# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from southern Russia and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, this species is known from the Near East, North Africa and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The populations appear to be severely fragmented across the European range.

habitat:
This species lives in steppic habitats. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, being specialized in Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).


range:
In Europe, this species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula. Elsewhere, it is present throughout North Africa eastwards to the Levant (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This is a very large species which occurs mainly in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and steppes. In Libya, the species is often plentiful in the Mediterranean zone in the Jbel Akhdar where it forages in floristically diverse fallow and arable fields. In Israel, it is a desertic species and it is restricted to the Negev (C. O'Toole pers. comm 2014). Anthophora hispanica is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been reported from Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae, Zygophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).Anthophora hispanica is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies as a single generation from February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

threats:
The threats to this species in Europe are unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it appears in Central Asia and western Siberia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
The species appears in steppic areas. It is apparently monolectic, in that it is strictly adapted to a single species of plant, on Phlomis tuberosa flowers (Osytchnyuk 1978).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to clarify its taxonomic situation and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy (Rasmont 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species occurs in Greece and Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is present in Egypt (Rasmont 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. lanzarotensis warrants a threatened status.

range:
This species is endemic to Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
The species has been recorded on Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) in altitudes up to 600 m asl, from February to May and then in September (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information on the habitat preferences of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in the western Mediterranean (Spain, southern France, Italy, Sicily) and in Romania. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is a very rare species. However, there is no information available for its population size and trend.

habitat:
The species occurs in steppic habitats. There is no information available on its ecology of the species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to establish the taxonomy of this taxon and to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic and conservation status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species occurs in the western Mediterranean area (Spain, France and Sicily). Elsewhere, it occurs in Algeria (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
The species seems to be related to Mediterranean shrublands, where it is a generalist forager (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. lieftincki warrants a threatened status.

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
The species has been recorded nearly all year-round in altitudes up to 400 m asl, collecting on Aizoaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species is present through southern European Russia. Elsewhere, it occurs in Kazakhstan (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora monacha is found in steppes (Osychnyuk 1978). However, there is no information available for the ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to clarify its taxonomic situation and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
Following Rasmont (1995), in Europe this species inhabits the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. The observations from Germany currently require confirmation. Elsewhere, it is also present in southern Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This species lives along wood edges. It mainly forages on Buglossoides purpurocaerula, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae); Trifolium spp, Astragalus spp. (Fabaceae); Silene italic (Caryophyllaceae) and Muscari spp. (Liliaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to elucidate the taxonomy of this species and its close congeners, and to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic and conservation status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is found in Bulgaria and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Levant (Israel and Syria), central Asia and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014), which is the locus typicus of this species, as it is the place where the holotype or type specimen was found.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although in Israel it is often extremely common in Mediterranean habitats (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information on either the habitat or ecology of this species in Europe. However, Grace (2010) states that this species is abundant in montane habitats. In Israel, it is associated with dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and this habitat is likely to be utilised also in Europe. There is no information available on the nesting behaviour or the precise pollen foraging requirements of the species, but it is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and records include Asphodelus sp., Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceeae), Ballevalia flexuosa (Asparagaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae); Onobrychis, Trifolium spp.(Fabaceae) and Anchusa spp. (Boraginaceae) in Israel (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).The data labels from specimens show that the species flies from late February to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is only present in Corsica and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Habitat information is lacking but it is presumed to occur in dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. There is not much information available about the ecology of this species. Nevertheless, it has been observed near the sea level in Sardinia and Corsica, foraging on Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae), Vicia villosa and Trifolium sp. (Fabaceae) (P. Rasmont and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species and to elucidate further details about the habitats and ecology of the species.


range:
In Europe, this species is only present through Spain, Sicily, former Yugoslavia and Greece. Elsewhere, it also occurs in the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is not much information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe, although Grace (2010) indicates that it often forages in orchards on Prunus and Salix species. In Israel, the species forages on various plants in the families Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Asphodelaceae and Lamiaceae (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to May.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. orotavae warrants being placed in a threatened category.

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
The species has been recorded up to 1,500 m asl on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Frankeniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctagynaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is on the wing from January to June and from November to December, so it is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. There is no further information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very limited global range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species occurs in Bulgaria, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is also known from the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can assumed to occur on temperate grassland associated with steppic habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is strongly decreasing in large parts of its European distribution and it could be regionally very threatened, it still subsists without apparent regression across the rest of its geographical range. Research is urgently required to determine the threats to the species, as it is considered threatened and even extinct in several European countries.

range:
In Europe, this species is widely distributed, reaching its southernmost distribution in North Africa, spreading northwards to Sweden. Nevertheless, it is absent from islands such as the British Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is present through the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).

population:
This species seems to be strongly regressing in some areas of its distribution, and it has already disappeared, or nearly, in certain central and occidental temperate European countries. However, it seems to remain abundant in many countries. Nevertheless, there is no specific information available on its population size and trends.

habitat:
This species is considered to be able to live in a variety of different habitats by Iuga (1958 - “hylophyl euryoic”) such as temperate grasslands. Whilst it is a generalist forager, it is very frequently observed foraging Echium vulgare, Anchusa spp., Salvia pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Vicia cracca and Astragalus spp.

threats:
The causes of the declines of this species in certain parts of Europe remain unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Lithuania (Endangered; Rašomavičius 2007), Slovenia (Probably Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable, Amiet 1994).It is also extinct in Belgium since 1963 and appears to have vanished in the Netherlands, since the last record goes back to 1961.There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is abundant through all its distribution. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Anthophora plumipes is very widespread through all Europe with the exception of Ireland, Norway and Finland. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa, and the Near East reaching the Pacific Ocean to the east. It has also been recently observed in Washington D.C., North America (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Anthophora plumipes is, by far, the most abundant Anthophora species in all the western Palearctic. However, its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Anthophora plumipes is quite polymorphic. It could appear all black in some populations, and all grey or all brown in others. The biogeographical background of these variations has not yet been studied. It is a very generalist forager. Nevertheless, as it is a long-tongued species, it generally prefers flowers with long corollae like Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Boraginaceae species. It often hosts the kleptoparasite Melecta albifrons (Iuga 1958). The species is a very unspecialised inhabitant of different temperate landscapes, including forests, shrublands, grasslands and urban areas and gardens.

threats:
There are no specific threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species occurs through the Mediterranean area, former Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is present in the Caucasus, the Near East, Morocco, Central Asia and inner Mongolia (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Anthophora podagra is a rare species everywhere. There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.

habitat:
Anthophora podagra is restricted to dry grasslands and steppic vegetation. This species seems to be a generalist forager, and while Iuga (1958) gives Salvia and Lamium album as foraging plants, it has also been observed on thistles (Onopordum, Centaurea, Carduus) (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Crimea (Ukraine) (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in Israel (Grace 2010) and Central Asia.

habitat:
Grace (2010) lists Anchusa strigosa as a foraging plant in Israel. However, there is no further information available on the habitats and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.

redListReviewers:
García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is known from the islands of Fuerteventura and from Lanzarote (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this specie, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It has been recorded at low altitudes (up to 150 m asl) in February and March (Hohmann et al. 1993).


range:
This species is endemic to Sicily and Malta (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


range:
This species occurs in a large area of Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution in Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland, although it is absent from Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. To the south, it reaches southern Spain and Italy, but it does not occur in the Balkans, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Outside of Europe, it could be found in Morocco and Algeria (Rasmont 2014).

population:
The populations of this species are very scattered. However, it could be very abundant in some localities. The trend of the populations is unknown.

habitat:
This species seems to occur in very different landscapes, including temperate grasslands. Regarding its foraging choices, it is quite generalist, and Iuga (1958) lists as foraging plants Anchusa officinalis, Salvia pratensis, Ballota nigra and Galeopsis tetrahit. It has also been observed on Ballota hirsuta, Nepeta sp. and Echium spp. (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Probably Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014), and it has been recorded in Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Hohmann et al. 1993).

habitat:
Anthophora pulverosa has been recorded on Heliotropium ramosissimum (Boraginaceae) and Lotus sessilifolius (Fabaceae) (Hohmann et al. 1993) in altitudes up to 500 m asl. It is on the wing from January to June and from November to December (Hohmann et al. 1993), and it is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
The species is present through France (Rasmont et al. 1995), Spain (F. J. Ortiz pers. comm. 2014) and Portugal (D. Baldock pers. comm. 2014, Rasmont 2014).

population:
This is an extremely rare species, and it is currently known by only a dozen specimens.

habitat:
In southern France, all the specimens were collected on Rosmarinus officinalis, in chalky shrub lands.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora purpuraria has been recorded at low altitudes (up to 400 m asl). There is no further information on the habitats of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It has been reported to forage on Echium species (Westrich 1993), Lannaea arborescens and Asteraceae and Boraginaceae species from December to February (Hohmann et al. 1993).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, the species is present in Italy and Sicily. Elsewhere, it occurs in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It has been observed foraging mainly on Echium and Anchusa species (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).


range:
This species is widely distributed through the whole of Europe, from 45° to 68° latitude, reaching the Arctic Circle in Sweden. To the south, it occurs in Sicily but not in southern Spain and the Balkans (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it can be found in Siberia and northern China.

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is quite rare and scattered around its distribution.

habitat:
The species forages on a large number of plants, showing a clear preference for Lamiaceae, such as Lavandula x intermedia and Cymbalaria muralis (Scrophulariaceae) (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014). It hosts very often the species Thyreus orbatus and sometimes also Thyreus scutellaris (Iuga 1958). The habitat of this species is unknown, although it has a widespread distribution and is potentially ubiquitous in its habitat preferences, but it almost certainly inhabits temperate grassland and shrublands.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and prevalent enough, despite declines in a number of regions in the western part of Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and specific threats to the species.

range:
This species is widely spread over Europe, being present from central Spain, Sardinia and Sicily to the south, northwards to southern Sweden and Estonia (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia and north China.

population:
Even if the species has a wide distribution and was considered one of the most common species in western Europe, it seems to be significantly regressing in some parts of its distribution, including southern Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic and the UK, and even extinct in some places like Switzerland. However, it remains abundant in eastern Europe.

habitat:
According to Iuga (1958), the species is "euryoic eremophile", in that it shows a preferences for open areas such as grasslands. It forages on a large number of plants, but it seems to have a noticeable preference for Lamiaceae and Fabaceae (unpublished data, P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Estonia (Critically Endangered; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
The species is present throughout much of southern Mediterranean Europe, reaching its northernmost location in Croatia and Romania (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco, Algeria, the Near East and the Caucasus region.

population:
This species has a scattered distribution. It is generally very rare, but it can be abundant in some of its locations. It seems to be regressing in Ukraine, but its overall trend is unknown.

habitat:
While the species does not seem to have habitat preferences, it seems to be more abundant in mountainous areas and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Grace (2010) lists various foraging plants, and it has also been observed mainly on all species of Anchusa and Echium (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of Ukraine (Rare; Akimov 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to establish its taxonomy and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Sicily, Greece and Cyprus (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the Near East, the Caucasus region and Central Asia.

habitat:
According to Grace (2010), the species nests in gullies. It forages on various plants, including Anchusa and Echium species and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, population size, trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitats and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, this species only occurs in southern Spain (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present through Morocco, Algeria and Israel.

habitat:
According to Grace (2010), in Israel the species nests in agglomerations in vertical banks of gullies. It forages on Alkanna, Anchusa, Echium, Cistanche and Moricandia species. It can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.


range:
In Europe, the species occurs in Greece, including the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010) and in Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is only known from Israel (Rasmont 2014).

population:
The species is widespread through its distribution. However, there is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Anthophora rubicrus is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Cyprus and Israel, it is a habitat generalist species (Grace 2010), and it has been found in sand dunes in Cyprus by Mavromoustakis (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, the species is present in Greece and the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010), Cyprus and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it can be found in the Caucasus region, Turkey and Israel (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora rutilans is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Grace 2010). There is no information available on the habitat preferences of the species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


range:
In Europe, the species occurs in all the Mediterranean countries (including the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica), reaching its northernmost distribution in Germany and the Czech Republic. Elsewhere, it is known from Morocco, Algeria and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).

population:
Despite the species being very scattered throughout its distribution, it can be very abundant locally. However, there is no information available for its population trend.

habitat:
According to Iuga (1958), the species is "euryoic eremophil", in that it mainly flies in grasslands and meadows. It forages primarily on Anchusa officinalis, Borago officinalis, Echium vulgare and several Lamiaceae species (Iuga 1958). Moreover, Friese (1897) indicates that the species is very abundant on Anchusa and Borago. Apart from Anchusa, Grace (2010) also cites a dozen of other species from various plant families. It has also been observed very frequently in southern France foraging on Muscari comosum (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books, as Anthophora crinipes, of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species is only present in France, Spain, Italy and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, Israel and northern China.

population:
Despite being widespread, the species is very scattered and rare. There is no information available on its population trend.

habitat:
Anthophora senescens seems to be a generalist regarding its habitat preference, and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. While it does not show specific foraging preferences, it is one of the rare Anthophora species that willingly forages on Brassicaceae species (Grace 2010, P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).


range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, the species is only present in Ukraine and southern Russia (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is also known from Central Asia.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grassland associated with steppic habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
Anthophora sichelii occurs on Mediterranean-type shrublands. There is no information available on the ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
In Europe, this species is only present in Greece. Elsewhere, it is only known from Syria (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is little or no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.


range:
This species is only known from southern Portugal and Spain (Rasmont 2014).


range:
This species is only known from Sicily (Rasmont 2014).


range:
In Europe, the species is only known from southern Spain, where its occurrence is dubious according to Ortiz-Sánchez and Jiménez-Rodriguez (1992), Sicily and Greece. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands..


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, this species is only present in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it occurs in the Caucasus region, Israel and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).

habitat:
In Israel, A. vernalis was observed foraging on Leontice leontopetalum, Bellevalia stepporum and on two species of Astragalus (Grace 2010). There is no information available on the habitat of the species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands..


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known to have a native distribution throughout much of Europe, except Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, the Azores, and northern Scandinavia, with numerous subspecies described across its range in Europe. However, it is not known whether or not the species currently still occurs in the wild, due to the introgression of managed and feral colonies with wild colonies and the fact that the wild population may not be self-sustaining. The impact of threats such as the transfer of pathogens and parasites from managed and feral colonies to wild colonies, detrimental bee-keeping practices, loss of forage and nesting habitat, invasive alien species, the lack of pest control, and other anthropogenic impacts such as the use of agrochemicals may have resulted in the loss of the wild population.   Some colonies that are found in the wild e.g., in tree cavities, may have escaped from a managed colony and therefore they may not be wild and may not survive to reproduce; therefore it is unlikely that there are any truly wild subpopulations left in Europe due to this gene flow.It is important to state that the managed bee population cannot be considered as wild, as in most areas there have been hundreds of years of selection by humans for positive traits such as producing better quality honey or less aggressive bees. Most Apis mellifera colonies are not considered to be self-sustaining as veterinary treatments against the mite Varroa destructor amongst other parasites is often provided.Numerous studies indicate that A. mellifera has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if they refer to population reduction of wild or managed colonies.The Western Honey Bee is therefore assessed as Data Deficient until further research enables us to differentiate between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild. Research is also required to understand the impacts of the threats to the species at the colony level, in particular from Varroa destructor and its associated pathogens, malnutrition and herbicides, pesticides and fungicides. Action should be taken to prevent further declines of the species in Europe, if it is not already too late.

range:
Apis mellifera is native to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and western Asia.The species has a native distribution throughout the whole of Europe (Ruttner 1988), except Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, the Azores and northern Scandinavia (although managed colonies have been introduced to these areas). Throughout Europe, there are many distinct subspecies that are locally adapted to their environment (Ruttner 1988, De la Rúa et al. 2009), however, it is difficult to know where the species currently occurs in the wild, if at all, due to the introgression of managed and feral colonies with wild populations (De la Rúa et al. 2001a,b, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2009; Radloff et al. 2001, Jensen et al. 2005, Muñoz et al. 2009, Jaffé et al. 2010, Thompson et al. 2010, Oleksa et al. 2011, Muñoz and De la Rúa 2012; Muñoz et al. 2012, 2013, 2014, submitted; Pinto et al. 2014).

population:
It is currently not possible to quantify the population size and trends of all wild subpopulations of Apis mellifera (defined in this Red List assessment as self-sustaining colonies (e.g., they do not receive veterinary treatment or other management interventions) that are not affected by introduced genetic material). It is problematic to differentiate between wild, feral, and managed colonies of A. mellifera in Europe for the purposes of this assessment as the data is not readily available. However, there are indications that the species is rare, if not extinct in the wild (Moritz et al. 2007, Jaffé et al. 2010). Numerous studies indicate that A. mellifera has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if these studies refer to population reductions of wild, feral or managed colonies. For the whole of Europe, the population size and trend of A. mellifera remains unknown.  In relation to Honey Bee colony losses there are an increasing number of articles and special issues of scientific journals from the last decade dedicated to this topic. One of the most comprehensive was a study by Neumann and Carreck (2010) addressing the possible causes of colony losses in 16 countries. Many of these causes are briefly addressed in the threats section of this assessment.

habitat:
The species lives predominantly in managed bee colonies throughout Europe, although there are potentially feral and wild bee colonies found in a wide range of habitats. Feral colonies are ones that were once managed and escaped into the wild, where they are self-sustaining (the term 'feral' is associated more with Africanized bees in the New World), while wild colonies are self-sustaining colonies (e.g., they do not receive veterinary treatment or other management interventions) that are not affected by introduced genetic material.  Generally, the species can be found to inhabit temperate forests, grasslands and even semi-deserts. Wild (and feral) colonies are also dependent on the availability of suitable natural and anthropogenic nesting sites such as tree cavities, cavities in walls and in the roofs of buildings.  In northern Europe, Apis mellifera seems to have a preference for mass-flowering crops such as oilseed rape and sunflower (Rollin et al. 2013); however, this may be due to a lack of other plant resources being available in the required quantities at the right time of year. In the Iberian Peninsula, A. mellifera forage upon other plants (many wild shrubs) such as Lavandula stoechas, Erica spp, Castanea sativa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Arbutus unedo, Echium plantagineum, Mentha pulegium, Citrus sinensis, Carlina racemosa, and Eucalyptus spp. (introduced from Australia, so has only become a food plant fairly recently).A. mellifera are eusocial insects resembling a superorganism with sophisticated communication among nest mates. A. mellifera has a particular reproductive system termed polyandry, where one queen mates with 1 to 49 males/drones (Neumann et al. 1999, Palmer and Oldroyd 2000, Hernández-García et al. 2009). They also exhibit prime swarming, in which the existing queen together with part of or the entire colony leaves to form a new colony elsewhere. This is the most common event where about 60% of the worker bees leave the original hive location with the old queen. Secondary afterswarms may occur and they are usually smaller and accompanied by one or more virgin queens (Winston 1991). Mating takes place during a nuptial flight by the virgin queen in the spring and summer months (from as early as March in southern countries), preferentially on sunny days with little wind.   Queens can live between three to four years, drones for several months (they die after successful or unsuccessful mating during drone aggregations) and workers between two to three weeks in Summer and six or seven months in Winter.

threats:
Wild populations of Apis mellifera in Europe have been greatly impacted by: habitat loss (decline in availability of natural nest sites and food sources); displacement from food sources and nest sites by managed/feral colonies; disease and parasites originating from managed/feral bees; the use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides; invasive alien species; detrimental beekeeping practices and the lack of adequate pest control.  The primary threats to the species are listed below:  Habitat loss and malnutrition  Intensive land use for agriculture, commercial and residential development has led to a decrease in the range of suitable habitats available for wild and feral populations of pollinators (Kremen et al. 2002, Biesmeijer et al. 2006, Flynn et al. 2009). The lack of floral resources (pollen and nectar) in the environment may impact upon colony reserves and therefore the colony’s survival, especially over Winter. However, in parts of Europe commercial food crops (for example oil seed rape Brassica napus in the United Kingdom) may have replaced wild food and pollen sources for the Honey Bee, although it is not known whether commercial food crops are nutritionally equivalent to replace wild crop sources.  Pathogens and parasites  Varroa destructor and its associated pathogens (viruses) are considered to be the greatest threat causing declines in Europe of both managed and feral/wild colonies of A. mellifera. They have been implicated in causing colony decline in managed colonies and have most probably decimated the wild population of A. mellifera across Europe (Moritz et al. 2007, Jaffé et al. 2010, Moritz et al. 2010).  Managed colonies and therefore wild colonies are also impacted by many viruses (20 have been described to date) some of which are associated with and transmitted by Varroa destructor (e.g., Deformed Wing Virus), pathogens and parasites (Nosema spp. and Acarapis woodi (Honey Bee tracheal mite)), foulbroods and a range of other brood disorders (Moritz et al. 2010).  Fürst et al. (2014) demonstrated the transfer of disease from managed A. mellifera colonies to Bombus spp., an occurrence that can certainly apply to wild colonies of A. mellifera.  Pollution - pesticides, herbicides and fungicides  The most widely used pesticides are those of the neonicotinoid family and, along with herbicides and fungicides, these may impact upon the forage availability of	 A. mellifera as well as having a direct impact upon their health (Izuru 1999, Blacquiere et al. 2012). The evidence on the damage these insecticides cause is conflicting for now (Henry et al. 2012, Fischer et al. 2014).  The Asian Hornet  The Asian Hornet (Vespa velutina) was first introduced in south-western France. This is a new threat as it preys upon A. mellifera and it has spread from France to neighbouring countries in Europe such as Spain, Portugal and Belgium. The species is now established, at least in France, and eradication is no longer possible (Rortais et al. 2010).  Detrimental beekeeping practices  Detrimental beekeeping practices create problems for A. mellifera colonies and, potentially, other flower visitors/pollinators (Evison et al. 2012, Fürst et al. 2014,). These unfavourable practices include: migratory beekeeping, the trade in queens, large scale selective breeding, and the incorrect application of disease treatments all contribute to the loss of genetic diversity and resilience of bee populations, both managed and wild (De la Rúa et al. 2009). The Buckfast Bee (a man-made race combining a number of sub-species from Europe and Africa) may also be a threat because it contributes to the destruction of local ecotypes as it is a man-made bee race from many different strains of bees.  Lack of adequate pest control  Varroa destructor control is currently unsustainable as the chemicals that are used are short-term effective as the mite develops (evolves) resistance. The chemicals are therefore no longer very effective.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed to be able to differentiate between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild (Jaffé et al. 2010). However, Thompson et al. (2014) conducted conducted research on feral and managed Apis meillifera in England and Wales and found no wild specimens while feral bees showed close similarities to managed Honey Bees (2.5%). Further research is required to determine the continued existence, distribution, and trends of wild colonies. Identification of colonies that survive without beekeeping management would be a significant step, as would the genetic characterisation of those populations. Research is also required to understand the effects of the threats to the species, both at the species level and colony levels, in particular from Varroa destructor and associated pathogens, malnutrition, herbicides, pesticides and fungicides.  Most of the current conservation actions have not differentiated between wild and managed bees but as both forage in the wild, the positive effects will be felt by both population types.  The most recent action for the conservation of Apis mellifera was an EU-wide ban on three neonicotinoids pesticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) applied to "crops attractive to bees". This was approved by the European Union and came into force in December 2013 (Official Journal of the European Union 2013). The restriction will last for up to two years, with a scientific review of the ban taking place as soon as new information is available. Much more research is expected to emerge on the topic in the coming years.   Agri-environmental schemes are important in order to provide vital resources for A. mellifera to utilize. The reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) includes a section on the greening of agricultural practices and this will involve three basic measures: maintaining permanent grassland, crop diversification, and maintaining an ecological focus area of at least 5% of the arable area of the holding. It is expected to improve the quality and extent of habitats available for A. mellifera.   Other measures include promoting the use of native A. mellifera subspecies for honey production and the restriction on importation of non-native queens in order to slow down the rate of introgression and allow for natural genetic resistance to develop within populations.   In addition, there are currently three main networks and projects working for the conservation of the A.mellifera which are summarised below:  The COLOSS network (prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes), an international, non-profit association head-quartered in Bern, Switzerland, is currently working on improving the well-being of the Honey Bee at a global level. It is composed of scientific professionals, including researchers, veterinarians, agriculture extension specialists, and students from over 60 countries.   As part of the COLOSS network the Research Network for Sustainable Bee Breeding (RNSBB) whose aim is to improve Honey Bee welfare by developing and disseminating comprehensive breeding strategies that include colony vitality and the conservation of locally adapted populations.  The project Status and Trends of European Pollinators aims to document declines in managed European Honey Bee populations and, though it focuses on pollinators, it aims to understand the drivers of decline in honey bees.  Recently another network, the Super-B (Sustainable Pollination in Europe: joint Research on Bees and other pollinators), has been set up to integrate knowledge and develop methods that underpin sustainable pollination services in Europe.

useAndTrade:
Apis mellifera is considered to be one of the most important pollinators of crops and other plant species (Delaplane et al. 2000).   However, the scale of pollination services provided by wild colonies is unclear because of the lack of data on the size and distribution of the wild population of the Apis mellifera in Europe (Jaffé et al. 2010).Honey is not known to be harvested from wild colonies in Europe.

redListReviewers:
Neumann, P., Nieto, A. & Hilton-Taylor, C.

redListAssessors:
De la Rúa, P., Paxton, R.J., Roberts, S., Pinto, M.A., Cauia, E., Fontana, P., Kryger, P., Bouga, M., Buechler, R., Costa, C., Crailsheim, K., Meixner, M., Kosmus, P., Siceanu, A., Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as this species is widespread in Europe and it is thought to be common where its host species aggregates. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to this species.

range:
The species is found from south Europe to Lithuania and north Germany, east to Russia (Ural), Turkey, and the Caucasus (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,170,255 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2 for Europe.

population:
This species is widely distributed, although it is only found locally throughout Europe. This species can be very common at some localities, because its hosts often nest in large aggregations. The population trend is not known, but it seems to be relatively stable at this time, when considering Europe as a whole.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Systropha curvicornis and S. planidens. It inhabits ruderal locations, pastures and sandy sites with bare ground (Warncke 1982). There is no further habitat information.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread in Europe with a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) with numerous localities known and a suspected stable population. Research should be conducted to determine the future population trends and threats to the species.

range:
The species is found from central Europe to north Germany, Lithuania, and Russia. In the south it is rarer, and absent in Greece and southern Italy. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and the Caucasus (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 4,858,459 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 468 km2.

population:
The population trend of this rare species is not known, but it seems to be relatively stable at this time.

habitat:
It is known to inhabit temperate shrubland and grassland, semi-desert; pasture land, rural gardens and open habitats with bare patches such as steppe and forest steppe. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Rophites quinquespinosus and probably R. algirus are the hosts of this species (Warncke 1982).

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain, but the conversion of bare open habitats to more shaded ones is likely to be an important threat to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Straka 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)The species is listed as Vulnerable because, although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2, the AOO is probably higher, but not larger than 1,500 km2. The remaining populations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO and the number of mature individuals, as the species has gone extinct in the Netherlands and the number of collected individuals has declined, especially recently, when compared to the number of old records in the collections. The threats to this species remain unknown, and further research is needed.

range:
The species is found in central Europe, north to Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Estonia, while elsewhere in Europe such as, Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey, the species is very rare (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 2,977,189 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2, although this is suspected to be larger, although no more than 1,500 km2.

population:
This is a very local and rare species. The number of collected individuals is very small, especially recently, when compared to the number of old records in the collections (J. Straka and P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). For example, the Czech Republic population has almost completely disappeared in the past 20 years (J. Straka and P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). Remaining populations seem to be isolated from each other and thus, the species is considered severely fragmented. Records from Italy, Finland, and Hungary are more than 50 years old. However, the species remains in relatively good condition in the Alps and locally in Germany and northern Europe.

habitat:
The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Dufourea dentiventris and D. inermis are the host species (Warncke 1982), both of which are pollen forage specialists (oligolectic) on various species of Campanulaceae. This species prefers open, sloped habitats on sandy or rocky acidic substrate. The species can inhabit grassland, shrubland, or forest. Its most preferred habitat is probably a mosaic of various biotopes at a single site.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain, but it is bound to its host bee species (and the various Campanula plants they depend on for pollen), which can help identify potential threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct, with latest record in 1952; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, both to the bee itself and its hosts. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable, because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,288 km², it is believed that the species occupies a larger area, though less than 2,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy, the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals, especially in the southern mountains due to climate change. The species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
All the species of the subgenus Alpinobombus are restricted to the  northern tundra or the higher alpine stages of some mountains. Among them, the  best known is Bombus alpinus. Whereas the three other west-Palearctic Alpinobombus species are restricted to the Arctic tundra and spread  eastwards to the tundra of northern Russia, B. alpinus is not found east of the  Kola Peninsula (Pittioni 1942), but spreads southwards to the alpine regions of the Alps and the Carpathians. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  3,711,722 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,288 km².

population:
A boreal-alpine species favouring higher altitudes. Decreasing in both the Alps and probably also in Fennoscandia. No recent records from the Carpathians. The species is susceptible to severe fluctuations in abundance (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2012).

habitat:
A species of open situations in alpine regions. In the northern parts of its range, it is found in subalpine mountain meadows (Finland), Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths and mountain meadows and tundra (Norway).Pollen analysis of nest contents of a Norwegian nest show the species is polylectic, collecting pollen from Salix (Salicaceae); Vaccinium uliginosus (Ericaceae); Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae); and Pedicularis sp. (Orobanchaceae) (Løken 1973).

threats:
Southern mountain populations are threatened by climate change. This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat available (Manino et al. 2007, Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
Bombus argillaceus is a typical east-Mediterranean species. Its distribution has  been drawn by Reinig (1939) and may be compared with that of its sibling-species  B. ruderatus. To the west, the range of B. argillaceus extends in France to the upper valleys of the Alps and in Switzerland to the upper Rhone.  It is found throughout northern Italy and in most of Austria. The northern limit  of its range runs through Slovakia. In Hungary, it is found everywhere. In  Romania, it extends to the region of Cluj. It has been found in Moldova and in  Russia to Kursk and Volgograd. To the east, Skorikov (1931) mentions it from  eastern Kazakhstan. In the south and southeast, B. argillaceus is found throughout the Balkan Peninsula, in Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran, including the Kopet-Dag. Despite ancient erroneous citations, the species  is totally absent from the Iberian Peninsula. There may be a geographical  exclusion between B. argillaceus and B. ruderatus; however, there are  restricted zones of sympatry, as in some valleys of southern France and Switzerland  and in Hungary.

population:
The populations seem to be stable. Where it is present, it is often abundant.

habitat:
A species that exploits a wide range of mesic habitats, including dry grasslands, anthropogenic habitats in towns and cities and flowery hillsides within the Mediterranean climate zone. It is known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
There are no direct threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Moldova (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the population is likely to decline by at least 50% in the next ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to agricultural intensification, and the increasing impacts of climate change (including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves) which are believed likely to cause local population collapses. The species has likely already declined by more than 30% in the past 10 years.

range:
The range of Bombus armeniacus is restricted to true steppes. It  extends discontinuously from the surroundings of Vienna (Austria) to the west to  Ulan-Bator (Mongolia) to the east and from the Mazandaran (northern Iran) to the  surroundings of Kazan, in the Volga basin (Russia). A very isolated  population is found in Burgenland and Nieder-Österreich (Austria) and south Moravia  (Czech Republic). Another, larger population thrives in Bulgaria. One specimen is  mentioned from Rijeka (Croatia) by Pittioni (1938), but this may be a mistake.  Two specimens were collected in southern Macedonia. Curiously, the species is  not mentioned from Hungary or from Romania. It is found in Ukraine, in Crimea and in the lower valleys of the Dniepr and Don Rivers. In European Russia, it  is particularly present in the Volga valley, between Kazan and Volgograd. Further east, it is found in Bashkiria and in the surroundings of Novosibirsk. In northern Anatolia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran, it is quite common. To the east, it is widely spread in the Alai, the Altai and in the upper Yenissei  valley. Isolated specimens have also been found near Irkutsk and Ulan-Bator. A  subspecific differentiation has been suggested but is barely visible. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,919,405 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 412 km².

population:
The species has disappeared from much of Eastern Europe. The population has likely declined by more than 30% in the last ten years, as the intensification of agriculture throughout its range led to widespread habitat loss. In addition, there was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). Given past rates of habitat transformation and the impact of escalating threats, experts expect the rates of population decline to continue and even intensify in the future; the population is likely to decline by more than 50% in the next ten years, as a result of ongoing habitat loss and particularly the increasing impacts of climate change causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). The species is now apparently confined to one major population in the Volga valley, with smaller, disjunct relict subpopulations in Ukraine and the Balkans.

habitat:
A species of open, dry steppic grasslands. It is polylectic (that is, it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, particularly favouring Fabaceae.

threats:
The intensification of agriculture has greatly reduced the area of available habitat; this species inhabits primary steppes, most of which have been converted to intensive agriculture across the species' range. This habitat transformation is expected to continue into the future at rates at least as high as those currently seen. In addition, the impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

conservationAction:
Bombus armeniacus is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Endangered; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine. This species occurs in protected areas. Its habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.


range:
The distribution of Bombus balteatus is circumboreal, like Bombus polaris. However, B. balteatus is not strictly restricted to the Arctic area as it also occurs in the northern part of the taiga (Løken 1973). In continental Russia and Siberia, it  is restricted to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It is also present on Novaya  Zemlya, Wrangel and some other Siberian islands (Berezin 1995). In Asia, this species also occurs in Mongolia. It also occurs in the North American arctic tundra and in the Rocky Mountains (Williams et al. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,366,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,308 km².

population:
Populations are apparently stable and the species can be plentiful in good years and in ideal habitats.

habitat:
A species of the high boreal and arctic regions, extending to the northern margin of the taiga, where it is found in Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths, mountain meadows and mountain pastures (Norway), and generally in the fjell area (Finland) north to the Barents Sea. A polylectic species, exploiting a range of flowers for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
No obvious immediate threats to this species but climate change may reduce the area of suitable habitat available for all boreal and arctic species in the future (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining across its range, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Bombus barbutellus has a distribution extending from southern Spain to central Finland, and from Ireland to the Far East of Russia. There are two  subspecies that have been considered as two separated species by most authors.  Lecocq et al. (2011) demonstrated that they are conspecific. The subspecies barbutellus  is more abundant in the north of the distribution, while the subspecies maxillosus occurs  mainly in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,456,695 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,344 km².

population:
A declining species and seldom common. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host(s).

habitat:
Like its hosts, it is found in a wide variety of habitats, from mixed woodlands to open grasslands and steppes. Bombus barbutellus is social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline in the nests of B. hortorum, B. ruderatus and B. argillaceus.

threats:
As a parasitic species, any reduction in population sizes of host populations within its range will have an adverse effect on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Denmark (Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003).The subspecies ssp. maxillosus (as Bombus maxillosus) is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).Further research is required to monitor the status of the species across its range, especially in northern and central Europe. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
Bombus bohemicus is one of the most common cuckoo-bumblebees of Europe. It is  widespread from the north of Spain, the south of Italy and the Balkans in the south to beyond  the Arctic Circle in the north. It extends eastwards to the Far East of Russia. This species is widespread in many parts of China. It also occurs in the northern part of North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,701,817 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,736km².

population:
Common to abundant over most of its range. The populations seem to be stable in Europe; nevertheless the species is declining rapidly in North America (Williams et al. 2014).

habitat:
Bombus bohemicus is a social parasite of other Bombus species. It is an inquiline primarily in the nests of B. lucorum. Like its host, it can be found in a wide variety of habitats, from open grasslands, to sand dunes, heather moorland, woodland edge and subalpine grasslands

threats:
No apparent threats although any reduction in population sizes of host populations will have an adverse effect on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (156 km2) and all individuals are in one location. The species is threatened by the increased frequency of heatwaves and the extent and quality of its habitat is  declining due to the development of ski and tourist infrastructure. The species  is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature  individuals.

range:
Bombus brodmannicus is rather poorly known. This is mainly due to its quite  singular distribution: two areas separated by more than 2,500 km. The nominal  subspecies lives in the western Caucasus, Armenia and northeastern Anatolia. The  subspecies B. brodmannicus delmasi (Tkalcu) is found in the south of the French  Alps and in a few nearby Italian locations. Besides, their altitudinal range is  restricted and even where they are present, they stay uncommon. They are the smallest of west-Palearctic bumblebees. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,369 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km².

population:
An extremely rare species in Europe, where it is restricted to the southern Alps. In the few localities in which it has been regularly sampled, the populations appear stable overall, despite the possibility of severe annual fluctuations.

habitat:
The species is found on southern slopes of the southwestern Alps in subalpine and alpine zones supporting large patches of Cerinthe, the principal forage plant (Dellicour et al. 2012). Polylectic in the Anatolian parts of its range, but strongly oligolectic in the Alps, foraging on Cerinthe glabra or C. minor (Boraginaceae). The species is active very early in the morning and at sunset.

threats:
Climate change (primarily through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). Increasing frequency of heat waves could cause a collapse of the population within its single location (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). A rise in early spring temperatures may cause a phenological mismatch between the bee and its key forage plant (Cerinthe; Boraginaceae).There are also threats from future development of ski and tourist infrastructure within the extremely restricted area of occupancy (AOO) which may reduce extent of habitat and habitat quality.

conservationAction:
The species is not currently subject to any targeted conservation action but would benefit from future consideration, especially within protected areas. The species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus campestris is one of the most common cuckoo-bumblebees of Europe. This species is  widespread from northern Spain, southern Italy and the Balkans in the south reaching  to central Fennoscandia in the north. It extends eastwards to the far east of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,327,914 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,436 km².

population:
This is often a common species, however there are no precise details of population trends in this species. It is, however, generally less plentiful than its host(s).

habitat:
As with its host species, it is found in a wide range of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, urban and suburban areas and heathlands. Bombus campestris is a social parasite of other Bombus species. It is an inquiline primarily in the nest of B. pascuorum, other species of the subgenus Thoracobombus and of the subgenus Subterraneaobombu (Løken 1984).

threats:
There are no apparent direct threats, although any reduction in population size of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
Bombus cingulatus is found between the 60th and 70th  parallels. Further east, its range extends to the Pacific, where it is found along  the coast down to the latitudes of Khabarovsk and southern Sakhalin (ca 46°N). The  limits of its distribution are rather poorly known, due to the common identification mistake  between B. cingulatus and B. hypnorum. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,238,122 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,636 km².

population:
The populations are probably stable overall, and the species can be plentiful at times in parts of its range.

habitat:
A boreal species of the taiga including meadows and pastures. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is often associated with Ericaceae and Rubus species (Rosaceae).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species, especially in northern Russia. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the population is believed to have declined by more than 30% over the last ten years, and is projected to decline by at least 30% in the next ten years, based on a decline in suitable habitat due to changes in agricultural practices (especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing intensification) which have reduced the availability of Fabaceae in the agricultural landscape. In addition, the increasing frequency of heat waves, habitat alteration and droughts caused by ongoing climate change are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

range:
The distribution of Bombus confusus is centred on central Europe. The  species does not reach the Italian, Iberian or Balkan Peninsulas, or the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The distribution of the subspecies B. c. paradoxus is much more restricted than B. c. confusus; the only recent observations of B. c. paradoxus are from Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 4,910,210 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,336 km². The species has been recorded recently in China.

population:
The population is currently declining. This decline, calculated to be more than 30% in the last ten years, has been a long term trend and is still ongoing. Given past rates of habitat transformation in Europe, the fact that agricultural transformation of landscapes is likely to continue, and the increasing impacts of climate change (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014), the population decline is expected to continue into the future at least at the current rate.

habitat:
Found sparingly in a variety of habitats, including dry places, bare waste ground and vineyards, and (in Ukraine) forest-steppe. This species is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants), but particularly associated with Fabaceae (females) or thistles (males).

threats:
The main threats to this species are changing agricultural practices which cause habitat change, especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing agricultural intensification, which has reduced the availability of Fabaceae (especially Trifolium) in the agricultural landscape. Reforestation of open habitats also poses a threat to the survival of the species. In addition, the impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries; Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Latvia (Endangered; Anonymous 1992); Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007) and Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002).Currently unpublished studies of COI barcode sequences support B. confusus being conspecific with B. paradoxus. Further work is needed to establish the genetic diversity of the remaining populations. It occurs in protected areas. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and a presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.

range:
In Fennoscandia, between the 59th and the 69th parallels. In Russia, the  species extends further southwards: to the 51st parallel in the region of Saratov  (Efremova 1991). In Asia, the species is found throughout Siberia, to Kamchatka, in Mongolia, in north China, Korea  and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,089,395 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,544 km².

population:
Populations are apparently stable. It can be regularly found in association with large stands of Aconitum septentrionale (Ranunculaceae).

habitat:
Bombus consobrinus is a species of boreal Taiga, frequenting the Betula forest zone, ravines and riversides, and moist open spruce forests, and, according to Løken (1973), its range in Fennoscandia is entirely included in that of the plant Aconitum septentrionale (its principle forage plant).

threats:
Direct threats to this species are unknown, but climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Hungary (Data Deficient; Sárospataki et al. 2005). However, data from Hungary are definitively erroneous. Further research is required to understand the genetic diversity of the species and the precise nature of its association with Aconitum septentrionale. Work is also needed to understand the distribution of the species in European Russia. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend of this species.

range:
Bombus cryptarum is hard to recognise and has been regarded as a valid  species only recently - and then not by everyone. This explains why it has been  explicitly dealt with in relatively few articles. For Rasmont (1984), B.  cryptarum is a rather continental species. It has been found as far east as  the Ussuri (eastern Siberia) (Rasmont et al. 1986). In the west, it is absent from  the Pyrenees and the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas. It has been recognised only  recently in the British Isles and in Ireland. Along the Atlantic coast, B.  cryptarum often coexists with B. magnus, the species being difficult  to separate from one another. North of the 45th parallel, populations live in the plains, mainly  in Ericaceae dominated habitats; further south, it is a montane species. Concerning  northern Europe, few ecological data are available. The species may exist up to the  north of Fennoscandia. According to Pamilo et al. (1987) and as a result of many personal  observations, B. cryptarum may totally supplant B. lucorum north  of the Arctic Circle. Its global range has been mapped and includes north China and north western North America (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,372,833 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,784 km².

population:
Due to the difficulty in recognising this species and its relatively recent redescription, there is no useful information available on the population trends in this species.

habitat:
Apparently found in a range of habitats, including town parks and gardens, moorland and heathland. In Lithuania, it is recognised as being widely distributed but more abundant in the forest landscape, especially in forest bogs, and areas with Calluna vulgaris (Monsevicius 2004).

threats:
In view of the difficulty in differentiating this taxon from its sibling species, it is not possible to determine any direct threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008).Further research is needed to establish the status more accurately. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Listed as Critically Endangered because the population has declined by more than 80% over the last ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to the impacts of climate change and changes in farming practices.

range:
Historically, this species was discontinuously distributed in western Europe from Spain to the south of Sweden in the north, and from the UK to central and eastern Europe. Currently the species has vanished from most countries in western Europe except for Spain and in some central European countries (e.g. Hungary, Poland). In eastern Europe, the species is scattered in steppic landscapes of Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, the species can be found in northern  Caucasus, central and southern Ural, Kazakhstan, western Siberia,  Turkestan and Afghanistan (Løken 1973). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,547,161 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 964 km².

population:
This is historically an uncommon species over much of its range. The western European populations have declined to the verge of extinction and now remain as a single isolated subpopulation in northern Spain (Williams et al. 2012). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred ten years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). Declines are estimated to have been greater than 80% over the last ten years, due to the impacts of climate change and changes in farming practices, and the species is now virtually confined to a few localities in Spain, Ukraine and Russia (Williams et al. 2012). Despite this severe population decline in Europe, this species has recently been recorded as dominant or subdominant at a third of sites in parts of Siberia and northeastern Turkey (Williams et al. 2012).

habitat:
This bumblebee is associated with a range of open grassy habitats such as unimproved chalk grassland (Great Britain), dry fields, cultivated land and upland pastures (Pyrenees) and forest-steppe and steppes (Ukraine). Although it is a polylectic species (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants), it is strongly associated with various species of Fabaceae. These plants provide resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Habitat change, changing farming practices (removing its main food plant Trifolium from rotations), reafforestation of grasslands and even urbanization have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. In addition, climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to have caused local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).The tongue length is very similar to that of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and competition between this species and Apis is believed likely to have caused declines in Sweden.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008); Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010). It is extinct from Belgium since 1918, and it is likely to be extinct as well in France since the last observation was in 2004 (Rasmont et al. 2012).Further research is required to establish the current taxonomic status of the species and to identify the threats on the few remaining populations. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Its habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (188 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other areas and the threats to this species remain unknown. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of Bombus deuteronymus is very discontinuous. The subspecies bureschi  is found in Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania. This subspecies is  very uncommon and no more than a score of specimens have been observed. The west-Palearctic region distribution of subspecies superequester is restricted to  Russia, between the 53rd and 59th parallels. Due to the high probability of  mistakes, many observations of "subbaicalensis" from Russia cannot be reliably  related with a precise species. They may belong as well to B. humilis  subbaicalensis, to B. deuteronymus superequester, to B. veteranus or to B.  pseudobaicalensis. For this reason, only the observations of Skorikov (1922), Kazanskii (1925) and Levchenko (2012), as well as other personal observations (P. Rasmont 2014) have been included in the species' map. The  nominal subspecies lives in eastern Siberia, Mongolia, the Ussuri basin and  Japan. Recently, this species has been found to be widespread and common in north China, in some areas together with very similarly coloured B. humilis subbaicalensis and B. pseudobaicalensis. Identification of these species has been improved (P. Williams pers. comm. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,827,028 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².

population:
Believed to be declining, especially in European Russia, from where there are few recent records. The lack of records over much of its range suggests that the species is only ever present in low densities within Europe.

habitat:
A species of open steppic grasslands and mixed forests. It is believed to be polylectic and will therefore be likely to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Direct threats to this species are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over the last ten years, calculated from a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to habitat change and changes in agricultural practices (especially removing most clover fields that this species needs for forage).

range:
In the west-Palearctic region, the range of Bombus distinguendus spans from the  45th parallel to hardly beyond the Arctic Circle. The most southerly observations  are from the French Jura Mountains, northern Lombardy (Italy) and a few places in the  south of the Carpathian Mountains (Romania). The location in Croatia, cited by  Handlirsch (1888), is dubious. Further east, it can be found throughout Siberia, to the Ussuri River, the Kamchatka,  Sakhalin Islands, Mongolia, inner Mongolia, the Altai and the Sayan Mountains. It is common in western Siberia, around Novosibirsk (N. Bogatyrev pers. comm. 2012). The global range of this species has been mapped (Williams et al. 2011) and includes mainland Alaska, so it is a Nearctic as well as Palearctic species. Populations in different parts of the range show especially strong genetic differentiation in COI barcodes (Williams et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) within Europe is 7,921,424 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,864 km².

population:
This bumblebee is declining strongly in the southern parts of its range, almost to the point of extinction. Populations are more stable in the north. Declines in this species' distribution indicate that the population has likely declined by more than 30% in the past ten years (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012). The species is seldom plentiful.

habitat:
A species of open flowery grasslands and woodland edge. Records are from woodlands, woodland edge, and coastal habitats (Germany), meadows, Fabaceae fields and pastures (Norway), and open terrain, flower-rich hay meadows and grasslands, light woodland and woodland edge (Netherlands). In Ireland and Scotland it is associated with the distinctive flower rich shell sand dunes (known as machair), and dry calcareous grassland. The bee is a strong flier and can readily move between islands. It is strongly associated with Clover (Trifolium sp.) for forage.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification typified by increasing nitrogen deposition, swapping from hay production to silage, and reduction of Fabaceae cropping systems) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. The impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves for species with late phenology such as B. distinguendus (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012), may have played a role in past declines and could contribute to future declines. This species seems to decline more dramatically in the southern parts of its distribution in relation to climate change (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013).Genetic bottle-necking is a threat in isolated populations.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eleven European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Critically Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Hungary (Data Deficient; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is extinct in Belgium since 1976 (Rasmont 1988).It occurs in protected areas. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation. Further research is required to more fully understand the population decline, and the population trends should be monitored.


range:
Bombus flavidus is restricted to the boreal taïga in the north (nominal subspecies) of  its distribution and to the subalpine level in the Pyrenees (subspecies lutescens) and  in the Alps (subspecies alpium). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,960,464 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,304 km².

population:
Populations are probably stable, but subject to fluctuations. As a parasitic species, it is generally less abundant than its host(s).

habitat:
It can be found in subalpine and low alpine habitats and, in the north, boreal forest. Bombus flavidus is a social parasite of other Bombus species. The host of this cuckoo-bumblebee is not precisely known.

threats:
There are no direct threats to this species given that it has a number of probable host species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because the population is calculated to have declined by more than 50% over the last ten years, and is projected to continue to decline by at least 50% in the next ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to agricultural intensification, the impacts of climate change believed to cause local population collapses, and the effects of collection.

range:
Bombus fragrans is the largest bumblebee of the west-Palearctic and is easy to  recognize. It extends from lower Austria in the west to inner Mongolia in the  east, and from the regions of Kazan (Russia) and Moscow to the Great Taurus in  Anatolia. In Europe, its distribution is discontinuous, formerly with isolated populations in lower Austria and Hungary and further east in the Ukraine and in Russia. The global range of this species has been mapped (Williams et al. 2011) and includes China (with recent records), where it has often been confused with B. amurensis. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,128,849 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 944 km².

population:
The species is rare, and appears to be in serious decline over much of its European range. The population is calculated to have declined by more than 50% in the last ten years, due to agricultural intensification reducing the amount of available habitat, the increasing impacts of climate change causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014), commercial collection (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2012) and population declines in Susliks who create habitat for this bee species. These threats are expected to continue and could likely intensify; the population decline is therefore projected to continue at a similar rate over the next ten years.

habitat:
A species of steppic habitats with abundant (flowering) vegetation (Romania and Ukraine). Nests are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae). It is presumed to be polylectic (a species that collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, particularly favouring Fabaceae.

threats:
In common with many steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat. The impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Reductions in populations of Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae) also pose a threat, as this bee’s nests are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks.This species is also subject to commercial collection.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Moldova (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Endangered; Monchenko et al. 2009). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation. Further research is required to more fully understand the population decline, and both commercial trade and population trends should be monitored.

useAndTrade:
This species is subject to commercial collection in Ukraine and Russia (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable, because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,436 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat.

range:
The distribution of B. gerstaeckeri is restricted to the mountains  of southern and central Europe where its distribution is highly patchy: in some places, the species may look common, but then,  most specimens are from the same locality (Ponchau et al. 2006). Only six specimens have been collected in the Caucasus and their location is dubious. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 914,838 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,432 km².

population:
The populations are extremely localised and severely fragmented with little opportunity for genetic exchange between subpopulations. Ponchau et al. (2006) stressed that the species could show a very low number of workers in some localities. They hypothesized that it could even live solitarily, while obviously most queens continue to forage themselves during the whole season. These authors also measured population densities of this species that are extremely low.

habitat:
A montane species of woody sub-alpine regions in areas supporting large stands of Aconitum and in sub-alpine pastures in the Carpathians (Ukraine). Bombus gerstaeckeri forages exclusively on Aconitum spp.

threats:
Low population density, patchy distribution and extreme forage specialisation impose threats to the species. In common with other alpine species, climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).Inappropriate livestock management may also remove the forage resources through trampling and thereby reduce habitat quality.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008). Further research is required to investigate genetic bottle-necking and to monitor the fluctuations in localised populations. The future of this species is dependent on sympathetic management of the specialised montane habitats (which are primarily in protected areas). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (32 km2),  it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not  enough information available on the status of  this species. It is  recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Bombus glacialis belongs to the group of Bombus lapponicus. It is often  considered as a subspecies of B. monticola. However, B. glacialis seems above all very  poorly known. The distribution of Bombus  glacialis is quite special: it is the most northern of the west-Palearctic  bumblebees and is found only on Novaya Zemlya, on Wrangel Island and on Kolguyev  Island. These islands are more than 3,000 km apart and, nevertheless, the resemblance  between the populations from Novaya Zemlya and Wrangel is quite striking. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32,640 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
There are no records of this species in Europe since 1942. There are no details of population trends in this species.

threats:
Its main habitat in Europe (Novaya Zemlya) has been target of several important atomic bomb essays in the sixties. Climate change (especially through warming and melting of permafrost) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. It does not occur within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.

range:
The range of Bombus haematurus is of the Pontic type, but its habitat is restricted to  the rainy forest zones. It is found in Albania, east of Yugoslavia, Macedonia,  Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan and northern  Iran. It is mostly encountered in Bulgaria and northern Turkey, but nowhere common. It  reaches the extreme southeast of the west-Palearctic region in the Kopet-dag,  at the border between Iran and Turkestan. It recently extended its distribution  toward the west, reaching now Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Austria (Jenic et  al. 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 605,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².

population:
Formerly considered a rare species, but it is currently expanding its range westwards across the Balkans, reaching Slovenia in 2010 (Jenic et al. 2010) and Austria. In Ukraine there is a northward spread.

habitat:
It is typically found in woodland and woodland edge habitats and adjacent orchards and agricultural land. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
No obvious threats. The species is expanding. Climate change is expected to increase its suitable climatic area (Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research will be necessary to establish future range expansions. It occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus hortorum is common in the main part of the west-Palearctic region and is  mentioned in many articles. In the north of Scandinavia, it extends up to the  70th parallel, but is not found in the tundra. Westward, it has been found in  Iceland – where it may have been imported (Prys-Jones et al. 1981) – but not in  the Azores, Canary and Madeira Islands. To the south, it extends to the latitude of  Madrid in the Iberian Peninsula and to Calabria in southern Italy. In Anatolia, the  species is common in the north. Eastwards, it extends over the whole Siberian  region, to the Ussuri River and the Altai Mountains. Southeast, in northern Iran, it reaches  the Mazandaran province, but not the Kopet-Dag Mountains. It is absent from northern Africa  and from the Mediterranean islands, except Corsica and Sicily. There are several subspecies described, the most conspicuous one being B. hortorum jonghei from Corsica, that shows a completely different colour pattern.

population:
This species is widespread and often abundant. The number of observations suggests that populations remain strong over much of the known range.

habitat:
It is found in many different habitats, including towns and cities. It tends to avoid barren, open moorlands and heaths.It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen favouring species with long corollas.

threats:
There are no obvious immediate threats to this species as it remains common and widespread. However, widespread intensification of agriculture and changes in agricultural practice may have a negative impact in parts of its range. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Bombus hortorum was successfully imported to New Zealand in 1885 to pollinate imported clover (Trifolium spp.).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by agriculture intensification, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.

range:
Bombus humilis is a widespread species. In the west, it is found in England and  Wales (subspecies anglicus) but neither in Ireland nor Scotland and in the Iberian Peninsula, north of the 39th parallel (subspecies paraurantiacus and quasimuscorum)  but not in Portugal. In Fennoscandia B. humilis halsahlianus is present up  to the 62nd parallel, with some more northern locations in Sweden, along the  Gulf of Bothnia. In Russia, the northern limit of B. humilis subbaicalensis lies  at about the 60th parallel. In Italy, it extends southwards to Calabria (39th parallel) (subspecies propeaurantiacus) and in Greece, to central Peloponnese (about  38th parallel) (forms aurantiacus and tristis). The subspecies insipidus extends in  Turkey to the Hakkari region and down to the 36th parallel in the Iranian  Mazandaran. It is common in the Caucasus. Bombus humilis is absent from all the  major Mediterranean islands and from northern Africa. It is very uncommon to absent on  the Mediterranean littoral. In some regions, the coat of B. humilis is quite  constant, e.g. in central and western France (subspecies quasimuscorum), in the United  Kingdom (subspecies anglicus) and in the Caucasus region (subspecies insipidus). In other  places, the variability is much higher, with three to four colour coexisting forms.  This is the case in Belgium and the Netherlands, in most of central and east  Europe, in the Balkan and in western Anatolia. This species is widespread to the Russian Far East and north China.

population:
The local population densities are variable. The distribution of the species is patchy (as for B. ruderarius and B. sylvarum), and the species may be quite common in one place and absent from surrounding areas - especially in places with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation. The species can be particularly abundant in landscapes rich in leguminous plants.

habitat:
Found in many open flower-rich grassland habitats throughout its range. In southern England it is also frequent on lowland heathland.It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, including leguminous fodder crops such as Trifolium, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago sativa.

threats:
Intensification of agriculture (especially increases in N2 deposition, reduction in leguminous crops and increases in pesticide use) and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may contribute to population declines (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Vulnerable; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable, because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km², it is believed that the species occupies a larger area, though less than 2,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy and the number of mature individuals. The species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
Bombus hyperboreus is uncommon in collections and mentioned in few  writings. The species lives at latitudes nowhere lower than 60°N. Its distribution  is more strictly arctic than for B. polaris and in North America. It  reaches the far north of Ellesmere Island and Greenland, well beyond the 80th  parallel. In the west-Palearctic region, the range of B. hyperboreus  is the same as that of B. polaris, including Novaya Zemlya, Wrangel and  some other islands of northern Russia and Siberia. However, it is always less  common than the latter species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 962,757 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².

population:
A scarce species which is possibly in decline, can suffer severe fluctuations of populations (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2012) and has a restricted area of occupancy. It is a facultative inquiline in the nests of several species including the declining B. polaris (that is, in can optionally live in the nests of other species without harming them).

habitat:
A species of the Arctic, where it is found north of the tree-line and in the alpine zone of the Scandinavian mountains. It currently seems restricted to higher altitudes. It is presumed to be polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. The inquiline behaviour of Bombus hyperboreus is quite remarkable: this is one of the two bumblebee species, outside of the sub-genus Psithyrus, for which inquilinism is a well documented practice. In northern Canada, Greenland and Novaya Zemlya, B. hyperboreus appears as a workerless obligate parasite (Richards 1973, Løken 1973). In Norway and in Wrangel Island, some queens of this species are able to forage and to produce some workers, even if most queens act as inquilines (Løken 1973, Berezin 1990, Gjershaug 2009).

threats:
As this is an inquiline species (one that lives in the nests of other species), any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species. In common with other arctic species, climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014). Loss of genetic diversity could increase the risks of extinction.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to establish the range of genetic diversity within existing subpopulations. Great care is needed in the identification of this species because of similar colour patterns in other Alpinobombus species. This species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus hypnorum is quite common in a large part of continental Europe. It is  found from Normandy (western France) to Kamchatka and from the Pyrenees to the  northern tree-line. It is completely absent from the Mediterranean region. In  the Iberian Peninsula, it is only found in some montane localities of the  Pyrenees. In Italy, it does not live south of Tuscany. It is absent from the  Balkans, as from the steppic regions of Romania, Ukraine and southern Russia. It has not  been found in Asia Minor. It seems to expand toward the west for one century  (Rasmont 1989). It was completely absent from Britain until recently  but it was first observed in England in 2001, it extended then very  quickly reaching now Scotland and Wales. It is now expanding  in Iceland where it was first observed in 2008. The species is present in China and the Himalaya at least as a complex of related taxa (Williams et al. 2009).

population:
A species that is generally common, and with expanding populations. Recently colonised Iceland, Brittany, Great Britain and Gotland.

habitat:
A widespread species, associated primarily with wooded or shrubby habitats, these include gardens, wooded farmland, woodland glades and edges. More strongly associated with areas inhabited by people than most other bumblebees (Løken 1973). Nests are usually constructed in large aerial cavities, and it is well known to utilise bird nest-boxes. It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is especially fond of visiting Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) and R. fruticosus agg (Bramble), and is an important pollinator.

threats:
There are no obvious threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not currently traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (364 km2), the population is severely fragmented and the quality of its habitat is declining due to the development of tourism infrastructure and climate change.

range:
The distribution of Bombus inexspectatus is confined and discrete. The species  lives in the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain and on the southern side of the southern  Alps. It seems to be absent from the Pyrenees, as no valid observation  has yet been reported from these mountains (the specimens reported by Ornosa  Gallego (1984) have all been invalidated and revised as B. ruderarius; L.  Castro pers. comm. 2012). This distribution is clearly relict. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230,166 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 368 km².

population:
Bombus inexspectatus is very uncommon. Yarrow (1970) reports 36 specimens only among a sample of 10,000 bumblebees collected in its Cantabrian locations. Quite clearly, in the absence of such thorough samplings, the species will remain undetected. There are no recent records from Spain or some parts of the central Alps. Existing populations are severely fragmented limiting the exchange of genetic material.

habitat:
A species of open areas and woodland edge in alpine and sub-alpine biotopes, mainly on the southern slopes of mountains. Bombus inexspectatus is a workerless species that is an inquiline of B. ruderarius (Yarrow 1970, Müller 2006).

threats:
Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014). Any reduction in population sizes of its host will have an adverse effect on this species.Development of tourist infrastructure negatively impacts habitat quality.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to document further the inquilinism of the species and its relationship with host bee(s). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.

range:
The distribution of Bombus jonellus is very wide: from Iceland and the Sierra  Cantabrica (ssp. yarrowianus) in the west to the Anadyr on the Pacific. In the  north, the species is present beyond the Arctic Circle. According to Løken (1973), it is as common as B. pratorum throughout Scandinavia (subspecies subborealis).  In the British Isles, Alford (1975) notes that B. jonellus is more common than B.  pratorum in Scotland. In Russia, the distribution of B. jonellus is continuous  north of the 55th parallel and rather patchy south of this latitude. In the  south of Europe, the range of B. jonellus is restricted to more particular, most  often montane biotopes, reaching the highest mountains of the Iberian Peninsula  where it is very rare. Several subspecies that are inconspicuously marked are  currently recognized (hebridensis, jonellus, martes, monapiae, subborealis,  vogtianus, yarrowianus). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,896,084 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 19,892 km².

population:
Common to abundant in the northern parts of its range. In the south, its distribution is patchy and the species is less abundant. Populations appear stable across the range.

habitat:
A species of ericaceous moorland and lowland heath, and more rarely in other habitats. Although it is a polylectic species, it is particularly associated with various ericaceous plants as forage resources.

threats:
Destruction of lowland heathland in the Atlantic climate zone has caused a decrease in the available habitat. Widespread loss of ericaceous species could pose a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Conservation of this species is related to the conservation of its ericaceous habitats in the Atlantic biome. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because there are signs of decline which could be close to 30% in the last ten years, the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (504 km2), and the number of mature individuals is declining due to agricultural intensification, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A2 and B2.

range:
Bombus laesus s.s. is present in southeastern Poland, Hungary, a few isolated specimens in Serbia  and Macedonia, in Ukraine, the Volga basin, Kazakstan, the Caucasus region,  Anatolia and northwestern Iran. Within this wide range, the species is common only in  some rather restricted zones, as Hungary and the region extending from Turkey to  Iran. It is also widespread in north China and is therefore an oriental as well as a western Palearctic species. The steppic distribution of Bombus laesus s.s. is similar to that of another steppe species Bombus fragrans.

population:
Generally uncommon, but there are signs of decline which could be close to 30% in the last ten years.

habitat:
It is a species of open grassland and steppic habitats. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
In common with many species of the steppes, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range and also the taxonomic status of B. laesus and B. mocsaryi. This species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus lapidarius is very widespread throughout central Europe and is one of the  most common species. Northwards, it extends up to the Arctic Circle in Finland and Sweden,  but is uncommon beyond the latitude of Stockholm. Southwards, it is a common  lowland species down to the 45th parallel. Further south, it becomes a montane and  even alpine species. The most southern observation is in Morocco (ssp.  atlanticus), in the alpine zone of Jbel Siroua (orig. data), between the  High-Atlas and the Anti-Atlas. It is found in the west, in the Cantabrian Mountains (ssp. decipiens) and in Ireland.  In the east, it lives in the plains of Russia, up to the 60th parallel and,  according to Panfilov (1981), it reaches Orenburg, south of the Ural Mountains. The  same author reports a single location in Siberia, northwest of Novosibirsk. In the southeast, B. lapidarius is present in the Caucasus (subspecies eriophorus), in northern Anatolia and in the mountains of Georgia and Armenia (subspecies caucasicus). It  has not been reported from Iran. Throughout the plains of mid-Europe, the  species is represented by its nominal subspecies lapidarius, black with a red-tipped  abdomen. The same holds for the Balkan and western Anatolia mountains. Most of  the populations from the southern mountains belong to subspecies with  light-coloured stripes: atlanticus in the Atlas Mountains, decipiens in the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas, caucasicus in northeastern Anatolia  and Transcaucasia and eriophorus in the Caucasus. Whereas the lapidarius  subspecies is common in most of its range, the southern, more or less montane  light-striped subspecies are uncommon taxa.

population:
It is common over much of its range and expanding northwards in Scotland. The species is subject to considerable fluctuations from year to year.

habitat:
A bee of open habitats, meadows and pastures, roadsides and gardens, preferring dry, well-drained soils. It is most numerous on open calcareous grassland and on coastal dunes and cliff sites. In the southern parts of its range, it can inhabit open woodland and forest. It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
The species does not appear to be threatened. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Elsewhere, no action is necessary. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution within its restricted range, its presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Since the recent distinction between Bombus lapponicus s.s. and B. monticola  (Svensson 1979, Pekkarinen 1982), most of the older data are obsolete. As B.  monticola is absent from northern Russia and northern Siberia, we may assume that the  ancient data from these region are about B. lapponicus. The range of the species  extends approximately between the 65th and 70th parallels in Europe and the 60th  and 72nd parallels in Siberia. It extends from the north of the taiga to the  tundra, except for its colder parts (Taymyr Peninsula). In Fennoscandia, the  ranges of B. lapponicus and B. monticola will remain questionable, as long as  the material studied by Løken (1973) has not been revised. According to Svensson  (1979, 1980), B. lapponicus is found throughout the mountains of Fennoscandia  to the Atlantic coast of Norway. According to Pekkarinen et al. (1981), who take  both species in account, B. lapponicus is found from the northern shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, at 65°N, to the shores of the Barents sea and in the east, southwards as far as western China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,262,491 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,968 km².

population:
Common in many parts of its range, but in view of the historic difficulty in differentiating this taxon from its sibling species, there are no reliable details of population trends across the known range.

habitat:
This species is found from boreal forests to tundra. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
There are no apparent direct threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in the southern parts of its range.This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.

range:
Bombus lucorum is very widespread in Europe, reaching the  coast of the Barents Sea to the north. However, in the southern countries, it  remains in the hills and the mountains, never reaching the Mediterranean  coast. Though very widespread, B. lucorum has not been as well studied as B. terrestris. Its global range has been mapped and includes China, almost to the Pacific, and is now confirmed in Iceland (Williams et al. 2012).

population:
In view of the difficulty in discriminating this taxon from its sibling species it is not possible to determine long term trends in populations. It is, however, generally regarded as both common and widespread and subject to local fluctuations in abundance in parts of its range.

habitat:
This species is virtually ubiquitous, found in many habitats including woodland, grasslands, heathland, coastal localities and urban parks and gardens.

threats:
Apparently, the increasing frequency of heat waves causes local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

useAndTrade:
As its colonies are smaller than B. terrestris, its diapause longer and its ecological requirements more restrictive, it has never been domesticated, traded or exploited commercially.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the increasing frequency of heatwaves and droughts are causing local population collapses, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.

range:
Bombus magnus seems the most abundant in the Atlantic region. The species could be  common in the maritime moors, from central Portugal (Serra de Estrela) to  Narvik, in Norway. Unlike B. cryptarum, it is present in the  Pyrenees, and in the Iberian Peninsula (Rasmont 1984). It is less common  eastwards, away from the Atlantic, though it has been found in a few places in southern Finland (Pamilo et al. 1987) and in Poland (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994).  Scattered specimens are found even further east, near St Petersburg and Moscow. Reports from further east could refer to  other species. Bombus magnus has not been found in the Balkans, nor in Asia  Minor. Its global range has been mapped (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,389,279 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,008 km².

population:
The data are somewhat patchy and the true status of this species is unclear. This is partly because of the difficulty in discriminating this taxon from its sibling species.

habitat:
Found in a range of habitats but more strongly associated with upland heathlands and moorlands. It is presumed to be polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
The increasing frequency of heatwaves and droughts causes local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Future climate changes are expected to reduce the suitable climatic area of this species (Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research is necessary to establish accurately the status of this taxon, and if there are any conservation issues associated with it. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (2,236 km²), the species is considered severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is declining due to climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.

range:
Bombus mendax is a high mountain species from the Alps and the Pyrenees, where it lives in the highest altitude levels. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 436,333 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,236 km².

population:
The populations seem to be in decline, and these can also be severely fragmented, with no or little genetic exchange between them. The species is never abundant.

habitat:
A species of mountain regions where it is associated with alpine and subalpine grasslands, particularly on southern slopes. It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is particularly associated with flowers with long corollas.

threats:
Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available; climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may likely contribute to population declines (Franzen and Molander 2012, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Gefährdung unbekannten Ausmaßes; Westrich et al. 2008) (Approximating to Data Deficient). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is 4,428 km², overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Within the west-Palearctic region, Bombus mesomelas is a  species from the southern mountains. Bombus mesomelas mesomelas is found in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Appennine Mountains, the  Tatra Mountains, the Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic) and the Carpathians. The range of  Bombus mesomelas alboluteus is discontinuous, with a western population in the  mountains of southern Bosnia, and the Balkans and an eastern population in eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran. In the north of its  range, B. mesomelas has been found in the hills and lower mountains of Thüringia (Germany), southern Poland and Bohemia (Czech Republic). All these findings are  historic. In the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the western and central  Alps, the species is quite common. On the other hand, in the eastern Alps and in  the mountains of central-east and eastern Europe, as well as in Iran, mesomelas  is uncommon and its distribution is patchy. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,215,144 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,428 km².

population:
The populations are apparently in decline in parts of its range, especially in the lower mountain foothills. It can be extremely numerous in suitable localities but is subject to severe fluctuations in abundance.

habitat:
A species found in a range of habitats, from open areas and clearings in Abies, Fagus and Quercus woodlands (Spain), warm flowery sub-alpine meadows (Bulgaria) and formerly on sunny mountain sides (Germany).

threats:
The impacts of climate change are reducing the area of suitable habitat available (Rasmont et al. 2014). These impacts, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may contribute to population declines (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008). This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the threats affecting this species and the population size and trend of this species. However this species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km2 and further research is needed to determine the status of this species.

range:
The nominal subspecies of Bombus mlokosievitzi lives mainly in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia, but some specimens have been encountered in the northwest of this  region. The subspecies vogtiellus is found in the Balkan Mountains, in Macedonia,  Greece and Bulgaria and in the mountains of northern Anatolia, from the Bursa region  in the west to the surroundings of Erzincan in the east. The subspecies convergens  lives in the Caucasus. In Anatolia and seemingly in the Caucasus, Bombus  mlokosievitzi is common. It is always uncommon in the Balkan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 39,609 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

population:
This species is uncommon within Europe and restricted to the Balkans. Details of population trends in this species are unclear but it is possibly in decline.

habitat:
Forest edge and meadows in sub-alpine areas. It is presumed to be a polylectic species and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Details of current threats are unclear. Climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Rasmont et al. 2014) and inappropriate forest management or fires within the known European range could accentuate threats.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the detailed ecology of the species in Europe, its present distribution and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because of a population decline, calculated to be more than 50% over the last ten years, caused by population collapses due to an increasing frequency of heat waves. This species also has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 1,012 km² with a severely fragmented population and therefore also meets the criteria for listing as Vulnerable under criterion B (VU B2ab(v)), but is listed under the higher category.

range:
The taxon Bombus mocsaryi is very widely distributed: North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spain, southern France, eastern Austria, Hungary, Poland, Baltic states, Belarus, northern Ukraine and Russia (mainly between the 50th and 60th parallels). Scattered specimens have been collected in Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece and Romania. Curiously, the species is known neither from Italy nor from Bulgaria. There is a gap between the western populations (Spain, France and northern Africa) and the populations from eastern Europe. Further east, B. mocsaryi is found here and there, from western Siberia to the Pacific coast of Asia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,817,510 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,012 km².

population:
This species is clearly rare and declining over much of its range, and the declines are ongoing. This population decline is estimated to be in excess of 50% in the last ten years, likely due to the impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). It is still present in Spain, but recent data are lacking. On occasions the species can be very abundant, but it appears vulnerable to sudden population collapses. Populations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
This bee is a species of wooded steppe and xeric grasslands. It is a polylectic species (one which collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) that is particularly associated with Asteraceae (Carduaeae).

threats:
Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Steppic species, such as B. mocsaryi, are of concern as there are very strong signs of population declines due to climatic factors (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic as Bombus sidemii (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not subject to any specific targeted conservation action (although it may have been covered under B. laesus with which it has been commonly confused). Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of the  species across its range, and particularly its relationship to taxa in  the far east of Russia. Work is also required to reassess the current  distribution and status. If published evidence shows conclusively that B. mocsaryi is conspecific with B. laesus, then the status will need to be reviewed. The species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (60 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not enough information available on the status of  this species. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Bombus modestus is a taiga species, like B. cingulatus, B. sporadicus, B.  semenoviellus, B. schrencki and B. patagiatus. More  east, it is known from western Siberia to Sakhalin and north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 586,946 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
It is far less common than its close congeners and is, indeed, among the rarest and least known species of the west-Palearctic region. Only few specimens have been collected in Europe. In view of its extreme rarity, there are no details of population trends in this species.

habitat:
A boreal species found in taiga regions of Eurasia.

threats:
Direct and immediate threats to this species are unknown, but, in common with other boreal species, climate change, especially the increasing frequency of droughts, and the consequent forest fires are suspected of being responsible for local extinctions and declines (Rasmont et al. 2014).More data are required to establish the current situation.

conservationAction:
The species is not currently subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by climate change and overgrazing, overall the species has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
As Bombus monticola is widespread in most of the mountain ridges of Europe and as its attractive coat colours make it quite conspicuous, it is  often mentioned in the literature, mostly under the name "lapponicus". The  recent separation between B. monticola and B. lapponicus s.s. makes the  interpretation of these older data rather difficult (Svensson 1979, Pekkarinen 1982).In  the north of the continent, it lives in the mountains of Scandinavia and down to  the sea level in the north of Norway and the Kola Peninsula. In Finland, it is  only found in a few places along the Norwegian border (contrary to B. lapponicus  s.s., which extends south to the Gulf of Bothnia) (Pekkarinen et al. 1981). The  populations from Fennoscandia belong to the subspecies scandinavicus. The  rather dark populations from the British Isles, belong to the nominal subspecies. The populations from the Alps and the Balkans belong to the subspecies alpestris. The subspecies rondoui lives in the Cantabrian Mountains and in the  Pyrenees, the subspecies konradini, in the Apennine Mountains. Both subspecies are  specially light and colourful. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,194,822 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,492 km².

population:
A boreo-alpine species in which the populations seem stable in the north but it is clearly retreating up mountains in the south of its range. It is known that the species has successfully invaded Ireland on two separate occasions in the last 40 years.

habitat:
A boreal-alpine species that is, in the northern parts of its range, associated with Vaccinium moorland, particularly in upland and montane terrain. It is known from upland bog and moorland (Ireland), Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths, pastures, mountain meadows (Norway) and subarctic Betula zone and south facing mountain slopes above the tree line (Finland). In the south, within its restricted range, it will be found in a number of sub-alpine and alpine biotopes. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, although Salix and Vaccinium (in the spring) are very commonly visited by queens.

threats:
In common with other arctic species, climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, may contribute to population declines (Manino et al. 2007, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014). Overgrazing may, in some parts of its range, reduce the amount of forage.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (2,468 km²), the mountain species is considered severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is declining due to climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.

range:
Bombus mucidus is restricted to the south European mountains: Sierra  Cantabrica, Pyrenees and western Alps for the subspecies mollis, rest of the Alps,  central Apennines, Balkan Mountains (Bosnia, Crna Gora and Macedonia),  central Carpathians for the subspecies mucidus. The subspecies pittioniellus, of yet  unsettled status, is restricted to the mountains of Crna Gora and Macedonia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,223,997 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,468 km².

population:
A species of the southern mountain ranges of Europe. Generally in decline and populations may be severely fragmented. The local density of B. mucidus is highly variable. In some mountains, e.g. in the eastern Pyrenees, it may be quite common whereas it is very rare in a large part of the Austrian Alps.

habitat:
It is found at high altitude biotopes, including mountain sides and subalpine grasslands with a preference for warm areas on south-facing slopes. It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available across the range; climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations in some bumblebees and may likely contribute to population declines (Manino et al. 2007, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Inappropriate livestock management may cause negative impacts on the key habitats. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the population has declined by more than 30% over the last ten years, inferred from a decline in the species' preferred habitat due to changing agricultural practices and habitat change, in particular the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing agricultural intensification.

range:
Bombus muscorum includes two well marked subspecies: B. m. muscorum and B. m. bannitus. The distribution of B. m. muscorum is  remarkably wide. The species is found from Ireland to Mongolia and from the  latitude of Stockholm to Crete. The northernmost location of the subspecies is  in the surroundings of Vyborg, in Russian Karelia and in Orkney Islands. Further north, we find B. m. bannitus. Bombus muscorum bannitus is a strictly coastal subspecies throughout its western  distribution. Its highest observation is at 330 m asl, in the Scottish Highlands  (Richards 1935). The specimens reported from eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus and  Transcaucasia are always isolated workers and it is not unlikely that they are,  indeed, faded B. laesus workers. This species occurs eastwards to China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,504,130 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,296 km².

population:
Bombus muscorum is generally uncommon to very uncommon in all its continental locations. On the other hand, it may be quite common in its maritime locations, especially along the Atlantic coasts. It is very uncommon in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and the south of Italy and extremely uncommon in Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. It has never been encountered in southern Greece, northern Africa or Iran. The populations appear to be in decline over much of the range, caused by a reduced availability of habitat due to changing agricultural practices and increasing agricultural intensification; declines from within the last ten years are in excess of 30%.

habitat:
This species is found in a range of flower-rich habitats, particularly those rich in Fabaceae (especially Trifolium), including parks and gardens, dry calcareous grassland, damp ditchsides, sandy coastal grasslands, salt marshes (Great Britain, Ireland), Erica marshes and sandy fields (Norway), wet raised shores and flooded river valleys (Finland), warm places, fields and meadows, woods, market gardens and gardens (Spain) and pastures, flower-rich grasslands and heathlands (Netherlands). It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and although it is known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, the species is particularly associated with Trifolium.

threats:
Changing agricultural practice and habitat change, especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing intensification, have reduced the availability of Fabaceae (especially Trifolium) in the agricultural landscape. A lack of genetic diversity and inbreeding in isolated populations can increase extinction risks (Darvill et al. 2006, 2007). Like other species with late phenology, Bombus muscorum may also be sensitive to heat waves, which can lead to local extinctions and may play a role in population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

conservationAction:
This bumblebee is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following 13 European countries: Belarus (Vulnerable; Prischchepchik 2008); Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).  It occurs in protected areas.Protection of flower rich calcareous and coastal grasslands would benefit this species. Isolated island populations might be particularly susceptible to competition from other species, especially honeybees (Apis mellifera).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population and no major threats.

range:
The range of Bombus niveatus vorticosus is centred around the Aegean Sea. This  subspecies is especially common in the Balkan (Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia,  Bulgaria, Greece) and in western Anatolia. It has also been found in Crete, on  Cyprus, and in the mountains of Lebanon and western Syria. It is much less common in  Anatolia, Caucasus and northern Iran where it is mostly replaced by the nominal subspecies niveatus. Most authors separate B. vorticosus from B. niveatus as good  species. Nevertheless, Rasmont et al. (2005) have shown that they are conspecific.  While the yellowish ssp. vorticosus s.s. occurs on both sides of the Aegean, the  ssp. niveatus only occurs in near Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 829,223 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 480 km².

population:
It is always quite uncommon in Europe. Populations apparently stable over much of its range but precise details of population trends in this species are lacking.

habitat:
Found in a variety of habitats from montane beech (Fagus) forest and uncultivated fields (Greece), woodland edge with Cytisus hirsutus scrub and Cirsium ligulare, Galeobdolon luteum in damper places, dry places with Epilobium angustifolium and Scabiosa balcanica, taller vegetation including Carduus carduelis and Cirsium appendiculatum (Bulgaria), Oro-Mediterranean habitats, with coniferous forests (Pinus spp., Cedrus libani, Juniperus spp.) and woody milk-vetch (Astragalus spp.) steppes (Iran). It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
There are no direct or immediate threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is necessary to establish its current status. This species occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus norvegicus occurs from the Pyrenees in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. It occurs at the Far East of Russia to the east but to the west, it  barely reaches the Atlantic coast, being absent from the British Isles. This species occurs eastwards to China and the Pacific coast of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,622,879 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,836 km².

population:
It is patchily distributed and generally rather uncommon where it occurs. As a parasitic species, it is always much less abundant than its host[s].

habitat:
Bombus norvegicus is a social parasite of other Bombus. It inquilines mainly Bombus hypnorum (Løken 1984). In common with its host, it is found in a wide variety of habitats.

threats:
There are no apparent direct threats to this species. Bombus norvegicus has an expanding host.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed to check for its presence across the known range of its primary host, B. hypnorum. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, presumed large and increasing population and no major threats.

range:
Bombus pascuorum is, by far, the most abundant bumblebee species in the west-Palearctic. Its distribution is very wide. Northwards, it avoids the  true tundra and it is absent from the Arctic islands, as well as from the Shetlands, the Hebrides and the Faeroes. Southwards, it  avoids steppic as well as warm Mediterranean surroundings: it is absent from  the south of the Iberian Peninsula, of Italy and of the Balkan. It is found in  Corsica and Sicily, though not in Sardinia and it is absent from the other large  Mediterranean islands. It is also absent from northern Africa, Syria, Lebanon and  Israel. Eastwards, it avoids the steppic regions of southern Ukraine, southern Russia,  Anatolia and Iran but extends in Siberia to the Baikal region and south-eastern Yakutia. This species occurs eastwards to China and has recently been found in both Iceland and the Orkneys. Bombus pascuorum includes as many as 23 subspecies (pascuorum;  melleofacies; intermedius; dusmeti; bofilli; maculatus; freygessneri;  rufocitrinus; rufostriatus; septentrionalis; siciliensis; vulgo; floralis;  gotlandicus; pallidofacies; paphlagonicus; rehbinderi; mniorum; smithianus;  moorselensis; olympicus; sparreanus; taleshensis). They are often brightly  coloured and conspicuously different.

population:
In most of its area, the species is abundant and probably the most abundant bumblebee species in Europe.

habitat:
In the Mediterranean region, it is confined to forests, irrigated fields and some urban surroundings. Elsewhere, it is ubiquitous and found in many habitats, including gardens and parks in towns and cities. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
There are no direct and immediate threats to this species. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (104 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other areas, thus there is not enough information available on the status of this species. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Much confused with other species in Asia, its global range has now been mapped from genetic data and includes China (Williams et al. 2012). The most western collections of B. patagiatus are from the region of Petrozavodsk, near Lake  Onega, in eastern Karelia (Russia) (Pekkarinen et al. 1981). From the map drawn by  Tkalcu (1967), we can see that there were hardly more observations west of the  Ural. Krüger (1956) mentions a few places in the Perm region. The species is  also known from the regions of Moscow, Ivanovo, Kirov, Ul'yanovsk and  Kazan. According to Tkalcu (1967), B. patagiatus "extends its range  over the whole taiga of the former SSSR, to the Ussuri, Sakhalin and Korea, but  is absent from Kamchatka and, most probably, from Japan. The northern limit of  its range lies clearly south of the northern borderline of the taiga". The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,101,520 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

population:
Extremely abundant in parts of Siberia, but in Europe it is restricted to central and northern Russia. There are few recent observations but it seems that the species is declining in the European parts of its range.

threats:
Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of droughts, and the consequent forest fires are suspected of being responsible for local extinctions and declines but more data is required to establish the current situation (Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the detailed distribution within European Russia and the precise nature of current threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution within its restricted range, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.

range:
Bombus perezi is endemic to Corsica and Elba Islands (Rasmont and Adamski 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,523 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².

population:
There are no details of population trends in this species, however, as a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host(s).

habitat:
Bombus perezi is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is likely that it is the inquiline of the local subspecies of Bombus terrestris.

threats:
Any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall populations with a stable population trend within a restricted range.

range:
Bombus pereziellus is endemic to Corsica (Rasmont and Adamski 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,870 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km².

population:
Populations of this species are believed to be stable although subject to fluctuations.

habitat:
It lives at low altitude, along the sandy sea coast and in the low level matorrals, avoiding the rocky coasts (Rasmont and Adamski 1996).

threats:
Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heatwaves, is believed likely to cause local population fluctuations.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Bombus pereziellus has not been accepted universally as a separate species and therefore further studies are needed. Research is also required to establish the ecology of the species, the trends and possible threats to populations.This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)The species has a moderately wide distribution within northern parts of Pan Europe, found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and European parts of Russia, although restricted to areas above the tree line, in tundra and open habitats. The species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 and 328 km2 for Europe and the EU 27 respectively, based on currently known records. Although the species is believed to occupy a larger area, the AOO for both Europe and EU 27 is certainly less than 2,000 km2. Moreover, there is a continuing decline in AOO, the extent and quality of habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. The species has experienced a strong decline in its population in Scandinavia since 2010, a decline that may have been repeated in parts of European Russia (Filippov 2014). The species is considered to be undergoing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals due to the unpredictable occurrence of heatwaves in Arctic Scandinavia; the situation in European Russia is not known, but is expected to be similar.Research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range, and to better understand climate change impacts on the species' populations and distribution. Further research is needed to identify the range of genetic diversity. The species should be reassessed when further population trend and distribution data become available.

range:
The overall range of Bombus polaris is circumpolar (Richards 1973, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012), mainly confined to the Arctic tundra.In North America,  it stays north of the 60th parallel, except in a few places in Labrador, on the  Hudson Bay and in Quebec, but always beyond and above the tree line. It is also found in  the islands: on Baffin and Ellesmere, and even in the far north of  Greenland, i.e. well above the 80° N. In continental Russia and Siberia, it  is restricted to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It is also present on Novaia  Zemlia, Wrangel and some other Siberian islands (Berezin 1995). As in Greenland, B. polaris can be found up to the 83rd parallel. In northwestern Europe the species is distributed from southern Norway (Hardangervidda) throughout the Scandinavian mountain chain to the Kola Peninsula and Arctic Russia (including the Novaia Zemlia archipelago). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is very large (1,493,904 km2) however the area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 based on currently known records; although the species is believed to occupy a larger area, the AOO is certainly less than 2,000 km2. In the EU 27, the known EOO is 195,871 km2 and the AOO is 328 km2. Likewise, the species is believed to occupy a larger area, but not much larger than 500 km2.The altitudinal range of the species varies according to the vegetation zone and latitude, and differs both within countries and across the species European distribution. For example, the tree line in southern Norway might be at about 900 m asl at the most, and close to sea level in north. The species has been recorded at 900-1,400 m asl in southern Norway but only occasionally at sea level in the north (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).

population:
There is strong evidence that the species' populations have dramatically decreased since 2010 in northern Scandinavia (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). Also during this period, the species has become extremely rare in the mountains of southern Norway (A. Mjelde pers. comm. 2014). In the northeast of Russia (Komi Republic) the bee has only been observed at four sites over the past ten years, with a single queen observed at each site (Filippov 2014).Due to the increased frequency of heatwaves in Arctic Scandinavia (e.g. 34°C during two weeks at Kevo, June 2013, P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), the species is undergoing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. After the heatwaves of 2013 and 2014, only very few remaining specimens were found (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).Overall, the population trend of this species is decreasing.

habitat:
An Arctic species, associated with Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths and mountain meadows (in Norway and Sweden).It is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants for both nectar and pollen, but it seems particularly associated with Bartsia and Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) in the summer.  Bombus polaris  is subject to inquilinism from B. hyperboreus.

threats:
Climate change, especially through warming and the increased occurrence of extreme temperature events (heatwaves) and local droughts impacts the bee both directly through reduced reproductive capacity and indirectly on habitat area and habitat quality (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014). In addition, local droughts and heatwaves may contribute to population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Higher temperatures may directly cause mortality to the species; research has found that Alpinobombus are especially sensitive to raised temperatures, compared, for example, with Bombus monticola (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).Boreoalpine species such as this bee that are adapted to cold climate will be overheated and become inactive when the temperature rises too high. During longer periods of high temperature the shallow-rooted alpine plants will stop producing nectar and wilt. Longer term, warmer summers are changing the vegetation structure. Wood-forming processes increase and in the lower alpine area, rooted dwarf plants such as birch, juniper and different scrubs have already been observed to be growing higher, and the treeline altitude is rapidly increasing. This causes a shift in the bee community, with higher competition from woodland species on the alpine fauna (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014)In fact, notable heatwaves in northern Scandinavia in 2013 and 2014 dramatically reduced the bees populations (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). Modelling of future available suitable climatic areas shows that the species is extremely threatened by climate change (Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range and to identify the range of genetic diversity. Further research into the impacts of climate change and monitoring of the species' populations and distribution in Europe is needed. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over the last ten years, inferred from a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to land use change and the impacts of climate change.

range:
Bombus pomorum pomorum lives in the plains and hills of west and central Europe and western Anatolia. The subspecies B. pomorum uralensis is found in the plains and the  southern hills of the Ural region; the subspecies B. pomorum canus is in the  subalpine and alpine steppes of eastern Anatolia, Armenia and the Caucasus region. The distribution of B. pomorum pomorum is restricted in latitude. Its  southern limits are: in Massif Central (France), in northern Greece, and in northern Anatolia. The most northerly records are from the Danish Jutland, with one  ancient location in southern Sweden, southern Latvia and, in Russia, the Novgorod and  Molotov (Ural) regions. In longitude, the subspecies ranges from Normandy  (France) to the Perm region (Russia). Only one specimen is known from the  British Isles and it has never been caught in the Pyrenees. All the southern  locations are in the mountains; many northern ones are ancient. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,768,224 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,152 km².

population:
Formerly abundant in many places, but now much rarer everywhere, this species is in decline over most of its range (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012). The population has declined by more than 30% the past ten years as a result of land use change, which has reduced the area of suitable habitat available, and the impacts of climate change which have caused local population collapses in many bumblebee species (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).

habitat:
This bumblebee is found in a variety of habitats, from forest edges, river sand banks, and open country (Germany), sand dunes, alpine meadows (Bulgaria), and the forest-steppe zone (Ukraine). It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, favouring plants with long corollas.

threats:
Land use change and changes in agricultural practice are likely to have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
Bombus pomorum is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following 12 European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007); Latvia (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 1992); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009).Further research is required to establish the genetic diversity of the remaining populations and the relationship between B. pomorum and sibling taxa from outside the European range. It occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus pratorum is one of the most widespread bumblebees of the west-Palearctic  region. It is one of the most common species after B. pascuorum, B. terrestris  and B. lapidarius. Its range extends from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to very  close to those of the Mediterranean. In Anatolia and Iran, it is found  only in the northern mountains. It is absent from the steppes of Ukraine and southern  Russia but present in Crimea. East of the Ural, it is found by places in western Siberia and in the Altai, but does not extend east of the Ienissei. One could  recognize the ssp. skorikowi from northeastern Turkey and Caucasus, and the spp. santonae  from the Iberian Peninsula. All other subspecies seem inconsistent.

population:
Although B. pratorum is very common and almost ubiquitous in central Europe and at higher latitudes, in the south, it is clearly a mountain species. It is uncommon and very localised in the south of the Iberian peninsula, Italy and the Balkans. Elsewhere, there are clear indications of increases in range and relative abundance.

habitat:
Bombus pratorum is found in a wide variety of habitats, including boreal subalpine forests, woodland (preferring shrubby areas), pastures, meadows, gardens, roadsides, agricultural land, grasslands, coastal habitats and urban parks and gardens, orchards, roadsides, mixed forest, flooded woodlands and forest-steppe zones. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen

threats:
There are no immediate or direct threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, although it is an important pollinator of raspberries in Scotland (Rubus idaeus) and other soft fruit.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although the species is threatened by climate change and has a relatively restricted distribution, it is considered Least Concern as overall the species has a stable population trend and a presumed large population.

range:
Bombus pyrenaeus is restricted to the high mountains of central and southern Europe, between the 40th and the 50th parallels. It shows conspicuously different subspecies among Pyrenees (ssp. pyrenaeus), Alps (ssp. tenuifasciatus), Tatras (ssp. afasciatus), Carpathian and Balkan mountains (ssp. balcanicus). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,586,074 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,900 km2.

population:
An alpine species, absent from boreal regions. Although it appears to be declining in parts of the range, the species can occasionally be very plentiful.

habitat:
Found in a wide variety of higher montane habitats including alpine pastures and subalpine woods (Spain), forest clearings in the subalpine zone (Poland), subalpine grasslands (France), alpine and sub-alpine pastures in the Carpathians (Ukraine) and alpine and sub-alpine meadows (Bulgaria). It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
In common with other montane species, climate change (primarily through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining across its range, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Bombus quadricolor lives from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains to the south to  the middle of Fennoscandia to the north. Its eastern limit is not well known,  likely in the Altai. To the west, it barely reaches the Atlantic coast, being  absent from the United Kingdom. It shows several subspecies with a somewhat complicated distribution and unclear status. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,601,066 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,908 km².

population:
Strongly declining in much of its range, there are no recent records from Norway or Finland. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host.

habitat:
Follows its host and is found in montane grasslands and woodland and forest edge (including open Pinus woodland). Bombus quadricolor is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline in nests of B. soroeensis (Løken 1984).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010). Maintenance of strong host populations is essential for the conservation of this species. It occurs within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 265 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km², with all individuals in less than five locations and the quality of its habitat is declining due to afforestation of steppe biotopes and development of tourist infrastructure. The population size is estimated to be less than 250 mature reproductive individuals.

range:
The species is restricted to the Spanish Sierra Nevada, where it is very uncommon (Rasmont 1983, Castro 1988, Ornosa Gallego 1991). This bumblebee has the smallest geographical distribution of all the west-Palearctic species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 265 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.

population:
A very uncommon species even within its restricted distribution. It is extremely localised and narrowly endemic and prone to reduction in habitat quality. The population size is estimated to be less than 250 mature reproductive individuals (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Typical of Oro-Mediterranean steppe biotopes.Presumed polylectic but lacking in data.

threats:
Afforestation of steppe biotopes and development of tourist infrastructure pose threats to this species. Small populations and narrow distribution range threatens genetic diversity through bottle neck effects. As the species is already limited to the highest level of an isolated mountain, climate change could lead the species at the verge of extinction (Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
Despite the extreme localisation of this species, it is not subject to any specific targeted conservation action, however, habitat restoration would clearly benefit the species.Bombus reinigiellus has not been accepted universally as a separate species and therefore further studies are needed to establish its true status. Further research is also required to establish the genetic relationships of this species with its close congeners and also the degree of genetic variability. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a declining population trend, it has a wide distribution, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
The range of Bombus ruderarius extends over a large part of the west-Palearctic  region. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is found in the northern mountain  ridges, where the form montanus coexists with the nominal subspecies. The  nominal subspecies is present in Ireland, Great Britain and in Fennoscandia,  around the Gulf of Bothnia, where it reaches the Arctic Circle. In Russia, the  nominal subspecies and the form montanus are found, grossly, between the 50th  and 60th parallels. The eastern limits of the species are in southwestern Siberia and in  the mountains of eastern Turkestan (ssp. sartus). Southwards, the range of B.  ruderarius extends to the south of the Italian Peninsula and in the Balkans, to  the Parnassos Mountains (Greece) without including, however, the Mediterranean  littoral and the large Mediterranean islands. The subspecies B. ruderarius  tunensis is endemic to eastern Algeria and northern Tunisia. The nominal subspecies is  found in western Anatolia, whereas B. ruderarius simulatilis lives in the mountains  of Anatolia, the Caucasus region and northern Iran. There appears to be a wide  discontinuity between the populations of this region and those of the southern Russia  plains. This species occurs eastwards to western China.

population:
As for B. sylvarum, the abundance of B. ruderarius is variable; ranging from very low (as in northern Africa), to very common: in some places in the eastern Pyrenees, the species may account for more than half of all the observed bumblebees. There is clear evidence of decline in relative abundance in parts of western Europe.

habitat:
The species is most associated with flower-rich open grassland, including coastal dunes, heaths and moors, parkland and orchards, woodland edge and clearings in woodlands. It can also occur in sub-alpine areas. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Intensification of agriculture and increasing urbanisation are likely to continue to reduce the area of suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by land use change and changes in agricultural practice, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.

range:
Bombus ruderatus is common in western Europe, especially in the Mediterranean zone.  In latitude, its distribution ranges from the Moroccan Atlas, northern Algeria, northern Tunisia and southern Italy to the south of Sweden, Lithuania and Belarus. To the west,  the species extends to the whole Iberian Peninsula, Madeira, the Azores, and  England. It is very rare in Wales and probably absent from Ireland. The eastern  limit of its range is less clear, though it includes Poland, Hungary and  Slovakia and seems to reach Ukraine. Efremova (1991) mentions some findings in  the upper Volga (Ulyanovskaya Oblast, Kuybyshevskaya Oblast), i.e. largely  beyond the main range of the species. In southeastern France, Switzerland, Austria and  Hungary, its distribution appears to be limited by that of B. argillaceus. Bombus ruderatus is also present in most of the Italian Peninsula, south of Tuscany.  In addition, B. ruderatus has been imported in New Zealand and in Chile. Within  this vast area, the species includes several subspecies. The nominal subspecies  is the common form on Madeira and in the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula.  Bombus ruderatus siculus is found in the far-south of Spain, in the north of  Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula.  Bombus ruderatus perniger is found in the British Isles and is probably the origin of  the populations exported to New Zealand and Chile. Bombus ruderatus autumnalis lives  in the larger part of western Europe. The well differentiated subspecies corsicola  and sardiniensis live respectively in Corsica and in Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,241,627 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,800 km².

population:
Common in parts of the range, but in serious decline in other parts (e.g. Sweden, Netherlands).

habitat:
The species is found in flower-rich marshes, tall calcareous and coastal grassland, and heathland. It also occurs in flower-rich low-intensity farmland, damp stream- and ditch-sides rich in forage, sub-alpine meadows and forest-steppe and steppe zones.It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, especially those with long narrow corollas.

threats:
Land use change and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Critically Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al, 2005); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range (it is similar to, and easily confused with B. hortorum). It occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is no longer traded or exploited commercially although historically it was taken to New Zealand (in the late 19th century) and Chile (in early 1990s) in order to pollinate clover (Trifolium) and other crops.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population although its population trend and the threats remain unknown, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Bombus rupestris is found from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy  and the Balkans to southern and central Scandinavia to the north. It can be  found from Ireland to the west, eastwards to China and Siberia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,959,527 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16,320 km².

population:
Precise details of population trends across its entire range are lacking, but in Great Britain it has experienced periods of great scarcity (1970s-1990s) and periods of abundance (early 20th century and early 21st century). In some countries, particularly in more intensively farmed and urbanised areas, it is declining, but in other countries there are increases. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host[s].

habitat:
Bombus rupestris is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily in the nests of B. lapidarius but also B. sichelii and likely other species from the subgenus Melanobombus.

threats:
Direct threats to this species are unknown, but any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research is needed to establish the trends in populations in this species across its range. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (28 km2),  it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not  enough information available on the status of  this species. It is  recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Bombus saltuarius is found mainly in northern Russia: Arkhangelsk region,  Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Pechora basin, north of the Ural Mountains, but also in  Asia: Sayan Mountains (Siberia) and Gan Su Province (China). Bombus saltuarius is the  least known of the west-Palearctic bumblebees. The most recent specimens that  the authors could find in museums had been collected before 1928 and there is little information on the current situation of the species. Indeed, the region where it  lives was barred by the GULAG to any natural history investigation for more than  half a century. T. Keskulä collected three females in north Urals in 1992 (determined by P. Rasmont in collaboration with the University of Mons). Levchenko and Tomkovich (2014) rediscovered one specimen in the polar Urals in 2012, meaning that the species has not vanished from Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 246,320 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
It appears to be rarely recorded and there are no records from Europe since 1927. There are no details of population trends in this species.

habitat:
A species of the high tundra, although precise habitat requirements are lacking. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
There are no details of precise threats to this species. However, in common with other species of the high Tundra, climate change (primarily through warming and melting of permafrost) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available. As the species is already limited to high latitude and altitude, it could be led to the verge of extinction by climate change (Rasmont et al. 2014). Oil exploitation in the only known area of this species is a well known source of pollution, that leads to destruction of habitats.

conservationAction:
Despite the apparent rarity of this species, it is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. Bombus saltuarius has not been accepted universally as a separate species and further studies are needed. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.

range:
Bombus schrencki is found from Wigry (northeastern Poland) (Krzysztofiak 1992), through the  whole Russian and Siberian taiga, to the Pacific coast, Kamchatka, Japan,  Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, and more recently southeastern Finland (Pyhtää Hirvivoulle 2000; Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species occurs eastwards to north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,901,790 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 452 km².

population:
A species that appears to be extending its range westwards in the last 20 years. It can be a common species locally as Mänd et al. (1999) found B. schrencki profusely in several locations in Estonia, in natural surroundings as much as in cultivated areas.

habitat:
Found in a variety of habitats including pastures, forest clearings (Romania), agricultural and urban biotopes (Estonia) and in the mixed forest regions of Ukraine.

threats:
There are no apparent threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Belarus (Vulnerable; Prischchepchik 2008) and Latvia (Near Threatened; Anonymous 1992). No conservation measures are needed for this species. This species occurs in a protected area.


range:
The information about Bombus semenoviellus is rather scanty. Until recently, it had  been found between the 50th and 65th parallels, from Lithuania in the west to  the Sea of Okhotsk in the east. Quite recently (12.VIII.1998), Mrs Jane van der  Smissen collected a male, on Cirsium sp., at Lübeck-Walkenkrug, 53°55'N 10°44'E  (Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany) (van der Smissen and Rasmont 2000). More  specimens have been collected here and there in Germany. It has also been found  in Czech Republic, in Estonia, in Latvia and in Poland. In Finland, it is  extending its distribution westwards and northwards. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,594,399 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km².

population:
A species that is spreading westward from its core area in the Moscow region of Russia.

habitat:
A species found in a variety of habitats, from mixed-forest and forest-steppe biotopes, to flowery meadows, upland moorland and anthropogenic habitats. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001). This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.

range:
The distribution of Bombus sichelii is discontinuous. The northern limit of its  range is that of a taiga species. Its most western observations are in the  regions of Arkhangelsk and Ivanovo; it does not reach St Petersburg. Eastwards,  the species extends to the Anadyr and Kamchatka Peninsulas. The southern  part of its distribution includes various subspecies, isolated on high mountains: B. sichelii flavissimus in the Pyrenees and the western Alps, B. sichelii  alticola in the central and eastern Alps, B. sichelii drenowskii and dinibengis  in the Balkan, B. sichelii cazurroi in north-eastern Anatolia and Caucasus. Bombus  sichelii has never been observed in the northern European mountains, nor in  Fennoscandia. This species occurs eastwards to north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,630,379 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,824 km².

population:
The population is apparently stable but there are very few records from Russia. It can be very abundant in the Alps and Pyrenees.

habitat:
Found in a variety of montane and boreal habitats from pastures and meadows, mountain sides to alpine and subalpine grasslands within a wooded landscape matrix. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
In common with other boreo-alpine species, the impacts of climate change (especially through warming) are likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). In addition, local droughts and heat waves have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Gefährdung unbekannten Ausmaßes; Westrich et al. 2008) (approximates to Data Deficient). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine and to identify the existing threats. This species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Bombus soroeensis is present, and locally very common, in a large part of the west-Palearctic region. It has been much published about. To the north, its range  extends to the 70th parallel in Scandinavia and to the 60th in Russia. South,  the species is present in the mountains of northern Spain, southern France, Italy and the Balkans.  West, it extends to the Atlantic coast in Norway, and in the Sierra de Ancares  in Spain. It is absent from Ireland and from the Hebrides, but present  throughout the British mainland. East, its range extends to the south of central  Siberia (around Lake Baykal) and to Mongolia. Southeast, in Anatolia, it  includes the Taurus, the mountains in the north of the Hakkari province, the  Caucasus and the mountains of northern Iran, except the Kopet-dag. Bombus soroeensis  includes several well differentiated subspecies that makes its identification  sometimes tricky. This species occurs eastwards to China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,448,437 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 18,980 km².

population:
Widespread and locally common but clearly in decline in parts of its range, especially areas with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation.

habitat:
The species is associated with heathlands and moorlands, but populations also exist in other biotopes, including pine forests, wooded meadows, chalk grassland, woodland and coastal cliffs and dunes, meadows, pastures and roadside, open clearings, and in the sub-alpine regions light woodland, and open hillsides. In the southern parts of its range, it is more montane. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
Intensification of agriculture and expanding urbanisation threaten this species. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Vulnerable; Sárospataki et al. 2005); and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas.


range:
In the west-Palearctic region, its range is rather strictly limited by the 69th  and 70th parallels, i.e. to the taiga. In Asia, it occurs with different  subspecies, with a wider latitudinal range, extending southwards beyond the  limits of the taiga (Tkalcu 1967). Bombus sporadicus is known from a large  part of Fennoscandia. Its global range has been mapped and includes China (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,448,397 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,632 km².

population:
Populations are probably stable although they are subject to fluctuations. It is widely distributed and often common in the northern boreal region. A species that may well benefit from intermittent forest fires.

habitat:
A boreal species associated with pastures, meadows and roadsides in the taiga, occasionally in tundra.

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia.It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by changes in agricultural practice and habitat degradation, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
The distribution of Bombus subterraneus is very wide. However, as its population  densities are generally low, it may be locally overlooked. In the west, it has  been found in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. In the British Isles, it is restricted to England and a few  places in Wales. In Fennoscandia, it is found in many places up to the 60th  parallel. It is found in every country of western and central Europe, but in the  Mediterranean regions, it is restricted to the montane stages. It is found  throughout Italy, but always in the mountains and not in Sicily. In the Balkan,  it extends south to the Olympus and Pilion Mountains. In eastern Europe, the species  has been signalled in Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania and, in  Russia, up to the 60th parallel. Panfilov (1957) mentions it in Crimea, the  Caucasus, the south of the Ural Mountains, south and east of Kazakhstan, the Tien Shan Mountains,  the Altai, the Baykal'sk and northern Mongolia. In Asia Minor, it has been encountered  on the Anatolian plateau, in Transcaucasia and northern Iran. The darker forms  (subspecies subterraneus) are restricted to southern Scandinavia and to Switzerland, northern Italy and south-eastern France. Its global range has been mapped and includes China (Williams et al. 2011). The light-coloured forms (subspecies latreillellus) are found  elsewhere. Bombus subterraneus latreillellus has been introduced in New Zealand,  where it is restricted to the South Island and remains much less common than the  other imported species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,694,298 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,292 km².

population:
Clearly declining across western and central Europe, but increasing in some parts of its range (e.g. Norway and Sweden). Population densities of Bombus subterraneus are generally low so it may be locally overlooked.

habitat:
The species is known from a very broad range of habitats, favouring open biotopes including heathland, chalk grassland, saltmarshes and coastal shingle meadows and Trifolium pratense fields, alpine and sub-alpine meadows and forest-steppe and steppe. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, favouring species with long corollas, especially Fabaceae and Boraginaceae.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice and habitat degradation have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, may contribute to population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Vulnerable; Sárospataki et al, 2005); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); and Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010). Habitat restoration and appropriate agri-environment schemes could benefit this species. It occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially although it was introduced into New Zealand in the late 19th century to pollinate introduced clover (Trifolium sp.).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by agriculture intensification, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.

range:
Bombus sylvarum is widely distributed in the west-Palearctic region. It may be  quite common and in some places, it is the predominant bumblebee species. West,  its range extends in the Iberian Peninsula to the parallel of Madrid. It is  present in England, Wales and southeastern Ireland but completely absent from Scotland.  North, it extends in Fennoscandia to the 63rd parallel and in Russia to the 60th  parallel. East, it hardly extends beyond the southern part of the Ural Mountains, to  Cheliabinsk. Southeast, B. sylvarum is present throughout eastern Anatolia, where it  is present as its steppic daghestanicus form, in the Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia  and northwestern Iran. In the latter country, it does not reach the Mazandaran region. In  the southern part of its range, B. sylvarum is clearly a montane species. It  reaches the Etna in Sicily and the Taurus and Amanaus in Anatolia. In the  Balkans, its limits are more northern: the mountains in northern Albania, Macedonia,  Bulgaria and Pindos Mountains, in northern Greece. It is absent from the large  Mediterranean islands (except Sicily) and from northern Africa.

population:
The local population densities are variable. The distribution of the species is patchy (as for B. ruderarius and B. humilis), and the species may be quite common in one place and absent from surrounding areas - especially in places with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation. The species can be particularly abundant in landscapes rich in leguminous plants.

habitat:
Found in a range of open xerophilous short grassland, rich in Lamiaceae and Orobanchaceae, woodland rides and orchards, pastures, derelict vineyards, town parks and gardens, clearings in Pinus, Fagus and Quercus woodlands, railway embankments, chalk grassland, woodland, heathland, abandoned quarries and coastal shingle. Flower-rich heathland and tall grassland, sub-alpine meadows. Also in mixed-forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, including leguminous fodder crops such as Trifolium, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago sativa.

threats:
Intensification of agriculture (especially increases in N2 deposition, reduction in leguminous crops and increases in pesticide use) and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); and Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.


range:
Bombus sylvestris is the second most abundant cuckoo-bumblebee in Europe. It occurs from central Iberia, southern Italy and the Balkans to the south and crosses  the Arctic Circle to the north. It can be found from Ireland in the west to the  Far East of Russia to the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,388,485 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16,472 km².

population:
This can be a very common species although, as a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host[s].

habitat:
In common with its primary host, this species is found in a wide variety of habitats, including boreal subalpine forests, woodland (preferring shrubby areas), pastures, meadows, gardens, roadsides, agricultural land, grasslands, coastal habitats and urban parks and gardens, orchards, roadsides, mixed-forest, flooded woodlands and forest-steppe zones. Bombus sylvestris is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily of the very common B. pratorum (Løken 1984).

threats:
There are no apparent threats although any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not traded or exploited commercially, although it is well known as an important pollinator of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus).


range:
Bombus terrestris is common in a large part of Europe and has been  successfully domesticated since 1987. Bombus terrestris is the only  bumblebee species with a Mediterranean-centred distribution: the only country of  the region from which it is absent is Egypt. It is not restricted to this  region, however: to the north, it extends to the latitude of Stockholm and east,  to the Altai but it is absent from the alpine stage, the deserts and the arid,  sub-desertic steppes. Bombus terrestris evolved into well differentiated  subspecies (audax in British Isles, canariensis in the Canary Islands,  sassaricus in Sardinia, xanthopus in Corsica, africanus in northern Africa, dalmatinus in south-eastern Europe and Near-Orient,  lusitanicus in Iberian Peninsula, terrestris in the remaining west and central Europe and in southern Scandinavia).Some subspecies that are endemic to particular islands are considered to be separate species by some authors (e.g. see recent data collected from the Azores Islands (Flores; P. Noger 2010), southern Iran (Shiraz; N. Shagei 2007), and northern Sweden near the Arctic Circle (Ragvaldsträsk, E. Sjödin 2008)). The species is also known from Libya (Cyrenaica) (Gribodo 1925, Roberts pers. obs. 2002). Its global range has been mapped and includes China and Mongolia (Williams et al. 2012).

population:
Common and widespread, and extending its range northwards in Scotland and Fennoscandia.

habitat:
Found in a wide range of habitats, including anthropogenic biotopes.It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
The most likely threats come from genetic contamination of local (and especially island) gene pools by escapes from commercial greenhouses. It is worth noting that introductions of this species both inside and outside its known range are widely considered at least a potential threat to other bumblebees (Peredo-Alvarez et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
There are control measures in place in the Canary Islands, Ireland, Norway and UK that restrict the commercial importation of non-indigenous colour morphs for pollination. Other distinctive local (and especially island) taxa should be considered as targets for protection from genetic contamination by alien introductions.Further research is necessary to establish the true status and threats of and to the various island taxa.It occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Bombus terrestris has been domesticated since the late 1980s, and is now reared commercially, for widespread use in commercial fruit and vegetable pollination.


range:
Bombus vestalis is the most meridional cuckoo-bumblebee in Europe. It can be  found from northern Africa to the south of Sweden in the north. It  lives from the United Kingdom to the west to northern Iran to the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,710,044 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 13,980 km².

population:
A common bee and expanding in parts of its range, but, as a parasitic species, it is generally less abundant than its host[s].

habitat:
Bombus vestalis is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily of Bombus terrestris and also B. lucorum and is found in a very wide range of habitats.

threats:
There are no obvious threats to this species, however, any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Not Evaluated; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by changes in agricultural practices and habitat change, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.

range:
The distribution of Bombus veteranus is highly patchy. The species lives in  the plains of northern Europe. The most southern confirmed observations are in the  south of the French Massif Central, about the 44th parallel. As some old data  concerning locations in Italy are dubious as they refer to isolated and maybe  wrongly identified individuals, Bombus veteranus has not been reliably reported  south of the Alps and the Carpathians. West, B. veteranus reaches the coasts  of French Brittany but not the British Isles, nor the Pyrenees, nor the Iberian Peninsula. North, B. veteranus does not extend beyond the 60th parallel, except  in Finland where its range appears to be rapidly expanding, and recently (2000) into Sweden north of the Baltic. In Russia, it  extends east to Irkutsk, including the Altai and the Sayan Mountains. It also extends eastwards to western China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,734,093 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,356 km².

population:
The abundance of the species is highly variable in time and space. In most places, it is uncommon but it may abound in some, without any obvious ecological reason. To give examples, it was one of the most abundant bumblebees in Belgium one century ago, but it is now nearly vanished there. On the other hand, according to Söderman (1999) the species has recently become common in a large part of southern Finland, expanding northwards. Nevertheless, the population trend overall is of a strong decline.

habitat:
This species is typical of coastal biotopes, open grasslands and shrubby wood-edge. Associated primarily with zygomorphic flowers e.g. Trifolium, Lamium album, Veronica longifolia for pollen forage.According to Voveikov (1953), Bombus veteranus is a facultative social parasite of other Thoracobombus species, as B. sylvarum, B. muscorum, B. humilis and B. ruderarius. A complete description of a Dutch nest was investigated by Den Boer and Vleugel (1949). It consisted of about 40-50 workers and about 80 worker brood cells. In addition to the founding queen, the nest still produced one new female cocoon and two emerging males. It is a pocket-maker.

threats:
Changes in agricultural practice and habitat change (including urbanisation and coastal infrastructure development) have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. Any reduction in population sizes of hosts will also have an adverse effect on this species. The southernmost population could be threatened by climate change (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Vulnerable; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). Further research is required to establish the population dynamics of the species and the precise ecological drivers of population change. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
Bombus wurflenii is confined to the mountains and hills of Europe; it is  absent from the British Isles and in Russia, it is known from the Ural and the  Caucasus. Its presence in Finland is unlikely. As this species is rather  widespread in central Europe and Scandinavia, it has been the topic of many  articles and is a well known bumblebee (Reinig and Rasmont 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,362,610 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12,268 km².

population:
Populations are in decline, especially at lower altitudes. Often plentiful in parts of its range.

habitat:
This species is typical of sub-alpine habitats, where it can be found in grasslands and open woodland. It is a polylectic species and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.

threats:
In common with other montane species, climate change is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat in the southern parts of its range. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and southern Norway. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered, because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km², there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy, the extent and quality of the habitat and  the number of mature individuals and the species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

range:
Bombus zonatus is common in Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, European Turkey,  Anatolia and Armenia. Some locations are reported from Albania, Romania,  Crimea, Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The most northern locality  known is near Volgograd (Russia). The most easterly populations (Anatolia,  Transcaucasia, Caucasus, northern Iran) refer to the subspecies apicalis, the other ones  are from the nominal subspecies. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,437,020 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km².

population:
Apparently decreasing over most of its European range, and the species is prone to extreme fluctuations in numbers (P. Rasmont. pers. comm. 2012). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
Dry grasslands and steppes, particularly in maritime areas in southeastern Europe.It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen associated regularly with Thistles (Asteraceae; Cardueae).

threats:
Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population fluctuations (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014). In common with many other steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Moldova (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The distribution of Ceratina acuta is centred on the Aegean Sea. The species is mainly present in the Balkans and in Anatolia. To the northwest, it reaches southern Germany and the Czech Republic. To the northeast, it reaches the south of the Urals. Although more common at low altitudes, C. acuta is one of the two species, (with Ceratina zwakhalsi) which occurs up to nearly 3,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,106,340 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km².

population:
Populations of Ceratina acuta appear to be declining everywhere in Europe but Greece. Nevertheless, this decline could be just an artefact due to a lack of recent data (University of Mons 2012).

habitat:
Ceratina acuta nests in dried stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where Rubus can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and suburban habitats. The few known ecological data on this species (four specimens) only provide information on visitation to Inula sp. (Asteraceae), Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (Dipsacaceae) and an undetermined Apiaceae. In Ukraine, however, Osychnyuk (1959) has also observed the species on Lamiaceae (Salvia, Stachys), Asteraceae (thistles, Matricaria), Boraginaceae (Echium), Fabaceae (Robinia) and Rosaceae (Rubus).

threats:
The apparent decline of the species is not currently explicable.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offer many possible nesting sites. On the contrary, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall.A monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the species distribution would confirm the current status of the species in that region. It is almost certainly present in natural reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since its presence in Spain is uncertain and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status, population size, threats and ecological requirements.

range:
Ceratina albosticta is endemic to the Maghreb but a single specimen has been observed in Spain (Merida) one century ago (Terzo 2000). Its current presence in Spain is thus uncertain.

population:
The population of Ceratina albosticta seems to be stable in the Maghreb. No recent data confirms the presence of the species in Europe.

habitat:
Ceratina albosticta nests in dried stems of Rubus, Rosa and some other herbaceous plants (Daly 1983, M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere those plants  can be found, such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The few known ecological data on this species only provide information on visitation to thistles (Asteraceae).

threats:
The threats to this species in Spain are unknown. In the Maghreb, traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the contrary, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities and the presence of thistles in or along agricultural fields.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species but continued searching in Spain would confirm its possible presence in Europe. In Europe, the species is not known in any natural reserve or natural park.


range:
Ceratina bispinosa is abundant throughout the thermo-Mediterranean climate crescent centred on the Cukurova plain of Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. To the east, its distribution extends to the Mediterranean coast of Greece (including Crete) and Croatia (where no observations have been made for the last 20 years). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 467,420 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

population:
Populations of Ceratina bispinosa appear to be declining everywhere in Europe and Anatolia. Nevertheless, this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data (University of Mons 2012). This lack could be due to the very small size of this black and discrete species.

habitat:
Ceratina bispinosa nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000) and herbaceous plants (Mavromoustakis 1949). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where those plants  can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. Ceratina bispinosa visits flowers of thistles (Asteraceae), Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae.

threats:
The apparent decline of the species in Europe and Anatolia is not currently explicable and could just be an artefact due to the lack of recent data.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities and the presence of thistles.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. A monitoring of the population trends in Europe would confirm the current status of the species in that region.The species is not known from any natural reserve or natural park but its presence in European protected areas is possible.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The distribution of Ceratina callosa follows the Mediterranean climate zone (distribution of the olive tree) but is restricted to the western Mediterranean basin and extends from the Atlantic coast of Morocco and Portugal to the Adriatic coast in northern Italy. The species is present in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily but is absent from the Balearic Islands. In Europe, the species is mainly present at low altitude while it can reach 2,000 m in the Atlas mountains of Morocco. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,458,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².

population:
Population of Ceratina callosa seems to be stable even if there are no recent observations from Portugal (University of Mons 2012).

habitat:
Ceratina callosa nests in dry stems of Rubus and some herbaceous plants (Daly 1983). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere that Rubus  can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate  grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The species mainly visits flowers of thistles (Carduus, Centaurea, Onopordum) and Lamiaceae (Lavandula) (Terzo 2000).

threats:
No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the National Red List of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is quite common in western Europe, including in natural reserves and natural parks.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Ceratina chalcites is a Mediterranean species present from Spain to Iran. It is absent in the Maghreb and there is only one observation in northern Portugal. Concerning the main Mediterranean islands, it is present only in Corsica and Sicily. To the north, its distribution extends to southern Switzerland only and to southern Russia (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,509,361 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,414 km².

population:
Populations of Ceratina chalcites seem to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995). However, in Spain the population may be declining as there are few recent observations over the last 20 years; this possible decline could be just an artefact due to the lack of data (University of Mons 2012).

habitat:
Within its distribution range, Ceratina chalcites lives in every sunny place where preferred flowers and nesting sites are present, such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The species nests in dried stems with large diameter of woody or herbaceous shrubs (Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae). Information on the nesting of the species can be found in Carrière (1995) and Grandi (1957). The species is broadly polylectic and visits flowers of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulacea, Dipasacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae, Simaroubaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae (Terzo 2000).

threats:
No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. The apparent decline of the species in Spain is not currently explicable but could be just an artifact due the lack of recent data over the last 20 years.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favorable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities or even destroy the occupied nests.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species, however, excessive clearing of the roadsides should be avoided in order to prevent destruction of nests present in the dry stems of herbaceous plants. Monitoring of the population trends in Spain would confirm the current status of the species in the country.The species is common in all Mediterranean countries, probably also in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


range:
Ceratina chalybea is a Mediterranean species present from the Atlantic coast of Portugal and the Atlas Mountains of Morocco eastwards to the Caspian Sea. The species is present in Corsica, Sicily and Crete but absent from the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution reaches northern France and southern Germany to southern European Russia through Central Europe (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,298,660 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,780 km².

population:
It is a very common and abundant species. Populations of Ceratina chalybea seem to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).

habitat:
Ceratina chalybea nests in dry stems of Rubus (Malyshev 1913) and some herbaceous plants (J. Leclercq pers. comm. 2012). Within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000).

conservationAction:
Ceratina chalybea is regarded as Vulnerable in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in western Europe, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance, presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Ceratina chrysomalla is an eastern Mediterranean species that is abundant in Anatolia and Cyprus. Its distribution range extends from Greece to the Caspian Sea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,263 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
Ceratina chrysomalla seems to be rare and localised in Greece, although its population could be underestimated. In Cyprus and in Anatolia, this species is common. Therefore the population in Europe is considered stable.

habitat:
Ceratina chrysomalla nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo et al. 1999). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is polylectic (Mavromoustakis 1949).

threats:
No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at a continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It possibly occurs in protected areas.


range:
Ceratina cucurbitina is a very common and abundant Mediterranean species, present from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, Portugal, Spain and France to the Near East, eastern Anatolia and Caucasus. To the north, its distribution reaches southern Germany, Austria and Crimea. The species is also present in all Mediterranean islands except Cyprus (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,675,585 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,980 km².

population:
This species is very common and abundant in Europe. The population of Ceratina cucurbitina seems to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).

habitat:
Ceratina cucurbitina nests in dry stems of Rubus and some herbaceous plants (Daly 1983, Carrière 1995, Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus can be found such as in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and suburban habitats. The species is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000) and is a well known pollinator of cucurbits.

conservationAction:
Ceratina cucurbitina is regarded as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in southern Europe, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.

useAndTrade:
The species is not utilized but attempts at domestication have been undertaken in order to use the species for pollination of various Cucurbitaceae in small greenhouses (Terzo et al. 1994).


range:
Ceratina cyanea is the most widespread species of the genus. The species is present in all Mediterranean countries but is rare in the Maghreb and Anatolia and absent from the Near East and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution extends to southern England and Norway. To the east, the species is present eastwards to Central Asia, Iran and Kazakhstan. It is absent from the Balearic Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,536,889 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,336 km².

population:
This species is very common and abundant. The population of Ceratina cyanea seems stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina cyanea nests in dry stems of Rubus and  some herbaceous plants and is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000). So,  within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,    shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and    suburban habitats.

conservationAction:
Ceratina cyanea is considered as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Shirt 1987) where it is at the edge of its range. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in Europe, and can certainly be found in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about its status, population size and threats. The species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy.

range:
Ceratina cypriaca is endemic to Cyprus. It is likely present throughout the island but the data are summarized for observations made by Mavromoustakis around Limassol. The species is present at coastal sites and on the slopes of Mount Troodos up to nearly 1,500 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 899 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
No recent observation has been made since Mavromoustakis (1949). But the species is probably still present on the island since its habitat still exists.

habitat:
The species visits flowers of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and Marrubium (Lamiaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1949).There is no information on nesting substrates nor on habitat but it is highly probable that the species nests in dry stems of Rubus as do all other species of the genus and is present in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and maybe also in rural and   suburban habitats.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) could be rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
The species is not known from any protected area. Further studies are needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species. Monitoring of the population should be recommended as it has not been observed for the past 60 years.


range:
Ceratina dallatorreana is mainly a thermo-Mediterranean species present from southern Portugal and the Maghreb to eastern Iran (Kopet Dag). The species is present in all the main Mediterranean islands, including Malta. To the north, its distribution is restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate except to the east were the species is present all along the Black Sea coast. The species has also been accidentally introduced in the United States of America, in California (Daly 1966). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,434,630 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 944 km².

population:
It is a widespread species, common but discreet. The population of Ceratina dallatorreana seems to be stable at a continental scale, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).

habitat:
Ceratina dallatorreana is one of the few species of Apoidea which reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis (Daly 1966). The species nests in dry stems of Rubus and some other herbaceous plants (Daly 1966, Daly 1983, Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. It is polylectic but shows a preference for thistles (e.g. Carduus, Centaurea, Onopordon) (Terzo 2000).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is common in southern Europe and can be found in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


range:
Ceratina dentiventris is  mainly a thermo-Mediterranean species present from Spain (but not Portugal) and the Atlas mountains of Morocco eastwards to the Caucasus. The species is present in all the main  Mediterranean islands except the Balearic Islands and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution is restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate zone except to the east were the species reaches the southern coast of the Black Sea and eastern Anatolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,810,757 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 596 km².

population:
This is a widespread species but not very abundant. The population of Ceratina dentiventris seems to be stable at the continental scale but there is no recent data from central and southern Spain, Corsica and Sardinia.

habitat:
Ceratina dentiventris nests in dry stems of Rubus and is polylectic (Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Ceratina gravidula has a very special distribution, which does not match any of the three west Palaearctic post-glacial dispersal  centres known for the genus, namely the Maghreb, Turkey and Central Asia. Its distribution is centred on the Italian Peninsula. It is particularly abundant in Italy and southern France. One observation in the Spanish Pyrenees confirms its presence in the Iberian Peninsula since Dusmet y Alonso (1923) discovered it in the province of Barcelona. The species is present in Sicily and Malta, but absent from all other Mediterranean islands. The species is also present, but rare and localised, in the northern Balkans and around the Black Sea. In the Alps it reaches altitudes approaching 2,000 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,234,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 496 km².

population:
The species in very abundant in southern France and Italy and localised everywhere else in Europe. The population of Ceratina gravidula seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina gravidula nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for the genus Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Terzo et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species is quite common in Italy and southern France, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend of this species and the threats.

range:
Ceratina loewi has a distribution centred on, and mainly restricted to, the Aegean Sea. In Europe, the species is present in the Aegean coast of Greece and Crete and it is only known from one observation in Romania. It is essentially a highly thermophilic species, mainly present in lowland areas, but can reach almost 1,500 m altitude in the Taurus Mountains (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 254,748 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².

population:
This species seems to be very common in Crete and East Aegean Islands and more localised elsewhere.

habitat:
Ceratina loewi nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is known to visit flowers of Asteraceae (Carthamus), Boraginaceae (Echium) and Brassicaceae (Sinapis).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is quite common in Greece and Crete, probably also occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.   Further studies are needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its localized abundance, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Ceratina mandibularis is extremely abundant throughout the crescent of thermo-Mediterranean  climate centred on the Cukurova plain in Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. It is rarer and localised outside of this crescent where it is confined to altitudes below 1,000 m. By its presence in southern Egypt (Luxor), Ceratina mandibularis is the most southern species of the subgenus Euceratina. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,665 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

population:
Although there is no new data for 20 years from Cyprus, the populations of Asia Minor and Near East are large and the population seems to be stable.

habitat:
Ceratina mandibularis nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. Mavromoustakis (1949) observed the species foraging on flowers of Ballota nigra L. (Lamiaceae), Eryngium creticum Lam. (Apiaceae), Inula  crithmoides L. (Asteraceae) Lotus sp. (Fabaceae), Mentha longifolia  Huds. (Lamiaceae) and Rubus ulmifolius anatolicus Focke (Rosaceae).

threats:
It appears that there are no major threats affecting this species in Cyprus.  Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species is quite common in Cyprus, probably also in the nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats reported.

range:
Ceratina mocsaryi has a  distribution centred on the western Mediterranean area. The species is  mainly present and abundant in the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula and southern  France, including Corsica. Out of this range, two observations mention the  presence of the species in northern Italy and Croatia (Terzo 2000, Terzo et al. 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 937,479 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².

population:
This species is never abundant and very often localised. The population trend of Ceratina mocsaryi seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina mocsaryi nests in dry stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species visits flowers of Asteraceae (Centaurea), Boraginaceae (Echium), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus), Dipsacaceae (Scabiosa), Lamiaceae (Lavandula), Liliaceae (Muscari), Lythraceae (Lythrum) (Terzo 2000).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
With the exception of one observation in eastern Anatolia, Ceratina moricei is only present throughout the crescent of thermo-Mediterranean  climate centred on the Cukurova plain in Turkey and the Near East (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 205 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
In Cyprus the species seems to be rare and localised and there have been no recent observations of the species in Cyprus for 20 years. Population of Ceratina moricei seems to be stable in Turkey, so it is assumed that the species is also stable in Cyprus.

habitat:
Ceratina moricei nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.  Mavromoustakis (1949) saw the species foraging on flowers of Rubus ulmifolius anatolicus Focke (Rosaceae), Centaurea silicica Boiss.  (Asteraceae), Eryngium creticum Lam. (Apiaceae), Statice sp.  (Plumbaginaceae) and Lotus sp. (Fabaceae).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is present in Cyprus, probably also in the nature reserves, natural parks and protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its local abundance, presumed large overall population and no major threats.

range:
Ceratina nigroaenea is present from Greece and Crete to the Near East and Caspian Sea and southern Caucasus with a single observation in Russia, in the northern Caucasus (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 727,280 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant. The population of Ceratina nigroaenea seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina nigroanea nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species visits flowers Asteraceae (Centaurea, Onopordum), Lamiaceae (Stachys) and Simaroubaceae (Ailanthus).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. There are few data for Europe but the species could be present in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.


range:
Ceratina nigrolabiata is a  Mediterranean species present from Portugal eastwards to the western border of Iran. The species is absent from the Maghreb. On the Mediterranean islands, the species is present only in Corsica, Sicily and Crete. To the north, its distribution extends to southern Austria and Russia, including northern coast of the Black Sea (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,290,710 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km².

population:
It is a widespread species, locally abundant. The population of Ceratina nigrolabiata seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina nigrolabiata nests in dry stems of Rubus and visits flowers of Apiaceae (Daucus, Eryngium), Asteraceae (Centaurea, Echinops), Brassicaceae (Sinapis), Dipsacaceae (Scabiosa), Malvaceae (Malva) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria) (Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus     can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type     shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.


range:
Ceratina parvula is restricted to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, except for the isolated populations in the Canary Islands, Atlas Mountains, central Spain, eastern Anatolia and northern Iran. Unlike C. cucurbitina, the species is very abundant in the Cukurova plain (Terzo et al. 1999). Everywhere else, it seems to be rare and localized. For the Iberian Peninsula, Terzo (2000) could not confirm observations of  Dusmet y Alonso (1923) in central Spain (Le Goff and Terzo 1999). Paradoxically, C. parvula is the only species of the genus  present on the Canary Islands. Data from eastern Turkey and the Kopet Dag seem to indicate a disjunct distribution, relics of a past wider distribution. Kocourek (1998) provides observations made in Egypt, that Terzo (2000) could not confirm, but its presence is not unlikely. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,938,716 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².

population:
Populations of Ceratina parvula seem to be stable at the continental scale. Locally, there are no observations for the last 20 years for a number of isolated populations such as those of central Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Sardinia, etc. This apparent decline could be just an artefact due to the lack of data as the species is of very small size which makes it difficult to observe.

habitat:
Ceratina parvula nests in dry stems of Rubus and some other herbaceous plants (Le Goff 1995, Le Goff and Terzo 1999). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The  species is polylectic and shows a preference for thistles (Centaurea) and Lamiaceae (Lavandula) (Terzo 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been discovered, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status, threats and ecological requirements.

range:
Ceratina sakagamii has been recently described (Terzo 1998). Therefore, there are still few observations available and the extent of its distribution range may be underestimated. Until now, its distribution range extends from Anatolia to Kopet Dag (Iran) with a single observation made outside this range, in Crete.

population:
Because the species has been recently described, there is not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.

habitat:
In Crete, Ceratina sakagamii seems to live in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation. There is no information about the nesting or foraging habits of the species, although it is likely to nest in dry exposed stems of brambles (Rubus) and Foeniculum.

threats:
There is no information on the threats affecting this species.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, potential threats and general ecology of this species.


range:
Ceratina saundersi is mainly present in the Maghreb, southern Spain and Portugal and southern Sardinia. Out of this range, Terzo and Rasmont (1997) also found it to be present in the Italian Peninsula, an observation that is confirmed recently by A. Müller pers. comm. (2012) in Puglia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 970,964 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km².

population:
This species is rare and localised in Europe, more abundant in the Maghreb. The population of Ceratina saundersi seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina saundersi nests in dry stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats (Daly 1983). In Tunisia, C. Schmid-Egger observed this species foraging on Eryngium (Apiaceae) (Terzo 2000).

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is abundant in the Maghreb and Spain, and probably also occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population, no threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Ceratina schwarzi is abundant throughout the thermo-Mediterranean climate crescent centered on the Cukurova plain of Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), from Greece to Iran, including Crete and Cyprus, and from Romania to the Near East. Out of this range, one observation has been made in the Italian Peninsula. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,916,436.71 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km².

population:
This species is abundant where it occurs. The population of Ceratina schwarzi seems to be stable at the continental scale.

habitat:
Ceratina schwarzi nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo  2000). So, within its  distribution range, it can live in any place where brambles  can  be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type  shrubby  vegetation and also in rural and  suburban  habitats. The species visits flowers of Rubus and Vitis (Terzo 2000).

threats:
No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favorable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measure are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species probably occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution of this species in Europe. Research is needed to confirm its presence in Europe.

range:
Ceratina tarsata is a widespread species in the Ethiopian region which reaches the northern limit of its Afro-eremian distribution in the Palearctic region. To the west, the species is present in Morocco, south of the Anti-Atlas. To the east, it goes up the Nile to the Mediterranean region and even reaches the Middle East. It seems that this is the only species of the genus present in the Hoggar massif, in the heart of the Sahara. Dusmet y Alonso (1923) and Daly (1983) reported its presence in Sicily and the locus typicus is in Crete. These data are not verified by Terzo (2000). In the African region, C. tarsata lives in plain and is not found up to 250 m altitude.

population:
Besides the type locality, no observations confirm the presence of the species in Europe. The populations of Morocco and Egypt seem to be stable.

habitat:
There is no ecological data about the nesting or foraging habits of the species for Europe.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place; it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance and ecology of this species. Research is needed to confirm the presence of this species in Europe.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and threats to this species.

range:
Ceratina teunisseni is endemic to Crete. The species seems to live everywhere in the island up to 1,250 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².

population:
Because the species has been recently described (Terzo 1997), there is not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.

habitat:
Ceratina teunisseni nests in dry stems of Rubus and visits flowers of Echium italicum L. (Boraginaceae) and Satureia thymbra L. (Lamiaceae) (Terzo 1997, 2000). So, within its limited distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus      can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type      shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, population size, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Ceratina zandeni is known only by a male and two females captured in Greece (Sithonia Peninsula) and by another male captured in Israel.

population:
Because the species has been recently described (Terzo 1998), there are not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.

habitat:
There is no data about the nesting and foraging habits of Ceratina zandeni. The species seems to live in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and maybe also in rural and suburban habitats.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this little-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and threats of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Ceratina zwakhalsi seems to have a disjunct distribution from the mountains along the east coast of the Mediterranean (Taurus, Mont Anti-Lebanon) to the mountains bordering Central Asia via the mountains of eastern Turkey, Caucasus and the Kopet Dag. It is also one of the two species, (with C. acuta), that reaches 2,750 m. In Europe, the species is present in southern Russia, near the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (Terzo and Rasmont 1997).

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend of this species in Europe. However the population of Ceratina zwakhalsi globally seems to be stable.

habitat:
There is no data about the nesting habits of Ceratina zwakhalsi but the species probably nests in dry stems of Rubus, as it is the case for all other species of the subgenus. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. It lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type     shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because it is a very rare species in spite of numerous localities of the host Nomioides minutissimus in all Europe. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Further research is needed to establish the threats affecting this species.

range:
This species is only known from a few specimens from Palestine (Grace 2010), Israel, Crete, Turkey and Bulgaria (Warncke 1983). Records from mainland Greece, Cyprus and Romania have also been found in various collections (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 520,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 24 km2 for Europe.

population:
The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species seems to be much rarer than its host, which is locally very common. This parasitic bee can be largely overlooked because of its minute size, however this seems to be only a small part of the explanation of its enormous rarity. Data from only 12 localities are known in Europe, where mostly only single records exist (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). Localities of this species seems to be distant and isolated, thus the population is considered severely fragmented. Population declines have not been observed from few old and recent collecting events available, so it is not possible to estimate the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits sandy biotopes, semi deserts and deserts. The species is a kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown; according to Warncke (1983) Nomioides minutissima and/or Ceylalictus (as Panurgus) variegatus can be hosts. According to Engel (2007) only the bees of tribe Nomioidini are the hosts of Chiasmognathus. Chiasmogmathus orientanus prefers warm opened sandy biotopes with sparse vegetation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on either the population size or trends of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species given that it apparently has a restricted range.

range:
The species occurs in mainland Greece, Albania, former Yugoslavia, and Ukraine (Krym) (Radchenko et al. 2009, Akimov 2009). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species occurs within Macedonia, a part of former Yugoslavia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus.

population:
The species is considered rare but there is no further population information.

habitat:
The species inhabits temperate grasslands (steppe), and flies from April to August (Grace 2010, Akimov 2009). It is presumed to be oligolectic on the genus Onosma (Boraginaceae), but it has also been recorded on Anchusa leptophylla (Boraginaceae) and it is considered important for the conservation of the family Boraginaceae (Akimov 2009) within its restricted range.

threats:
The species is considered to be threatened by the reduction of virgin steppe through the overgrazing of sheep and goats, and the use of pesticides (Akimov 2009).

conservationAction:
Cubitalia morio is listed as Rare in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and is protected (Akimov 2009). It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
The species occurs in central and southern Europe. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Austria, Ukraine and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and in the eastern Mediterranean countries (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It was stated "not rare" in Hungary (Friese 1896). However, it is considered to be "rare" in a more recent statement in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). Further studies are needed into both the abundance and population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is on the wing from May to July in central Europe, where it has mainly been recorded on various Boraginaceae spp. and Cynoglossum officinale, Anchusa italica, Nonea pulla (Boraginaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), Reseda lutea (Resedaceae) and Thymus spp. (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). On mainland Greece it found on Anchusa undulata and Alkanna graeca from March to May (Standfuss 2009). Boraginaceae are fairly common in the Mediterranean region, especially in open, dry and stony or sandy meadows.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known. Further studies are needed into its apparently limited foraging habits.

conservationAction:
The species is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in Europe and it is abundant in Finland. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends as this species was once thought to be the rarest cuckoo bee in Europe.

range:
The species is sporadically distributed throughout Europe from southern Europe north to Finland, although it is absent from Britain and Ireland. It has also been found in Russia (Bogusch 2005).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,544,549 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 716 km2.

population:
The species was previously considered to be the rarest European cuckoo bee (Schmiedeknecht 1930) but in some parts of Europe it is clearly quite common. It is rare in southern Europe but reaches Scandinavia where it is very numerous in Finland. It does not occur in eastern Europe except for two localities in Russia (Bogusch 2005).

habitat:
Bogusch (2005) described the whole ecology of this species. It occurs on dry sunny slopes near to wet marshes or meadows with the hosts' provisioning plants (Lysimachia spp - Primulaceae) are available. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Macropis europaea and M. fulvipes are the hosts of this cuckoo bee.

threats:
This species needs co-occurrence of various biotopes i.e. a high biotope complexity. Such biotopes are vulnerable to changes caused by anthropogenic activities, and also by insufficient habitat management regimes. For example the conversion of wetlands to fields for agriculture through drying, draining or a lack of management such as in the Czech Republic.

conservationAction:
The species is the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas, although given the extent of the range, it is extremely likely to. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because although the distribution of this species is restricted to alpine biotopes and the cold regions of northern Europe, the population size of the species has remained stable in the last 100 years and there seem to be no major threats.

range:
This species is distributed across northern Europe and at high altitudes in other parts of the continent. It is not rare in some countries, especially in the Alps, Pyrenees and Scandinavia (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). It is probably an endemic species to Europe.

population:
The species seems to be currently as abundant as it has been in the last 100 years. However, no exact population studies have been carried out.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species occurs in open habitats especially on sandy substrates. It was also collected at post-industrial sites and artificially open habitats. Colletes impunctatus and C. floralis are known as hosts (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Rare in the Red List of Bees of Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records and there is a lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species occurs in south-eastern Europe and north Africa. It is recently known only from a few findings from Spain and Portugal.

population:
This species is only known from a few records from Europe and its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (host or hosts unknown). The species inhabits open habitats with a sandy substrate.

conservationAction:
The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species does not occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records from Sardinia and there is a lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from few findings from Sardinia in Italy.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species probably occurs in open sandy biotopes.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List of Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as this species was previously quite common in most of its distribution area, and recently has become rare or very rare in most countries; thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Also its main host, Colletes succinctus has become rarer and heathlands, the most preferred biotope for this species, are very threatened across Europe.

range:
This species is widely distributed in Europe from south to north. However, most of the records are based on old findings. It is probably endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown but the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species was previously more abundant than it is recently and most countries have reported much lower numbers of captured individuals than before (Amiet et al. 2007 for Switzerland, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014 for the Czech Republic, S. Kaluza pers. comm. 2014 for Germany) and now is more rare than it used to be. The population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
Epeolus cruciger inhabits sandy open biotopes and very often heathlands. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It attacks nests of Colletes succinctus, a species bound to Calluna vulgaris as its main provision source (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). Populations attacking nests of Colletes marginatus at different biotopes (open sandy sites and postindustrial sites) were classified as separate species E. marginatus, which was mentioned as synonym to E. cruciger. Recently, some authors have considered it as a separate species (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2013). Information about Colletes hederae as a host of E. cruciger (Amiet et al. 2007) is not trustworthy.In addition, heathlands, the species most preferred biotope, are very threatened in the whole Europe.

threats:
The main threat affecting the species is the significant decrease in the abundance of the main host (Colletes succinctus) of the species in southern and especially central Europe. The disappearance of the host species is due to the loss of heathlands through succession as well as afforestation and conversion of sandy sites into farmland. Thus, the previously very common Colletes succinctus and quite common Epeolus cruciger have become much rarer, and even extinct in some places. In the Czech Republic, both species are considered Critically Endangered: Colletes succinctus is now only known from six localities; E. cruciger was recorded recently at two localities after 40 years' absence (P. Bogusch and Jakub Straka  pers. comm. 2014).  According to information from other researchers, the situation in Germany, Poland and Switzerland is similar. Populations invading nests of C. marginatus in Hungary are not strong but look stronger than those from the Czech Republic.

conservationAction:
This species is considered Vulnerable in Germany and Switzerland and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Amiet 1994, Farkač et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Least Concern because the species is locally common and its only known host, Colletes hederae, is currently expanding its range and there are no major threats affecting the species.

range:
This species is known from four countries in southern Europe. It is probably endemic to Europe.

population:
According to the findings from some localities, the species is locally common (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). Its host, Colletes hederae, is currently expanding its range. The population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs probably in open habitats with sandy substrate, also in gardens and towns (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes hederae is reported as the only host. However, the parasite is known only from some countries where the host species occurs.

threats:
There appears to be no major threats affecting the species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in any National Red List of Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occur in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because most of the records of this species are from the beginning of the 20th Century and there is no information available on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. The species is very rare and further research should urgently be carried out as the species could be threatened.

range:
This species is only known from a few records in southern and central Europe.

population:
This species is very rare and the population trend is unknown. Most of the records are from the beginning of the 20th Century.

habitat:
The ecology of this species is poorly known, but it does inhabit open biotopes with sandy substrate. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The only known host is Colletes punctatus (Scheuchl 2000).

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from a few records in the Canary Islands and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

population:
The population size and trend for this species are unknown. The species is only known from a few records.

habitat:
There is no information on the habitat or ecological requirements of this species. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List of Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the uncertain taxonomic status and lack of information on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from several findings from south-western Europe. It is probably endemic to Europe.

habitat:
This species probably inhabits sandy open habitats (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large overall population. However further research is needed to establish the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.

range:
This species occurs in south-western and eastern Europe. The species probably also occur in the Near East and north Africa.

population:
Recent records suggest that the species is quite common in southern Europe. However, the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (hosts unknown). This species, as other members of the genus, occurs on open sandy habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats, and the species was only recorded from very old materials in European Russia. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Epeolus minutus is only known from the Orenburg region in European Russia (Radoszkowski 1888). In the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia) there is also one very old specimen available from the Volgograd (formerly Sarepta) region (with the label Sarepta, undated). Furthermore, Epeolus minutus was found in the steppes of Kyrgyzstan in Asia (Radoszkowski 1888).

population:
Epeolus minutus is only known from very old records that were collected in the Orenburg and Volgograd regions in the 19th century. The species might have disappeared.

habitat:
There is no information available for the habitat and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is known from a few records in central and south-eastern Europe. Most of the central European records are old.

population:
This species is very rare and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species inhabits open sandy habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is unknown, only Colletes mlokossewiczi is reported as a likely host (Amiet et al. 2007). C. mlokossewiczi is a species known to inhabit sand dunes, occurring recently also in postindustrial sites.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals,  inferred from the  decline of the host species and the habitats where the species is found  (open sandy sites with Anchusa officinalis as host plant); thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.

range:
This species occurs in southern and central Europe. It is only known from a few records from each country. The species also occurs in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown, however the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species has always been rare. There is no information on the population size and trend, but the population trend can be suspected to be decreasing based on the decline of the host species and the habitats where the species is found (open sandy sites with Anchusa officinalis as host plant).

habitat:
This species inhabits open sandy and rocky habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes nasutus is the confirmed host (Scheuchl 2000) but Bogusch (2003) found this species at a locality in Slovakia where C. nasutus does not occur but C. graeffei is very common. However, the association of these two species has not been studied. Colletes nasutus is bound to Anchusa officinalis in open sandy biotopes and Colletes graeffei is bound to Allium flavum, a very rare steppe species.

threats:
Succession, afforestation, changes to fields and pollution are causing the disappearance of the host species (Colletes nasutus).

conservationAction:
This species is considered Extinct in the Czech Republic and Poland and Critically Endangered in Germany (Farkač et al. 2005, Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009, Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records from Sicily, and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily (Italy).

population:
The species is only known from a few records and the population size and trend are unknown (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
There is no information regarding the habitat of this species but probably inhabits open sandy habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (host unknown).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records in Crete and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Greece).

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend for this species (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species probably inhabits open sandy habitats but there is no published data on its habitat. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is certainly not larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the AOO as it has nearly disappeared from all inland localities, along with its host. Recently, it only occurs in a few coastal localities. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting the species.

range:
This species is distributed in central and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown, although the AOO is certainly less than 2,000 km2. It is probably also distributed outside of Europe.

population:
The species in most countries is very rare or extinct. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species inhabits both coastal and inland salt marshes, parasitizing the nests of Colletes halophilus in coastal areas. In central Europe the species was previously parasitizing in nests of C. collaris.  However, the species has disappeared from nearly all inland localities, along with its host, and currently it is only known from a few coastal localities.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown.However, populations of its host, Colletes halophilus, are under severe threat from rising sea levels, especially in the Dutch Delta, where coastal sea dykes are being strengthened and saltmarsh is being squeezed between the dykes and the rising sea. The Delta has lost a huge percentage of its saltmarshes since the devastating floods of 1953 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). It is found in the Natura 2000 sites Westerschelde and Saeftinghe in the Netherlands and at Het Zwin in Belgium. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species has an uncertain taxonomic status and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is distributed in southern Europe and Russia. It is probably endemic to Europe.

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend for this species (P. Bogush pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
This species inhabits open sandy biotopes. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (the species is present in many countries), presumed overall large population and no major threats.

range:
This species is widely distributed across Europe (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). Its distribution probably extends into Asia.

population:
The species is quite common; it is more common in central and northern Europe (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). The population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in open sandy habitats, it is also common at post-industrial sites (military areas, sandpits, spoil heaps, etc.). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes daviesanus is the main host of this species, C. fodiens and C. similis are other known hosts (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). In England it has been recorded parasitizing on C. halophilus (Guichard 1974).

threats:
There are no major threats affecting this species although the species is considered threatened in some European countries.

conservationAction:
This species is considered Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Farkač et al. 2005, Amiet 1994) and Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and threats, and the continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research needs to be conducted to determine the status of the species.

range:
Eucera albofasciata is found in Greece, including the East Aegean Islands (Friese 1896), Italy, Bulgaria, and European Russia (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in northern Africa, Turkey, and eastern Mediterranean countries such as Syria.

population:
No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
An early season species, found in Mediterranean shrubland, flying from February to May in Greece. It has been recorded foraging on Boraginaceae e.g., Rindera tetraspis (Friese 1896), Alkanna graeca and A. tinctoria (Standfuss 2009).

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy (with regards to synonymous species), distribution, population size and trends, natural history, and threats to this little-known species.


range:
Eucera algira is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece and Crete (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). It is also reported from the Canary Islands (Báez and Ortega 1978). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Tunisia (Friese 1896), Algeria (Saunders 1908) and eastward (Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland in March and April and has been recorded on Spergula spp. (Saunders 1908). Males have been associated with flowers of Ophrys bombyliflora, O. grandiflora and O. tenthredinifera which employ sexually-deceptive mating strategies (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since, although it has been recorded over a very wide area and exploits a broad range of feeding sources, there is no information on the species' population size, trends and threats and there appears to be continuing doubts over its taxonomic validity.

range:
Eucera alternans is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece. In Europe, the species is considered extinct from Hungary (Jozan 2011). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2013) the species also occurs within Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is found in North Africa, e.g., Algeria (Friese 1896), and to the east in Turkey and Iran (Grace 2010).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and exhibits a long flight period, flying from March to July. It appears to be polylectic. In Turkey it has been recorded on Centaurea spp. (Asteraceae) (Özbek 2010), on Dorycnium hirsutum (Fabaceae) in Greece (Standfuss 2009) on Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae) (Friese 1896) and Alkanna tinctoria, Anchusa spp. (Boraginaceae) and Salvia patula (Lamiaceae) (Saunders 1908) in Algeria. It has been associated with the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys heldreichii (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe, although it is considered as Extinct in the Hungarian checklist of bees (Jozan 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. In addition some taxonomic studies would be needed to ascertain its validity. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trend, and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species is known from Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco (Tkalcu 1984).

population:
This species is rare but the population status and trend of this species are unknown.

habitat:
Eucera barbiventris is on the wing from April to May (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sànchez 1993). It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and is associated with the orchid Ophrys apiformis and O. picta through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since, although this species is tolerant of a broad range of food sources, it is seldom recorded and there is still little information on its population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species occurs in Italy, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it occurs in western Turkey and Israel.

population:
There is no information on the population size and trends of the species.

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland. It flies from February to May and is considered polylectic as it was recorded foraging on Calendula persica, Achillea santolina, Cichorium pumilum (Asteraceae), Fumaria (Fumariaceae), Erodium spp., Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae), and Sinapis spp. (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1952, 1957), Bellis sylvestris, Crepis neglecta and Anthemis chia (all Asteraceae) (Standfuss 2009). It is also associated with the orchid, Ophrys villosa (Gaskett 2011). Petanidou (1994) recorded the species foraging at flowers of various Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae, Resedaceae, Dipsacaceae and Papaveraceae species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, and any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Spain and, outside of Europe, from several north African and Middle Eastern countries, from Morocco to Syria (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), including Algeria (Friese 1896, Saunders 1908).

habitat:
The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been collected in March on Anthirrhinum ramosissimum (Plantaginaceae) in Algeria (Saunders 1908).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the habitats and ecology, and also any threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species occurs in Cyprus and in other countries of the eastern Mediterranean area including Turkey and Israel, and, further east, Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
The population status and trends of this species are unknown, although in suitable places in northern Israel, it can be locally plentiful (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on Lonicera sp. (Ozbek 2010), Medicago denticulata, Melilotus messanensis, Calendula persica, Trifolium sp. It flies from March to May (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1952, 1957).

threats:
The threats to this species in Cyprus are unknown. In Israel, repeated burning of maquis can reduce the amount of suitable habitat and forage resources. Inappropriate grazing regimes can also adversely affect forage availability (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.

range:
Eucera caspica is distributed throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus (Friese 1896), including Turkey (Grace 2010), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Risch 2001) and it has been collected at high altitude (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). Saunders (1908) reports three females collected in Algiers in April, but this finding needs to be confirmed. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within the Russian Federation.

population:
Due to the species wide distribution, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. This species has been reported as "not rare" in southern Europe (Friese 1896). However, more recently it is quoted as rare in the Red List of  Slovenia (Anonymous 2002) and Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Eucera caspica inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. This species flies from February to May in southern Spain (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993), and from May to July in Romania (Iuga 1958). It has been recorded on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), Leopoldia (=Muscari) comosa (Asparagaceae) (Friese 1896), Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926), Anchusa officinalis (Broraginaceae), Nepeta cataria and Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). Males of this species have been found to be abundant on Ophrys scolopax (Orchidaceae) (Vereecken et al. 2007) due to the sexually deceptive flowers of this species.

conservationAction:
The species has been reported as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large overall population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.

range:
Eucera chrysopyga is found throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus. Outside of Europe is found in Algeria and Lebanon (Friese 1896). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within the Balkans, Ukraine and the Russian Federation and, outside of Europe, in Turkey.

population:
Within its geographic range, the species is particularly common in Hungary (Friese 1896). However, it is considered Endangered in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). Due to the species wide distribution, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. It appears to be polylectic, since it has been collected while foraging on Anchusa spp., Nonea spp. (Boraginaceae), Cirsium spp., Galactites spp. (Asteraceae), Echium spp. (Boraginaceae), Trifolium spp. and Vicia spp. (Fabaceae) (Friese 1896, Dusmet and Alonso 1926). It may be found from lowland areas to moderate altitudes (800 m asl) in May (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). Many different authors report biological and distributional notes on its synonym Eucera pollinosa e.g., Gogala (1999), Farkač et al. (2005) and Iuga (1958), the latter reporting a number of additional forage plants.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the population trend and to identify any threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.

range:
Eucera cineraria is found throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus (Friese 1896), including Ukraine and the Russian Federation (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey, Iran (Grace 2010), Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

population:
The species was considered common throughout the whole of southern Europe and it was especially abundant in Hungary and Russia (Friese 1896). As the species has a wide distribution it is presumed to have a large population. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is especially abundant in the steppe habitat and has been recorded on Vicia spp. (Friese 1896) and flies in Greece from April to June (Standfuss 2009).Many different authors report biological and distributional notes on the synonym Eucera cinerea e.g., Dusmet and Alonso (1926) (does not list E. cineraria) reports the same distribution as E. cineraria. The plants that the species has been found foraging upon are: Trifolium spp., Echium spp., Vicia spp., Coronilla varia, Melissa officinalis, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Symphytum officinale, Salvia nemorosa and Echium altissimum (Iuga 1958). Comba and Comba (1991) collected E. cinerea in Italy from May to September. The species appears pretty polyphagous with some preference for Leguminosae spp.

conservationAction:
The species has been reported as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is a common species that is locally abundant and occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat.

range:
Eucera clypeata is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. It is not found in any northern European countries. Outside of Europe, the range stretches from north Africa, to the Middle-East, and Pakistan. It has also been recorded at high altitudes, i.e., in Kyrgyzstan at 2,500 m (Risch 2003).

population:
Eucera clypeata is a common species (Risch 1999) and may be locally abundant (Dafni and Ivri 1981, Benedek 1973), although this species is considered threatened in some countries. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. The species flies from March to June in the eastern Mediterranean area and from March to July in southern Europe (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013). The flowering plants which the species visits are Anchusa spp., Nonnea spp., Trifolium spp. (Friese 1896); Orchis caspia, Medicago sativa (Benedek 1973); Ophrys spp. (gracilis, holoserica, neglecta, serotina, tenthredinifera, untchjii) (Gaskett 2011). It is an important pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and is associated with several other species within the Fabaceae family (Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Ononis repens, Vicia sp.). It is reluctant to collect on families other than Fabaceae (Tasei 1978).

threats:
While the threats to this species are poorly known, the species is probably not threatened as it has been widely recorded within its geographic range and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the abundance, population trend, and to identify any future threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the detailed habitat requirements, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species across its range.

range:
The species is only known from Spain and Portugal (Dusmet y Alonso 1926). It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and therefore Europe.

population:
The population status and trends for this species are unknown, although in suitable areas in Analducia (e.g., within the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana) it can be plentiful.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and it flies from April to August (Dusmet and Alonso 1926).

threats:
The details of threats to this species are unknown, however, its habitat in southern Spain is under some pressure from over-grazing and from the development of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to this species. The species does occur in protected areas (e.g., in the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
The species is found in France, Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where was it initially described, and Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987).

population:
In northern Tunisia, the species is the most abundant wild pollinator of Hedysarum coronarium, a crop that is cultivated for forage (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987).

habitat:
This species seems to have a fairly long flight period in that males fly in March, April and May, while the females fly from May to July. The species prefers foraging on Echium spp. (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Banaszak and Rasmont 1994) and legumes (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987). In the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana it is associated with Mediterranean-type shrublands and open grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and any threats to this species. It does occur in at least one major protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species occurs in southern France and southern Spain (Friese 1986). Outside of Europe the species occurs in Algeria.The finding from Italy reported by Pagliano (1993) as Tetralonia nigrifacies (Dours 1873) collected by Grandi (1934) and probably taken up by Ascher and Pickering (2013) is wrong because Grandi (1934) refers to Tetralonia nigrifacies Lep. (syn. nov.), currently Eucera nigrifacies Lep. however this needs to be verified.

population:
There is no information on the species' population status or trends.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from May to July (Friese 1896, Saunders 1908, Grandi 1934). No further information on the habitat or ecology of the species is known.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and any threats to this species, while taxonomic research should be conducted to look at specimens from Italy. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
The species is found in several countries from central and southern Europe to eastern Europe. Kuhlmann et al. (2012) states that the species is also found in Turkey, Israel, Syria and Jordan.

population:
There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown. The species appears to be rare (Friese 1896, Iuga 1958).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands and flies from May to July. It has been collected on Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae) (Friese 1896) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). In Greece, it has been reported to fly from March (Standfuss 2009). Males have been recorded on Ophrys bucephala and O. villosa (Orchidaceae) (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera cypria is a little known species described by Alfken (1933) from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is also known from Israel and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Iraq (Grace 2010).

population:
There is no information available on either the population status or trends for this species.

habitat:
This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been recorded upon Ophrys heterochila (Orchidaceae). The bee flies early in the year, and Mavromoustakis (1948c, 1951, 1953) recorded this species on the wing from January to March in Cyprus. He also recorded the species foraging upon Lithospermum hispidulum (Boraginaceae), Mandragora officinarum (Solanaceae), Asphodelus ramosus micropodioides (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae), Lamium amplexicaule (Lamiaceae) and Lathyrus annuus (Fabaceae) and so the species is probably polylectic.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution and is tolerant of a broad range of habitats.

range:
The species occurs in southern Europe and the steppes of Ukraine, Romania and Hungary (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Spain, Macedonia, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation. It is also found in the Middle East and western north Africa.

population:
The species is seldom recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera dalmatica inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. The species flies from May to July (Ban Calefariu and Matache 2008) or earlier in Cyprus (April-June) (Mavromoustakis 1948, 1952, 1957) and later in Romania (August) (Iuga 1958). It has been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys calypsus (Gaskett 2011) and has been found foraging on Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1957), Cirsium lanceolatum (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958) and Pisum arvense (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010). However, the species appears to be foraging principally upon Echium (Boraginaceae) (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and any threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research should be conducted to assess the status of the species.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from Spain, where specimens have been collected and described as Eucera bolivari (Dusmet y Alonso 1926), but these have then been placed in synonymy with E. decolorata (Risch 1999).Outside of Europe, this species is known from Algeria, from where it was described (Gribodo 1924), Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987) and Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

population:
The population size and trend for this species are unknown.

habitat:
The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland, however this requires confirmation for Spain. Specimens in the Natural History Museum, London, collected in Cyrene (Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya) are certainly from this habitat type (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the species abundance on the island of Lesvos, and its preference for foraging upon a broad range of plant species. Research should be conducted into the species population size and trends, while any direct threats that may affect the species need to be studied.

range:
Eucera digitata occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Iran. It has never been found in its locus typicus (Catania, Sicily) after it was described by Friese (1896) from specimens which were supposed to be collected there. Therefore the presence of this species in Sicily is to be considered doubtful (Risch 2003).

population:
Eucera digitata is quite commonly found in the Middle East (Risch 2003) and is very plentiful in Lesvos in a range of Mediterranean habitats (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). However, the population trends are not known within Europe.

habitat:
The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is presumed to be polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species such as Alkanna tinctoria (Boraginaceae), Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae), Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae), Asphodelus ramosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Anthemis arvensis, Calendula arvensis, Scorzonera sublanata (Asteraceae), Muscari commutatum (Asparagaceae), Trifolium repens, Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium scabrum, Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium grandiflorum, Trifolium pillulare, Vicia villosa, Hymenocarpos circinnatus (Fabaceae), Gynandriris sisyrinchium (Iridaceae), Gagea graeca (Liliaceae) (Nielsen et al. 2011).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to April.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but are likely to include over-grazing of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size and trends, and to ascertain if there are any direct threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
The species is only found on the islands of Crete (Greece) and Cyprus in Europe.Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Grace 2010) and from Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
The species can nest in "very dense monospecific nesting aggregations" (Vereecken et al. 2012). On Cyprus, it has been reported as the most abundant bee species foraging on the observed flora (Nachtigall 1994). No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera dimidiata inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and sandy areas adjacent to the coast. In Cyprus the species flies from February to March and has been recorded while foraging on Calendula persica (Asteraceae), Salvia verbenacea (Lamiaceae) Fumaria sp.(Fumariaceae), Echium sericeum (Boraginaceae), Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1953), Echium angustifolium, Erucaria myagroides and Hyosciamus albus (Nachtigall 1994). Male bees have been found nectaring on Medicago marina (Fabaceae) on a beach in Crete (B. Jacobi pers. comm. 2010). The species has been reported on Ophrys flavomarginata (Paulus and Gack 1988).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known but, considering the habitat, are likely to include over-grazing, and in coastal areas of Crete, the expansion of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe the species is known from Romania and Ukraine, although in Ukraine the presence is indicated but with no precise locality (Iuga 1958, Litvinenko 1992). Outside of Europe, the species was found by Friese (1896) from the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia. The species also occurs in the Caucasus and Pakistan (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
The population trend for this species is unknown.

habitat:
The species was described from the Kyzyl Kum desert and, given its distribution, it may be associated with desert and dry savanna-type vegetation or temperate grassland vegetation. The species flies in July and forages on Malvacee (Iuga 1958). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology for this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its population size, trends, threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
This recently described species is found on the island of Lesvos in Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Israel (Risch 1999, Grace 2010).

population:
This species was fairly abundant when field work was conducted in 2004 (S. Roberts. pers. comm. 2013). It was described from five specimens by Risch (1999) from the island of Lesvos. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera ebmeri inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland biotopes, including olive groves and semi-natural phrygana. The species has been reported to be on the wing from February to May. Flower visitation has been reported from Muscari commutatum (Liliaceae), Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae), Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium angustifolium, Vicia villosa (Fabaceae) (Nielsen et al. 2011).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species and there is continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe the species was recorded on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Balearic islands, under the name of Eucera trivittata (Friese 1896), and also in southern France (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Vereecken et al. 2007). Outside of Europe, the species is widely distributed in north-western Africa in Algeria and Morocco (from where it was described), and Tunisia.

population:
The species can be locally abundant (Vereecken et al. 2007). There is no information on the population trend of the species.

habitat:
The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and open, floristically diverse, Quercus suber / Fraxinus / Pinus pinea grassland. E. elongatula has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species on the Balearic Islands (Friese 1896), and Muscari neglectum (Liliaceae), Salvia sp., Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and the the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys scolopax in the south of France (Vereecken et al. 2007).It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires. In the dehesas of Andalucia, suitable habitat has been subjected to conifer plantation and thus been converted.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species while further research should be conducted on the taxonomy to separate findings from records of similar species. The species is known to occur in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and a presumed large population, at least in part of its geographic range. However the threats to this species are unknown so further research is required.

range:
Eucera eucnemidea is found in the western Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Adriatic coast. It is the only species showing a western Mediterranean distribution from within its subgenus, Pteneucera (Tkalcu 1984), which has seven other species all distributed in the eastern Mediterranean sea (Risch 1997). The species has been recently reported as new in Croatia (Jozan 2009). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Algeria and Tunisia.

population:
There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown. It is frequently recorded in Spain (Ornosa 1993), but stated as threatened with extinction in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). In Italy, it seems that it is most frequently found in Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004).

habitat:
Eucera eucnemidea inhabits Mediterranean shrubland, lowland plains and can be found at altitudes up to 1,450 m (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). It is associated with the orchid Ophrys lacaitae through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011). It has also been recorded while foraging on Cirsium tuberosum (Ornosa 1993).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, but are not presumed to present any concern as the species remains widespread and plentiful throughout its range.

conservationAction:
The species is considered threatened with extinction in Slovakia (Belakova 1996).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action but it is present in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana - Arroyo de Partido). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, research the population size and trends, and identify any existing threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since there are only very few records and nothing is known on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is presently known only from southern Hungary (from where it was described) and Turkey (Özbek 2010). However, the boundaries of the geographic area of the species have changed and the area is now in Croatia (Risch 2003). The findings in the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, reported by Iuga (1958) have to be confirmed.

population:
The species is not common and is only known from a small number of specimens, from two distinct sub-populations. Further information on the population size and trends are not known.

habitat:
This species has been recorded in June on Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010) and therefore can be associated with pasture land as this species is usually grown for the cultivation of forage. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is not enough information on its population size, trends, threats and ecological requirements. Research needs to be carried out to determine the status of the species.

range:
In Europe the species occurs in Greece (Risch 1999). Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey including the western provinces, Syria, Jordan and Iran.

population:
This species is apparently not rare. Risch (1999) has recognized this new species based on 91 specimens collected. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is univoltine, in that the species only has one generation per year, and it is on the wing from late-May to mid-July. The peak of the flight season is in June (Risch 1999). It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland vegetation.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
In Europe, the species occurs in European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia.

population:
There is no information on population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
The species was described from the desert. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is known from Greece. Outside of Europe the species is known from Turkey and Israel.

population:
This species is rare (Risch 2003). Twenty two individuals were recorded from Attiki on mainland Greece (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been recorded on Tremastelma palaestinum and Teucrium divaricatum (Standfuss 2009) and at various species in the families Dipsacaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceea, Cistaceae and Malvaceae) (Petanidou 1994). The species flies from April to July.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the the species' common occurrence on Cyprus, its wide distribution outside of Europe and a broad preference for a range of plant species. There may also be a rescue effect from the nearby mainland countries. However, research should be conducted to determine if there are any threats to the species on the island.

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is known from Israel, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Risch 2003).

population:
The species is commonly found within its distribution range (Risch 2003). No information is known on the species' population trends.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland (including post-fire maquis and abandoned vineyards) and has been recorded on Statice sinuata, Cistus spp., Anchusa spp., Trifolium spp, Calendula persica, Fumaria spp. and Erodium (Mavromoustakis 1951) as well as on the Orchid Ophrys umbilicata (Gaskett 2011). The species flies from March to July (Vachal 1907).Specimen label data from Israel shows that the bee will visit Lamium moschatum (Lamiaceae), Alkanna strigosa, Anchusa undulatum, Echium angustifolium (Boraginaceae), Lathyrus blepharicarpus, Medicago polymorpha (Fabaceae), Asphodelus fistulosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size and trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Near Threatened because, although it is relatively abundant within its small range, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 8,890 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,740 km2 and the species is severely fragmented as it has two subpopulations on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma.

range:
The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and has been recorded only on Tenerife and La Palma, although all the islands of the archipelago have been surveyed (Báez and Ortega 1978). The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 8,890 km2 and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than the combined area of Tenerife and La Palma, 2,740 km2. The species is found from sea level to 2,150 m above sea level.

population:
Although the species has been recorded only from a restricted area in the Canarian Archipelago, it may be locally abundant (Dupont et al. 2003). The population trend is unknown. The species occurs in two localities as it is only found on Tenerife and La Palma, and can therefore be said to be severely fragmented, with very little chance of genetic exchange between these two subpopulations.

habitat:
The species inhabits a temperate-type shrubland in a typical high-altitude sub-alpine desert, and visits endemic plant species on Tenerife, such as Erysimum scoparium, Spartocytisus supranubius (Fabaceae), Nepeta teydea (Lamiaceae) (Dupont et al. 2003) and several Aeonium species (Crassulaceae) (Esfeld et al. 2009). It is a major pollinator of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) (Dupont et al. 2004).

threats:
This native Canary Island species could be threatened by the invasive and competitive introduced honey bees, possibly resulting in exploitative competition (Dupont et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species occurs within the protected area of the Teide National Park on the Canary Islands. The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and certain threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species is only found on the Greek mainland and on the island of Lesvos. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Iran (Grace 2010). It also has been reported from Romania (Iuga 1958, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008) but this needs to be confirmed.

population:
In Turkey the species may be locally abundant (Ozbek 2010). No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland or grassland. Both sexes are on the wing during May and June in Lebanon, from May to July in Mainland Greece (Standfuss, 2009) and it has a strong preference for Cirsium syriacum (Grace 2010). In Turkey, from the end of May to mid-August, the species especially contributes to the pollination of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Clover spp. and other leguminous plants that are important as fodder (Ozbek 2010).

threats:
A potential threat to the species could be the decline in the cultivation of leguminous species, which the bee forages upon, due to other plant species being planted. In common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any further threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is presently known only from France (S. Risch pers. comm. 2013), Italy (Comba and Comba 1991), Portugal and Spain (Kuhlmann et al. 2012) in the western Mediterranean region (Banaszak and Ortiz 1993). Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa.

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from May to June (Comba and Comba 1991). In Andalucia, it inhabits mature mattoral on stabilized dune with Lavandula stoechas and Halimium commutatum, and typical Mediterranean phryganic habitats. The bee is univoltine, in that it only has one generation per year, and it flies in March and April. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires, and the coastal dune habitats are under pressure from the development of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and definite threats to this species. It occurs in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its population size and trends, threats and conservation status and the continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
This is a very variable species with many infra-specific forms, which makes identification complicated. Consequently, the distribution is uncertain. Friese (1896) reports a wide distribution: north Africa, southern Europe, Hungary and Russia, and east to Central Asia. In recent years the species is mentioned in Spain (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993), Italy (Pagliano 1993), France (Rasmont et al. 1995), and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, and temperate shrublands and grasslands. In Spain, the species flies from April to June and has been collected at altitudes over 1,500 m asl (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). In Algeria, it shows an even longer flight period, from March to July, where it has been recorded while foraging on Teucrium flavum, Marrubium candidissimum, Salvia bertolonii (Lamiaceae), Onopordon illyricum (Asteraceae) and Dorycnium (=Bonjeania) hirsutum (Fabaceae) in Istria (Schletterer 1895). It was also collected in Turkey on Althaea hohenackeri (Malvaceae) (Ozbek 2010). Males have been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys candica (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy and thus correct distribution, population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution it probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and the current and potential threats to the species.

range:
Eucera hungarica is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Russia. It has never been found in France, though it probably occurs there. It is not found in any northern European countries. Outside of Europe the species has been found in Armenia (Friese 1896). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Ukraine and, outside of Europe, in Turkey.

population:
The species may be locally abundant in Mediterranean areas and thus the populations are presumed to be large (Ozbek 2010), but it is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera hungarica inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. The species appears to be a polylectic species, in that it forages for pollen at a wide variety of wild plants. In Turkey (Ozbek 2010) it has been recorded while foraging on Anchusa angustissima, A. italica, Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Ajuga chia, A. orientalis, Salvia aethiopis, S. candidissima, S. frigida, Stachys spp., (Lamiaceae); Centaurea calcitrapa, C. carduiformis, C. solstitialis, Cychorium inthybus, Cirsium spp., Carduus spp. Onopordun spp. (Asteracerae); Pedicularis tuberosa, P. comosa (Orobanchaceae) and is especially abundant on Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010). Males have been recorded in Italy in April-May and they visit Anchusa and Nonea (Boraginaceae) during May while the females visit Centaurea cyanea (Asteraceae) during June (Quaranta et al. 2004). Medicago sativa (Fabaceae) is also a forage plant (Friese 1896, Tasei 1978). Females are still on the wing in July in Spain (Dusmet y Alonso 1926). In Romania it has also been recorded on Anchusa officinalis, Cerinthe minor, Nonea pulla (Boraginaceae); Trifolium pratense, Astragalus onobrychis, Coronilla (Fabaceae); Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae); Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) and Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) (Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovakia (Rare; Belakova 1996) and Switzerland as Tetralonia hungarica (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern as it has been recorded over a very wide area, it is polylectic (forage generalist) and occurs over a broad range of habitats. However the species is declining and further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.

range:
Eucera interrupta is distributed in southern, central and eastern Europe, including European Russia (Popova 1990). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species is also found within Bulgaria, Macedonia and Ukraine. The northern limit for this species may be northern Germany (Friese 1896) although more recent reports may exist which could change the known northern limit. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey and the Caucasus.

population:
The species was considered very common in central Europe at the end of the 19th century (Friese 1896), particularly on roadsides and hedges (Schletterer 1895) and the specimens of this species are abundant in the ancient collections. Recently it has been found to be common only in Hungary (Jozan 2011). Today, the species is reported as rare in Spain (Ornosa 1993) and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). It is also also threatened in the Czech Republic and Germany (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). The population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
The species is found in Mediterranean shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is polylectic and recorded in central Europe mainly on Fabaceae species (Amiet 1994) such as Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum, Coronilla varia, Astragalus spp., Vicia spp., Trifolium spp. (Iuga 1958), Vicia varia, Vicia hybrida and Coronilla emerus (Schletterer 1895). It is also found visiting Boraginaceae such as Nonea spp. (Friese 1896), Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum officinale, Symphytum officinale; and on other plants including Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Phlomis pungens, Nepeta cataria and Marrubium peregrinum (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958).   In the Mediterranean shrubland of Croatia it is more common on Lamiaceae such as Ajuga genevensis, Thymus dalmaticus, Thymus chamaedrys, Stachys recta, Salvia bertolonii and Asteraceae (Helichrysum angustifolium) or Caryophyllaceae (Lychnis flos-cuculi) (Schletterer 1895). In Turkey it is found on Lamiaceae such as Salvia aethiopis, S. frigida, Stachys lavandulaefolia, Teucrium orientale and Asteraceae such as Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calçitrapa, C. solstitialis, Cichorium intybus and Carduus crispus (Özbek 2010). Males of the species are also associated with the orchid Ophrys scolopax through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas, although the details are not known. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
In Europe, the species occurs in Greece (Crete and the East Aegean islands) (Tkalcu 1984, Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species' range includes Turkey and northern Iran. It is also reported from Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013 - specimen labelled as this species in the Oxford University Museum).

population:
There is no information on the population size and trends for this species although data from Lesvos suggest that the species is encountered there in small numbers in suitable habitat.

habitat:
The species occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland and disturbed areas such as managed olive groves and roadside verges (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Information from specimen data labels shows that the species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from March to May. Individuals have been found visiting Anthemis arvensis (Asteraceae) and Salvia fruticosa (Lamiaceae). Further work is necessary to establish key pollen forage plants.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known although, given the nature of the phryganic habitats that the species utilises, it is probably susceptible to overgrazing and any increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and current and future threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is only found on the Canary Islands in Europe and may well be threatened due to the low extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or area of occupancy (AOO).

range:
In Europe, the species is only known from Canary Islands (Ortiz-Sanchez 2011). Outside of Europe it is found in Egypt (Baker 1997) and Morocco (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
It is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this poorly known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population distribution, size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
This species was described by Alfken (1935) from Palestine. Few findings have been reported to date, and the only ones in Europe are from Grace (2010), for the Aegean Islands in Greece. It is also found in Israel.

population:
It appears to have a fragmented population as it is only known from the east Aegean Islands, Israel and Palestine, however further research is necessary. The species occurs plentifully on the island of Lesvos in a variety of suitable habitats.

habitat:
The species inhabits a variety of Mediterranean-type shrublands in the Greek islands. It is univoltine, in that it only has one generation per year, and it flies from March to May. The flower visitation has been observed, and includes a variety of species in a number of plant families (Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae and Liliaceae). Precise details of pollen sources are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology (pollen sources) and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It is worth noting that the species is listed as Near Threatened or threatened in the National Red Lists of Germany, the Netherlands and Norway and changes in agricultural practices are posing a threat to this species.

range:
Eucera longicornis is a Palearctic species recorded in almost all European countries, including those in Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in China, Kazakhstan and central Asian Russia.

population:
The species  is mostly recorded from individual observations, although in some cases it can be abundant i.e., in cultivated areas (Tasei 1978). Fluctuations in the population of this species and a moderate decline in the long- and short-term population trend have been reported in the Red Data List of the Bees of Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). In Great Britain, the species has declined markedly since 1990 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The current population trend elsewhere is unknown.

habitat:
The species is one of the main pollinators of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and is associated with Fabaceae meadows and grasslands, although it also visits Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae and Campanulaceae (Tasei 1978). Like many Eucera sp, it is associated with sexually deceptive orchids like the Ophrys spp. (fuciflora, helenae, holoserica, scolopax) (Gaskett 2011). The species is univoltine and the flight period is from April to July.

threats:
While the threats to this species are poorly known, it has been widely recorded globally, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. In Great Britain, shifts in agricultural practice are regarded as a driver of decline and these include moving from hay cropping to silage (which removes the floral resources before flowering) and nitrogen enrichment of grasslands (which tends to suppress Fabaceae). Ecologist Professor John Rodwell stated in a recent interview (2013): "Over England and Wales, the last reliable overall survey showed us that in the last century we have lost about 97% of the hay meadows that we had."

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). There appear to be few direct conservation measures in place for this species although it is listed as a species of Principal Importance on Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006) in the UK. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to research the population size and trends and to identify any future or potential threats. The species is present in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The geographic range of this species is hard to define, due to potential misidentifications. In Europe, the species is thought to occur only in Greece (Grace 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and potentially Germany (GBIF 1950). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where it was described by Gribodo (1893) (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2013), Morocco (GBIF 2001, Kuhlmann et al. 2013), Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Western Sahara (Kuhlmann et al. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrublands in Greece and the Greek islands. It has been found in Lesvos on vegetated sandy shorelines and in managed hillside olive groves and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There appear to be no data on flower visitation or pollen sources.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known although, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats and sandy shorelines in the Mediterranean area, over grazing and an increased incidence of fire are potential threats as is the development of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population distribution, size, trends, habitat and ecology (flower visitation or pollen sources) and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
In Europe, the species is only known from the Canary Islands (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and any potential threats to this poorly known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is known from European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe it is also know from the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia (Friese 1986).

population:
There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.

habitat:
The species is inhabits desert biotopes. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
In Europe the species is found on the island of Lesvos (Grace 2010) and outside of Europe, in Turkey and Syria. (Tkalcu 1987, Risch 1999).

habitat:
The species is active on the wing from mid May to early July (Risch 1999). The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland on the island of Lesvos.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known although in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be threatened by over grazing and an increased incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is known by few records, only at the edges of the Mediterranean, such as Spain, Italy (Sicily) and Greece (East Aegean islands) (Friese 1896, Zavattari 1913). Outside of Europe, the species' range includes Syria, Tunisia (Friese 1896) and Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

habitat:
The species flies from March to May (Friese 1896, Zavattari 1913) and is found in a variety of Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland habitats, including olive groves and vegetated sandy beaches (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).Flower visitation by males has been observed at Asphodelus (Xanthorrhoeaceae), but the pollen sources remain unknown.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known although, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats and sandy shorelines in the Mediterranean area, over grazing and an increased incidence of fire are potential threats, as is the development of tourist infrastructure.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends and threats.

range:
In Europe this species has been recorded from Bulgaria and the East Aegean islands of Greece (Risch 2003, Grace 2010) and, outside of Europe, from Syria, Israel and Turkey (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013, Risch 2003).

population:
The species is apparently common as it is abundant in the collections that have been studied (Risch 2003) but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This euryoecious species has been recorded from sea-level to altitudes up to 1,900 m (Risch 2003) and it flies from April to June. It is also associated with Mediterranean-type shrublands (such as abandoned olive groves) or grassland.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It is worth noting that the species is considered Regionally Extinct in Great Britain and Critically Endangered in the Netherlands.

range:
The species is known from central and southern Europe, but it is not found in Scandinavia or the Baltic States. It has been recorded at altitudes of up to 800 m (Quaranta et al. 2004). Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey (Özbek 2010), Jordan (Al-Ghzawi et al. 2006) and Iran (Grace 2010).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance and trend of this species although repeated collecting indicates a constant presence (Quaranta el al. 2004; Westrich et al., 2008).

habitat:
Eucera nigrescens inhabits temperate grasslands and is known to specialize on Fabaceae species (Friese 1896, Tasei 1978, Standfuss 2009), while it is also associated with the sexually deceptive orchids from the Ophrys genus (fuciflora, parvimaculata, scolopax) (Gaskett 2011).  This species flies from April to June.

threats:
The changes in agricultural practices, particularly the reduction of Fabaceae farming, may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability and therefore threaten this species. Several studies have highlighted a correlation between the decrease of legume crops and the decline of specialist legume bees (e.g., species of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachile spp.) (Patiny et al. 2009)). A possible threat to the species is from habitat loss due to commercial and residential development on the species' habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to research the population size and trends and to identify any further threats. It is not known if the species is present within any protected area. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because of the species' wide distribution, presumed large population in the southern part of its geographic range and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats. However research is needed to establish the threats to this species.

range:
Eucera nigrifacies is widely distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe but only as far north as France. Outside of Europe, this species ranges from north Africa to the Middle East.

population:
Eucera nigrifacies is the most abundant species of the genus in central and southern Europe and the only species of the northern Mediterranean region, within its subgenus, Pteneucera (Risch 1997). The population trend for this species is not known. Outside of Europe, it is abundant in the Middle-East, the Caucasus and north Iran.

habitat:
Eucera nigrifacies inhabits Mediterranean shrubland vegetation. The species shows a long flight period, from March to August, within its geographic range (Quaranta et al. 2004, Risch 1997) and has been recorded foraging on different plant families, including Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Malvaceae species (Özbek 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, understand the population size and trends, and to identify any existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. Further research is required to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera nigrilabris is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in north Africa, Israel and Turkey.

population:
The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. Repeated collecting on same plot over a three year period show a small but constant presence (Quaranta et al. 2004).

habitat:
Eucera nigrilabris inhabits Mediterranean shrubland but there is little information about its foraging preferences although, like many Eucera sp., it is associated with the sexually deceptive orchids Ophrys aprilia, O. tenthredinifera, and O. villosa (Gaskett 2011). In Greece it has been recorded while foraging on Vicia dasycarpa (Grace 2010), Alkanna graeca (Standfuss 2009) and Alkanna tinctoria (T. Petanidou pers. comm. 2001). This species flies from February to May. In Romania it has been recorded on Vicia sp.and Lamium sp., and flies also in June (Iuga 1958).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas and does not appear in any National Red List. Further research is required to establish the current status throughout its range, to understand the ecology and to identify any existing threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the continuing uncertainty on the species' taxonomic status, the absence of information on its population size, trends, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. Research is required to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species is only known from Italy (Pagliano 1994), Syria (Baker 1997) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There are many synonyms, therefore further taxonomic research is absolutely necessary.

habitat:
It is thought to possibly occur in desert habitats in parts of its range, however, specimen data from Israel show it to be present in Mediterranean-type shrublands associated with abandoned vineyards. The flight period is from late March to May and flower visitation has been observed at Anchusa undulata (Boraginaceae) and Silybum marianum (Asteraceae). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species within the European parts of the range.

threats:
The threats to this species are not known in Europe, however, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increased incidence of fires.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population distribution, size, trends, taxonomy, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only been described from a small number of records, and due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, threats and conservation status of this species. Further research is required to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera notata is found in Portugal, Spain and the islands of Italy and also on Crete (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and knowledge of the species is based on only a small number of records. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia eastwards to the Negev Desert in southern Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).

population:
The populations are small and knowledge of the species is based on only a small number of records. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Eucera notata inhabits Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on Ophrys sphegifera (Gaskett 2011). This species flies in Spring, from March to August in Spain and favours the flowers of Echium sp., Carduus sp., Lavandula sp., Calendula sp., Oxalis sp., and Erodium sp. (Dusmet y Alonso 1926).

conservationAction:
Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear in any National Red Lists. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any existing threats and to investigate the ecological requirements. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, further research is required to further investigate the ecological requirements of this species.

range:
The species is distributed within southern Europe, in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Malta. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.

population:
Eucera numida shows locally abundant populations that have been recorded on cultivated Fabaceae species. On isolated plots, populations can reach high densities of up to 100-150 individuals per square meter (Benachour et al. 2007). However, no data are available about current population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is associated with xeric Mediterranean shrubland habitats, such as those found in southern Spain, Sardinia, and the north African coast. It is strongly associated with Fabaceae for foraging, and has been recorded as the main pollinator of Hedysarum coronarium in Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987) and of Vicia faba in southern Spain and Algeria (Benachour et al. 2007). The flight period is short, from April to May.

threats:
The changes in agricultural practices, particularly the reduction of Fabaceae farming, may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability and therefore threaten this species. Several studies have highlighted a correlation between the decrease of legume crops and the decline of specialist legume bees like species of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachile spp.) (Patiny et al. 2009).A possible threat to the species is from habitat loss due to commercial and residential development on the species habitat.

conservationAction:
It is not known if the species is present in any protected area and no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. Additional research is required to further investigate the ecological requirements of this species.


range:
This species is limited to the western Mediterranean area, occurring on the Iberian Peninsula (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993) and in the western north African countries (Risch 2003).

habitat:
The species is presumably thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.

range:
Eucera obsoleta occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands of Greece (Grace 2010). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs in Italy. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species. Specimen label data from Israel shows that it flies in March and April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Eucera oraniensis is found in the western Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Adriatic coast (Comba and Comba 1991, Rasmont et al. 1995, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is found in all north African countries.

habitat:
The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on the sexual deceptive orchid Ophrys bombyliflora (Gaskett 2011). It flies as a single brood from March to May (Quaranta et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as it may be a synonym of other species), population size, trends, habitats, ecology and any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Eucera palestinae occurs in Europe on Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population sizes and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.


range:
The geographical distribution of Eucera pannonica is poorly known. The species is found in the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, Austria, Romania, Hungary and European Russian Federation (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe it is known from Algeria (Aouar-Sadli et al. 2012) and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

population:
The species is considered as rare in Algeria (Aouar-Sadli 2012). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
There is little information available on the habitats and ecology of this species. It is thought to occur in Mediterranean type shrubland and temperate grassland and it has been reported on Hedysarum coronarium (Fabaceae) and Ranunculus spicatus (Ranunculaceae) (Aouar-Sadli et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, the population size and trends, ecology, and any threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.

range:
The species' range includes south-eastern European countries such as Bulgaria and Greece (Risch 2003). Outside of Europe it is found in western Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Israel and Syria) and the Caucasus (Daghestan).

habitat:
The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species flies from April to July (Risch 2003).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, population size, trends, ecological requirements, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its common population in Greece and its preference for a wide range of plant species. Research however should be conducted in order to understand the population trends and treats to this species.

range:
In Europe the species has only recently been recorded from the Greek mainland (Petanidou 1994, Standfuss 2009) and the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species has been reported in Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).

population:
The species is common in Greece (Standfuss 2009). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is the first to come out at the end of winter and flies during February, March and April. It has been recorded visiting Bunias erucago and Salvia triloba (Standfuss 2009) and various other plants in the families Xanthorrhoaceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Orobanchaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae (Petanidou 1994) and is generally associated with Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland.

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the population trends and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its population size, trends, threats and ecological requirements. Research should be conducted on the status of the species.

range:
In Europe, the species is only found in the Eastern Aegean islands (Lesvos) and in Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is found in southern Turkey and Israel (Risch 1997).

population:
There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species although field work in Lesvos has shown the species to be common in a range of Mediterranean shrubland habitats (S. Roberts. pers. comm. 2013).

habitat:
The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrublands, roadside verges and vegetated sandy beaches. It is univoltine, in that is only has one generation per year, and it flies from late March to May. The flower visitation has been observed at Dorycnium hirsutum (Fabaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013), although there are no data available on pollen forage sources. Eucera penicillata is associated with the orchids Ophrys bornmuelleri and O. umbilicata relating to the well known sexual deceptive behaviour (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


range:
Eucera plumigera is a poorly known species, found in the eastern Mediterranean region, mainly Greece and Romania (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). It occurs in the northern high mountains of Turkey, from where it was described (Kohl 1905), as well as in Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).

habitat:
The species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Israel (including areas of post-fire regeneration), and has been recorded in March and April on Iris spp. flowers (O'Toole 2003) and also on Salvia fruticosa and S. hierosolymitana (Lamiaceae), Papaver subpyriforme (Papaveraceae), Echium angustifolium, Anchusa strigosa (Boraginaceae) and Cercis siliquastrum (Fabaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species has also been found in June on the high mountains of Turkey, from where it was described (Kohl 1905).

conservationAction:
This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.


range:
The species occurs in eastern European countries such as Hungary, Ukraine and Romania and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.


range:
Eucera proxima is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkestan (Friese 1896), Turkey, Syria and Iran (Grace 2010).

population:
There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown, mainly because of its uncertain taxonomic status.

habitat:
This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. In Cyprus the species appears on the wing in March, visiting Fumaria (Fumariaceae) and Anchusa hybrida (Boraginaceae) (Grace 2010). Friese (1896) noted that in Europe the males visit Borago spp. and Nonea spp. while the females fly to Anchusa spp. (all Boraginaceae) during the month of May. The species is also frequently found on Fabaceae e.g., Coronilla spp., Onobrychis sativa, Cytisus hirsutus, C. laburnum, Lathyrus niger, L. sativus, L. tuberosus and Vicia cracca; and also Carduus spp. (Asteraceae) (Ozbek 2010). The species has been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchids Ophrys celiensis, O. lyciensis and O. oxyrrhynchos (Gaskett 2011).

conservationAction:
The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described and although it has been recorded over a very wide area, there are only very few records and there is still very little information on its status, threats and ecological requirements.

range:
In Europe, the species has only recently been described and is only known from Italy and Greece. Outside of Europe, its geographic range includes middle eastern countries, such as Turkey, Israel, Syria and Iran (Grace 2010).

population:
Although it has been recorded over a very wide area, there are relatively few records and there is still very little information available on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
There is little detailed information available for this species. However, it is found in xeric Mediterranean shrubland areas, olive groves, vegetated sandy beaches and in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The flight period is from March to June (Risch 1997).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology and threats to this little-known species. This species does not appear in any National Red List or Red Data Book in Europe.


