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of Hylaeus punctus is limited to south-east of Europe, in the Balkans and Greece. Outside of Europe the species occurs in Asia Minor and the Middle East (Lebanon, Israel).

population:
A rare species which has only been recorded infrequently. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
The threats to this rare species are not known.


range:
This species is restricted to the Pyrenees where is fund at 1,300-2,300 m altitude; with an isolated record from Mt. Ventoux in France at 1,800 m altitude.

population:
A rare species, only locally recorded. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, has a presumed large population, and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus rinki is a Transpalearctic-Eurosiberian species that spreads from France (Yvelines) east to Russia and Ukraine and north to Scandinavia (63° North) but not towards the south of Europe.

population:
A well marked and widespread species but it does not occur frequently. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus rinki lives in forests and nests in bramble twigs (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Rosaceae.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species but the threats to this species are not known at a local level.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus rinki is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book in the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and in Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research into the population size and trends should be carried out. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of this species is centred in southern Europe from Spain to Greece and Cyprus.

population:
A very rare species. The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus rubicola nests in dry blackberry branches (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.


range:
In Europe the species occurs in the Balkans. Outside of Europe it occurs in Palestine, Asia Minor and stretches to Central Asia.

population:
A rare species. The populations thus are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution in Europe, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species' distribution is centred in Central Asia. In Europe the species is only present in European Russia but this is questionable and needs to be checked (H.H Dathe pers. comm. 2013).

population:
Nothing is known on the population of this species and there is also no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed to confirm the occurrence of this species in Russia, and into the population size, trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
There are records of Hylaeus scutellatus from European areas of the eastern Mediterranean. Outside of Europe, the range of this species extends from Egypt and Palestine to Turkey, while the distribution is centred in Asia Minor.

population:
A rare species in Europe, and obviously existing on the edge of its range. Therefore the populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.


range:
Hylaeus sidensis is only known from some east Aegean Isles in Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Asia Minor where its distribution is centred.

population:
The species is frequent in its main areas outside of Europe. However populations are small in Europe, and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.


range:
Hylaeus signatus is recorded across Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe, and from the Balkans north to Sweden (at 59° North). It is also found at altitudes up to 1,500 m in the Alps. It has also probably been introduced to Madeira.

population:
An abundant species in the whole west Palearctic, usually found in xerothermic places. The populations are not abundant, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus signatus is found in a variety of habitats which support the flowering plants that it forages upon such as disturbed ground on calcareous soils, waste ground, sand and clay pits, quarries, vineyards, riverside levees, road embankments, road verges, gardens, montane areas, railway stations, harbour installations, river banks and dykes and in dune systems (Shirt 1987, Peeters et al. 1999, Westrich 1989). This species nests in the soil, in the plant stems of Phragmites communis and in the feeding aisles of xylophagous insects living in the dead wood of an oak (Janvier 2012). The species is strictly oligolectic at Reseda (Resedaceae) species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus signatus is listed in the National Red List and Red Data Book of Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and it appears to be no major threats affecting the species.

range:
Hylaeus sinuatus is distributed across the western Palearctic from Spain to the Balkans and from Crete north to Sweden (55° North). It is found in the Alps at altitudes up to 1,500 m. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus and Iran.

population:
A frequent species in the temperate areas of Europe, but seldom found in western Europe (here possibly replaced by Hylaeus soror). The populations are not large and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus sinuatus inhabits woodland edge and clearings, hedges and scrub, bramble thickets and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It is presumably a polylectic species (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae species. Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus sinuatus is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species is distributed in the southern parts of Europe from Spain to Greece along the Mediterranean Sea. Outside of Europe, the whole range of occurrence includes north Africa, the Middle East, Asia Minor and Iran.

population:
A not very frequent species in the southern areas of Europe and the populations are not large. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The nests of Hylaeus soror were found in a stem of Ferula communis, associated with Osmia acuticornis (Janvier 2012). The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
As a result of taxonomic ambiguities, the occurrence of the species must be re-evaluated and therefore the only safe records are available from France (Gascony) only.

population:
The species appears locally abundant and the populations are not small however there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus stigmorhinus usually nests in bramble bushes, reeds, in the twigs of elder, and in abandoned Cynips argentea galls (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitat and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus styriacus is a widely distributed species which occurs in France (Haute-Savoie) to the west, north to Germany (Brandenburg), east to Russia (Ural), and south to Greece (Kalavrita). Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded from Lebanon, Asia Minor, Azerbaijan and Iran.

population:
A rare species in in Europe. The populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus styriacus has inhabits clearings and rides in woodlands, woodland edge, scrubby areas, vineyards, bramble thickets and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Liliaceae species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus styriacus is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.

range:
In Europe, Hylaeus sulphuripes is limited to the Iberian Peninsula and France. Outside of Europe its distribution is centred in northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia).

population:
The species shows trends in south-eastern Europe to spread northward. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Hylaeus sulphuripes is known to inhabit flower rich roadside verges in rocky gorges in Morocco, but there is no habitat data from Europe. This species' nests have been found in the soil of protected sites at chalk cliffs and sandy loam (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the habitat of this species in Europe. It is not known if if occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and no major threats.

range:
Hylaeus taeniolatus is common and widespread throughout the Mediterranean, and southern Ukraine. It is also found in isolated populations in central Europe, such as in Switzerland, Austria (Vorarlberg), and Germany (Baden-Württemberg).

population:
The species is widely spread and common almost everywhere, especially in the Mediterranean area and its islands. The populations are large and probably stable, but there is nearly no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not available.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in south European collections.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus taeniolatus is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
Hylaeus teruelus is recorded from Spain and Portugal, especially from high altitudes (1,300-2,100 m).

population:
A rare species, specialized to higher altitudes of mountain areas on the Iberian Peninsula. The populations are probably small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. As it inhabits alpine areas, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic and other factors.


range:
Hylaeus trifidus is found in some East Aegean Isles (Greece) at the edge of the distribution, as this species has its centre of distribution in the Middle East (Israel, Syria) and Asia Minor.


range:
Hylaeus trinotatus is a Mediterranean species, distributed from Spain (Valencia) in the west to Romania in the east, south to Sicily, and north to Hungary and Austria (Burgenland). A single discovery in Germany (Uckermark) has been document recently.

population:
The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. Perhaps the increasing records in central Europe point to a tendency to spread.

habitat:
Hylaeus trinotatus nests are in abandoned reed galls (Phragmites communis), similar to H. pectoralis (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus trinotatus is red listed in Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known whether the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Hylaeus tyrolensis is found from France towards south-east Europe, through central Europe. In Switzerland it is found at altitudes up to 700 m. It is also found outside of Europe in Turkey (Hakkari, Mersin) and Israel.

population:
The populations are conspicuously small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus tyrolensis is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Not Evaluated; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the species is dependent on a suitable constellation of food  plants with dry, xerothermic sand areas, which seem to be in decline in some countries.

range:
Hylaeus variegatus is a trans-Palearctic species, that spreads from the Iberian Peninsula to the Balkans and eastern Europe. The only places in Europe that it is not found is on the British Isles and Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it stretches from Morocco to the Amur river.

population:
A frequent but not common species, that is well recognized because of its striking appearance. The populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is dependent on a suitable assemblage of forage plants within xerothermic habitats, where it is typically a species of nutrient-poor, dry sandy grasslands (Peeters et al. 2012). These habitats are locally in decline, e.g., in Germany and Poland.Hylaeus variegatus uses old bee nests in the ground. The females dig their breeding caves in sandy, eroded walls, which can be very compact (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae species.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practices have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. Genetic bottle-necking is also a threat in isolated populations. The species is dependent on a suitable constellation of food plants with dry, xerothermic sand areas. These habitats are locally in decline, e.g., in Germany and Poland.

conservationAction:
Hylaeus variegatus is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002), and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and to further investigate on the threats. It is not known whether the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
In Europe, Ceylalictus variegatus is distributed around the Mediterranean basin. Some populations are recorded in the north of France and Austria (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). In the eastern part of its distribution, there are records around the Caspian Sea. This species is also present in North Africa and southwards to Kenya, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Senegal; and in steppes and deserts of western Asia to northern China, northern India and Mongolia in the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,504,419 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 408 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The species is common in southern Europe and the species has a stable population trend.

habitat:
Ceylalictus variegatus is solitary. Females are generalist in pollen collection (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). Specimens are recorded on Amaranthaceae, Balanitaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Pedaliaceae, Rhamnaceae and Tamaricaceae. The species nests in sandy soils. In northern Europe the species only occurs in warm localities.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.

range:
Dufourea alpina is distributed across the European mountain ranges, from the Pyrenees and Alps (France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria) to the Balkans (Ebmer 1993) at heights between 1,300 m and 2,500 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,291,667 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2. The species is endemic to Europe.

population:
It is a common species within its restricted habitat. There are no data available regarding the trend of the subpopulations.

habitat:
The species occurs in montane grasslands and shrublands. Westrich (1989) reports nesting in eroded footpaths. The pollen foraging status of this species is uncertain, but likely to be a polylectic species. It is recorded visiting Campanula species, Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae), Hieracium, Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae), Acinos and Thymus (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1984). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single generation late in the summer from the end of July to late August.

threats:
No specific threats have been identified for this species.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red List of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). Research is required into the population size and overall trends, and to identify if there any specific threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas, but given the extent of its range, it is very likely.

redListAssessors:
Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Dufourea coeruleocephala is recorded in southern Russia and Ukraine (Ebmer 1984). There are no precise described localities. As far as is known, the species is endemic to Europe.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of targeted conservation action. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea cypria is recorded from Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1952) and Turkey (Ebmer 1999). There is only one record in Europe for this species.

population:
There is no information on either the population size or trend for this species.

habitat:
There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km2 and the populations are severely fragmented given that the populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is considered threatened in several European countries and the habitat of the species and host plants are threatened by agricultural practices.

range:
Dufourea dentiventris is recorded from Spain to Sweden and Finland (Ebmer 1993). It is also present in Russia, the Caucasus and China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,089,453 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km2.

population:
The species is very rare. Populations of Dufourea dentiventris are highly fragmented, as the subpopulations are far from each other with little genetic exchange among them and little dispersal capacity (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown although Söderman and Leinonen (2003) report that it has dramatically declined in Finland in the last 35 years.

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands. Westrich (1989) reports nests in pathways in sandy and clay soils. Females of this species are specialists (oligolectic) and forage on pollen of the genus Campanula. In the Netherlands, they prefer Campanula trachelium and Campanula rotundifolia (Peeters et al. 2012). Elsewhere the species also forages at Campanula patula (Pesenko et al. 2000, Banaszak 2000). Other flower records are for Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae), Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) and Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) (Ebmer 1984); and Campanula rotundifolia, Campanula cochleariifolia, Campanula glomerata (Campanulceae) (Westrich 1989). This is a univoltine species, flying as a single brood in June, July and August, occasionally into early September. It is the reported to be the host of the cleptoparasitic bee Biastes truncatus (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Parc régional naturel du Queyras). Research should be carried out into providing a detailed picture of the threats and trends in population, and in monitoring trends in habitat quality and availability.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality and so there is lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea fortunata is endemic to the Canary islands. There is only one known record (Ebmer 1993).

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend for this species, as the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Dufourea gaullei is recorded in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and Morocco (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156,413 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.

habitat:
The species is recorded in Mediterranean areas, and these include grassland and shrubland habitats (including sandy open areas and pathways within mature Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa (ES)) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is almost certainly a univoltine species with a flight period from mid-April to June. Sexually this species is highly dimorphic. Pollen preferences are unknown, but Spanish females were found at flowers of Spergularia (Caryophyllaceae).

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species occurs in protected areas and is plentiful in the sandy landward areas of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.


range:
Dufourea graeca is recorded in Greece (between 1,400 and 2,500 m asl) and in Bulgaria and Turkey (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 80,295 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

population:
There is no information available on either the population size or trends.

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is believed to be oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae). Individuals have been found visiting Campanula glomerata (Campanulaceae) (Ebmer 1999).

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around  2,500 km2 as only few entomologists  collect this species. The species has strongly declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to habitat modification, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.

range:
Dufourea halictula is present across much of Europe, including European part of Russia and northern Europe (to 62°N). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,526,309 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km2. The value of AOO is probably an underestimate because few entomologists collect this species as it is rare, small and easily overlooked. The actual AOO may be around 2,500 km2.

population:
Subpopulations have strongly declined in northern part of the distribution of Dufourea halictula. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore the species is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands and shrubland. Westrich (1989) states that in Germany, the species is characteristic of sandy places; inland mobile dunes, sandy heathlands, sunny woodland rides and sand pits. Females are specialist (oligolectic) on the plant Jasione montana (Pekkarinen 1998) but Pesenko et al. (2000) recorded some females foraging on other Campanulaceae such as Campanula trachelium. It is apparently found on Jasione montana (Campanulacae) in both Britain and on the Continent (Mortimer 1913, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stöckhert 1933, Ebmer 1984, Westrich 1989). Mortimer (1913) describes the species as being protandrous. The males he found were locally abundant and were usually observed at rest on stones or low-growing plants. Within a week the females appeared in equal abundance and excavated their nesting burrows between stones, chiefly on a hard sandy pathway, less frequently in an adjoining sandy, moss-covered bank. The species is univoltine, flying as a single brood from late June to the end of July. There are records from Germany as late as mid-August.

threats:
The habitat and host-plants of Dufourea halictula are threatened by shifting agricultural practice (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides). Habitat modification results in fewer of the essential forage plants.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), and the United Kingdom (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Parc national du Mercantour (FR); Parley Heath SSSI, Ferndown Common SSSI (UK)). Further research is needed into the population size and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 440 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining subpopulations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.

range:
Dufourea inermis is present in Europe from the Pyrenees to 62°N (Finland) (Ebmer 1999). It is also recorded in Russia, the Caucasus and Armenia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,112,356 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 440 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because few entomologists collect this species which is rare, small and easily overlooked; the actual AOO may be around 2,500 km2.

population:
Subpopulations of Dufourea inermis are decreasing in the northern part of its distribution. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and the species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Females are specialists (oligolectic) on the plant genus Campanula (Pesenko et al. 2000, Pekkarinen 1998, Peeters et al. 2012). Westrich (1989) also states that the species is strongly oligolectic on Campanulaceae, and lists Campanula rotundifolia and Campanula trachelium as key forage plants. The species nests in open habitats in temperate grassland and shrubland with nests reported in Loessic soils (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Additional research is needed into the population size and trend and its ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea iris is recorded in mountains in Greece and Bulgaria (Ebmer 1993). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,782 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

habitat:
There is little information on the habitat or ecology for this species. It is reported visiting Acinos alpinus (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1993) although this may be a nectar resource. It is a univoltine species flying as a single brood in late July and into August.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
Dufourea longiglossa is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains of southern Spain. There are two records only (Ebmer 1993).

habitat:
Females collect pollen on Lamiaceae (Ebmer 1993). They live in open habitats in grasslands and shrublands. It is probably a univoltine species. The type series was collected in June.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea lusitanica is recorded in Portugal and Spain (Ebmer 1999). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 197 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.

habitat:
The species is poorly known, but it has been observed in Spain in sandy open areas within mature Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa. It is almost certainly a univoltine species, and Spanish specimens of both sexes were found flying in April. There is considerable variation in colour. The females may be entirely dark brown, or with well marked reddish areas on the abdomen (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species is plentiful within the protected area of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient  because the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality and so there is lack of information on the  population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea merceti is known from Spain (Ebmer 1984). There is one record only (Madrid).

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, as the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality.

habitat:
The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing in agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.

range:
Dufourea minuta is a widespread species in Europe (Ebmer 1993, 1999). It is distributed from Spain to southern Sweden and over the whole of central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,667,758 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologist collect this species which is rare, small and easily overlooked. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.

population:
The subpopulations of Dufourea minuta are declining in much of its range. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Females collect pollen on Asteraceae (Hieracium, Lactuca, Leontodon). They live in open habitats such as in grasslands and shrublands having a preference for sandy soils in UK (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), woodland edges, glades and clearings and sandy heathland in Germany (Westrich 1989) and in metropolitan areas in Helsinki (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). The species makes nesting aggregations on shallow exposed slopes. The nesting biology has been studied by Vasiljeva (1973), who found three such aggregations. The nest burrows reached a maximum density of 64/m2, and favoured sites are used year after year. The species builds simple nests with lateral burrows, and the nest can reach a depth of 15 cm. Dufourea minuta is univoltine. British specimens have been found from early to mid August, but in continental Europe the species flies from the end of July to the beginning of September. In Poland, the bee Sphecodes divisus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000). Biastes truncatus is reported as a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The habitats and host-plants of Dufourea minuta are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), Switzerland as Dufourea vulgaris (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and United Kingdom (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987). Further research is needed to monitor the population trends and habitat of this species. The species occurs in protected areas, such as in the Parc naturel du Queyras.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern  in view of its very wide distribution and presumed large and stable population. However, the threats to the species are unknown and so further research is needed.

range:
Dufourea paradoxa is a Eurosiberian species restricted to mountains (Ebmer 1999). It is recorded in the European Alps (Switzerland, Austria), the Pyrenees (France, Spain) and the Balkans (Greece).

population:
Subpopulations of Dufourea paradoxa are stable in many parts of its distribution.

habitat:
Dufourea paradoxa lives in montane grasslands. Westrich (1989) states that the species is polylectic, with pollen foraging from species of  Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae and Lamiaceae. Material from the Russian Far East was all caught at flowers of Veronica incana (Plantaginaceae) (Pesenko et al. 2000). Ebmer (1984) lists Euphrasia rostokoviana, Veronica spicata (Plantaginaceae), Silene rupestris (Caryophyllaceae), Thymus serpyllium (Lamiaceae) and Phyteuma scheuchzeri (Campanulaceae), Hieracium (Asteraceae). The nominate subspecies is univoltine, flying as a single generation from the end of July to mid-August occasionally early September.

conservationAction:
The species appears on the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs in protected areas, such as in the Parc National du Queyras (France). Research is needed into the threats and ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
Dufourea styx is endemic to the Balkans and occurs in Macedonia, Kosovo and Greece (between 1,300 m and 1,900 m asl) (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 106,014 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.

habitat:
The habitat and ecology of this species are largely unknown. It is a univoltine species and is known to fly in FYR Macedonia in June, and in Greece the males from mid-July with the females a little later (Ebmer 1984). Its lectic status is uncertain. The only available flower record is Acinos alpina (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1984).

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Dufourea trautmanni is recorded in Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1999). This species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 335,288 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km2.

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands including open areas and clearings in Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural. Nests are constructed in large dense aggregations in sandy soil with the nest entrances are turreted.Dufourea trautmanni is apparently oligolectic on various yellow-flowered Asteraceae (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The males can be found sleeping at night curled up in the flowers of Erodium species (Geraniaceae). It is a univoltine species. Spanish specimens of both sexes were found in April.

conservationAction:
Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species occurs in protected areas and is plentiful in the sandy landward areas of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.


range:
Dufourea wolfi is distributed in Turkey and the Aegean islands (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,420 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

habitat:
There is relatively little  information on the habitat and ecology for this species across its range, although on Lesvos it is found in Mediterranean sclerophyllous scrub in Pinus brutia/Quercus ilex zone (A. Grace pers. comm. 2008). It is almost certainly univoltine. Records from Chios and Lesvos show it flies in April and May. Females have been found collecting pollen at flowers of Sedum (Crassulaceae). Other flower records (from Samos) include a small species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and a species of Lamiaceae (Acinos?) (Ebmer 1999).

conservationAction:
Research is needed in to the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
Halictus adjikenticus is recorded in southern France, Austria, former Yugoslavia and eastward in the Caucasus (Ebmer 1975, Pesenko 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 557,629 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².

population:
This species is very rare and very localized and possibly has a fragmented population. The species population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
Halictus alfkenellus is recorded in Sicily, Greece and Russia. The main part of the distribution is to the east of the Mediterranean basin (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 658,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
This species is rare, localized and possibly has a fragmented population. There is no information about the current population trend.


range:
Halictus asperulus is recorded in the south-western Palearctic, from Spain to Iran and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,329,455 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km².

population:
The population abundance of this species is not known but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, breeding biology and general ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
Halictus brunescens is distributed in the south-western Palearctic, from Morocco to northern Pakistan (Ebmer 1988). This species is recorded in Czech Republic,  Hungary, Austria and Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,477,197 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².

population:
This species is common in eastern Europe (e.g. Ukraine) but has a relict population in central and western Europe. The population trend is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to climate change, land use change and urbanisation.

range:
Halictus carinthiacus is endemic to Europe and is restricted to the Alps: Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 189,890 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
The species is localized as it is restricted to alpine areas. The populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The species has a declining population.

habitat:
Specimens are collected in beech forests, in sub-Mediterranean and pre-alpine regions in addition to woodland edges, sparse grassy areas and waste places. Males fly in July and August.

threats:
The species is affected by climate change as it inhabits alpine areas. Land use change due to agricultural activities and urbanization are the major threats affecting this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). There is no information available about its presence in a protected area. It is recommended to monitor the population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
Halictus centaureae is endemic to Europe and is restricted to the coast of former Yugoslavia and Greece (Ebmer 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 78,476 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
The species is rare. There is no information about the current population trend.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, it occurs in protected areas, and there are no major threats.

range:
Halictus cephalicus is distributed from the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin to Iran (Ebmer 1987). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 417,789 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km².

population:
This species is not rare in Greece. The population trend is stable.

habitat:
It is an east Mediterranean species and it can be found in shrublands and grasslands.

threats:
No major threats are affecting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in protected areas and there are no major threats.

range:
Halictus cochlearitarsis is present around the Mediterranean basin, from Spain to European Turkey (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,460,290 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².

population:
This species is not common. The population trend seems to be stable.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats affecting the species. However, the species occurs in coastal areas and urbanization could become a threat.

conservationAction:
The species probably occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
Halictus compressus is distributed in the Palearctic region (Ebmer 1988, Pesenko et al. 2000). The nominal subspecies is present from south England to the Volga River, and from southern Italy to Gotland. The subspecies transvolgensis is distributed from the Volga River to Lake Baikal. The subspecies gissaricus is restricted to Tajikistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,340,948 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,068 km².

population:
This species is not common and is considered threatened in some countries. However, the overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It is found in warm areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).  The species has been rediscovered in the United Kingdom since the publication of the UK Red List (Falk 2011) and so its UK status will need revision.It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall stable population. However, the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 52 km² and is potentially threatened by urbanization.

range:
Halictus concinnus is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1972). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 38,124 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
The species is not rare. The population trend is possibly stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits sandy soils in coastal areas.

threats:
The species is probably threatened by urbanization.


range:
Halictus confusus has an Holarctic distribution. The nominal subspecies is from the Nearctic region. The subspecies perkinsi  occurs in the sandy plains of Europe, from south-western France to southern  England and to southern Scandinavia, eastward to the Ural; the subspecies alpina  inhabits the Alps, the subspecies glacialis the mountains of central Iberia  (Sierra de Guadarrama). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,650,619 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,012 km².

population:
The species is common in many parts of its range and the population trend overall is probably stable.

habitat:
Halictus confusus is polylectic and social. The species inhabits shrublands (including lowland heath) and grasslands. The species nests in sandy soils with the females constructing their nests in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to  September.

threats:
Destruction of sandy areas, that the species inhabits, due to urbanization, infrastructure development (including for tourism), afforestation and mineral extraction could affect this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002); United Kingdom (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). The species occurs in protected areas.Genetic work in North America is being undertaken to establish the taxonomic status of the taxon in the Nearctic.


range:
Halictus consobrinus is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Algeria) (Blüthgen 1955, Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
This species is rare and there is no information about the current population trend.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


range:
Halictus constantinensis is only recorded from one population in Sicily (Blüthgen 1923a,b; Pesenko 2004). The main part of the distribution is in the Maghreb (Morocco and Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
Halictus crenicornis is distributed in the north-western part of the Mediterranean basin (Blüthgen 1923, 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 605,952 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².

population:
This species is rare and the current population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It possibly occurs within protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, the habitat of the species and the threats affecting it. However, based on its restricted range in Europe it could be classed as Endangered (under Criterion B) and search for further information and a re-assessment are priorities.

range:
Halictus cypricus is distributed in the east of the Mediterranean basin (Cyprus, Turkey, Israel and Iran). The species is known from three localities (Blüthgen 1937). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,808 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
The species is not common. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species possibly inhabits coastal areas.

threats:
This species is possibly threatened by urbanization.

conservationAction:
It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, and general ecology of this species.


range:
Halictus fatsensis is recorded in Cyprus in one locality (Pesenko 2005). Other data are from Syria, Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown. The possible rescue effect from populations outside the assessment area is low as the species is small in size.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of a presumed stable population and no major threats affecting the species. However, the species has a very restricted area of occupancy.

range:
Halictus frontalis is endemic to Madeira (Pesenko 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 78 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
The species is common within its limited range. The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is found in clearings (such as along roadsides and levadas) in the Laurel Forest zone in Madeira (Fellendorf et al. 1999).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species is present within protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology of this species and to establish if there are future threats to its survival given its restricted distribution.


range:
Halictus fulvipes is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin, from the Canary Islands to Montenegro (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,066,855 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².

population:
This species is common and the population trend is stable.

threats:
There are no major threats affecting the species.


range:
Halictus fumatipennis is endemic to Spain (Blüthgen 1923, 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 47,555 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
This species is very rare. The population trend is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats. However, the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
Halictus gavarnicus is distributed in the mountains of southern Europe, from the Pyrenees and the Alps to Greece, eastward to Bashkiria, the Caucasus and north-eastern Turkey. The subspecies gavarnica inhabits the Pyrenees, the subspecies delphinalis the Alps, the subspecies longigenae the mountains of Greece and the subspecies tatarica is found in the Caucasus. Two isolated populations of the subspecies gavarnica have been recently found in maritime heathlands in the French departments La Manche (on Erica cinerea, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2006) and Les Landes (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,993,463 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 252 km².

population:
The species is not common but the overall population trend is considered stable. In Germany, it is extremely rare and the subpopulations have been declining. Populations from the French Atlantic coast are isolated.

habitat:
It occurs in mountain areas (above 2,000 m) although there are two records of the species being found on the coast of France (University of Mons 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). The species probably occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the isolated French coastal population is studied in detail.


range:
Halictus gemmeus is distributed all around the Mediterranean basin (Ebmer 1987). It is also present in many Mediterranean islands: Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,705,149 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 960 km².

habitat:
It is found in Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.


range:
Halictus graecus is recorded in Croatia, Greece and Turkey (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 526,799 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
This species is rare and the population trend is unknown.


range:
Halictus grossellus is found in Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,314 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There is no information about the population size of this species and the population trend is unknown.


range:
Two records of Halictus gruenwaldti are known, one from south of France, and one from the northwest of Italy (Ebmer 1975).


range:
Halictus holomelaenus is endemic to Crete (Blüthgen 1936). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,888 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.


range:
Halictus inpilosus is endemic to Greece (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 43,284 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. It probably may be negatively affected by urbanization in coastal areas.


range:
Halictus jaramielicus is only known from its locus typicus in Spain (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
This is a very rare species. The population trend is unknown.


range:
Halictus kessleri is mainly distributed in southern Europe. Eastwards, the species reaches eastern Turkey, westwards the Alps and  southwards Calabria (Italy). Some relict populations inhabit the Pyrenees. The  subspecies hakkarius is found in south-eastern Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,085,440 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is believed to be stable.

habitat:
Halictus kessleri is polylectic and social. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. In the Alps, the species is found in the valleys, not at high altitudes. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
Most of the populations of Halictus langobardicus are recorded in France (Ebmer 1975, 1988). It reaches Serbia in the east and Sicily in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,637,128 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km².

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It occurs in warm localities in central Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanization.

range:
Halictus leucaheneus is a Palearctic species with a discontinuous distribution. In temperate Europe, the species is represented by the subspecies arenosus. The subspecies nivalis is confined to the Sierra Nevada in southern Spain. The subspecies occipitalis occurs in the Caucasus and Turkey. The nominal subspecies leucaheneus is found around the Lake Balkash to Harbin, Northeast China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,881,324 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km².

population:
Halictus leucaheneus is very rare but females nest locally in extremely large aggregations in sandy areas. Recent records of populations are known in only few places in Sweden, the Pyrenees and Poland. The species is localized but is common where it is found. The population trend of this species is strongly decreasing.   The populations are isolated, with little, or no, genetic exchange between them and the distribution of this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits inland sandy areas and dry grasslands.

threats:
The habitat of this species is very fragmented and the main threats come from destruction of the habitat due to urbanization.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). The species occurs in protected areas.It is recommended that the areas where this species occurs are protected. Further research into the population sizes, distribution and trends are required.


range:
Halictus luganicus is distributed in eastern Europe, and is known from Ukraine and Russia (Ebmer 1975, 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 435,834 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
This species is rare. The population trend is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).   It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.

range:
Halictus lussinicus is recorded from Croatia and southern Russia (Ebmer 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 119,065 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
The current population trend is unknown.


range:
Halictus maculatus is distributed in the west Palearctic region (Ebmer 1975, 1988; Madsen and Calabuig 2011). The nominal subspecies is recorded from Portugal to the Caspian Sea, and from Sicily to Finland. In the south, the species is mainly present in the mountains. The subspecies priesneri is described from Anatolia, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Israel in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,350,815 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,080 km².

population:
This species is common with a stable population trend.

habitat:
Halictus maculatus is polylectic  and social. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females nest in the ground, and in large, loose aggregations (Perkins 1919). Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to October. The species is found in the north in calcareous grasslands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas.


range:
Halictus mediterranellus has a disjunct distribution, with isolated subpopulations in Portugal and Sicily (Ebmer 1985). There are two records from Sicily and a single record from Portugal. The EOO is 44,053 km² and the AOO is 12 km².


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered, because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², the species occurs in three locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals due to urbanization. The species also qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion D2.

range:
Halictus microcardia is endemic to the Balearic Islands and it occurs in three localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
The species is not common. The population trend is possibly declining.

habitat:
The species inhabits coastal dunes, a habitat which is declining due to urbanization.

threats:
The species is threatened by urbanization.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species and no records in protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. This species could also be assessed as Not Applicable as the species may have a marginal distribution in Europe; however there is not enough information available on the proportion of the populations in Europe compared to its global distribution and therefore DD seems the more appropriate category. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is distributed from the Urals to Turkmenistan and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1975). There is only one record in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².


range:
Halictus nicosiae is distributed in Crete and Cyprus (Blüthgen 1923). There is only one record in each island.


range:
Halictus patellatus is distributed in Europe and Morocco (Ebmer 1988). The subspecies taorminicus is ponto-Mediterranean, from Morocco to the Caucasus. The subspecies patellatus is recorded in Caucasus and Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,888,858 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is regarded as stable.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas.


range:
In Europe, Halictus pollinosus is a Mediterranean species but it also occurs in central Asia to Mongolia; the  nominal subspecies is endemic to Sicily; various subspecies have been  described: balearicus endemic to the Balearic Islands; theseus endemic to Crete;  thevestensis in north Africa; cariniventris in Europe, Asia to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,855,123 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 664 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is considered to be stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It is found in warm Mediterranean areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Halictus ponticus is predominantly distributed around the Black Sea with one isolated subpopulation in Croatia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 374,415 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of  information on population size and trend, ecological requirements,  threats and conservation status. This species could also be assessed as Not Applicable as the species may have a marginal distribution in Europe; however there is  not enough information available on the proportion of the populations in  Europe compared to its global distribution and therefore DD seems the more  appropriate category. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species is distributed around the Caspian Sea (Ebmer 1975). There is only one record in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².


range:
Halictus pseudotetrazonius is only known from its locus typicus in Sicily (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, threats and conservation status. The species has never been seen since 1903 so it might be even Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to the Pyrenees. It is known from one locality (Gripp). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
Old literature suggests that the species is common (Pérez 1903), however the species has never been found since (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2012). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits grasslands in mountain areas.

threats:
The current threats to this species are unknown. The species is possibly threatened by climate change since it inhabits mountain areas. There is a potential threat due to changes in agricultural practices.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened since the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,320 km², the northern populations are declining and fragmented, the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals are declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.

range:
Halictus quadricintus is trans-Palearctic, and is found from Morocco to southern Manchuria, in northern Europe to southern Finland (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,159,982 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,320 km².

population:
The species is common in southwest Europe while in northern Europe the subpopulations are localized and fragmented. The population trend is probably declining.

habitat:
Halictus quadricinctus is polylectic and solitary. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females prefer to forage on Carduae (Asteraceae) and nest in the ground, sometimes in extensive aggregations. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to  September.

threats:
Urbanization is a major threat to this species. The preferred host plants where this species forage (Carduae) are declining due to agricultural activities.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Halictus quadripartitus is endemic to Spain (Blüthgen 1924). This species has been recorded in only two localities.

conservationAction:
Despite this being a narrowly endemic species, it is not currently listed on any National Red List.It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


range:
Halictus resurgens is an east Mediterranean and west Asian species, from Dalmatia (Croatia) and Romania to Kashmir (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,879,180 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Halictus rossicus is known from Ukraine and Russia (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46,7425 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².


range:
Halictus rubicundus is a Holarctic species. In the Palearctic, this species is recorded from Ireland to northern Japan (Hokkaido) (Ebmer 1996). In  Europe, it is present northward to the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia but in southern Europe it is montane: in Spain in Sierra Nevada; in Italy in Calabria and Aspromonte; Greece  (Timfrissos, 1,700 m). In North Africa H. rubicundus was collected only in the High Atlas (Jebel Ayachi  near Midelt). In the eastern Palearctic this species is not common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,835,096 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,328 km².

population:
This species is very common and the current population trend is stable.

habitat:
Halictus rubicundus is polylectic and social (at least in the warmer parts of its range). Females nest in the ground, and where the insect is non-social, large nesting aggregations can be formed.  Overwintered females appear in April, males and young females in July. It is found in forests, grasslands, gardens, and urban areas.

threats:
There are no threats affecting this species.


range:
Halictus sajoi is a pontic species distributed from Austria to Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,621,695 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008).   It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
Halictus scabiosae is a west Palearctic species (Ebmer 1988). In the west Mediterranean part of its distribution, this species is recorded from Morocco to Rhodes and the  Bosphorus (Turkey). On the Atlantic coast, it is present in Jersey and Belgium. In central Europe, it is found northward to Hessen in Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,962,731 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,048 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is generally stable, and even with some expansion towards the north.

habitat:
Halictus scabiosae is polylectic and social. Females nest in the ground, and in favourable locations, in large aggregations. The species is typically found in sparse, warm grasslands. Overwintered  females appear in April, males fly from July. It forages in Carduae (Asteraceae) and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae).

threats:
There are no obvious environmental threats to this species although parasitism may cause the disappearance of colonies locally.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
This species occurs in the steppe zones of Eurasia, from Portugal to the Tienshan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,349,809 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is possibly stable.

habitat:
It is a steppe species. The phenology suggests that the species may be primitively eusocial (Pesenko et al. 2000)

threats:
There appears to be no major threats affecting this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Further studies are needed into the threats affecting this species.

range:
Halictus semitectus is a rare and steppic species, occurring in Eurasia from central Germany and eastern Austria to south-eastern Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,514,285 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km².

population:
It is known from few localities in Europe. The species is rare and localized. The populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.  The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
The species inhabits deciduous forests (Poland) and steppe habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the national red lists of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005) and in Germany as threatened with an unknown level of threat (category G; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the threats affecting this species.


range:
Halictus senilis is a steppe species. In Eurasia, it is recorded from southeast Russia to Turkestan; in Asia in Pakistan, Iraq and Israel; in northern Africa, in Tunisia and Egypt (Ebmer 1975, 2005). The species is also present in Spain and in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,740,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is probably stable as there are recent records.

habitat:
The species is found in desert habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major apparent threats.

range:
Halictus sexcintus is a west-Palearctic species (Ebmer 1988). The subspecies sexcinctus is recorded in Europe from Iberia to Urals and from  southern Sweden to Crete. The subspecies albohispidusis occurs in the Near East, from Turkey to  Iran, southward to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,269,268 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,392 km².

habitat:
Halictus sexcinctus is polylectic and communal. The species inhabits shrublands and sparse grasslands, woodland edge, inland mobile dunes, sand-, gravel- and clay pits. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered  females appear in April, males fly from July.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Halictus simplex is a west-Palearctic species (Ebmer 1975, 1988; Pesenko et al. 2000). It has been recorded from Iberia to Kazakhstan, northward to northern Germany (not  common), central Poland and Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,291,424 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 960 km².

population:
This species is not common but the population trend is probably stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits shrublands, dry warm waste places, and sparse grasslands (in Belgium including calcareous grasslands).


range:
Halictus smaragdulus is a west-Palearctic and circum-Mediterranean species occurring from Morocco to Kyrgyzstan. Isolated populations are found northward in the department de La Manche (France) and  central Germany. Accidentally introduced in Australia (Upper Hunter region)  (Gollan et al. 2008) where it is considered invasive. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,761,121 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,092 km².

population:
The species is common and the population trend is stable.

habitat:
Halictus smaragdulus is polylectic and social. It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and dry grasslands. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from June.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Taxonomic work is needed since this species could actually be five separate species. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and increasing population and no major threats.

range:
Halictus subauratus occurs in warm localities of the west-Palearctic, from central Europe to Barnaul in  Siberia. In the south, the species is recorded from Spain to Kashmir. The subspecies corsus is endemic to  Corsica and Sardinia. The subspecies meridionalis occurs from Turkey to  Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,351,265 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,424 km².

population:
The species is very common in southern Europe and less common in the north. The population trend is increasing as the species is expanding its range northwards.

habitat:
Halictus subauratus is polylectic and social. It inhabits warm areas in all kind of habitats including gardens. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from June.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Halictus tetrazonianellus is mainly distributed around the Black Sea (Blüthgen 1923). In Europe, it is recorded in Greece, Ukraine and southern Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,273,187 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km².

population:
This species is not common. The current population trend is probably stable as there are recent records.


range:
Halictus tetrazonius is a south-western Palearctic species, ranging from France, Italy (Piedmont), Austria, to the Caucasus and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,024,898 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².

habitat:
It is found in mountain and coastal areas. It is a polylectic species.


range:
Halictus tridivisus is endemic to northern Spain (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 79,286 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
This species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species. It probably inhabits mountain areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species occurs in Asia Minor and has a marginal occurrence in Europe (though more than 1% of the total distribution). In Europe, it only occurs in Crimea (Ukraine) and south European Russia.

population:
It is a rare species. The population trend is unknown.


range:
Halictus tumulorum is a Palearctic species. The nominal west-Palearctic species is  common and widespread in northern Europe, from Ireland to Bachkiria, in  Scandinavia up to the 67th parallel. In southern Europe the species inhabits the  Pyrenees and the Alps. The subspecies kyrnos is endemic to the mountains of  Corsica. The subspecies oros is endemic to the mountains of Greece. The subspecies  higashi occurs in Japan (Hokkaido and north Honshu Island), Russia (Ussuri, Primorskiy Kray), southern Sakhalin Island, China and North Korea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,593,187 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,560 km².

population:
This is a very common species and has a stable population trend.

habitat:
Halictus tumulorum is polylectic and social. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July. It is found in a wide range of habitats including open grasslands, forests and urban areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Halictus vestitus occurs in the steppes of Eurasia, from Iberia to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,857,482 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 552 km². This species is considered invasive in North America.

population:
This species is common and has as stable population trend.

habitat:
It inhabits steppes and Mediterranean habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this species. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum acephaloides is distributed in Italy (Blüthgen 1931), potentially south European Russia, Turkey, western Asian Russia and the Caucasus. There is only one population that has been recorded in Europe, in the south of Italy. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

population:
It is a rare species in Europe, although there is no further information available on either the population size or population trend of the species.

habitat:
In view of the distribution, it is possible that this species occurs in Mediterranean dry grasslands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum aegyptiellum is a south-eastern Mediterranean species. According to Ebmer (1988) it has been recorded from Spain to Iran. However, it is believed that the records of Spain, France and Italy are dubious and belong to Lasioglossum discum fertoni (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is most likely that this species occurs elsewhere in Europe and has therefore been under recorded.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 470,775 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size or population trends of the species.

habitat:
The females are polylectic, in that they forage upon different plant families. It is suspected to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrublands.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, taxonomy, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
The species is not traded or commercially exploited.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is ubiquitous in its habitat preference, although it is locally rare. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potentials threats to the species.

range:
A Euro-siberian species ranging from southern England to Greece and Turkey and from Spain northeast towards Finland (61°N). Outside of Europe it is found as far east as Kyrgyzstan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,101,330 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,888 km².

population:
The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is widespread and presumably ubiquitous in its habitat preferences, although it prefers warmer localities. It may be found on grasslands including inland mobile dunes, sand pits and sandy waste places and occasionally in sandy loess (Westrich 1989). It is also found in montane habitats. It is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plant species, including Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Senecio vulgaris and Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). In Austria, the females emerge relatively late (end of May). The males fly from the end of July (Westrich 1989) and in Switzerland, Amiet et al. (2001) state that the females fly from the beginning of April to the end of August, and the males emerge at the end of June.The species is a ground nester but both the social status and nest architecture are apparently unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Blüthgen 1937). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,661 km² and the area of occupancy is (AOO) is 40 km².

habitat:
The species is endemic to the Cypriot mountains (Grace 2010). It most likely inhabits Mediterranean shrubland amongst other habitat types. There is no precise information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are locally common and it has a broad preference of habitat types. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends.

range:
A transpalearctic species that is widespread across Europe from Ireland to European Russia and as far north as 66° in Sweden (Ebmer 1995). It is found as far east as Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,657,258 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 14,652 km².

population:
The species is common throughout Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits plains with grassland and forest in the north of Europe and in the south it inhabits mountainous habitats. These include woodland edge and scrubby areas, clearings and glades, orchards, old vineyards and river levees (Westrich 1989). In the UK and Ireland it is found in a range of habitats, including agricultural areas, parks and gardens. The species is univoltine, with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid April to mid September, males from the beginning of July to late September. In Switzerland, the species may persist into mid-October (Amiet et al. 2001). Lasioglossum albipes often nests in small aggregations and is reported by Knerer (1987) to be primitively eusocial, in common with its very close relative Lasioglossum calceatum. The nesting biology is discussed in detail in Pesenko et al. (2000). The males often spend the night in clusters on vegetation. The species is broadly polylectic, in that it will forage on a wide range of wild and garden flowers. In mainland Europe, Sphecodes monilicornis has been recorded as a the species' kleptoparasite, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species (Alfken 1913), and this association may exist in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is found in many protected areas as it is so widespread. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, suspected stable populations and the lack of threats. However, this species is Endangered in two European countries and further research is needed into the population status and trends, while determining any future threats to this species.

range:
Lasioglossum albocinctum occurs mainly in the western Mediterranean region, and in Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from Morocco and Algeria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,551,310 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 672 km².

population:
It is apparently a stable species in Europe, although there is no detailed information available on either the population size or trend of the species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
This species is a habitat generalist and typically occurs in Mediterranean shrub land and urban areas, although no detailed information is available on the habitat and ecology of this species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It has been recorded visiting flowers of commercially grown Cucumis melo (Cucurbitaceae) in France (B. Vaissière pers. comm. 2005).

threats:
Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in Germany and the Czech Republic, there are no major threats to this species. However it is thought that in these countries the species is at the edge of its range and this may have contributed to the species' threatened status in those countries.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2 and the quality and extent of the sandy coastal habitat in it range are in continual decline and threatened by tourism and recreational developments. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under B2b(iii). Further research is required to determine the population trends, ecology and further threats to the species as it could be classified as threatened with more data available.

range:
The species is found on the sandy beaches of southern Spain, the Canary Islands and the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Two subspecies are endemic to the Canary Islands: Lasioglossum albovirens lajarense on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands, Lasioglossum albovirens belisarium on Gran Canaria and Tenerife (Ebmer 1979, 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 257,943 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
It is a rare species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits coastal habitats such as sand dunes. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The species may be threatened by tourism as this impacts upon their coastal habitats. Residential and recreational developments upon the beaches and dunes is leading to a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the species' habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (44 km2) and the population is severely fragmented between five or six localities, such that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under B2a. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and further threats to the species as it could be classified as a threatened species with more data available.

range:
The species has a distinct distribution in Europe and is found in Corsica, Sicily, Greece, Bulgaria and Macedonia. The nominal subspecies has a disjunct distribution in the mountains of the southern palearctic region, from Morocco to Nepal (Ebmer 1976, 1978, 2004, 2005). The subspecies pseudoannulipes inhabits southern China, Manchuria and Japan (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 598,472 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
The species is very rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is very little chance of genetic exchange between the five or six known subpopulations.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur in the mountains such as the Greek Chelmos (Grace 2010). It is likely that the species inhabits temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.This species does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, only two populations of Lasioglossum alinense have been recorded in Belarus (Blüthgen 1931). Outside of Europe it has been found in Asian Russia.The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
This species is rare and it has only been found in two localities in Belarus. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the suspected populations are locally large. The species is not found outside of Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to the species.

range:
An alpine species that is found from the Alps to the mountains of Greece (Ebmer et al. 1994, Ebmer 1996). The species is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 503,028 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km².

population:
The species is predominantly found in the Swiss Alps and it is not present in the Red List of Switzerland, therefore it can be assumed that the population is stable and healthy as this is the central location of the species distribution.

habitat:
An alpine species found in high alpine meadows. As with all Lasioglossum species, there is an extended flight period, and the species flies from mid-June to the beginning of October. The males emerge in mid-July (Amiet et al. 2001). The species is likely to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically yellow-flowered Asteraceae, but there has been no pollen analysis on pollen loads of this species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
There are no major current threats to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Rare (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A species of the western palearctic found in southeastern Europe from Croatia to Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Azerbaijan, Syria and Jordan (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 703,405 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².

population:
A rare species in southeastern Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a summer flying bee recorded on Statice (Plumbaginaceae). In Crete, it flies from May into August (Grace 2010). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (208 km2), although this is suspected to be an underestimate due to the probable misidentification of females, and because the species' population is severely fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. The nesting habitat of the species is potentially threatened due to its specific and localised nature. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species as with more data it could classify as a threatened species.

range:
Lasioglossum angusticeps has been recorded in England, France, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Serbia and Corfu in Greece (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The species has also been found in Anatolian Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,566,422 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².

population:
The species is rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. It is possibly common in some localities where suitable habitat is available.

habitat:
The species is known to inhabit rough coastal landslips in the south of the UK. The females fly from late May to at least August while the males fly from the end of July to late September. The females usually nest gregariously in burrows excavated in clay exposures at the base of cliffs and slopes above the beach (Spooner 1929). Males have been recorded visiting the flowers of Daucus carota (Apiaceae) and yellow-flowered Asteraceae. A female Lasioglossum, provisionally identified as L. angusticeps (there have been cases of misidentification of females) has been observed on several occasions visiting common bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) flowers (G. Else pers. comm. 2012, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). A few males collected at two sites in Dorset have been stylopised (S.P.M. Roberts pers. obs. and pers. comm. 2014). These appear to be the only stylopised specimens known, the strepsipteran perhaps being the same unidentified Halictoxenos species which very occasionally parasitizes the closely related Lasioglossum punctatissimum.

threats:
If there was a known threat to the species, the species could be significantly at risk as it can be very localised within an area and because it nests in a specific type of habitat, such as clay exposures at the base of cliffs and the slopes above beaches.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas in southern England. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, the species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is known from Israel and Turkey (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 166,241 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from one record in Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Manchuria (Warncke 1982, Ebmer 1990).

population:
It is only known from a single locality in Europe. It is also uncommon in Iran and Turkey.

habitat:
The species was found in Pirin National Park which is mainly a montane ecosystem. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The only recording of this species was in Europe in the Pirin National Park, Bulgaria. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Greece and Macedonia (ssp. apostoli). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey (ssp. pistis) (Ebmer 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

habitat:
It occurs in the mountainous regions of Greece and Macedonia and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and montane rocky areas although confirmation of this is required. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and thought to be quite common on the Canary Islands. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, data are still very much lacking and research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to the species as it is endemic to the Canary Islands.

range:
The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and is found on Tenerife (subspecies arctifrons), Hierro (subspecies glandarium), La Palma (subspecies glandarium), and Gran Canaria (subspecies optatum) (Ebmer 1974, 1993, Warncke 1975, Hohmann et al. 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,021 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
The species is quite common on the Canary Islands (La Roche unpublished data, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is endemic and quite common on the Canary Islands it can be assumed to be found on Mediterranean-type shrubland amongst other habitat types.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened as it is endemic to Crete.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, Greece (Ebmer 1981). There is only one record of this species.

habitat:
The only specimen of this species was found in the mountains of Crete and it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and/or mountainous grasslands. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It was found in the National Park of Lefka Ori (White Mountains) protected area. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened due to its narrow distribution.

range:
The species is found in the south of Spain and the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1995). There are two records only. Outside of Europe the species is distributed across north Africa.

population:
The species is very rare and has a very restricted European range. There are only two data points known. In Morocco the species is not threatened. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
In Morocco, the species is found in shrubland areas near the desert so it can be said to prefer dry areas, albeit in north Africa. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has a small distribution and may only occur on the island of Corsica, France.

range:
The species is reported from Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama, 1,900-2,200 m asl), although this record is dubious, so it may be an endemic species to Corsica (Ebmer 1979). It is endemic to Europe and the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,049 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
It is only found in mountainous regions and as it is certainly found on Corsica and perhaps in Sierra de Guadarrama, it is fair to assume it occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is fairly widespread and the populations are locally common in areas of suitable habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species as it seems to have a preference for nesting in sand.

range:
A western Mediterranean species that is sporadically found in Portugal, Spain and southern France. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya in North Africa (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1976). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 807,319 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km².

population:
A localised species as it nests in sand, and, within its range, is abundant wherever there is suitable habitat available. There are no further data available on the population size and trends of the species.

habitat:
The species nests in sandy areas, on the coast and in central Spain. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations in the Swiss Alps are thought to be healthy and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species.

range:
An alpine species, found in central and southern Europe in the Alps, the Tatra mountains, and the mountains of Macedonia and Bulgaria. The subspecies olympicum occurs in the mountains of Greece (Ebmer et al. 1994). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,792,151 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².

population:
The species is not listed in the national Red List of Switzerland and therefore the population can be thought to be healthy and perhaps stable in the Swiss Alps. There is no further information available for the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a montane species that can be found in alpine meadows. The nests can be found in lightly compacted chalk rubble. The social behaviour of the species is unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum bavaricum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarilly Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae), Carduus defloratus, Senecio spp. (Asteraceae), and Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989). Celary (1986) (citing Ebmer 1970) lists the following forage plants in Poland: Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Potentilla anserina (Rosaceae), Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae) and Galeobdolon luteum (Lamiaceae). The overwintering females emerge at the end of May to mid-July. The males fly from the beginning of August (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs within protected areas in the Alps such as the Swiss National Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum bicallosum is found in south-eastern Europe, in Bulgaria, Greece, southern Ukraine (Crimea, Kherson and Kharkov Provinces) (Blüthgen 1931), Donetsk (Radchenko 1982), Kiev and Nikolaev Provinces (Collection of Institute of Zoology NAS Ukraine, Kiev), Rostov Province (Pesenko 1972).Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey (University of Mons 2012), Daghestan (Morawitz 1874, Blüthgen 1925), south-western Asia, Israel, Asia Minor (Blüthgen 1931, Warncke 1975), Armenia (Blüthgen 1931), Iran (Blüthgen 1931, Ebmer 1978, Warncke 1982). There are records of the species (under the name Halictus dmitriewi) from Middle Asia but they belong to Evylaeus quadrinotatulus.

population:
This species is rare. No further information is available for either the population size or population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage on a wide range of plant species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, taxonomy, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the species is rare and localized, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km2, there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and it seems that anthropogenic activities are converting or degrading the habitat which is restricting the species' population. The species is also threatened in at least three countries in the centre of its range.

range:
Lasioglossum costulatum is a Palearctic species, that ranges from the Iberian Peninsula east towards Macedonia and Turkey, and as far north as Belgium and Poland. Outside of Europe, the species ranges from Morocco to Iran, and far eastern Russia (Ebmer 1988).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,025,297 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 752 km².

population:
The species is localized and rare in its distribution (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). The population size and trends of this species are not known, although it is possibly declining in some countries.

habitat:
The species inhabits forest edges and grasslands. The females have a short flight period (June to August) and are oligolectic, in that they prefer to forage upon a narrow range of plant species such Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The species is threatened by anthropogenic activities that cause the loss of suitable habitat, although the specific nature of these activities remain unknown. As the species is rare, localized and oligolectic on Campanula spp. it is susceptible to habitat loss through increasing urbanisation and changes in agricultural practice (shifting grazing and mowing regimes, intensification and succession) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species is known to occur in protected areas such as the Torny nature reserve in Belgium (D. Michez pers. comm. 2013). Habitats in which this species is found should be protected and maintained in order to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends, while the nature of the threats to the species also need investigating.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare, localised and fragmented and there is little information available on the population trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species despite its wide distribution. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum crassepunctatum is distributed in the steppic areas of Europe and Asia (Blüthgen 1925, Ebmer 2000). This species is present from Spain to Ukraine, from Cyprus to the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,205,626 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².

population:
The species is rare, localised and the subpopulations are fragmented, although it is uncertain as to what degree of fragmentation the species suffers. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
It is a steppic species within the Mediterranean and warm localities of central Europe. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum cristula has been recorded in Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer 1976). Outside of Europe its range stretches from Morocco to Iran. The main populations have been recorded in Anatolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,772 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
This species is rare. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Attiki (Mainland Greece) where it is known to visit a range of plant species in the families of Geraniaceae, Papaveraceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Resedaceae and Apiaceae in the Spring (Petanidou 1994).

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the mountainous areas on mainland Europe and populous on the British Isles at lower altitudes. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potential threats to the species.

range:
The nominal subspecies has been described from the Pyrenees and is predominantly found in the north of England, Scotland and Ireland (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1970, 1972, Warncke 1982, 1984). The subspecies tirolense inhabits the Alps, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkan mountains and the Carpathians. The subspecies pangaeum occurs in the mountains of northern Greece, while the subspecies gevriense is found outside of Europe in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,907,958 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 760 km².

population:
The species is quite common throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Lasioglossum cupromicans is a montane species in central Europe and it is typically found in alpine meadows. However, in Britain and Ireland it can be found at lower altitudes in woodland, heathland, urban habitats and coastal regions. In Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, Spooner (1946) describes the species as nesting in the earth crevices of stone walls and rocks, and also, in company with Lasioglossum smeathmanellum, round the stonework of a farm building. The full details of the nesting biology and sociality of this species are not available. British and Continental pollen sources not known, but it is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The flowers it is known to visit are: Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae), Potentilla sp. (Rosaceae), Sedum sp.(Crassulaceae), Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae), Jasione montana (Campanulaceae), Cirsium sp., Hypochoeris sp, Leontodon sp. and Crepis sp. (Asteraceae) (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). P. Harvey (pers.comm. 2014) has suggested that this species may have a close association with the flowers of Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae) in lowland Britain. In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists Campanula sp. (Campanulaceae), Acinos arvensis (Lamiaceae) and Euphrasia sp. (Orobanchaceae). The females are active from late April to the end of October while the males fly from mid-August to the beginning of October. Sphecodes geoffrellus [as S. affinis] females have been seen investigating probable nest burrows of this species in Ireland (Stelfox 1927) and therefore it could possibly be a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of L.cupromicans.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species occurs in the Balkans, Greece and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asian Turkey, Syria and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 725,758 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
The species is rare in Europe but it is most common in the Middle East. There is no further information the population size and trends.

habitat:
Lasioglossum damascenum can be found on steppic habitats. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the details are scarce. Ebmer (1971) lists Erodium spp. (Geraniaceae) and Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae). There is no further information on the species' habitat and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A species of steppes in central and south-eastern Europe, known only from a few localities. It has been found in the chalky hills of Vienna, Austria, and in the Učka mountain range in Istria, Croatia, southern Bosnia and Montenegro (Ebmer 1970, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,337 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
A rare species only known from a few localities in Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is found on steppic habitats. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in the Nature Park of Učka in Croatia. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.

range:
In Europe, the species is found only on the island of Crete, and there is a single record only. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Lebanon, Asia Minor (Anatolia), and Iran (Ebmer 1972, 1995).

population:
A very rare species with only one record from Crete. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland as it has been found on the island of Crete. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
The species is found in Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asia Minor (Anatolia), the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 394,036 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
A rare species. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although as it is found in Greece and Ukraine it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland and steppic areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, preference for a wide variety of habitats, stable and abundant populations and the lack of major threats to the species. However, it is threatened at the edge of its distribution in a number of countries.

range:
Lasioglossum discum is distributed across southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Romania and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is known from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies L. discum discum is recorded in the north of the Mediterranean basin, in Corsica, Sardinia, Israel, Asia Minor and Afghanistan. The subspecies L. discum fertoni is recorded in the north west of Africa (Morocco and Tunisia), in Spain, Sicily, Calabria and the south of France. The two subspecies are present in the French region of Var (loc: Flassans-sur-Issole, Rouvède). They mix in the Alps and Piemont (Ebmer 1988, Baker 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,628,095 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km².

population:
The species is common and population trend is stable (A.Pauly pers. comm. 2013). There is no further, more detailed, information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
The species inhabits a wide variety of habitats including Mediterranean-type shrublands, grasslands, urban and rural gardens. The species is polylectic, in that the species forages upon a wide variety of plant species, but it prefers Asteraceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
There are no known major threats although it is considered threatened at the edge of its distribution range, in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, possibly due to the lack of ideal habitat and climate.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species most probably occurs in a protected area. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and future threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, suspected stable populations in part of its range and the lack of threats to this species.

range:
Lasioglossum bimaculatum is recorded in Portugal, Spain, the south of France, and Corsica. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco and Algeria.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 677,996 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km².

population:
The species is apparently stable and common in the south of France, although there is no detailed information available on the population size or trend of the species elsewhere in Europe.

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrub lands and is clearly polylectic, foraging upon Cistus spp. (Cistaceae) and Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae), (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013), and a range of herbaceous phrygana species in the families Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, Geraniaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Liliaceae, Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae (Petanidou 1994).

threats:
There are no known major threats affecting this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and to identify any future threats to this species.


range:
Lasioglossum bischofi is recorded in Croatia, Serbia, Cyprus and Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside Europe, it is known from Turkey and Israel.The extent of occurrence is (EOO) is 266,130 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

habitat:
There is no information available on the either the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is spreading north, despite the fact that it is not very common. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potential threats to the species.

range:
The species is distributed from France southeast towards Greece, Bulgaria and European Turkey. It is also found in Algeria, Anatolian Turkey and the Caucasus (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,701,012 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km².

population:
The species is widely distributed but is not very common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species was originally thought to be a steppic species on temperate grassland but it is now migrating further north into the lowland areas of France. The few records from Baden-Württemburg were from dry loessic margins, exposed south facing slopes and warm hillsides (Westrich 1989). N.J. Vereecken (pers. comm. 2014) observed this species foraging for pollen at flowers of Limodorum abortivum (Orchidaceae). This is a very unusual observation of orchid pollen being collected as forage. Pauly (in litt.) lists Sonchus asper (Asteraceae) as a forage plant in Greece, and Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae) in Algeria. The flight period is from the beginning of May to early October, with the males emerging in August (Amiet et al. 2001).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011). It is thought to occur in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may well be under threat from climate change as a result of it being a boreal species.

range:
A holoarctic boreal species that is found in the Arctic areas of Sweden, Norway, Japan and Canada (Svensson et al. 1977). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 38,926 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
A rare species within its distribution. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is found in the boreal habitats of northern Scandinavia in heath/birch forest, bare ground of Empetrum sp. and Vaccinium sp. moorland some 200 m below the timberline and in sandy inland areas. The nests are aggregated with a minimum distance between the nest entrances of about 10 cm. The nesting density may lie between 10-20 nests per square metre. Some nests have been found on SSW directed slopes and the adjacent flat ground. The surface of the ground was bare with small stones and lichen crusts. The nests are constructed in fine sandy soil of morainic origin. At the Abisko nesting sites in Arctic Sweden, the sun is above the horizon permanently between 31st May and 14th July, which presumably facilitates longer flying and flowering periods for bees and flowers respectively. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species (Svensson et al. 1977).Lasioglossum boreale is apparently a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The flower records from Sweden include Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae), Achillea millefolia (Asteraceae), Astragalus alpinus (Fabaceae), Salix glauca, Salix lanata, Salix phylicifolia (Salicaceae) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae). The overwintered females start to emerge in early May, and females are on the wing until late July. The males emerge from late July to late August. It is probable that Sphecodes hyalinatus is a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Svensson et al. 1977).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, it may be under threat from climate change as a result of it being a boreal species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within the Abisko National Park protected area. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,054 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat is in continuing decline as it is threatened by urbanisation, afforestation and extractive industries. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species.

range:
Lasioglossum brevicorne is distributed from England to the Don river in European Russia, and from Spain to Sweden (56°N) (Ebmer 1988). There is one endemic sub-species in the Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera), Lasioglossum brevicorne gomerense. This species is also present outside of Europe, from Morocco to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,425,718 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,052 km².

population:
It is a rare and localised species despite being very widespread. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is found on lowland heathland (including chalk heath) and coastal and inland dunes, although details of the social behaviour and nesting habits remain unknown (Westrich 1989). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on yellow-flowered Cichorioidae (Asteraceae) flowers. In Germany, females of this bee have been seen collecting pollen from various Asteraceae, such as Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum officinale and Leontodon autumnalis (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossun brevicorne is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, but with an extended flight period. The females emerge from the beginning of May to early August, and males from late July to at least mid-August. In Switzerland, the females persist into early October (Amiet et al. 2001). Von Grandi (1931) and Stoeckhert (1933) state the possibility of Sphecodes puncticeps being a kleptoparasite of this species, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species.

threats:
The species' sandy habitat may be threatened by commercial forestry planting, urbanisation and the extraction of sand for construction for residential, commercial or tourism development. This can lead to a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km2, the species is severely fragmented and restricted to alpine areas, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) as the species has become extinct in part of its range. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Further research is needed into the threats affecting this species.

range:
Lasioglossum breviventre is endemic to Europe. It is present in the mountains of southern Europe (Balkans, Massif Central, Alps, Pyrenees, Sierra de Guadarrama) (Pauly 2007). The species has become Extinct in part of its range, for example in Belgium, northern France and Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,414,899 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².

population:
The populations of this rare species are severely fragmented. They are isolated in alpine regions with little genetic exchange between sub-populations. The population trend of this species is one of decline (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species occurs in alpine habitats such as meadows and rocky slopes, but has now become extinct in some lowland plains. From the few specimens collected, it is known to forage upon Brassicaceae spp. It has been recorded at altitudes at 1,300-1,400 m.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in a number of alpine protected areas. In order to protect this species, alpine habitats such as meadows and forests should be the subject of conservation action (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). Further research should be conducted into the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, while determining the threats affecting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. However, the species may be threatened in Europe as a whole as it is rare and listed in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic, Germany, and Switzerland. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum buccale is distributed from Portugal to central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan) and from Greece to Baden-Wurtemberg (Germany) (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,286,732 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².

habitat:
It is a steppic species throughout the Mediterranean. There are insufficient data to establish its full phenology (Westrich 1989), however, records from Switzerland show that the species flies from early April to early September (Amiet et al. 2001). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and it occurs in a broad range of habitats.

range:
The species is transpalearctic and found throughout Europe from Ireland southeast towards Bulgaria and Greece and north towards 68° in Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as Japan and also in China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Siberia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,316,071 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 19,692 km².

population:
The species is very common throughout central Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is ubiquitous, but perhaps most plentiful in dry and open habitats such as swards, dry meadows, roadsides, arable field margins, forest fragments, woodland glades and margins. It is common in parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). The nesting aggregations are probably small and, despite the local abundance of this bee, are rarely found. Such an aggregation has been found in a roadside bank on Dartmoor, England (J.P. Field pers. comm. 2010). It is a primitively eusocial species which in warm climates has a summer brood of workers. The latter are smaller than their mother. Brood cells are closed following provisioning and oviposition. Gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) and males emerge from mid summer to autumn. The males sometimes emerge from queen-built brood cells, but are usually raised from those provisioned by the workers. Mating occurs inside the nest. Mated females overwinter together. In cold climates (as on mountains in northern Japan) the species is solitary, with no worker brood (Sakagami and Munakata 1972). Males of this species frequently spend the night in clusters on low vegetation (sometimes in company with those of Lasioglossum albipes) (O’Toole 1985). The species is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and in Germany it is known to collect pollen from species in at least fifteen plant families (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum calceatum is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and with an extended flight period. The females are active from late March or early April to mid-October, and males from mid-July to mid-October. The bee Sphecodes monilicornis, is known to attack the brood cells of this species (Perkins 1945, Guichard and Yarrow 1948). Specimens of S. ephippius have been seen at its nest entrances (Chambers 1949). The species is occasionally stylopized (parasitised by Stylops spp., a genus of flying insects) from the flower Halictoxenus  cylindrici (Perkins 1918b).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and to identify any threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, suspected common and stable populations, its preference for a wide range of habitats, and the lack of major threats.

range:
Lasioglossum callizonium is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin. In Europe, there are records in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy (University of Mons 2012). Outside of Europe, the species occurs from Morocco to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 576,236 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km².

population:
The species is common and stable in the Mediterranean, although further details on the species' population size and trends are not known.

habitat:
The species is thought to occur in a diverse range of Mediterranean type habitats such as forest edge, grassland, rural areas, and urban gardens. It forages upon a wide range of Asteraceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
There are no known major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The species is known to be present in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana). Further research should be conducted on the population size, trend, and future threats to this species.


range:
In Europe, the species is only found in Spain. Outside of Europe the species is found in Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
The species is restricted to southern Spain although it is fairly common and localised in the region. There are no further data on the population size and trends.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is restricted to Spain and may be at high risk of extinction.

range:
The species is endemic to Spain (Ebmer 1972). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 121,088 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
The species is restricted to Spain and is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its suspected stable populations, its preference for a wide variety of habitats, and the lack of threats to the species.

range:
Lasioglossum chalcodes is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1993, F. la Roche pers. comm. 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,850 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
The species is not common but is thought to be stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits a wide variety of habitats including Mediterranean shrublands and gardens, and is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs in protected areas on the Canary Islands. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and future threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy is 280 km2 and the quality and extent of calcareous grasslands, the species' preferred habitat, are thought to be in decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). It is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is distributed across the Mediterranean from Spain to Greece and found as far north as southern Germany and Poland, and as far east as Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Algeria to Iran and Kyrgyzstan (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,374,509 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².

population:
The species is rare (e.g., last recorded in Baden-Württemburg in 1936 (Westrich 1989)) and its population is fragmented, although not severely enough for the subpopulations to be completely isolated from one another. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is Mediterranean and occurs in some warm biotopes in central Europe, for example, dry hillsides and warm, dry wastelands. Lasioglossum clypeare is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and it is known to forage on Centaurea jacea, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae), Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae), Stachys recta, Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Although it is polylectic, the species shows a preference for Lamiaceae spp. which occur on calcareous grasslands, and it can be assumed that the species resides nearby. The records from Switzerland indicate that the species flies from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and that the males fly from mid-July (Amiet et al. 2001).

threats:
The species has a strong preference for Lamiaceae such as Ballota sp. and Stachys sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands. The species is very much dependent upon these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. clypeare.  In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found on the Greek mainland, Crete, Macedonia, Cyprus and European Turkey. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Egypt, Turkestan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Mongolia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 471,768 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
The species is rare in Greece, but it is common in Asia Minor and the Middle East. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
As the species is found in Greece, the species is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is univoltine (there is one generation per year) but with a long flight period. It flies from March to August, with males flying from late May onwards. Lasioglossum clypeiferellum is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It is known to visit Asteraceae species in Cyprus. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
The species is only know from two localities in southern Spain and several data points in the Canary Islands. It is also found throughout north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 460,962 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.

habitat:
It is a Mediterranean species that is potentially found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. The full details of its habitat and ecology are unknown


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline through the loss of available food sources on calcareous grasslands which are in decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The population of the species is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is found from southern Spain northeast through Austria to Ukraine and south to Greece and Cyprus (Ebmer 1974, 1988). It is also found in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,177,708 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².

population:
The species is rare and localised. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry, warm hillsides, old vineyards and bare grassy areas in Germany (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily from Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea cyanus, Picris hieracioides (Asteraceae), Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae), Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) and Galium verum (Rubiaceae) (Westrich 1989). Pesenko and Banaszak et al. (2000) state that the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Lamiacae. However, there are very few Polish records, and none appears to support this statement, and no further reference is given. In Switzerland, it is stated to have a preference for Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Amiet et al. 2001) and Ebmer (1971) lists Salvia pratensis, Thymus sp. and Stachys sp. (Lamiaceae) as forage plants. These plants species occur on calcareous grasslands and it can be assumed that the species resides nearby. The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of May, and the males follow in mid-July. There is no further information available on the social status of the species or of any parasites.

threats:
Although a polylectic species, L. convexiusculum shows a distinct preference for foraging on Salvia sp., Thymus sp. and Stachys sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands. The species is largely dependent on these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. convexiusculum. In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment:Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is endemic to the island of Corsica and therefore at risk of extinction due to its small area of distribution. It has been found to be abundant in the protected area of Vizzavona.

range:
The species is endemic to the mountains of Corsica (Blüthgen 1931). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 993 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
The species has only been collected in five localities, four of which are in the mountains. In one of these localities, Vizzavona, the species was found in abundance. However it is not common elsewhere.

habitat:
It has mainly been found in the mountains of Corsica although not exclusively. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs within the protected areas Vizzavona and Foret de Valdu Niellu of Corsica. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.

range:
The species is sporadically distributed throughout Europe from Spain and France east towards Ukraine and Greece (Ebmer 1974). It has also been found in a few localities in Morocco, Turkey and Armenia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,280,594 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².

population:
The species is locally common in Mediterranean habitats and in some warm localities in central Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits some warm biotopes in the Mediterranean and central Europe. It prefers to forage upon Scabiosa sp. and Knautia sp. (Dipsacaceae) and these are found in grasslands so the species can be assumed to reside nearby. Ebmer (1971) lists Rubus (Rosaceae) as a forage plant.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to the decrease in its known forage plant species, Mentha sp. and Ballota sp. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends for this species.

range:
The species is found in Croatia, Macedonia, Greece, Cyprus and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asia Minor, Israel and Lebanon (Ebmer 1972, 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 629,578 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
The species is rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The specific forage requirements of this species are not known but it has been reported visiting Ballota sp, Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae) and Digitalis sp. (Plantaginaceae). There is no further information on the species' habitat and ecology.

threats:
The species is known to visit Ballota sp., Mentha sp., and Digitalis sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe. Ballota sp. are declining through the loss of calcareous grassland and for Mentha species, as they grow by the riverside, they are declining through the eutrophication of its habitat caused by surface run-off from agricultural effluents. If there is a decline in the availability of suitable forage then this will threaten L. dolichocephalum.  In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 and the population is severely fragmented in Europe, such that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any threats to the species.

range:
A ponto-Mediterranean species that is sporadically found in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece and Ukraine. It is also found in Asia Minor (Ebmer 1981, 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,747,938 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
A locally abundant species but the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information on the population size and trends.

habitat:
It has been found on Mediterranean-type shrubland at high altitudes between 700-2,000 m asl (Ebmer 1985). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown although as the overall population of the species appears to be severely fragmented, this makes the species very susceptible to local extinctions.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this very poorly known species.

range:
The species has only found in Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1995) and may therefore be endemic to the region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 464,601 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

habitat:
The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland due to the available point data from Spain and Portugal. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
The species is found from Spain to central European countries such as Austria and Hungary, and southeast towards Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found from Algeria to Iran and Asia Minor (Ebmer 1974, 1988, 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,243,468 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².

population:
The species is rare throughout its range. There is no further information available on the population size and trends for the species.

habitat:
It has been found in warm localities in valleys, perhaps on grasslands, and has been recorded on a number of Salvia species. The species has been recorded on the wing in May and June visiting Ballota integrifolia and Vitex agnus-castus (Grace 2010). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it partly has a Mediterranean distribution, the species can be presumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as the European population of the species is most likely to be less than 1% of the global population. The species has only been found once on the eastern edge of the European assessment area while it is common in Siberia, Mongolia and Korea.

range:
An eastern palearctic species, that has been found from one locality in Perm, Russia. It extends towards Siberia, Mongolia and Korea (Ebmer 1978, 1982, 1996, 2005).

population:
In Europe, the species is at its limit of distribution. It is common in the eastern palearctic but the population is known from Perm, Russia.

habitat:
The species can be found in tundra and steppic habitats including boreal and temperate shrubland and grassland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
The species is found in Greece, including Crete and the East Aegean Islands. It is also found in Turkey and Armenia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,396 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

habitat:
Lasioglossum erraticum is a crepuscular species, in other words one that forages at dawn and dusk (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). As it is only found in Greece in Europe, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology (in particular its crepuscular nature as this is a rare trait in bees), and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
A widespread species found from Iberia eastwards to the Volga river in Russia (Ebmer 1988). The species is also found in Turkey and Algeria (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,999,508 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².

habitat:
The species occurs in steppic habitats, including dry warm sparse grasslands in Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2001). The species has one flight period a year (univoltine), but with an extended flight period. It flies from the end of April to early October, with the males emerging in early July. The details of the social and nesting behaviour are unknown, although Pesenko et al. (2000) suggest that the species might be eusocial.There are insufficient data to confirm the foraging requirements of L. euboeense, however, specimens have been found in Switzerland at flowers of Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2001). Ebmer (1971) lists Carduus sp., Jurinea sp. and Tragopogon sp. (Asteraceae). Francois Dittlo has a specimen of a male (det. A. Pauly) caught whilst nectaring at flowers of Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) in the Atlas of north Africa (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). In France, A. Pauly (in litt. 2009) lists Centaurea paniculata, Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) and Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum eurasicum is endemic to Europe as the only known populations to be recorded are in Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer 1972, 1975).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 66,973 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
This species is rare. No further information is available on either the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
In Greece the species is found in alpine grasslands. There is no further information available on the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Lasioglossum euxinicum is found in Italy, Greece, and the Crimea in Ukraine. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Azerbaijan and Iran. The subspecies atlas is recorded in Morocco and Italy (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 278,927 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
There are a few recorded populations and they are highly isolated. This species is rare but no further information is available for the population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and stable, and there are no known major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.

range:
A boreo-alpine species that is found from western England east towards Bashkortostan, Russia, and as far north as 69°N in Finland and Sweden. Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus and China (Ebmer 1995, 1996). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,133,488 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,144 km².

population:
The boreal population in the north is fragmented from the southern alpine population. The species is common and stable in both populations.

habitat:
The species occurs in boreal and alpine habitats such as tundra, heathlands and alpine meadows. The nests are rarely found, but the species has been observed nesting in small aggregations (G.M. Spooner pers. comm. 1989). In Dartmoor, Devon, J.P. Field (pers. comm. 2004) found aggregations of 20-30 nests in bare, near vertical faces of roadside edges. He has also encountered nest sites in semi-vertical banks in northeast England. The species is probably polylectic, with a number of plant species known to provide forage. In Germany it has been reported to collect Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea (Ericaceae) pollen (Westrich 1989) and Ebmer (1971) lists Arabis (Brassicaceae), Salix (Salicaceae), Vaccinium, Calluna (Ericaceae), Solidago and Tussilago (Asteraceae).Lasioglossum fratellum is univoltine (one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to mid-October, while the males fly from early July to the beginning of October. The bee Sphecodes hyalinatus is a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Perkins 1923, 1945). On the continent, Sphecodes crassus is cited as a possible cleptoparasite of this species (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and common, and there are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Lasioglossum fulvicorne is a transpalearctic species found from England to the Urals, and as far north as Sweden and Finland at 64°N. In the south of Europe, it is found in the mountains. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Turkey to Taiwan (Ebmer 1995, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,034,431 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,888 km².

population:
A very common and stable species throughout much of its distribution. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A common species which is virtually ubiquitous in its choice of habitats: woodland edged, mobile sand dunes, bare grounds, Juniper heathland, orchards, river levees, old vineyards, sand and gravel pits, roadside verges, and many anthropogenic sites (Westrich 1989). In England the species is typically found in dry calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Although sometimes locally abundant, nests are not easily located, suggesting that it does not usually nest in large aggregations. Westrich (1989) suggests that larger aggregations can be found occasionally. Lasioglossum fulvicorne is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Tanacetum vulgare, Solidago canadensis, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus (Brassicaceae); Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans, Potentilla fruticosa, Malus domestica (Rosaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists: Salix (Salicaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae); Pastinaca (Apiaceae); Arabis (Brassicaceae); Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae); Ajuga, Mentha (Lamiaceae); Taraxacum, Solidago (Asteraceae); Pulmonaria (Boraginaceae); Globularia (Campanulaceae). Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) list Potentilla argentea (Rosaceae) as a forage source in Poland. In Finland, it is reported to visit: Hieracium umbellatarum, Leontodon autumnalis (Asteraceae); Pimpinella saxifraga (Apiaceae), Succisa pratensis (Dipsacaceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). L. fulvicorne is univoltine (one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April to mid-October while males fly from early July to mid-October. R.C.L. Perkins (1923) recorded the bees Sphecodes hyalinatus and S. ferruginatus as kleptoparasites of L.fulvicorne, bees that parasitise the nests of others, in England. Elsewhere in Europe, Sphecodes crassus is cited as a cleptoparasite (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species to determine any population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and there are no known major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
The species is found from Iberia to Greece and Ukraine in the east and as far north as Belgium and Germany. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Jordan, Iran, Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,322,425 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 704 km².

population:
A common and stable species that is probably expanding northwards (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
An ubiquitous species that is known from gravel and clay pits, orchards, and dry grasslands in Germany (Westrich 1989) and it may inhabit steppic areas in the southeastern part of its distribution (Grace 2010). The species is eusocial (Knerer 1969). Lasioglossum glabriusculum is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the details of its forage requirements are lacking (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Achillea, Solidago (Asteraceae) and Mentha (Lamiaceae). The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of May (occasionally April) and fly to the beginning of October. The males emerge in August and September. The bee Nomada sheppardana is cited as a possible kleptoparasite of this species, in that is parasitises the nests of L. glabriusculum (Westrich 1989). Amiet et al. (2001) also cite Nomada posthuma as a possible kleptoparasite.

threats:
There are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas, but given the wide extent of its range, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


range:
Lasioglossum glaciegenitum has only been recorded in Iran and Greece (Ebmer 1972, 1978). There is one record in Greece.The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.

population:
Only one population is recorded in Greece and another in Iran, therefore its range is severely fragmented. The trend and size of this population is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in alpine grassland in Greece. There is no further information available on the ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in pan-Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.

range:
Lasioglossum gorkiense is mainly distributed in eastern Palearctic region. There is one record from Belarus in Mahilyow, Gorki. It is also recorded in the eastern part of Russia, Manchouria, China (Shanxi province), Korea and Japan (Ebmer 1978, 1998).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite large and it forages upon a wide range of plant species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats.

range:
The species is found from throughout the Mediterranean from Spain to Cyprus, and as far north as Germany. Outside of Europe the species is found until Afghanistan (Ebmer 1974, 1976, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,410,825 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 476 km².

population:
The species is quite common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits a wide range of habitats. It particularly favours dry places including sparse grasslands and anthropogenic habitats in towns (Amiet et al. 2001, Westrich 1989). It is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the only published flower visits are to Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989), Thistles (Asteraceae) and Mentha (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1971). There are a shortage of data on flight periods but in Switzerland, overwintered females emerge in mid-April and fly until September. The males emerge at the end of June (Amiet et al. 2001).The details of nesting and social behaviour are apparently not known.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, and further details of both habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats as it has only been recorded from one locality in Greece. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, Lasioglossum haesitans has only been recorded on the island of Lesvos, Greece. Outside of Europe the species has been found in Caucasus and Turkey (Grace 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology for this species, although presumably if it is found on Lesvos, Greece, then it can be found on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Lasioglossum hilare is recorded in Macedonia, Greece (mainland and Crete), Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1972, 1974, 1978). There are only three records from Europe.

population:
The species is only known from three localities in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species can be presumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland due its occurrence in Macedonia and Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


range:
Lasioglossum ibericum is recorded from Spain and the south of France only (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 204,845 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

habitat:
It is possible that the species occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland as the species is predominantly found in Spain. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.


range:
The species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it is reported from Turkey and Jordan (Ebmer 1978, 1985, 1988, 1995).

population:
There are only point data from two localities in Greece, although it is also known to occur in Bulgaria, therefore it is assumed to be a rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species may occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland as it is found in Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. There is little information on either habitat or ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in Spain, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and Lipari island. It is also found in Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 548,627 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
The population of this species is fragmented as there are two isolated subspecies. The subspecies sillatum (Warncke 1982) occurs in southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and Lipari island whereas the nominal subspecies is found in Spain. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A Mediterranean species found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and sandy dehesa (a type of agroforestry) in southern Andalucia (ES). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is known to occur within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 372 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat is thought to be in continuing decline due to construction for residential, commercial or touristic developments. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.

range:
The species is distributed from the north of Spain to Lithuania in the north east of Europe. Outside of Europe it extends to Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,122,528 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 372 km².

population:
A rare species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
A species of sandy areas, and in Switzerland it is found on sandy areas along the river banks, and in northern Europe it can be found on inland sand dunes. Lasioglossum intermedium is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Its known pollen sources are Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Apiaceae as providing forage. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) but with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in April and fly until late August, and the males emerge at the beginning of July (Westrich 1989). There is no information available on the either the nesting or social behaviour.

threats:
The extent and quality of the species' preferred sandy habitats, such as inland dunes, are thought to be in decline due to construction or urbanisation for residential, commercial or touristic developments.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and apparently stable, and there are no major threats at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
In Europe, the species is distributed from Iberia east to the Volga river. It is found as far north as northern Germany and Lithuania. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Syria (Ebmer 1976, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,341,979 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,344 km².

population:
The species is common and stable throughout its distribution. There is no further information on the species' population size or trends.

habitat:
The species is ubiquitous and can be found on a wide range of habitats such as temperate grasslands, rural gardens, urban areas, dry grasslands, sparse grassy places, river levees and sandy road embankments (Westrich 1989). The nests are built in sandy and loessic soils. The species is eusocial, nesting in the spring and regularly polygynous (Knerer 1968). Lasioglossum interruptum is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with flower records from several plant families, such as Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale; Boraginaceae: Echium vulgare; Brassicaceae: Brassica napus; Crassulaceae: Sedum acre and Rosaceae: Potentilla verna. (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Lotus (Fabaceae); Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Taraxacum (Asteraceae). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in the first half of April, and the males fly from the end of July to the beginning of October. The bee Sphecodes croaticus is cited as a probable kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nest of  L. interruptum (Westrich 1989).

threats:
There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is most likely to occur in protected areas due to its wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum kotschyi is endemic to Cyprus. There is only one record of this species (Ebmer 1981).The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.

population:
This species is rare. No further information is available for either the population size or trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum kussariense is distributed around the Black Sea and the range extends to the north of Italy. It has been recorded in Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland and Macedonia (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is found in the Caucasus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 308,865 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
This species is rare and has a disjunct distribution. No further information is available for the population size or trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread within the Canary Islands, the populations are large and believed to be stable and there are no known major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species as it is endemic to the Canary Islands and it is important to understand if there are any significant declines.

range:
Lasioglossum laetum is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,171 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km².

population:
A common and stable species within its very restricted range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species has a sub-tropical habitat and is ubiquitous throughout, including sub-tropical grassland, sub-tropical and Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas on the islands. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km2, the populations of the species are severely fragmented in that there is no genetic transfer between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO and the number of subpopulations as it is now extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as once being quite populous in Germany and Poland. It is thought that urbanisation and the loss of pasture has been driving the decline of this species over the last century. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species. The species is suspected to have a healthy population in Turkey and the Middle East.

range:
The species has been found from England (although not since the early 19th Century) and Spain in the south, eastwards to European Russia (Ebmer 1995). Outside of Europe, it is found in Israel, Iran and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,005,251 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².

population:
The species is extremely rare and the remaining populations are severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. This species is one of the most threatened bee species in Europe. It is very rarely collected, compared to the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century when it was much more common. This indicates a long-term decline from previous populations over the 20th century and it is expected to continue. There are current populations within the Alps and a recent finding from near Moscow, Russia. It is very localised.

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. The current records come from the Alps so it can be said to like alpine habitats and it has also been found near Moscow, which suggests it can cope with colder climes. The British records both came from sandy areas in eastern England. The details of the nesting habits are not known. There is no confirmation of the social status either, but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).In Germany, females fly from April to early August and the males from August to September (Stöckhert 1933). Westrich (1989) suggests a slightly different flight period, with the females emerging in early May and the males from mid-July.It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, such as Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis (Asteraceae) and Succisa pratensis (Dipsacaceae) (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The causes of the species' continuing decline are unfortunately unknown, although perhaps urbanisation and the loss of alpine pastures are threatening the species. This species is considered to be one of the most threatened bees in Europe (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is also Regionally Extinct in Belgium (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is found from Spain eastwards to Greece and Cyprus. It is also found in Turkey and Israel (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,474,012 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².

habitat:
A montane species potentially found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,776 km² and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat and number of mature individuals due the intensification of agriculture. Further research should be conducted on the population status and trends, while the threats to this species need to be better understood.

range:
Lasioglossum laevigatum is distributed from the UK, east to Lithuania and from Spain, east to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe it reaches as far east as Iran.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,638,094 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,776 km².

population:
The species is not very common, and has apparently suffered from a decline in the population (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits forest edge and meadows. It is particularly associated with dry calcareous grassland, occasionally open woodland on chalk, wooded heathland and fenland. It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, such as Ranunculus spp. and Rubus spp. (Westrich 1989). The females fly from mid April to late September; the males fly from early July to September.

threats:
The species' habitat, at the edge of forests, is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and thus the conversion of its natural habitat into farmland (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas. The areas that it inhabits, such as meadows and forest edges, should be protected and maintained. Further research should be conducted on the population status and trends, while the threats to this species need to be better understood.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum laterale occurs in the Mediterranean, and ranges from Spain to Turkey, and from Switzerland to Hungary in the north (Ebmer 1988, J. Ascher pers. comm. 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,042,737 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

population:
This species is very rare and it has a disjunct distribution. No further information is available for the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
In Slovenia, the species is restricted to highly xerothermic south-facing slopes which are protected from the cold Bora winds by the karst escarpment. The vegetation consists mostly of deciduous shrubs and trees (Prunus mahaleb is very common). In the rock faces some evergreen Mediterranean shrubs grow such as Quercus ilex (Gogala 2009, A. Gogala pers. comm. 2013). In early Spring, females have been observed foraging on Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb Cherry).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.

range:
The species is widespread throughout Europe from the south of England and Iberia in the west until Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel and Iran (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,141,040 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,488 km².

population:
The species is common in much of its range and the populations are believed to be stable. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species is widespread throughout Europe and ubiquitous in a variety of habitats. In the UK, at the edge of its range, it inhabits south-facing unstable clay and sand sea-cliffs with associated flower-rich grasslands (BWARS 2014). In Belgium, it is often present on calcareous soils but it is also present in quarries and mines. Lasioglossum laticeps is a gregarious species, nesting in very localised aggregations. Nevinson (1904) encountered males near burrows in the joints of a stone wall, but nesting burrows are more usually excavated in the soil.The following details are adapted from Packer (1983), who studied the species in some detail on the Charmouth-Lyme Regis landslip, Dorset (UK). He found an aggregation nesting in a 30° slope and occupying an area of about 15 square metres. The burrows were begun in dessication cracks in the clay soil, the excavated spoil being packed into these surface fissures and not forming conical tumuli surrounding the nest entrances (as in many other Lasioglossum species). As a result, nesting aggregations are difficult to locate. Spring and summer broods are reared in cells which are constructed in comb-like clusters, each of these surrounded by a cavity which is enlarged as the number of cells increases; nest development is figured by Packer. The gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) do not seem to overwinter in their natal nests. This is a eusocial species with workers being on average about 7% smaller than the gynes. There is a high proportion of males (24%) in the first brood and pupal counts from excavated cells indicated a ratio of 3:1 males to females. The species is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowers species. It prefers Umbelliferae species such as Eryngium campestre and Heracleum sphondylium (Pauly 2011). In Germany, it visits: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla verna, Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica (Rosaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists: Taraxacum, Hieracium, Centaurea, Tussilago (Asteraceae); Ribes (Grossulariaceae); Salix (Salicaceae); Daucus, Pastinaca, Angelica (Apiaceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae); Arabis (Brassicaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae); Origanum (Lamiaceae); Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae).The females fly from mid-April to the end of September, while males fly from early July to late September. Packer (1983) observed female Sphecodes ephippius flying low over a nesting aggregation of Lasioglossum laticeps, and he dug out a female of this kleptoparasite (one that parasitises the nests of others) from a nest of L. laticeps. He also discovered larvae of the conopid fly genus Thecophora in the gasters of 10% of workers collected in August. Many individuals of a race of small Sphecodes monilicornis have been found flying over a nesting aggregation of L. laticeps (G.R. Else pers. obs. 1987), and it is possible that the latter is also a kleptoparasite of this species. Sphecodes ferruginatus is also cited as a possible kleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and suspected stable populations. However, this species is listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of at least five countries and this is thought to be caused by a reduction of Fabaceae spp. Further research should be conducted to monitor the status of this species in case it becomes threatened in other countries.

range:
Lasioglossum lativentre occurs from Ireland and Spain eastwards towards Lithuania and the Greek island of Rhodes. Outside of Europe it is found in Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,516,929 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,584 km².

population:
The species in not very common within its range, although the population trend overall is thought to be stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits humid meadows and other grasslands. The females are polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species. However it prefers to collect pollen on Fabaceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is believed to be a solitary species.

threats:
There has been a decline in the quality of habitat due to the reduction of Fabaceae spp. caused by an increase in the use of fertilisers on agricultural land (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is thought to occur in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and to determine any future threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum leucomontanum is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece (Ebmer 1981). It was recorded from two sub-populations on the island. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
This species is rare. No information is available for either the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is only known from Crete, (Greece) so it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common, there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine details of the population trends and ecology of the species.

range:
A widespread European species that is found from Ireland to northern Sweden and Finland at 64°N. In the southern European countries it is found in the hills and mountains from northern Iberia to the Peloponnese (Chelmos) in Greece. Outside of Europe, it reaches as far as Siberia and northern Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,222,388 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,128 km².

population:
The species is common and therefore the population trend of the species is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The species is widespread and ubiquitous and occurs in a wide variety of habitats including sand and gravel pits, sparse grasslands, woodland clearings and margins, and in towns and villages (Westrich 1989). In the south of Europe it is found in mountainous regions from Iberia to the Greek Peloponnese. Nothing is known about its nesting habits apart from the fact that it nests in the ground. The social habits are also unknown, but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum leucopus is most probably polylectic, but it has only been seen to collect pollen from Potentilla verna (Rosaceae); Leontodon autumnalis and Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). The females are active from mid-May to mid-October while the males fly from the beginning of July to late September. The kleptoparasitic bee (one that parasitises the nests of others), Sphecodes geoffrellus has been reported to attack the nests of this species (Stöckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Nomada furva is also cited as a possible kleptoparasite (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

threats:
There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable and abundant populations and the lack of threats to this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, and trends, and to identify any future threats to this species.

range:
Lasioglossum leucozonium is recorded throughout the whole Holarctic region (Ebmer 1988, 1996, 1998, 2005). The subspecies L. leucozonium leucozonium is the common form in Europe. It is present from England to Finland and Lithuania, and from Spain to Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in Iran, Russia, Siberia (Akmolinsk, Barovoye), China and Mongolia. The subspecies L. l. cedri is present in Morocco (Haut Atlas), Tunisia, southern Spain, Sicily, Kriti, Cyprus. The subspecies L. l. clusium is from Anatolia. The subspecies L. l. elysium is present in Spain (Sierra Nevada). The subspecies L. l. mandschuricum is recorded from Manchuria. The subspecies L. l. satschauensis is known from north-western, western and north-eastern China, Mongolia and Russia (Krasnojarsk, Burjatija, Amur, Chabarovsk and Primorski Kraj). The subspecies L. l. xylopedis is endemic in Iran (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,946,285 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,276 km².

population:
The species is common throughout its range and its population trend is currently believed to be stable. Further specific information on the species' population size and trend is not available.

habitat:
Lasioglossum leucozonium is found in open areas, mainly on sandy and calcareous soils, and more scarcely on heavy clay. Females can be found from late March to late October or early November and collect pollen on Asteraceae spp.. The male appears by mid-July but possibly earlier.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, and trends, and to identify any future threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. The full details of the habitat and ecology are also lacking. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Lasioglossum limbelloides is recorded in Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Iran (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 28,071 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

population:
A rare species in Greece. There is no further information available for the population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
It is a steppic species and it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland in Attiki (Greece). Data from specimen labels show that the females are active over a long period, with records from March to September.Lasioglossum limbelloides is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Drimea maritima, Asparagus acutifolius, Scilla autumnalis (Asparagaceae); Hypericum triquetrifolium, Hypericum empetrifolium (Hypericaceae); Cyclamen graecum (Myrsinaceae); Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae); Chondrilla ramosissima (Asteraceae); Cistus parviflorus (Cistaceae) and Scandix australis (Apiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research is also required to elucidate the full details of habitat and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as not enough is known to about the population trends, or threats to the species despite the fact that it is rare and listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found throughout Europe from the south of Spain, north to Guernsey, Germany and Poland, and east towards Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,312,553 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 456 km².

population:
A rare species throughout it range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A species of warm biotopes on temperate grassland, shrubland, sand-, clay- and gravel pits, in loess exposures, vineyards and river banks (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum limbellum nests in bare ground, in loess, sandy-clay or sand and is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, foraging from species in the families of Asteraceae (Hieracium, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides) and Salicaceae (Salix sp.) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Campanula (Campanulaceae) and Papaver (Papaveraceae). In central Europe, the females fly from early April (sometimes March) to mid October while the males fly from mid August to mid October.

threats:
The threats are unknown at the continental scale.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is found from France and Germany towards southeastern Europe and European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Asia Minor, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Armenia, Georgia and Iran (Ebmer 1974, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,913,497 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 624 km².

population:
It is locally abundant in certain areas of Europe but overall it is rare. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

habitat:
The species is found on temperate grasslands and shrublands, dry hillsides, sand and clay pits, vineyards, river levees and waste places (Westrich 1989). In Greece, the species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. Lasioglossum lineare is a eusocial species. The species can nest in large aggregations (over 100 nests). The species may be either monogynous or polygynous. The workers in the summer brood are considerably smaller than the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) (Westrich 1989).It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella; Brassicaceae: Brassica napus; Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus bulbosus; Rosaceae: Potentilla reptans; Salicaceae: Salix sp .(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) additionally cites Potentilla (Rosaceae); Origanum (Lamiaceae); Salix (Salicaceae) and Achillea (Asteraceae). In central Europe, females fly from mid-March to mid September; males from the end of July (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown at a continental scale. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is rare, localised, and listed in the National Red Lists of three countries as it may require listing as threatened or Near Threatened in the future.

range:
A predominantly steppic species found in central Europe, the Balkans, Greece and Romania (Ebmer 1988). It is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,112,528 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km².

population:
A rare species whose populations are fragmented in central Europe but less so in the Alps. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
A predominantly steppic species, it is associated with dry and warm localities such as sparse grasslands and dry hillsides on shelly-limestone (Westrich 1989). It is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The only confirmed pollen records are of Campanula (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum lissonotum is univoltine (it has one generation per year) but with an extended flight period. The females are active from the end of May to the beginning of August, with the males emerging from early July.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown at a continental scale.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to developments for tourism and recreational activities. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The subpopulations are also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be considered threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends, ecology and any further threats to the species.

range:
A Mediterranean species that is found from Spain east towards Greece and Ukraine. The subspecies colchicum occurs in Romania, Crimea (Ukraine), Rhodes (Greece) and Turkey; while the subspecies midas is found in Crete and the subspecies occitanum on the Balearic Islands and Spain (Blüthgen 1923, 1924; Ebmer 1972, 1976). Outside of Europe it is also found in Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,403,173 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km².

population:
A rare species. The subpopulations are fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species nests on sandy soils, mostly on the coast on sand dunes. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The extent and quality of the sandy habitats that are available for this species, in particular coastal dunes, are in continual decline due to developments for tourism and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, quite common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.

range:
A Euro-Siberian species, found from the south of Spain, as far north as Finland (65 °N) and as far east as Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,699,117 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,132 km².

population:
A quite common species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.

habitat:
The species nests in sandy soils and can be found in most habitats that have these soil types such as coastal and inland dunes, sparse sandy grassland, sand-, clay- and gravel pits, waste places and woodland edges (Westrich 1989). The species is reported to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Potentilla sp. (Rosaceae) and Pilosella officinarum (Asteraceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists: Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Achillea millefolia, Centaurea jacea, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon hispidus (Asteraceae); Brassica napus (Brassicaceae) and Potentilla erecta (Rosaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Daucus (Apiaceae); Senecio, Achillea, Solidago (Asteraceae) and various Brassicaceae. The species is active from late April or early May to the end of September. The males emerge from mid-July. The bees Sphecodes niger and Nomada sheppardana are both cited as kleptoparasites of this species, in others words those that parasitise the nests of other species (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known whether it occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.


