# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe the species is found in Greece, and possibly Bulgaria (Z. Karas pers. comm. 2004). Outside of Europe it has been reported from a number of locations in Turkey (Risch 2003, Grace 2010) and from a specimen collected in Armenia (Friese 1896).

population:
There is no information on either the population size or trends for this species.

habitat:
The species has been recorded visiting Teucrium orientale (Friese 1896) and is active from May to early July (Grace 2010). It may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland or grassland, however this requires confirmation.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species occurs in eastern and southern Europe, although literature on the species has only been found from Greece (Standfuss 2009). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Israel.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. The species flies from April to June and has been reported while foraging on Asphaltium bituminosum and Cistus creticus (Standfuss 2009). The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys apifera and O. cornutula (Gaskett 2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its status, threats and ecological requirements. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
This species occurs on the East Aegean islands of Greece (Samos). Outside of Europe this species occurs in Turkey (Risch 2003).

population:
The species appears to be not very common in its geographic range (Risch 2003).

habitat:
The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland, however this requires confirmation.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the taxonomy, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera quilisi is known only from Spain and Portugal (Dusmet y Alonso 1926, Albaladejo and Izquierdo Moya 2006, F. Ortiz pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species. Taxonomic research should be carried out on this poorly known species, as it is known only from the description by Dusmet and Alonso (1926) and the presence of syntypes has only recently been confirmed (Albaladejo and Izquierdo Moya 2006). It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Eucera radoszkovskii Morawitz, 1872 was described from the Saratov region of Russia, and later this species was noted from Sarepta, Volgograd, Russia (Friese 1896). The species is also found in middle Asia (Popov 1967).

habitat:
This species is confined to plains and foothills. In Middle Asia a male was collected from the flowers of Sophora alopecuroides (Fabaceae). It is a spring species that flies from late April to late May (Popov 1967). In Turkmenistan, it is also noted to occur in August (Kohl and Handlirsch 1889). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Studies are needed into the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species, and little on its habitats and ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found from Spain to Greece (Rasmont et al. 1995, Ortiz-Sanchez 2011). Outside of Europe the species is found in all north African countries (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Algeria, Syria and Iran (Friese 1896).

habitat:
Eucera rufa is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and abandoned olive groves (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), and is associated with the orchids Ophrys apulica and O. heldreichii through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011). Both sexes have been observed visiting Asphodelus ramosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae) on the island of Crete. The species has a single flight period each year (univoltine) and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species.


range:
The species is known from Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk and Dnipropetrovsk regions) and Russia (Belgorod, Rostov, Voronezh, Ryazan, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Altai regions), Mongolia, and western Kazakhstan (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013, Sitdikov 1988).

habitat:
The species inhabits fields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sweet clover (Trifolium spp.), and can be found in shelter belts, gullies, road sides, everywhere where there are remnants of the meadow steppe (grasses). It has been recorded that the males fly from 25th April until 21st June; and the females fly from 27th April until 21st May. The species prefers leguminous plants and forages upon  Caragana spp., Vicia spp. (Fabaceae) but will also visit Taraxacum spp., Carduus spp. (Asteraceae), Nonea spp., (Boraginaceae), Muscari spp. (Liliaceae), and Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it is known to occur within the Khomutovskaya steppe, Streltsovskaya steppe and Provalsky steppe Natural Reserves in Ukraine. Research into the population size, trends and threats to this poorly-known species is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population at least in part of its geographic range.

range:
This species is distributed in southern-central Europe, from France to Greece and east to Moldova and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Armenia, Turkey and Tunisia.

population:
The species is common in southern Europe (Risch 2003), but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera seminuda can be found in Mediterranean shrubland habitats and flies from March to August (Iuga 1958) in central Europe, while in the Mediterranean area it flies from March to July. It has been recorded  foraging on Fabaceae (Trifolium pratense), Boraginaceae (Anchusa officinalis) (Friese 1896) and Lamiaceae species. In Romania it has been recorded on Onobrychis sativa, Vicia pannonica, Ajuga genevensis, Glechoma hederacea, Muscari racemosum and Lychnis flos-cuculi (Iuga 1958) and is associated with sexually deceptive orchids, Ophrys attica and O. umbilicata (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red list of threatened species in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkač et al. 2005). However it is still considered present in Moravia and Slovakia (Bogusch et al. 2007).Other than general research activity on the threats and population size and trends, no direct conservation measures are needed for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas.


range:
Eucera spectabilis shows an Indian-Turanic distribution extended to Turkey and the Caucasus. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species is found in European Russia. It was described from "Sarafschan" (probably today's Zarafshan, Uzbekistan) and also collected in "Borshom" probably in Georgia (Morawitz 1875). Outside of Europe the species is known from Turkey (Grace 2010), Turkestan (Friese 1896), India and Pakistan (Dover 1925).

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate grassland and has been recorded while foraging on Malva spp. (Morawitz 1875).


range:
Eucera squamosa occurs in Europe on mainland Greece and the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Friese 1896) and Turkey (Grace 2010). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species also occurs in Bosnia and Romania, as well as northern African and eastern Mediterranean countries.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and has been recorded while foraging on Centaurea calcitrapa in July (Özbek 2010).


range:
Eucera syriaca only occurs in Cyprus within Europe. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012) and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
No information is available on the population size and trend of this species. As it only occurs in Cyprus in Europe there is little chance of any rescue effect from the extra-limital populations in the Middle East.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status, the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is found in France (mainland and Corsica) (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Rasmont et al. 1995), Hungary (Jozan 2011), Romania (Iuga 1858) and Spain. Outside of Europe, it is found in central Asia, northern Africa and Turkey (Grace 2010).

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit grassland, forest, and Mediterranean-type shrubland, and it flies from May to August. The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys aegirtica and Ophrys tardans (Gaskett 2011). The preferred flowers for females are Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum officinale (Boraginaceae), Vicia spp., Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae), Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), while the males prefer Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium lanceolatum, Carduus spp. (Asteraceae).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe the species is known from European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe it is only known from a single record (Friese 1896) from Sarafschan in Turkestan.

population:
There is no information on either the population size or trends of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. However, further research is required to determine the population trends of this species.

range:
Eucera tricincta is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and possibly southern European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Saunders 1908), all north African countries, Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Caucasus, Palestine and Israel (Grace 2010).

population:
The species has been found in wide nesting populations (Friese 1896). As the species is widespread and widely cited in the literature, it is presumed that it has a large population. There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and open, floristically diverse, Quercus suber/Fraxinus spp./Pinus pinea grassland. It has been found on Salvia sylvestris (Lamiaceae) (Friese 1896); Echium vulgare, Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae); Ononis spinosa, Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae); Stachys recta (Lamiaceae) and Carduus spp. (Asteraceae). It is on the wing from May to August (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Iuga 1958, Ozbek 2010), even in April in north Africa on Peganum harmala (Nitrariaceae) (Saunders 1908). Other recorded forage plants are Ballota spp. (Lamiaceae) (Grace 2010), Knautia integrifolia (Dipsacaceae) (Ornosa 1993) and Corydothymus capitatus (Lamiaceae) (Standfuss 2009).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
In Europe the species is found in Cyprus, Ukraine (Donetsk, Mykolaiv, Odessa, and Crimea), and European Russia (Volgograd) (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Turkey (Grace 2010).

habitat:
The species has been reported visiting Anthemis arvensis, Calendula persica (Asteraceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951) and Geranium tuberosum (Geraniaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1957). The females of Eucera velutina collect pollen from Stachys spp. (Lamiaceae) and Malus spp.(Rosaceae) (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).The species flies from March to May. In Israel and Palestine, it is associated with desertic conditions in the Negev and east of Jerusalem, and in Mediterranean shrublands on Har Karmel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). In Russia it is found on steppic habitats and found foraging on Salvia tescuicola and Caragana frutex (Pesenko 1974).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it is known to occur with the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.

redListReviewers:
Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.


range:
In Europe, the species occurs in European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is present in Turkestan and Uzbekistan (Friese 1896).

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit grasslands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known whether the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


range:
The species occurs in Greece, Turkey and the Caucasus, as well as the eastern European countries from the former Yugoslavia to Ukraine (Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. It flies from May until June and has been reported while foraging on Crepis neglecta (Asteraceae) in May (Standfuss 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species and little on the habitats or ecology of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera vulpes is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece and its islands (Standfuss 2009, Grace 2010, Ortiz-Sanchez 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, it has been reported in Israel (Mavromoustakis 1939), Turkey, Syria and Jordan (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands, including abandoned olive groves. The species is on the wing from April to June and has been reported foraging upon Bellis sylvestris (Standfuss 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera zeta occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands and Cyprus (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Iran and Turkmenistan (Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2013).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. It flies in February and March on Cyprus and it is suggested that it is an oligolectic species. Grace (2010) reports foraging at Prunus dulcis and Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This European endemic species is only known from Albania, Sicily, Greece and the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010, Rasmont 2014).

redListReviewers:
Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is abundant and populations are thought to be stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the habitat and specific threats of the species.

range:
Habropoda tarsata is found scattered from southeast to west France all along the Mediterranean region, eastwards until Iran (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is the most abundant of the Habropoda species. While its distribution is quite scattered, it is generally very abundant where it has been found (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), and the populations are presumed to be stable.

habitat:
The males of the species can be found on the flowers of Prunus persica and Prunus amygdalus, while the females can be found on Coronilla varia, Anchusa and Ajuga (Iuga 1958). It also forages very frequently on Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Cytisus species (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). It hosts Melecta obscura (Lieftinck 1969, 1972), and it could also presumably host the kleptoparasite Melecta albifrons (Iuga 1958), but this could be a mistake. There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands..


range:
This species is quite abundant through the Balkan region and Greece, the Caucasus and north Iran. It can also be found in Italy and Sicily and in a very isolated subpopulation in central Spain. It has been recorded in one locality in southeast France, where it now seems to have disappeared (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This species is quite abundant throughout the Balkan region and Greece. However, it seems to have disappeared in southeastern France. There is no information on the overall population size and trends of the species.

habitat:
The males of this species often forage on Robinia pseudaccacia, while females forage on Salvia and Vicia (Iuga 1958). It is the host of the kleptoparasitic species Melecta funeraria. There is no information available on the habitats of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in very scattered localities along the Mediterranean basin and in the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is widespread it can be assumed to occur in temperate grasslands. It is a kleptoparasitic species whose host is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to determine the population size and trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.

range:
This species is the most widespread Melecta in Europe. The limits to its distribution are North Africa to the south, and Denmark and Latvia to the north. It does not occur in Scotland, Ireland, Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, since its host Anthophora plumipes is abundant, the species is presumed to be common.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is known that Melecta albifrons is a kleptoparasitic species (nest parasite) of the following host species: Anthophora plumipes (Pallas), Anthophora fulvitarsis Brullé, Anthophora plagiata Illiger, Anthophora salviae (Panzer), Anthophora mucida Gribodo and Habropoda tarsata (Spinola). As it is kleptoparasitic, it's habitat mirrors that of its host.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeter and Reemer 2003). There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in the arid steppes of southern Russia and central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, although its host is unknown.

conservationAction:
Melecta baeri is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) probably less than 2,000 km2, so further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it could be threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km2.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. Melecta canariensis is known to be a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, as it has a restricted distribution and it could be threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it has been recorded in altitudes up to 600 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown. Its host plants include Aizoaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Frankeniaceae and Oxalidaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, since it has been recorded from February to May and from September and November.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014), where it occurs in La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Hohmann et al. 1993).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it has been recorded in altitudes up to 2,300 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993) and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.The species is probably kleptoparasite, as other species of the genus Melecta. The host plants include the families Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Oxalidaceae and Rubiaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993).It has been recorded from October to June (Hohmann et al. 1993).


range:
Melecta duodecimmaculata is found in warm Mediterranean countries, from southwestern to eastern Europe (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa, the Near Orient and Central Asia.

habitat:
There is no information available on its habitat and ecology, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.


range:
In Europe, this species is found through Mediterranean countries (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present eastwards into Turkey and Central Asia.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as the are rest of the Melecta species.


range:
The species is present through the Balkans and west Asia, with one record from France (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Melecta funeraria is a Mediterranean species with a scattered distribution. Outside of Europe, it is present in the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is most likely to be Habropoda zonatula Smith, 1854.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution, so further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it could be threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.


range:
Melecta grandis is a Mediterranean species. In Europe, it is found through the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, while outside of Europe it is present in Israel and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2,  it is a rare species, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the disappearance of the species' host.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, it is distributed across central and northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,005,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2.

population:
Populations of Nomada baccata are small in the countries where it occurs, it is a rare species. In many countries there are strong population declines (Rassi et al. 2010, Gärdenfors 2010, Westrich et al. 2011, Peeters et al. 2012).

habitat:
Nomada baccata is a brood parasite of the bee Andrena argentata, this host nests in open sandy areas, with a loose, uncompacted substrate. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) flying from mid or late July to the end of August or early September.It occurs in inland heathland, especially on the sandy areas and in dunes.

threats:
The host of this species (Andrena argentata) is decreasing, and although the full suite of threats of this host are not known, in some areas, excessive erosion caused by motor bike and horse riding causes disturbance to the host nesting areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).  The species occurs in non-protected areas and in protected areas.More research is needed to identify the threats and the population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information about the status of the species, and the threats.

range:
Nomada barcelonensis is endemic to Spain and it is known from five localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,882 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

population:
Probably the populations are small, because not many specimens have been collected. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.

range:
Nomada basalis is present in south and south-eastern Europe, northern Africa, the Near East (Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Israel) and Asia (until Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,464,420 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,500 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in most countries, in these countries the populations seem to be stable. The species has disappeared from some countries, in particular from the countries at the northern edge of the distribution of the species (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Switzerland).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bee species, and Andrena rufomaculata (synonymised with A. optata) is probably one of the hosts (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Nomada basalis occurs in grassland areas, verges, temporarily non-used land.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002).     It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, overall large and stable population and because it does not appear to be in decline.

range:
Nomada beaumonti is known from the south of Portugal, Spain, the south-east of France, northern Italy, Sicily and north-west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,187,588 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant in Spain and south-east France, but it is rare in Portugal and Italy. The populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
The habitat is dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). Nomada beaumonti is a brood parasite of other bees, but nothing is known about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). More investigation is needed on the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book of any European country, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species and the ecological requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and because it does not appear to be in decline.

range:
The species is present in central and south Europe and in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,748,460 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 732 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant in the countries where it occurs. The populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
Nomada bifasciata is a brood parasite of bees of the genus Andrena. Andrena gravida is a host (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and probably in Spain also Andrena savignyi.  Nomada bifasciata occurs in grasslands: such as water-meadows, on dikes and grass verges of unpaved roads.   The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species occurs in at least one protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it does not appear to be in decline.

range:
Nomada bispinosa occurs in southern Europe, reaching Poland in the north, and in the Asian part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,546,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species; regarding the number of data of this species it is probably rather rare but the species does not seem to be in decline.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably a species of the genus Lasioglossum is one of the hosts (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Nomada bispinosa is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); flying from May to July (Celary 1995).The habitat of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed on the biology, habitat requirements, threats and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species is distributed across southern Europe, reaching the Czech Republic in the north and extending to Turkey and Kazakhstan in Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,550,236 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km2.

population:
The species is rare in most countries, except in Spain, where it is rather abundant.The trends of the populations are not known.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown. Nomada blepharipes is a brood parasite of other bees, however, nothing is known of the host. The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall and stable population.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in central, eastern and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,382,524 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 246 km2.

population:
It seems that at least in southern Europe the populations are stable.

habitat:
The habitat is verges of unpaved roads, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). Nomada bluethgeni is a brood parasite of other bees and Lasioglossum marginellum is probably one of the hosts (Stoeckhert 1943). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); the first generation flies in May, and the summer generation in July and August.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  More research is needed on the biology, trends and possible threats of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. The species was last seen in 1913 and surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is extinct.

range:
Nomada bolivari is endemic to Spain, there are only two males known from Madrid.

population:
There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The species has not been found since 1913.

habitat:
Nomada bolivari is a brood parasite of other bees. Nothing is known about the host, or the habitat.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range,the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There is more research needed to determine if the species still exists or if it is extinct.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Nomada bouceki occurs in three countries in south-eastern Europe; Slovakia, Bulgaria and Greece; and in Turkey and Israel. It is (in Europe) only known from four localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 29,906 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
The population is probably small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Nomada bouceki is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena atrata is one of the hosts (Kocourek 1985). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known about the habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in Spain, Romania, Greece and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is only found in Greece and the east Aegean islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, it is present in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species and to clarify its taxonomic status.

range:
Melecta italica is found across the Mediterranean region. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of the species.

range:
The species is found from North Africa and the Balearic Islands (Spain) to the eastern Mediterranean countries and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as the rest of Melecta species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread through its range and the species is not declining fast enough to qualify for a higher category of threat. However, research has to be conducted in order to determine the population size and threats to the species, as it has shown a strong decline in Europe.

range:
In Europe, this species is widely distributed under 60° latitude (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Near East.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, populations are thought to be in decline and the species is becoming extremely rare in some parts of its area, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium (Leclerq et al. 1980) and the Netherlands, and it has also been declining in Sweden (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014), where it is now considered extinct (Gärdenfors 2010).

habitat:
Melecta luctuosa is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, being its host Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus, 1758) in most of its distribution. Other hosts include Anthophora plagiata (Illiger, 1806) and Anthophora aestivalis (Panzer, 1801). It has recently been observed in temperate grasslands in Belgium (D. Michez pers. comm. 2014), but there is no further information on the habitat of this species.

threats:
In some parts of its area, the decline of its host species has led M. luctuosa to scarcity or even local extinction. Its host Anthophora plagiata is decreasing in western Europe, although not in eastern Europe. The causes of this decline are not clear, and hypothesis include that it could be related to its foraging plants, which include clover (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) or that it could be related to the nesting behaviour of the species (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeter and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is also listed as being in regression in the first Red List of Belgian insects (Leclercq et al. 1980).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is found scattered through east Mediterranean areas, southeast Russia and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).


range:
The species is found through eastern and north Mediterranean areas, from Italy to Turkey and the Caucasus (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is likely to be Habropoda tarsata (Spinola, 1838). Its habitat preference is likely to mirror that of its host.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is only one specimen known of this species. Moreover, there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from one specimen on Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain). However, it seems likely that the species could also occur in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).


range:
The distribution of this species is disjunt. In Europe, it is present in the Mediterranean part of the Iberian peninsula and southern France, Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, Cyprus and southern European Russia and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown. Males pollinate the orchid Ophrys kotschyi by pseudocopulation (Paulus and Gack 1990).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. The most recent records date from 1984 and 1974 in Portugal and Spain respectively and the species may be extinct in both countries.

range:
Nomada accentifera occurs in Portugal and Spain and it also extends to north-western Africa. There are four specimens known from Portugal: one from 1968, three from 1984 (Baldock and Smit in litt.). Two specimens are known from southern Spain, one from 1975 and one without year. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 67,823 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

habitat:
Nothing is known about the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and, despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends. It is recommended that a survey is being carried out to determine if the species is extinct, because the only available data are old, from more than 25 years ago.It is not known if the species is present in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
Nomada agrestis has a wide distribution (Alexander and Schwarz 1994), and is distributed across southern Europe as well as in northern Africa and the Near East (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 153,5104 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.

population:
The species is generally abundant in the countries where it occurs, only in southern France it is very rare. The population trend of this species is considered stable.

habitat:
Nomada agrestis occurs in grasslands, gardens and pasture land, especially when they are rich in flowers. The species is a broodparasite of bees of the genus Eucera, probably Eucera nigrilabris (Vereecken et al. 2008).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall presumed large and stable population. However the species is threatened by the destruction of the sandy habitats which inhabits and is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
Nomada alboguttata is widespread in the Palearctic region (Alexander and Schwarz 1994).It is not known from the following countries, but probably also occurs in: Albania, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, Slovakia, Russia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,665,306 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 852 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in most countries of Europe. The population is stable in most countries, but it is declining in Switzerland, Norway and Slovenia.

habitat:
Nomada alboguttata usually flies above bare sand: on sandy roads, inland sandy areas and on sandpaths in woods and heathland. The female lands on the sand in which she has detected a nest of a host by smell and digs herself into the sand towards the nest of its host, Andrena barbilabris, and like its host is a partly bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) and flies from the beginning of April to the middle of June, and again from the end of July to the end of September.

threats:
Nomada alboguttata is adversely affected by the pavement of sandy roads as well as when sandy areas are being overgrown by grasses and other plants. In addition this species is also negatively affected when sandpaths are covered by wood chops.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).The species occurs both in non-protected and protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient since it is only known from six localities and there is very little information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. However the species is listed as threatened in one of the countries in which it occurs.

range:
Nomada alpigena has a very restricted distribution and is confined to the mountains of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, so it is an endemic species to Europe. It is only known from six localities: three in Italy (two in southern Tirol and one in Piemonte), two in Austria (eastern Tirol) and one in Slovenia  (Ljubljana). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40,578 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
Considering the number of collected specimens, the population of Nomada alpigena is probably very small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is unknown. This bee is a brood parasite of another bee species, but there is no information available about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and the type specimens were caught in July and August.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered, Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.There is more research needed for the habitat, biology, possible threats, trends and conservation of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km2, and there is a continuing decline of the quality of the grasslands where the species occurs due to agricultural intensification. The species is considered threatened in many countries as well as extinct in others. The habitat of this species needs to be protected and conserved.

range:
Nomada argentata is endemic to Europe, it is distributed in many countries of central and eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,331,122 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km2.

population:
This species is very rare and populations have always been small, and there are not many recent records. In all the countries where it occurs, the species has declined or is extinct.

habitat:
This species inhabits grasslands (both wet and dry), which seem to be in decline. Nomada argentata is a brood parasite and its host is Andrena marginata. Possibly Andrena pellucens is also a host (Standfuss and Standfuss 2010). Its primary host bee, A. marginata, is a specialist foraging on flowers of Scabiosa columbaria and Succisa pratensis, and is itself, widely red-listed across Europe.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in July and August.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grassland) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host (Andrena marginata).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994).The species is present in protected areas. There is conservation needed for the specific kind of grasslands (wet grasslands supporting host forage plant Succisa pratensis, and dry grasslands supporting both Succisa pratensis and Scabiosa columbaria), where the species occurs as well as monitoring of the population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it is only known from one locality in Greece and in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Nomada argentea occurs in Turkey and in mainland Greece. From Greece the species is known from one locality. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.

population:
Since there has been only one specimen found in Greece, nothing is known of the population size or population trend. Probably the population is small.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat of this species. The species is a brood parasite, Warncke found it in 1965 in Turkey in a colony of Andrena cubiceps, probably this is the host (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the overall population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and the main threats affecting the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, it is known from six localities in Spain and one in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 553,908 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
The population of this species is probably small, since there are so few specimens known. From the little known information, it would appear that the sub-populations are severely fragmented, allowing no genetic exchange or rescue effect. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information about the habitat of this species. This bee is a brood parasite of another bee species, but nothing is known about the host.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats, trends and ecology.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because, in spite of its wide distribution, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) which have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host (meeting VU B2b(iii)). In addition this species is in significant decline (but at a rate between 10-20% in the past ten years), inferred from the degradation of its habitat.

range:
Nomada armata is endemic to Europe. It is widely distributed across Europe, but it is rare everywhere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,114,703 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2.

population:
The species is rare and the population trend of the species is decreasing. This species is in significant decline inferred by the degradation of the habitat, though the decline is probably less than 30% in the past ten years (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The habitats of this species are extensively used grasslands, grasslands, dikes along rivers and calcareous grasslands (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 2012). Nomada armata is a brood parasite and the host is Andrena hattorfiana. The host flies especially on Knautia arvensis and Scabiosa columbaria. The species is univoltine: the generation length of this species is one year (it is active from mid May until the end of July).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries / regions: Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987).  The species is present in protected areas.Conservation actions are needed to protect the areas where the species occurs.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats.

range:
Nomada arrogans is endemic to Europe, it is known from five localities: three in Greece (Peloponnese), one in Romania and one in Ukraine. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 117,792 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

population:
The population size and trend of this species is not known. Only few specimens have been collected.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host, or about the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed for the habitat, biology, trends and possible threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is  seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, and because it  is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However the species is listed as threatened in some countries.

range:
Nomada atroscutellaris is endemic to Europe, it is distributed across central and eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,860,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km2.

population:
The species is rare, there are only a few records from most countries. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species occurs in grasslands with many flowers of Veronica chamaedrys. Nomada atroscutellaris is a brood parasite, the host is probably Andrena vridescens. This host collects especially pollen from Veronica chamaedrys, Nomada atroscutellaris also often flies on this plant. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from the beginning of May to the end of June (Celary 1995).

threats:
The area of the host is declining due to changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011).It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.Further research is needed to determine the overall population size, and to identify population trends and any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats to this species.

range:
Nomada babiyi occurs in south-east Europe, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, and also in Turkey and Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 400,772 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

population:
The abundance, population size and trend for this species are not known.

habitat:
There is no information available about the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.There is more research needed on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirement and main threats affecting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2, and its populations are probably in decline due to the widespread habitat loss through much of its range.

range:
The species occurs in central and southern Europe. It also occurs in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,371,796 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In some countries it is declining, from other countries this is not known.

habitat:
This species inhabits grasslands, and on Lesbos, open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland. Nomada braunsiana is a brood parasite of bees of the genus Andrena; Andrena pandellei is a host (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989), possibly also Andrena curvungula (Westrich 1989) and Andrena paucisquama (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). These host bees collect pollen at Campanula, usually in rather dry and warm areas.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and in central Europe flies from the middle of May to the end of June.

threats:
The hosts of this species are in decline, due to changes in agricultural practice and reforestation. Further studies are needed to identify the threats of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Poland (Critically Endangered, Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species is known from one locality in Spain and one in northern Africa (Morocco).

population:
Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species occurs in south-east Europe and western Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 639,754 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.

population:
There is no information available on either the population abundance or trend of this species.

habitat:
Nomada calimorpha is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host of this species. A specimen was recorded in Attiki (Greece) nectaring at flowers of Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) in typical phryganic habitat (Petanidou 1991).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.Research is needed to determine the habitat, biology and possible threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, and overall large and stable populations.

range:
Nomada carnifex occurs in south-west Europe and in northern Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,411,120 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km2.

population:
There is not much information available on the abundance of this species, however the populations seem to be rather stable.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994) It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed on the biology, trend and possible threats of this species.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and western Asia (Turkey, Lebanon, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 409,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant in Greece. The trend of the populations is not known.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host. Data from specimens indicates that the species is found in Mediterranean dwarf-shrub communities (phrygana and maquis), and in areas of extensive olive cultivation (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It will visit various species of Asteraceae as nectar sources.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book.  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species.

range:
The species occurs in central, eastern and southern Europe, more rarely in the west. And in Kazakhstan (Mitai and Tadauchi 2008).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,474,733 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km2.

population:
The species has a presumed overall large population, and the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
Nomada castellana is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena anthrisci and Andrena alfkenella are hosts (Amiet et al. 2007). Celary (1995) states that the host is Andrena semilaevis in Poland.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat of the species is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology, trend and possible threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient on the basis of a restricted area of occupancy (64 km2) with unknown threats and very limited data on population size and trend.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe, Turkey, Israel. In Europe, its distribution is limited to Cyprus, Rhodes and Lesbos. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 94,976 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, however, it does not seem to be in decline.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. In Cyprus it is often visiting Hymenocarpus circinnatus (Mavromoustakis 1955). In Lesbos, it has been found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying in the spring.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known whether it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and abundance in some countries where it occurs.

range:
The species is an endemic of southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,150,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.

population:
The species is, at least, abundant in Italy. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena impunctata is a host (Kocourek 1966). This host lives in steppes and in sunny edges of ditches along roads (Kocourek 1966).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its biology, and to identify the possible threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in south, central and eastern Europe. It is not known if it occurs in Turkey, which seems rather probable, because of the occurrence in Greece and Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 779,838 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance or trends of this species. There are no known data from after 2000.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology, trend and possible threats to this species.


range:
This species occurs in south, central and eastern Europe, in north Africa (Algeria) and Kazakhstan (Mitai and Tadauchi 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,921,674 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 924 km2.

population:
The species seems to be rather abundant and the overall population trend is considered stable. However in the Netherlands this species is strongly increasing (Peeters et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena proxima, this species is oligolectic on Apiaceae (Westrich 1989). The habitat is rich flowering areas; grass verges, banks of ditches, dikes and so on.Nomada conjungens is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying in April and June.

threats:
Changes in the management of grasslands can be a threat to the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries / regions: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it does not seem to be in decline.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and in Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,837,107 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2.

population:
The species is rather rare but does not seem in decline, though the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits verges, waste land, edges of fields (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). This species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena atrata is a host (Amiet 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology and possible threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats affecting the species.

range:
This species occurs in south and south-east Europe, it is probably endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 887,755 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.

population:
Populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to investigate the biology, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.

range:
This species is an endemic of south-west Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 463,461 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km2.

population:
In Spain and southern France the species is rather abundant, from Portugal only few data are available. Overall the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species inhabits rich flowering verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). This species is a brood parasite of other bees, however, nothing is known about the host.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements, habitat and threats affecting the species.

range:
In Europe Nomada coxalis only occurs in Greece. Outside of Europe the species extends to Turkey, the Caucasus region, Iran, Israel and Pakistan.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, although nothing is known of the host or the habitat for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,317 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2 and the species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, which can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for the host (meeting VU B2 b(iii)). However the species does not seem to be decreasing. Designation of protected areas to protect this species are recommended.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete, in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,317 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
Populations are small but the species does not seem to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. It occurs among others in olive orchards with many flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through cleaning the soil in olive orchards, can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. As the species does not occur in protected areas, it is recommended that the areas where it occurs receive some kind of protection.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats.

range:
The species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 329,770 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the possible host or about the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.  It not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population in Greece, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,509,459 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.

population:
At least in Greece the species is rather abundant. In the Czech Republic the species is strongly decreasing.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry river beds with many flowers, verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena scita is a host (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed to identify the threats and trends of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in Cyprus, Greece (Kos, Rhodes) and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 36,500 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.

population:
Probably the populations are small, there are only few data known from this species and no data from after 1995. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, there is no information about the possible host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the habitat, ecological requirement, population trend and threats. However the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is very small (20 km2) and the species has not been found since 1990. Further research is needed to assess the status of the species.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,509 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

population:
The populations are probably small, there are only few data known from this species and no data since 1995. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena polemediana is probably a host (Mavromoustakis 1958). It is an univoltine species (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known about the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats.

range:
This species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Syria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 169,307 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
Populations are probably small because there are only a few data of this species known. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, both the host and habitat are unknown. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in south Europe and north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,107,238 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.

population:
The species has a presumed large overall population, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. This species inhabits rich flowering verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
The species is an endemic of south-western Europe; it occurs in southern France, Portugal and Spain. Recently it has also been found at two localities in Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 923,224 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2.

population:
The species seems to be rather abundant. The population seem to be rather stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Lasioglussum prasinum is a host (Westrich 2007, Tischendorf 2008). The species lives in habitats like verges and deserted quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.

range:
The species occurs in south Europe, on the Canary Islands, in north Africa and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,629,614 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 408 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant. The populations seem to be rather stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).The habitat of this species is among others, broad verges with many flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is necessary to determine population size and ecology and to identify any existing threats and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large overall and stable population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and Asia eastwards to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,754,270 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,136 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in many countries. The populations seem to be stable in most countries.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, host is Lasioglossum villosulum (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933, Stoeckhert 1943, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and probably also Lasioglossum parvulum (Westrich 1989).   The habitat of this species is, among others verges, waste land, banks, dikes, deserted quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009).  It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-western Europe and north west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 261,051 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
As the species has only been found six times, it is assumed that the populations are probably small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, habitat and ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 944,677 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is unknown. The habitat of this species is not known. A univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying from mid-February to mid-march. In north Africa it flies somewhat earlier.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and details of its ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, overall large and stable population and no major threats. However the species is considered threatened in some countries.

range:
The species occurs in central and eastern Europe as well as in south-western Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,781,088 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 652 km2.

population:
Populations are small and even though the species is considered threatened in some European countries, the population trend is presumably stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Melitta haemorrhoidalis is a host (Westrich 1989). This species inhabits edges of forests, rich flowering grasslands and gardens. Nomada emarginata is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from July to August (Celary 1995).

threats:
There seem to be no major threats to this species, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species.

range:
The species occurs in south east Europe, in Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 293,762 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in Greece, from the other countries it is only known from single data points. At least the Greek population seems to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is unknown. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying in April, May and June.It is known from Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and maquis) in Attiki; Greece (Petanidou 1991).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. More research is needed on the biology, trends and the possible threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (36-168 km2), and there is a decline in the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practices, in particular by the intensification of  grazing, and inadequate management which have reduced the area of suitable  habitat; thus the species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. However there is lack of data on the status of the species in most countries, so research is needed to establish the current population size and trend as the species may actually be threatened.

range:
The species occurs in western and central Europe and it is endemic to Europe. Considering old records (prior to 1988) and recent records from the last 25 years, the extent of occurrence (EOO) could range from 82,162 km2 to 1,641,800 km2 respectively, and the area of occupancy (AOO) could range from 36 km2 to 168 km2 respectively.

population:
In most countries no specimens have been found in the last 25 years. In some countries there are no data from the last 15 years.The species is in decline and it is considered probably extinct in the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). In England it has not been found since 1982 in the only locality where it used to occur, despite several searches (www.bwars.com). In Germany it is also in decline and has probably vanished from some localities (Westrich 1989).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena nitidiuscula is a host (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Stoeckhert 1954), probably also Andrena pallitarsis (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1924, Schmiedeknecht 1930). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from early July to the beginning of August.  The species inhabits dry grasslands that are rich in wild flowers, as well as abandoned diggings and abandoned vineyards.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice, in particular by the intensification of grazing, and inadequate management (leading to natural succession) have reduced the area of suitable habitat for this species, posing a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries / regions: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009, Netherlands (Not Evaluated; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   The species does occur in protected areas.Research is needed to confirm the occurrence of the species in the countries where it is considered possibly extinct and to find out what the population size and trend of this species are.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, threats, habitat and ecological requirements.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,556,692 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It has been found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and maquis) in Attiki; Greece (Petranidou 1991).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to expand knowledge of its biology, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs widely in western, southern and central Europe and it is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,263,989 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,500 km2.

population:
The species is very abundant all over the range, the populations are stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena bicolor is a host (Schindler 2004), also Andrena chrysoceles (Schindler 2008). Probably also Andrena angustior (Perkins 1919, Tscharntke 1984) and Andrena allosa (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).  Nomada fabriciana is bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The spring brood flies from early March to the beginning of June, the summer one from June to mid August (the two broods may overlap). The second brood is considerably less plentiful than the first. In Ireland, Stelfox (1927) detected no evidence of a second brood.   The main host (Andrena bicolor) lives in all kind of habitats: edges of forests, abandoned vineyards, verges, parks and gardens.  Possibly the male scent marks by putting pheromones on the edges of leaves of bushes (Smit 2005).

threats:
There seem to be no major threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population. However the species is considered threatened in some countries.

range:
The species occurs in central and southern Europe, and the Asian part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,786,398 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 416 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena humilis is a host (Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).The species inhabits verges with many flowers and open vegetation (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
Reforestation and changes in land use can reduce the flower sources for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and locally abundant populations. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa (Algeria). The extent of occurence (EOO) is 1,007,146 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2.

population:
Populations can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers obs. 2013), but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host. The species occurs in rich flowery grasslands, and verges along unpaved roads.

threats:
Nothing is known about the possible threats of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology, and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species occurs in central and southern Europe and Minor Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,497,979 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,644 km2.

population:
In a number of countries the species is rare, in other countries (France, Spain) it can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The overall the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena humilis is a certain host (Stoeckhert 1933). Possibly also Andrena nigroolivacea (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), Andrena cinerea (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013), Andrena fulvago (Kocourek 1966).  The hosts inhabit all kinds of grasslands with many flowers, abandoned diggings, edges of forests (Westrich 1989), verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), and Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana) (S. Roberts pers obs. 1991).  Nomada femoralis is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from mid May to the end of June or early July.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species in more detail.

range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe, north Africa and Asia eastwards to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 643,663 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology of the species, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from four specimens and there is lack information on its status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe, the Middle East and in Central Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 111,297 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population trend of this species, it is only known from four specimens from Europe.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. In Israel, the species is found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and Maquis), and flies in the Spring

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology and habitat of the species, and to identify the existing threats and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.

range:
The species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in north and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,165,497 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,500 km2.

population:
The populations of this species seem to be stable. In the Netherlands there is no negative trend in the last ten years (Peeters et al. 2012).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and the only known host is Andrena praecox (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933).   The host collects pollen only at Salix species. The habitat is along rivers, dykes, abandoned diggings, waste land near water (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries / regions: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). The Great Britain listing would be revised downwards possibly to Least Concern  (LC), as the bee is doing reasonably well at the moment, after a period  of extreme rarity (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.

range:
The species is a European endemic that occurs in north and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,718,651 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,576 km2.

population:
The species is abundant and populations are stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probable Andrena nitida and A. carantonica are hosts (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) possibly also Andrena nigroaenea (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989).  The species occurs in all kind of habitats: rich flowering grasslands, verges, dykes, edges of woods, diggings, heathland, railway areas, parks, gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).  Nomada flava is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring; from late March to late June, rarely July.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Greece and Azerbaijan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 47,454 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena muscaria is a host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species inhabits olive grooves (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). It is probably univoltine (one generation per year). There are records of a female from early June.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the ecology and current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe and south-west Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 306,158 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena nuptialis is a host (Kocourek 1966). This host lives in edges of forests, dry open grasslands and abandoned vineyards.

conservationAction:
Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the ecology and current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats to this species. Further research is needed to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south east Europe, Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 158,671 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species was found in Bulgaria in a verge of an unpaved road with dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,259,606 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,000 km2.

population:
Populations can be very large and the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the hosts are various Micrandrena: Andrena falsifica, Andrena minutula, Andrena minutuloides, Andrena semilaevis, Andrena subopaca (Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989).  The species is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year).  The species occurs in all kind of habitats: edges of forests, dry open grassland, dykes, waste land, diggings, railway areas, parks and gardens (Westrich 1989).


range:
The species occurs in Europe and Asia (Georgia, Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,269,758 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant and the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Melitta leporina (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989, Wolf 1950). Other probable hosts are Melitta haemorrhoidalis and Melitta tricincta (Westrich 1989). Amiet (2007) also mentions Melitta nigricans as a host.  The species inhabits dry calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) verges, dykes, railway areas and water meadows. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from late June to mid September, occasionally into October.

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species. However one of its probable hosts (Melitta tricincta) is classed as Near Threatened at the European level, and is considered threatened in some European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It also occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa, the Near East, and eastwards across Asia to Pakistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11,138,073 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,850 km2.

population:
The populations of this species seem to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena flavipes is the host (Schindler 2004).  The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year), like the host.  It inhabits all kind of habitats: dry grassland, dykes, diggings and quarries, railway areas, waste land, edges of forests, parks and gardens (Westrich 1989).  It also occurs on heathland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and in Asia, eastwards toward Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,614,383 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,500 km2.

population:
Populations are small, but in most countries the populations of this species are stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, a number of probable hosts are known: Andrena agilissima, Andrena bimaculata, Andrena pilipes, Andrena thoracica, Andrena tibialis (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).  Nomada fulvicornis is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year).  The species inhabits waste land, dykes, railway areas, verges, natural areas in river beds that are dry in summer, heathland, olive grooves.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats affecting this species. However two of the major hosts (Andrena pilipes, A. tibialis) are in decline and are considered threatened in some countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries / regions: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010); Norway (Near Threatened; Kalas et al. 2010); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its threats and conservation status. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in central, south and east Europe. Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa (Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,427,381 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 536 km2.

population:
Nomada furva is rare everywhere, the populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Lasioglossum minutulum is a host (Perkins 1919), probably also Lasioglossum leucopus, Lasioglossum morio and Lasioglossum punctatissimum (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933, Perkins 1919). Westrich (1989) suspects even more Lasioglossum species as a host.  Nomada furva is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, the species is very small and can easily be overlooked. The hosts are doing well.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to established the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in central and east Europe, as well as in Turkey.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Lasioglossum politum and Lasioglossum semilucens are hosts (Scheuchl 2000). The habitat of the hosts is dry open grassland, dykes, vineyards, diggings and quarries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend of this species and to identify any existing threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no major threats. Further research is needed into the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,142,628 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2.

population:
The species is rather abundant in Sweden and Finland and based on the number of species collected every year the populations seem to be rather stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify any future threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable population and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in central, north, south and east Europe and Asia (Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,240,620 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 940 km2.

population:
Populations are small but the host is doing well, the populations seem to be rather stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Panurgus calcaratus (Stoeckhert 1933, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).    The host species inhabits verges, diggings, dykes, railway areas, industry areas, vineyards, dry open grasslands, and can also be found in urban areas (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The species is rather rare, but the host is doing well. There seem to be no major threats.

conservationAction:
Although the populations are small, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of the species.

range:
The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East: Turkey, Lebanon, Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 277,839 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena humilis is probably a host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).    The habitat of the host is diggings and quarries, verges, dykes, edges of forests and dry open grasslands (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown if it occurs in protected areas.More research is needed to identify the threats and the population trend of this species.


range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, northern Africa, the Near East (Israel) and Asia (Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,348,676 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 684 km2.

population:
Populations seem to be rather stable. The species is rather abundant in south-western Europe, also in the Canary Islands (Hohmann 1993).

habitat:
The species inhabits olive grooves, dry open grasslands and verges rich in flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the ecological requirements of this species. It occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species is widely distributed in the whole of Europe to the the Near East and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,521,111 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,500 km2.

population:
In most countries the species is rather abundant and populations are rather stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the probable hosts are: Andrena tibialis (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933), Andrena nigroaenea (Perkins 1919, Kocourek 1966), Andrena nitida (Alfken 1913), Andrena cineraria (Kocourek 1966, Gebhart and Roehr 1987). Possibly also Andrena thoracica (Perkins 1919).  The species is univoltine, but partly bivoltine so it can have one or two generations per year.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands, dykes, heathland, diggings and quarries, floodplains, dunes, waste land, edges of forests, abandoned vineyards, gardens and parks (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European level, though this species is considered threatened in some European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its habitat, ecological requirements, population size and trend and threats. Further research is necessary to establish the current status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Europe and it occurs in Switzerland and Italy. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 55,052 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.

population:
The species is very rare, populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the habitat and biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species is probably endemic to Spain and is known from only two localities.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is probably univoltine (it has one generation per year) (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, the  habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the   population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further   research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, Turkey and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,663,963 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Further research is required into the population size and trend, the   habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify the   existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to mainland Greece and is known from only one locality.

population:
The population is small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The type locality (Delphi) is characterised by phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.    Further research is required into the population size and trend, the    habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify the    existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable populations and lack of major threats.

range:
This species is widely distributed in Europe and Asia (Kazakhstan, Japan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,082,704 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,108 km2.

population:
The species is rare and populations are small but the species does not seem to be in decline in most countries, the populations seem to be rather stable. In Germany, latest investigations have proved that the species is present in many more localities as known before, therefore it has been removed from the National Red List. In the Netherlands there is no decline (Peeters et al. 2012). There has been an increase in the number of records from Great Britain since the early 1990s (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, edges of forests, parks, railway areas and waste land (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of Andrena labiata (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Raemakers 2000, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Possibly there are some more hosts: Andrena potentillae (Stoeckhert 1933), Andrena sphecodimorpha (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena florivaga (Kocourek 1966). Nomada guttulata is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring.

threats:
There seem to be no major threats affecting this species, the host is doing rather well in most countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries / regions: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The Great Britain Red List assessment is old and in need of revision in view of the increase of records (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, stable populations and lack of major threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 161,842 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.

population:
Populations seem to be rather stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The habitat of this species is among others dry open grassland, open shrubland, olive groves and quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013, Nielsen et al. 2011). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is not known. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall population, although the species is rare. However the species is considered threatened in some countries and further research is needed to establish the possible existing threats affecting this species.

range:
This species is distributed in central, south-eastern Europe and the UK. It is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,155,823 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 484 km2.

population:
The species is rare and populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits limestone grassland, dry open grassland, open shrubland and quarries (Westrich 1989, Edwards and Roy 2009). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena bucephala (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Kocourek 1966, Perkins 1919). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The host is rather rare as well, but does not seem to be in decline.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries / regions: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats to this species.


range:
The species is endemic to south-west Europe, it occurs in Portugal and Spain and in the Pyrenees of France. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 408,483 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 882 km.

population:
Populations are small but there is no information available on the trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but nothing is known about the host or the habitat.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books.  Further research is required into the population size, biology, habitat, ecological requirements, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south and south-east Europe, and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,644,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is a European endemic. It is found in south-western Europe, but with populations also in Italy (Stoch 2003) and Croatia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,334,596 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence is 673,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host and the habitat are not known.

threats:
Details of specific threats to the species are not known.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  It is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However further research is needed into the ecological requirements and possible threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 663,728 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2.

population:
The populations in Greece seem to be rather stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but details of the preferred host species are not known. The habitat of this species is unpaved roads, riverbanks and dry grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes. Grasslands are also prone to inappropriate grazing.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is required on the biology of the species throughout, and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and Asia (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,555,873 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas and there are no conservation actions in place for this species.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Syria, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,118,771 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.

population:
Populations are small, and although the species is rare everywhere, it does not seem to be in decline. The population trend is therefore considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The habitat of this species is among others river banks and dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies in the spring from March to May.

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is declining and considered threatened in several European countries, having already gone extinct in others. Careful surveillance of the species and its presumed host(s) is advised to monitor the trends across the entire range.

range:
The species occurs across Europe, north Africa, the Near East and Asia until Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,495,825 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,678 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, in a number of countries the species is in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena humilis is probably a host (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and possibly also Andrena taraxaci (Scheuchl 1995).  The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, meadows, quarries, diggings, verges (Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from late April until June.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice and management of verges and dykes by application of pesticides which remove Asteraceae species (host forage) can reduce the floral resource availability for the host. The host is in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi et al. 2010); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas, such as Hartslock Reserve, Salisbury Plain Trining Area SSSI and Gentleshaw Common SSSI in Great Britain.  Careful surveillance of the species and its presumed host(s) is advised to monitor the trends across the entire range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2, the species is only known from very old records and probably now there are only a few isolated localities with small populations, so the species is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as the species is disappearing in many countries and considered threatened in others. However the threats to this species are unknown, so priority should be given to identify what threats are affecting this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and Asia (Turkey and Kazakhstan). In Europe, it has isolated populations in Spain, in four countries in central Europe and in Greece until the Aegean islands (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,528,934 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.

population:
Populations are very small and the species is considered to be rare. Most data of this species are much older than 25 years with only a few from the last 15 years. In Germany it is extinct, in Switzerland it is probably extinct, the only known specimen from this country is from 1885. Probably there are now a few isolated localities with small populations.The populations seem to be decreasing.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena assimilis is probably a host (Westrich 1989, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), possibly also Andrena gallica (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933).  The habitat of the host is mainly sandy areas (Westrich 1989). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) flying from April to May, and again from July to August,

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following two European countries: Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009). Further research is needed into the threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe; in a few localities in Spain and south-east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 163,909 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from one locality in the island of Lesvos (Greece). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
In Europe the species is only known from one locality in the island of Lesvos, Greece (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Near East: Israel, Syria, Turkey.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.


range:
The species occurs in western, central, eastern and southern Europe and north-west Africa. From northern France eastwards until central Romania and east Bulgaria, and in southern Europe from Spain eastwards over Sicily, Malta and the Aegean islands until Cyprus (Grace 2010, Jozan 2011, Stoch 2003, Gogala 2013, M. Schwarz, J. Straka and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,709,681 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km2.

population:
The species does not seem to be in decline, at least in the south of Europe (J. Smit, pers. obs. 2014).

habitat:
Nomada kohli is a brood parasite of other bees, and Lasioglossum puncticolle is probably the host (Stoeckhert 1919, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, and the flight period is from the end of April to the end of June, and from the end of July to the end of August  It inhabits dry open grasslands, vineyards, dykes, verges and river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
Certain agricultural practices, such as the application of pesticides, lead to the removal of wild flowers, reducing the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species was thought to be endemic to Cyprus where it has been found at a number of localities (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), but is has also recently been found at Lesvos, Greece (Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 39,074 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Spain, it has been found on four localities in southern Spain (Andalucía) and on one in central Spain (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 88,455 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees and it is probably univoltine, in that it has one generation per year. There is no information available about the host or the habitats.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on the Spanish Red List. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from two specimens collected in two localities. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and it has been found in central Spain and in central-east Portugal (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is only known from two specimens from two localities (one in Spain and one in Portugal).

population:
The species is very rare and populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and in Bulgaria at the coast of the Black Sea, and the Near East; Turkey, Israel (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,347 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001, Nielsen et al. 2011) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists of Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-west, central, north and east Europe, it is rather abundant in western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012), central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, Amiet et al. 2007) and east Europe (Monsevicus 1995, Jozan 2011, Levchenko 2013). It rarely occurs in south Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In Asia, it is known from Georgia, Armenia and Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,627,187 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km2.

population:
Populations can be locally very large, and the population trend is stable. There is clear evidence of spread in southern UK and an increase in abundance of both parasite and host (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees; there are two hosts, the main host is Andrena vaga (Friese 1923) and the second host is Andrena cineraria (Gebhart and Röhr 1987). Another possible host is Andrena barbareae (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007).  The species mainly inhabits sandy areas, like heathland, riverbanks, sandpits, quarries, sometimes in clay, e.g., dykes (Westrich 1989). In the UK it is associated solely with A. cineraria and occurs in many habitats, including calcareous grasslands, town parks and gardens and in the farmed environment (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species is partially bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The Spring generation flies from late March to late May.

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species at the European level, despite the species being threatened in some countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The UK status is in need of revision as there has been a considerable increase in both range and abundance since the mid-1980's (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It occurs in many protected areas, such as Town Common SSSI, Coombe Bissett Down, Gentleshaw Common SSSI and Barnaby Sands Marsh NR in the UK. In The Netherlands, it occurs at Klompenwaard, Millingerwaard (floodplains), Rozendaalse veld, Planken Wambuis, de Plateaux (all three heathland).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from two localities and there is no information available on the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
In Europe, this species is only know from two localities, one in Croatia and one in Slovenia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in the Near East (Turkey).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and probably Andrena elegans is a host (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However, reforestation can be a threat to this species as it can disturb edges of  forests and destroy the open areas in forests, where both this species and  its host live.

range:
The species occurs in north and central Europe and in Asia (Russia: Eastern Siberia, Russian Far East; Japan). In Europe, it is present from western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012), through central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, Amiet et al. 2007) to Lithuania (Monsevicus 1995) and Latvia in east Europe and in Scandinavia (except Iceland) (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011).

population:
Populations are generally rather small but there seems to be no decline in the populations of this species. The population trend is thus considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, being Andrena clarkella a host (Gebhart and Röhr 1987), and probably also Andrena apicata (Alfken 1913, Chambers 1968, Möschler 1938, Perkins 1919) and Andrena nycthemera (Alfken 1913, Chambers 1968, Möschler 1938, Perkins 1919, Kocourek 1966). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies very early, from March to early May. The host species are all specialists on Salix (Salicaceae) pollen.  The species inhabits edges of forests and woodlands, sand pits, waste land and heathland (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Reforestation can be a threat to this species, as it can disturb edges of forests and destroy the open areas and glades, where this species and its host live.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It occurs in protected areas such as Holt Heath NNR (UK) and Rozendaalse veld, Deventer: Wechelerveld. Elp: Holmers in the Netherlands (all heathland).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to established the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In Europe it occurs at a number of localities in Cyprus, and on the Greek islands of Lesvos, Rhodos, Samos and at two localities in mainland Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 242,511 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands in Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe. It is rather abundant in Spain and Portugal (M. Schwarz and D. Baldock pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). It is known from some localities in south-east France, in western Italy near the coast, one locality in Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). From central Europe it is known from some localities in Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007). It also occurs in north-west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,380,913 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in Spain and Portugal, where it is not in decline. The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species inhabits open grasslands, unpaved roads and river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books.It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one locality in Sicily and further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, at just one locality in the north of Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa (Algeria).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe, in Cyprus, the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland, Albania and Bulgaria (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 206,620 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but the host(s) are not known. The habitat of this species includes Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Mt Carmel (Israel) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, in a few localities in Portugal, Spain, the south-east of France, in one locality in western France, and all over Italy, including Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,477,732 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.


range:
The species is probably endemic to Europe, occurring in south-western Europe at scattered localities in central and east Spain and one locality in south-east France (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2013).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 182,972 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species is widely distributed in the Palearctic region. In Europe, it occurs in Portugal and Spain in the south-west (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014), north-west Europe, central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, Jozan 2011, Bogusch et al. 2007, B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), east Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,859,425 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,700 km2.

population:
The species is abundant in most European countries, and does not appear to be in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, being the most important host Andrena carantonica (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). The species has also been dug out of the nest of Andrena ferox, but this is certainly a rare host (Smit 1996). Other probable hosts are Andrena rosae (Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena nigroaenea (Moeschler 1938, Stoeckhert 1933).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and flies from late March to June. Data from August may indicate a small second generation (Van der Vecht 1930, Lefeber 1971, Westrich 1989).  The species lives in all kind of habitats, including gardens and cities.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas such as Nosterfield LNR, Branscombe, Stockham's Hill NT and Coombe Bissett Down LNR (all in the UK), Knocksink Wood NNR (Ireland), and Planken Wambuis, Biesbosch, Millingerwaard, Thorn Koningssteen, Arnhem Meinerswijk and Merum Isabellegreend in the Netherlands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large and stable population.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, north Africa and Asia (Turkmenistan). In Europe, it is prseent in the south from Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) until Greece, the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), northwards into central Europe (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it occurs in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,871,102 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 252 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small. In the northern area of its occurrence the species is in decline, but in southern Europe it appears to be stable. Overall the population can be considered to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Probable hosts are Andrena rutila (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena fuscosa (Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).  It inhabits verges, dry river banks, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001). The species flies from March to May.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities (at least in parts of its range), it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The species occurs has a limited European range, occurring only in mainland Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) where it is rather abundant. Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 26,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

population:
The species is plentiful in Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known about the host. The species is known from olive groves (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is required into the ecological requirements and precise threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, in the eastern part of central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece in Lesvos (Grace 2010). It also occurs in the Near East (Turkey) (Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 386,610 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species flies from March to May. On the island of Lesvos (Greece), the species has been found in abandoned olive groves and in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice and it is considered threatened in some countries.

range:
The species is a European endemic. It occurs in south-west Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), western Europe until the south of the Netherlands (E. Dufrêne, P. Rasmont and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), and in central Europe until Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,117,452 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km2.

population:
In southern Europe the species can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), and overall, the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
Nomada melathoracica is a brood parasite of other bees, and its hosts are probably Andrena agilissima (Westrich 1998) and Andrena pilipes (Petit 1975).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).  The species inhabits dry open grassland, rich flowering verges, olive grooves and rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practices, particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011).   It occurs at least in one protected area (e.g., in the Netherlands: Curfs groeve).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.

range:
The species is a European endemic, it occurs in south-west Europe. In Spain it is abundant (M. Schwarz pers. obs. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in Portugal it is known from a number of localities (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and there are few data from the south-east of France (Pyrénées-Orientales) (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 504,240 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.

population:
The species does not seem to be in decline and the population trend is considered stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species inhabits dry open grassland, and flower-rich verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the ecological requirements of this species.


range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and Asia (Turkey, Iran). In Europe the species is widespread, but rather rare, and in most countries is found in only a few localities. It occurs in south west Europe (not in Portugal, and in France only in the south east) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in central Europe (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz, B. Tomozei, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in the Balkan Peninsula on to the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,509,983 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species flies in May and June.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in central and northern Europe and in Asia (eastern Siberia). In Europe, it is present in central Europe from Slovenia (Gogala 2012) and Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) northwards (Schwarz et al. 1996, Bogusch et al. 2007, Celary 1995), in east Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,718,293 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,436 km2.

population:
Populations are small but they seem to be stable in most countries (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
Nomada moeschleri is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena haemorrhoa is a host (van der Smissen 1995), possibly also Andrena helvola and Andrena fucata (Saure 1995). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and has a flight period from the end of April to the middle of June.  The species inhabits edges of forests, edges of roads in forest areas and open areas in forests (Saure 1995).

threats:
Although the species seems to be threatened in some countries, there appears to be no major threats to this species at the European level.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the species is in decline and threatened in some countries by changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification  in the use of grassland have reduced the area of suitable habitat and  floral resource availability for the host.

range:
The species occurs rather rarely and scattered in south-west Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014),  from Scandinavia there is only one finding in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012), central Europe (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, Celary 1995), eastern Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in south-east Europe the species is more abundant, especially in Greece and on the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). In Asia it occurs in Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Turkmenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,443,605 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is in decline in a number of countries. Overall the populations are decreasing (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena chrysopyga is very likely the main host (Alfken 1913, Enslin 1922, Kocourek 1966, Sanders 1950, Stoeckhert 1933), and possibly also Andrena labialis (Moeschler 1938, Kocourek 1966), Andrena gravida (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena polita (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from May to mid-August.    The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, unpaved roads and heathlands (Westrich 1989). On the islands of Crete and Lesvos, it is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 1991, Nielsen et al. 2011).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in the use of grassland have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. Given that it is also found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.  The host is also in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (316 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification  in use, which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource  availability for the host. The host is also in decline in a number of  countries.

range:
The species is found in south-west Europe, in central and north-east Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in western Europe in France until the central part of the Netherlands (Smit 1996, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, it occurs from Germany until the west of Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). In eastern Europe, the species is known from a few localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), in south-east Europe, it is known from Lesvos (Grace 2010) and Cyprus (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,922,374 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.

population:
The species is rare in Europe, populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena ferox is the host (Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Smit 2006).  The species inhabits edges of forests, extensively grazed meadows (Smit 2006) and quarries (I. Raemakers pers. obs. 2013). On the island of Lesvos (Greece) it has been found in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of April to the beginning of June.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in use, can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host is also in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011,; Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands in Berg en Dal – Ons erf, and Berg -Curfs Groeve).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major current threats. However, research should be conducted to clarify the ecological requirements of the species.

range:
The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In southern Europe it occurs from central Italy southwards, including Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in Greece, including the Aegean islands (it is not yet known from Crete) (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm.2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), and in the Balkan Peninsula in Macedonia and Bulgaria (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 809,191 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is a univoltine species (one flight period a year), flying in April and May.  The species inhabits dry open grassland, river banks and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). In Lesvos, it is found in phryganic communities and open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodlands (S Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species. The area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is extremely small and it is possible that further research may warrant a threat status in the future.

range:
The species is possibly endemic to Europe, it occurs in south east Europe; in Cyprus and in the eastern part of mainland Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,504 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. In Europe the species is known from a few localities in central Spain, mainly in south-eastern France and central and north west Italy and a locality in south Italy (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 566,984 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.

population:
Populations are small but this species does not seem to be in decline, the populations are stable.

conservationAction:
Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats. However the species  is probably threatened at the local level as it is considered  threatened in some countries.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe, north Africa (Algeria), the Near East and Iran. In western Europe, the species is found in Portugal (Baldock and Smit in litt.), Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and southern France (P. Rasmont and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, it occurs in Italy including Sicily (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007), Austria (Schwarz 1996), Hungary (Jozan 2011), and Poland (Celary 1995). In eastern Europe (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), it can be found in the Balkan Peninsula until the Aegean islands (Jozan 2009, Grace 2010, M. Schwarz, B. Tomozei, S. Roberts and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,566,240 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 496 km2.

population:
The species is locally abundant and does not seem to be in decline, except in the northern countries of its distribution. In the southern parts of its range it is abundant. Overall the population trend is stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, a host is probably Andrena nasuta (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and there is probably another host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), possibly Eucera interrupta (Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to early June.The species inhabits unpaved roads, dry open grassland and dry river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). In Lesvos, it is found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (S Roberts pers comm. 2014).

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species, although the species is probably threatened at the local level as it is considered threatened in some countries. It could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because populations of this species are very small, and in the last fifty years the species has  not been found, although it is believed that exhaustive surveys have not  been carried out to determine where the species is extinct. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2, and although the threats affecting this species remain unknown, the species is known from fewer than ten locations. There is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.

range:
The species is endemic to eastern Europe, it occurs in Slovakia and Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is known from ten localities (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40,210 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

population:
Populations are very small, and in the last fifty years the species has not been found, although it is believed that exhaustive surveys have not been carried out to determine whether the species is extinct. The population trend of this species is considered declining.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and north Africa. In Europe it occurs in the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is rare in southern France, but abundant in Corsica (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is rare in southern Italy, Greece including the Aegean islands and Crete, Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is known from a few localities in the north of the Balkan Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in Hungary, where it is now considered extinct (Jozan 2011). The occurrence in Germany is very doubtful (Westrich 1989). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,021,660 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small, but the species does not seem to be in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena morio is probably a host (Stoeckhert 1933, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), probably also Andrena fuscosa (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).  It inhabits dry open grassland and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book. However, Jozan (2011) states that the species is extinct in Hungary. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no obvious major threats. However, this species is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species occurs in northern, central and eastern Europe as well as in Asia (Russian Far East). In north-western Europe the species in found in Belgium and the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). In central Europe the species is distributed from Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north until Germany and Poland (Celary and Wisniowski 2007). The species is also found in eastern Europe (Mosevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Janzon et al. 1991, Noren et al. 1999, Stenlokk 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,391,948 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small. In northern Europe the species can be abundant, but in central Europe the species is regarded as a relic from the last glacial period (Westrich 1989) and is rare. The population trend is considered stable overall.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and the very probable host is Andrena ruficrus (Benno 1948, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of March to the end of May.  It inhabits edges of forests (Westrich 1989), dry heathland (Reemer et al. 1999) and sand diggings (Cölln and Jakubzik 2009).

threats:
There seems to be no major threats affecting this species at the European level, although it is considered threatened in some countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Winterswijk - Willinks Weust, Deurne - Deurnese Peel in the Netherlands).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km2 and although the species is widely distributed in Europe, the populations are small and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the species is considered threatened in many countries where it occurs. Thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to identify the precise threats to this species.

range:
The species occurs in northern, central and eastern Europe as well as in Asia (Russia: Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan). In western Europe the species is known from a few localities in France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), United Kingdom and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), Belgium (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). In central Europe the species is distributed from northern Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) east until Romania (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and north until northern Germany and Poland (Celary 1995). In eastern Europe the species occurs from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) into Russia (Proshchalykin and Lelej 2010) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,744,641 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km2.

population:
The populations are small, and the species is in decline in a number of countries. The host (Andrena coitana) is also in decline in a number of countries.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the very probable host is Andrena coitana (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933). Perkins (1919) also mentions A. tarsata as a possible host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of June to late August, occasionally September.  It inhabits edges of forests (Reemer et al. 1999) and felled areas (Baugnee 2003). In UK it has been found recently in a post-industrial sites on fluvial sand in Lancashire (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown but it is considered threatened in many European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas, but given the wide distribution of the species, it would appear likely.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In Europe it occured in two localities in Hungary (although it seems now extinct) (Jozan 2011), one in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 563,859 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
Populations are very small but there is little information available on the population trend of this species. In Hungary it is extinct (Jozan 2011) and the specimen in Romania has been found 150 years ago.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. In Palestine it has been found in desertic conditions east of Jerusalem.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is considered Extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 212 km2, the populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, like the host. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in a number of countries, thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
The species occurs in north-western and central and Asia (North Korea, Russia: Russia Far East, eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is found from northern France (E. Dufrêne, M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) to the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, Peeters et al. 2012). The species is also present in southern Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species occurs from Switzerland and Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards into Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and from Slovenia northwards into Poland (Gogala 2013, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe it occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and Latvia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,569,303 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 212 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, like the host (Andrena fulvida). In a number of countries the species is in decline. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
Nomada opaca is a brood parasite of other bees, and the host is probably Andrena fulvida (Kocourek 1966, Stoeckhert 1933). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the beginning of May till the end of June, sometimes the beginning of July.  It inhabits edges of forests (Reemer et al. 1999), and the host also lives in felled areas within forests (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The threats are not clear, but the host is also rare and in a number of countries in decline.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Not Evaluated; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinszki and Nowacki 2009).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.

range:
The species is a European endemic, it occurs in south-west Europe, found at one locality in north Portugal, one in south east Spain and two in south east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 358,076 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

population:
Populations are very small and the species is very rare, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia (Turkey, Israel). In Europe, it occurs in north-east Italy (Schwarz 1967), the north of the Balkan Peninsula (Gogala 2013) down into Greece including the Aegean islands and Cyprus (Grace 2010, Schwarz 1967, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 954,045 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from February (in Israel) to May.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. In Europe it occurs in central and north-east Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), Andorra (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), France (M. Schwarz and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in south-west Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) and in western Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), including one locality in Sicily (Stoch 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,030,928 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.

population:
The species can be abundant, and the populations are considered to be stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Panurgus dentipes is probably a host (Amiet et al. 2007). Nomada panurgina is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from June to August.  It inhabits dry open grassland and olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in Europe and Asia, until Siberia (Japan, Korea, Russia: Russian Far East, eastern Siberia). In western Europe it occasionally occurs in the south in Portugal, Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014) until the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, Peeters et al. 2012) in Great Britain and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species is found from north Italy eastwards until Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and north until north Germany and north Poland (Celary 1995, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from a number of localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), incidentally in Bulgaria and Greece (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in eastern Europe. The species is also present in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Russia (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,680,822 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,500 km2.

population:
The populations of this species are stable in most countries.

habitat:
Nomada panzeri is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena fulva is a certain host (Paxton and Pohl 1999). Probably A. varians, A. helvola, A. synadelpha, A. fucata and A. lapponica are also hosts (Perkins 1919, Richards 1946, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989).It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid April (sometimes earlier) to late June or early July, the long flight period resulting from the staggered emergences of individuals parasitizing different hosts.  The species lives in all kind of habitats; gardens, parks, dry open grassland, edges of forests, dykes, unpaved roads, quarries, floodplains, railway areas (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

threats:
There seem to be no major threats to this species at the European level, although the species is considered threatened in some countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas, such as Strumpshaw Fen RSPB, Powerstock Common LNR, Gait Barrows NNR and Gentleshaw Common SSSI in the UK.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one locality in Albania, and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from one locality in Albania in 1961. The species principally occurs in Asia, from Turkey eastwards to Siberia.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in in southern Europe, north Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) and the Near East (Turkey). In western Europe the species is found in a number of localities in Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and southern France (E. Dufrêne and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in three localities in Italy and one in Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present in  Slovakia and Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), Croatia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece including Crete (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,581,566 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. However, Jozan (2011) states that the species is extinct in Hungary. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However the species is declining in some countries, and is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, particularly through  intensification in management of grassland as it may reduce the area of  suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.

range:
The species is an European endemic. It occurs in western Europe from the south of Spain until the south of the Netherlands (M. Schwarz and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in central Europe from the south of Italy into Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until Hungary and Slovakia (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014), and in a few localities in the Balkan Peninsula, including Romania, Serbia and Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,440,415 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.

population:
Populations are small and this species seems to be in decline in a number of countries.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena combinata is probable a host (Stoeckhert 1941, Stoeckhert 1954, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of May to the beginning of July.  The habitat of the host is dry open grasslands, mostly on south exposed slopes (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in management of grassland may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host is also in decline or extinct in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known in Europe from two localities in Hungary and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe this species is only known from two localities in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe the species is found in the Near East (Turkey).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)                  Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 236 km2 and the species and its host are in decline in a number of countries. There is, therefore, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals; thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, mostly in central Europe, in north Africa (Tunisia) and in Asia (Turkey, Iran). In western Europe the species is found from the north of Spain until the central-east of the Netherlands (M. Schwarz, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). In central Europe the species is known from Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north into Germany (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the Czech Republic (M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,890,668 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 236 km2.

population:
Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and it is probable that Andrena polita is the host (Alfken 1913, Enslin 1922, Morawitz 1872, Müller 1944, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) lying from late June or the beginning of July to mid-August.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands, dry waste lands, verges of unpaved roads (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Changes in agricultural management of dry grasslands can reduce the available pollen sources for the host (Andrena polita). The host of this species is also in decline.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994 - although there are data known of this species from Switzerland from the last ten years (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013)), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 19 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

habitat:
N. polemediana is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena panurgimorpha is probably a host (Mavromoustakis 1957). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in central Europe and Asia (Nepal, Russia: Russian Far East). In central Europe the species occurs in the south of Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 165,138 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Lasioglossum glabriusculum is a host (Westrich 1989). The species flies from may until the end of July (Amiet et al. 2007).  The habitat of the host is sand excavations and quarries, and dry open grasslands (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population. However the threats to the species are unknown, so further research should be conducted.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete (Greece). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,362 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.

population:
Despite its restricted range, this Cretan endemic species does not seem to be in decline and the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and both sexes are found in May. The species inhabits dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the ecology of this species and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable population. However the species has vanished in the northern part of its range, and research is needed to study the threats that the species faces as well as to better understand the biology of the species.

range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe and in the Near East (Israel). There is one record from north-east Italy (Gräffe 1890), it occurs on the Balkan peninsula at one locality in Montenegro and one in Macedonia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is abundant in Greece including the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and on Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 573,942 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 244 km2.

population:
Populations can be sizeable in Greece; here the species is stable. In the northern range of the area the species has apparently vanished. The overall population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in March and April.  The species inhabits verges, dry open grasslands, river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in mainland Greece and Lesvos (Greece) (Petanidou 1994, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species and into the ecological requirements of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe only in the Canary islands (Hohman et al. 1993, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in north Africa (Libya, Morocco). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,680 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on the Spanish Red List. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (24 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO of the species and in the number of mature individuals. The host species is also in decline. However the threats to the species are unknown and further research is needed. It is necessary to create natural reserves in areas where the species  inhabits and to protect the plants (Campanulaceae) that the hosts (Melitta melanura) visit to collect pollen.

range:
The species occurs very rarely in western and eastern Europe and is also present in Asia  eastwards to Siberia. In Europe this species has a scattered distribution and its populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, thus it is considered severely fragmented.  In western Europe it is  known from one locality in France (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014); in eastern Europe it is known from one  locality in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995), one in Romania (B. Tomozei  pers. comm. 2014) and the European part of  Russia (Levchenko 2013, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species has disappeared from central Europe: it used to be present in Germany (Wolf 1950) and Hungary (Jozan 2011) but now this species is considered Extinct in these countries (Westrich et al. 2011, Jozan 2011). The extent of  occurrence (EOO) is 1,036,888 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.

population:
Populations are very small and it seems to be in strong decline, it is extinct in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011) and Hungary (Jozan 2011). The most recent record from Lithuania is 85 years old. The host species is also in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Melitta melanura (as M. wankowiczi) is a host (Wolf 1950). Melitta melanura collects pollen from Campanulaceae species (Monchenko et al. 2009). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).   Nothing is known about the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), and it is also considered extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). Research is needed into the current distribution, habitat and threats affecting the species. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. It is necessary to create natural reserves in areas where the species inhabits and to protect the plants (Campanulaceae) that the hosts (Melitta melanura) visit to collect pollen (Monchenko et al. 2009).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in central and south-east Europe and in the Near East (Turkey). In central Europe, the species is found in Hungary and Slovakia) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in eastern Europe it occurs in Ukraine (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in the Balkan Peninsula in Bulgaria and Greece, including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,265,710 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km2.

population:
The populations are not very large but they do seem to be stable.

habitat:
N. pygidialis is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). It inhabits dry open grassland, dry river banks, unpaved roads and olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the biology and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species has become extinct in several European countries and is considered threatened in others. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting this species, especially as its presumed host (Andrena ovatula) remains common and widespread.

range:
The species occurs in  Europe and north-west Africa. In west Europe the species is found from the south of Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until the south of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne, M. Schwarz and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it is rather abundant in Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) north into Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north into Poland (Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and in some scattered localities in the Balkan Peninsula (Gogala 2013, B. Tomozei and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,800,488 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2.

population:
Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Glowacinski et al. 2009) or even extinct (Amiet 1994, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Anonymous 2002). The population trend of this species is apparently decreasing.

habitat:
N. rhenana is a brood parasite of other bees, the probable host is Andrena ovatula (Stoeckhert 1941, Stoeckhert 1933). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) flying from the middle of May to the end of June and from the end of July to mid-September.  It inhabits heathland (Reemer et al. 1999). Westrich (1989) mentions for the host a number of habitats: dry open grassland, dykes, quarries, sand pits and dry wastelands.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. The host is doing well in many countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,130 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus this species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species seems to have become extinct in some countries and is considered threatened in others. Further research is needed to study the threats affecting this species and its hosts.

range:
The species occurs in central, northern and eastern Europe, and in Asia (Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is distributed from the Pyrenees (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), north until the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and the United Kingdom. In central Europe the species is found from the north of Italy to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until north Poland (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, J. Straka, and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species is present from the Baltic States (Monsevicius 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until European Russia (Proshchalykin and Lelej 2010, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, Proschalykin and Lelej 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,948,658 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,130 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is extinct in two European countries (Peeters and Reemer 2003, Farkac et al. 2005) and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Amiet 1994, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Shirt 1987). The population trend in Europe is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
N. roberjeotiana is a brood parasite of other bees; the most probable host is Andrena tarsata (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933), but also possibly Andrena coitana (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Petit 1977). Brechtel (1986), Schmid-Egger et al. (1995), Stoeckhert (1933) and Scheuchl (1995) mention Andrena fuscipes as a possible host. Venne and Bleidorn (2003) and Smit and van der Meer (2007) suggest that A. denticulata is a possible host. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of June to late August.  This species inhabits dry heathland (Reemer et al. 1999). The habitat of the host Andrena tarsata is in cleared areas in forests, woodland glades and lowland and upland heathland (Westrich 1989).

threats:
The direct threats to this species remain unknown. The host, Andrena tarsata (and other possible hosts), is in decline in a number of countries. In England, heathland remains under threat from afforestation, expansion of towns and cities, mineral extraction, peat extraction and improved drainage (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014)

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010). Further research is needed to understand the threats to this species.The form of Nomada roberjeotiana montana is listed as Nomada montana in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Allerthorpe Common SSSI, New Forest NP, Holt Heath NNR (all in the UK)).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is present in central Europe in Germany and Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996), Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in eastern Europe in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and in the Balkan Peninsula from Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) over Bulgaria into Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,002,941 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.

population:
Populations are very small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena morio is a host (Kocourek 1966, Scheuchl 2000), and possibly also Andrena nasuta (Scheuchl 2000). The hosts are extinct in both the Czech Republic and Germany.  Nothing is known of the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe from southern Spain (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until France (E. Dufrêne and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is also present in north Africa (Tunisia) and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 533,994 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.

population:
The species can be locally abundant and the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
N. rubiginosa is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). There are records of specimens from Israel in February and March. In western Europe it will fly until early May.  The species inhabits verges of unpaved roads and rich flowering dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology and ecology of this species.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe in Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, S. Roberts and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the Near East (Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 214,409 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2.

population:
Populations of this species are often large and they seem to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The habitat of this species includes Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, Nielsen et al. 2011).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from February (in the southernmost parts of its range) to June.

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 236,867 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It occurs in at least one protected area, such as Reserva Natural Paul de Arzila in Portugal.   Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe at two localities in Bulgaria and one in Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in Asia (Turkey, Turkestan, Uzbekistan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 284 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in western, central, eastern and northern Europe and in Asia (Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is known from a few localities in the south (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is abundant from France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and Great Britain and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it is distributed from the south of Italy to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards into Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, the species occurs in the Balkan Peninsula in Slovenia (Gogala 2013), Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and Montenegro (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014); it is also present in Lithuania (Monzevicius 1995) into European Russia (Levchenko 2013), and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,556,655 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,250 km2.

habitat:
N. ruficornis is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena haemorrhoa is the only host (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid April to mid June (rarely late June, early July).  This species inhabits parks, gardens, waste land, railway areas, dykes, edges of forests, along rivers, dry open grasslands.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Merthyr Mawr Warren SSSI, Thorne Moor NNR, Dawcombe; Betchworth SWT in the UK. It is also present in Knocksink Wood NNR and Ballyteige Burrows NNR in Ireland, and in the Netherlands it is found in Arnhem Meinerswijk, Dordrecht Hollandse Biesbosch, Gendt Gendtsche Polder, Millingerwaard, Beek Filosofendal, Rheden Veluwezoom.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is declining in several European countries and the degradation of heathlands is an important threat to this species as it leads to less pollen available for the host.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and in north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In Europe the species is present in south-western Europe (M. Kuhlmann and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in the north until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and in England and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is also found in central Europe, from the north of Italy to the north of Poland and Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The species is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) east wards until central Romania (M. Schwarz and B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and it is known from one locality in Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species occurs from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) until European Russia (Levchenko 2013, Proschalykin and Lelej 2010) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,250,559 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,800 km2.

population:
Populations can be locally abundant, but in a number of countries the species is in decline, it is strongly decreasing in the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). Overall the species is decreasing.

habitat:
N. rufipes is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Andrena fuscipes (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Other probable hosts are Andrena denticulata (Perkins 1919, Theunert 2006), Andrena simillima (Kocourek 1966, Amiet 2007) and Andrena nigriceps (Theunert 2006). On Salisbury Plain (UK), Nomada rufipes occurs on calcareous grassland and has been observed investigating the nest burrows of Andrena nitidiuscula (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species inhabits heathlands, and very rarely, calcareous grassland.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid July to mid September. In the Netherlands, the species flies from the end of June.

threats:
The devaluation of many heathland by means of air pollution like ammonia and nitrogen deposition, improved drainage and leaching of trace elements changes the floristic composition, which is a threat to the main host, leads to less pollen available for the host. The main host is also in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).  It occurs in protected areas, such as Eelmoor, Farnborough DRA SSSI, Salisbury Plain SSSI and Dawlish Warren NNR in the UK. In the Netherlands, it is present in Deelerwoud, Ede Planken Wambuis, Ootmarsum Paardenslenkte and De Plateaux.


range:
The species is endemic to Italy (Schwarz 1963, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 135,429 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from one locality in Spain. The species also occurs in northern Africa (Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco) and the Near East (Israel).

population:
The European population is small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.


range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe, in Portugal (Diniz 1959, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in a few localities in south-east France (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in one locality in west Italy and in one locality in central west Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in north-west Africa (Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 871,233 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.

population:
Populations can be large and the population trend is stable.

habitat:
N. sanguinea is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generations per year) flying in March and April, and into May.  This species inhabits dry open grasslands and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in south-east Europe, only in mainland Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and in Asia eastwards to Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,121 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.


range:
The species occurs in south-west Europe and in north-Africa (Morocco). In Europe, the species is known from a number of localities in Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and a few localities in south east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and one in northern France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 523,676 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generations per year) flying in March, April and May.  The species inhabits waste land, verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), floristically diverse Quercus suber / Ash/ Pinus pinea dehesa and open Pinus pinea woodland (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in at least one protected area, such as Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana (Spain).  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats. However, the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species occurs in western, central and southern Europe, north Africa, the Near East and Asia. In western Europe, the species is found from southern Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until the south of England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and the centre of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to northern Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and east until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). It occurs in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) south until Rhodes (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it occurs in European Russia (Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia in Sweden (Janzon et al. 1991). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,302,775 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small, in the northern part of its range it is in decline, but in central and southern Europe populations are stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and probable hosts are Eucera nigrescens, E. longicornis (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and Eucera interrupta (Westrich 1989).  This species inhabits dykes, floodplains, verges, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and soft rock cliffs along the coast (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). It flies in the UK from late May to mid July, rarely August. Freshly emerged females have surprisingly been found on the wing in late July. In continental Europe, it can be found on the wing at the end of April, and, very rarely, as late as August.

threats:
There seems to be no major threats to this species at the European level, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries, probably as a result of the reduction in legume-rich grasslands, upon which its hosts depend for forage.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Bemelen - Bemelerberg and Doornenburg – Klompenwaard, Maastricht – St. Pietersberg, Thorn – Koningssteen).


range:
The species occurs in western, central and southern Europe, and in north Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). In western Europe the species is found from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dyfrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and the southern part of England. The species is also found in Denmark  (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). In central Europe, the species is known from Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011), Czech Republic and Slovakia (M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014) with one locality in Poland (Celary 1995). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species occurs in some localities in Croatia (Jozan 2009), Bulgaria (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and the Greek mainland (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,417,648 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,000 km2.

population:
Populations can be large and the population trend of this species is stable. In the Netherlands the species is increasing (Peeters et al. 2012).

habitat:
N. sheppardana is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Lasioglossum nitidiusculum (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989), Lasioglossum sexstrigatum (Haeseler 1982; Vegter 1971, 1977), Lasioglossum glabriusculum (Noskiewicz 1930), L. politum (Stoeckhert 1944), L. lucidulum (Blüthgen 1944) and L. semilucens (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943).   The species inhabits all kind of habitats: dry open grassland, dykes, railway areas, verges, edges of forests, floodplains, sandpits, quarries, parks and gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  A bivoltine species in parts of its range (it has two generations per year). According to Guichard and Yarrow (1948) in UK the species is univoltine, flying from the end of April or May to late July. In Germany, the second brood flies from the beginning of July to the end of August (Westrich 1989).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Regionally Extinct; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).Although this species is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al.  2005), data from this country from the last ten years  are available.  It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the UK some protected areas include: Denny Wood; New Forest NP, Charmouth/Lyme Regis landslips NNR etc; in the Netherlands, protected areas include: De Plateaux, Bergen – Bergerhei, Deelen – Deelerwoud, Merum – Isabellegreend, Tilburg - Huis ter Heide).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Critically Endangered and Possibly Extinct because this species has not been found in Sicily since its original collection in 1885 although there has been a lot of collecting at the island. It is suspected that the number of mature individuals is less than 50 but repeated surveys should be carried out to determine whether the species is actually extinct.

range:
This species is only known from the type specimen and the type locality in Sicily, Italy (Santa Ninfa, Province of Trapani) (Dalla Torre and Friese 1895).

population:
It is suspected that the number of mature individuals is less than 50  and possibly the species has gone extinct, because it has only been found once, in 1885 (Dalla Torre and Friese 1895, M. Comba pers. comm. 2014). It appears that there has been a lot of bee collecting at the island (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the species has not been found again.

conservationAction:
Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is extinct. It it not known if it occurs in protected areas.


range:
The species is endemic to Sicily (Italy) (Schwarz 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,625 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.


range:
The species is a European endemic, and is distributed in western, central and eastern Europe. It is found in a few localities in the Iberian peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is more abundant from southern France to north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and in the southern part of England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is known from a few localities in Italy (Schwarz 1963, Stoch 2003) to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) and Poland (Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, pers. comm. J. Straka). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is known from a few localities in Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species is known from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and from a few localities in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,923,830 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small, however in some countries (Germany, Netherlands) they are increasing. Overall the populations are stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena fulva (Gusenleitner 1983, Perkins 1919, Schroeder 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). It is generally much less plentiful and widespread than its host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the beginning of April to late May. In the Netherlands it is reported to fly until early July (Smit 2004).  The species inhabits edges of forests, heathland, grasslands, quarries and sand workings and urban areas.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Since the GB Red List was published, there has been a considerable increase in reports of this species and so its status will need to be reviewed (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Martin Down NNR and Gentleshaw Common SSSI (UK)).


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is threatened in various countries by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through  intensification) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for this species. In addition, reforestation can also reduce the suitable nest  sites of the host.

range:
The species is an European endemic that is distributed in western, central and eastern Europe. In western Europe, the species is present from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne, P. Rasmont and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) including the Channel Islands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is found from central Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The species also occur in the Balkan Peninsula in a few scattered localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) until the Greek mainland and Albania (M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,698,041 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,240 km2.

population:
Populations are rather small and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Gärdenfors 2010). Overall the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
N. similis is a brood parasite of other bees and the host is probably Panurgus banksianus (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid June to August or September. In the Netherlands, Smit (2004) states that the species will fly from early May to August.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands (Reemer et al. 1999), heathland, sand and gravel pits and edges of forests (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability (the host, Panurgus banksianus, is a specialist forager on flowers of Asteraceae). Reforestation can also reduce the suitable nest sites of the host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g, in the Netherlands: Zeddam – Bergherbos, Ede – Planken Wambuis).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this endemic species.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,549 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the possible host is Andrena mocsaryi (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and overall presumed large population. However, changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in grassland managing) can reduced the area of suitable habitat and  floral resource availability for the host.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia: Eastern Siberia). In Europe, the species is distributed through western, central and eastern Europe. In western Europe the species is present from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Schwarz 1967, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the center of the Netherlands (Feitz et al. 2001, Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species is found from Sicily until the north of Germany and  Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary and Slovakia (Schwarz 1967, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece, including the Aegean Islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Cyprus (Grace 2010). The species also occurs in eastern European Russia (Levchenko 2013) and Ukraine (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). In Scandinavia the species is found in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the south of Sweden (Svensson and Nilsson 2006) and Finland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,760,324 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,210 km2.

population:
Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline, but in some countries the species is increasing (Peeters et al. 2012, Svensson and Nilsson 2006). Overall the populations are probably rather stable.

habitat:
N. stigma is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena labialis (Enslin 1922, Lefeber 1973, Moeschler 1938, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), AND probably also Andrena schencki (Alfken 1913, Kocourek 1966), Andrena decipiens (Stoeckhert 1933, Mandery et al. 2008), Andrena fimbriata (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena flavilabris (Mandery et al. 2008). Moreover, Celary (1995) suggests that Andrena taraxaci and A. humilis are possible hosts.  The species inhabits sand and gravel pits (Reemer et al. 1999), floodplains (Raemakers 2000), dykes (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  It is partially bivoltine (it has two generations per year) the forms of the Nomada found on Andrena labialis are univoltine, and those on the bivoltine host A. decipens have two flight periods.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in grassland managing) can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The main host (Andrena labialis) is also in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands at: Doornenburg – Klompenwaard, De Plateaux, Ooij – Groenlanden, Eys – De Piepert).


range:
The species occurs in central and south-eastern Europe. In central Europe the species is known from one locality in Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), one in Germany (Esser 2008), a few localities in Austria (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and one in both Hungary (Jozan 2011) and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from one locality in Romania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and Crete (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is also known from one locality in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is distributed in south-west Asia: Turkey, Israel, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,380,172 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena impunctata (Pittioni 1951). Nothing is known of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large and stable overall population. However, the species is threatened in some countries and major threats include changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in the use of land) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for the hosts.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and in Asia (the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In west Europe from the south of the Iberian peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and United Kingdom and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), in central Europe from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014), on the Balkan peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in east Europe from Lithuania (Mosevicius 1995) until European Russia (Levchenko 2013), in Scandinavia in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the southern half of Norway (Stenlokk 2011), Sweden (Janzon et al. 1991) and Finland (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,811,357 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,795 km2.

population:
Populations are generally rather small but the population trend of this species is apparently stable.

habitat:
N. striata is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena wilkella (Alfken 1913, Kocourek 1966, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Probably A. gelriae, A. similis and A. ratisbonensis are also hosts (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Possibly A. intermedia and A. pandellei are also hosts (Westrich 1989). It possibly also attacks A. fucata (Stoeckhert 1933).  The species inhabits heathland (Reemer et al. 1999), edges of forests, sand and gravel pits, floodplains (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and in UK, calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid May to mid July, exceptionally August. In Germany, the species may be on the wing from mid-April (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of land) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts (the primary host, Andrena wilkella is a specialist on the pollen of various Fabaceae). The hosts are in decline in a number of countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the UK: Tilshead (Salisbury Plain SSSI), Gait Barrows NNR, Hod Hill LNR, Hartslock LNR; in the Netherlands: Merum – Isabellegreend, Winterswijk – Willinksweust, De Plateaux, Bargerveen).


range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Russia: Russian Far East). In Europe, the species occurs in western Europe from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, Feitz et al. 2006, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995), eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is found from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) southwards until Greece, including Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, the species occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995), Latvia (Celary 1995) and European Russia (Celary 1995). In Scandinavia, the species is only found in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,428,444 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,795 km2.

population:
Populations are often large and seem to be stable.

habitat:
N. succinta is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Andrena nitida (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Other probable hosts are Andrena nigroaenea (Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena curvungula (Kocourek 1966). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from late April to the end of June.  The species inhabits railway areas, dykes, floodplains, diggings, edges of forests, heathlands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Deelen – Deelerwoud, Ede – Planken Wambuis, Bergen – Bergerhei, Millingerwaard, Rheden – Nationaal Park Veluwezoom; in Luxemburg: Naturschutzgebiets "Baggerweieren").


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The existing data for this species dates from more than 25 years ago. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in central and south-eastern Europe and in the Near East (Turkey). In central Europe the species is only known from one locality in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and two from Hungary (Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from one locality in Albania (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and three localities from mainland Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150,747 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
Populations are very small, and the population trend is probably decreasing. All the data are from more than 25 years ago.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The Albanian record is from a meadow in the Beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1,400-1,500 m) zone.Details of the flight period are not known, but the Albanian specimen was recorded in July (Schwarz 1967).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (144 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is considered threatened in some European countries and further research is needed to study the habitat of the species and the threats. The host of the species is in decline and threatened by drainage and re-seeding of grasslands.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe the species is known from one locality in eastern France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014), north Italy, the southern part of Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011,  M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), one locality in Croatia (Jozan 2009) and one in Greece (Standfuss and Standfuss 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 821,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is in decline in a number of countries (Anonymous 2002, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). Overall the species is decreasing.

habitat:
N. symphyti is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena symphyti (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Kocourek 1966, Stoeckhert 1933). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from May to June.  The habitat is not known for certain although the host is a specialist forager on the flowers of various Boraginaceae, especially those associated with damp areas within meadows.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. The host is also in decline in some countries, that species is oligolectic on Boraginaceae, especially Symphytum - a plant of damp places, threats to this host can be drainage and re-seeding of grasslands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. However the data available for this species is rather old, and further research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and south-west Asia. In Europe, the species is present in central Europe, in one locality in the Czech Republic and a few in Slovakia and Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is also found in the Balkan Peninsula in one locality in Serbia and in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 373,038 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

population:
Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population size of this species. All the available data are from more than 25 years ago, probably the species is in decline.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena enslinella (Kocourek 1966).  Nothing is known of the habitat but its host is known to be a forage specialist on various species of Brassicaceae (Westrich 1989).Details of the flight period are not available, but the host is univoltine (has a single generation each year) and is flying in the spring, from late April through May to June.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. The host of this species is in decline in some countries, and is oligolectic on Brassicaceae, which are prone to removal by herbicides in agricultural areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and a shortage of data on habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species occurs in the southern Mediterranean area and in the eastern part in Ukraine and Russia. Elsewhere, it is present through the Near East (Turkey, Israel, Iran) and Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirghistan). In south-western Europe, it is present in a few localities in Spain (M.  Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in one locality in  Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in the Aegean Islands and Crete  (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species  seems to be more abundant in Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm.  2014). It is also present in two localities in Hungary (Jozan 2011, M.  Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), and in one locality in Ukraine and in one in  European Russia in eastern Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,192,341 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.

population:
Nomada thersites is rare and populations are very small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Nomada thersites is a brood parasite of other bees, although there is no information available about the host. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year.The habitats where the species is present include verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Mediterranean phryganic shrublands on the island of Crete (S. Roberts pers. comm. 1991).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and there are no conservation actions in place for this species, despite its general scarcity. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) (28 km²), the species is not in decline and can be locally abundant. However, research should be conducted regarding the ecological requirement of the species, since it is threatened by changes in agricultural practices, which can reduce the area of suitable  habitat and floral resource availability.

range:
In Europe, the species is known from two localities in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Rhodes (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and from one locality in European Russia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,338,685  km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.

population:
Populations are small but can be locally abundant, and the population trend of this species is stable.

habitat:
N. transitoria is a brood parasite of other bees, although there is no information available about the host. The species is present in olive groves and quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practices, particularly through intensification on the management of olive groves, can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and it is not the target of any conservation actions, despite its scarcity. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecological requirements of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and of the host of this species, mainly by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the managing of grassland) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
In Europe, the species occurs in one locality in northeast France, in the southern half of Germany and the eastern part of Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is also present eastwards in one locality in Hungary (Jozan 2011), another in Lithuania (Monsevicius 2004) and two in European Russia (Levchenko 2013). Elsewhere, it occurs in Asia (Kazakhstan).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,054,797 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.

population:
Populations are small and the species is in decline in some countries. The overall population trend is decreasing, although nearly all the data are older than 40 years ago (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and its hosts are probably Andrena limata (Stoeckhert 1954, Kocourek 1966), and Andrena barbareae (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, flying the first generation from the beginning of April to mid-May and the second one from the end of July to the beginning of September.The habitat of the hosts include dry open grasslands and dykes (Westrich 1989).

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the managing of grassland) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts. The hosts are also in decline.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011).  It occurs in at least one protected area (e.g. in Lithuania: Cepkeliai Strict Nature Reserve).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major current threats.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In western Europe it is distributed from the south of Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until the north of France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014); in central Europe from Sicily and Sardinia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) north until Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and one locality in south Poland (Celary 1997); in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) south until Greece including the Aegean Islands (Jozan 2009, Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,623,443 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 324 km2.

population:
The species can be locally abundant and the population trend of this species appears to be stable.

habitat:
The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena ventricosa (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007).  The species inhabits verges of unpaved roads and rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). On the island of Lesvos (Greece) it is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) in the southern parts of its range where it flies from March to May and the second generation flies from June to July. In northern Europe the bee flies as a single generation from May to July (Celary 1995).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Books of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is in decline in some countries and the threats to this species remain largely unknown.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, and in Asia (China). In central Europe it is distributed from the eastern half of Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996) until Hungary (Jozan 2011) and north until south east Poland (Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014); in the Balkan Peninsula it is known from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) east until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014); in eastern Europe it is known from one locality in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,533,146 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.

population:
Populations are small and in some countries the species is in decline; overall the population trend of this species appears stable.

habitat:
N. trispinosa is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena taraxaci (Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Andrena humilis is cited as a host by Celary (1995). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from March through to May and even July (Celary 1995).  It inhabits olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011).

threats:
The host is not in decline and the specific threats to this species are not known. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to study the current threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess this species as it is severely fragmented and all data known is rather old.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is distributed in one locality in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece mainland (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 84,445 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

population:
Populations are small and isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. All the known data are from more than 25 years ago. So possibly the species is in decline.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


range:
The species occurs in Europe, and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe this species is known from one locality in north east Italy (Schwarz 1981) and some localities in the south of the Balkan Peninsula (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,863 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in central Europe from Sicily (Nobile 1990), north-eastwards until Hungary and the Czech Republic (Quaranta et al. 2004, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), on the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and southwards until Greece including Crete (Jozan 2009, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,305,437 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km2.

habitat:
N. verna is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is possibly Andrena tscheki (as Andrena nigrifrons) (Schmiedeknecht 1930). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat is not known.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. The possible host is not in decline.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is considerable but the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (588 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in a number of countries and the host is also in decline. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in the management of grassland) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat  and floral resource availability for the host.

range:
The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is distributed in western Europe from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz  pers. comm. 2014) until the south of the Netherlands (Petit 1969, Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it ranges from the north of Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, Schmalz and Flügel 2009) and eastwards until Slovakia (M. Schwarz and  J. Straka pers. comm. 2014) and Hungary (Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species occurs from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) until Bulgaria and Greece (Standfuss and Standfuss 2012, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In Scandinavia, the species is present in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the south of Norway (Stenlokk 2011) and Sweden (Norén 1999, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,713,587 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 588 km2.

population:
Populations are very small and this species is in a number of countries in decline (Anonymous 2002, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Kålås et al. 2010, Gärdenfors 2010).

habitat:
N. villosa is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena lathyri is probably the host (Stoeckhert 1933).  The species inhabits waste land, sand and gravel pits, rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The host (Andrena lathyri) is a specialist forager on Fabaceae.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid-April to the end of May.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the management of grassland) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host (A. lathryi) is also in decline in a number of countries, this species is a specialist forager on various Fabaceae and threatened by various forms of agricultural improvement, especially through Nitrogen application.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Maastricht – St. Pietersberg, Hoge Fronten (Peeters et al. 2012)).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, locally large and stable population, and no major threats.

range:
The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Morocco) and Asia (Turkestan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan. Russia: Eastern Siberia). In western Europe, the species ranges from north-east Portugal and central-east Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, Feitz et al. 2001, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sardinia (Italy) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is known from Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) until Greece including the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it is known from Lithuania (Monsevicius 2004) and Ukraine (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) eastwards into European Russia (Levchenko 2013). The species has recently being recorded for the first time on the island of Jersey (T. Ransome pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4.723,112 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,140 km2.

population:
Populations can locally be large, although in some countries this species is in decline. In the Netherlands it has strongly increased (Peeters et al. 2012). Overall, the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
N. zonata is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena dorsata (Bluethgen 1951, Kocourek 1966), and possibly also Andrena confinis (Amiet et al. 2007).  Its habitats include dykes, quarries, waste land, edges of forests (Westrich 1989), nature development areas in floodplains, sand and gravel pits and gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  The species, like its host, is bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The first generation flies from mid-April to mid-June, and the second generation from mid-July to the beginning of September.

threats:
Although the species is considered threatened at the national level in several European countries, there appears to be no major threats to this species at a continental scale.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in Lithuania: Cepkeliai Strict Nature Reserve; in the Netherlands: Arnhem – Meinerswijk, Duiven – Loowaard, Merum – Isabellegreend, Tolkamer – Tolkamerdijkje, Millingerwaard).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little data about Parammobatodes maroccanus for the assessment of the species. Only a single locality is known from Europe. No information about population trends, habitats and ecology or threats are known. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species especially as its range is likely to be only very small.

range:
Warncke (1983) described this species from type material collected in Morocco. Additional material from the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) was also recorded (Hohmann et al. 1993). Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.

habitat:
There is no information regarding the habitat of this species and the ecology is also not well known. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. According to Warncke (1983) Camptopoeum nadigi is the host of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 320 km2, although the actual value may be larger; the population of the species is severely fragmented due to its specific habitat; and there is an observed decline in the extent and quality of salt marshes, where the species' host primarily resides. Salt marshes are threatened biotopes in general, because they are considered a wasteland, not useful for utilization by man. Changes in the surface water regime like the drying of the marshes, water balance stabilization, overgrowing of bare salt soil, and the absence of grazing regimes cause a decline in the quality of the salt marshes.

range:
This species is distributed sporadically across central and eastern Europe. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and the Caucasus (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 857, 520 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 320 km2.

population:
This species is very rare throughout its entire range. Due to the species' strict ecological (host and biotope) specialization, the populations seem to be distinctly separated and thus severely fragmented to several isolated sub-populations. Though the species is rare, the populations and distribution range seems to be relatively stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits salt marshes and sandy sites. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Camptopoeum friesei and C. frontale are believed to be the hosts (Warncke 1983), one of which (C. frontale) is specialised in foraging at flowers of Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Banaszak 1995), the former has been confirmed (Rozen 2009).

threats:
The threats to this species have not been proved, but changes in the management of the species' primary habitat, salt marshes, are thought to threaten the species. Changes in the surface water regime such as the drying of the marshes, water balance stabilization, succession on bare salty soil, and the absence of grazing regimes cause a decline in the quality of the salt marshes. The grazing of cows, buffaloes, and pigs in overgrown alkaline salt marshes are used for the stabilization of the biotope in Kiskunsagi Nemzeti Park in Hungary (F.P. Szabó pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, habitat and ecological requirements. The species was confirmed in three national Parks in Europe: National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel in Austria (Rozen 2009), Danube Delta in Romania, and Kiskunsagi National Park in Hungary (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and locally common, while the threats are not strong at present, especially in the southern parts of Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends and further threats.

range:
The species distributed in south and central Europe, north to Kazan in Russia and it is also found in north Africa (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 6,056,849 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 1,616 km2 for Europe.

population:
This species is widely distributed, however it is very local throughout Europe. This species can be very common at some localities, because its hosts often nest in large, dense aggregations. The population trends are not confirmed, but seems to be stable at this time.

habitat:
The species is found in warm open biotopes with bare substrate.The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Pseudapis diversipes, P. femoralis, P. unidentata and probably other species of this genus are the hosts. The reported host association with Melliturga clavicornis is unlikely (Warncke 1983).

threats:
Plant succession on bare soil is very likely to reduce the suitability of nesting habitats for the host species. However the threats are currently not very prevalent, especially in southern Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is included in a National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Straka 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one doubtful record in Europe. Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, habitat ecological requirements and threats.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from a single old record from Spain (Granada). This record is considered as doubtful (Schwarz 1993). Elsewhere, the species is known only from a few records from Algeria and Tunisia (Schwarz 1993).

habitat:
The habitat and ecology of this species is unknown, but it probably occurs at sandy sites with bare surface, including ruderal areas. The species is a kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this cuckoo bee is Camptopoeum variegatum Morawitz, 1876 (Schwarz 1993) (as Epimethea variegatum).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown in Europe.


range:
In Europe, the species is only present in Sardinia and Cyprus (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Iran.

population:
There is no information about the population size and trend of the species, since it is an extremely rare species, and it is only known by a very few specimens in Europe. However, Popov (1967a) lists it as a quite abundant species in Central Asia.

habitat:
In Cyprus, this species is reported as bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. While in June it forages on Centaurea hyalolepis and Eryngium creticum, the August generation forages on Carlina lanata (Grace 2010).  The species is oligolectic (Popov 1944), in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. In Central Asia, it forages on Centaurea species, including C. iberica and C. squarosa, and also on Cynara scolymus, although the main foraging species is clearly Centaurea solstitialis (where 402 specimens were observed) (Popov 1967a). Outside of the Asteraceae family, a very few specimens have been observed on various other plants.  It hosts the kleptoparasitic bee Ammobates mavromoustakisi Popov, 1944 (cited as Ammobates rubens Popov) (Popov 1967a).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.


range:
Only the subspecies Tarsalia hirtipes ssp. cypricus can be found in Europe, specifically in Cyprus (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is known from Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, as it is an extremely rare species only known by a very few specimens in Europe.

habitat:
In Cyprus, this species forages on Scolymus hispanicus (Grace 2010). In Turkestan, Popov (1967a) lists the next foraging plants: Alhagi kirghisorum, Capparis sp., Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea squarosa, Chrosophora tinctoria, Citrullus vulgaris, Eryngium coeruleum, Onopordon acanthium and O. olgae.There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is found in a variety of habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It is estimated that the area of occupancy (AOO) far exceeds in 20,000 km2. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Tetralonia malvae is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Iraq and Caucasus (Friese 1896), Turkey, Syria and Egypt (Grace 2010). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.

population:
The species was frequently found in Switzerland (Friese 1896) although this is too far in the past to make any statements about the species' current population. It is very rare in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and in Ukraine (Ivanov et al. 2009). However, it is considered to be common, much more recently, in Turkey (Ozbek 2010). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Tetralonia malvae is found on Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands, on sandy soils (Grandi 1954). Its nesting habits have been carefully described (Malyshev 1930, Grandi 1954). The species has been reported on Malva alcea from June to August in central Europe (Friese 1896). The species also visits Campanula and Cichorium (Dusmet and Alonso 1926) as well as Althaea honenackeri, Malva neglecta, Echium vulgare, Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calcitrapa, C. solstitialis, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Salvia spp. (Ozbek 2010), Lavatera thuringiaca, Althaea officinalis, A. pallida, Malva sylvestris, Knautia arvensis, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Ballota nigra and Echium altissimum. It is parasitised by Triepeolus tristis (Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book (sometimes as Eucera macroglossa) of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovakia (Possibly Extinct; Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia as (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct, Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is found in a variety of habitats. It is estimated that the area of occupancy (AOO) far exceeds in 20,000 km2. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
The species is known from central and southern Europe, but it is not found in the Iberian Peninsula nor in the UK, Scandinavia or the Balkan States. Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Pagliano 1994) and, according to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) also in Tunisia, Morocco and Turkey. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.

population:
There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown, although it may be in decline as it is listed as threatened or Extinct in the National Red Lists of five countries in Europe.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. Females of this bee have an area of specialised pollen-collecting hairs on metasomal sternites three to five which are adapted for gathering pollen efficiently from the flowers of Inula spp. and Pulicaria spp. (Asteraceae) (Müller 2008). This bee is oligolectic on Inula ensifolia, Inula germanica and Pulicaria dysenterica (Grace 2010) and flies from July to September (Gogala 1999).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Possibly Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, as well as no information available about the habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in Spain and Portugal (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is also known from Tunisia and Algeria (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is found in a variety of habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Tetraloniella dentata is a west Palearctic species distributed from the Iberian Peninsula, through central and southern Europe (Friese 1896, Kuhlmann et al. 2012) to eastern European Russia (Popova 1990). Outside of Europe it is found in Algeria and Morocco (Pagliano 1994), Syria and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.

population:
It has been considered abundant in central Europe although rare in southern Europe (Iuga 1958). In Germany it is considered to be very rare and moderately in decline (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). Overall the population trend is considered decreasing.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands and has been recorded on Centaurea arenaria (Friese 1896), Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium lanceolatum, Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae); Coronilla varia, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae); Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae); Salvia nemorosa (Lamiaceae) as well as Achillea spp., Aster sp., Artemisia sp., Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calcitrapa, C. carduiformis, C. diffusa, C. repens, C. solstitialis, Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae) (Ozbek 2010) and Limoniastrum guyonianum (Plumbaginaceae) (Saunders, 1908). It is parasitised by the bee Ammobates vinctus, it may nest in aggregation of hundreds individuals (Iuga 1958) and flies from May to August (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Gogala 1999).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovakia (Possibly Extinct; Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Possibly Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research is needed to determine the status of this species.

range:
Tetraloniella fulvescens is a Palearctic species found in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in northern Africa, the Caucasus, Central Asia (Tkalcu 1979) and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).

population:
There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrub lands and grasslands. Its on the wing from May to August and is specialized on Asteraceae (Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Gogala 1999) like Pulicaria odorosa (Standfuss 2009). The species is associated with visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys tetraloniae (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements and threats.

range:
According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), Tetraloniella glauca is found through the Balkan Peninsula countries, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and northern Africa.

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and is on the wing from June to August. In the Eastern Aegean Islands it has been found foraging on Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Grace 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Though the species' range is large, it is seldom recorded, and research is strongly needed to determine if this species should be listed within a threatened category.

range:
Tetraloniella graja is a central and south European species that extends to Turkey and Syria (Friese 1986) and North Africa (Saunders 1908). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within European Russia.

population:
The species is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands in sandy soils. The species is on the wing from June to August and forages at Cynara cardunculus, Centaurea napifolia (Asteraceae) (Saunders 1908) and Centaurea arenaria (Asteraceae) (Friese 1896). It has also been reported on Centaurea cyanus, C. moscata, Carduus nutans and Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae). It is parasitised by the bees Ammobates vinctus and A. oraniensis (Iuga 1958).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. The species is found only on the island of Tenerife, which, with an area of 2,034 km2 and approximately one million inhabitants, is the largest and most populated of the Canary Islands. Research is strongly needed to determine if this species warrants a threatened category.

range:
The species is known only from Tenerife, the largest island among the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993, Ortega 2005). It is endemic to the island. Tenerife has an area of 2,034 km2 and approximately one million inhabitants, and is the largest and most populated of the Canary Islands. The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) can only be 2,034 km2.

habitat:
The islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. The species is thought to inhabit sub-tropical forests. The species flies from mid-April to the end of June. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, but it does occur in the Teide National Park on Tenerife. Research is required to understand the population size and trends, while the habitat, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species also need to be studied.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known from Spain, where it was described by Dusmet and Alonso (1926) but according to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), it is also known from France and Tunisia.

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from July to September.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, local distribution, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size and trends, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Europe from France to central and southern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Ozbek 2010) and Iran (Grace 2010).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. It is typically active in high summer, the species is recorded from June to August. This bee inhabits open calcareous rocky hill slopes with phryganic vegetation where Inula spp. grows. Original observations by Tkalcu in Albania (cited in Grace 2010), discovered that Inula ensifolia, Inula germanica and Inula oculuschristi (Asteraceae) were all host flowers. Gogala (1999) also records Buphthalmum spp. as a visited plant. Müller (2008) also adds Inula spiraeifolia to the list of known hosts of this bee (Grace 2010). The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys tetralonia (Gaskett 2011). It is parasitised by the bee Ammobates vinctus (Tkalcu 1979).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Tetraloniella julliani is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Russia. The subspecies T.j. biroi Mocsáry, 1879 is found in Turkey; a further subspecies, T.j.ebmeri Tkalcu, 1979 is found in the Iranian mountains at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Grace 2010).

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and is active from June to August on Centaurea spp. (Asteraceae) (Grace 2010, Ozbek 2010).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Due to the species' small range, research is strongly needed to determine if this species should be categorized within a threatened category.

range:
The species is known only from the island of Lanzarote, the most eastern and arid among the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993, Ortega 2005). Lanzarote has an area of 845.94 km2, approximately 150,000 inhabitants and is the fourth largest of the Canary Island group. The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 846 km2.

habitat:
The Canary Islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. Lanzarote has the most arid climate and it can presumed that the species inhabits dry subtropical/tropical shrubland and hot desert. The species has been recorded flying in April.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional and Global assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. The species seems to be related to a particular habitat (a variety of inland wetlands) and is uncommon and therefore susceptible to any future threats. Therefore, further research is needed to determine if this species should be categorized as a threatened species.

range:
The geographic range of this Pannonian species is rather small and is restricted to an area of central Europe, including Hungary (Jozan 2011), Romania (Iuga 1958), Crimea in Ukraine (Ivanov et al. 2009) and possibly Serbia and Slovakia (Belakova 1996, Straka et al. 2007). Its occurrence in Algeria (Saunders 1908) is uncertain.

population:
The species is uncommon and was considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996) but has recently been removed from the Slovakian fauna list (Straka et al. 2007). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
It is thought that this species inhabits various inland wetlands such as shrub dominated wetlands, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens and peat lands. Throughout its rather small geographic range the species is associated with the psammophilous (sand-loving) vegetation alongside these wetland habitats (Belakova 1996), where its principle forage plants belong to the Asteraceae family (Banaszak 1995). It was recorded on Carduus species (Friese, 1896) and flies in July and August (Ivanov et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the population size and trends, distribution, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since, although it has been recorded over a very wide area and is tolerant of a broad range of food resources, there are only very few records, and very little is known about its population size and trends and threats.

range:
Tetraloniella nana is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Lebanon and in the central Asian lowlands east of the Caspian Sea.

population:
Friese (1896) defined this species as rare albeit locally abundant and it is considered a common species in Turkey (Ozbek 2010). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Tetraloniella nana is associated with open, floristically diverse, grassland. This species digs its nest into clay-like soils and is considered polylectic as it was recorded foraging on Inula spp. (Asteraceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Graeffe 1895), Malva sylvestris, M. rotundifolia, Lavatera thuringiaca, Althaea officinalis, Althaea hohenackeri, (Malvaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Arctium lappa, Carduus spp., (Asteraceae); Euphorbia spp (Euphorbiaceae); Ajuga chia, Salvia spp, (Lamiaceae) and Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae). It is parasitised by the bee Coelyoxis polycentris (Iuga 1958, Ozbek 2010). It flies from July to September (Gogala 1999).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the population size and abundance, and threats to the species. As the species has a wide distribution, the species possibly occurs within protected areas, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Tetraloniella pollinosa is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Armenia in the Caucasus (Friese 1896). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Saunders 1908) Turkey and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
Tetraloniella pollinosa is found in open grasslands associated with sandy landscapes and has been recorded in July and August on Scabiosa ochroleuca, Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae) (Friese 1896), Lavatera thuringiaca (Malvaceae) and Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species has a wide geographic range and is found in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain, and Switzerland (Friese 1896).Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where it was described, Turkey (Ozbek 2010) and the Caucasus (Friese 1896).

population:
The species is not rare throughout Europe (M. Quaranta pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is thought to inhabit forest, grassland, and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Spain the species flies from May (Ornosa 1993) to the end of September (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). However, in Romania it has been recorded only from July to September (Iuga 1958). It forages on a large number of flowers: in Spain on Echium vulgare (Ornosa 1993); in Romania on Melissa officinalis, Calamintha officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, Carduus kerneri, Centaurea cyanus, Thymus serpyllum, Echium vulgare, Inula britannica, Cirsium canum (Iuga 1958); and in Turkey on Althaea honehackeri and Centaurea solstitialis (Ozbek 2010).


range:
Tetraloniella salicariae is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Armenia in the Caucasus. Outside of Europe it has also been found in Algeria (Friese 1896) and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).

population:
The species is reported as rare and moderately in decline in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) where it was once considered more common. It is also less frequently recorded in Austria and Slovenia (Graeffe 1890, 1902) and in southern Europe than at the end of the 19th Century (Friese 1896).

habitat:
The species is found on shrubland-type wetlands. Friese (1896) reports the species as not rare in midsummer on Lythrum salicariae (Lythraceae). Though this is its preferred foraging source, it has also been reported on Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae); Odontites vernus (Orobanchaceae); Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Cicuta virosa, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae); Inula britannica (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958), Lotus spp., Cytisus spp., (Fabaceae) and Teucrium spp. (Lamiaceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926). Like many Eucera spp. and Tetraloniella spp., it is associated with sexually deceptive orchids, such as Ophrys elatior (Gaskett 2011). It is on the wing from June to August.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and Switzerland as Tetralonia salicariae (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species. As the species has a wide distribution, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are currently available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its population size, trends, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known from central and southern Europe (Friese 1869). Outside of Europe the species also occurs within Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

population:
The species was regarded as rare in the 19th Century (Friese 1896). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Tetraloniella scabiosae is found in open grasslands and is frequently found on Scabiosa ochroleuca (Dipsacaceae) in August (Friese 1896), Cephalaria transylvanica, Dipsacus pilosus (Dipsacaceae) and Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
The species is reported as Possibly Extinct in the National Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and threats to this species.


range:
Tetraloniella strigata is found in the western Mediterranean region in the Iberian Peninsula and France. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Algeria (Dusmet and Alonso 1926).

population:
There is no information is available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and flies from May to July (Dusmet and Alonso 1926). It has been reported on Calaminth spp. (Lamiaceae) (Saunders 1908).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, the species is known from Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Lugansk regions) and European Russia (Rostov region) (Radchenko 1982, M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013, Pesenko 1974, 1975). Outside of Europe, the species is only known from the Caucasus.

habitat:
The species is found on steppe areas, roadsides and edges of artificial forest belts in the steppe zone. The females of Tetraloniella vicina are narrowly oligolectic, in that they only collect pollen from Carduus crispus (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). It is thought to inhabit temperate grasslands.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it known from the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve, the Proval'skaya steppe Natural Reserve, and the Stanichno-Lugansk Natural Reserve, all in Ukraine. Further studies are needed into the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


range:
This species is present in all Mediterranean countries and former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. However, it is absent from the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Crete (Friese 1895, Beaumont 1939, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a rare species like all the Thyreus. However, there is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Thyreus affinis is kleptoparasitic (Iuga 1958), in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla (Zebramegilla) salviae (Morawitz, 1876). It visits Centaurea cilicica (Asteraceae), Thymus capitatus (Lamiaceae) and Echium sericeum (Boraginaceae), and it flies from May to July (Grace 2010).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
The species is found in the south Mediterranean region and northeast Africa, west and Central Asia as far east as Mongolia (Friese 1895, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a rare species like all the Thyreus. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is very likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve this species, conservation actions should be implemented for its host.


range:
This species is present in Spain, France, Greece, Ukraine, and southern European Russia (Lieftnick 1968, Rasmont 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve the species, care should be taken to maintain the host's preferred habitat.


range:
The species is present through the Mediterranean area and western Asia (Beaumon 1939, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a rare species like all the Thyreus species. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve the species, care should be taken to maintain the preferred habitat of its host.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is one of the most abundant Thyreus species and being found widespread. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is widely distributed across southern Europe and the Mediterranean area, including the former Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, to central Russia and Central Asia (Friese 1895, Beaumont 1939, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
Even though Thyreus histrionicus is one of the most widespread Thyreus species, it remains rare in all its localities. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Thyreus histrionicus is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla quadrifasciata (Villers), which is one of the most common digger bee species. It is on the wing from April to October in Cyprus, and it has been recorded visiting Echium sericeum, Inula viscosa, Marrubium vulgare apolum, Statice virgata, Heliotropium europeum, Nepeta troodi, Cirsium syriacum, Centaurea cilicica, Centaurea hyalolepis and Eryngium creticum (Grace 2010).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, the species is considered Extinct in several European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct, Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to overlap with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (Schwarz 2003, Rasmont 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is considered to be rare.

habitat:
Thyreus hohmanni has been recorded feeding on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Plumbaginaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to occur within protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is the most widespread Thyreus species in Europe, the populations are quite common and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
The species is found in west, central and southern Europe, including part of former Yugoslavia, and as far east as Anatolia (Beaumont 1939, Liefticnk 1968, Rasmont 2014). It is also found in Iceland.

population:
This is the Thyreus species with the largest distribution area, being the most widespread and abundant through Europe. However, it remains very rare in most of its localities. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts include Anthophora quadrimaculata (Panzer, 1798), Anthophora borealis Morawitz, 1864 and Anthophora plagiata (Illiger, 1806). Thyreus orbatus occurs therefore in the same habitats as these host species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve this species, care should be taken to maintain the preferred habitats of the host species.


range:
The species is present through the Iberian Peninsula and southern central Europe, including former Yugoslavia, to west Asia (Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is an extremely rare species, and only a few specimens are known. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite common and its host species is abundant. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitats and ecology and threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.

range:
In Europe, the species is found in central and southern Europe, including the Canary Islands and former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Outside of Europe, it is present in northeast Africa, Arabia, west Asia, Himalaya and China (Beaumont 1939, Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
Even if Thyreus ramosus is the kleptoparasite of one of the most widespread Thyreus species, it still remains rare in most of its localities. It is present where its hosts are abundant.There is no information available for the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Thyreus ramosus is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts are Amegilla albigena (Lepeletier, 1841) and maybe also Anthophora pubescens (Fabricius, 1781). The species is present where its hosts are abundant and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species has been recorded mainly from May to September on Cyprus, with some later autumn records, visiting Marrubium vulgare apolum, Inula viscosa, Carlina lanata, Teucrium polium micropodioides, Heliotropium europeum, Echium sericeum and Statice virgate (Grace 2010).There is no further information available on the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to occur in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
This species is found in Portugal, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Ukraine and southern European Russia, central and west Asia, Siberia and China (Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is rare like the other Thyreus species.


range:
In Europe, the species is present in Italy. Outside of Europe, it occurs in north Africa and west Asia (Friese 1895, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is a very rare species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered extinct in Switzerland.

range:
The species is present from southwestern and central Europe, including former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, to southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, it is found across North Africa, west Asia and Arabia (Beaumont 1939, Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is a rare species like the other Thyreus species.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla garrula (Rossi, 1790).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as in the past this species used to be more common and it has become extinct in some countries and is now considered rare generally. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting the species.

range:
This species is distributed in southern and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are not known, although the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2. It also occurs in Turkey.

population:
In the past this species used to be more common, it is now considered rare and has gone extinct in some countries. The population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
A species of rocky steppes and xerothermic habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Tetralonia macroglossa, T. dentata and T. salicariae are the hosts of this species (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Xylocopa cantabrita is mainly present in the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sanchez 1989). A small isolated population exists in France, in the Var department, in the locality "Massif de la Sainte-Baume" (Terzo and Rasmont 2003, Terzo et al. 2007). A second isolated population is more widely distributed in Morocco, in the Middle Atlas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 553,346 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².

population:
The population of Xylocopa cantabrita seems to be stable in the two isolated populations of France (Terzo and Rasmont 2003) and Morocco as well as in its main distribution area of the Iberian Peninsula. It is widespread in Spain although not abundant and it is very localised in France.

habitat:
Xylocopa cantabrita lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. The species collects pollen almost exclusively on Asphodelus (Liliaceae) and Ortiz (1997) adds Phlomis and Salvia (Lamiaceae). Females nest in dead wood: in Cedar (Cedrus sp.) in Morocco (Rasmont et al. 1994)  and probably in Yew (Taxus baccata) L. and in Beech (Fagus sylvatica) L. in France (Terzo and Rasmont 2003).

threats:
There appear to be no major threats affecting this species. Nevertheless, the isolated populations in France are very small and seem to depend strictly on the joint presence of Asphodelus for foraging and of the yew forest for nesting. The French populations could be threatened by urban expansion.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall. In France, the "Massif de la Sainte-Baume", including the yew forest, should be protected. It occurs in protected areas in other parts of its range.


range:
Xylocopa iris is a west-Palearctic species, very widespread west to east all around the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, from the Atlantic coast to Central Asia. It is present on the main Mediterranean islands apart from the Balearic Islands. To the north, in Europe, its distribution reaches the latitude of Paris and southern Poland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,988,136 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,908 km².

population:
Populations of Xylocopa iris appears to be declining in the north-eastern part of its distribution (Poland, Ukraine, Russia) where the most recent observations have been made there over 60 years ago but this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data (Terzo and Rasmont 1997). In the Mediterranean region and Anatolia, the populations seem to be stable (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).

habitat:
Xylocopa iris lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation but  the  species is also present in urban and suburban habitats where it can find flowers and suitable nesting sites. The species is polylectic and collects pollen mainly on Fabacae, thistles (Asteraceae) and Lamiaceae. It also shows a special attraction for the genus Eryngium (Apiaceae) (Terzo and Rasmont 1997, Terzo et al. 2007). Females nest in dried stems of various plants such as those of large Apiaceae (Popov and Ponomareva 1961).

threats:
No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.

conservationAction:
Xylocopa iris is considered as Extinct in two European countries: Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2008). It is regarded as Endangered in Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. Monitoring of the population trends in the north-eastern part of the species distribution would establish the status of the species in that region. The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


range:
Xylocopa olivieri is present from the Balkans to the eastern coast of  the Caspian Sea, and from Romania and European Russia to Israel and Iran (Alfken 1930).  The species is also present in Crete and Cyprus. In Europe, the  distribution seems to be restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate zone. Northern observations (Romania, Macedonia, European Russia) have been made more than 60 years ago. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,492,469 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².

population:
This species is common but not abundant. The population of Xylocopa olivieri seems stable.

habitat:
Xylocopa olivieri lives in natural habitats with  Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and thistles (Asteraceae). Females nest in dried soil while all other European species of the genus nest in dried stems or wood.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. Monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the Balkans would establish the boundaries of its distribution. The species is common in the eastern Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves and natural parks.


range:
Xylocopa valga is a west-Palearctic species that extends throughout western and central Europe, from the Maghreb and Spain to Iran. The species is absent from the Atlantic coast apart from two localities in Morocco. In France, Spain and Turkey, the species clearly prefers the continental climate zones, being more abundant in the hinterland and on the mountains than in coastal sites and at low elevation where it is replaced by Xylocopa violacea (Terzo et al. 2007). In Central Europe, Xylocopa valga is also more common than Xylocopa violacea. It is believed that the species is also distributed and common in eastern Europe (M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,021,383 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 936 km².

population:
This species is widespread and locally common. Populations of Xylocopa valga are stable in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995) and at a continental scale. In Ukraine, the population has decreased due to the reduction of available breeding sites (dead trees) caused by cutting and burning of shelter belts, xerophytic woodlands and steppe slopes of the mountains, especially in the south of Ukraine and Crimea.

habitat:
Xylocopa valga lives in natural habitats with   woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. It is less common than Xylocopa violacea in rural or suburban areas. The species seems to prefers the continental climate zone and higher elevations than Xylocopa violacea.Imago occurs from mid-April to late September. There is one generation per year, and the adults overwinter. Old females die in the autumn, but sometimes hibernate a second time and again build a nest in the spring. It nests in wood, e.g. in dead trees, telegraph poles, buildings, the roots of perennial plants on slopes and ravines. The females excavate galleries, and build up to 10-12 brood cells. The cell partitions are made of wood dust. Females collect pollen mainly on large flowers of Fabaceae, thistles (Asteracedae) and Lamiaceae. They nest in dead wood and, maybe, also in the ground (Popov 1947). Each cell contains a quantity of pollen in the form of an elongated tetrahedron, on which an egg is deposited. After completion of the nest the female remains inside the entrance. She protects and controls the development of offspring, till their emergence in the autumn. Young males and females overwinter in tunnels in wood.

conservationAction:
Xylocopa valga is considered as Extinct in Latvia (Spuris 1998) and Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007); Critically Endangered in Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Endangered in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002); Vulnerable in Moldova (Dectiu 2002), Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species at European scale. Monitoring of the population trends in the north-eastern part of the species' distribution would confirm the presence of the species in that region. The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves and natural parks. In Ukraine, the species is present in protected reserves of steppe and forest-steppe zones.


range:
Xylocopa violacea is a west-Palearctic species, and is very abundant in the Mediterranean region. Its distribution extends throughout western and central Europe. To the east, it is present around the Black Sea and reaches the Caspian Sea south of the Caucasus. The species is also present in all Mediterranean islands and in the Maghreb. To the north, the species is known from very few localities in Great Britain (as a vagrant) and old data (before 1950) also mentions it in southern Finland and Poland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,743,314 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,936 km².

population:
Populations of Xylocopa violacea appears to be declining in parts of central and northern Europe where the most recent observations have been made over 20 years ago but this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data. Conversely, in countries such as Belgium, the species seems to be nesting again, with established nests lasting for several years (M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). In France, the populations are stable (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).

habitat:
Xylocopa violacea lives in natural habitats with  Mediterranean-type woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation but the  species is also common in urban and suburban habitats. The species collects pollen mainly on large flowered Fabaceae (Genista, Lathyrus, Glycine, etc), large thistles (Asteraceae) and Lamiaceae such as Lavandula and Salvia. It is one of the main pollinators of flowers like Iris. Females nest in dead wood  (tree trunks or beams in homes) where they excavate themselves a long gallery with their powerful mandibles. Hurd and Moure (1963) quote 20 entomologists who have written on the nesting habits of Xylocopa violacea since Réaumur (1742).

conservationAction:
Xylocopa violacea is considered as Extinct in Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009); Vulnerable in Moldova (Dectiu 2002), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species at European scale.Monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the species distribution would establish the current status of the species in that region.The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its large European range.

range:
Colletes abeillei occurs in southwest Europe from Italy to Portugal and it is also known from higher altitudes in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,326,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 480 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range. There is no detailed information about trends.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes abeillei are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes acutiformis is   restricted to small areas in the southern Iberian Peninsula   and Sicily representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species that is   widespread in north Africa and the Middle East.

range:
Colletes acutiformis is mainly distributed in the Middle East and north Africa. The species is only marginally occurring in Europe and it is only known from Sicily and southern Portugal (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,910 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².

population:
No information is available about the populations or the trends for this species, but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes acutiformis are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Brassicaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Brassicaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host forage plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.

range:
Colletes acutus has been recorded from north-west Africa and in Europe from Italy to the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 664,293 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations or trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes acutus are unknown in detail but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Brassicaceae and Asteraceae (mesolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species is plentiful in the Parque National de Doñana and in the surrounding Parque Natural in Andalucia, southern Spain.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (620 km²), it is disappearing from the northern limits of its range and there is likely to be a decline in the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure, thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.

range:
Colletes albomaculatus is widely distributed in north Africa, southern and south-central Europe towards the Middle East and Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Roberts et al. 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,946,279 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,173,130 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 620 km² and in the EU 27 is 508 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of Colletes albomaculatus but it is likely to be in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats. At the northern limits of its range this species is disappearing for unknown reasons but change in habitat size and quality is a likely cause.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes albomaculatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Resedaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Resedaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 60  km², EU 27 16 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, and the quality of the habitat of the species is declining due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its sole host  plant, thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion  B2.

range:
Colletes anchusae occurs from the Balkans to Ukraine and Turkey (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Roberts et al. 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 349,083 km² and in the EU 27 is 100,510 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 60 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km².

population:
Populations of Colletes anchusae generally seem to be small and  isolated. Genetic exchange between populations is likely to be very limited or missing so this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Cynoglottis barrelieri is visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in population size. The lack of records in recent decades confirm that there is a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO).

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes anchusae are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. grasslands, steppe habitats). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Cynoglottis barrelieri (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.

range:
Colletes brevigena has been found in southern and south-central Europe towards Turkey and the Caucasus (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 4,263,765 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,481,227 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 252 km² and in the EU 27 is 224 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes brevigena are unknown in the southern part of its range but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). In south-central Europe it can be found in warm and open, preferably semi-natural grassland sites. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there are some taxonomic uncertainties about the status and identification of this species and there is very little known about its ecology and distribution.

range:
Colletes canescens is known from the western Mediterranean region (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The species also occurs in northern Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 396,174 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of this species but given that it has been very rarely recorded, populations seem to be very small and fragmented.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes canescens are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because within its range it is widespread and regularly recorded.

range:
Colletes carinatus is distributed from Italy and the Balkans to Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,618,103 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,835,548 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 136 km² and in the EU 27 is 80 km².

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes carinatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Allium (Amaryllidaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but  with strong preference for Allium) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).      It  is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation  types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this  species.   Further research is required to establish the  current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the  existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


range:
Colletes cariniger occurs from the Balkans and Middle East to the Caucasus (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 217,156 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes cariniger are include open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Nests are constructed in loose aggregations in lightly vegetated ground (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient because this species has been very rarely recorded in Europe and is only known  from a few places. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.

range:
Colletes caskanus has been recorded from the Balkans and the Middle East towards Turkey and Iran (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 97,338 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km². Within the EU 27 this species has only been found in two places in Greece. Here its EOO is 349 km² and the AOO is 8 km².

population:
Little is known about the populations of Colletes caskanus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at the north-western edge of its range and populations seem to be fragmented.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes caskanus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a particular group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (108 km²), there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and suitable habitat of the species, the populations are fragmented and presumably there is a strong anthropogenic pressure on habitats especially in coastal areas, qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion B2.

range:
Colletes caspicus has been recorded from north Germany where it is now extinct (Westrich et al. 2008) to Central Asia (Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,676,621 km² and in the EU 27 is 511,237 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 108 km² and in the EU 27 is 40 km².

population:
Little information is available about this species but populations seem to be fragmented, small and isolated. Colletes caspicus is now extinct in the western parts of its former range (Westrich et al. 2008) indicating that further declines are very likely.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes caspicus are not well understood but the species seems to have a preference for open sandy habitats and was found in coastal dunes. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but  with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, tourist developments in coastal areas, habitat destruction) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))For Europe, Colletes chengtehensis  is listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (188 km²), the populations are severely fragmented and isolated and there is continuing decline in the suitable steppe habitat due to anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, change in land use). However a rescue effect is possible because the eastern  populations are closer to Central Asia where this species still seems  to be quite common, so it is appropriate to downlist the Red List category from Endangered to Vulnerable. For the EU 27 Colletes chengtehensis  is listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (64 km²), the populations are severely fragmented and isolated and there is  continuing decline in the suitable steppe habitat due to anthropogenic  pressure (agriculture, change in land use). There is no possible rescue effect.

range:
Colletes chengtehensis is widely distributed in steppe-like regions from eastern Austria and Greece to north-eastern China (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009a,b; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,700,536 km² and in the EU 27 is 176,417 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 188 km² and in the EU 27 is 64 km².

population:
Within Europe, and at the edge of its range, Colletes chengtehensis seems to be restricted to steppe habitats that are generally under anthropogenic pressure. Remaining suitable habitats are fragmented and it is likely that its populations are in decline. The sub-populations seem to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic exchange between them, and are thus considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
In the European part of its range Colletes chengtehenis seems to have a preference for open steppe habitats. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 168 km², EU 27 166 km²), there is a continuing decline in the numbers of populations,   populations are isolated and fragmented and  decline of suitable habitat   as documented by the Red List status in three European  countries, thus   qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Colletes collaris has a very wide range from Spain to Japan (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 642,741 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 168 km² and in the EU 27 is 166 km².

population:
Populations of Colletes collaris seem to be generally small and isolated. Within its entire range, populations seem to be fragmented with clear signs of decline in central Europe.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes collaris are little known but in central Europe it prefers warm and open grassland sites (Westrich 1997). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. Warm and open grassland sites, which are the preferred habitat of C. collaris, are generally in decline because traditional land use (like sheep grazing) is in decline so sites are used in different ways or are overgrown by bushes and trees as a result of natural succession.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,185 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km² and there seems to be a continuous decline in the likely habitats of the species (open grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands) due to touristic developments and agriculture but populations are likely to be stable, thus making this species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B.

range:
Colletes creticus is endemic to the island of Crete (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 7,185 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes creticus are likely to be small and fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and  touristic developments in large parts of Crete, but  little information is currently available. The population trend of the species is unknown.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes creticus are largely unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite declines in populations, particularly in western Europe, Colletes cunicularius is still widespread and can be common in suitable habitats including man-made sites like sandpits.

range:
Colletes cunicularius has a very wide distribution range from Spain, Britain and Scandinavia in the west to the Pacific coast of Siberia and north-eastern China in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,495,992 km² and in the EU 27 is 6,182,927 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,016 km² and in the EU 27 is 656 km².

population:
Populations of this species seem to be in decline, at least in western Europe, but the species is still widespread and regularly found in suitable habitats.

habitat:
Colletes cunicularius has a strong preference for open sandy places especially in alluvial areas but can also be found in man made habitats like sandpits (Westrich 1989). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Near Threatened because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,506 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² but the species is under-recorded so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger (though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km², respectively). There seems to be a continuous decline in the likely habitats of  the species (open grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands) due to touristic developments and agriculture but  populations are likely to be stable, thus making this species close to  qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B.

range:
Colletes cyprius is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,506 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².  However, the species is under-recorded on Cyprus so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger although the EOO is less than 20,000 km² and the AOO is less than 2,000 km².

population:
The populations of Colletes cyprius are likely to be small and  fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and   touristic developments in large parts of Crete, but  little information  is currently available. The population trend of the species is unknown.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes cyprius are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation  types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this  species.    Further research is required to establish the current  status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing  threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


range:
Colletes daviesanus has a wide distribution range occurring from Portugal, the British Isles and Scandinavia to Siberia and north-eastern China (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 8,027,635 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,417,366 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 2,068 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,500 km².

population:
Populations of Colletes daviesanus seem to be stable at least in most of its range. Within its range it is one of the most common species of the genus.

habitat:
Colletes daviesanus is known from a range of different habitats including anthropogenic environments like parks and gardens in cities (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is probably less than 20,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 2,000 km² and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and the habitat of the  species due to strong anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, tourism),  thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable.

range:
Colletes dimidiatus is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is known from the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma (Hohmann et al. 1993, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 22,196 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km². However the EOO includes unsuitable habitat (e.g., ocean) so the EOO is smaller (less than 20,000 km²). The AOO is probably larger (though less than 2,000 km²), as the species has probably been under-recorded.

population:
The populations of Colletes dimidiatus are likely to be small    and seem to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them. This species is therefore considered severely  fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and    touristic  developments in lower parts of the Canary Islands; however,  little information   is  currently available.  A continuous decline in the habitat and also  of  the population size of the species can be assumed.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes dimidiatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands) that are declining on the Canary Islands. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants, particularly on the dry southern parts of the Canary Islands that are prime tourist destinations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because too little is known about the distribution and ecology of Colletes dinizi.

range:
Colletes dinizi has only been recorded from Portugal (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 9,209 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
No information is available about either the populations of this species, or population trends, but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes dinizi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) including sandy coastal (dune) areas. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (change in land use, habitat destruction, touristic developments in coastal areas) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.   Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.


range:
Colletes dusmeti occurs in north-eastern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and south-eastern France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 555,311 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes dusmeti are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


range:
Colletes eous is widespread and has been recorded from Tunisia, all of southern Europe to Central Asia and north-western India (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,362,609 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,534,617 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 808 km² and in the EU 27 is 600 km².

population:
Little is known about either the populations, or population trends of this species, but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes eous are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes escalerai is restricted to a small area in the southern Iberian Peninsula representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species, which is widespread in north-western Africa.

range:
Colletes escalerai occurs from north-eastern Tunisia to northern Morocco and it has a few populations in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Therefore the European range of Colletes escalerai is restricted to a small area  in the southern Iberian Peninsula representing less than 1% of the total  range of this  species, which is widespread in north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 629 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
No information is available about the populations for this species but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.

habitat:
The habitats used by Colletes escalerai are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that almost exclusively collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).

threats:
Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.


