# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
Trifolium diffusum Ehrh. belongs to the section Trifolium (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), and is a secondary wild relative of the cultivated crop red clover, L. pratense L. (Zohary and Heller 1980, Morris et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a widespread distribution and there are no major threats. It is therefore classified as Least Concern.

range:
The distributional range of T. diffusum covers the majority of Europe from Britain to the Caucasus, as well as Turkey (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France it is confined to the southern and southeastern departments of   Pyrénées Orientales, Vaucluse and Var. Also recorded in Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered common across Europe from Britain to the Caucasus. It is found in a variety of habitats and populations are stable.

habitat:
T. diffusum grows on sandy soils in forests, forest clearings and meadows (AgroAtlas 2010). It is also often found in semi-natural grasslands that exist after grazing has heavily deteriorated woodlands or forests (Lamont et al. 2001). It is an annual legume, and flowers between June and August (Zohary and Heller 1984). #

threats:
The biggest threat in Europe to T. diffusum (and all wild species of Trifolium) is overgrazing, generally during the seed production months in the summer (Lamont et al. 2001), but as the species is so widely distributed this is unlikely to threaten the species overall.

conservationAction:
Trifolium diffusum is     not specifically   listed in    Annex I of the International Treaty  on  Plant   Genetic   Resources for    Food and Agriculture as part of  the priority forage   legume gene pool.Ex situ         seed samples are relatively rare in gene banks but  collections are held by the Aegean     Agricultural Research  Institiute  (Menemen, Turkey),    ICARDA  (Aleppo,    Syria) and  University of Aberystwyth (Aberystwyth , UK) gene      banks. 33  accessions are being held currently at the Regional Plant Introduction Station   in     Washington, USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program    2010).    EURISCO reports 28 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 16 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, five originate from within Europe. One of these five wild accessions originates from Bulgaria (stored in   Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov', Bulgaria), two originate from Hungary (stored in Institute for Agrobotany, Hungary), one from Romania (stored in Genetic Resources Unit, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK) and one from Ukraine (stored in Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ    the      species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing         protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in         these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to     population     loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
T. diffusum is a potential gene donor to red clover, L. pratense L. Natural wild populations are grazed by wild and domesticated animal species.


taxonomicNotes:
Trifolium uniflorum L. belongs to the section Trifoliastrum and is a secondary wild relative of the cultivated crop white clover, T. repens L. (Zohary and Heller 1984, Morris et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Trifolium uniflorum due    to its reasonably widespread habitat and geographic distribution,   and the lack of # known threats, it is classified as Least Concern.

range:
T. uniflorum is native only to certain parts of southern Europe (namely France, Greece and Italy), as well as Turkey, and Libya (Zohary and Heller 1984, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is sporadically common in southern Europe. It is found in a variety of habitats and populations are stable.

habitat:
T. uniflorum is found in fields, maquis, mountain slopes and roadsides. It is a perennial legume and its flowering time is between March and May (Zohary and Heller 1984).

threats:
The biggest threat in Europe to T. uniflorum (and all wild species of Trifolium) is overgrazing, generally during the seed production months in the summer (Lamont et al. 2001),  but as the species is reasonably widely distributed this is unlikely to threaten the species overall.

conservationAction:
T. uniflorum is           not specifically   listed in    Annex I of the International  Treaty    on     Plant   Genetic   Resources for    Food and Agriculture  as  part   of  the    forage   legume gene pool.Ex situ          seed samples are   available in several gene banks but collections are rare, four accessions of T. uniflorum are held ex situ at the Regional Plant Introduction Station in Washington, USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).    EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ          the      species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many       existing         protected areas in throughout its range but as   its       conservation in         these sites is not actively monitored  it  may  be     subject  to     population     loss over time from  factors  such  as    climate  change.

useAndTrade:
Trifolium uniflorum L. is a potential gene donor to the cultivated crop white clover, T. repens L. Natural wild populations are grazed by wild and domesticated animal species.


taxonomicNotes:
Trifolium vesiculosum Savi belongs to section Vesicastrum,&#and is a secondary wild relative of the cultivated crops alsike clover (T. hybridum L.), and bird-eye clover (T. resupinatum L.) (Zohary and Heller 1984, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Trifolium vesiculosum due    to its reasonably widespread habitat and geographic distribution,   and the lack of # known threats, it is classified as  Least Concern.

range:
T. vesiculosum is native to southern Europe and parts of central and eastern Europe, as well as regions of Turkey and Russia (Zohary and Heller 1984, USDA, ARS, National  Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France it is confined to the southern department of   Pyrénées Orientales, the southeastern department of Var and the two departments of Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2010). #

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is relatively common in southeast Europe. It is found in a variety of habitats and populations are stable.

habitat:
T. vesiculosum is an annual legume and flowers between June and July. It grows on dry grassy slopes on silty loams and clay soils which are well drained (Zohary and Heller 1984). # It can tolerate average annual precipitation of 1,040 mm, temperatures between 11.1ºC and 19.7ºC, and soil pH from 5.5 to 8.2 (Duke 1981).

threats:
The biggest threat in Europe to T. vesiculosum (and all wild species of Trifolium) is overgrazing, generally during the seed production months in the summer (Lamont et al. 2001),  but as the species is reasonably widely distributed this is unlikely to threaten the species overall.

conservationAction:
T. vesiculosum is          specifically   listed in    Annex I of the International  Treaty    on     Plant   Genetic   Resources for    Food and Agriculture  as  part   of  the    forage   legume gene pool so warrants specific     conservation     attention.Ex situ          seed samples are   available in several gene banks with the largest    collection of 21 accessions being held by the  Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Georgia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and further accessions held by the Trifolium  Genetic Resource  Centre in Perth, Australia, Aegean  Agricultural Reseacrh Institute in  Izmir, Turkey, Margot   Forde Forage Germplasm  Centre in New Zealand,  Vavilov  Research  Institute of Plant  Industry, Russia, ICARDA    (Aleppo,    Syria) and University of  Aberystwyth (Aberystwyth, UK) gene        banks (Lamont et al. 2001).     EURISCO reports 24 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of the wild accessions originate from within Europe: two from Bulgaria (stored in Genetic Resources Unit, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK) and one from Spain (stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Banco de Germoplasma, Spain) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ          the      species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many       existing         protected areas in throughout its range but as   its       conservation in         these sites is not actively monitored  it  may  be     subject  to     population     loss over time from  factors  such  as    climate  change.

useAndTrade:
T. vesiculosum are potential gene donors for cultivated forms, which are used as forage crops (Duke 1981). It is also a potential gene donor for the  cultivated crops alsike clover (T.  hybridum L.) and bird-eye clover (T. resupinatum L.) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic  Resources Program 2010). Natural  wild populations are grazed by wild and domesticated  animal species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ulex densus grows  in the central-west coast of Portugal where its extent of occurrence is  5,052 km² and the area of occupancy is 2,000 km². Population size and trend are unknown and several threats have been  described but it is unlikely that they will cause the species to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal. Ulex densus grows in the central-west coast of Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 5,052 km² and the area of occupancy is 2,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
No information on either population size nor trend are available.

habitat:
This species is characteristic for the associations Serratulo estremadurensis - Thymenion sylvestris and Salvio sclareoidis - Ulicetum densi. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests

threats:
Quarries, urbanisation, industrial or commercial areas, communication networks, trampling, overuse and natural fires have been considered as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Ulex densus is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population size and trend should be collected.


taxonomicNotes:
V. abbreviata Fischer ex Sprengel is a tertiary wild relative of faba bean (V. faba L.), narbon bean (V. narbonensis L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches articulated vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and Winter vetch (V. vollosa Roth.) (Maxted 1993). The name V. abbreviata Spreng. has been wrongly applied to  the taxon V. montenegrina.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia abbreviata is extinct in Bulgaria and rare in Romania, although there is no evidence of population decline in Romania. It is still relatively common in Ukraine and in European Turkey. It is therefore considered as Least Concern at the European level, as the population decline does not trigger IUCN criteria.This species is listed as Least Concern at the EU 27 level although it is now believed to be extinct in Bulgarian and rare in Romania.

range:
This species is native to Austria, Bulgaria, Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia, Romania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Crimea, Ukraine, etc.), Iran, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia (Maxted 1995). It was reported as extinct in Bulgaria but this needs to be confirmed.

population:
It is a rare species in Romania and now believed to be extinct in Bulgaria, but is widespread in other areas of its distribution (Maxted 1995). Its population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in mountain forest: coniferous and deciduous forest and forest margins (Maxted 1995).

threats:
The main threats to this species are not known, but it is found in climax woodland habitats that are stable within the range.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ seed samples are available in the N.I Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersberg, Russia), Armenian National (Yerevan, Armenia), ICARDA (Aleppo, Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) genebanks.    EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, none originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ the species is likely to be passively conserved in many existing protected areas in   Austria, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia but as its conservation in these sites is not actively monitored it may be subject to population loss over time from factors such as climate change.

useAndTrade:
V. abbreviata Fischer ex Sprengel is a tertiary wild relative of faba bean (V. faba L.), narbon bean (V. narbonensis L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches articulated vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and Winter vetch (V. vollosa Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995). No known other uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated species in the forest margins.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Strajeru, S. & Maxted, N.


taxonomicNotes:
V. articulata Hornm. is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.)  Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa  L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia articulata is found in several countries and is quite widespread in European Turkey. Although within the other countries it has a restricted distribution, the populations are stable throughout its range; therefore, it is considered Least Concern in Europe.

range:
V. articulata is native to Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Ukraine (Davis and Plitmann 1970). In France it occurs in 15 central and southern departments. Also recorded in Corsica, the southeastern departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes, the southwestern department of   Hautes-Pyrénées, the western department of   Loire-Atlantique and the northern department of Oise (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered to be medium population sizes and they are stable.

habitat:
V. articulata is found in woodland, rocky slopes, meadows and macchie in the Mediterranean region (Davis and Plitmann 1970).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ seed samples are   available in the Departamento de Recursos Genéticos e Melhoramento, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Investigação, Agrária, Portugal, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany, Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov', Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Spain, Junta de Castilla y León, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Centro de Investigación de Zamadueñas, Spain, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry Russian Federation, Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production, Ukraine,    Syrian National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean  Agricultural Research Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,  Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) genebanks.    EURISCO reports 146 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 11 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, eight originate from within Europe. Two originate from Bulgaria (stored in Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov', Bulgaria), one from Hungary (stored in Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production, Ukraine), one from Portugal (stored in Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production, Ukraine) and four from Spain (stored in Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Spain) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to population loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
This species is cultivated as a forage in Turkey but natural wild populations may also be grazed by wild and domesticated  species in the forest margins.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. articulata Hornm. is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. assyriaca Boiss. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas 1996).  Townsend (1967) and Meikle (1977), based on observations of herbarium material, consider V. assyriaca to be a synonym of V. noeana. Davis and Plitmann (1970), however, retained the two as distinct species, while noting the existence of intermediate forms. There have been found no introgressive specimens and  the specific distinction is warranted (Maxted 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)This species is considered as introduced in Cyprus and is therefore listed as Not Applicable.

range:
Vicia assyriaca is found in Cyprus in Europe. Its distribution extends to Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. Meikle (1977) suggested that this species might be introduced.

population:
This is a rare species. The species is often found in Cyprus as a weed of Vicia sativa (the cultivated seed). As the crop culture is declining, the occurrence of V. assyriaca is also likely to decline.

habitat:
V. assyriaca is found in pasture, agricultural and disturbed lands. It flowers from April to June.

threats:
Overgrazing might have a negative impact.

conservationAction:
Ex situ seed samples are available in the Syrian National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo, Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks. Collection of material from the Cyprus population should be added to the genebank.More research is needed on the distribution, outside the cultivated Vicia sativia fields. Monitoring scheme should be implemented.

useAndTrade:
No known specific uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated  species in the pasture and agricultural margins. V. assyriaca Boiss. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) # and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. barbazitae Ten. & Guss. is a secondary wild relative of common vetch (V. sativa  L.), and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of faba bean (V.  faba L.),  narbon bean (V.  narbonensis  L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch  (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and  Winter  vetch (V. vollosa  Roth.) see Maxted (1993, 1995).V. barbazitae is split into two recognised varieties:   V. barbazitae var. barbazitae Ten. & Guss. and   V. barbazitae var. incisa (Orph.) Boiss.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Vicia barbazitae is relatively rare and is potentially threatened by changing land management and climate change. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 11,000 km2 and the quality of its  habitat is decreasing mainly due to fires and urbanization. It is therefore  considered as Near Threatened in Europe.

range:
V. barbazitae is native to   Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Fomer Yugoslavia and Turkey. In France it is confined to the department of Var to the southeast and the two departments of Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2010).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 11,000 km2.

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered to be rare throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

habitat:
V. barbazitae is found in woodland and the margins of cultivation. Flowers from April to July (Maxted 1995).

threats:
Specific threats to this species are unknown, but even though it is found in climax woodland habitats and these are relatively stable within the range, it is still considered under threat as it is so rare throughout its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ seed samples are  available in the N.I Vavilov Instuitute of Plant Industry (St.  Petersberg, Russia), Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards Heath, UK), ICARDA  (Aleppo, Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) gene banks, but none of the national gene banks within the species range appear to contain samples.    EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession held in European genebanks and it is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ  the species is likely to be passively conserved in many existing  protected areas throughout its range but as its  conservation in these sites is not actively monitored it may be subject  to population loss over time from factors such as climate change.In France this species is protected on a national level (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

useAndTrade:
V. barbazitae Ten.   Guss. is a secondary wild relative of common vetch (V. sativa  L.), and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of faba bean (V.  faba L.),  narbon bean (V.  narbonensis  L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch  (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and  Winter  vetch (V. vollosa  Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).It has no known uses other than as a potential gene donor.


taxonomicNotes:
The name Vicia bifoliolata is accepted by Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 2000), although Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011) and ILDIS (2010) treat it as a synonym of Vicia filicaulis Webb & Berthel..

redListCategoryRationale:
Vicia bifoliolata is classed Critically Endangered due to its extremely restricted geographic range and presence confirmed in just one single location. Its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence have been estimated at 1 km². Extreme fluctuations have been reported for its population. Fires, collection, trampling and storms limit the expansion of this species.

range:
Vicia bifoliolata is endemic to the northeastern coast of the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain (Fraga et al. 2004), where it can be found between 0 and 100 m asl, in one location: Cala Mesquida. Its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence have been estimated at 1 km².

population:
It has been estimated that its population size is between 500 and 1,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, Fraga et al. (2004) recorded 18 individuals in one location in southeast Menorca.It is hard to precise the population size of this species due to the fluctuations it suffers throughout different years and its hardly visible appearance in vegetative state. Probably new populations could be found in the northeastern coast of the island in years with an appropriate climate for the development of this taxon (Fraga et al. 2004).

habitat:
This annual plant occurs in coastal shrublands, preferably along with Cistus monspeliensis, in the eastern coast of Menorca over siliceous soils. It can also grow in halophile grasslands over partially flooded sandy soils in exposed sites, along with Juncus acutus   (Fraga et al. 2004).

threats:
The main threats to this species are natural fires and changes in land use, trampling and collection (Fraga et al. 2004). Storms, cyclones and other natural processes have been as well reported as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is listed CR B1ab(iv)+2ac(iv); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks and periodical population trend monitoring should be developed.

useAndTrade:
Collection has been cited as a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but the motivation has not been reported.


taxonomicNotes:
V. bithynica (L.) L. is a secondary wild relative of  common vetch (V. sativa  L.)  and narbon bean (V.  narbonensis   L.), more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.  pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.) (Maxted 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia bithynica is widely distributed in southern and central Europe and populations appear stable throughout its range; therefore, it is considered Least Concern.

range:
In France it occurs in the south, southwest and west but is largely absent from the north, northeast and east of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2010). In the UK it occurs mainly in the southwest of England and southeast of England at the Thames estuary (Preston et al. 2002). Other occurrences, including one locality in Northern Ireland and eight localities in Scotland, are very sparse with the majority recorded as alien (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered common and widespread throughout southern Europe. In the UK according to Preston et al. (2002), this species has declined in a number of coastal localities.

habitat:
Found in disturbed habitats and grassland throughout its range.  In the UK this lowland species occurs mainly on rough grassland, coastal undercliffs, and when found inland it usually grows in open hedges, scrubby grassland and on railway banks (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is   listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ  seed samples are   available in the Departamento de Recursos  Genéticos e Melhoramento, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Instituto  Nacional de Investigação, Agrária, Portugal, Leibniz Institute of Plant  Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany, Institute for Plant Genetic  Resources 'K.Malkov', Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Instituto Nacional de  Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos  Fitogenéticos, Spain, Junta de Castilla y León, Instituto Tecnológico  Agrario de Castilla y León, Centro de Investigación de Zamadueñas,  Spain, Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards Heath, UK), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant  Industry Russian Federation, # Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant  Production, Ukraine,    Syrian National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean   Agricultural Research Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,   Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 28 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 16 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of these wild accessions originate from within Europe. Three originate from Germany, two from Greece, eight from Italy, one from Spain and two from Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ  the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing  protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in  these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to population  loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
This species is cultivated as a forage in Turkey but natural  wild populations may also be grazed by wild and domesticated  species in  the forest margins.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. bithynica L. is a tertiary wild relative  of # faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.)&# and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
Vicia capreolata Lowe is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Vicia capreolata is listed as Endangered because this species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km² and a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km², its population is severely fragmented due to subpopulations occurring on three different islands. There is a decline in the quality of habitat and this species was already rare but has decreased in population size by greater than 50% in the last 10 years; therefore this species qualifies as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran group of islands, occurring in Seixal and in the mountains between Serra de Agua and Ribeiro Frio on Madeira, on the islands of Porto Santo and on Ilheu Chao and Deserta Grande (Goyder 1994). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered to be rare and decreasing by greater than 50% in the last 10 years.

habitat:
The species is found in pastures, cliffs,ravines and on forest borders (Goyder 1994).

threats:
An increase in alien species is threatening this species, as well as human pressures.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.  Ex situ  seed samples are   unavailable for this species. No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). In situ  the species  is likely  to be  passively conserved in many existing  protected areas in  throughout its range but as  its  conservation in  these sites is not  actively monitored it may be  subject  to population  loss over time  from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
Vicia capreolata Lowe is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) # and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. cilitula Lipsky is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.)&# and Winter  vetch (V.  villosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas  1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Vicia ciliatula has  a  restricted native range in Europe where it is thought to only occur at a few localities in Crimea. Here, it is at the edge of its range, its distribution being mainly the Caucasus and Turkey. Within its limited range in Crimea it is fairly common and can grow in a range of habitat types, including as a weed of cultivated land. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The native range of V. ciliatula is unclear. According to ILDIS (2010) the species is not native to Europe; however, Federov (1987) records it as native to Crimea (where it is only found at a few localities near Sudak, Staryi Krym and Bakhchisaray), while Maxted (1995) records it as native to Ukraine (as well as to Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered to be common.

habitat:
V. ciliatula is found at the edges of woodland, in meadows and cultivated fields as a weed, primarily in shady and moist places. Found in secondary habitats and disturbed areas. It flowers from   May to July (Maxted 1995, Maxted and Douglas 1996).In identification this species can be confused with Vicia melanops (Fedorov 1987).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. It is found in a variety of habitats, including disturbed anthropogenic sites.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is   listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic   Resources for   Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are   available in the genebanks of the Institute of Botany (Yerevan,  Armenia), N.I. Vavilov  All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of  Plant  Industry Russian  Federation, Syrian National genebank (Douma, Damascus,  Syria), Aegean    Agricultural Research Institute (Menemen, Turkey),  ICARDA (Aleppo,    Syria) and the University of Reading (Reading, UK).    EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions of V. ciliatula held in European genebanks, only two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Neither of these wild accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ   the  species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing    protected areas throughout its range but as  its  conservation in    these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor, V. cilitula Lipsky is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian    vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a   tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a   number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata   Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia   (L.) Willd.) # and Winter  vetch (V.   villosa Roth.).It is also likely to be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the  pasture and agricultural margins where it naturally occurs.


taxonomicNotes:
Vicia costae A. Hansen is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches: faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz) and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 50 km2 and a small area of occupancy (AOO) less than 10 km2, coupled with severely fragmented subpopulations and a decline in quality of habitat due to human interference, the species qualifies as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, specifically the island of Porto Santo, where it can be found in around 5% of areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
There are less than 1,000 mature individuals in Porto Santo.

habitat:
This species is found in coastal zones, in sandy areas and on cliffs.

threats:
Tourist activities threaten this species as it occurs in coastal areas.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.  Ex situ   seed samples are   available in the # Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany) gene  bank.  In situ   the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing   protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in   these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to population   loss over time from factors such as climate  change.Less than 50% of subpopulations of this species occur within protected areas, and germplasm exists within the local gene bank and botanic garden. The population requires monitoring.A previous assessment of the top 100 threatened species of Madeira found this species to be Critically Endangered (Martin et al. 2010).

useAndTrade:
Vicia costae A. Hansen is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. cuspidata Boiss. is a secondary wild relative of  common vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.  pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   narbon bean (V.  narbonensis   L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and   Winter  vetch (V. villosa   Roth.) (Maxted 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is locally abundant. It is not facing major threats. It is therefore considered as regionally Least Concern.

range:
V. cuspidata is native to Cyprus, Greece (East Aegean Islands) and Turkey in Europe, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey in Asia.

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered  relatively common throughout its range. Note it is a relatively small  plant that is often found growing under shrubs and in rock   crevices so  may often be over-looked when collecting. There is no recent collection from Cyprus.

habitat:
This species occurs in disturbed and non disturbed areas and in woodlands, associated with Quercus ilex and Q. coccifera. It flowers from April to June. It is a very small herb, that is easily overlooked.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are    available in the Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards  Heath, UK), Syrian National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean      Agricultural Research Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,      Syria) and University of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession held in European genebanks, however, this accession is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ     the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing     protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in     these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to  population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
V. cuspidata Boiss. is a secondary wild relative of  common  vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and  more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of   faba bean (V.  faba L.),    narbon bean (V.  narbonensis    L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch    (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) # and    Winter  vetch (V. vollosa    Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
Vicia ervilia is relatively isolated with Vicia and as such is in the tertiary gene pool of common vetch (V. sativa  L.),   and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of   faba bean (V.  faba L.),    narbon bean (V.  narbonensis    L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch    (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and    Winter  vetch (V. villosa    Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia ervilia is   widely distributed in southeastern Europe and northwest Asia,  populations  appear stable throughout its range, therefore it is  considered Least  Concern.

range:
Vicia ervilia is widespread in the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia. Both cultivated and spontaneous forms occur. It occurs in 30 departments in # central and southeastern France but is largely absent from the northwest to northeast and the southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered relatively common throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

habitat:
#V. ervilia is found in scrubland, stoney slopes, screes, field and vineyard margins, roadsides and disturbed areas. It flowers from March to July (Maxted 1995).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. It is found in a variety of habitats and appears to be stable throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ   seed samples are    available in the numerous national gene  banks throughout the species range.    EURISCO reports 567 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 14 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, nine originate from within Europe. One from Belgium, five from Bulgaria, one from Czech Republic, one from Macedonia FYR and one from Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).    In situ    the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing    protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in    these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
This species is cultivated in the Near East and is also likely to be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and agricultural margins where is naturally occurs.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor this species is in the tertiary gene pool of all other Vicia crops, but as it is found in the wild as well as being cultivated the wild material does potentially have genetic diversity that could be used in the crop.


taxonomicNotes:
Vicia ferreirensis Goyder is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km², only two populations exist, and less than 50 mature individuals have been recorded. The habitat quality is in decline, and as such, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species in endemic to Madeira, specifically the island of Porto Santo. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km².

population:
There are only two known populations, one in Ana Ferreira and one in Pico de Castelo, both on Porto Santo island. Only 50 mature individuals have been recorded.

habitat:
This species is found in pastures and agricultural fields in the shade (Goyder 1994).

threats:
The species is under threat from increasing urbanization.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.  The species does not occur in any protected area, but germplasm is stored in the local botanic garden. A project is currently in progress for reforestation of the area, which will provide shade and aid the growth of the species.No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Vicia ferreirensis Goyder is a tertiary wild relative  of bitter  vetch (V. ervilia (L.)   Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa  Roth.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches faba  bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean  (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.).


taxonomicNotes:
V grandiflora  Scop. is a secondary wild relative of  common vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   narbon bean (V.  narbonensis   L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia grandiflora is   widely distributed in eastern Europe and northwest Asia,  populations  appear stable throughout its range, therefore regionally it is  considered Least  Concern.

range:
V. grandiflora is native to Albania, Austria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey and the Former Yugoslavia.

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered relatively rare throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

habitat:
V. grandiflora is found disturbed and agricultural land, woodland, woodland margins and disturbed land. It flowers from March to August (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ   seed samples are     available in the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Genetic Resources Institute (Baku, Azerbaijan), Institute for Agrobotany (Tapioszele, Hungary), Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov'(Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Institute of Botany (Yerevan, Armenia), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (Radzikow, Poland),  Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards Heath, UK), Syrian  National (Douma, Damascus, Syria); Aegean     Agricultural Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,     Syria) and University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 102 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 69 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 59 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  In situ     the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing     protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in     these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to  population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
V grandiflora  Scop. is a secondary wild relative of  common vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   narbon bean (V.  narbonensis   L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).No known specific uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and agricultural margins.


taxonomicNotes:
V. hybrida L. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas 1996,  Maxted 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia hybrida is   widely distributed in southeastern Europe and northwest Asia,  populations  appear stable throughout its range, therefore it is  considered Least  Concern.

range:
Vicia hybrida is found in southern Europe and the Near East. In France it occurs in departments in the centre, to the southwest, south and southeast. Also recorded in the northern departments of Aisne and Marne (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

habitat:
V. hybrida is found disturbed and agricultural land, woodland, woodland margins and disturbed land. It flowers from March to August (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ   seed samples are     available in the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov' (Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Institute of Botany (Yerevan, Armenia), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos (Madrid, Spain), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Experimental Station of Plant Production (Ustymivka, Ukraine),  Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards Heath, UK), Syrian  National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean     Agricultural Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,     Syria) and University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 21 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, eight of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, seven originate from within Europe: two from Czech Republic, one from France, one from Germany, one from Hungary and one from Spain. Six of these accessions are stored in Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production, Ukraine and the remaining accession is stored in Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   In situ     the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing     protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in     these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to  population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. hybrida L. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian    vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a   tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a   number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata   Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia   (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.   villosa Roth.).  It is also likely to be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the  pasture and agricultural margins where it naturally occurs.


taxonomicNotes:
V. johannis Tamamschjan in Karyagin is a secondary wild relative of  narbon bean (V.  narbonensis    L.), more remotely common vetch (V. sativa  L.)  and Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.) (Maxted et al. 1991,  Maxted 1993). It has two recognised varieties:   V. johannis var. procumbens H. Schäfer and   V. johannis var. johannis Tamamschian. Davis and&# Plitmann (1970) does not recognise the existence of V. johannis, referring instead to transition forms between other V. narbonensis complex taxa. However, Birch et al. (1985) concluded that V. johannis was a clearly separable taxon within the V. narbonensis complex. Field observation of this taxon has led to concur with this view and to doubt the existence of V. galilaea the Israeli endemic, which appear conspecific with V. johannis and as the latter has nomeclatural priority it is  suggested that V. galilaea is a synonym of V. johannis - however V. galilaea has never been seen in the field and there is the need  to see fresh material before reaching a firm conclusion (N. Maxted pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia johannis is     widely distributed in southeastern Europe and northwest Asia,    populations  appear stable  throughout its range, therefore it is regionally assessed as Least  Concern.

range:
V. johannis is native to   Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus,  Germany, France, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania,  Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey, as well as  Afghanistan, Iran, Libya, Pakistan and Syria.In France it is confined to Corsica and the seven southeastern departments of   Hérault, Gard, Vaucluse,   Bouches-du-Rhône,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Var and Alpes-Maritimes (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

habitat:
V. johannis is found in maquis, disturbed agricultural land and open woodland. It flowers from March to July (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are      available in the Leibniz Institute of Plant  Genetics and Crop Plant  Research (Germany), N.I. Vavilov  All-Russian  Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St.  Petersburg,  Russian Federation), Syrian  National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean      Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,      Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 76 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, only two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Neither of these wild accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).    In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation  in      these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
No known specific uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and agricultural margins.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. johannis Tamamschjan in Karyagin is a secondary wild  relative of  narbon bean (V.   narbonensis    L.), more remotely common vetch (V. sativa  L.)  and Hungarian   vetch  (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it  is also a  tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V.  faba L.),   and more remotely a  number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V.  articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. villosa   Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. lathyrioides L. is a secondary wild relative of  common  vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and  more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of   faba bean (V.  faba L.),    narbon bean (V.  narbonensis    L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch    (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and    Winter  vetch (V. vollosa    Roth.) (Maxted 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia lathyroides is      widely distributed in Europe and northwest Asia,    populations   appear stable  throughout its range, therefore it is    considered  Least  Concern.

range:
Vicia lathyroides is native to  Albania, Austria, Belarus,  Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus,  Czech  Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslavia,  France,  Germany, Great Britain,  Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, #  Italy, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania,  Malta, Morocco, Moldova,  Netherlands, Norway,   Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia in  Europe, Sardinia, Sicily,  Slovakia,  Spain, Syria, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey in  Europe and  Asia, and Ukraine.In Lithuania it is only found on the Baltic Sea coast.In France it is widespread, occurs in the majority of departments throughout the country. Not recorded in four departments to the southwest, four departments to the east and five departments to the north (Association Tela Botanica 2010).  In the UK it occurs along the Welsh, English and Scottish coastlines although it is absent from the far northwest coast of Scotland, it also has a patchy and sparse distribution in central England (Preston et al. 2002). Also present in 17 coastal localities within Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).In Ireland it is confined to 10 localities on the eastern coast (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
V. lathyroides is found growing  on lawns and grazed pasture as a weed, in open woodland and disturbed  land. It flowers from March to August (Maxted 1995).In the UK this lowland species occurs on sand dunes and short, summer-parched grasslands with a preference for sandy, coastal soils (Preston et al. 2002). However, it can also grow further inland on disturbed ground, old wall and dry heathland on sands and gravels (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are      available in the Departamento de Recursos  Genéticos e Melhoramento, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Instituto  Nacional de Investigação, Agrária (Portugal), Leibniz Institute of Plant  Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Institute for Plant Genetic  Resources 'K.Malkov' (Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Laboratory of Plants Gene  Pool and Breeding (Yerevan, Armenia), Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards  Heath, United Kingdom), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research  Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Plant  Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (Radzików, Poland),  Republican Unitary Enterprise 'Scientific Practical Centre of the  National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Arable Farming (Zhodino,  Belarus), Research Institute of Agriculture (Baku, Azerbaijan), Syrian   National (Douma, Damascus, Syria), Aegean     Agricultural  Research   Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University   of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 30 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, nine of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, five originate from within Europe. These five wild accessions originate from Bulgaria and are also stored in Bulgaria (Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov') (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).    In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation  in      these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.Classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).

useAndTrade:
No known specific uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and agricultural marginsAs a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. lathyrioides L. is a secondary wild relative of  common   vetch (V. sativa  L.),  and   more remotely Hungarian   vetch (V.    pannonica  Crantz), it is also a  tertiary wild relative  of    faba bean (V.  faba L.),     narbon bean (V.  narbonensis     L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches  articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch     (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) #  and    Winter  vetch (V. villosa     Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. lutea L. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.)&# and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas  1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia lutea is       widely distributed in Europe and northwest Asia,    populations    appear stable  throughout its range, therefore it is    considered   Least  Concern.

range:
V. lutea is native to Albania,  Balearic Islands,  Bulgaria, Crete, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia,  Former Yugoslavia, France,  Germany, Great Britain, Greece,  Hungary,  Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Latvia,  Malta, Morocco,  Moldova, Portugal, Romania,  Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain,  Syria,  Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey in Europe and Ukraine.In France it is widespread, occurs in the majority of departments throughout the country. Not recorded in the north and northeastern departments of   Hauts-de-Seine, Paris,   Seine-Saint-Denis, Nord, Ardennes, Bas-Rhin,   Territoire de Belfort and Doubs (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

habitat:
V. lutea is found in disturbed and agricultural land, and open woodland. It flowers from March to June (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.There are numerous ex situ   seed samples available in national gene  banks from through out the species range.    EURISCO reports 84 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 44 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 36 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).      In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas throughout its range but as  its  conservation  in      these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.V. lutea ssp. cavanillesii is listed as Vulnerable B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) in the 2008 Red List of the Spanish Flora (Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
This species is cultivated in northern Italy and is also likely to be  grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and  agricultural margins.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. lutea L. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary  wild relative  of narbon bean (V.  narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other  cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba  L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter  vetch (V. ervilia  (L.)  Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.   villosa Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. melanops Sibth. & Sm. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas 1996). There are two varieties recognised   V. melanops var. melanops Sibth. & Sm. and   V. melanops var. loiseaui Alleiz. (Maxted 1995).&#

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia lutea has a limited distribution in southern and eastern Europe and northwest Asia,    but populations    appear stable throughout its range, therefore it is    regionally considered   Least  Concern.

range:
V. melanops is native to   Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic France, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain and Turkey. In France it is present in the two southeastern departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes and the following six central departments: Loiret, Indre,   Puy-de-Dôme,   Haute-Loire,   Ardèche and   Rhône (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered relatively uncommon throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

habitat:
V. melanops is often found in woodland and more rarely as an agricultural weed.

threats:
This is not a common species but there appears to be no major threats. It is found primarily on the edge of woodland which is not a threatened habitat within its region, populations appears to be stable (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.  Ex situ   seed samples are      available in the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Research Institute for Fodder Crops Ltd. (Troubsko, Czech Republic),  Aegean     Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene  banks.  EURISCO reports six germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession is recorded to have originated from Czechoslovakia and is currently stored in Research Institute for Fodder Crops Ltd., Czech Republic (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).      In situ      the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing      protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in      these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to   population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.In France this species is protected in the southeastern region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

useAndTrade:
V. melanops Sibth.   Sm. is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas 1996).There is no evidence of cultivation of this species but it is likely to be  grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and  agricultural margins.


taxonomicNotes:
V. nabonensis L. is a tertiary wild  relative of  common vetch (V.  sativa  L.),  Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz) and faba bean (V.  faba L.),   and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.), (Maxted 1993, 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia narbonensis is a common species and there appears to be no major threats.  It is found in several habitats which are not threatened within Europe, populations appear to be stable;  therefore, it is regionally assessed as Least  Concern.

range:
V. narbonensis is native in  Europe to Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Crete, Czech Republic,  Estonia, Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,  Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain,  Switzerland, Turkey in Europe, UK and Ukraine, but is also found in  Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Asia: Afghanistan,  Armenia, Azerbaijan, Gruzia, India, Iran, Iraq, Kirgizstan, Pakistan,  Russia in Asia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; and in the Middle  East: Cyprus, East Aegean Islands (Greek), Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,  Syria, Turkey in Asia. In France it occurs mainly in southeastern, southern and western departments as well as the northern department of Aisne (Association Tela Botanica 2010)

habitat:
Vicia narbonensis is found in disturbed and agricultural land, more rarely open woodland. It flowers from March to July (Maxted 1995).

threats:
This is a common species and there appears to be no major threats. It is found in several habitats which are not threatened within its region (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are      available in the AGRITEC, Research, Breeding  and Services Ltd. (Sumperk, Czech Republic), Leibniz Institute of Plant  Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Genetic Resources Institute  (Baku, Azerbaijan), Institute for Agrobotany (Tapioszele, Hungary), Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov' (Plovdiv, Bulgaria),  Institute of Botany (Yerevan, Armenia), Instituto Nacional de  Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos  Fitogenéticos (Madrid, Spain), Israel Gene Bank for Agricultural Crops,  Agricultural Research Organisation (Volcani Center, Israel), Laboratory  of Plants Gene Pool and Breeding (Yerevan, Armenia), Junta de Castilla y  León, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Centro de  Investigación de Zamadueñas (Madrid, Spain), Millennium Seed Bank  (Haywards Heath, United Kingdom), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific  Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian  Federation), Experimental Station of Plant Production (Ustymivka,  Ukraine),  Aegean     Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen,  Turkey), ICARDA (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading  (Reading, UK) gene  banks.    EURISCO reports 307 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 102 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 62 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).     In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation  in      these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change. In France this species is protected in the western region of Poitou-Charentes (Association Tela Botanica 2010).

useAndTrade:
This species is cultivated historically in southern Europe and is still cultivated in the Near East, it is also likely to be  grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and  agricultural margins.V. nabonensis L. is a tertiary wild  relative of  common vetch (V.  sativa  L.),  Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz) and faba bean (V.  faba L.),   and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated   vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch   (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and   Winter  vetch (V. vollosa   Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).


taxonomicNotes:
V. oroboides Wulfen in Jacq. is a tertiary wild relative  of faba bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. villosa Roth.) (Maxted 1993, 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Vicia oroboides has a relatively restricted distributed in eastern Europe but populations   appear to be stable throughout its range;  therefore, it is assessed as Least  Concern.

range:
V. oroboides is native to Austria, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.

population:
The exact population size is unknown, but the species is considered relatively uncommon though stable throughout its range (Maxted 1995).

habitat:
It is found growing in pasture and woodland on hill and mountainsides, and flowers from May to September (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ   seed samples are      available in the Aegean     Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA  (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene   banks.      In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in       these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
No known specific uses but may be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the forest margins where it naturally occurs.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. oroboides Wulfen in Jacq. is a tertiary wild relative  of  faba bean (V. faba L.),  narbon  bean (V. narbonensis  L.),  Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica   Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa   L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches  articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and Winter   vetch (V. villosa Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. pannonica Crantz is a a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted 1995, Maxted and Douglas 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia pannonica has  a relatively restricted distributed in eastern Europe but populations    appear to be stable throughout its range;  therefore, it is assessed as  Least  Concern.

range:
V. pannonica is native to Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,  Corsica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Former  Yugoslavia, France, Germany,  Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Malta,  Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia in  Europe, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain,  Syria, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey in Europe and Ukraine. In France it occurs mainly in the eastern half of the country but is also recorded to occur in the western departments of   Maine-et-Loire,   Indre-et-Loire, Vienne, Dordogne, Gers and   Hautes-Pyrénées (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
V. pannonica is often associated with disturbed and cultivated land. It flowers from April to July (Maxted 1995).

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species (Maxted 1995).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ   seed samples are      available in the AGRITEC, Research, Breeding and Services Ltd. (Sumperk, Czech Republic), Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Genetic Resources Institute (Baku, Azerbaijan), Genetic Resources Unit, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (Aberystwyth, United Kingdom), Institute for Agrobotany (Tapioszele, Hungary), Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov' (Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Institute of Agriculture and Cattle-breeding of the Western Region (Lviv, Ukraine), Institute of Botany (Yerevan, Armenia), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos (Madrid, Spain), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (Radzików, Poland), Experimental Station of Plant Production (Ustymivka, Ukraine), State Regional Agricultural Experimental Station (Poltava, Ukraine),    Aegean     Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA  (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene   banks.    EURISCO reports 198 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 52 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 39 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).        In situ       the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing       protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in       these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to    population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.

useAndTrade:
As Hugarian vetch the species is cultivated as a minor forage/fodder  species throughout its natural distributional range. It is also likely  to be grazed by wild and domesticated   species in the pasture and  agricultural margins (Maxted 1995). As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. pannonica Crantz is a a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon  bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and  common vetch (V. sativa  L.)  and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V.  articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V.  villosa Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. sativa L. is a tertiary wild relative  of   Hungarian   vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz), faba bean (V.  faba L.),    narbon bean (V.  narbonensis    L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch    (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and    Winter  vetch (V. villosa    Roth.) (Maxted 1993).  V. sativa has several subspecific taxa recognised: ssp. amphicarpa (L.) Batt., ssp. cordata (Wulfen ex Hoppe) Asch. & Graebner, ssp. macrocarpa (Moris) Arcang., ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (syn. = V. angustifolia L.), ssp. sativa and ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Gaudin. (Wouw et al. 2001, 2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia sativa is a widespread species with a stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
V. sativa is found in virtually every geographic region of Europe (Maxted 1995). In France it is widespread and it occurs in all departments throughout the country including Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2010).  In the UK it is widespread throughout England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland although its distribution becomes patchy in the northwest of Scotland (Preston et al. 2002). In Ireland it is widespread in central and eastern areas however, its distribution becomes patchy in the west (Preston et al. 2002). In Denmark V. sativa ssp. nigra and V. sativa ssp. segetalis are both native, V. sativa ssp. sativa is also recorded to occur in Denmark but it is introduced (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010).

population:
This is a common species and its population trend is stable. In the UK according to Preston et al. (2002), the distribution of this species has changed very little since the original British Plant Atlas (Perring and Walters 1962).

habitat:
V. sativa is a   common  pan-temperate and semi-tropical weed of agricultural and disturbed land,  and is also found in the margins of woodland. It flowers from February  to November (Maxted 1995).  In the UK this lowland species grows in grassy and wayside localities; it prefers dry and sandy areas (Preston et al. 2002).

threats:
This species is so widespread there appears to be no specific threats facing it.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in   Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food   and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.    EURISCO reports 3,922 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 237 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 158 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).        In situ        the  species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing         protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in         these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to      population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.V. sativa ssp. nigra and V. sativa ssp. segetalis are classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).

useAndTrade:
Two subspecies of V. sativa, ssp. nigra and ssp. sativa are cultivated; ssp. nigra is cultivated often in a mixture with other species in Europe and and ssp. sativa  is cultivated as fodder in southeast Europe and the Middle East. The  white seeded form wass cultivated for human food in the former Soviet  Union.As a crop wild relative and potential gene donor V. sativa L. is a # tertiary wild relative  of   Hungarian    vetch (V.   pannonica  Crantz),  faba bean (V.  faba L.),     narbon bean (V.  narbonensis     L.) and more remotely a number of  other  cultivated vetches  articulated    vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch     (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)  and    Winter  vetch (V. villosa     Roth.).


taxonomicNotes:
V. sepium L. is a tertiary wild relative  of faba bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.)&# and Winter  vetch (V. vollosa Roth.).  Three varieties are recognised:   V. sepium var. sepium L.,   V. sepium var. eriocalyx Celak and   V. sepium var. montana Koch, D.G.D.J. (Maxted 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Vicia sepium is a widespread species, with stable populations and no major threats; it cannot be regarded as anything other than Least Concern in Europe.

range:
V. sepium is circum-polar in the Northern Hemisphere and is the most widely distributed Vicia species. Within Europe it is native to Austria, Belarus, Belgium,  Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former  Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Great  Britain, Greece, Hungary,  Iceland, Ireland, Italy,  Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway,  Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia in  Europe, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine (Maxted 1995). In France it is widespread, occurs in all departments throughout the country with the exception of Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). In the UK it is widespread throughout the whole of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002) and in Ireland it is widespread across the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species is possibly the second most widespread Vicia species, being common in headgrows and woodland through Eurasia (Maxted 1993, 1995).  In the UK, according to Preston et al. (2002), this species has shown no change in its distribution since the original British Plant Atlas (Perring and Walters 1962).

habitat:
V. sepium is common in hedgerows and open woodland throughout its range. It flowers May to October (Maxted 1995).  In the UK this species occurs on hedge banks, waysides, wood-borders and lightly grazed grasslands. It prefers neutral or basic soils and can also grow in upland areas such as open, ungrazed areas (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in  Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food  and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are      available in the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany), Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K.Malkov' (Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Institute of Botany (Yerevan, Armenia), Millennium Seed Bank (Haywards Heath, United Kingdom), N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (Radzików, Poland),   Aegean      Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey), ICARDA   (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK) gene    banks.    EURISCO reports 36 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 13 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All 13 of the wild accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).        In situ        the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many existing        protected areas in throughout its range but as  its  conservation in        these sites is not actively monitored it may be  subject  to     population    loss over time from factors such as climate  change.Classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).

useAndTrade:
V. sepium L. is a tertiary wild relative  of faba bean (V. faba L.),  narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.), Hungarian  vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a number of  other cultivated vetches articulated  vetch (V. articulata Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia (L.) Willd.) and Winter  vetch (V. vollosa Roth.) (Maxted 1993).


taxonomicNotes:
V. sericocarpa Fenzl is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian   vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz), a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a  number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata  Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia  (L.) Willd.)&# and Winter  vetch (V.  vollosa Roth.) (Maxted and Douglas 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)In Europe, this species is known only from Cyprus, where it has not been recorded for some time. It is at the margin of its distribution range and is therefore considered as Not Applicable.

range:
This species is found in Cyprus, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey in Asia.

habitat:
This species occurs in disturbed arable lands, rocky hillsides, limestones pavement.

threats:
Overgrazing might have an impact on the species.

conservationAction:
The genus Vicia is  listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic  Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the faba bean gene pool.Ex situ    seed samples are       available in the Aegean      Agricultural  Research  Institiute (Menemen, Turkey),  ICARDA   (Aleppo,     Syria) and  University  of Reading (Reading, UK)  gene    banks.      In situ         the species  is likely to be  passively conserved in many  existing        protected areas in throughout its range but as  its   conservation in        these sites is not actively monitored it may be   subject  to     population    loss over time from factors such as  climate  change.

useAndTrade:
V. sericocarpa Fenzl is a secondary wild relative of Hungarian    vetch (V. pannonica  Crantz),  a  tertiary wild relative  of narbon bean (V. narbonensis  L.) and common vetch (V. sativa  L.) and more remotely a   number of  other cultivated vetches faba bean (V. faba L.),  articulated  vetch (V. articulata   Hornem.), bitter vetch (V. ervilia   (L.) Willd.) # and Winter  vetch (V.   vollosa Roth.).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)There is currently no information available on the European occurrences of Amsonia orientalis. It is apparently extinct in European Turkey and has been collected only once in northern Greece in 1972. There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available. It should be confirmed whether the species is actually still present in Greece and fieldwork is needed. It is assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Amsonia orientalis has been reported from Greece and northwest Turkey. It has been collected only once in northern Greece, between the Porto Lagos and the town of Xanthi in 1972 (Zahariadi 1973).It is extinct in European Turkey (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Population size and trend are unknown. The species has not been searched for.

habitat:
It is a perennial herb. It is found in wet places and in winter it is near the sea. The one Greek occurrence was found at 50 m asl. in a grazed grassland among Paliurus spina-christi shrubs 1972 (Zahariadi 1973).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).      It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. It is recommended to search for this species in Greece.


redListCategoryRationale:
Caralluma burchardii is classed as Endangered in Europe because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy lower than 500 km2. Decreasing trends have been observed in the quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals, mainly due to predation by grazing animals.

range:
Caralluma buchardii is present in the Canary Islands, Spain, and Morocco and Algeria (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010 ).Caralluma buchardii ssp. maura is endemic to the North of Africa.Caralluma buchardii ssp. buchardii is endemic to the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain (Gobierno de Canarias 2004), being also present in Gran Canaria. It presents a fragmented distribution. This taxon occurs in more than ten locations and its area of occupancy has been determined to be higher than 20 km2 (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

population:
Its population size has been estimated to be between 3,576 and 7,670 individuals, presenting an increasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
Caralluma burchardii can be found on rocky sites and between cracks on crags, in rather arid areas. Occasionally it can grow on shallow sandy substrates. It is part of vegetation communities like Odontospermo intermedii-Euphorbietum balsamiferae and Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Sometimes it appears in shrublands dominated by Pegano-Salsoletea (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

threats:
Predation has been described as its main threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Caralluma burchardii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Apteranthes burchardii spp. burchardii in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), classed as VU B2ac(iv). This taxon included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon has a total population size of 80 individuals and is therefore assessed as Endangered D. There is no information on the number of locations or subpopulations, population trend or how potential threats are affecting this taxon and it therefore can't be examined whether it would also fall under a different Criterion.

range:
This taxon can be found in the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain. Its extent of occurrence is 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).[MORE INFO AVAILABLE IN ADENDA 2010 OF THE SPANISH RED LIST]

population:
The total population has been stated as 80 individuals, but the population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It coexists in the vegetation community Klenio-Euphorbion canariensis (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Its main threat is predation (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Ceropegia dichotoma spp. krainzii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Ceropegia chrysantha. It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This rare Hungarian endemic is found in the Buda Hills and in the Villányi Hills of southern Transdanubia. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 200 km² and it does not occur at more than five fragmented locations. It has been estimated that the population is between 2,100 and 2,200 individuals with a stable population trend. The use of pesticides, open cast mining, and recreational activities are the main threats to the species habitat. All localities are in protected areas. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is endemic to Hungary, where it is rare in the Buda Hills and in the Villányi Hills of southern Transdanubia. The AOO is less than 200 km². It is found at not more than five locations in two small regions (G. Király pers. comm. 2010).

population:
It has been estimated that the population is between 2,100 and 2,200 individuals with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The subpopulations are fragmented.

habitat:
Dry, rocky grassland on limestone and dolomite are the preferred habitat. This species is characteristic of the Habitats Directive listed habitats 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" and 6190 "Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The use of pesticides, open cast mining, and recreational activities such as walking, horse riding, paragliding or ballooning have been described as important threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Vincetoxicum pannonicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).This plant is classed as Endangered on the national Red List (Király 2007). It is strictly protected and all localities are on protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The Plant List (2010) treat it as a synonym of Centaurium chloodes ssp. somedanum (Laínz) Romero.

redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurium somedanum is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy 18 km². Negative trends have been identified for its distribution range, its number of subpopulations and the extent and quality of its habitat, mainly due to the construction of roads and hydraulic infrastructures.

range:
Centaurium somedanum is endemic to the central part of the Cordillera Cantábrica, provinces of León and Asturias (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). It is distributed into five locations (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2011), comprising 16 subpopulations, with an area of occupancy of 18 km². More locations were recorded in the past, but they have not been recently found (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2005).

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 6,027 individuals (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2011) and the number of subpopulations is declining (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2005).

habitat:
This herb grows in areas influenced by the presence of streams or springs (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2005), on travertines on slopes. It can be found with alliances such as Adiantion, Pinguiculion and Caricion davallianae. Frequent accompanying species are Palustriella commutata, Aneura pinguis and Pinguicula grandiflora.

threats:
The specificity of its habitat poses the main threat to the species (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2005). Loss of subpopulations has been mainly due to the construction of roads and hydraulic infrastructures (Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2005, Commission of the European Commission 2009). Presence of grazing species exerts a negative impact on this species, leading to physical and chemical alteration of its habitat. Other threats are collection, and presence and use of paths, tracks and cycling tracks (Commission of the European Commission 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008, Jiménez-Alfaro et al. 2011). All the subpopulation but one are included in protected areas: Parque Natural de Somiedo (Asturias) and Espacio Natural Valle de San Emiliano (León). Seeds from all the subpopulations are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Atlántico and of the Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE).To conserve this taxon, a stable habitat should be ensured and exclusion areas and fences should be established over the distribution of the species. Populations have to be mapped and monitored.

redListAssessors:
Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Fernández Pascual, E., García Torrico, A.I., Bueno Sánchez, Á., Díaz, T.E., Nava, H.S. & Fernández Prieto, J.A.


range:
This plant is endemic to France where it is found in the Alpes-Maritimes and to Italy where it occurs in Liguria and Piemonte.

population:
In France, this species is known from 25 sites (communes) and in Italy, there are 20 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). This species is relatively badly known, but does not seem to decline.

habitat:
This species occurs in grasslands, on basic soils, and can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements

threats:
This species is not particularly threatened as it is in remote habitats, except possibly some plant harvesting and changes in grassland management such as abandonment.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected under national legislation in France (Annex I) and under regional laws in Italy. It is classified as Endangered in Liguria (Italy).A few populations are in protected areas (Parc National du Mercantour, Forets Domaniales) in France and Italy.

useAndTrade:
There are indications that this plant is collected but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and the main threat is still overharvesting of this medicinal plant - adequate measures to prevent this are needed and the populations should be continuously monitored.

range:
Gentiana lutea is an element of montane-subalpine deciduous and coniferous forests of European mountain ranges. This species is mainly found in the Balkans, middle and southern Europe, Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and Minor Asia (Turkey). It is native to many European countries: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, France (mainland and Corsica), Greece, Italy (mainland and Sardinia), Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).In France, it is found in at least 60 localities (rest of the data  are not clear). It has a scattered distribution in north western and central Greece. It can be found in the northern and  central mountain range of Italy and in Sardinia and Sicily at more than 500 localities. In Slovenia, it has been reported from three localities, it is widespread # in the western part of the country and  scattered elsewhere. In Spain, it occurs at 120 - 122 localities. In Switzerland, Gentiana lutea is found in the Alps and Jura at many sites. In Ukraine, it grows in the Chornogora, Gorgany, Svidivec and Marnaroski Alpy mountain massifs of the Carpathians.

population:
The population trend in the Balkans, where most of the European populations are found, is declining, especially in Bosnia, Albania and Montenegro. In the other European countries the populations are stable as they are not collected in the wild. The subpopulations are isolated and severely fragmented and there is very little seed exchange between them. The species is confined to mountain slopes. It is mainly found in isolated patches with a few individuals. The Balkan populations declined by c. 30% in the last 15 years.In France, the populations are mainly stable but may be in decline in some places at low altitude. The situation is similar in Italy, where the populations are #stable but there are local declines e.g. in Sardinia from collection. The Slovenian populations are stable, and in Switzerland, it is widespread, stable or even increasing as people used to collect it and this collection has ceased.In the past the area occupied by Gentiana lutea was bigger in the Ukraine than it is now. It occupied all the Carpathians high mountains from Gorgany to Chivehiny mountain massifs. Now, isolated populations occupy 10-15 m² and the total area of this species in the Ukrainian Carpathians is only 167 ha.

habitat:
It is a perennial single stem species with yellow flowers at the tip. Flowers first time in the third year of its life. It occurs in the mountains at high altitude and prefers calcareous soils in meadows. This species grows in glades of humid pine forests, rocky and shaded grasses. It does not stand high temperature and needs high precipitation.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):    4030 European dry heaths4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths5120 Mountain Cytisus purgans formations6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareoussubstrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6520 Mountain hay meadowsIn Ukraine it grows in shrubland with Pinus mugo, Juniperus sibirica, Duschekia alnobetula and in herbaceous communities dominated by Nardus stricta.

conservationAction:
Gentiana lutea is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive and under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, bark and fruits are subject to this regulation.In several countries, e.g. Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Montenegro, Italy, Slovenia, special collection permits are required from the government. In Serbia and Croatia, the collection of this species is  forbidden.  It is recommended to replace wild collections by increasing cultivation of the species, to control the harvesting and maintain traditional agriculture.Measures at national level are in place for various countries, for example:France: Listed in la liste des espèces végétales protégées en région  Champagne-Ardenne (21) (Arrêté du 8 février 1988) and listed as protected  species in 7 Départements (Alpes-Maritimes, Haute-Corse,  Alpes-de-Haute-de-Provence, Jura, Corse-du-Sud, Corse-du-Sud,  Haute-Corse).Germany: It is listed as Vulnerable (level 3) on the national red list   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and is under national protection.Greece: It is protected under the Presidential Decree 67/81, and found in seven Natura 2000 sitesItaly: It is partially included in parks and Natura 2000 sites. In Sardinia, a project to recover the population is underway.Slovenia: It was formerly protected by law and is listed as Vulnerable in the national red list (Čušin et al. 2004).Serbia: It is estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).Switzerland: Classed as Least Concern in the national red list (Moser et al. 2002), partially included in protected areas.Ukraine: It is included in the Red Data Book (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable, and protected in the Carpathian reserve, Carpathian national park, in Apchineckij zakaznik.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Gigot, G., Gygax, A., Jogan, N., Melnyk, V. & Montagnani, C.


taxonomicNotes:
Gentianella anglica is considered one of the few endemic plants of Great Britain. However, the taxonomic status of this species is still uncertain. It is not clear whether G. anglica is a species or whether it is part of the Gentianella amarella aggregate (Wilson 2009). Taxonomic research is currently underway.

redListCategoryRationale:
Gentianella anglica is endemic to Great Britain and his its centre of distribution in Dorset, Wiltshire, and the Isle of  Wight. It can be found in more than 100 localities but the populations have declined in the past and are believed to be  still declining. A survey on a representative sample of 20 sites showed an overall decline of nearly 17% from 1998 to 2008. However, the number of individuals fluctuates extremely from one year to another; a hundredfold fluctuation  is not uncommon. The causes of this fluctuation and whether it is natural are not fully understood yet. It is therefore difficult to determine the overall rate of decline within the last ten years. Lack of grazing or overgrazing are the main threats and specific site management is therefore required. The taxonomy of this species is also still under debate; the reason why it is not listed in the UK red list. Due to this level of uncertainty, the species is classed as Data Deficient for the moment. It is likely to be either Near Threatened or even Least Concern thanks to the good conservation efforts under way and the high level of protection.

range:
This species is endemic to Great Britain. It is restricted to southern England but has been reported as far north as Yorkshire in the past. Now the centre of its distribution is in Dorset, Wiltshire, and the Isle of Wight (Plantlife International 2006). It has been recorded from 69 grids of 10x10 km between 1987-1999 (Wilson 2009).

population:
Gentianella anglica has been recorded in 154 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations have declined in the past and are believed to be still declining in central and eastern England (Plantlife International 2006, Wilson 2009). The number of individuals fluctuates extremely from one year to another; those can be hundredfold and more. Fluctuations from zero individuals to more than one million from one year to the other have been observed.A sample survey undertaken in June 2008, looked at 20 representative sites. On 15 of those sites, the species was found. The sites where it was not present or only appeared in low numbers, were generally in poor condition. However, two sites appeared to have favourable conditions and still no plants were found. An overall decline was noted, but in some populations the number of individuals increased (Wilson 2009). Comparing numbers of individuals between 1998 and 2008 on the 20 sites surveyed, a decline of nearly 17% was noted. However, it is difficult to use this figure as an overall rate of decline as the number of individuals is strongly fluctuating and the causes of those fluctuations are not well understood yet.

habitat:
This species occurs in chalk or limestone grasslands of exceptional quality that have never been treated with fertilizers or pesticides. It tends to be a very poor coloniser and does not like large scale disturbance. This plant prefers south or west facing slopes which receive longer periods of sunlight. It has been observed that the plant has a soil seed bank and can emerge under favourable conditions in places where it had formerly disappeared.

threats:
This species is very sensitive to sward height and the availability of open soil for germination. Therefore, the main threat is posed by a lack of grazing, inappropriate timing of grazing or  overgrazing (Wilson 2009). A further threat is the modification of cultivation practices - the species is sensitive to the use of fertilisers or conversion of grassland into agricultural land, and that led to the loss of many populations in the past   (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Plantlife International 2006). Quarrying was another cause for habitat loss (Plantlife International 2006).

conservationAction:
Gentianella anglica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the United Kingdom, it is protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife   Countryside Act 1981. In the UK Red List the species is marked as requiring more taxonomic research (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is found in several protected areas and Natura 2000 sites throughout its range.This species needs moderate grazing to keep the habitat open, ideally is light grazing by cattle through the summer. The great majority of sites are on farmland managed at a low intensity as part of the traditional extensive grazing systems of the southern English chalklands.Research into its taxonomic status should continue and more information on the causes of fluctuations and decline as well as the right conservation measures should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gentianella bohemica is endemic to Poland, Germany, Czech Republic and Austria. In the Czech Republic the species was reported from approximately 60 localities (2000-2010), in  Austria it is found at more than 20 localities, in Poland at three localities, and in Germany  it was found at seven localities. The overall population trend is declining and the species is subject to several threats ranging from abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent  vegetation succession and competition, to overgrazing, conversion  of the habitat into forest plantations, use of fertilisers, and droughts. Locally,  recreational activities, urbanisation and mining have been reported as  threats. Furthermore, extreme fluctuations have been observed in the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. This species is therefore classed as Vulnerable and adequate site management and monitoring are needed to prevent further population declines.

range:
This species is native to Poland, Germany, Czech Republic and Austria    (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). At the present time, the species is found at about 50 localities in Czech Republic and at more than 20 localities in  Austria (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Germany, the species is only found in Bavaria in the border region near the Czech Republic and Austria (Ahlmer 2010). In Poland it occurs between 630 and 720 m asl and is very rare. It has recently been confirmed in three localities in the Central Sudety mountains (Góry Stołowe mountains and Góry Orlickie mountains). It is suspected that the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km².

population:
In the Czech Republic the species occurs in around 50 localities. This number is only indicative since Gentianella bohemica can occur in the sites after a longer period of absence. About one third of the sites have very small populations and therefore further losses are expected. Very few new sites have been discovered but overall the trend is declining (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2011). There were 1,647 individuals in 2003 (which was a very dry year) and 22,296 individuals in 2005. In  Germany it was found at seven localities   (Commission of the European  Communities 2009). It can be concluded that there are extreme fluctuations. In Austria, there are more than 20 localities in Oberösterreich and Niederösterreich. In Poland, which has a declining population trend, there were ca 350 flowering individuals in 2006 and ca 50 individuals in 2007.

habitat:
Gentianella bohemica can grow in meadows and pastures, mesic Arrhenatherum meadows, Cynosurus pastures, intermittently wet Molinia meadows, submontane and montane Nardus grasslands, dry grasslands, broad-leaved dry grasslands, acidophilous dry grasslands and forest fringe vegetation. It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6520  Mountain hay meadowsIt is very difficult keeping sites in good condition. Gentianella bohemica needs very specific management, livestock grazing or mowing (or a combination of both), which is needed in the exact time period. Extensive grazing by goats, sheep, and cattle was the best type of management, but is very rare nowadays (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2011).

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent vegetation succession and competition as the taxon needs open grass cover. On the other hand overgrazing, conversion of the habitat into forest plantations, use of fertilisers are leading to habitat loss and degradation. Locally, recreational activities, urbanisation and mining have been reported as threats. Increased droughts affect the species. It is susceptible to weather, and has a reduced rate of germination when is dry vegetation season.

conservationAction:
Gentianella bohemica is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Germany it is classed as Critically Endangered (level 1) on the national red list    (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and is under national protection. Populations are included in the national park Bayerischer Wald. In Austria, it is also listed as Critically Endangered (Niklfeld 1999). Ex situ and in situ conservation programmes are underway. In Poland Gentianella bohemica is included in the Regional Red List of Lower Silesia (Kącki 2003) and is classified as Critically Endangered; it is also strictly protected at national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). Two of the three Polish populations are situated in the area of Góry Stołowe National Park. The species is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Red List (Holub and Procházka 2000).Gentianella bohemica  needs very specific management, livestock grazing or mowing (or a  combination of both), which is needed in the exact time period. Sites  require constant professional supervision, monitoring and training of  people who carry out management.


redListCategoryRationale:
Erodium astragaloides is listed as Critically Endangered because of its restricted distribution. Its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1 km², all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals, mainly caused by grazing pressure and droughts.

range:
Erodium astragaloides is endemic to the northwestern sector of Sierra Nevada, Granada, south of Spain (Blanca et al. 2004). Its presence has been reported in more areas, but it could be a different species. Its AOO is 1 km².

population:
There is only one population, the specific habitat requirements prevent this species to expand its range. Population has been estimated as 12,293 individuals. #

habitat:
This species can grow in sparse grasslands on less developed rocky-sandy dolomitic soils. Associated with Juniperus phoenicea (Rhamno myrtifolii-Junipereto phoeniceae S.), as part of communities which are rich in endemic species. It coexists with Santolina elegans, Rothmaleria granatensis, Helianthemum pannosum, Silene boryi, Convolvulus boissieri, Scabiosa pulsatilloides ssp. pulsatilloides, Anthyllis tejedensis, Centaurea boissieri ssp. funkii, Trisetum velutinum, Thymus granatensis, Armeria filicaulis ssp. trevenqueana and Saxifraga erioblasta.

threats:
The main threats to this species are grazing pressure, very reduced ecological plasticity and lack of adequate habitat. Drought and erosion are significant threats, especially due to the specificity of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).The population is included in protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada (SCI). An action recovery plan is been promoted that incorporates monitoring. There are seeds in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz and Banco de Germoplasma de Sierra Nevada.

redListAssessors:
Blanca, G., Gutiérrez Carretero, L. & Donaire Sánchez, F.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Erodium paularense is listed as Endangered because it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 5 km². All the individuals occur in five locations and its distribution appears fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals mainly due to predation, grazing and quarrying.

range:
Erodium paularense is endemic to central Spain. It occurs in Madrid in Valle de Lozoya and in the province of Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha) it can be found between the Sierra del Alto Rey and the Sierra del Bulejo. Its presence has been reported in five locations and its AOO has been reported to be 5 km² (Albert et al. 2004).More subpopulations have been found in Soria (Castilla y León) and Zaragoza (Aragón), which have to be studied (J.C. Moreno Saiz pers. comm. 2011).

population:
It is known from seven subpopulations. Surveys determined a population of 86,200 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and 210,650 individuals (Albert et al. 2004). More recently total population size has been estimated in 211,350 individuals (Iriondo et al. 2009). The most important factor conditioning population growth is survival of reproductive individuals, especially the ones with bigger size. The populations show a slightly declining trend caused mainly by stochastic events.

habitat:
This species can be a dominant species in some dolomitic outcrops of silicieous landscapes from the Guadarrama mountain range. It grows in crevices and cavities of dolomitic rocks. E. paularense can coexist with Chaenorrhinum origanifolium ssp. origanifolium, Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes ssp. pachyrachis, Globularia vulgaris, Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. incanum, Seseli montanum.In Guadalajara it occupies somewhat less than 200,000 m². Among the species that accompanies it, are: Jasione montana, Leucanthemopsis pallida, Sedum amplexicaule ssp. amplexicaule or Fumana procumbens.It is a hermaphrodite plant, partially self-compatible, and generally insect-pollinated. Individuals are reproductive from the basal rosette and reach a diameter of 4-6 cm. There is a low production of seeds per plant. A high percentage of seeds is preyed upon by ants (Messor capitatus). Grazing by sheep and cattle also eliminates part of the reproductive potential. The appearance of seedlings varies yearly, but is generally low. The mature plants produce, on average, 68 flowers, 11 nuts and four seeds per plant. #

threats:
Predation, grazing, quarries and, in less extent, road development are the main threats. Ants are a significant problem for seeds. Collection by humans and habitat destruction are also significant problems.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species. It is included as "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogues of threatened species of Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha. It is listed as EN B2ab(v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).In Castilla-La Mancha, this species has a passed conservation plan and the reserve Microreserva de los Cerros Volcánicos de La Miñosa has been created to preserve its population. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

redListAssessors:
Iriondo, J.M., Albert, M.J. & Escudero Alcántara, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Erodium rupicola is listed as Vulnerable due to its small population size and observed population decline. The population has been estimated at 5,990 individuals, which are distributed into 17 subpopulations with less than 1,000 specimens each. Overgrazing, firewalls maintenance works and reforestation are the main threats affecting the species.

range:
Erodium rupicola is endemic to the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Algarra et al. 2011). Its main subpopulation occurs at Sierra de Filabres (Almería), being also present in Sierra Nevada (Granada) and, less frequently, in Sierra de Baza (Granada). It can be found in three locations, comprising at least 17 subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 34 km².

population:
The total population size has been estimated to be 5,990 individuals (Algarra et al. 2011). Decreasing trends have been reported for its population size. This species has a high reproductive capacity in terms of percentage  of specimens producing flowers, but the number of flowers and fruits  produced is not very high. Germination is high but seedlings survival  after the first summer is low.

habitat:
This plant grows within sub-rupicolous and, less commonly, rupicolous communities, in areas with a moderate degree of nitrification. Frequent accompanying species are Sedum dasyphyllum, Umbilicus rupestris, Asplenium foreziense, Sedum amplexicaule, Festuca scariosa, Sedum album, Cerastium gibraltaricum, Euphorbia characias ssp. characias, Antirrhinum hispanicum, Sedum acre, Rhamnus pumila and Hormathophylla longicaulis. In the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Filabres, it occurs within the associations of # Centrantho nevadensis-Sedetum brevifolii and Diantho lusitani-Antirrhinetum rupestris. In the Sierra de Baza, within the associations of Teucrio rotundifolii-Kerneretum boissieri.

threats:
Threats to this species are overgrazing, firewall maintenance works and reforestation. Trampling and habitat alteration due to human presence are also threats, in areas close to tracks. Road and track maintenance works are potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as VU C2a(i,ii) in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Algarra et al. 2011).All the subpopulations but the ones in Sierra de Filabres, occur within the protected areas Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada and Parque Natural de Sierra de Baza. It has been object of conservation programmes and research. Plant material is stored in germplasm banks.Habitat restoration measures should be implemented in areas affected by reforestation measures. Population monitoring should be improved and seeds from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Furthermore, the presence of grazing species should be controlled.


redListCategoryRationale:
Geranium maderense is endemic to Madeira with less than 50 remaining mature individuals. The population is stable but the habitat is declining due to urbanisation, infrastructure development, and the encroachment of invasive species. It is therefore classed as Critically Endangered and appropriate conservation measures are urgently needed.

range:
This plant is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is found on north-facing slopes (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). The extent of occurrence is 267 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and it is found at three locations.

population:
There are less than 50 remaining mature individuals, however, the population is stable (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This plant grows on rocky cliffs and terraces with accumulation of soil (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are habitat degradation due to urban and infrastructure development as well as invasive species which cause competition for Geranium maderense. Natural factors such as storms and landslides can also affect this species (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Geranium maderense is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is recommended to raise public awareness. Furthermore, the sites where the species grows should be managed, e.g., control of threatening factors such as invasive species, and protected, and the habitat needs to be restored. Reinforcement of subpopulations combined with reintroductions is furthermore recommended. Seeds are stored in Madeira Botanical Gardens seed bank.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic relationship between M. alterniflorum sensu stricto and diminutive plants found in some parts of Ireland and western Scotland (referred to by some as var. americanum) is unclear and merits investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because although it is considered to be of conservation concern in parts of its range, it is widespread and abundant with stable populations and does not face any major threats elsewhere.

range:
M. alterniflorum occurs from Europe east through Siberia an central Asia to the Russian Far east, as well as North Africa and northern and eastern North America. In Europe, it occurs throughout the north, but is less frequent in the south and Mediterranean and is absent from the Balkans.

population:
M. alterniflorum is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable in Italy and rare in the Netherlands (J. Bruinsma pers. comm. 2010), otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Myriophyllum alterniflorum grows in temporary pools, peat bogs, lakes, mountain ponds and rivers with very clear, cold waters (<20°C), on very soft, acidic to pH-neutral soil and exposed to intense light (heliophile species). It is a Hydrophyte species that germinates under water or on saturated soils in February-March and blooms out of water in spring. Together with the sexual reproduction, the plant shows a vegetative multiplication during the aquatic phase, that facilitates the colonization of new spaces by fragmentation and taking off cuttings.

conservationAction:
M. alterniflorum is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable in Italy and rare in the Netherlands (J. Bruinsma pers. comm. 2010), it is also the subject of regional protection in France (Alsace, Lorraine, Burgundy, Picardie and Ile de France), otherwise   there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
M. sibiricum has a circumboreal distribution, occurring from Iceland east through Arctic Russia and northern Siberia to Kamchatka and in North America from Alaska to west Greenland and Newfoundland as well as further south to California, Indiana and New York State. In Europe, it occurs in Scandinavia and the Baltic States.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of M. sibiricum, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
M. sibiricum grows in standing and, more rarely, slowly running water down to at least 3 m, usually in sheltered situations. Typically found in clear, base-rich water on soft bottoms. It avoids dystrophic and oligotrophic waters, but is often common in brackish seawater, and it is tolerant of freezing (Ericsson 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
There are no taxonomic issues affecting this name. There is uncertainty over the identification of some populations of Myriophyllum when they are not flowering, but this is not considered likely to affect the evaluation.

range:
Myriophyllum spicatum is very widespread all over the world. It is cosmopolitan and found in the Mediterranean region, Europe, Asia, South Africa, North and South America (generally native to the Old World and introduced in the New World).

population:
M. spicatum appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
M. spicatum occurs in lakes, rivers, streams, canals and ditches. It prefers base-rich water systems with high dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrate, nitrite, and pH and in hydrosoil with high phosphate and organic matter contents.

useAndTrade:
M. spicatum may be sold for domestic ponds but this is certainly not common in northern Europe.


taxonomicNotes:
Tzvelev (2006) notes that "sometimes three varieties are identified  under this species: var. pectinatus Wallr. with bracts as long  as or slightly longer than flowers; var. intermedium with  bracts almost 3 times as long as flowers; and var. verticillatum  with bracts almost 10 times as long as flowers".

range:
M. verticillatum has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, occurring from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Caucasus, the Middle East, northern Pakistan,  #Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, to Kamchatka and the Russian Far East, and throughout northern and western North America. It occurs throughout Europe, from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula and east to North European Russia, Belarus, the Ukraine and Turkey in Europe.

population:
M. verticillatum is classed as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable (A2c) in the United Kingdom and Near Threatened in Norway and Switzerland, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
M. verticillatum typically grows in clear or slightly turbid, still or slowly flowing calcareous water in lakes, streams, canals and ditches, including open water in fens.

conservationAction:
M. verticillatum is classed as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable (A2c) in the United  Kingdom and Near Threatened in Norway and Switzerland. In France, M. verticillatum is protected at regional level in Basse-Normandie, but otherwise, there are no conservation measures in place or needed.  .


taxonomicNotes:
There are two known subspecies: Anchusa crispa ssp. crispa which is endemic to Sardinia and Corsica and Anchusa crispa ssp. maritima which is endemic to Sardinia only (Conti et al. 2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
The area in which this species is found is very small with an area of occupancy below 500 km² and the populations are severely  fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown as some subpopulations are still declining whereas for others an increase has been noted. However, mature individuals, as well as subpopulations have been lost already and the species' habitat suffers from degradation due to recreational activities, infrastructure development for tourism, and invasive species to name a few. Fluctuations have been observed in the number of mature individuals which are caused by natural storms but worsened by urbanisation. This species is classified as Endangered.

range:
This European endemic plant is only found on the upper part of beaches on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. # In Corsica, it occurs at sea level at the eastern coast in Canella, Favone, Golfe du Valinco, Cappiciolo, Cala Piscona, Capu Laurosu, Portigliolo and it is introduced to Ajaccio (Gravona, Capo di Feno). There are nine distinct locations and the range of the species is 654 km² whereas the area of occupancy is only 5 ha (0.05 km²). In Sardinia, the area of occupancy is definitely less than 500 km², the species is rare and difficult to find but occurs more or less at sea level.

population:
In Corsica, six populations were reported in five communes with 10,400 individuals counted in 2008. In 2009, it was found in nine sites in five communes, again with 10,400 individuals. Four out of nine populations are in severe decline and one population in Campitellu has become extinct which happened in 1995. In general, the tendency is increasing, although a decrease has been observed locally. Fluctuations have been observed in the number of mature individuals.In Sardinia, the decline of the populations is suspected and they are fragmented between two main sites.

habitat:
An annual or short-lived perennial herb that grows on highly saline, sandy soils.   A. crispa depends on the substrate on which it grows (depth, richness and humidity) in order to accumulate sufficient energy reserves to flower and fruit. Ants disperse its tiny seeds over short distances, and they may be dispersed over longer distances by water. A. crispa is usually found growing on fairly firm sandy substrates at the upper edge of the beach, sometimes associated with Sand Couch Grass (Agropyron junceum) and Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria). Although A. crispa tolerates occasional trampling, it will disappear if the pressure becomes too severe.It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2120 "Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes")" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The threats to this species can be divided into two groups: those posed by people, and those by natural events. Currently this species is badly affected by human activities, in particular intense trampling, motorbikes, four-wheel drive vehicles and quad bikes, camping, the construction of tracks and roads, mechanical beach cleaning, and the removal of sand. The construction of ditches upstream to the beaches also poses a threat by modifying the amount of water available to the plants.  On Corsica, strong storms have repeatedly swept large amounts of sand over the area where Anchusa grows. In 1999 and 2002 such events caused substantial declines in several subpopulations of this species. So, three locations out of the nine will probably disappear by future building development. #Invasive Carpobrotus sp. is a potential threat for the future in Corsica and in Sardinia and may be affecting the whole population but this is only a suspicion and would be a gradual decline (L. Hugot pers. comm. 2010, Olivier et al. 1995). In Sardinia, tourism is the biggest threat, with public access not limited, allowing camping and vehicle access. Another indirect impact is posed by the increased construction of buildings (G. Bacchetta pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
Actions in PlaceThis species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In France, Anchusa crispa is legally protected in Corsica and included in the national Red List of France. In the Red List of Italy, it is listed as Endangered (Conti et al. 1997).  #     In situ: Several conservation projects have started through an EU LIFE project entitled "Conservation of natural habitats and plant species in Corsica", including habitat protection, land acquisition, and restoration work.  Within the framework of the EU Habitats Directive, several sites containing A. crispa are now included in the Natura 2000 network, a measure likely to strengthen conservation efforts. In Corsica, individuals are counted in  every population every year (Plan National d'Action). Certain sites on Corsica are in the process of being restored by l'Antenne Corse du Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles and the Conservatoire Régional des Sites de Corse, which includes management and replanting.&# Reintroduction  attempts have been made, with mitigated results (failure or partial  success). There is a project at Carnella for the reinforcement of the  population started in 2006.  Ex situ: Seeds of this species have been conserved in several seed banks, e.g. at Porquerolles (France), and plants have been cultivated in several botanic gardens, including Sóller (Majorca, Spain), Porquerolles (responsible for ex situ conservation), and Geneva (Switzerland).  Actions Needed Beach managers as well as the public need to learn about the importance of protecting native coastal species. Barriers should be erected to keep vehicles off the beach. Sites hosting important populations of A. crispa need to be acquired by nature conservation­ managersBuilding developments on and near the sites of A. crispa should be reviewed. More research is required on the number of individuals/distribution and the potential affect of the invasive species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Echium candicans is endemic to the island of Madeira with an extent of occurrence of 362 km². The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations. Further threats that have been reported were collection of the plant, infrastructure  works, recreational activities, and natural catastrophes.

range:
Echium candicans is endemic to the island of Madeira (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its extent of occurrence is around 362 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in 20 localities with an increasing population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
Echium candicans lives in rocky cliffs and terraces where soil from the central mountainous area accumulates. It forms part of the Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis. This plant can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4050 Endemic macaronesian heaths9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)

threats:
The main threats are posed by collection of the plant, infrastructure works such as roads or communication networks, recreational activities and associated construction of path, and natural catastrophes such as landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009). A major fire occurred in its population range and might have destroyed several individuals.

conservationAction:
Echium candicans is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

useAndTrade:
Although it is native to Madeira, Echium candicans is widely distributed throughout the world as an ornamental and garden plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Echium gentianoides is classed as Vulnerable due to its restricted area of occupancy, slightly higher than 10 km², which implies a potential threat for the conservation of the species. Predation by goats still affects this species, though the impact is lower than in the past.

range:
Echium gentianoides is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows at high altitude, above 1,800 m asl. It occurs in one location comprising up to five scattered subpopulations on the high areas of Caldera de Taburiente (M. Marrero. pers. comm. 2011). The area of occupancy has been estimated in between 13.75 km2 (55 grid cells of 500x500 m) and 28 km2 (28 grid cells of 1x1 km) (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Its population size has been estimated to be between 2,300 and 3,355 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In 2005, 6,797 individuals were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The population trend is increasing due to a decrease of certain threat factors.

habitat:
Echium gentianoides grows in sunny rocky sites at altitudes higher than 1,800 m asl. It is commonly associated to shrublands on peaks within communities such as Tolpidetum calderae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and Spartocytision nubigeni (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

threats:
The main threat described for this species is predation by goats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in  the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente (Gobierno de canarias 2009). It occurs also within the proteced areas SCI Barlovento, Garafía, El Paso y Tijarafe, Reserva Natural Integral del Pinar de Garafía and Parque Natural de Las Nieves. A population reinforcement plan has been developed in this area and the species has been successfully introduced to several sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Echium handiense is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 2 km² and all individuals occur in a single location, comprising 145 individuals. Population size presents a decreasing trend. Its habitat is very reduced due to bioclimatic conditions, and there is assumed to be continuing decline in its quality and extent due to grazing pressures.

range:
Echium handiense is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it is found in a very small area of approximately 1 km² on the summit of Jandía mountain range, between the peaks of La Zarza (west) and of El Mocán (east). The peak of La Zarza is the type locality for the species. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated in 2 km² (Scholz 2004).

population:
Population in the only known location has been reported to be 145 individuals (Scholz 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Despite the extremely limited habitat available for this species and the low number of individuals, this habitat is considered to be stable and in an acceptable state of conservation. The number of seeds is variable depending on climatic conditions. Decreasing population trends have been reported (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This small-medium shrub grows within rupicolous communities on north facing crags, influenced by trade wind fogs. In these sites thermophile humid shrublands are formed by species such as Heberdenia excelsa, Maytenus canariensis, Visnea mocanera, Argyranthemum winteri, Bupleurum handiense, Hypericum glandulosum, Jasminum odoratissimum, Nauplius sericeus, Ononis christii, Rhamnus crenulata, Senecio bollei, Sideritis pumila, Asparagus umbellatus, Smilax aspera ssp. mauritanica and Rubus bollei (Scholz 2004). Due to free roaming sheep and goat, the species is restricted to inaccessible cliffs, therefore its available habitat is very restricted. It can also appear in foothills and accessible ledges, but it disappears soon due to grazing pressure.

threats:
Grazing by free livestock (goats and sheep) and other herbivores (as rabbits) is the main threat to this species. Due to its highly restricted distribution the species is very vulnerable to possible natural hazards like prolonged drought, landslides and the introduction of competitors and diseases.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.The whole population of this species is within the limits of the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (SCI) (Scholz 2004), but there are no real conservation measures in place. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Proposed measures include appropriate management of grazing activities in the area (exclusion areas and limitation of the amount of grazing animals), control of other herbivorous predators, ex situ cultivation and storage of seeds, and research about the ecological interactions taking place in the environment where the species occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
Echium pininana is classified as Endangered due to its restricted distribution range, with a very small area of occupancy of 7.25 km². Its population appears fragmented and fluctuations have been observed in the number of mature individuals. The progressive abandonment of  forest exploitation activities leads to a closure of the forest that is  not favourable for the expansion of this heliophile species.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 675 and 1,400 m asl, distributed into seven subpopulations, on the mountains of the northeastern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 7.25 km² (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).It is believed that new subpopulations could be found in the future.

population:
The total population size has been determined to be 13,023 individuals, unevenly distributed so the number of individuals present in each subpopulation varies from six to more than a thousand. Fluctuations have been reported in the recorded data and it has been suggested that they are due the biology of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The presence of reproductive individuals is low (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
It grows on deep and slightly acid soils, on sun exposed slopes or gaps within the laurel-like evergreen forest known as monteverde. Frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Myrica faya, Laurus novocanariensis and Cedronella canariensis (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

threats:
No threat has been described for this species apart from natural competition with other species when colonizing gaps and open areas within the forest. However, the number of individuals seems to decrease in areas where the forest appears closed and operations that result in the creation of gaps have ceased (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed Vulnerable B2ac(iii,iv); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).More than half of the area where the species occurs is included in the protected areas Parque Natural de Las Nieves and Reserva Natural Especial de Guelguén. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos.

useAndTrade:
In the past this species was used as forage crop. Nowadays it is used in gardening as an ornamental species, at international level.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range such as Hungary, Serbia and Russia and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists. Threats to the species and its habitat are the abandonment of grazing activities, agricultural expansion, mining,  eutrophication, trampling, and unsuitable management. Adequate conservation and protection measures to prevent further declines are needed, especially in the northwestern part of its range.

range:
Echium russicum is native to Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and central European Russia and extends its range further into Turkey and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It has recently been found in Austria at one locality near the border with Hungary (Fischer and Niklfeld 2008).In Bosnia-Herzegovina, recent findings confirm the species for Mt Borja and Mt Ozren. In Serbia, it is present in the west and in the east of the country (Vladimirov et al. 2009). In the Czech Republic, it was found at 14 sites with about 700 individuals but the country is on the edge of E. russicum's European range. In Hungary, it is found eastwards from Gerecse and is scattered in all the mountains to the Ukrainian border. In Poland, it is only found at two localities, in Dobużek near Łaszczów and Czumów on the Bug River (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Slovakia, the species is found in 16 localities in the southeastern part of the Podunajská nížina Lowland, the southern part of the Štiavnické vrchy Mts, Krupinská planina Plateau, Drienčanský kras Karst, Slovenský kras Karst and in the Demjatské kopce Hills NR near Prešov. The occurrence in several other localities (Holíč, wider surroundings of Bratislava and Nitra, Vígľaš, Zemplínske vrchy Mts. Vinné, etc.) has not been confirmed recently (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The total population for Slovakia, Hungary, and Czech Republic has been estimated to be more than 31,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Poland, the two populations total around 100 individuals thanks to reintroductions (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Serbia, the species is common but restricted to serpentine soils in west Serbia, whereas it is scattered and rather rare in east Serbia where it is restricted to limestones (Vladimirov et al. 2009). The populations are slowly declining in the Czech Republic. In Hungary, which is the stronghold of the populations in Europe, the populations are stable apart from the border at its range where they show fluctuations especially west from the Gerecse mountains.In Slovakia, the species forms populations normally composed of 5 – 50 individuals, the richest locality (Demjatské kopce Hills NR) has a #few hundreds of individuals. The size and number of populations in Slovakia have been markedly decreasing over the last few decades, but it is not in danger of extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).   In Bulgaria, it has a limited and fragmented distribution in many regions of the country from 0 to 1,200 m altitude. The population size was difficult to estimate as there were nearly no observations but in the last five years at least 10-15 localities were observed. Some of them have populations between 100-200 individuals, but usually they consist of single or a few tens of individuals only. At one site some fluctuation was observed. The trend is unknown.

habitat:
Echium russicum is a biennial, monocarpic, short lived plant that grows in narrow-leaved dry grasslands (Festucion valesiacae) and broad-leaved grassland (Bromion erecti), sunlit slopes, steppe meadows, deserted vineyards in lowlands and hilly areas. It has a preference for serpentine soils in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but is also found on limestone. In the Czech Republic and Hungary, it is especially found on basic soils, such as limestone, dolomite, andesite, rarely also on loess; in Bulgaria also on silicate. The species originally occurred mainly on the flat steppes of the Pannonian region, from which it has been gradually driven out to extensively used rock slopes with xeric grassland to forest-steppe vegetation (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)

threats:
The main threat to this species is the abandonment of grazing activities and subsequent vegetation succession. Habitat is also lost due to activities such as enlargement of agricultural fields and vineyards or rock mining (Mereďa  and Hodálová 2011). Further threats are posed by eutrophication, trampling, but also unsuitable management as the species needs, for example, mowing in late summer and disturbed soil. Plantations of pine forest have been described as a threat in the past.

conservationAction:
Echium russicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Serbia and Russia it has been listed as Least Concern. In Hungary, it is listed as Near Threatened (Király 2007) and protected by national law. Bulgaria, lists the species as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and protects it under national law. The Czech Republic, lists it as Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and it is protected in the highest national category. It is also classed as Critically Endangered in Austria (Niklfeld 1999). #In the Slovakia, it is classified as Endangered and occurs in nine Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia, covering 50% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

useAndTrade:
In some countries, Echium russicum flowers are picked from the wild.

redListAssessors:
Bernhardt, K.G., Dostalova, A., Király, G. & Petrova, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread throughout most of its European range, with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
H. supinum occurs from Macaronesia, through Europe east to the Middle East, India and Pakistan and throughout much of Africa. In Europe it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula through France and Italy to Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania.

population:
It is Critically Endangered in Croatia and Near Threatened on Cyprus   and it is protected in the Languedoc-Roussillon Departement of France. Otherwise there is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of H. supinum, however there are no reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
H. supinum typically occurs on the dried out beds of ponds, pools, lake margins and in rice fields.

conservationAction:
H. supinum is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia and Near Threatened on Cyprus and it is protected in the Languedoc-Roussillon Departement of France, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lithodora nitida is listed as  Endangered because there are only five subpopulations known with a low number of individuals and confined to a total area of occupancy of less than 10 km². There is continuing decline in its distribution, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals, due to grazing from domestic livestock and forest herbivores.

range:
This species is endemic to the mountains ranges of Mágina, Pandera, Horconera and Rute (Spain) (Blanca et al. 2004). It probably also occurs in the mountain range of Almijara (Granada and Málaga).

population:
There are five known populations, whose actual surface area of occupancy is less than 3 km².  A percentage of 80% of the individuals are capable of flowering; there have been no saplings detected, probably because the growth occurs within the thorny bushes due to the the influence of cattle.The five known subpopulations include: Mountain range of Mágina I: 51 individuals Mountain range of Mágina II: 251 individuals Mountain range of the Pandera: 571 individuals Horconera mountain range: 38 individuals Mountain range of Rute: 11 individualsThere  is continuing decline in its distribution, extent and quality of its  habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This small suffrutescent shrub grows in thicket vegetation on poorly developed rocky or sandy soils, on a dolomite substrate. It grows between spiny cushions and in fissures of rock faces. It comes in the domain  of Rhamno myrtifolii-Junipereto phoeniceae, and Daphne oleoidi-Pineto sylvestris. These communities have a special value as biological hotspot. The species is accompanied by species such Convolvulus  boissieri, Pterocephalus spathulatus, Helianthemum frigidulum,  Hormathophylla lapeyrousiana, Centaurea granatensis, Thymus granatensis,  Sideritis incana, Viola cazorlensis, Erinacea anthyllis, Echinospartum  boissieri, Genista longipes and Vella spinosa.The populations are renewed mainly by vegetative reproduction (stolons). It is distylous, with two types of plants, some whose flowers have long stamens and short style and others have flowers with short stamens and long style. The only pollinators are Anthophora spp. (Hymenoptera, Apioidea).Each flower contains four seminal primordia of usually about three and in the best case, only one is mature. Dispersion is by zoobolocoria, where most of the nuts are dropped in the environment of the parent plant, where some may remain dormant until December.

threats:
This species is threatened by grazing from domestic livestock and forest herbivores. The majority of individuals shelter between thorny bushes, in rock crevices or on eroded slopes with little plant coverage; the flowering tops are eaten and few examples come to fruition. It has a poor reproductive strategy. Other threats are the planting of conifer plantations,  wild fires and the accessibility of populations.

conservationAction:
Lithodora nitida is listed as priority species on the Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The mountain range of Sierra de Mágina is a Natural Park, and the mountain ranges of Horconera and Rute are included in the Natural Park of 'Sierras Subbéticas'; both have been proposed as SCIs. A recovery plan has been proposed by the 'Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía'. Some parts of the subpopulation at Mágina are fenced. The Sierra de Jaén is a surburban park. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species.

redListAssessors:
Blanca, G., Gutiérrez, L., Algarra Ávila, J.A., Luque Moreno, P. & Hierro, M.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Myosotis azorica is endemic to the Azores where the populations are small and have a total of 500-600 individuals. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Azores, where it is found at the islands of S. Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores and Corvo (Borges et al. 2005). Its area of occupancy is around 15 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that the population was between 500 and 600 individuals in 2004. There are only a few subpopulations that are fragmented and suffer from strong genetic isolation (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Myosotis azorica is an ecotone species associated to natural humid grasslands. It occurs in big naturally disturbed areas. It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6180 "Macaronesian mesophile grasslands"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are posed by agriculture and forestry activities, modifying structures of inland water courses, erosion, and natural catastrophes (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Myosotis azorica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

useAndTrade:
There is no information on potential use available.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Sell and Murrell (2009), M. laxa ssp. caespitosa occurs in the Old World and subsp. laxa in North America.

range:
M. laxa is found throughout much of the northern Hemisphere, ssp. caespitosa occurs from Europe, south to North Africa and east through Siberia, Mongolia and the Middle East to China and ssp. laxa occurs on the western and eastern coastal areas of North America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
M. laxa is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
M. laxa will occur in most types of water body, including temporary pools, marshes, wet meadows, small watercourses, damp places, lake margins, rivers and streams.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Portuguese endemic is classed as Data Deficient as no information about its population size or trends is available. Its habitat wetland is declining due to hydrological changes and pollution. More research is needed.

range:
Myosotis lusitanica is native to Portugal where it occurs in the centre and south. Its geographic range is 10,585 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in margins of water courses and in swampy areas over flooded sandy soils. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitat: 2190 "Humid dune slacks" and 6410 "Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats for this species are canalisation, modifying structures of inland water courses and water pollution as well as human activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Myosotis lusitanica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Research on the population biology and distribution of the species is recommended.

useAndTrade:
No information on potential uses is available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)This species has an area of occupancy of less than 500 km² and is found at fewer than five locations. The populations are currently stable, but this plant experiences extreme natural fluctuations. The major threat to this species are changes to the water regime and water extraction and pollution. It is experiencing a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. It is therefore listed as Endangered.

range:
Myosotis rehsteineri is native to Austria, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its geographic range is 1,280 km² from which 1,200 belong to Germany   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is considered rare in Italy and there are no recent collections since the 1980s. In Italy, the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and in Switzerland it is approximately 24 km². The overall AOO for this species is estimated to be less than 500 km² and it is found at four locations only.

population:
This is a pioneer species. In Germany and Switzerland, the population size is currently increasing, but this might be due to natural fluctuations (A. Gygax pers. comm. 2010). In Switzerland and Austria, it is only found in Lake Constance. The populations are considered to be stable at the moment, but this species experiences extreme fluctuations. This species is very rare in Italy (Galasso unpublished).The following populations have been estimated (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 80,000 individualsGermany: 21 localitiesItaly: three confirmed localities and one not confirmedSwitzerland: 24 km²

habitat:
This species is found in oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) and also in oligo-mesotrophic waters. This species is strongly influenced by changes in water level. The habitat is normally flooded in summer and dry in autumn. It's a pioneer species.

threats:
The major threat to this species are changes to the water regime and  water extraction and pollution (especially at the two localities in  Italy). In Austria, nautical sports have been cited as a threat for this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Recreational activities such as swimming, boats, sailing, camping, disturb the species. Succession due to changes in land management (such as abandonment of mowing) and changes in hydrological regimes are potential threats to this species. Eutrophication can also be a threat to this species. Sand and gravel extraction upriver might be a possible threat.

conservationAction:
Myosotis rehsteineri is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is found in a few small reserves, but it is not known if this offers any protection to this species.It is classed as Critically Endangered in the national red lists of Austria, Germany and Italy, and as Endangered in Switzerland. It is protected in all the countries except for Italy.There are some conservation groups that work currently on this plant (e.g. Arbeitsgruppe Bodenseeufer). In Italy it would be useful to do surveys of historic sites.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Bernhardt, K.G., Gargano, D. & Montagnani, C.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has taxonomic problems and its validity is questionable. It is difficult to detect as it is very similar to Myosotis welwitschii Boiss. & Reuter (ICN 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to southwest Portugal with an extent of occurrence of  1,559 km² and an area of occupancy of 900 km². This plant has been described as rare with low  numbers of individuals and population declines  in the last two decades. The main threats are the expansion of communication networks and an  increasing pressure from urbanisation and tourism. However, the taxonomic validity of this species is questionable and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to southwest Portugal. It occurs in the south of Estremadura and the coastal Alentejo and extends into Santiago do Cacém, Odemira, and Castro Verde (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 1,559 km² and the area of occupancy is 900 km²  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This is a rare plant with low numbers of individuals. The populations have been declining particularly in the last two decades (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Myosotis retusifolia is an annual plant of up to 50 cm height that flowers from April to June. It occurs along water courses in sub-halophile conditions (ICN 2006).

threats:
The main threats are the expansion of communication networks and an increasing pressure from urbanisation and tourism (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Myosotis retusifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. The taxonomy of this plant should be studied further, monitoring activities should be continued, ex situ conservation measures are needed as well as appropriate site management (ICN 2006).


range:
M. scorpioides has a mainly European distribution, extending outside the region east to the Caucasus, Siberia and Mongolia. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, apart from the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean. It has been introduced to New Zealand and to most western and eastern areas of North America.

population:
M. scorpioides is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
M. scorpioides will occur in most wetland habitats, from marshes, fens and mild acid bogs to rivers, streams, lakes and artificial waterbodies. It is generally terrestrial or emergent, but will also survive for extended periods totally submerged, in which case it does not flower.

useAndTrade:
M. scorpioides is widely sold for garden and landscape planting, most material sold derives from cultivation and it is not known whether this trade has any effect on wild populations.


range:
Myosotis secunda is endemic to Europe; it has a restricted range including Madeira, the Azores, the Iberian peninsula, France, the United Kingdom and the Faeroe Islands.

population:
Myosotis secunda is widespread and abundant in upland and oceanic areas of the United Kingdom, it has a restricted distribution in France, Spain and Portugal but populations appear to be stable throughout its range.

habitat:
Myosotis secunda typically occurs on acid soils in flushes, on the margins of streams and pools, in wet pasture.


taxonomicNotes:
Omphalodes kuzinskyanae is confused with Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecica. Omphalodes kuzinskyanae only occurs in Portugal, while Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecica is present in Spain (Galicia) (I. Fernandez in Flora Iberica in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a small area along the coast of Portugal. Even though the number of locations is not clearly known, it is considered to be less than ten, there is a decline in both the range and the number of mature individuals and the main threats are urbanisation, fires and invasive species. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable.

range:
Omphalodes kuzinskyanae is endemic to central west Portugal (Cabo da Roca) (Castroviejo et al. in prep., ICNB 2006). Its extent of occurrence for Portugal is 278 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in 11 localities within Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population size is estimated to be between 40,000 and 50,000 individuals (ICNB 2006).

habitat:
This species grows on the top of coastal cliffs, in sandy soils derived from limestone or igneous rocks. It can also be found in modern dune systems. It prefers the shadow and reaches its ecological optimum in coastal forests. With regards to the Habitats Directive listed habitats, Omphalodes kuzinskyanae can occur in (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp. 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.

threats:
The main threats to this species are urbanisation, invasive species and fires.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Conservation measures related to its listing in the national POOC (Coastal Landscape Plan) should be implemented and enforced.


taxonomicNotes:
Although the Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010) lists it in Portugal, it is not found in the Portuguese flora. It has probably been confounded with Omphalodes kuzinskyana.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its large and stable populations, especially in France. In France, the habitat is stable, even sometimes increasing. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future. However, the subspecies gallaecica, in Spain, has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B2b(iii)c(iv).

range:
This species is native to France, where it occurs in Brittany, Pays de la Loire and Poitou-Charantes, and Galicia in Spain. In Spain, only the subspecies Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecic is found.Its range in Spain and France is 2,600 km² across the Atlantic coast of both countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The species has been recorded in 20 localities in Spain (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and 30 localities in France (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). In France, several hundreds of thousands (if not millions) of individuals are estimated and the subpopulations are stable. In Spain, the subpopulations are decreasing, with less than 150,000 individuals.

habitat:
This pioneer plant occurs in "grey" dunes (sand mixed with humus) and degraded areas. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes")2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, continental and boreal region2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands

threats:
The regular cleaning of beaches, as well as sand extraction are destroying the habitat of this species. Urbanisation, infrastructure development (golf places, roads, etc.), trampling and forest plantations in the dunes pose another threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In France, it has national protection and several localities are in Natura 2000, Réserve Naturelle, or Conservatoire du Littoral sites. In Spain, Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecic is also included in the national and regional legislation. It is considered as Endangered in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Onosma polyphylla  Ledeb. is native to the western Caucasus and Crimea. In the Crimean Mountains, it is found in around  20 isolated and fragmented localities with an extent of occurrence  below 20,000 km². The population size and trend are unknown but habitat degradation due to recreational activities poses the main threat to this species. It is therefore precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The area of Onosma polyphylla Ledeb. occupies western Caucasus and Crimea. In Caucasus, it grows in the Markotch mountain ridge. In the Crimean Mountains, it occurs from the village Foros to the Karadagh mountain massif. It is found in around 20 isolated localities in Crimean peninsula. The extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km².

population:
The structure of the populations has not been investigated.

habitat:
Onosma polyphylla is a small shrub that flowers from June to July, and sets fruits in August. It grows on dry stone slopes, on the cobbled ground among sparsely growing juniper trees, and Quercus pubescens forests. It is a component of communities of Alysso-Sedetalia ordo Jusmino-Juniperion excelsae association, Onosmo polyphyllae – Ptilostepetea class.

threats:
Degradation of the habitat due to recreational activities poses the main threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Vulnerable (Diduch 2009). The species is protected in the reserves Jaltinskij, Karadaghskij, and Krimskij, and in Novyj Svit, Bajdarskij, Gora Kishka, Buchta Kozacha, and Mis Fiolent zakazniks.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the European part of Turkey and found at only two of formerly six sites on the Thracian plateau. Construction works   have been described as a threat. There is no information on area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of individuals, population trend or how the described threat affects the species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to the European part of Turkey on the Thracian plateau (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
This plant grows only at two remaining sites but was formerly found at six sites (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
The main threat is construction works (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
This species might be identical to a species from Romania, Onosma viridis. There is currently research done on the taxonomy of a number of Balkan species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 100 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 1,000 km². It is found at five locations and is experiencing a decline in the quality of its habitat due to changes in land management and the introduction of invasive species. It is therefore listed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Hungary and Slovakia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010) where it is found along the border between the two countries. There are four localities in Slovakia. It has an estimated AOO between 10 and 100 km². The EOO is estimated to be less than 1,000 km² and it is found at approximately five locations in total.

population:
In Hungary, the population consists of 3,152 to 10,000 individuals. In Slovakia, it has been estimated that between 2,000 and 3,500 individuals are left   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The number of individuals is generally low in Slovakia and there is an estimated decline of 30% in the population size. Two localities in Slovakia have fewer than 10 individuals. It was thought that this plant is rare. There seems to be a decrease in the population size, however further research is needed to quantify this decline.

habitat:
Onosma tornensis is found on sunny, dry, southerly orientated cast slopes and on limestone substrate at 200 to 500 m altitude. It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetationThis species is a weak competitor and it does not tolerate shading.

threats:
In the past, intensive pasture, grazing and trampling were major threats to this plant. Currently, forestation of sites (tree plantations etc.) and natural succession due to changes in agriculture and management causing competition with other plants are the main threats. The invasive species, Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), from Asia causes shading and replaces natural vegetation. This invasive species is difficult to remove once it is introduced. Some substrate disintegration is necessary for growing of seedlings. It is also threatened be limestone quarry and cement factories at some locations. There is also cement dust which might cause a decline in the quality of its habitat. Collection of samples for herbaria might be a threat.

conservationAction:
Onosma tornensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Slovakia, it is listed as Critically Endangered and it is protected by law. It occurs in a national park and some reserves, and also in one Natura 2000 sites (which covers 25% of its localities in Slovakia). In Hungary, it is also listed as Critically Endangered and it is strictly protected. All of the populations are in national parks and Natura 2000 areas.Ex situ conservation for this plant is easily done and research on the taxonomy is underway.

useAndTrade:
This species is used as a ornamental plant and collected from the wild to be planted in private gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
Onosma troodi is a tufted  perennial plant with woody base and rootstock, endemic to  Cyprus where it can be found at the Troodos  National Forest Park. Population has been reported to be al least 10,000 individuals. A number of subpopulations were damaged in the past by military, road  and reforestation works and at present the species is threatened by  recreational activities and over-collection. This species is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Cyprus Red Data Book, however, the area of occupancy and number of locations are not known and it is therefore here classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Onosma troodi is endemic to Cyprus where it can be found confined on the serpentines of the Troodos National Forest Park, at altitude from 1,500 to 1,950 m asl.

population:
The population reported is at least 10,000 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Onosma troodi is a tufted perennial plant with woody base and rootstock. It occurs on dry, rocky openings of Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana forests. It is a characteristic species of the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 62B0 "Serpentinophilous grasslands of Cyprus".

threats:
A number of subpopulations were damaged in the past by military, road and reforestation works. At present the species is threatened by recreational activities and over-collection.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The Troodos National Forest Park, where all the locations are included, is a proposed Natura 2000 site. The species is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Red Data Book of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Although there is no data on population size and trends and there is little information on threats, Solenanthus albanicus has a very restricted distribution and apparently it has been seen only four times ever. Any adverse effect such as grazing can threaten its survival. It is therefore classified as Endangered but the plant also qualifies for Vulnerable based on criterion D2.

range:
Solenanthus albanicus is present in the north of Greece, where it is found in the North Pindos range: Gramos Mt (Souflikas peak, near Kotyli); Douskon Mt (southwest side, this location may be at either side of the Greek-Albanian border) and the South Pindos range: Athamanika Ori Mts (Kakarditsa Mt above Athamania village in Aspropotamos at 2,050–2,250 m asl).It has an extent of occurrence of c. 3,200 km² and an area of occupancy of 16 km², based on a 2x2 km grid.

population:
The records of Solenanthus albanicus in Greece are few. It was first collected on Douskon Mt in 1896 (locus classicus). Zaganiaris (1940) collected the plant on Gramos Mt, and later Sfikas (1995) discovered two locations on the same mountain. Aldén (1976) collected the plant on Kakarditsa Mt in 1973 and described it as Solenanthus pindicus. Obviously, Solenanthus albanicus is a very rare plant in Greece, but there is no data on the current population size. It is found at four locations.

habitat:
This species inhabits dry mountain rocks. It flowers in July, but this may be incomplete. The exact altitude range is not known, but it is possibly 800–2,250 m asl.

threats:
Sfikas (1995) reports that grazing causes population decline of Solenanthus albanicus because the plant is a favourite forage for cattle and sheep. Grazing is an intense activity in the distribution area of the plant.

conservationAction:
Solenanthus albanicus is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The species is protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81 and part or the whole of the population is included in the Natura 2000 sites GR1320002, GR2110002 and GR2130003. Information on the current population size and trend should be collected.


taxonomicNotes:
Symphytum cycladense Pawl. is treated under the name Symphytum davisii Wickens ssp. cycladense (Pawl.) Stearn. in the Greek Red Data Book (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Symphytum cycladense is a Greek endemic with a very restricted range on the islands of Sikinos and Kardiotissa. The two known subpopulations are very small. There are no major threats known as the plant grows in an area that is difficult to access. However, the population trend is unknown too and until more information is available, it is precautionary assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece and only known from the island of Sikinos and the neighbouring islet of Kardiotissa (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are very small as Sikinos itself is only 42 km².

population:
The total number of individuals is not known but the number of mature individuals in each of the two subpopulations is rather small, up to a few hundred individuals (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It grows in shady, stony and rocky places on limestone at 90-300 m (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009).

threats:
The areas where the plant grows are not easily accessible (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009) and therefore no major threats are known.

conservationAction:
Symphytum cycladense is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the National Red Data Book as Vulnerable D (Snogerup and Snogerup in: Phitos et al. 2009) and is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Dracocephalum austriacum ranges  from northeast Spain, to Central Europe and into the Caucasus and  Turkey. The populations are nowhere abundant and the plant seems to have few individuals and declining populations in most of its range. It is included in nearly all of the national red lists as threatened. The main threats are abandonment of pastoral systems, forest  plantations , intensive grazing, recreational activities, and collection. Although widespread, the species seems to be nowhere abundant as to say with confidence it is Least Concern and there is no information for Belarus, Romania or Russia available. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Dracocephalum austriacum ranges from northeast Spain, to Central Europe and into the Caucasus and Turkey (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). In Switzerland, it occurs in Graubünden and in an isolated locality in Valais. There is only one locality in Hungary. In Italy, it is found in Piemonte and Trentino-Alto Adige at more than five localities with an area of occupancy of less than 500 km². It is no longer recorded in Valle d'Aosta. In Slovakia it is currently found in eight localities in Slovenský kras Karst and one locality in Spišská kotlina Basin. In the past the species occurred in Slovenský kras Karst also above Drienovec, however, the locality has not been confirmed recently (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The following population information has been provided by the EU member states for their reports under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 50 individuals have been estimated with a declining population trendCzech Republic: the population size has been estimated in 1,804 tufts with a stable trendSpain: 126-352 flowering stems with an unknown population trendIn France, there are 16 localities in 16 communes, with an estimated 7,000-10,000 individuals and a declining trend due to low recruitment and habitat closure (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). In Italy, there are less than 1,000 mature individuals and the population is stable but severely fragmented. In Switzerland, the area of occupancy is 17 km² and there are several thousand individuals (A. Gygax pers. comm. 2010). In Hungary, 1,098-1,100 individuals are present (Commission of the European Communities 2009) but there has been a severe decline: formerly about ten localities were known whereas today it is found at only one, with few subpopulations (G. Kiraly pers. comm. 2010).In Slovakia the size of the populations is small (1 – 75 individuals)  and most of them are moderately decreasing (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Ukraine only ten localities are found in the Podolian upland. Half of the populations are extinct, other populations occupy sites of only a few m² (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).There is no information for Belarus, Romania or Russia available.

habitat:
It is found in xeric steppe and forest steppe rocky habitats on limestone and travertines in hilly areas, more rarely in the submontane vegetation belt. This thermophilous plant is light-demanding and has a prealpine distribution tendency, i.e. it ascends relatively high in the foothills of high mountain ranges, but is missing in the high mountains (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is a member of communities of the Festuco-Brometea class. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii

threats:
Abandonment of pastoral systems leads to changes in native species dynamics and overgrowth with plants that pose competition to D. austriacum and leads to declines. Conversion of its habitat into forest plantations is a serious threat. Intensive grazing and the use of fertilisers lead to a degradation of its habitat and also directly disturb the species. So do recreational activities such as mountaineering and walking. This plant is also collected (Commission of the European Communities 2009). A further local threat that has been reported for Slovakia is rock mining (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Dracocephalum austriacum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Czech Republic, it is classed as Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000).In France, it is under national protection, and several localities are in Parc National de la Vanoise, Parc National Ecrins, and Natura 2000 sites.In Hungary, the species is strictly protected, included in a protected area and is listed as Critically Endangered in the national red list (Király 2007).  In Italy, collection of the species is banned in some regions and it is partially included in Natura 2000 sites. In Slovakia the plant is classified as Critically Endangered and all the localities are included in six protected areas in total (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Spain, it is listed as Endangered D (Moreno 2008).The red list in Switzerland lists it as Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002) and the plant is legally protected.It is included in Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It is protected in Galytskij zakaznik and in zakaznik Lysa gora ta gora Sypucha in Ukraine.Mowing and other activities that keep the habitat open, are recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Dracocephalum consists of about 70 species with D. ruyschiana belonging to the oligotypic subgenus Ruyschiana (Mill.) Benth. which comprises two other species, D. argunense Fischer and D. austriaca L. Dracocephalum ruyschiana is the only representative of the subgenus Ruyschiana in the Balkans regions that is is closely related to D. argunense.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dracocephalum ruyschiana is found in several European countries. Its population is declining in most countries but the species is stable and common in Russia. There are various threats to this plant ranging from changes in land use that leads to succession, urbanisation, to collection of the plant for medicinal purposes. It is classed as Least Concern as the current decline rates are unlikely to cause the species to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

range:
Dracocephalum ruyschiana is distributed over alpine and steppe regions of temperate Asia and temperate Europe. In Europe, D. ruyschiana is found from Moldova and the Baltic countries in the east to south Scandinavia in the north, and the French Pyrenees to the west. Broadly, this includes Russia (European part), Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary and Romania. The vicinity of Vlasina Lake in southeast Serbia is the only location in the Balkan region that represents this species (Lazarević et al. 2009). It is present in several European mountain ranges such as Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Dinaric Alps   (Käsermann and Moser 1999)In Lithuania, it occurs in the east and southeast at about ten locations. It is found in three northern regions of Italy at more than ten localities.In Sweden, it is found in the south, southcentral and east with an area of occupancy of 92 km². It has been recently found in southeast Finland on the Russian border. In Russia, it is found in the centre, east, south, and west but not in the arctic zone. In Ukraine, it occurs in the deciduous and mixed forest zone (Polesien  upland) and in the lesosteppe zone (foreststeppe) (Podolian,  Pridnieprovian, Central-Russian uplands, Pridnieprovian lowland).In Switzerland, it is scattered in the southern and southeastern Alps, up to 2,500 m asl. The area of occupancy is 75 km². There is only one actual locality in Hungary.

population:
In Serbia, it was believed extinct but has recently been rediscovered (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). In Germany, it is extinct with the last findings in Bavaria before 1970 (Ahlmer 2010). Switzerland, it is rare with isolated stable populations as well as partial declines   (Käsermann and Moser 1999). Italy hosts less than 2,500 mature individuals but the population is stable.In Sweden, there are 2,500 reproductive individuals, concentrated in lime rich sandy soil. There are only a few outliers in each location and the population is decreasing or expecting to decrease. In Norway, the populations have declined by 30-50 % in the past and are believed to continue to decline at this rate. In Lithuania, there are two to three individuals in each location and the population is slowly decreasing. The Ukrainian populations are small in number and sites.In Russia, the population is stable but fragmented and it is a common plant.

habitat:
D. ruyschiana is a woody plant (Hemicryptophyte to Chamaephyte) that grows on sunny mountain slopes, dry grassland, rocks, open pine and mixed forest, Larix forest, forest-steppe, heathland and meadows. It is an Eurasian floristic element extending from the boreal region to the temperate climatic zone (Lazarević et al. 2009).This species mixes up well with other plant communities including Festucion variae, Seslerion albicantis, Festuco-Poetum xerophilae, Caricion ferrugineae, Erico-Pinion, Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei, Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Klotz et al. 2002). D. ruyschiana is a calcicole species that prefers a somewhat colder, more continental climate and grows besides sinkholes in a mosaic of dry montane meadows and steppe slopes (Lazarević et al. 2009).

threats:
In Switzerland, change in land management such as more intensive grazing, infrastructure development for urbanisation and tourist industry   are the main threats (Käsermann and Moser 1999). A change in land management is also causing the declines in Sweden.In Lithuania it is natural succession (current and future) and a forest that becomes to dense which leads to to a population decline. The species demands forest management as it is only found in small numbers. It is furthermore collected in the wild and people plant it in their garden. Collection for medicinal purposes is also the main threat in Russia. The main threats in Ukraine are cutting of the forests and forest plantation.The suitable habitat of D. ruyschiana  is presently endangered by the increase in shrub and forest vegetation  in Serbia where it is located. Similarly, a new projected highway that  runs through Serbia to Montenegro would pass exactly through this  locality and poses danger in the conservation of this species (Lazarević  et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included on various national red lists:Belarus: Vulnerable (2005)Germany: Extinct and under national protectionHungary: Critically Endangered, strictly protected, the single locality is in a protected areaItaly: Collection of this species is banned, mowing is suggested as conservation measureLithuania: Endangered (highest category in Red Data Book), protected by  national law, not a key species for protection, on the list for protection  within a national parkNorway: VulnerableRussia: Least Concern and not protectedSweden: Endangered, some localities are in protected areas and management plans (grazing, mowing) are in placeSwitzerland: Near Threatened, protected under national lawUkraine: Rare

useAndTrade:
D. ruyschiana is highly endowed with stimulating essential oils, a traditional tea herb used for lifting spirits and giving the courage of a dragon.

redListAssessors:
Ericsson, S., Gygax, A., Illarionova, I., Király, G. & Rasomavicius, V.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no taxonomic issues affecting this name. The Flora of China includes L. exaltata within L. europaeus but we do not follow this treatment here. Some authorities recognise subspecies mollis and menthifolius but they are not recognised in this evaluation.

range:
Lycopus europaeus is a paleotemperate (circumboreal) species that is found throughout most of Europe east to China and Japan, North Africa, and Macaronesia (Azores). It is considered to have been introduced in North America where it is now widespread and New Zealand (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
L. europaeus is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Lycopus europaeus is a perennial species (Hemicryptophyte). It will grow in most wetland types, being typical of marshy grassland, tall-herb fen and the margins of ponds and rivers.

useAndTrade:
There is some limited horticultural trade for landscaping and domestic gardens, but the potential impacts are limited.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors treat this species as synonymous with L. europaeus (e.g. Flora of China) however this is not frequent and is unlikely to affect the evaluation.

range:
In Europe, L. exaltatus is predominantly an eastern species, occurring from Poland, Germany Austria and Italy to the Balkans and east throughout most of European Russia apart from the north and Arctic regions. Outside Europe, it occurs through the Caucasus, parts of Siberia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan east to China (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
There is little information available, but it becomes widespread and abundant in the east and most populations appear stable. The species is Extinct in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

habitat:
L. exaltatus occurs in habitats similar to those occupied by L. europaeus, but generally in slightly drier conditions. It is typical of tall herb stands on the margins of standing water, floodplain grasslands, tall sedge marshes and fens.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is classified as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001).


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.M.&#aquatica hybridises within the genus and in particular, the hybrid with M.&#spicata L.; M.&#×piperita is very common (at least in the UK). However, hybridisation is not considered likely to affect the conservation or red list assessment for M.&#aquatica.

range:
M. #aquatica occurs in east and north Africa, Macaronesia and Europe east to west Asia. It has been reported from all countries in Europe except Gibraltar (UK), Iceland, FYR Macedonia, Monaco, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway). It is regarded as introduced to Iceland (Kristinsson 2008), Bolivia, Brazil and southern South America.

population:
In western Europe and the northern Mediterranean, M. #aquatica is widespread and abundant and is one of the most frequent wetland plants.

habitat:
A perennial Hemicryptophyte, M. #aquatica occurs in most types of wetland, particularly the margins of lowland rivers and streams, ditches and canals, marshlands and the margins of standing water bodies.

useAndTrade:
M. #aquatica is less widely used than other Mentha species due to its bitter taste and smell.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.A robust variety has been introduced to the UK with North American seed mixtures and the species certainly appears to be increasing as an alien (K. Walker in Preston et al. 2002). However given that it is not native to North America (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) this form must have its origins elsewhere.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in most part of its range. Local declines are being susptected in some countries of Central Europe where the species is listed on national red lists. Those populations should be monitored.

range:
M. #pulegium occurs throughout much of Europe, Macaronesia and North Africa to northern Iran. It has been introduced to parts of the western Himalayas, New Zealand, North America and southern South America (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). In Europe it has been reported from all countries except the Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Russia (all zones), Norway mainland as well as Svalbard and Jan Mayen and Sweden.

population:
M. #pulegium has been lost from many sites in the UK through habitat loss, mainly due to "tidying" up of wet areas in pasture and the intensification of livestock farming. Furthermore, it is included in the national red lists of Belgium, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Germany and Switzerland and therefore a decline in this part of its range can be suspected. However, it is widespread and abundant in France and has numerous populations in most other countries of its European range.

habitat:
M. #pulegium is a Hemicryptophyte that typically occurs in seasonally inundated grassland, particularly on reasonably fertile soils where either inundation or another factor such as poaching by livestock suppresses competition from more aggressive taxa.


taxonomicNotes:
M. spicata is known to hybridise with a number of other Mentha species.

range:
M. spicata has a very widespread distribution, but due to its long and close relationship with man, it is very hard to establish where it is native and where introduced. According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010), it is native to Europe east through Siberia and the Middle east to China. In Europe, it is native to most of the region except the Baltic states where it is absent and it is apparently introduced to Spain, Corsica, the Balearic Islands and the Crimean Peninsula. It has also apparently been introduced to Africa, Australia, New Zealand, North and South America, Madeira, the Azores and the Canaries.

population:
M. spicata is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, but classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland.

habitat:
M. spicata typically occurs on the margins and banks of rivers, however it also occurs on waste ground and around settlements.

useAndTrade:
Widely cultivated as a pot-herb and for its aromatic oils.


redListCategoryRationale:
Micromeria glomerata is classed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 2 km² and presence confirmed in one location. Decreasing trends have been identified in the number of subpopulations and the fact that it occurs restricted to inaccessible sites within its potential habitat for predation by rabbits and goats, limits the expansion of the species.

range:
Micromeria glomerata is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it occurs between 300 and 485 m asl near Taganana (González González et al. 2004). Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 2 km². It occurs in one location, comprising two subpopulations. One more site was reported in the past, but it has not been recently confirmed.

population:
Its total population size has been reported to be 494 individuals (González González et al. 2004), with good levels of recruitment observed. Increasing population trends have been described (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This small woody plant grows in cracks on steep slopes facing north and northwest within communities Soncho-Aeonietum tabulaeformis (González González et al. 2004). At higher altitude it occurs within the potential distribution range of communities Junipero-Oleetum cerasiformis subass. ericetosum arboreae. Frequent accompanying species are Hypericum reflexum, Pterocephalus virens, Sonchus radicatus, Aeonium tabulaeforme, Teline pallida ssp. pallida, Paronychia canariensis, Helianthemum broussonetii, Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis and Monanthes laxiflora.

threats:
Accessible individuals are preyed upon by rabbits and goats (González González et al. 2004). Hybridisation phenomena with Micromeria varia has been as well reported as a threat to the species, but it does not occur frequently.

conservationAction:
Micromeria glomerata is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the regional catalogue of protected species. In the Spanish Red List it is listed with the category CR B2ac(iii)  (Moreno 2008). It grows within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI) (González González et al. 2004). Proposed measures include collection and storage of plant material in germplasm banks, eradication of grazing activities in the area and research to clarify the presence of more subpopulations.

redListAssessors:
González González, R., Reyes Betancort, J.A., Pérez de Paz, P.L. & León Arencibia, M.C.


redListCategoryRationale:
Micromeria leucantha is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy is 3.5 km², with all individuals present in five locations, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining due to livestock.

range:
Micromeria leucantha is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Santana et al. 2004), where it appears restricted to the district of San Nicolás de Tolentino. It is distributed into five locations: Pino Gordo, Peñones del Amo, Garabateras-Caidero de la Niña, Lina and Vigaroe. Its area of occupancy is 3.5 km².

population:
Five known populations, not very spread apart, with an estimated total population size of 4,550 individuals. Its structure is dominated by adult individuals although there is some production of seedlings. Both flowering and fruiting is scarce.

habitat:
It forms part of the rocky vegetation in the domain of xeric formations and the lower limit of pine stands. This plant appears in more or less dense stands but can be found in isolated rock crevices, without soil. Its most common companions are Chrysoprenanthes pendula, Hypericum reflexum, Taeckholmia pinnata, Babcockya platylepis, Pinus canariensis, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Aeonium simsii, Dendriopoterium pulidoi, Bupleurum salicifolium, Carlina canariensis, Lavandula minutoli and Allagopappus viscosissimus.

threats:
The populations of this species are found in areas heavily frequented by livestock, so the main threat is continuous grazing and browsing by domestic and wild grazing species. This species is also sensitive to drought.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). On the Spanish Red List it is classed as Endangered B2ab(iii) (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. Its populations are included in the protected areas Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI) and Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua (SCI).Grazing and predation should be controlled. Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks.

useAndTrade:
No traditional uses for this species are known.

redListAssessors:
Santana López, I., Naranjo Morales, M. & Marrero Rodríguez, Á.


taxonomicNotes:
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families treats this taxon as a synonym of Clinopodium taygeteum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Taygetos  Mountain range in Greece  and is known from a few locations. The extent of  occurrence and area of occupancy are 2-4 km². There are nine subpopulations with a total number of individuals of less than 500. The largest subpopulation hosts 160 individuals. The main threats are natural fires and collection  of the plant. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece and is known from a few locations in the northern part of the Taygetos Mountain range. It grows between 1,600-1,950 m asl. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 2-4 km².

population:
There are nine subpopulations known from Mt Taygetos so far. The subpopulations of Tsuga summit are small (10-50 individuals). There are two subpopulations near the Pyrgaki summit with six and 40 individuals respectively. The two largest subpopulations are located south of the Pyrgaki summit in a place called Neraidovrahos (160 individuals). The total number of individuals is less than 500.

habitat:
Micromeria taygetea grows in rock crevices and stony slopes on limestone (Phitos et al. 2009, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The plant is not threatened by grazing. But natural fires and collection of the plant for herbal teas are potentially affecting this species (Phitos et al. 2009, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Micromeria taygetea is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iv)+B2ab(i,ii,iv); C2(a i) and is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81 (Kyriakopoulos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
This plant is collected for herbal teas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant has a restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of 65 km² and an area of occcupancy of less than 20 km². However, it has a large population and is currently not threatened. The intensification of ecotourism is a potential threat and that could lead the species to qualify for Vulnerable but for the moment it is assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece where it is found at Evvoia Island on the mountains Dirfys and Xirovouni. The extent of occurrence is 65 km² and the area of occcupancy is less than 20 km².

population:
According to Trigas (2003) the plant is locally common throughout Dirfys and Xirovouni at altitudes between 1,000-1,600 m, consisting of several thousands of individuals. Only one subpopulation of a few tenths of individuals was found at Agali gorge at low altitudes.

habitat:
It grows on screes, soil pockets in stony or rocky sites, more rarely in rock crevices, on limestone, usually in full sun. It prefers the humid bioclimate with cold or hard winter. Flowering period is from early or mid June to mid or late August.

threats:
According to Trigas (2003), the plant grows at sites which are distant from intense human activities and it is apparently not affected by grazing. It seems that the plant does not face any immediate threat at present. The probable intensification of ecotourism development and the collection of the plant may threaten the plant in the future.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Nepeta dirphya. It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. The population of the plant is included in the NATURA 2000 site GR242002.

useAndTrade:
There is some internet trade of seeds of the plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Origanum cordifolium is a small shrub endemic  to Cyprus where it is found at five locations. The total population size is 6,400 individuals with an unknown trend. Main threats are forest fires and  overgrazing by mouflon. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Origanum cordifolium is endemic to Cyprus where it is known from five locations in the Roudias and Xeros valleys of the Pafos Forest. It grows at altitudes from 200-1,100 m asl (Tsintides et al. 2007). Extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are not known.

population:
The population size is 6,400 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007), the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This small shrub reaches 40-60 cm height and grows rocks and cliffs, in Pinus brutia forest openings and in thin phrygana (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
This species is threatened by forest fires and overgrazing by mouflon (Tsintides et al. 2007)

conservationAction:
Origanum cordifolium is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the national red list. The Pafos Forest, where the species is located, is a proposed Natura 2000 site (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Origanum dictamnus is endemic to Crete where it has a restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of 7,600 km² and an area of occupancy of 250 km². However, it the number of locations is large, there is no indication of population fragmentation and the habitat is often inaccessible. Overexploitation is a serious threat but there is no quantification or documentation of a reduction of population size or of the loss of locations in the past. Thus, Origanum dictamnus does not qualify for any of the threat categories, but continued overcollection of the wild populations would render the plant threatened. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is suspected to reach Criterion A.

useAndTrade:
This herb is used as a condiment and has medicinal properties (Plants For A Future 2010). Skoula and Kamenopoulos (1996) reported that the production of Origanum dictamnus  collected from wild populations in the period 1981 to 1991 was 1.5-3.5  tonnes/year. Although the plant was cultivated in the same period  (production 25-40 tonnes/year), dried plant of wild origin had a  higher price.


redListCategoryRationale:
Phlomis brevibracteata is endemic to Cyprus where it can be found at 13-16 locations and has an extent of  occurrence of 495 km². The total population has been reported to be around 5,000 individuals or less but the size of the biggest subpopulation is not known. Main threats to the species is habitat loss due to the urbanisation, road  construction and improvement, and fires. Some subpopulations have already  been partly destroyed or damaged as a result of these activities. The species is classed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Phlomis brevibracteata is endemic to Cyprus (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The number of locations where the species can be found is 16 with a presence confirmed at 14  of them (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). In Tsintides et al. (2007), # it is reported that the species can be found at 13 locations: Oreites, Kato Archimandrita, Alassa dam, Trimiklini-Laneia, Asgata-Pentakomo, Lefkara-Kato Drys, Agios Theodoros Larnakas, Akanthou, Flamoudi, Kantara-Gerani-Davlos, Ardana, Mandres Ammochostou, and Panagra.Its extent of occurrence is 495 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Population has been reported to be around 5,000 individuals. The total population has never been estimated with accuracy. The plants were counted in part of the locations, only once at each location and therefore it is not possible to estimate a population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Population size has been also reported to be 2,900-3,200 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Phlomis brevibracteata is a lax shrub up to 1.5 m high that occurs in low maquis, on limestone. Its presence has been reported in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas9290 Cupressus forests (Acero-Cupression)9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines

threats:
Threatened by habitat loss due to the expansion of urban areas, road construction and improvement and fires. Some subpopulations have already been partly destroyed or damaged as a result of these activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
Phlomis brevibracteata is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Three subpopulations are located on proposed Natura 2000 sites. It is listed as Vulnerable C2a(i) on the Cyprus Red List (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Phlomis cypria is endemic to Cyprus where it can be found at 13 locations, with a population of more than 6,600 individuals. It is threatened by fire, grazing, reforestation, quarrying, urbanisation and road improvement. There is no information on the number of individuals in each subpopulation or on the geographic range of the species and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Phlomis cypria is a plant endemic to Cyprus (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). Its extent of occurrence is 371 km² (data refers to Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis, Commission of the European Communities 2009).Phlomis cypria ssp. cypria can be found at four locations, from Agios Ilarion to Kornos peak and Vasileia village, between 100 and 800 m asl. Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis can be found at nine  locations, mainly in he west and southwest parts of Pafos Forest, Vouni Panagias, south of Kaminaria, between Mandria and Agios Nikolaos and in the Akamas Peninsula. It occurs between 100 and 1,000 m asl altitude (Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
Population size for Phlomis cypria ssp. cypria is about 600 individuals, while the population size for Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis is reported to be more than 6,000 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007). That makes a total population size of more than 6,600 individuals.The total population of the plant has never been estimated with accuracy. The plants were counted in part of the locations, only once in each locations. Thus it is not possible to estimate a population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Phlomis cypria is a shrub of 0.5-1.5 m height that occurs in maquis on dry, limestone hillsides and cliffs and in open pine forests (Tsintides et al. 2007).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines

threats:
During the last decade the habitat of the species has been favoured due  to changes in forest management practices. But quarry  establishment is probable where its habitat is on the transition zone  between pillow lavas and diabase. As most of locations are within protected state forest land, few are affected by  urban expansion (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Further threats reported are fire, grazing, reforestation, and road improvement.

conservationAction:
Phlomis cypria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). A number of subpopulations of Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis are in proposed Natura 2000 sites (Tsintides et al. 2007).Phlomis cypria ssp. cypria is categorized VU D1+2 and Phlomis  cypria ssp. occidentalis is categorized VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) on the national red list (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Rosmarinus tomentosus is listed as Endangered, because its extent of occurrence is 315 km² and its area of occupancy is 15 km², very restricted due to a very specific habitat type. The distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. This species faces several threats of which the most severe ones are urbanization, tourism, pollution, landfills and road construction.

range:
Its is endemic to the coastal strip of the provinces of Granada and Málaga, where there are two distinctive populations. Two more locations can be found inland. Its extent of occurrence is 315 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 15 km² (Hernández-Bermejo et al. 2004).

population:
Four subpopulations known with a total population of 52,603 individuals. Their population density is 0.1 to 0.2 individuals/m². 75% of individuals belong to the age group between 25 and 50 years, 10% above 50 years and 10% are young individuals between two and five years. Growth was observed but mostly seedlings fail to live more than a year.

habitat:
It occupies a very particular ecological niche, primarily on sea cliffs, with a strong effect by wind and salinity on its dolomitic limestone habitat, that is rich in magnesium. Companions include Asteriscus maritimus, Teucrium polium, Cistus clusii , Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula dentata, Chamaerops humilis, and so on. Occasionally found in rocks along with Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae with Buxus balearica,  Sideritis leucantha and Teucrium carthaginense.It has a staggered flowering and fruiting period throughout the year. Hybridizes easily with R. officinalis, and commonly coexists on the periphery of their populations. It is primarily pollinated by bees. The proportion of non-viable seeds is high, although it varies between populations. Studies reveal that the genetic variation have significant levels of differentiation.

threats:
Human pressures are the main threats: urbanization, tourism (swimmers, rock climbers), pollution, landfills and road construction. In the population located at Almuñécar, due to urbanization, a core of 250 individuals in 1993 has been reduced to 30. In Castell de Ferro, two subpopulations have totally disappeared due to road construction. Hybridization with R. officinalis and the high probability of fires in its habitat are also problems, as well as predation of seeds by insects.

conservationAction:
Rosmarinus tomentosus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Its population is partially included in the proteced area Paraje Natural Acantilados Maro-Cerro Gordo. It can be found cultivated in the Jardín Botánico de Córdoba and there are seeds in a germplasm bank.

redListAssessors:
Hernández-Bermejo, J.E., Prados, J., Díaz, A. & Herrera-Molina, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Salvia herbanica is listed as Critically Endangered because its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy lower than 10 km². Total population consists of 212 individuals with less than 50 individuals in each subpopulation. There is a continuing decline in quality of habitat and number of individuals mainly due to predation by herbivores.

range:
This species is endemic to the mountains of southern-central Fuerteventura, where it grows between 250 and 450 m asl., distributed into ten known locations (Scholz and Santos Guerra 2004). Its area of occupancy is lower than 10 km². Its distribution has been reported to present high fragmentation (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
There are ten known subpopulations with a total of 212 individuals (Scholz and Santos Guerra 2004). Of all the individuals counted, there are less than 50 that grow in totally inaccessible situations and can therefore grow and reproduce; among the rest, older individuals and individuals mutilated by herbivores predominate and they can hardly grow and flourish. There is also poor recruitment of juveniles as all seedlings born at the foot of a cliff disappear due to herbivores, so that the chances of recolonisation are zero in the current circumstances.Negative trends have been observed for its population size over the last ten years (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
It grows in sunny basalt cliffs, with a tendency to take refuge in inaccessible areas. In the past it was probably part of Lycia intricati-Euphorbietum balsamiferae associations, but nowadays it has almost disappeared from this area. Frequent companions include Kleinia neriifolia, Lycium intricatum, Launaea arborescens, and some therophytes.A plant that is well adapted to dry conditions, resistant and with great longevity. There are individuals with numerous seeds. Pollination is accomplished by Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. In some specimens malformations were seen, possibly the effect of inbreeding. Percent of germination of seeds is low in general (5 - 10%) but may rise during heavy rain.Its habitat has been reported to have suffered strong degradation (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

threats:
The main threat is predation by domestic herbivores (goats and sheeps) and wild ones (rabbits and possibly squirrels) (Scholz and Santos Guerra 2004). Parasitism of the seeds by Oxyaciura tibialis (Diptera: Tephritidae) poses a problem. Prolonged drought also affects it negatively and geological instability is an issue.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.Only six of the ten known populations are included in protected areas, five in the Monumento Natural de los Cuchillos de Vigán and SCI Pozo Negro and one in the Monumento Natural de Montaña Cardones (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the botanic garden Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and of the environmental department of the government of the Canary Islands (Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente - Gobierno de Canarias).Fences should protect the main subpopulations. More seeds should be stored in germplasm banks and the species should be object of ex situ cultivation in botanic gardens. Research about the biology, ecology and genetics of the species should be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The area in which the species is found is very small, and that there is a high likelihood of decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat. This species is potentially threatened by any future northward or eastward expansion of the nearby village of Kythrea, which could wipe out the last remaining population. There are a number of other potential threats.

range:
Endemic to northern Cyprus, this species has an extremely local distribution just west of Kythrea. Although previously it was believed to be restricted to two small sites at the summit of limestone hills, more recent fieldwork in Spring 2004 found it growing in a continuous area of 12 km², mostly on a particular soil type called Kythrea Flysch. A small part of the population also grows on lava intrusions.

population:
It is estimated that there are approximately 4,000 individuals.

habitat:
A perennial herb found on the summit of limestone hills or in sites composed of alternating beds of greywacke, marl, sandstone and basal conglomerate.  The arrangement of leaves in a basal rosette is unusual for plants in this family, which normally have leaves in pairs on opposite sides of the stem. The unusual leaf arrangement is thought to be an adaptation to the strong grazing pressure by goats.

threats:
This species is potentially threatened by any northward or eastward expansion of the nearby village of Kythrea, which could wipe out the last remaining population. It is also potentially threatened by reafforestation schemes, road construction, military installations and exercises, grazing, burning from the nearby rubbish dump, and dust from nearby limestone quarries.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Part of the area in which this species grows lies within the "Lakkovounara State Forest", which is protected by Forest Law from any private interference, while the rest of the area is private or government land. The species is protected by the Bern Convention where it is listed in Appendix 1. Based on the results of a Life Third Countries Project, Salvia veneris has been included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The species is included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, to be published by the Government of Cyprus in 2005.  In situ: No measures taken as of yet.   Ex situ: No measures taken as of yet.  Actions Needed Most importantly, the habitat (particularly that outside the State Forest), as well as the species itself deserves legal protection at the local level. The site should be managed in a way that the species is not endangered by the expansion of the nearby village of Kythrea. Though well-adapted to grazing by goats (and probably not able to compete with faster-growing competitors in the absence of grazing), the site should be managed so that it is not over-grazed. Storage of seeds in seedbanks and ex situ cultivation in botanical gardens

redListAssessors:
Viney, D.E., Christofides, Y. & Kadis, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis cypria is endemic to the Pentadaktylos range in Cyprus. It can be found in seven locations and has a population size of about 260 individuals. It is not stated whether they are all mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D1 here although it is classed as Endangered D in the national red list and a review of the assessment is needed if more precise information becomes available.

range:
Sideritis cypria is endemic to Cyprus. The species is restricted to the occupied part of the island, along the Pentadaktylos range (Commission of the European Communities 2009) where it is found at seven locations, between 300 and 600 m asl, though older collections were done up to 900 m asl (Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
The total number of individuals has been established at about 260 plants, but the exact population size and extent is unknown (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
It is a small shrub of up to 60 cm height that grows in rocky areas and often on cliffs which are difficult to access (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
The known subpopulations are threatened by road widening, quarrying and fires (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
Sideritis cypria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is listed as Endangered D in the Cyprus red list (Tsintides et al. 2007)


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis cystosiphon is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 2 km², all individuals occur in a single location, and continuing decline has been observed in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of subpopulations, due to a nearby road and predation by rabbits.

range:
Sideritis cystosiphon is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (González González et al. 2004, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its area of occupancy is 2 km². This plant is only known from one location  in the west of the island: Laderas de Tamaino, which comprises four subpopulations.

population:
Total population size is 884 individuals (González González et al. 2004). High presence of seedlings and juveniles has been observed in the population, but low germination.

habitat:
Sideritis cystosiphon is a xerophile and heliophile species. It occurs within communities Euphorbietum atropurpurae and Periploco laevigatae-Euphorbietum canariensis, on entisol and lithosol soil types. Frequent accompanying species include Lavandula buchii, Retama rhodorhizoides, Kleinia neriifolia, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Aeonium urbicum var. meridionale, Opuntia ficus-indica, Aeonium sedifolium, Hyparrhenia sinaica, Euphorbia canariensis, Argyranthemum foeniculaceum, Atalanthus capillaris, Salvia canariensis and Allagopappus dichotomus. Its also grows in the edges of the road that crosses the location.Flowering and fructification occur in July.

threats:
A road runs through the population from which debris has been dumped (González González et al. 2004). Uncontrolled cleaning of the debris could reduce population size as 47 specimens grow on the side of that road. The predation of juveniles by rabbits poses a further threat.

conservationAction:
Sideritis cystosiphon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,iv) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs within the protected area SCI Riscos de Lara. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid. Research about the genetics of the taxon is needed to clarify the degree of similarity and possible hybridisation with related species, mainly Sideritis soluta.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis discolor is listed as Critically Endangered because of its restricted and fragmented distribution. Its extent of occurrence is 12 km², its area of occupancy is 1.25 km², and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. There are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals in the population. The total population consists of 104 individuals, with less than 50 individuals in each subpopulation.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Marrero 2004), where it grows on the northern slope of the island in the municipalities of Valleseco and Moya. It is distributed into four locations: Barranco la Virgen, Barranco Oscuro, Los Tilos and Barranco del Andén, which appear relatively isolated (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Its extent of occurrence is 12 km² and its area of occupancy has been reported to be 1.25 km².

population:
Its population is fragmented in four small subpopulations with a total of only 104 individuals (Marrero 2004). Individuals tend to grow by cohort, with an average longevity of 5-15 years. After the adult individuals have died down and if there has been a good winter, the growth of seedlings is often explosive, but colonisation of new areas has not been observed. The species shows moderate genetic differentiation among populations. Population suffers drastic annual and seasonal fluctuations (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This species grows in slopes and rocky cliffs, on basaltic substrates with sufficient or deep soils, and within the Lauro novocanariensis-Perseetum indicae and Myrico fayae-Ericetum arboreae. It can generally be found in open spaces with elements of "Monteverde" or among rupicolous species within the Soncho-Sempervivion. Accompanying species include Laurus novocanariensis, Erica arborea, Sonchus congestus, Rubus bollei Chamaecytisus proliferus, Semele gayae, Dryopteris oligodonta, Hypericum glandulosum. Its environment is occupied by introduced species such as Castanea sativa, Rubus ulmifolius and Ageratina adenophora

threats:
The small size of the population and area of occupancy is extremely limited, and can be exacerbated by prolonged drought over several years. To a lesser extent, the species is also threatened by occasional landslides and agricultural waste.

conservationAction:
Sideritis discolor is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); C2a(i)b on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.Found in the Reserva Natural Especial de Los Tilos de Moya (SCI), Parque Rural Doramas, Reserva Natural Integral del Barranco Oscuro (SCI), Paisaje Protegido de las Cumbres and SCI de Barranco de La Virgen. The species has benefited from a LIFE Project, with plants being reintroduced to reinforce populations. Ex situ conservation measures are needed.

useAndTrade:
Sideritis sp. have been traditionally used as medicinal plants in the Canary Islands, but this is not currently an important threat (Á. Marrero pers. comm. 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis infernalis is listed as Vulnerable because its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 8 km². The populations of the species are currently slightly increasing but its distribution is still very low and it is threatened by competition with more aggressive species, landslides, and recreational activities.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain. It is restricted to several ravines of the southern part of the island, in Adeje and Arona, distributed into five locations. The area of occupancy is 8 km².

population:
Total population size has been estimated as more than 2,072 individuals, mostly adult specimens, throughout the five known locations  (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006). #It has not suffered from big fluctuations in recent years and a certain recovery has been observed.

habitat:
It is found in scrublands Gonospermo fruticosi-Lavateretum acerifoliae in dry and shady environments, settled in small platforms on basaltic substrates sometimes not fully stable. It develops in the domain of thermophile forest, within associations Junipero canariensis-Oleetum cerasiformis, Periploca laevigatae-Euphorbietum canariensis or Euphorbietum atropurpureae. Frequent accompanying species are Lavatera acerifolia, Rumex Lunaria, Carlina salicifolia, Atalanthus microcarpus, Descurainia millefolia, Convolvulus floridus, Argyranthemum gracile and Rubia fruticosa. It also grows in scattered crags and cliffs, as part of rupicolous communities with Tolpis lagopoda, Aeonium urbicum and Sonchus fauces-orci. It is a hermaphrodite plant. It presents insect pollination generally, mainly by wasps, in which there is no discernible obvious adaptation to dispersion. Low germination in cultivated species has been observed.

threats:
This species is affected by three main threats: competition with more aggressive species (e.g. Rumex lunaria, Rubus spp., Opuntia spp.), poor reproductive strategy and the risk of landslides. In addition to that, there is a tourist path with a high number of visitors affecting the population at Barranco del Infierno.

conservationAction:
Sideritis infernalis is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). All the populations occur in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial del Barranco del Infierno. Ex situ conservation measures are recommended.

redListAssessors:
Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Mesa Coello, R. & Ojeda Land, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis javalambrensis is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence reported to be lower than 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy of 1 km². It is found at six locations. Regressive trends have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat, mainly due to recreational activities.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010), where it occurs restricted to summits of the Sierra de Javalambre, province of Teruel (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). This species is distributed into six locations, its extent of occurrence has been reported to be lower than 20 km² and its area of occupancy slightly higher than 1 km².

population:
Population size has been estimated in 194,800 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Fluctuations have been identified in population size due to predation on flowers, but not extreme fluctuations.

habitat:
This species grows in open spaces or degraded pine forests with Juniperus sabina, on rocky and clayey soils. It can also be found in sparse dry grasslands over rocky soils (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats to this species are grazing activities, quarrying and the expansion of a skiing complex (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is social pressure on the establishment of access to this skiing complex from the south (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Is also listed on Annex II of Decreto 181/2005 that regulates the Endangered Species Catalogue of Aragón (Gobierno de Aragón 2005).The Aragón Regional Government (Spain) is carrying out research and conservation actions since 1997. Plants and habitat are preserved in small plots protected from grazing by fencing, in which in situ reintroduction has been experimented. Seeds are preserved in germplasm banks. Germination protocols have been established and seedlings have been used for in situ reintroductions and ex situ conservation. A joint management plan for the endemic flora of the Sierra de Javalambre mountain range has been drawn up (Gobierno de Aragón 2008).Nevertheless, the expansion of the skiing complex has affected the habitat and population of one of six locations where the species is distributed. A second location has also been affected by the construction of an access to the new Astronomical Observatory of Javalambre.

useAndTrade:
This species has been traditionally used because of its anti-inflammatory properties and it has applications in pharmacology.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis marmorea is listed as Critically Endangered because of its highly restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 3 km² and presence known from one single location. Continuing decline has been observed in the extent and quality of its  habitat and in the number of subpopulations, mainly due to high grazing pressure exerted by goats.

range:
This plant is endemic to La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows in the eastern sector (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). It is present in one known location in Roque y Colada de Aluce, fragmented into two subpopulations. In its classic location, Barranco Seco, it is now considered to have disappeared. Its area of occupancy is 3 km². #

population:
There are two fragmented subpopulations with a total of 1,065 individuals (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). The population consists of adult individuals with low recruitment. Total population size was estimated as 2,340 individuals in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), though this increase in population size seems to be mainly due to the use of different monitoring methods.

habitat:
This plant grows in cracks and ledges of steep cliffs. It forms part of rupicolous communities such as Soncho-Aeonion, in potential distribution areas of Euphorbietum bertheloto-canariensis, where the most demanding elements of the Brachypodio arbusculae-Juniperetum canariensis appear. Most common accompanying species include Helichrysum alucense, Ceropegia kranzii, Euphorbia berthelotii, Brachypodium arbuscula, Atalanthus canariensis and Monanthes laxiflora.

threats:
Main threats are trampling and predation by goats, landslides, collection, and droughts (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Sideritis marmorea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,iv) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). The population is included in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Puntallana (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias.Natural population reinforcement measures and benign introduction should be developed, as well as research about the reproductive biology of the species. Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks and the species should be grown in botanical gardens. Goats should be eradicated within the distribution range of the taxon.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sideritis serrata is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10 km², all individuals are in a single subpopulation, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy of the species due to anthropogenic pressures.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain and is only present in the southern province Albacete (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It extent of occurrence is only 14 km² as it is restricted to one location called Tobarra in Sierra de Abenuj, Albacete (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its area of occupancy is 5 km² (Copete et al. 2004).

population:
One population of 150,000 individuals has been recorded in the only location where this species occurs (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Approximately 80% of individuals have the capacity to bear fruit and be distributed with an average density, highly heterogeneous (Copete et al. 2004). Of the 275 plants/ha, 60-70% of the seeds are apparently healthy and germinate in laboratories with levels near 90%. Recruitment of seedling takes place with the autumn rains, stretching into early spring. Half of the seeds deposited in the soil die after a year, yet the species has persistent seed banks at least among two reproductive periods. The emergence of new individuals by clonal growth occurs in autumn, but only occasionally.

habitat:
This species can be found within Thyme and Rosemary mixed communities on rocky calcareous soils. It grows among Rosmarinus officinalis, Stipa tenacissima, Thymus vulgaris, Asparagus stipularis, Phlomis lychnitis, Sideritis leucantha ssp. bourgaeana, Thymus funkii and Anthyllis onobrychioides, within Thymetum funkii associations (Sideritidion bourgaeanae). As secondary habitats, it can colonise abandoned crop fields as a ruderal species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Dispersion occurs mainly by gravity, aided by the movement of inflorescence stems, and the persistence of these several months after the maturation allows dispersion in time. It hybridizes naturally in its range with Sideritis leucantha ssp. bourgaeana, resulting in Sideritis x rodriguezii.

threats:
An inherent risk is the probability of inbreeding, due to the small area and  hybridization with Sideritis leucantha ssp. bourgaeana. The other threats are of human origin such as crop expansion and afforestation activities that have reduced the size of habitat and population even during the last two decades. Other potentially dangerous activities are open quarrying and installation of wind farms.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of threatened species of Spain and in the regional catalogue of Castilla-La Mancha, where a recovery plan was passed in 1999.It occurs in the protected area SCI Sierra de Abenuj. A recovery plan has slowed the affect of threats. Seeds are stored in a germplasm bank and reintroduction is seen as a key instrument in its survival.

redListAssessors:
Copete Carreño, M.A., Herranz Sanz, J.M. & Ferrandis Gotor, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
Teucrium abutiloides is endemic to the northern cliffs of Madeira and its extent of occurrence is 194 km². The populations are stable but the habitat quality is declining due to invasive  species, fires and landslides. The populations are severely fragmented and count less than 50 mature individuals in total. This plant is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the northern cliffs of Madeira (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 194 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are severely fragmented and count less than 50 mature individuals in total. The trend is stable (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This plant is characteristic of secondary laurisilva forests with Ocotea foetens (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)"    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to the invasion of exotic species that also increase competition for this plant. Fires and natural factors such as landslides can affect the species (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Teucrium abutiloides is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).A species recovery and reintroduction programme is urgently needed for this plant as well as research on its taxonomy, ecology and population dynamics (Carvalho et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Madeira with a total population of 1,000 individuals and a stable trend. Main threats to the species are posed by urbanisation, road  construction, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species, however, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future. It is classified as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Madeira, Portugal (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). Its extent of occurrence is 259 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that the total population has 1,000 individuals with a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats to the species are posed by urbanisation, road construction, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Teucrium betonicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Teucrium charidemi is listed as Near Threatened because although its prospects are good and expansion patterns have been reported for its population size, it presents a restricted distribution and it is affected by several anthropogenic pressures.

range:
This species is endemic to the southeast of the province of Almería (Andalucía, Spain) (Cabezudo et al. 2005), where it occurs between 0 and 450 m asl (Blanca et al. 2000).

population:
Increasing population trends have been reported for the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This perennial plant occurs within xerophytic, thermophyle and heliophile chamaephyte communities and shrublands, such as Anthyllido-Salsolion genistoidis and Helianthemo almeriensis-Siderition pusillae. It can also occur within rupicolous communities. Frequent accompanying species are Anabasis articulata, Limonium insignis,Ifloga spicata, Frankenia laevis, Lavandula multifida, Lycium intricatum, Dianthus charidemi, Lapiedra martinezii, Salsola genistoides, Salsola papillosa, Thymus hyemalis, Phlomis almeriensis, Helianthemum violaceum, Sideritis osteoxylla, Lavatera maritima, Asteriscus maritimus, Caralluma europaea and Lobularia maritima.

threats:
Threats to this species are land use changes due to urbanisation, agriculture and silviculture, mining, ethnobotanic use of plants occurring along with this species and recurrent fires (Blanca et al. 2000). Grazing has been also reported as a threat (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía.Some of the subpopulations occur within the protected areas Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar and Paraje Natural de Sierra de Alhamilla.

redListAssessors:
Cabezudo, B., Navarro, T., Pérez Latorre, A.V., Navas, P., Gil, Y. & Navas, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)This plant is endemic to Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey and  extends into Lebanon and Israel. In Bulgaria, it is found in the Strandzha  Mountains where it has an area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and the extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km². The populations in Bulgaria are severely fragmented and the habitat quality and extent is declining due to the cutting of its forest habitat. But there is no information on the population size or trend, number of locations or potential threats for the Turkish populations available and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27 member state Bulgaria, it is found in the Strandzha  Mountains where it has an  area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and the extent of occurrence is  less than 20,000 km². The populations in Bulgaria are severely  fragmented and the habitat quality and extent is declining due to the  cutting of its forest habitat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey and extends into Lebanon and Israel (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). In Bulgaria, it is found in the Strandzha Mountains where it has an area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and the extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km².

population:
There is no information on population size or trend available. The populations in Bulgaria are severely fragmented.

habitat:
It is found in beech and oak forest, more often in open places.

threats:
The main threat reported for Bulgaria is clear cutting of the forest.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(ii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and the species is under protection. It occurs in natural parks and Natura 2000 areas.Research on population size and trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Teucrium lepicephalum is listed Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence of 40 km², an area of occupancy of 13 km² and presence confirmed in only two locations. A reduction in the area of occupancy of about 60% has been noted in the last ten   years and is expected to continue for the next ten years. This reduction also results in a continuous decline of mature individuals and subpopulations due to urbanisation   activities and/or changes of soil use. Parts of the populations are under protection already.

range:
This plant is endemic to the northeast of the province of Alicante, eastern Spain (Alonso et al. 2011). It can be found in two locations (La Nucia and Orxeta) in a very restricted area, near the coast, in Marina Baixa and l'Alacantí. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated in 13 km². Its extent of occurrence is 40 km² (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

population:
Population size has been estimated in 920,000 individuals (Alonso et al. 2011). Adult individuals are predominant. Seed production is high but recruitment is very low, probably due to severe drought events during the dry season. In the location La Nucia, constant decrease has been recorded in the number of individuals and some subpopulations have disappeared. In the population of Orxeta some fluctuations were observed. A reduction in the AOO of about 60% has been noted in the last ten  years. This has affected mostly the biggest population (Orxeta), in  which some subpopulations have been lost forever after urbanisation  activities and/or change of soil uses. Furthermore, a reduction of the  AOO is expected to occur in the coming ten years due to the same factors  (Alonso et al. 2011). The populations historically linking the two currently known locations have disappeared due to urbanisation (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
This small shrub grows on triasic substrates, poorly structured and with content of clays, gypsum and limestones. It is characteristic of the gypsophile coastal shrublands Helianthemo thibaudii-Teucrietum lepicephali.The generation length of this shrub is unknown.

threats:
The area  naturally occupied by this species is being affected by  local development plans and/or land transformation that seriously affect  the known populations. Main threats are urbanisation, dispersed habitation, discharges and communication networks such as roads and motorways, and sand and gypsum extraction (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Farming activities have been also reported as threats (Alonso et al. 2011). In the location La Nucia, individuals are continuously lost due to urban expansion; Orxeta is affected by gypsum extraction activities.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Valencia. It is listed EN A4c; B1ab(i,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008, Alonso et al. 2011).The species occurs within a protected area (SCI), and two flora micro-reserves have been established on the location Orxeta. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardí Botànic de València and ex situ propagation # has been developed. Flora micro-reserves should be urgently established on the location La Nucia. Seeds from every subpopulation should be collected and stored in different germplasm banks. Research about population genetics distribution should be developed. Attention is being paid by the autonomous  government to stop or reduce the effects of urbanisation and changes in land use on this threatened plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is present in north Portugal, where its extent of occurrence is 11,056 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,900 km².   It has been estimated that the population is around 10,000 individuals with an unknown population trend. It does occur at more than ten locations, is not severely fragmented, and the most important threat are natural fires. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This taxon is present in north Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 11,056 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,900 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that the population is around 10,000 individuals. The population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This taxon grows in xerophile shrublands and in crevices of schists, granite and quartz rocks of central Portugal, normally over 800 m asl. within the mountain range Serra da Estrela and it is characteristic of the endemic association Teucrio salviastri - Echinostartetum pulviniformis. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation9330 Quercus suber forests9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests

threats:
Natural fires have been described as the main threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Teucrium salviastrum ssp. salviastrum is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is mainly widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. There have been recent losses of populations in the UK which are mainly due to degradation and loss of habitats. If these losses are mirrored elsewhere, then the status of this species should be reconsidered.

range:
Teucrium scordium   is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, the far north, European Russia, the Spanish and Portuguese islands,   Gibraltar (UK), Monaco, San Marino and UK-Northern Ireland. It's global distribution extends from Europe eastwards into northern China.

population:
T. scordium often occurs as small or very scattered populations, but may show long seed dormancy capacity and be able to exploit the short-term establishment of suitable conditions. It is widespread and frequent throughout much of its range but there have been local declines.

habitat:
T. scordium occurs in a variety of wetland habitats with fluctuating water levels, including dune-slacks, seasonally inundated hollows in pasture, clay-pits, turloughs and the banks of rivers, ponds and ditches.


redListCategoryRationale:
Teucrium turredanum is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted and fragmented distribution. Its area of occupancy is around 25 km2, it is present in six locations. Regressive trends have been observed for its habitat and its population size. Quarrying, urbanisation, road construction and intensive agriculture are the main factors affecting the species and its habitat.

range:
This plant is endemic to the province of Almería, southern Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it can be found in six locations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in around 25 km2. #

population:
Population has been reported to comprise more than 7,100,000 mature individuals (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Decreasing trends have been observed for its population size and fragmentation patterns for its subpopulations (Blanca et al. 2000).

habitat:
This perennial plant grows within xerophile, thermophile, heliophile communities, composed by chamaephytes or, less commonly, by shrubs (Blanca et al. 2000). It occurs on gypsum materials. It is a species characteristic of communities Lepidion subulati. Frequent accompanying species are Gypsophila struthium, Santolina viscosa, Diplotaxis harra ssp. lagascana, Helianthemum squamatum, Helianthemum almeriense, Reseda stricta, Coris hispanica, Anthyllis terniflora, Plantago albicans and Helianthemum syriacum.

threats:
Main threats to this species is gypsum and gravel extraction activities (Blanca et al. 2000). Further threats are posed by urbanisation, cultivation and communication networks (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed VU B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Thymus aznavourii has been reported from European Turkey but there is no information on number of locations, size or trend of the population, area of occupancy or how the described threats affect this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is endemic to Turkey where it is found in the European part in the Halkali region (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
It is unknown whether the species still exists (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

habitat:
This perennial grows on limestone grasslands (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
The original habitat is threatened by urbanisation and agricultural intensification (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the southern and southwestern coast of Portugal with a restricted area of occupancy of 1,300 km². The area of occupancy is declining and sites of the species have already been lost mainly due to the expansion of urban and tourism areas. The population size has not been estimated and the number of locations is not known, neither whether it is severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(ii,iv).

range:
This plant is endemic to the southern and southwestern coast of Portugal. The majority of the populations (60-70%) are found in the southwest Alentejo and the Vicentina coast. The remaining distribution area extends along the Algarve, particularly in the west, with the largest population located north of Faro (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 1,300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The area of occupancy is declining. The species has not been observed recently at the sites in Cabo Espichel and Olhão. The population size has not been estimated (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This small shrub flowers from late March to June. It occurs mainly in sandy calcareous soils and limestones, usually near the sea, heaths, xerophillus shrublands or pine woods. It is often found with Stauracanthus spp. or Santolina impressa (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threat is the expansion of urban and tourism areas and the associated infrastructure (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Thymus camphoratus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. It is recommended to further study the biology of this species, to estimate the population size, to study the affects of potential threats and to control urbanisation (ICN 2006).Poor prospects - species likely to struggle unless conditions change (ICNB 2007).

useAndTrade:
This plant can be used as aromatic herb (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to southwest Portugal. Its extent of occurrence is 6,204 km² but the population size and trend are unknown. Several threats are being posed by agriculture and forestry activities and urbanisation for example but it is not clear how this affects the species. As the aforementioned threats can lead to serious habitat loss, it is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(iii). More information is needed to determine whether it belongs to a higher threat category.

range:
This plant is endemic to southwest Portugal. Its extent of occurrence is 6,204 km² and the area of occupancy is 3,500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no data on the population size or trends available for this species.

habitat:
This species preferably occurs in sandy soils or stable marine dunes, in porous dunes within the Thymo capitellati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis association. It colonises disturbed areas in open shrubland, heathland, and pine woods. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.

threats:
Agriculture and forestry activities, urbanisation and sport and leisure structures are considered important threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Thymus capitellatus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Thymus carnosus is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted distribution. Regressive trends have been reported for its area of occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat and population size. It is a species with a coastal distribution, highly affected by anthropogenic pressures as urban expansion and tourism. However, there seems to be no evidence of severe fragmentation and there are more than ten locations. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(ii,iii,v).   #

range:
This plant is endemic to the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Bañares et al. 2010), being present in Spain and Portugal (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Portugal it is found from the south of Lisboa to Vila Real de Santo António (regions of Extremadura, Baixo Alentejo and Algarve). In Spain, it only occurs in the coast of Huelva, from the Odiel river to the Guadiana.In Spain, it is distributed into five locations, with an area of occupancy of 15 km². Decreasing trends have been observed in its area of occupancy.In Portugal, range trend magnitude is 61 km² (ICNB 2007). Decreasing trends have been reported for its distribution (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In Portugal, populations is in decline and the species has already disappeared from a few beaches (ICN 2006). Population size has been estimated in 10,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Spain, total population size has been estimated in 198,432 individuals and decreasing population trends have been observed (Bañares et al. 2010).  In 2008 the species was re-introduced to the location Isla Cristina,  where it was extinct and within the protected area Paraje Natural de las  Marismas del Odiel.

habitat:
In Portugal, it occurs in fixed or semi-fixed coastal dunes and is sensitive to habitat alterations. This species is characteristic of the association Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis (ICN 2006). In Spain, this shrub also colonizes slopes of coastal dunes. Frequent accompanying species are Retama monosperma, Helichrysum picardii, Ammophila arenaria, Crucianella maritima, Malcolmia littorea and Pancratium maritimum. It is mainly present in coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes) and grows in Habitats Directive listed habitat 2130 "Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Portugal, main threats to the species are   pressure from expanding tourism, trampling by pedestrians and by vehicles outside marked roads, and garbage disposal that lead to habitat degradation. Competition with invasive species further affects this plants (ICN 2006).In Spain, main threats to this species are habitat reduction and degradation due to urbanisation and high presence of visitors during the summer season, when flowering and fructification are occurring (Bañares et al. 2010). Predation by goats has been also reported as a threat.

conservationAction:
Thymus carnosus is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v) in the Spanish Red Databook 2010 (Bañares et al. 2010). It is legally protected in Portugal.Most of the populations occur within protected areas: Paraje Natural de los Enebrales de Punta Umbría, Paraje Natural Marismas del Río Piedras y Flecha del Rompido, Reserva Natural Laguna de El Portil, Parque Natural de las Marismas del Odiel. Proposed measures include population monitoring, regulate access to the coast and urban expansion, and expansion of protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This plant can be used as an aromatic herb (ICN 2006).

redListAssessors:
Balao, F., Barreto Caldas, F, Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas, F., Sánchez-Gullón, E. & Talavera Lozano, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the eastern Algarve in Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 1,838 km² and an area of occupancy of 1,600 km². There are some big populations but also a several scattered and isolated populations. The populations are potentially severely fragmented and  this fragmentation is continuing due to urban, tourism, and agricultural  expansion. Further threats are posed by garbage disposal and natural succession. It is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii) until further information on what percentage of the populations is fragmented becomes available.

range:
This plant is endemic to the eastern Algarve in Portugal (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 1,838 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,600 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In the area of Pontal, the largest and most continuous population can be found. In the Ria Formosa Natural Park are some populations of good size and a large number of individuals. There are numerous small scattered populations, that have been isolated for decades in the agricultural mosaic of the Algarve countryside, before the expansion of orange groves (ICN 2006). The populations are severely fragmented and this fragmentation is continuing due to urban and agricultural expansion.

habitat:
This small shrub is present in open spaces of pine woods and xerophile shrubland # on calcareous soils with clayey loam or sandy acid soils. Other habitats are thermo-Mediterranean shrub habitats and less frequently in coastal dune scrub, and coastal dune woods. It is found in the community Tuberario majoris-Stauracanthetum boivinii (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub

threats:
The main pressure on the species are posed by urban and tourism expansion, including the creation of new golf courses, that leads to destruction and fragmentation of its habitat. Garbage disposal further degrades the habitat, whereas natural succession increases the competition for the species (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Thymus lotocephalus is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Thymus cephalotos. This plant is legally protected in Portugal. The control of urban and agricultural expansion is recommended, as well as site management to control natural succession (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to west and southwest Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 18,089 km² and an area of occupancy of 3,500 km². Population size and trend are unknown. Several threats have been described but as this plant is quite widespread it is unlikely that they will lead to severe declines in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to west and southwest Portugal with an extent of occurrence of 18,089 km² and an area of occupancy of 3,500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species occurs in acid skeletal soils. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4030 European dry heaths5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub

threats:
General forestry management, sand and gravel quarrying, and golf courses have been described as important threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Thymus villosus ssp. villosus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Information on the populations is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Linum dolomiticum is endemic to the Pilis  Mountains near Budapest,  Hungary, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 100 km². The total population has been estimated between  30,000-40,000 individuals with a currently stable population trend. All localities are in protected areas. Main threats described are recreational activities and damage by game species. This species is classed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List and this gives reason for concern. As neither the number of locations is known, whether they are severely fragmented, or if any of the threats causes a continuing decline, this species has to be classed as Data Deficient in this assessment.

range:
Linum dolomiticum is endemic to Hungary with an EOO of 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is found only near Budapest, in the Pilis Mountains.

population:
The total population for Hungary has been estimated between 30,000-40,000 individuals with a currently stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6190 Rupicolous Pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens

threats:
The main threats described are recreational activities such as walking or vehicle traffic, and damage by game species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Linum dolomiticum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Hungarian Red List it is classed as Critically Endangered (Király 2007). It is strictly protected in Hungary and the localities are in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Linum muelleri is endemic to Sardinia and is found at only three  localities with a geographic range of 69 km². The population has been estimated to be between 400 and 500 individuals with an unknown population trend. The main threats for this species is the fragility of the subpopulations and of their habitat. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy,   distributed in only three localities: Miniere di San Giovanni di Bindua, Miniere di Monteponi and Monte Marganai  (Pignatti et al. 2001). Its geographic range is 69 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population has been estimated to be between 400 and 500 individuals, their trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This is an heliophile and xerophile plant that is mainly present in scrub areas and in garrigue (Pignatti et al. 2001).

threats:
The main threat for this species is the fragility of the subpopulations and of their habitat (Pignatti et al. 2001).

conservationAction:
Linum muelleri is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)The area of occupancy of this species is less than 2,000 km², it is severely fragmented, with subpopulations having been lost in the last 20 years. The habitat is decreasing, both in extent and quality, in most part of the range. This species is therefore considered to be Vulnerable. If subpopulations continue to be lost at the same rate it might soon qualify for a more threatened category.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in Spain, France and Italy. In Spain, it is found in Valencia, in Catalonia and on the Balearic islands. It is present on Corsica in France and in the Italian regions Latium and Apulia. In Italy, subpopulations occurring in the north are considered to be introduced. The geographic range is 1,192 km² for France and about 2,000 km² for Italy. Due to its economic use, especially in the eastern countries, there was doubt whether this species was native or introduced to Spain, but recent research showed that it is native.The total area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented.It is also found in the Russian Federation (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010) but it is not clear whether it is native.

population:
In Italy this species is present in only two localities nowadays but six localities have been lost in Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Latium, and Campania. In Spain 620,973 individuals have been recorded (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Apparently, on the contrary to Italy and France, some subpopulations in  Spain are increasing, in particular in Catalonia. In Corsica, it is found in eight localities in six communes, with an estimated 12,000 individuals (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). Since the 1980s, two localities (about 20% of the French subpopulations) have been lost.

habitat:
This species occurs in salty coastal marshes, deltas, along rivers, and depressions in sandy dunes. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae

threats:
Habitat loss and degradation, due to drainage, pollution (for example related to the wine growing industry in France) and urbanisation, are the main threat to this species. Cleaning of the beaches is also impacting negatively on its habitat. Abandonment of grazing, tourist activities and the impact of winter storms on fragile dunes are further threats.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected under Spanish national and regional legislation (Catalonia), and French national legislation. It is considered as Vulnerable in France and Critically Endangered in the Italian Red List. It is categorized Data Deficient (DD) in Russia  (I. Illarionova pers. comm.  2010).Kosteletzkya pentacarpa is included in natural and national parks in Spain, France and Italy. In France, all localities are either protected or under management by conservation organisms: one locality is in Réserve Naturelle, eight are owned by the  Conservatoire du Littoral. All French subpopulations are monitored. Several ex situ conservation actions are conducted in France, Italy and Spain.

useAndTrade:
This species was used for its good quality fibre. It is also an edible plant (Plants For A Future 2010).

redListAssessors:
Buord, S., Gargano, D. & Moreno Saiz, J.C.


redListCategoryRationale:
Myrica rivas-martinezii is classed as Critically Endangered for it has been reported to present a fragmented and restricted distribution. Its total population is only 97 individuals of which 82 individuals are present in one location in El Hierro. Competition with exotic species and natural competition,  trampling,  anthropization of its habitat, grazing and predation, the  construction  of roads and infrastructures and hybridisation phenomena  with Myrica faya have caused the distribution of this species to decrease, limiting its expansion.

range:
Myrica rivas-martinezii is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, being present in La Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma, where it grows between 500 and 1,340 m asl (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004). In la Gomera and La Palma, it appears scattered, distributed throughout small isolated subpopulations. In El Hierro, most of the individuals occur in one location. It has been reported to be present in five locations, including 12 subpopulations. Its total area of occupancy is estimated to be 13 km² (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004).

population:
Its total population size has been reported to be 97 individuals (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004), unevenly distributed so 82 individuals are present in the location in El Hierro and the rest in the other sites. In La Gomera, low presence of juvenile plants and higher proportion of male specimens have been observed. In El Hierro and La Palma populations seem to be stable and recruitment has been observed  (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This tree occurs in abandoned open terraces, covered by aggressive species and partially recolonized by elements of "monteverde" (forest of laurel-like trees and shrubs). It can also grow in slopes and stream beds where dominant vegetation is the Myrico fayae-Ericion arboreae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species are Myrica faya, Erica arborea, Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis, Ilex canariensis, Laurus azorica and Adenocarpus foliolosus (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004).

threats:
Main threats are competition with exotic species and natural competition, trampling, anthropization of its habitat, grazing and predation, the construction of roads and infrastructures and hybridisation phenomena with Myrica faya (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004). The low presence of female individuals and juvenile individuals has been reported as a threat that could lead the population of La Gomera to become extinct (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species of Spain and the Canary Islands.Two out of the eight subpopulations present in La Gomera occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay (SCI) (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004). In El Hierro all the subpopulations are included in Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). The subpopulations of La Palma do not occur within protected areas.A recuperation programme is being implemented in Parque Nacional de Garajonay. A LIFE project has been developed by the regional government (Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias), which has involved several activities, such as research about the genetics of the species (González et al. 2009), its propagation, and re-introduction plans.Reinforcement programmes must be kept in place, ensuring a balanced presence of individuals of both genders. Physical protection should be established for the populations, as well as invasive species control measures. Plant material should be sent to germplasm banks. Research has to be developed in order to clarify the taxonomical status of the taxon.

redListAssessors:
Bañares Baudet, A., Carqué Álamo, E., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Ojeda Land, E. & Fernández López, Á.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although the species has a fairly restricted distribution there are many known sites, populations appear to be stable, and it is not believed to approach the criteria for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Lythrum acutangulum is a steno-Mediterranean species that is found in the western Mediterranean countries Morocco and Algeria, Spain, continental France, with a doubtful presence in Corsica, Italy, Sicily, and Malta. Its extent of occurrence covers over 100,000 km², within which it is present in numerous locations.

population:
The populations appear to be stable. In Spain, it is found in 45 provinces (14 regions). The species occurs at more than ten localities in France.

habitat:
It is an annual plant (Therophyte) that is found in humid habitats of plains and low mountains such as pools, marshes, water courses. It is indifferent to the nature of soil. Flowering occurs during spring and summer.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the same as those that generally threaten wetlands: drainage, infilling and urbanization.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place but it is recommended to monitor the existing sites, to estimate the population size, and to enforce legal protection measures.

redListAssessors:
Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., Flanagan, D., Rhazi, M. & Lansdown, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is classified as Least Concern as this species is widespread with stable populations and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Lythrum borysthenicum is a sub-Mediterranean species. It is widespread and present in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.

population:
The species is widespread in the Mediterranean region occurring in numerous locations.In Spain, it is frequent in the western half up to Gerona and Valencia, excluding a big part of Galicia and Asturias. In Portugal, it is found in most provinces except for the north (Algarve, Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo, Beira and Douro Litoral, Estremadura, Minho, and Ribatejo). In the Iberian Peninsula, it could be extensively distributed as it easily colonizes new, artificial, habitats. It is very rare in France in the Languedoc-Roussillon, where numerous populations having already disappeared (Petite Camargue, Costière nîmoise, Grammont, Agde, Lamoure and Saint-Estève pool), while others are stable (Fenouillèdes, Vendres plains and Torremila). It is more abundant but localized in Provence-Alps-Côte d'Azur (Var), and quite frequent in the Corsican ponds. In Italy, it occurs in Tuscany, Lazio, Sardinia and Sicily.

habitat:
This annual amphibious plant (Therophyte) prefers temporary pools of siliceous substratum such as sandstone, granite, quartzite, shale, and basalt, that are flooded in winter and dry in summer, to oligotrophic water. It is present along the edges of swamps and ponds, or shallow and slow flowing streams. Flowering occurs between April and July.

threats:
The drainage, infilling, agricultural practices, urbanization, overgrazing, water pollution and the use of the dried pools as parking lots are the main threats to this species and its habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is under regional protection in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) but no other conservation measures are in place. It is proposed to monitor the existing sites and search for new ones.

redListAssessors:
Rhazi, L., Rhazi, M., Flanagan, D. & Lansdown, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lythrum flexuosum is listed as Near Threatened. It presents a fragmented distribution, regressive patterns have been observed in the extent and quality of its habitat mainly due to modifications in water regimes and water courses, and fluctuations in its population size have been reported. Its area of occupancy is estimated in 2,700 km2 (but in a grid size bigger than the recommended 2x2 km), which does not qualify the taxon to be currently listed as threatened.

range:
This plant is endemic to central Spain, where it can be found in Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid and Comunidad Valenciana. It is known from 27 grid cells of 10x10 km, so its area of occupancy is estimated in 2,700 km2. #

population:
Extreme fluctuations have been observed in the population size of this species, even to make temporary disappear a subpopulation.

habitat:
This annual species forms grasses which are generally halophile and nitrophile in temporarily flooded areas, in compacted soils. It grows from 500 - 1,000 m asl. These grasses appear at the beginning of summer when the pond is drying out but there is still moisture in the soil. It occurs in the prioritary habitat 3170 "Temporary Mediterranean Ponds" (Alcántara et al. 2007).

threats:
Modification of cultivation practices, livestock, quarrying, urbanisation, water pollution, drainage as well as modifications in water regimes and courses, and competition have been reported as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Lythrum flexuosum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, as species "De atención preferente" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Castilla y León, and as species "Sensible a la alteración de su hábitat" in the Aragonian catalogue.Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Jardín Botánico de Córdoba.


taxonomicNotes:
L. hyssopifolium is one of a complex of small Lythrum species typically occurring in ephemeral wetlands and in association with larger, more permanent wetlands some of which are recognised by some authors as species (e.g. L. thymifolia). Taxonomic treatment of these entities is inconsistent.

range:
L. hyssopifolia occurs throughout much of Europe except the north, western Asia, much of Africa north and south of the Sahara, Australia where it may be native, and introduced to North America.

population:
L. hyssopifolia is classed as Endangered (A2c) in the UK and Critically Endangered in Switzerland, but is otherwise widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Lythrum hyssopifolia is a characteristic plant of temporary ponds and seasonally inundated depressions, as well as the drawdown zones of lakes.

conservationAction:
L. hyssopifolia is classed as Endangered (A2c) in the UK and Critically Endangered in Switzerland and is under regional protection in France: in Alsace and Rhône-Alpes, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed. #


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and   as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Lythrum junceum is a species that is found in the Mediterranean region and in Macaronesia (Canary Islands and the Azores). In Europe, it is present in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Corsica, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Turkey. It is present in numerous locations.

population:
L. junceum is extensively represented in all of the countries of the Mediterranean region. Populations appear to be stable.

habitat:
It is a perennial plant (Hemicryptophyte) that is found in wetlands and along the edges of permanent and temporary water courses of plains and mountains up to 2,000 m in altitude. Flowering occurs between May and July.

threats:
The urbanization, drainage and infilling of this species’ habitat are its main threats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. Proposed actions are to monitor the existing sites, study the biology and ecology of the species and estimate the population size, monitor the dynamics of the populations and reduce the habitat loss through the enforcement of legal protection measures.


taxonomicNotes:
L.&#portula has been separated from Lythrum as Peplis portula in the past, but is now generally included in Lythrum. There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name.

range:
It is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, Cyprus, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar (UK), Greek Aegean Islands, Crete, Iceland, Sicily, Malta, Monaco, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
L. portula is generally widespread throughout its range, occurring in semi-wet habitats and is often one of the most frequent species of seasonal wetlands.

habitat:
L. portula is a characteristic plant of seasonal pools, often on acidic or at least base poor soils but is rarely found over peat. It is most commonly found where soil disturbance is coupled with seasonal inundation, such as poached margins of upland rivers and pools, wet woodland rides and seasonal pools on heathland.


population:
L. #salicaria is widespread and abundant in most European countries.

habitat:
L. #salicaria will occur in various wetland types from river margins and banks, to low-lying seasonally inundated areas in rough pasture, the margins of wet woodland and even seasonally pools.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The only known extant populations are in France and there are only very old records from other countries in Europe and the Caucasus. The area of occupancy is very small, with continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat and number of sub-populations. It has been assessed as Endangered.

range:
Lythrum thesioides has a predominantly Mediterranean distribution, extending beyond the region only into the Caucasus where there are three old records from the valleys of the Volga and the Don, Russian Central Asia (Mugodzhary) (Tzvelev 2006) and Southern European Russia    (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Europe it is known from France, Italy and Hungary. It is considered to be Extinct in Italy, Hungary, the Caucasus and Russian  Central Asia.The area of occupancy is below 500 km².

population:
In France, it was known from seven localities:Drôme (Pierrelatte)Vaucluse (Caderousse and Orange)Gard (Tresques, Capelle-et-Masmolène, Meynes and Jonquières-Saint-Vincent)However, the only population seen in recent years in France is at the Etang de la Capelle (Gard) (Grillas et al. 2004).Most populations have not been seen in recent decades. In Italy, the species is considered extinct, with no records since the 19th century. In the Russian Federation the species has also not been seen for a long time. In Hungary, the only records are of a single population from the 1930s-1940s based on herbarium specimens.

habitat:
L. thesioides is most typical of seasonally inundated depressions and temporary pools.

threats:
The habitats where this species is found are under decline caused by urban and agricultural development. Most of the populations have not been seen in recent decades.

conservationAction:
Lythrum thesioides is protected at national level in France.The species is subject to ex situ conservation. The following conservation measures are being proposed: - Monitoring of the population dynamics at the existing sites and to search for new sites - To study the biology and the ecology of the species - Implementation of the legal protection measures (Law on the enhancement of the environment, Law on the studies of impact) - Raising public awareness - Experimental management


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  It is classified as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Lythrum thymifolia is a steno-Mediterranean species that is present in Portugal, Spain and the Balearic Islands, France and Corsica, Italy and Sardinia, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and it has a doubtful presence in Greece. In the Mediterranean region it is occurring in numerous locations.

population:
In the Mediterranean region, the populations are in slow regression because of the deterioration of their habitat.In Portugal and Spain, it is present in the Balearic Islands and dispersed in a big part of the peninsula, with the exception of the Cantabrian Ledge. In France, the populations are in very strong regression with risk of local extinctions, especially as this species is on the northern limit of its distribution. It was reported in 12 departments (Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Ardèche, Drôme, Hautes-Alpes, Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Hérault, Gard, Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and Alpes-Maritimes), although currently there is only evidence of its presence in three departments (the Hautes-Alpes, the Var and the Hérault). In Italy, it is present in the regions of Puglia and Basilicata, as well as in Sardinia. In Montenegro, it was reported in a few localities, and it is quite common in Croatia.

habitat:
It is an annual plant (Therophyte) that inhabits temporary pools and the edges of streams, swamps and ponds. It generally grows on siliceous substrata (sandstone, schist, basalts, etc.). Flowering occurs between April and June.

threats:
The urbanization, the drainage of pools and ponds, their infilling, agricultural practices, the closing in of sites followed by the dynamics of perennial competitor plants, as well as the high frequency of dry years, are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is protected at national level in France and ex situ conservation of seeds is being carried out by the Mediterranean National Botanical Conservatory of Porquerolles.


taxonomicNotes:
L. tribracteatum is one of a  complex of small Lythrum species typically occurring in ephemeral  wetlands and in association with larger, more permanent wetlands some of  which are recognised by some authors as species (e.g. L. thymifolia). Taxonomic treatment  of these entities is inconsistent.

range:
Lythrum tribracteatum is a Mediterraneo-Atlantic species that is found in southern and oriental Europe, western Asia and North Africa.

population:
In the Mediterranean region the populations appear to be stable. In the Iberian Peninsula it is not considered rare, occurring in most of the peninsula (six provinces in Portugal and 27 provinces in Spain).It is rare in all of France including the Mediterranean region (localized in the Languedoc, very rare in the PACA region and absent from Corsica). The populations are fairly stable in coastal Languedoc and in the low plain of Aude, but in regression in the other French locations, where a good part of the populations have notably been lost since the 19th century (in Aude and Gard). Exceptionally, in Var, ten locations have lately been discovered and therefore this species has returned to its less precarious state in the Red Book.Listed as Critically Endangered in Croatia   (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and present in only two localities in Montenegro.In Hungary, it is classed As Near Threatened with most of its occurrences on wet plough lands in East Hungary (inland inundations). There is only one locality in Slovakia, near the Hungarian border.

habitat:
L. tribracteatum typically occurs in temporary pools at low altitude, brackish meadows above the tidal influence and seasonally inundated depressions. It is found on flinty or chalky substrate, sometimes on salty substrate.

threats:
The abandonment of grazing and the dynamics of perennial competitor plants, agricultural practices, urbanization, infilling with rubble, overgrazing, the use of dried pools (for example for parking), the high frequency of dry years and drainage are the main threats to this species. However, none of these appear likely to compromise the survival of the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
L. tribracteatum is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia and Slovakia, Near Threatened in Hungary, and protected at a national level in France, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
L. virgatum is known to hybridise with L. salicaria   (L. ×scabrum Simonk), but the hybrid is apparently infrequent   and is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.

range:
L. virgatum occurs throughout much of central and southern Europe east through Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to China. In Europe, it occurs from southeastern France north to Poland and east to Belarus and the Ukraine.

population:
L. virgatum appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
L. virgatum typically occurs in wet grassland, meadows and on the edges of woodland.

useAndTrade:
There is minor horticultural trade in L. virgatum, although it is becoming recognised as potentially invasive in North America.


taxonomicNotes:
L. volgense is treated by some authors as Peplis alternifolia M. Bieberstein.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)L. volgense is classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate to assign it to an appropriate threat category.

range:
L. volgense appears to have a relatively restricted distribution, occurring from Bulgaria north to Belarus and east through European Russia to Georgia and Kazakhstan.

population:
L. volgense appears to be an annual of ephemeral wetlands which shows massive variation in abundance and number of populations between years. However, there is no readily available information on its global or regional status except comments suggesting that it is rare.

habitat:
There is very little information on the ecology or habitat of L. volgense, however Taran (1995) describe associations within the nanocyprion of which L. volgense (as Peplis alternifolia) is a characteristic species. It may thus be interpreted as occurring in seasonally inundated depressions, river banks and bars and wet track-ways.

threats:
There is no information on threats to this species available.

conservationAction:
There is no available information on the conservation needs of L. volgense. It is recommended to study the population size and trends, the ecological needs of the species as well as potential threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations throughout most of its Europen range and does not face any major threats.

range:
L. palustris is widespread in western, central and southern Europe, occurring from the United Kingdom, France and Spain to Poland and the Ukraine, the Balkans and Turkey. It also occurs in North Africa and west Asia, as well as North, Central and South America.

population:
L. palustris is uncommon in northern Europe but is widespread with stable populations in the south. It is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Germany and Data Deficient in Croatia.

habitat:
L. palustris typically occurs in mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions in springs, streams and swamps, often in shallow pools and very slow flowing permanent waters.

conservationAction:
L. palustris it is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Germany and Data Deficient  in Croatia, it is also protected in France at regional level in Basse-Normandie, Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté. Otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
L. palustris is occasionally sold for landscape and garden pond planting, particularly as a replacement for some of the more aggressive Ludwigia species such as L. grandiflora. It is not clear whether this material is sourced from the wild and if so, whether it is likely to threaten wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Data Deficient as the information provided is insufficient. It could be Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) but the number of locations or whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented, is not known. It could also qualify for Vulnerable C2(a i) as there are less than 1,000 individuals per subpopulation, but the population has been described as stable and there is no continuing decline.

range:
Daphne arbuscula is endemic to Slovakia, where it is found in the Muránska planina Plateau. In the past it was more widely distributed, but nowadays only occurs in an area of around 95 km² (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
There are around 35 localities with a population size from 10 to 500 individuals (shrubs). The population has a stable trend (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The total population has been estimated to be 5,000 to 5,700 tufts    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant is an evergreen shrub that grows on rock escarpments, edges, crests, terraces, sometimes scree, on limestone and dolomite substrate, from 590 to 1,330 m asl. It prefers southerly exposed open or little shaded slopes, but is also frequent on northern slopes and more rarely in relict pine forests (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests

threats:
The main threats are collecting of the plants, droughts, and air pollution. The latter threats weaken the plants and make them more vulnerable to pests (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Recreational activities such as mountaineering and rock climbing could also affect this plant (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Daphne arbuscula is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Endangered in Slovakia and occurs in two protected areas (SACs) including 100% of the population (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

useAndTrade:
Various cultivars of this plant are used as rock garden plants (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Italy where it occurs at more than 28 localities with an extent of  occurrence below 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy below 2,000 km². The population is stable and might count less than 10,000 individuals. A change in the native species dynamics poses a potential threat to this  plant. Collection is another threat but this activity is banned in some regions.

range:
This plant is endemic to Italy where it grows in a few localities in the northern regions Lombardia, Trentino-Alto Adige, and doubtfully in Veneto between 700-1,800 m asl   (Pignatti et al. 2001). It occurs at more than 28 localities with an extent of occurrence below 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy below 2,000 km².

population:
The population might count less than 10,000 individuals but it has a stable trend and is not severely fragmented.

habitat:
It grows in fissures of calcareous-dolomitic rocks (Pignatti et al. 2001). This plant occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
A change in the native species dynamics poses a potential threat to this plant. Collection of the species might still take place.

conservationAction:
Daphne petraea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Its collection is banned in some regions. The populations are partially included in Natura 2000 sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Daphne rodriguezii is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted and highly fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 7 km². Negative trends have been reported for its population size and the extent and quality of its habitat mainly due to urbanisation.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, where it presents a highly fragmented distribution (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its area of occupancy has been estimated at 7 km².

population:
Population has been estimated at 18,000 individuals and reported to be decreasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It grows on coastal sand or sandy-clayey soils in sites sheltered from strong sea winds. Frequent accompanying species are Arum pictum, Dranunculus muscivorus and Pistacia lentiscus.

threats:
The main threat to this species are urbanisation and recreational activities. The species is highly dependant on lizard populations as seed dispersal agents. Fires and habitat degradation are also threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Sensible a la alteración de su hábitat" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as VU C2a(i); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The main population occurs within the protected area Parque Natural S´Albufera des Grau   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and the species is being cultivated in the botanic gardens Jardín Botánico de Valencia, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba and Jardín Botánico de Soller (Mallorca).The islet of d'En Colom should be protected as it comprises one of the best populations of the species. Research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed.


taxonomicNotes:
Daphne sophia is a separate species, very close to other Daphne species of the series Alpina: Daphne altaica - endemic of the Altaj flora, Daphne caucasica Pall. - endemic to the Caucasus, and Daphne taurica Kotov. - endemic to Crimea.

redListCategoryRationale:
Daphne sophia is restricted to the Central Russian Upland where it is found at 13 severely fragmented localities with an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 52 km². The habitat is declining due to logging, forest plantations and quarrying. Subpopulations have been lost in the past and this trend is expected to continue. Some species are protected but not all of them. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Daphne sophia is endemic to the Central Russian Upland, including Russia and the Ukraine. The distribution area of the species is limited to the river basin of Siverskij Donez in the south of the Central Russian Upland, where it is found in four regions: Belgorodsko-Shebeninskij, Valujsko-Voloconovskij, Rovenkowskij and Novoolsolskij bordering the Belgorodskaya and Voronejskaya regions in the Russian Federation and the Charkivska region in the Ukraine. As a result of botanical field surveys, 21 localities of Daphne sophia were found. Nearly 50 years later, only 13 of these are remaining today.The area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 52 km² as the largest subpopulation occupies an area of less than one 4 km² grid square.

population:
Subpopulations are small in area and number of individuals. The area of the largest Russian population near Rovenki at the right side of the river Ajdar is 180-200 m long and 15-20 m wide. About 1,000 shoots of Daphne sophia have been counted here. In other locations in Russia the population quantity is critical. In the Valujskij district, Belgorodskaja region, around the village Jablokovo village, 200 individuals were counted, near the village Borki there are 150 individuals, in Staraya Symonovka 50, and in Thizov Log 60 individuals (Melnyk 1996).In the Ukraine, the number of individual are 175 shoots near Ochrimivka village, 770 shoots near Mala Vovcza village, 600 shoots near Zovtneve Druge, 1,500 shoots near Kolodazne village in the Charkivska region (Diduch 2009).Looking at these numbers it is inferred that the 13 remaining populations host less than 10,000 mature individuals. The populations are now severely fragmented.

habitat:
This shrub of 30-175 cm height grows in ecotones between forest and steppe vegetation. The habitats are adjacent to forest fringes on slopes of gorges or river terraces in beech woods (Melnyk 2000). The flowering period is May to July and the plant reproduces by root shoots.

threats:
Clear cut of trees as well as selective felling, forest planting on slopes, and chalk mines are the main threats to the remaining habitats.

conservationAction:
Daphne sophia is included in Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Endangered and in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Krasnoborov 1988) as Endangered. It is protected in the Vovczanskij protected area in the Charkiv region in Ukraine. Ex situ protection is underway in the National Botanic Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, in the botanical garden of Kiev and Charkiv universities. Protection of every subpopulation is needed.

useAndTrade:
The whole plant is dug up from the wild to plant in private gardens and to use as a medicinal plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Thymelaea broteriana is listed as Near Threatened because of its restricted distribution, being endemic to the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, with an area of occupancy (AOO) lower than 500 km2. Regressive trends have been observed in the extent and quality of its habitat due to human pressures and fires. However, it is not known whether the subpopulations are severely fragmented or how many locations there are. Information about the Portuguese populations is needed in order to verify whether this species needs to be upgraded to a higher threat category.

range:
Thymelaea broteriana is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Bañares et al. 2008). In Portugal, it occurs in the regions of Douro Litoral, Minho and Tras os Montes (Serras do Gerês). Its presence has been also cited in Serra do Estrela, in eastern-central Portugal. In Spain, it can be found distributed into five locations, in the provinces of Pontevedra, Ourense, Salamanca and Cáceres. Its AOO in this country has been estimated in 15 km2.

population:
In Spain, total number of reproductive individuals has been estimated in 7,700 (Bañares et al. 2008). The subpopulations in Salamanca comprise more than 80% of the total population in Spain. The number of specimens in each location ranges from 35 to 6,635.

habitat:
Thymelaea broterana is a woodland species preferring young forests. It occurs in heaths and acidophilous shrublands. The species is favoured by forestry disturbances such as forestry service road construction and firewalls   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Spain, this small shrub grows in shrublands of Erica australis and Erica umbellata, on acid substrates, always slates or granites. In Salamanca it appears in open degrades areas, such as tracks and firewalls that go through forest plantations of Pinus pinaster.

threats:
Burning and erosion have been described as threats to this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Vehicle access improvement through roads and firewalls and absence of clearings are also threats (Bañares et al. 2008). The location Alto del Candán is as well affected by a wind farm.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) with the spelling Thymelaea broterana. It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain. It is classed as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogues of threatened flora of Castilla y León and Galicia; and as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of Extremadura. It is listed VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The location Lovios (817 individuals, 2 km2) is included in the protected area Parque Natural Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés. Proposed measures include population trend monitoring, storage of plant material in germplasm banks, and development of research about genetic diversity.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Trapa appears to be complex, with one species recognised throughout much of Europe, but up to 15 species recognised in the east. The distinguishing character for the different subordinate taxa appear to be useful, but no information on the degree to which they have been tested or any details of molecular studies has been found.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because there appears to be no published information that would support a conclusion on the conservation requirements or status of the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
T. alatyrica is described as occurring in the Sur and Moksha Basins, in the Volga-Don area of Central European Russia.

population:
There is no information on populations available.

habitat:
Described as occurring in "a variety of water bodies" Tzvelev (2006).

conservationAction:
There is no information on conservation action proposed or undertaken for this species. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Extinct (EX)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The evidence suggests that this species was endemic to a small area of eastern Serbia, from which it has disappeared due to drainage of marshes and ponds along the valley of the Velika Morava river for river regulation of its course, coupled with eutrophication.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Described as formerly occurring in Serbia, in ponds and former river beds along the valley of the Velika Morava River from Paraćin and Ćuprija to Mala Krsna; Ludi Vir Marsh near Stalać (Stevanovič 1999).

population:
Extinct due to drainage of marshes and ponds along the valley of the Velika Morava river for the regulation of its course, together with eutrophication.

habitat:
Stagnant and low running freshwater, marshes, ponds and former river beds, it grew in eutrophic, slightly alkaline waters (pH 7.6-8.08) where the silt is poor in lime (1.57-11.49%).

threats:
Extinct due to drainage of marshes and ponds along the valley of the Velika Morava river for the regulation of its course; eutrophication was another major threat (Stevanovič 1999).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Trapa appears to be complex, with one species recognised throughout much of Europe, but up to 15 species recognised in the east. The distinguishing characters for the different subordinate taxa appear to be useful, but no information on the degree to which they have been tested or any details of molecular studies has been found.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
T. borysthenica occurs in the Ukraine and may be endemic to the Dnepr river system.

population:
There is no relevant information available.

habitat:
There is no relevant information available.

threats:
There is no relevant information available.

conservationAction:
There is no relevant information available. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


range:
T. brevicarpa is apparently endemic to Serbia, where it was found in valleys of the rivers Tisa and Tamis Begej (Jankovic 1973).

conservationAction:
No information available. Research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


range:
T. danubialis is apparently endemic to the Ukraine.

conservationAction:
No information available. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Trapa appears to be complex, with one species recognised throughout much of Europe, but up to 15 species recognised in the east. The distinguishing character for the different subordinate taxa appear to be useful, but no information on the degree to which they have been tested or any details of molecular studies has been found.T. flerovii is taxonomically very close to T. rossica and T. laevis and it is possible that they could all be considered as a single species (Tzvelev 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  There is very little information available on this species. The information used here is derived from Tzvelev (2006) and no other useful sources have been found.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Found in the lower reaches of the Bug and Dniester Rivers in the Ukraine (Tzvelev 2006).

population:
There is no information on populations of T. flerovii.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitats or ecology of T. flerovii.

conservationAction:
There is no information on the conservation needs or any actions undertaken for T. flerovii. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category.

range:
T. longicarpa occurs from Slovenia through Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia to Albania.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of T. longicarpa, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
T. longicarpa occurs in floating aquatic plant associations in large, deep water lakes.

conservationAction:
No information on current conservation measures is available. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is very little information available on this species. The information used here is derived from Tzvelev (2006) and no other useful sources have been found.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
T. macrorhiza is found in the lower reaches of the Dnepr and Konka rivers in the Black Sea region of the Ukraine (Tzvelev 2006).

population:
There is no information on populations of T. macrorhiza.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitats or ecology of T. macrorhiza.

conservationAction:
There is no information on the conservation needs or any actions undertaken for T. macrorhiza. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Trapa appears to be complex, with only this species recognised throughout much of Europe, but up to 15 species recognised in the east. The distinguishing character for the different subordinate taxa appear to be useful, but no information on the degree to which they have been tested or any details of molecular studies could be found. T. natans is treated here as one of 15 taxa of the genus occurring in Europe.The distribution of T. natans sensu stricto is obscured by variation in the degree to which other taxa are recognised. It is likely that the information employed here will include information on other taxa and will therefore present a more positive idea of the status of the species than is actually the case.    In typical populations of this species (var. natans), the crown of the fruit is 4-5 mm wide while the distance between the base of the fruit and the base of the lower cornicles is 6.5-10.0 mm. In var. borysthenica (V. Vassil.) Tzvel., the crown of the fruit is 5-6(7) mm wide and the distance between the base of the fruit and the base of the lower cornicles is 4.0-6.5 mm (which could be the result of ancient hybridisation with T.&#sibirica). The variety with almost cylindrical tubercles between the bases of the apical and lower cornicles (such tubercles in all four), which may also be considered a result of abnormal development of fruit, is so far known only from the Berezine River and from the Para River in the Oka Basin (Tzvelev 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is widespread but rare and declining everywhere throughout its range. The rate of decline within the last three generations is not known neither are the causes of the decline. It is suspected that the decline has been ongoing since 900 BC due to a constant cooling of the climate, but in this case the current increase in mean temperatures could benefit this species. It is difficult to assess it under Criterion A but the species is clearly under threat and is therefore precautionary assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Trapa natans has been reported from most of Europe north into southern Sweden and east into European Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs east throughout most of Asia into China, the Philippines and Malaysia. It has apparently been introduced into Australia and North America where it is now widespread and may be invasive. It is difficult to interpret information on the distribution of this species with any confidence due to taxonomic confusion. Thus, for example, according to   (Stevanović 1999) the only Trapa species occurring in Serbia was T. annosa, but T. natans is widely reported in the literature as occurring in Serbia - the different statements almost certainly refer to the same taxon but only in a few cases is it possible to establish which taxa are intended.With reference to the historic distribution of T. natans and its relationship with man, there is wide speculation that its range was strongly influenced by its value as a crop. Arber (1920) states that   T. natans has been used from early times for food, medicine and magic, and is supposed to have been introduced into Switzerland as long ago as the period of the lake dwellings, while Vankina (1970) goes further to say that "During the Atlantic and sub-boreal periods the area of distribution of T. natans stretched as far north as Middle Sweden and southern Finland. In Latvia, it appeared in the warm Atlantic period and has been found here at a total of 13 sites, including in the cultural layers of six settlement sites. At Sārnate, it has been found in dense layers of nutshells up to 40 cm thick around the hearths, occupying areas of several square metres. It has been suggested that the people of the Stone Age deliberately cultivated the water chestnut near their settlements. There is evidence that in the 16th century roasted water chestnuts or water chestnut flour were sold in the markets of Mantua and Ferrara. At the beginning of the same century, in southern France the water chestnut was consumed raw, boiled or roasted, and also used in the form of flour. It is known that during the time of the First World War the water chestnut was also sold at the market in the Latvian town of Jēkabpils. At around 900 BC, evidently as a result of climatic cooling, the water chestnut began to die out."

population:
Trapa natans appears to be very rare in the western European part of its range. It is extinct in Spain, there is only a single known population in Switzerland (Welten and Sutter 1982), two populations known in Greece.There are two populations currently known in Latvia (Lakes Pokrote near Balvi and Lakes Klaucāni and Priekulāni in Jēkabpils District).   In Lake Klaucāni, the water chestnut grows in the western and southwestern bays of the lake, where it is protected from wind by forest, very near the lakeshore, where, at a depth of 2 m, the water on the lakebed during the vegetative period of the water chestnut retains a temperature of 21 degrees C. Nowadays, these sites have been placed under state protection  (Vankina 1970).

habitat:
Trapa natans is an annual (up to 3 m height) floating-leaved plant, growing in stagnant waters, lakes, channels with weak currents, ponds and marshes.It primarily occurs in unpolluted lowland nutrient-rich, but not strongly calcareous waters that have a muddy bottom and plenty of light; it is important as food source for birds and provides fish spawning grounds   (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
The causes of the decline in populations of T. natans are not clear, although they are usually attributed to loss and degradation of habitats. Vankina (1970) suggests that the current evidence of decline is simply part of a process that has been ongoing since 900 BC, due to cooling climate. If this is the case, then the current trends toward temperature increase may actually favour this species.

conservationAction:
Trapa natans is included under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and in the following national and regional red lists:Black Sea Region (Vulnerable)Bulgaria (Endangered)Carpathian Mountains (Endangered) Czech Republic (Critically Endangered)Germany (Endangered - level 2)Russia (Near Threatened) (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)Slovakia (Vulnerable)Spain (Extinct)Sweden (Extinct)Switzerland (Critically Endangered)Turkey (Vulnerable) Ukraine (Endangered)  In France, Trapa natans is protected at regional level (Alsace, Basse-Normandie, Limousin) and at departemental level (Ardennes). In Hungary, it is protected but not endangered.

useAndTrade:
The fruit of T. natans has apparently been a staple food source since the stone age, at least in Latvia where middens have been found with a depth of up to 40 cm of shells of this species (Vankina 1970), while it has been associated with the stone age lake dwellings in Switzerland (Keller 1866). The fruits were apparently sold in markets in Europe into the 16th century (Vankina 1970).The fruits are still important in continental Asia, Malaysia and India, especially in China. Several countries in southeast Asia, and also Chinese communities in Europe and North America, import the fruit directly from China. Fruits are used in the preparation of liniments to treat elephantiasis, pestilent fevers, rheumatism, sores, sunburn and skin complaints. Used also as food for pigs and other livestock in southeast Asia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
T. okensisi is apparently endemic to central and possibly eastern European Russia.


range:
T. pseudocolchica occurs from Moldova and the Ukraine to central, eastern and southern European Russia.


range:
T. sibirica occurs from Siberia east to the Russian Far East, China and Japan.


range:
T. ucrainica is apparently endemic to the Ukraine.


range:
T. wolgensis apparently occurs in central and eastern European Russia.

conservationAction:
No information available. More research on the taxonomy, population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed for this species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is clearly under threat as the widespread decline and local extinctions show. However, the generation length of this species is not known and it is not clear at which rate the decline took place and in which time frame. Therefore, it cannot be assessed under Criterion A. Furthermore, it can be suspected that the area of occupancy is below 2,000 km² as there are only a few localities left and that the remaining populations are severely fragmented - but for this kind of analysis point data maps would be needed. Therefore, this plant can only be assessed as Data Deficient at the moment with an urgent need for further research.

range:
A. vesiculosa occurs from Europe east through the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and India to the Primorskye and Amur regions of Far Eastern Russia, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. It also occurs throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara as well as Madagascar and Australia. In Europe it occurs or formerly occurred from southern Scandinavia south to France east through the Balkans to the Ukraine. It is treated as introduced to Switzerland by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Species   (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Aldrovanda vesiculosa shows evidence of a widespread decline. It is considered extinct in Austria, France, Italy and Greece and was thought to be extinct in Bulgaria, Slovakia and Serbia until recent discoveries showed that small populations persist. There is one existing site in Bulgaria and a site which had been lost due to drainage but A. vesiculosa has been reintroduced (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010). In Serbia, the species is classed as Critically Endangered. It is known from one single locality and has recently been rediscovered in northwest Serbia, in Šabac, Zasavica (Tomović et al. 2009).It has been recorded from the regions of Bayern and Brandenburg in Germany but the population in Bayern is now extinct. The population trend is declining (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). There is only one locality at present (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Lithuania, this plant occurs at four localities. In Poland, 65,000 to 1,200,000 individuals have been recorded (Commission of the European Union 2009)It is considered Data Deficient in Croatia.In Hungary, there is one consistent population which is apparently stable. In addition, two populations have recently been found; one of which is on the Romanian border and the other near the stable population. Five populations have been lost, mainly due to habitat loss although it is possible that it is overlooked (G. Kiraly). In Russia, there are two main areas of distribution: the centre and south. There are not more than fifteen populations in European Russia and the Caucasus. It is considered extinct in the Rostov and Vorosh regions (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).In Slovakia, the species occurred in two localities in the past in the Východoslovenská nížina Lowlands (Nature Reserve Veľké jazero lake near Vojka and in the vicinity of the drainage ditch). It was found for the first time in 1960 in the terrain depression Veľké jazero lake, the maximum depth of which was at that time 2.5 m. The population was initially very large and flowering well. The locality was declared a nature reserve in 1967. Since 1979 the population has declined and in 1983 the species was observed there for the last time. It is now considered extinct in Slovakia. A. vesiculosa was introduced to three sites close to the original localities (two small lakes near Poľany village and an oxbow of the Latorica river near Veľké Kapušany), later also in two fishponds on locality Marheček in the Záhorie region and in a #fishpond in Revúca cadaster area. The plants, however, have not survived (Oťaheľová pers. comm. 2009).In the Ukraine, nearly 50 sites supporting the species were reported in the late 19th to early 20th centuries; now no more than 20 sites are known, mainly in the ponds of the Dnieper basin, in the mouths of the Danube, Dniester, Pivdennij and Bug Rivers and in the Szatski Lakes in Volhynian Region.

habitat:
Aldrovanda vesiculosa is a perennial and carnivorous Hydrophyte and Geophyte that flowers from July to August.It is found in permanent and temporary water bodies such as shallow lakes with silt bottom, hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp., natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition type vegetation, standing water in large sedge (Magnocaricion) stands as well as natural dystrophic lakes and pools. It grows in association with Lemnetea minoris and Utricularietea intermedio-minoris plant societies (Commission of the European Union 2009, Klotz et al. 2002). In Russia, it has also been reported from exposed shoals and reed-bulrush-reedmace stands.

threats:
The main threats to the species can be summarised as acidification, canalisation, desilting, development, drainage, eutrophication, forestry clearance, gravel extraction, mining, and modification of the hydrology of wetlands (Commission of the European Union 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  In Germany, the species is under national protection and classed with the highest threat category in the national Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). It is also red listed in the federal estates of Brandenburg and Bayern (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). It is furthermore classed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (CR B2ac(ii); C2a(ii) and Hungary. In Lithuania, it is classed in the highest threat category (1). In Belarus and Switzerland, it is classed as Endangered. In Russia, it has been classed as Vulnerable. Control of water pollution is a much needed conservation measure. In the Ukraine it is classed as Rare in the Red Data BookReintroduction was attempted at a number of sites in Slovakia but this has so far been unsuccessful.More information on population trend and size and rate of declines are needed.

useAndTrade:
As with most carnivorous plants, there is some trade in A. vesiculosa, the potential or actual effect of this trade on wild populations is unknown.


taxonomicNotes:
Ceratophyllum is a complicated genus with a range of taxa named but inconsistently recognised. Cook (1970) states that the genus includes four polymorphic species, but in parts of Europe some of the morphological variants are recognised as species or at a subordinate level. Whilst at least in the west, C.&#demersum s.s. is so widespread and abundant that it is unlikely that taxonomic issues will affect its conservation or red list assessment, inconsistent recording within the C.&#demersum complex is likely to affect the red list assessments of any subordinate taxa assessed.

range:
C. #demersum is a cosmopolitan species that occurs from the Azores and Europe east through the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent to East and Southeast Asia, it occurs in Africa north and south of the Sahara including Madagascar, as well as Australasia and North, Central and South America. It is apparently introduced in Mauritius, New Zealand and Hawaii (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2010). It has been reported from throughout Europe countries except some Mediterranean islands and the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Madeira, the Selvagen Islands, San Marino, the Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen.

population:
In the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Hungary, C. #demersum is very abundant and may be increasing, there is no evidence to suggest a decline elsewhere.

habitat:
Hydrotherm or Hydrocham. C. #demersum typically occurs in nutrient-rich standing or very slow-moving waters. It’s apparent capability to tolerate elevated anthropogenic nutrient levels means that it can become very abundant or even dominant to the exclusion of most other species in canals, gravel pits, reservoir and urban lakes.

conservationAction:
Apart from taxonomic research there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Tzvelev (1996), this species represents rare plants with a broad, wing-like boarder at the base of the spines which may include C.&#platyacanthum var. pentacanthum (Haynald) Tzvel. (= C.&#pentacanthum Haynald) described from Hungary and C.&#komarovi Kuseneva from the ponds in the park in Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, were it apparently is endemic.The taxonomy of Ceratophyllum is still not adequately resolved and needs more work. Uncertainty over taxonomy, lack of fruiting material of some populations and limited precise recording are likely to influence this evaluation.This species is named Ceratophyllum demersum L. subsp. platyacanthum (Cham.) Nyman in France, according to Tela Botanica (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010) and INPN (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010), and in Germany, according to FloraWeb (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is classed as Data Deficient because there is insufficient information available on the population trend as recordings are limited and it is not known whether the species faces any threats.

range:
Limited recording makes it difficult to establish the true distribution of this species, it appears to occur from France, east through Germany, Hungary and European Russia to China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and the Primorskye Region of eastern Russia.

population:
There is no information available on the population stability of this species, the only information suggests that it is rare throughout its European range.

habitat:
C. platyacanthum is described as occurring in still and slow-flowing water bodies, such as ponds and streams.

conservationAction:
There are apparently no conservation measures in place and no information on need for conservation. Research to establish the distribution of the populations, their trend and potential threats should be carried out.


taxonomicNotes:
Fu and Les (2001) recognise C. muricatum ssp. kossinskyi Chamisso which is probably the source of C. submersum cited from China, although Tzvelev (1996) describes C. kossinskyi as a “Very rare species which was for a long time known only from the type specimen and only in 1977 found again near the village of Tri Protoki. Possibly evolved through hybridization of C.&#tanaiticum × C.&#platyacanthum”. Jalas and Suominen (1989) however treat C. kossinskye as a synonym of C. tanaiticum Sapjegin. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (RBG Kew 2010) lists C. submersum as occurring in Florida and the Windward Islands, however this disagrees with the reasoned conclusions reached by Les (1997) and this evaluation follows the latter.As with other members of the genus, there is a need for taxonomic  clarification and this confusion could obscure the actual distribution  and status of taxa.

range:
The distribution of C. submersum is obscured by confusion with C. muricatum, particularly in the eastern part of its range. C. submersum apparently occurs mainly in central Europe, occurring also in North Africa and parts of central Africa, east to southern Russia and possibly to Kazakhstan. In Europe, C. submersum is found mainly in the centre, from France and the UK to southern Sweden and the Baltic States into European Russia and in the south from scattered localities in Spain to Italy, Greece and the Ukraine.

population:
Most populations of C. submersum in Europe appear to be stable, however there are local losses (Jalas and Suominen 1989) and it is classed as Endangered in Estonia and Switzerland.

habitat:
C. submersum typically occurs in mesotrophic to eutrophic still water bodies such as lakes, ponds and ditches, the latter particularly where they function as "wet fences". It is tolerant of salt and in some areas apparently preferentially occurs in brackish water.

conservationAction:
C. submersum is classed as Endangered in Estonia and Switzerland, there are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) treats&#Ceratophyllum tanaiticum as a synonym of C. muricatum ssp. muricatum. Unfortunately this disagrees with most other authors (e.g., Les 1985; Cook 1996, 2004; Tzvelev 1996; Fu and Les 2001) and only serves to obscure information on C. tanaiticum to the extent that it is difficult to establish its distribution and status.As with other members of the genus, there is a need for taxonomic   clarification and this confusion could obscure the actual distribution   and status of taxa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is classed as Data Deficient as available information is inadequate to provide an informed evaluation.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Although difficult to establish with confidence, it seems likely that C. tanaiticum is endemic to the Lower Don region (Les 1985) and other records refer to C. muricatum ssp. muricatum.

population:
Ceratophyllum tanaiticum is apparently abundant but within a very restricted area.

habitat:
Ceratophyllum tanaiticum is described as occurring in temporary (summer dry) water bodies (Tzvelev 1996).

conservationAction:
There is insufficient information to assess the need for conservation action and so the primary needs relate to research into taxonomy and population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
It seems likely that the taxon recognised by Tzvelev (1996) as N. caspica is the same as that treated here as N. nucifera.

range:
N. nucifera occurs from southwestern European Russia at the northern end of the Caspian Sea through Iran and the Caucasus to the Russian Far East, China, Japan and the Korea Peninsula. It also occurs in the Indian Sub-continent, southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.

population:
There is no information available on population trends in N. nucifera in Europe.

habitat:
N. nucifera occurs in still and slow-flowing water or lakes and rivers.

conservationAction:
Information on the population size and trend and potential threats should be collected.

useAndTrade:
N. nucifera is very widely cultivated and introductions derived from this cultivation obscure the native distribution of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
N. lutea is known to hybridise with N. pumila (N. ×spenneriana Gaudin) and although this hybrid is not infrequent where the ranges of the parents overlap, it is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.


taxonomicNotes:
N. pumila is known to hybridise with N. lutea (N. ×spenneriana Gaudin) and although this hybrid is not infrequent where the ranges of the parents overlap, it is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
N. pumila occurs from northern Europe east through Siberia and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island, Japan and China. In Europe it is mainly northern, occurring throughout Scandinavia, northern parts of the United Kingdom and in the mountains south to the Balkans.

population:
N. pumila is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, Vulnerable in Estonia, Near Threatened in Denmark and as Nationally Scarce in the United Kingdom, elsewhere it appears to be widespread and abundant.

habitat:
N. pumila occurs in standing, usually oligotrophic lakes and ponds.

conservationAction:
N. pumila is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, Vulnerable in Estonia, Near Threatened in Denmark and as Nationally Scarce in the United Kingdom, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Nymphaea species, their taxonomy and distribution are badly obscured by the occurrence in the wild of a wide variety and large numbers of horticultural cultivars.Tzvelev (1996) notes that "Beside the typical form, in water bodies with unfavourable hydrologic (particularly temperate) and edaphic conditions, small-leaved and small-flowered plants are found, which are considered by some authors as separate species - N.&#minoriflora (Borb.) Wissjul. Moreover the dependence of various plant parts of waterlily on the size of its rhizome has been proved experimentally (Dubnya 1976)".The hybrid with N. candida (N.&#×borealis E. Camus) is widely distributed, usually in the presence of both present but occasionally in the absence of N.&#alba (Tzvelev 1996).


taxonomicNotes:
Nymphaea species, their  taxonomy and distribution are badly obscured by the occurrence in the  wild of a wide variety and large numbers of horticultural cultivars.  The hybrid with N.&#alba (N.&#×borealis E. Camus) is widely distributed, usually in the presence of both present but occasionally in the absence of N.&#alba (Tzvelev 1996).

range:
N. candida mainly occurs in Europe, extending outside the region east through the Caucasus, Siberia and Kazakhstan to China and in the Indian Povince of Jammu and Kashmir. In Europe, it occurs throughout Scandinavia and much of eastern Central Europe including European Russia.

population:
N. candida is apparently extinct in Austria and is threatened in Germany, otherwise however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
N. candida grows in lakes and slow-flowing rivers, usually on deep silt or clays and sometimes in brackish water.

conservationAction:
In Germany, it is classed as Endangered (level 2) in the national red list (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).There are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
N. candida is widely grown and sold for garden and landscape planting.


taxonomicNotes:
The hybrid with N.&#candida (N.&#×sundvikii Hiit.) is occasional, usually in the presence of both parents (Tzvelev 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in its European range and does not face any major threats.

range:
N. tetragona occurs from Scandinavia through Siberia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far East, from Kamchatka south to Japan and the Korean Peninsula, it also occurs in China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Myanmar and northern North America. In Europe, it is restricted to Finland, Lithuania and European Russia.

population:
N. tetragona is not uncommon in Finland, but there is no information on populations in European Russia.

habitat:
N. tetragona typically occurs in standing water or dystrophic lakes and in sheltered inlets of larger lakes and small rivers on muddy substrates.

useAndTrade:
A variety of cultivars of N. tetragona are sold for landscaping and garden ponds, it is not known whether this trade affects the status of wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Corydalis gotlandica is endemic to Gotland in Sweden where it is found at seven locations. The extent  of occurrence is 200 km² and the area of occupancy is 40 km². The overall population is stable and consists of around 10,000 individuals. The only threat are changes in land management that lead to higher competition with other native species. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Vulnerable under Criterion D2.

range:
Corydalis gotlandica is endemic to Gotland in Sweden. It is found in eight groups of localities which can be defined as eight locations. The extent of occurrence is 200 km² and the area of occupancy is 40 km² (Artdatabanken 2010).

population:
The overall population is estimated to have 10,000 individuals and it seems to be stable (Artdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Corydalis gotlandica is a perennial plant and can spread by tubers, and seeds that are transported by ants. It grows in dry or moist eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland. This plant prefers partially shaded sites along stone walls and under bushes in gardens in fertile, sandy soil. C. gotlandica can also be found in  domestic gardens in urbanised areas   (Artdatabanken 2010, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Changes in land management that lead to overgrowth of the sites and subsequent competition affect this species. The removal of hedges and copses also impacts on this plant (Artdatabanken 2010, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Corydalis gotlandica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Accepted name in Flora Norsk is: Papaver radicatum ssp. laestadianum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This Scandinavian endemic plant has an extent  of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less  than 500 km². It is globally known from six to  seven locations in Norway  and two in Sweden. It has been estimated that the Swedish and Norwegian populations have around 2,000  mature individuals. In Sweden, the  population trend is stable and there are no threats whereas in Norway, climate  change and raising temperature have led the habitat and the species to decline. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable at European and global level.In the EU 27, the species is only found in Sweden, where the extent of occurrence is 73 km² and the   area of occupancy is probably 20 km². It is found at two localities with 1,000   mature individuals   in total. But the   populations have a stable trend and there are no current threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (B1a+B2a; D1).

range:
This plant is endemic to Norway and Sweden. Its EOO in Sweden is 73 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The AOO for Sweden is probably 20 km². In Norway, the EOO is less than 5,000 km² and the AOO is less than 500 km² (Artsdatabanken 2010). As the numbers in Sweden are quite low, it is suspected that for both countries the EOO and AOO fall below the same threshold.The species is globally known from six to seven locations in inner Troms  and two in Sweden (Artsdatabanken 2010). The Norwegian localities are in Balsfjord (Sohtungaisi), Målselv (Isdal Mountains) and Storfjord (Favresvarri, Markusfjellet, Paras, Gasskamus and Barras).

population:
In Sweden, it has been estimated that the population is around 1,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and the population trend is stable. In Norway, the population at Markusfjellet has approximately 1,000 individuals and the other populations are smaller. The overall number of mature individuals is between 250 and 1,000 in Norway. The overall population is declining (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
This perennial plant is present in alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are no threats to this species in Sweden. For Norway, climate change has been named as a threat as the species habitat is vulnerable to temperature increase (Artsdatabanken).

conservationAction:
Papaver laestadianum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Sweden, only the species Papaver radicatum has been assessed as Near Threatened and is protected (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, it is classed as Vulnerable B1a(ii)b(iii)+2a(ii)b(iii); D1 (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This arctic plant has only two occurrences in Norway. The area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are less than 500 km² and 5,000 km² respectively. Although there is a strong subpopulations in one site, some subpopulations have been lost due to river regulation and the species is assessed as Endangered for Norway. However, there are scattered populations in northern Ural and the Kola Peninsula in Russia and it might therefore be Least Concern for Europe. It is classed as Data Deficient for the moment as the size and trend of the European Russian populations is unknown.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Papaver lapponicum has a broad arctic amphi-Atlantic distribution from the Canadian Arctic islands in the west to Sakha in Siberia in the east (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Europe, this species occurs in Norway, and on the Kola Peninsula and in northern Ural in Russia. The species is known from two occurrences in northern Norway, one in Burfjorddalen and one in Vassbotndalen (Artsdatabanken 2010). The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
The largest known sub-populations is 1,000 individuals (Riddevarre in Kvænangen). It was revisited in 2006 and is still a strong population. Some subpopulations in Kvænangen seems to have disappeared, possibly due to river regulation. The populations in Russia are scattered.

habitat:
In Norway this species occurs mainly on upland stony soils and scree, in moorland and river flood zones, but it has also been found in damp fields at lower altitudes (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
Regulation of rivers has been named as a threat that led to a loss in populations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Endangered B1a(ii)b(iii,iv)+2a(ii)b(iii,iv); C2a(i) in the Norwegian Red List (Artsdatabanken 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
In Sweden, this species is treated as P. radicatum and no subspecies are recognised. The Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010) follows this treatment. In the Norwegian Red List it is treated as P. radicatum ssp. radicatum (Artsdatabanken).For this assessment, we will follow the suggestion of the Euro+Med Plantbase.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The subspecies is native to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, and Sweden. There are no major threats to this subspecies and no population declines have been reported. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.In the EU 27 member states, the subspecies is only found in Sweden at 20, severely fragmented, localities with an  extent of occurrence of 9,368 km² and an area of occupancy of 80 km². The population is stable with around 5,000  individuals. The only threat seems to be posed by competition with other plants. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2a.

range:
Papaver radicatum ssp. hyperboreum is native to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, and Sweden.In Sweden, it occurs at 20, severely fragmented, localities with an extent of occurrence of 9,368 km² and an area of occupancy of 80 km²   (ArtDatabanken 2010).

population:
It has been estimated that the population in Sweden is around 5,000 individuals with no evidence of decline   (ArtDatabanken 2010). It is not threatened in Norway or Iceland. There have been no declines reported for Russia. The subspecies is rare in Faroe Islands but not threatened.

habitat:
This subspecies is present in alpine and subalpine grasslands and temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes, on mountain ridges (ArtDatabanken 2010, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this subspecies. Competition has been cited as a local threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Papaver radicatum ssp. hyperboreum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Near Threatened B2a on the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010). In Norway, it is listed as Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens is listed as Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 50 km². Regressive patterns have been observed for its area of occupancy, the extent and quality of its habitat, its number of subpopulations and its population size. Extreme fluctuations have been observed in its area of occupancy as well. This subspecies presents low reproductive success, its habitat is very exclusive and it is affected by human pressures. #

range:
This taxon has been described for Spain, Morocco and Algeria (Díez Garretas and Asensi 1999), and it has been reported to include up to eight subspecies. The subspecies Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens occurs in Spain, as well as in Morocco. In Spain, it is restricted to the southern provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz, Málaga, and it can also be found in Ceuta (Cabezudo et al. 2004). It appears distributed into four locations, comprising 19 subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 50 km². Continuing decrease and fluctuations have been observed in its area of occupancy and habitat quality.

population:
Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens presents regressive patterns and high mortality in some subpopulations (Cabezudo et al. 2004). Most of the subpopulations comprise a low number of individuals, and regeneration and seedlings survival levels are low as well. Only three subpopulations present population size higher than 1,000 individuals. Total population size has been reported to be 14,563 individuals.

habitat:
Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens grows in fissures and cracks of vertical walls. It occurs within relict rupicolous vegetation which can be included in the association Rupicapnetum decipientis (Sarcocapnetalia enneaphyllae). This association can develop in a wide range of climatic conditions within woodlands of Pinus sp.- Juniperus sp., Quercus sp. and Ceratonia sp. Although its biotope is highly exclusive, the subspecies can be accompanied by species such as Chaenorrhinum villosum, Lapiedra martinezii, Campanula mollis, Silene andryalifolia, Polygala rupestris, Putoria calabrica, Phagnalon rupestre, Stachys circinata and Centaurea clementei.Its life length is about five years.

threats:
Main threats to Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens are quarrying, nitrification due to grazing activities and subsequent competition with nitrophile exotic species (Cabezudo et al. 2004). Other threats are droughts, fires, uncontrolled recreational activities and construction of communication lines. Its habitat is very restricted.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Rupicapnos africana ssp. decipiens is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as EN B2b(ii,iii,iv)c(ii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Some of the subpopulations occur within the protected area Paraje Natural del Desfiladero de los Gaitanes (SCI) (Cabezudo et al. 2004). Some others are included in the SCIs Sierra Blanca, Sierra de Líjar and Sierras de Abdalajís y la Encantada Sur. Seeds from some subpopulations are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de Andalucía (Jardín Botánico de Córdoba).Micro-reserves should be created including the non-protected subpopulations. Seeds from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks, population monitoring should be establish, climbing routes and grazing species should be controlled and the habitat of the subspecies should be restored. Research about its reproductive biology should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Cabezudo, B., Gil, Y., Ugarte, R., Navas, D., Navas, P. & Pérez Latorre, A.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution and mostly stable populations. The local threats it is facing are unlikely to cause its decline in the near future.

range:
L. uniflora occurs throughout much of western, central and northern Europe, extending beyond the region only in North Africa. In Europe, it is most abundant in the north with a discontinuous distribution along the Mediterranean coast. In the Mediterranean region, it is present in Corsica, continental France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sardinia, Croatia, and Morocco. It is found from from 38°45' (Lisboa) until 68°20' latitude to the north and, from the Azores (31°W) until the Carélie (35°E).

population:
L. uniflora is locally declining in Switzerland and Estonia, otherwise it appears to be reasonably widespread and abundant with stable populations.

habitat:
L. uniflora is found in permanent lakes and rivers with gravel beds, as well as temporary pools, rivers on sandy soil, lake shores, peat bogs and fish ponds.

threats:
Populations of L. uniflora may be locally threatened in the Mediterranean, but most northern populations are large and stable.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Red List of Italy and is protected on a national scale in France and included in the Red List of Threatened Plants (Danton and Baffry 1995), furthermore classed as Endangered in Switzerland, Vulnerable in Estonia and Data Deficient in Croatia. In Corsica, three sites are protected by the natural reserve statute and Ramsar statute. Outside these are  as there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, extending from Albufeira to Hinojos. It has a very small area of occupancy in Portugal (30 ha) and in the Spanish province Huelva. The area of occupancy is therefore smaller than 20 km². The Portuguese populations are very rare and small and its habitat is  declining rapidly which leads to a loss in mature individuals. The main threats in Portugal are mining of clay soils for the production  of construction materials. Further threats described are urbanisation, trampling and  grazing by livestock. Collection of this species leads to further  declines. In Spain, alterations of the hydrological functioning of its habitat poses the main threat. It can therefore be assumed that there are less than five locations. The species is assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, extending from Albufeira to Hinojos. In Portugal it is found in the Algarve region where it occupies a small area of 30 ha around Tunes, Guia and Algoz (ICN 2006). In Spain, it occurs only in the province Huelva (Castroviejo et al. 2009). The area of occupancy is less than 20 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The Portuguese populations are very rare and small and its habitat is declining rapidly which leads to a loss in mature individuals. The populations located within the nature reserve Barrocal have a very restricted effective population that is estimated to be below 10,000 individuals and occupies about 0.05 ha. A more abundant population is located outside the protected site, south of the village of Messines and counts several thousand individuals. It occupies an area of about 29 ha (ICN 2006).

habitat:
The species occurs on clay soils that are temporarily flooded in winter and spring, and dry out with the opening of cracks in summer. It prefers colluvium areas with upwelling water. It can also be found in shrubland clearings, in acid soils (dominated by Stauracanthus boivinii and Calluna sp.) (ICN 2006, Castroviejo et al. 2009).

threats:
The main threats in Portugal are mining of clay soils for the production of construction materials. Possible consequences are topographic changes that disrupt the natural drainage function of soils. It is not clear how mining affects Plantago algarbiensis  as apart from disturbing the species, it can also benefit from the deposition of inert material and from the exclusion of agriculture in the area. Further threats described are urbanisation, trampling and grazing by livestock. Collection of this species leads to further declines (ICN 2006).The main threats in Andalucia are alterations of the hydrological functioning of its habitat (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
Plantago algarbiensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal. It is classed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and as Endangered (EN) in the Red List of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).In Portugal, it has been recommended to study the affects of mining on the species and discuss the potential threats with mining companies (raise awareness) and to establish micro-reserves to protect the species (ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
Collection has been described as a threat to this species but the purpose of the collection is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the southwest coast of Portugal where only one subpopulation remains. Its extent of occurrence is 20 km² and the area of occupancy is 1 km². In the 1990s, one of two known subpopulations disappeared and the remaining population is small and decreasing and hosts only between 3,000 and 4,000 individuals. Several threats lead to a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality among them are pollution with agricultural chemicals, intrusion by humans and their vehicles, trampling, and fires. This plant is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the southwest coast of Portugal (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 20 km² and the area of occupancy is 1 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species is rare and restricted. Until the 1990s, there were two known subpopulations 20 km apart. Nowadays there is only one small subpopulation remaining that is restricted to an area of 7 ha (ICN 2006). The total population is between 3,000 and 4,000 individuals with a decreasing trend  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows along the coast, in undisturbed sandy soils with high levels of clay and iron. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Agriculture and the application of chemicals through irrigation systems and percolation in fields adjacent to the species sites poses a major threat. Access of vehicles to coastal fishing grounds and beaches are affecting the species habitat. So is trampling by visitors or animals that also leads to soil erosion. There is also a risk of fires. Collection of this plant can lead to further declines (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Plantago almogravensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal.It is recommended to protect the plant (e.g. to establish micro-reserves) and to manage its sites, for example, by moderate grazing activities or controlling the risks of fires, etc. (ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
Collection has been described as a potential threat but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plantago famarae is classed as Critically Endangered for it is present in one single location, with an area of occupancy between 1 and 3.5 km², and a total population size of less than 70 individuals. Landslides, the presence of grazing species and inbreeding phenomena are the main threats affecting this small shrub.

range:
Plantago famarae is endemic to the island of Lanzarote, the Canary Islands, Spain (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004), where it grows between 300 and 500 m asl, distributed in one location in Famara, on the northern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in between 1 and 3.5 km².

population:
Its population was reported to be 41 individuals by Reyes Betancort et al. (2004) and 66 mature individuals were counted in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). However, declining or fluctuating population trends have been observed for this species since 2002. Its population size is believed to be lower than the minimum appropriate to ensure the viability of the population (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004).

habitat:
This small shrub generally grows on rocky screes and ledges, occasionally acting as a rupicolous species (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). It can be found from the sea level up to 600 m asl, but it prefers intermediate altitude. Frequent accompanying species are Launaea arborescens, Lavandula pinnata, Forsskaolea angustifolia, Asteriscus intermedius, Lotus # lancerottensis and Bituminaria bituminosa.

threats:
Threats to this species are the instability of the substrate it grows on, and possible inbreeding (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). Stock trampling and predation have been reported as possible threats as well.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is classed "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.The whole population is within the protected area Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004).Plant material is stored in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks. Population monitoring and reinforcement plans, and research about the reproductive biology of the species, should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Reyes Betancort, J.A., Martín Cáceres, K., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Santos Guerra, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Madeiran Central Mountain Massif where it grows in heathland above 1,500 m asl. Its extent of occurrence is 294 km². The populations are small and scattered with probably more than 1,000 mature individuals and a stable trend. But the  habitat quality and extent are declining due to the invasion of exotic species and the species is affected by #trampling, recreational activities, fires, droughts and landslides. A major fire rage in summer 2010 could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
This plant is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is found in the Central Mountain Massif above 1,500 m asl (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 294 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are small and scattered with probably more than 1,000 mature individuals and the population trend was thought to be stable (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
It grows in ravines and on terraces with soil accumulations and in high altitude heathland (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). This species is part of the Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis and is found in the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 4050 "Endemic Macaronesian heaths"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to the invasion of exotic species which also increases competition for P. malato-belizii. Trampling, recreational activities, fires and natural factors such as droughts and landslides are affecting the species (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). A major fire took place in summer 2010 in the species range.

conservationAction:
Plantago malato-belizii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Managing the species sites and raising public awareness are necessary conservation actions. The biology and ecology of the species and its population dynamics should be studied (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Armeria berlengensis is endemic  to the Berlenga archipelago in Portugal where it is found at three islands. Its area of occupancy is smaller  than 10 km². The number of sites or the population size are not known but the subpopulations are considered severely fragmented. Significant declines have been measured in some areas. The species suffers from the impacts of seagulls overcrowding the islands and the expansion of invasive species. The species is frequently being monitored and its localities are  inaccessible to humans which provides some protection. However, it is classed as Critically Endangered for the moment.

range:
Armeria berlengensis is endemic to the Berlenga archipelago, off the Portuguese coast. It occurs on the islands Berlenga, Estelas and Farilhões (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is smaller than 200 km² and the area of occupancy is smaller than 10 km² as the geographic range for this species has been reported to be 0.95 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The largest of the islands has an area of 1 km².

population:
This plant has once been described as common in almost all of the islands, but significant declines have been measured in some areas (ICN 2006). The subpopulations count as severely fragmented as there is no assumed genetic exchange over the distance of the islands.

habitat:
This sub-shrub is dispersed along the periphery of the islands. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1230 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are two main threats. First, the overcrowding of seagulls which leads to eutrophication and the gulls also use this cushion-formed plant to create their nests. Secondly, the expansion of the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and Mesembryathemum crystallinum leads to increased competition. However, the latter seems to be less of a problem nowadays (ICN 2006). #

conservationAction:
Armeria berlengensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Control and eradication of invasive species is recommended. The species is frequently being monitored and its localities are inaccessible to humans which provides protection in itself (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Armeria helodes populations in Friuli, Italy, have experienced a severe population reduction and are now only present in seven subpopulations. These subpopulations are severely fragmented and have an extent of occurrence of 60 km². Although all remaining populations are included in a protected area, the number of mature individuals is still decreasing as changes in the water table lead to changes in the remaining habitat. Furthermore, each subpopulation has between five and ten mature individuals, totalling less than 50 surviving plants. This species is therefore listed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Armeria helodes is a species strictly endemic to Italy. It is found in seven very isolated locations in Friuli, with an extent of occurrence of 60 km² and an effective occupied area of 20 ha.It is a neo-endemic species that resulted from the genetic isolation of Armeria alpina on the Friuli plains during the post-glacial age.Pignatti (1982) lists this species as also being present in Lombardy but Conti et al. (2005) report this species only for Friuli.

population:
The species is considered very rare and is threatened with extinction in Italy. At the beginning of the 20th century it was widespread throughout an area of about 60 km². Currently, it exists in seven isolated locations. The populations are in decline and each of the subpopulations has no more than five to 10 individuals, the total number of individuals is less than 50 (Pignatti et al. 2001).

habitat:
Armeria helodes is a perennial plant (Hemicryptophyte) that inhabits alkaline marshes of peaty soil that are saturated in water and rich in calcium and magnesium. It occurs in a habitat that is listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive: Alkaline fens (7230). This plant is oligotrophic, heliophilous and an unsuccessful competitor against others species. Flowering occurs during spring (April-May).

threats:
The main threats to the species are drainage of its habitat, and agricultural pollution with fertilisers and accumulation of organic material.

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Critically Endangered in Italy (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005). It is listed as an important species in Annex II of the Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE. All the existing sites are included in a SCI (Site of Community Interest) but the numbers of mature individuals are still decreasing.Ex situ conservation measures are recommended. More research on this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Armeria neglecta is endemic to Portugal and is currently believed to be extinct. Further fieldwork is needed to verify this. There are also  taxonomic uncertainties around its status and this should be  investigated and clarified. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This is an endemic species from Portugal and was reported from around Beja.

population:
No individuals have been found or recorded, it is believed to be extinct (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Armeria neglecta is a perennial, creeping plant that flowers from April to May. It was described from shrubland on siliceous soils, from 200 to 300 m asl.

conservationAction:
Armeria neglecta is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal and the investigation to determine whether this species is still present should continue. There are also taxonomic uncertainties around its status and this should be investigated and clarified.


redListCategoryRationale:
Armeria pseudarmeria is a narrow endemic to the area of Lisbon and Sintra in Portugal. Its extent of occurrence is 557 km²     and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km². The total number of populations is not known but there are bigger ones with moderate conservation status and several isolated smaller populations. Overall, the subpopulations are severely fragmented. The main threats are abandonment of traditional agriculture leading to vegetation succession and competition and cause further fragmentation. The invasive species Carpobrotus edulis, collection of the plant, urbanisation pose further threats. The species is classed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal where it occurs in the region around Lisbon and Sintra (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 557 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The biggest subpopulation is estimated to host around 80,000 individuals, distributed more or less continuously from Rebolo to Vale da Ribeira da Ursa. The second biggest population is located on basaltic soil in Magoito/Samarra, and is thought to have several thousand individuals. Of further importance are the populations located in the region of Malveira (Loures). The remaining subpopulations are isolated from each other by a few kilometres and have sizes in the order of hundreds of individuals (ICN 2006).The populations are declining. The subpopulations are severely fragmented, one of the reasons might be the loss of ecological corridors by removing dry stone walls that traditionally separated the agricultural fields.

habitat:
It is found in soils originated from granular igneus rocks. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetationAlso present in arable land with unmixed crops grown by low-intensity agricultural methods. It sometimes behaves like a colonising species after disturbance, but it does not show invasive characteristics (ICN 2006).

threats:
Abandonment of the traditional mosaic agriculture with forestry and pastoral activities, leads to vegetation succession and the encroachment of shrubs which pose a competition to Armeria pseudarmeria. It is also competing with the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis which limits the growth of juveniles and affects population dynamics. Collection of the plant is a further threat, as is overgrazing (ICN 2006), urbanisation, and instalment of wind turbines.

conservationAction:
Armeria pseudarmeria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and is legally protected in Portugal.The populations at Azóia and Cabo da Roca should be monitored regarding the harvest levels. Further measures for the species sites include the promotion of traditional agriculture and extensive grazing, control and removal of Carpobrotus edulis, and protection of the sites where needed (ICN 2006).

useAndTrade:
The scapes of this flower are collected for commercial and ornamental purposes in the area of Azóia and Cabo da Roca. The actual level of harvest is unknown (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Portugal where it is found in the  southwest with an extent of occurrence of 6,200 km². This plant has a relatively  broad distribution and occurs in several "centres of abundance" but can also  be found in scattered, smaller and less dense populations.  Information on the number of locations or whether there is severe fragmentation is needed. The population trend is unknown but there is continuing habitat loss due to conversion into agricultural land, Eucalyptus plantations, urban expansion and tourism. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii).

range:
This species is restricted to Portugal where it is found in the southwest, in the lower basin of the Tejo, the river Sado, and the southwest coast (ICN 2006). The extent of occurrence is 6,200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This plant has a relatively broad distribution. It has several "centres of abundance" but can also be found outside those in smaller and less dense populations. The subpopulations host normally tens of individuals and have different distances to each other. There are three main subpopulations: The centre of Ribatejo in the area of Muje-Salvaterra de Magos, Moita-Coina-Palmela and the lower basin of the Sado, and the coast of Tróia-Sines. The latter two subpopulations seem to be connected to the Setúbal region via small populations that are far apart from each other. The distribution patterns between the three subpopulations differ considerably. The Tejo basin populations are significantly dispersed and become more rare in the central zone. In the lower Sado basin and the coast of Tróia-Sines two distinct behaviours are prevalent: in the south bank of the Sado estuary the localities are almost one big one comprising thousands of individuals. Upstream along the Sado and south along the coast of Tróia-Sines the population nuclei are more distinct, remote and hold up to several tens of individuals. The southern limit of the distribution is marked by a small peripheral population south of Sines (ICN 2006).The subpopulations in the areas of Muje-Salvaterra de Magos and Moita-Coina-Palmela show signs of reduced polymorphism and  variability in the "centres of abundance". It is difficult to predict the rates of extinction versus new colonisation in the lower Sado basin and the coast of Tróia-Sines (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This small perennial occurs on very porous substrates and dry paleodunes and less frequently in sandy soils derived from tertiary sandstones. This plant demonstrated a preference for open areas in low and sparse shrublands (often associated with pine trees). It often behaves as a pioneer and colonizes clearings resulting from disturbance. It is found in shrublands dominated by Halimium commutatum, Stauracanthus spp. Ulex australis. Once the pine canopy closes and the understorey becomes more dense, the species becomes less abundant (ICN 2006).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands

threats:
In the area of ​​Muje-Salvaterra de Magos the area of ​​suitable habitat has been reduced due to changes in land use, specifically the expansion of intensive agriculture that involves the use of large areas, topographical adjustments or irrigation of formerly dry land. Pine plantations lead to overgrowth of the shrubland which affects the regeneration cycle of this species.In the area of Moita-Coina-Palmela the main threat is posed by urban expansion.In the lower Sado basin and the coast of Tróia-Sines, the most significant threat is the conversion of the shrubland habitat into Eucalyptus plantations and the presence of extensive stands of Acacia. As resin tapping is a main vocation in the heathland pine stands, there is a tendency to have large and high pine stands which causes the problem of overshading.Although the species benefits from a certain level of disturbance (e.g. cutting of woods and moving of soil), an intensification of the disturbance can be harmful. Frequent and large-scale shrub clearing can lead to depletion of the soil seed bank.The change of land use through the implementation of tourism projects is another major threat (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Armeria rouyana is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is legally protected in Portugal. The following conservation measures are recommended (ICN 2006): Encouraging sustainable forestry practices, i.e. keep the cycles of forest clearing to 3-5 years and avoid activities between November and JulyKeep clearings in pine forests openRegulate changes in land use for intensive agricultural uses or urban expansion and tourismContain and convert Acacia and Eucalyptus stands in the area of the lower Sado basin and Tróia-SinesHalt the spread of Carpobrotus edulisPromote micro-sites to increase the connectivity between the centres of abundance


