# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, present on the islands of Antikythira and Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #The species is known from many places in the lowlands of Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species has an average height of 5.7 - 7.8 mm and a width of 2.6 - 3.5 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas, especially, #in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, found in the western part of the island (Chania) (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #The species seems to be quite common in the western part of Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of 4.2 - 5.9 mm and a width of 2.45 - 2.7 mm.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, distributed in the eastern part of the island (Lasithi) (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
The species is known from a few localities from eastern Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #5.7 - 7.8 mm and a width of 3.0 - 3.7 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, found in the central part of north Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #9.1 - 12.7 mm and a width of 4.0 - 4.2 mm.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, and some nearby islets (i.e. Gavdos, Psira, Paximadia, Giannisada) (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
The species is known from a significant number of localities (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #3.6 - 4.9 mm and a width of 2.2 - 2.45 mm.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, disjunctly distributed, usually at high altitudes (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
This species may be among the most common gastropod species in Crete #(Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #6.4 - 9.4 mm and a width of 2.8 - 3.5 mm. This species is found on #in areas with limestone rocks, and at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,250 m.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Hausdorf (1996) Orculella critica has often been confused with O. ignorata. The species may occur sympatrically in Rhodes (Gittenberger Hausdorf 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is present in various areas of Greece (eastern central Greece, Peloponnese, North Sporades, some of the Cyclades and the eastern Aegean islands (Rhodes included), and also on Kythira and Evvoia Islands. The species is also present in the Turkish west coast  #(Hausdord 1996). #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in various areas of Greece (eastern central Greece, Peloponnese, North Sporades, some of the Cyclades and the eastern Aegean islands (Rhodes included), and also on Kythira and Evvoia Islands. The species is also present in the Turkish west coast  #(Hausdord 1996).

population:
The species is quite widespread and abundant. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
Usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #5.0 - 7.6 mm and a width of 2.2 - 2.9 mm.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single islet nearby Crete, with a total area less than 12 km2. However, this species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #Further studies are required for assessing the population status of the three single island endemic species of #Orculella #on the islet of Dia. #

range:
The species is endemic to the small islet Dia, which lies very near to Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. #This species is an average height of #4.8 - 5.9 mm and a width of 2.0 - 2.3 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there the island of Dia is included in Natura 2000 (site #GR4310003), there is no conservation action regarding the species. Population studies are recommended.


range:
The species is endemic to the Aegean Sea (Greece), located at the islands of Kasos, Karpathos and Saria (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. # #The species is known from a number of locations on the islands distributed in the Aegean Sea (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #5.8 - 7.6 mm and a width of 2.6 - 2.8 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas i on its region of distribution included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, found in the north part of central Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. The species is know from a number of locations in the north part of central Crete (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #6.8 - 8.4 mm and a width of 3.0 - 3.3 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least Concern (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic of a single islet nearby Crete, with a total area less than 12 km2. #This species is thought to be relatively abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #Further studies are requited for assessing the population status of the three single island endemic species of #Orculella #on the islet of Dia.

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. # #The species is known from a rather restricted number of individuals (Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004). #

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. This species is an average height of #4.6 - 5.1 mm and a width of 2.2 - 2.3 mm.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there the island of Dia is included in Natura 2000 (site #GR4310003), there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is distributed in Greece (Macedonia and Thraki), the island of Thasos, the eastern Aegean Islands and the west and south Anatolian coasts in Turkey (Hausdorf 1996). #The species is quite widespread and abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in Greece (Macedonia and Thraki), the island of Thasos, the eastern Aegean Islands and the west and south Anatolian coasts in Turkey (Hausdorf 1996).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #The species is quite widespread, known from a large number of localities. #

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #4.8 - 8.1 mm and a width of 2.4 - 3.4 mm.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic of a single islet nearby Crete, with a total area less than 12 km2. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #Further studies are requited for assessing the population status of the three single island endemic species of #Orculella #on the islet of Dia. #

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #According to #(Gittenberger and Hausdorf 2004) it is the most common Orculella species of Dia.

habitat:
This species is usually found on the soil under stones and limestone rocks. It can be found in a variety of vegetation types. #This species is an average height of #4.0 - 6.1 mm and a width of 2.4 - 2.7 mm. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there the island of Dia is included in Natura 2000 (site #GR4310003), there is no conservation action regarding the species. Population studies are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite widespread and abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in #Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Iran #(Hausdorf 1996, Schütt 2001).

habitat:
The species is usually found in areas with limestone in highlands (Hausdorf 1996, Schütt 2005).

threats:
There are no known direct threats to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is currently applied.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species, only the nominotypical subspecies, O. t. templorum, occurs in Europe.

redListCategoryRationale:
The nominotypical subspecies is endemic to Sicily (Italy). The species  seems to be widely distributed in Sicily, with exception of the  northeastern part of the island; in total, 14 locations (= 14 sites) are  known. However, the area of occupancy is restricted, the distribution area is considered as fragmented, and the species is threatened by ongoing agricultural and pasturing activities. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The nominotypical subspecies is endemic to Sicily (Italy). The species seems to be widely distributed in Sicily, with exception of the northeastern part of the island; in total, 14 locations (= 14 sites) are known. The distribution area is considered as fragmented.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, field observations suggest that the species is declining.

habitat:
This species lives in leaf litter in half-open rocky biotops in Mediterranean vegetation types.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the ongoing agricultural and pasturing activities, which alter the quality of the habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough data from the populations in Italy, which make up the majority of the species' range (around 80-90%), in terms of the population, distribution, size and trend. Until more information is available in these areas the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The current distribution is known from the south-western Alps: Switzerland (South Ticino), North Italy (Alpi Maritime to Lago di Garda), France (Alpes-Maritimes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). About 80-90% of the range is in Italy.

population:
The density is locally high and the populations are stable in Switzerland and in France.There is no information on the populations in Italy.

habitat:
This species lives in moist areas in deciduous forests, under stones and in the leaf litter.

threats:
There are no actual known threats known in Switzerland and France. Intensification of forest use and logging is a potential threat however.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Endangered (EN) (Turner et al. 1998).Information on the population, distribution, size and trend of the populations in Italy as well as potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, present in Epirus and some parts of south #mainland #Greece (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990).

habitat:
The species lives in humid limestone rocks covered by mosses. #The species is extremely small in size (3 - 4.5 mm length and 1.4 - 1.8 mm width) #(Gittenberger 1978).

threats:
There is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats. However this species is dependent on some species of mosses, and if the mosses were effected this could be a threat to the snail.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to two islands in the Aegean Sea. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, present in the islands of Ikaria and Samos (Gittenberger 1978).

habitat:
The species lives in humid limestone rocks covered by mosses. #The species is extremely small in size (2.5 - 3 mm length and 1.7 - 1.8 mm width) #(Gittenberger 1978).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions related with the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only a few known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The type locality of this species is "Croatia: Dalmatia, Crkvice  mountains near Kotor" and it is distributed from the southernmost part of Dalmatia to northern Albania. Published locations are: Montenegro: four km South of Arbnesh, 10 km East of Duravci (Subai 2009); 11 locations near Kotor, Virpazar, Cetinje, Podgorica and Shkoder (Klemm 1939).In the HNHM collection there are unpublished records from Montenegro: Rumija Mountains, near Tudemili, Albania: Qukes-Shkumbin , East of Qafa Priskes, and the debris of Drin River near Koman.

threats:
This species does not seems to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas.     The geographic range of this species is not exactly known, and therefore any research activity should focus on that. Its taxonomy also needs further research due to ongoing confusion.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, present in the south part of Peloponnese (Gittenberger 1978).

habitat:
The species lives in humid limestone rocks covered by mosses. #Pagodulina klemmi #is an extremely small sized species (2.3 - 2.6 mm height and 1.2 - 1.3 mm width) (Gittenberger 1978).

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas in Peloponnese included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has three recognised subspecies: Pagodulina pagodula pagodula, P. pagodula principalis Klemm, 1939, and P. pagodula altilis Klemm, 1939.

redListCategoryRationale:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. However, it is widely distributed with a range extending from France to Ukraine and there are no identified threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species' range extends from France in the west through Germany, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia to Poland and Ukraine. P. pagodula pagodula is endemic to France (Dordogne) (Jourde 1999); P. pagodula principalis is found in the north-eastern Alps and western Carpathians and P. pagodula altilis on border of the eastern Alps and western Carpathians.

habitat:
The species is found amongst leaf litter in humid woodland.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) on the Austrian Red list (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) and Category R (extremely rare) on the German Red list. The subspecies P. pagodula altilis is assessed as Critical (CR) on the Red list of Poland. Research into any potential threats to the species to indicate any trends in the population is recommended. However, no conservation actions are currently required for the species as a whole.


redListCategoryRationale:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no  data on population trends. However, it is widely distributed throughout south-eastern Europe and there are no identified threats.  Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed throughout south-eastern Europe; being found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia.

habitat:
This species is found amongst leaf litter in humid woodland.

conservationAction:
Research into any potential threats to the species to indicate any trends in the population is recommended. However, no conservation actions are currently required for the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of the following subspecies: Pagodulina #subdola subdola Gredler, 1856, P. subdola #brabeneci Hudec, 1971, P. subdola #gracilior Pilsbry, 1926, P. subdola #litoralis Bole, 1995 and #P. subdola #superstes Klemm, 1935.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations which do #not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The type locality of the nominate subspecies is: "Salurn in Südtirol" (Italy). #This species is distributed from the southeastern Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige, Dolomiti, Prealpi Venete, Karnten, Juli Alps) to southern Albania along the Adriatic coast (Alzona 1971, Bole 1995, Klemm 1939, Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996) and the subspecies P. subdola brabeneci #has an isolated occurrence in the Rhodope Mountains Bulgaria (Irikov and Erőss 2008). In the Mollusc collection of HNHM, there are P. subdola #records from around 30 locations in Italy, Austria, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria, but this probably underestimates the real number or locations/subpopulations. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.The species is also recorded from the Ligurian Alps in Italy and from Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes in France (Gargominy et al. 2008).

habitat:
This species prefers rocky habitats in limestone areas where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other  realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the  complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying,  earthquakes, etc.). Considering its extent of occurrence (EOO) and the fact that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is  only a hypothetical threat at present.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
In Austria, the records of this species are doubted by P. Reischutz (pers. comm. 2010) as, in each case, they come from a single specimen in a population of Pagodulina pagodula. Therefore P. Reischutz  assumes that these records are rather abnormal specimens of P. pagodula and that P. tschapecki is not a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
It is unclear if this species is valid, as it has been described and observed only from single specimen occurring in large samples of Pagodulina pagodula. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species occurs in the eastern Alps in eastern Austria (Steiermark) and northern Slovenia (Pecit mountain). However, there is no material from the Pecit mountain record.

habitat:
This species seems to live in forests under dead leaf litter with a preference for dark and shaded areas.

conservationAction:
First of all more research on the taxonomy is needed to verify the species' validity.


range:
This is a widespread species that is recorded from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and the Ukraine.It is also known from the mountains at the northern coast of Turkey.

habitat:
This species prefers temperate forests in the mountains, where it lives in shaded and moist places in the leaf litter. At higher altitudes it can also be found in more open places.

threats:
There are actually no known threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the south-eastern Alps. The number of known locations is more than five and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern Alps. There are at least six known locations, but probably much more. Three known locations are in Slovenia in the Triglav region: South of Bohinjsko Jezero, Kamenica gorge near Tolmin and Staro Selo near Kobarid (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished) and mentioned at least at three Italian subregions: Prealpi Venete, Alpi Giulie and Carso (Alzona 1971). There is one definite Italian occurrence at Friuli, Monte Sabotino near  Görz (AnimalBase).         Due to its small size and relatively hidden life, real values are probably much underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the small size and the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found in rock crevices, under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications due to activities such as quarrying. However, total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely, therefore local activities do not affect the whole species significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. However, some known locations are within protected areas. This species is not thought to require conservation actions at this time.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and does not face any threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a European endemic that is found in the Alps and extends to Romania. There are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as it has been confused with Pupilla pratensis.

habitat:
This species occurs in mires and wet meadows, grassland enriched meadows and pastureland.

conservationAction:
In Switzerland, this species is listed as Endangered, as some sites have  been lost in the Rhone valley, but there are still known from around 40  localities. In Bayern (Germany), it is considered as Critically  Endangered. # Due to the confusion # # with Pupilla pratensis, more research is needed on the population and distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is often considered as a variety or synonym of Pupilla muscorum.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as different taxonomic concepts have been applied for this species. A taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in Europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
It is difficult to define the species distribution as different taxonomic concepts have been applied to this species.

population:
There is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate.

habitat:
There is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate.

threats:
There is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate.

conservationAction:
In Switzerland, the species is listed as Critically Endangered, due to the strong population declines. There is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate. A taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the  distribution in Europe as well as status of the populations needs to be  researched.


taxonomicNotes:
This widespread species has been investigated by Proschwitz et al. (2009) revealing that there is another species often confounded with P. muscorum, which proved to be a separate species (Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871)).

range:
Pupilla muscorum is a widespread species that occurs in almost all countries of the European Union. Its exact distribution is unknown, because parts of the literature records refer to P. pratenis rather than to P. muscorum. # In Ireland, P. muscorum is  in decline in most parts of its Irish  range. It is now  local and rare  on northern coasts where it was formerly  common.  It has almost  vanished from the southern part of the central  limestone plain probably  due to the 'improvement' of pastures for  agriculture (Byrne et al. 2009).

population:
It has suffered a 66% distributional decline in Ireland. The coastal populations are becoming increasingly rare and local (Byrne et al. 2009). For the other subpopulations, there is no coherent information available on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
Pupilla muscorum is restricted to dry, warm calcareous habitats and it favours minimally enriched calcareous pasture inland, or coastal dune  pastures in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). In general it is known from dry meadows and grazed land on calcareous substrata.

threats:
Under grazing (reduction of open grassland habitats) may be a major threat to the species (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Ireland, it is currently listed as Endangered (Byrne et al. 2009). Elsewhere, there is no conservation action in place for this species.


range:
This is a palaearctic species with a distribution ranging from Europe to China.

population:
For Switzerland, a slight decline ahs been observed. For Germany, there is not much information available. For most of the subpopulations, the size and trend within the populations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives on open rock habitats, screes, and dry grassland.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT), in Bayern (Germany) as Endangered (EN) and in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) as Vulnerable (VU).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and there is no threat known to this species. Subpopulations at the fringe of its distribution area may be under pressure, but for its the entire European range, it is not threatened in any way. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe. It is recorded from Albania, Andorra, Austria, # Bulgaria, # Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine.It is also known from Turkey, the Caucasus to inner Asia.

habitat:
This is a thermophilic species, which lives on open grassland in an rocky environment of limestone.

threats:
There are actually no threats to this species. Quarrying might impact some parts of its range, but it is unlikely that a threat would affect the whole range or population of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Germany. This is mainly due to habitat loss.


taxonomicNotes:
The genital morphology and taxonomic status of C. lenticula have been studied in depth by Prieto et al. (1993)

redListCategoryRationale:
C. lenticula #is widespread and abundant and does not face any major threat. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
C. lenticula is widespread across the Mediterranean and the Macaronesian islands: Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Mediterranean Islands, Cyprus, France, Croatia, Greece, Ionic Islands, #Aegean #Islands, Malta Islands, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, #Tunisia, #Algeria, Morocco, Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira and Cabo Verde (Puente 1994).

population:
There are no population data about this species but it is frequent and locally abundant.

habitat:
C. lenticula is a species of great ecological adaptability, that can be easy passively transported and that is welladapted to human-modified environement, such as gardens, edges of fields, wastelands. It is usually found under stones #or under any object that offers protection, e.g., in the grass, walls, fallen logs (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are needed although it would be interesting to know more about its biology.


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: "Valverde del Camino" (Huelva). This species has a controversial taxonomic history which is summarized by Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz (2006). These authors, that contribute an updated diagnosis for the Trissexodontidae genera Oestophora, Gasullia, Suboestophora and Hatumia n. gen., consider #Gasullia for G. gasulli

redListCategoryRationale:
S. gasulli #is listed as Near Threatened (NT) almost meeting criteria B, as it is endemic to the south-west of Andalusia, its extent of occurrence is relatively restricted (EOO = 500 km2) and human activities impact some part of its range. However, it # is found in 13 locations, it is not severely fragmented and part of its range is included in natural protected sites.

range:
The south western Iberian endemic G. gasulli #is known from western Sierra Morena (in the provinces of Huelva and Sevilla) and its northern foothills (Badajoz province) #(Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz 2006). Sierra Morena is the main mountain chain in the south-west of Spain.

habitat:
Like H. zapateri, it is more frequently found at lower altitudes in the Sierra Morena than in higher ones. It lives in habitats dominated by rockrose (Cistus spp.) and cork and holm oak (Quercus spp.) in a generally non-calcareous area. Within the region S. gasulli lives on river banks, areas with certain anthropic influence and even under pines and eucalyptus. The individuals are usually found hidden under trunks and stones. #H. zapateri #and #G. gasulli #show certain ecological common aspects and occupy similar biotopes in contiguous areas of Sierra Morena #(Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz 2006).

threats:
Because #H. zapateri #and #G. gasulli share certain ecological aspects and occupy similar biotopes in contiguous areas of Sierra Morena, the threats affecting them are also partially common. Despite the fact that the ranges of both species are mainly included in protected natural sites, some of the localities where they have been cited are close to human settlements with some agricultural or livestock development. These and other human activities have strongly degraded these places, where the species could be #progressively #disappearing. It would be important to quantify the proportion of the area of occupancy included in this type of sites and the proportion corresponding to more natural and better preserved places.

conservationAction:
Biological studies, population estimates and some species and habitat monitoring are needed. #Some of the subpopulations live in natural protected sites (i.e. Sierra Norte of the Sevilla Natural Park). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). It is classify as Near Threatened in the Spanish Atlas of # Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) and as Least Concern in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón and Moreno 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: "Sur les hauts plateaux qui séparent Mertola de Castro Verde" (Alentejo) (Portugal). Gasulliella is a monotypic genus for G. simplicula.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Least Concern (LC), as it is relatively widespread and does not faces major threats.

range:
This species is known from two localities in Morocco (Gittenberger 1980) and in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula (Algarve, Alentejo in Portugal, Badajoz, Sevilla, Cádiz, Málaga, Córdoba and Huelva provinces in Spain) (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995).

population:
There are no population data about this species, but it is frequent and locally very common.

habitat:
G. simplicula lives under stones or fallen leaves, in the grass, edges of fields, wastelands,  #pastures... and other human-modified habitats, where it is found in rather low altitudes. However it also occurs in hardwood oak areas, in higher altitude, where there is less human influence. The latter is probably the original habitat, the former being marginal ones #(Arrébola 1995).

threats:
The species appears in ruderal and other modified biotopes but also in habitats less degraded by human influence, which probably reflects the original natural habitat of this species. If this is the case, then the species seems to be resisting (apparently quite well) in places affected by humans.

conservationAction:
G. simplicula has a relatively wide range and seems to be well distributed, even though it is not found in high densities. Therefore the conservation measures are rather general: management of the area where this species lives, accompanied by activities to raise awareness and communications. Obviously more research needs to be done, as very little is known about biology of the species and the trends of its population and its habitat.


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: "Loulé" (Algarve) (Portugal). G. #turriplana has been judged closely #related to #Oestophora by some authors #(Ortiz de Zárate 1962; Schileyko 1971; Prieto et #al. 1993; Puente 1996; Steinke et al. 2004). However, #Schileyko (1991, 2005) #considered the Gittenbergeriinae a proper taxon classifying it as a subfamily within his Helicodontidae. New molecular evidences are in agreement with Schileyko and moreover, following the CLECOM system arrangement (Bank #et al. 2001), propose to consider the Gittenbergeriidae Schileyko, 1991 as a separated family #monotypic for Gittenbergeria turriplana (unpublished data).

redListCategoryRationale:
Even though this species seems well adapted to human activities, #Gittenbergeria turriplana is an endemic species, with a small range, and is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This is an endemic species of Algarve in Portugal (Puente 2006).

population:
There are no population trends for this species, but it is frequent and locally very common.

habitat:
This species lives in low altitudes on calcareous substrate, near the coast. It is frequent on old walls and in old gardens and parks in cities. It is also found in shrublands and cultivated areas.

threats:
Although this species seems to be well adapted to human influence, it is currently facing some issues related to the increased #urbanization. Pollution is also a concern.

conservationAction:
It would be important to investigate the relation between this species and human activities. #Although it appears to be well adapted to the life in highly degraded biotopes, such as gardens, it would be necessary to identify the extent to which these sites are really suitable for the species and whether population trends are as positive as they seem to be or not.


taxonomicNotes:
The original type locality cited by Ortiz de Zárate (1962) is an error, as Corbellá and Guillén (2002) demonstrated. However these authors considered the species to belong to the genus Gasullia while #Arrébola et al. (2006) included it in the new genus Hatumia as Hatumia cobosi #(with H. zapateri and H. riffensis).

redListCategoryRationale:
H. cobosi #is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). This species is endemic to Andalusia (Spain) and has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 6400 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO = 1500 km2). It shows a fragmented range, not severely, but with only 4-5 separated areas, which include the 8 known locations. The quality of its habitat is considered to be declining, even though it is  found in human-modified places, as it is probably only trying to resist the pressure of  human activities. The expansion of intensive agriculture under plastic  (greenhouses) in Almería, is causing the actual decline and  fragmentation of other species subpopulations (i.e. H. stiparum, X. adolfi).

range:
This Iberian endemic is distributed in the eastern half of Andalusia, in the provinces of Almería, Málaga and Granada (Arrébola et al. 2006)

habitat:
Hatumia cobosi inhabits low altitude and human influenced places (i.e. ruderal) in xeric and argillaceous grounds, on limestones and dolomites and within vegetation zones that correspond to regression stages of the climax forest (Corbella and Guillén 2002). Most of the localities where it has been cited are near to the coast. Like other closely related species, it is frequently found under stones and trunks or hidden in crevices of stones walls (Arrébola et al. 2006).

threats:
Hatumia cobosi does not live very far from the coast in several separate areas of the provinces of Granada, Málaga and Almería, where tourism and urban development have strongly increased in the last decades. The species appears in ruderal and other modified biotopes, but this seem to be a way to resist the human pressure rather than a species selection. The expansion of intensive agriculture  under plastic (greenhouses) in Almería, is causing the actual decline  and fragmentation of other species subpopulations (i.e. H. stiparum, X. adolfi).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #Due to the recent confirmation of its existence and validity, it has been neither included in Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) nor in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). Its situation and main threats are similar to the ones of the other species in the area, but more research is needed on the population, ecology and distribution of this species. The development and implementation of an integral recovery plan for the west coast of the Almería province (or more extensive) is required. It would #benefit not only # #H. cobosi #but other threatened species in this area, i.e.: the terrestrial snails #Iberus g. gualtieranus #(Linnaeus, 1758), #H. stiparum #(Pfeiffer, 1854), #Theba subdentata helicella #(Wood, 1828), #Xerotricha mariae #(Gasull, 1972), #X. adolfi (Pfeiffer, 1854), Xerocrassa cobosi (O. de Zárate, 1962) #and #Iberus gualtieranus mariae #(Cobos, 1979) (Ruiz, Cárcaba, Arrébola and Puente 1998). The steps needed to ensure the conservation of the species should be defined in this plan.


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: "Sierra Padrona, road SE-179, km 10-11(Sevilla province)". This species was described by Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz (2006) as Hatumia pseudogasulli. Martinez-Ortí, Arrébola and Ruiz (2008) concluded that #Helix zapateri Hidalgo, 1970 must be considered as a valid species and affiliated to Hatumia whith H. pseudogasulli being a junior synonym of H. zapateri.

redListCategoryRationale:
H. zapateri is classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting the criteria B2, as it is an Andalusia endemic species with a relatively limited area of occupancy (AOO = 160 km2), even if it might be wider than currently known. It occurs in protected areas, but part of its range is affected by human activities, where the quality of the habitat is decreasing. The population size and trends are unknown.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and occurs in the Sierra Morena mountain chain in the north of the provinces of Sevilla, Córdoba and Jaén (Andalusia) (Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz 2006).

habitat:
H. zapateri lives in lower places of the non-calcareous Sierra Morena, in areas dominated by Cistus spp. (specially C. ladanifer) associated with Quercus suber and Q. rotundifolia. It can be found under stones, below and at the base of trunks, and other refuges in humid and shaded places #(Arrébola, Prieto, Puente and Ruiz 2006). #H. zapateri #and #G. gasulli #show certain ecological common aspects and occupy similar biotopes in contiguous areas of the Sierra Morena.

threats:
As H. zapateri and G. gasulli #show certain ecological mutual aspects and they occupy similar biotopes in contiguous areas of the Sierra Morena, the threats affecting them are also partially common. Despite the fact that both species ranges are mainly included in protected areas, some of the localities where they have been cited are near human settlements with some intensive agricultural or livestock development. These threats, along with other human activities, have heavily degraded these localities and the species could progressively #disappear from these areas. #It would be important to quantify the proportion of the area of occupancy affected by these threats and the proportion that corresponds to more natural and better preserved places. Fires might impact the species too.

conservationAction:
It is recommended to conduct biological studies and population estimates, as well as species and habitat monitoring. #Some of the subpopulations live in protected sites (i.e. Sierra Norte de Sevilla Natural Park). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #Due to its recent discovery, it has been neither included in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009), nor in the Red Book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón and Moreno 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species in endemic to the eastern Pyrenees where it has a fairly small range (Extent of occurrence = 4,000 km2 and Area of occupancy = 1,000 km2). The main threats to this species are unknown, but recreational  activities, urban developments and fires are potential threats. This is the only species of this genus and it is experiencing a decline in the quality of it habitat in parts of its range due to tourism, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT B1b(iii) + B2b(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to the eastern Pyrenees, where it is restricted to a few localities on the coastlines of north-east Girona (Spanish province) and south-east of Pyrenees-Orientales in France. It is known from 30 sites within its range.

population:
There is no population information and the current status of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found between stones on the ground in protected and humid open areas at low altitudes. It is hard to find this species as it is buried in the ground. It is also found in ruderal areas and on the edge of vineyards.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown but fires, tourism and urban developments are potential threats. There is a decline in the quality of its habitat in parts of its range mainly due to tourism.

conservationAction:
Some of this species range are in a protected area. The protection of the known populations and its habitat is recommended. Research on the population trends of this species is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: Portugal. There is no problem to #differentiate #O. barbula #from any other Iberian species except from Helix barbella Servain, 1880. Nevertheless, the validity of this last species has #been rejected by several authors (Ortiz de Zárate 1962, Puente 1994) and its name included in the synonymy of O. barbula.

redListCategoryRationale:
Oestophora barbula has a wide range, is generally abundant in most localities where it is found, is well adapted to human-modified environment and doesn't face any major specific threat. It is classified as Least Concern (LC).

range:
O. barbula # #lives in the Azores Islands and the Iberian Peninsula, where it is the most abundant species of the Oestophora genus. In the Iberian Peninsula, it occupies the western half, but no exclusively (Puente 1994, 1996; Arrébola 1995).

habitat:
O. barbula #shows a predilection for humid and shadowy places in areas of woods, banks, countrysides, ruderal biotopes and #crop lands (Puente 1994). It is frequently found in #Mediterranean shrubland (i.e. #Cistus #spp.), associated or not with woodlands (Quercus #spp., holm and cork oak) and with frequent low herbaceous cover (Arrébola 1995). It is easy to find it under stones or fallen trees and in holes in the stonewalls.

threats:
No past, ongoing, or future specific threats are actually known to this species. From a more global point of view, #fires, climate change, intensive agriculture, pollution, etc... have some incidence on this species and on most of terrestrial snails.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


taxonomicNotes:
O. calpeana, #O. dorotheae #and #O. prietoi, #the three #Oestophora #species with keeled shells cited in the Iberian Peninsula, can be #differentiated #according to Ruiz et al. (2009) as follow: #- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp and upward-reflected keel with a sinus inside. The 6 1/2 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are flatted. The diameter is 13 to 17 mm (data according to Ortiz de Zárate, 1962)........................................................... #O. dorotheae- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp (not reflected) keel and lacks an internal sinus. The 6 3/4 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are practically flatted. The aperture is clearly wider than tall. The diameter is 10.4 to 11.4 mm...........................................O. calpeana- The shell periphery has a clear and more or less blunt keel with neither reflection nor sinus inside. All the 5 1/2 - 6 1/4 whorls are convex. The aperture is semilunar shaped and a little wider than tall. The diameter is 9.5 to 13 mm.....……........................................…..…….. #O. prietoi

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered Near Threatened  #by Wells and Chatfield (1992). #In our opinion, #O. calpeana #is threatened by its considerably restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) (it is restricted to Gibraltar, in Europe) and #the strong and increasing tourism and urban pressure during last decades. There is no data about population trends in this period, but it is possible to infer a lost of area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat. It is not known whether a potential cogeneric species invasion should be or not considered like a threat  #(i.e. #O. tarnieri #lives a few kilometres away from Gibraltar Rock). It is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
Oestophora calpeana has a restricted range and is only known from the area of the #Strait of Gibraltar, with records from Tanger and Ceuta in North Africa, its type locality #(Puente 1994, 1996; Arrébola 1995). In Gibraltar, it is found on the Great #Sand Slopes and Talus Slopes, the Upper Rock Nature Reserve and Lower #Slopes, Windmill Hill Flats, the slopes around Little Bay and the Europa #Foreshore (Menez 2008).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However it is never abundant, typical densities in sampled areas of 400 m2 #are 0.1-1 individuals /m2 (A. Menez pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in anthropic habitats (i.e. gardens) and ruderal biotopes (i.e. #roadside #ditches) not exposed to direct sunshine (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). According to A. Menez (in Perez 2007), it is found under rocks, logs and other types of shelter in steppe, garigue and #maquis. It is occasionally present with Caracollina (Caracollina) #lenticula (Michaud, 1831) and Oxychilus (Oxychilus) draparnaudi draparnaudi #(Beck, 1837).

threats:
Despite the fact that Oestophora  calpeana #seems to be more or less adapted to human pressure, being able to live in gardens, its considerably restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) (in Europe, it is restricted to Gibraltar) and #the strong and increasing tourism and urban pressure (causing habitat destruction and species disturbance) threat the #O. calpeana future existence in Gibraltar (in particular, in areas of the lower #levels of the Upper Rock and near Windmill Hill Flats) (A. Menez pers. comm. 2010). It is not known whether a potential cogeneric species invasion should be or not considered like a threat (i.e. #O. tarnieri #lives a few kilometres from Gibraltar Rock).

conservationAction:
The entire area of the upper Gibraltar Rock is a nature reserve and is totally protected. It is crucial that the habitats where the species lives are maintained and that development is prevented in these places. That would also benefit other threatened # species (Menez in Perez 2007). More information is also needed on the population and ecology of the species. In Gibraltar the species is protected #under the Nature Protection  Ordinance 1991 (L/N 1991) and the Endangered #Species (Import and Export)  Ordinance 1990 #(Menez in Perez 2007). #This species is included in the  "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"   #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta  de Andalucía).


taxonomicNotes:
O. calpeana, #O. dorotheae #and #O. prietoi, #the three #Oestophora #species with keeled shells cited in the Iberian Peninsula, can be #differentiated #according to Ruiz, Arrébola and Puente (2009) as follow: #- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp and upward-reflected keel with a sinus inside. The 6 1/2 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are flatted. The diameter is 13 to 17 mm (data according to Ortiz de Zárate, 1962)........................................................... #O. dorotheae- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp (not reflected) keel and lacks an internal sinus. The 6 3/4 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are practically flatted. The aperture is clearly wider than tall. The diameter is 10.4 to 11.4 mm...........................................O. calpeana- The shell periphery has a clear and more or less blunt keel with neither reflection nor sinus inside. All the 5 1/2 - 6 1/4 whorls are convex. The aperture is semilunar shaped and a little wider than tall. The diameter is 9.5 to 13 mm.....……........................................…..…….. #O. prietoi

redListCategoryRationale:
This species would not belong to European fauna (Arrébola in Verdú Galante, 2009)

range:
Puente (1994), who compiled all the #bibliographical #Iberian records for this species, referred to only two localities: Gibraltar and Tarifa (Cádiz), both in the south of Spain. After the last record in Tarifa (Ortiz de Zárate 1962), it has never been found again. Menez (2005) did not find it after #his #intensive #samplings in Gibraltar during the last years (he only found #O. calpeana). Arrébola (1995), Menez (2008) and Arrébola (in Verdú and Galante 2009) have not found it either in Tarifa and its surroundings despite their sampling efforts. As a result, this species classified as Endangered in the Red List of Andalusian Invertebrates Species by Arrébola and Ruiz (2008) and was later discarded from the Iberian mollusc fauna by #Arrébola (in Verdú and Galante 2009, pag. 46), arguing that it only had an ephemeral and scarce presence in Tarifa and subsequently disappeared (probably also forced by the competition with #O. tarnieri, #very abundant in that area) and that it was surely introduced from Morocco (exchanges between this country and Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar happen every day).

habitat:
According to Ortiz de Zárate (1962), it lives in humid lands.

conservationAction:
#This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described as Suboestophora. Ruiz et al. (2009) studied the anatomy of reproductive system and conclude S. ebria belongs to Oestophora.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to four locations and has a restricted range. However, it is unknown if the species is experiencing a continuing decline in the quality or extent of its habitat or in the numbers of mature individuals. This species was discovered fairly recently and might therefore be rather uncommon. It is unclear if there are any future threats that might cause this species to go extinct in the near future. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This is an Spanish endemic species only known from the province of Malaga (Andalusia). Ruiz et al. (2008) compiled six localities where the species is cited in literature. J.S. Torres has also found it in Cerro de San Anton (Málaga) (pers. comm. 2010) where other species live (see R. dupotetii).

habitat:
This species mainly lives at thermo-meso Mediterranean levels of the oceanic Mediterranean medium mountain region (rainfall: 500-800 mm/year). It is found in both silicicolous (with Quercus suber L.) and basophilous (with Q. rotundifolia Lam.) vegetation, in localities with abundant shrub, with or without calcareous rocky outcrops. Although it seems generally to prefer crevices in calcareous rocks, it has also been found sheltered under "esparto" grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) and even in the vegetation growing near riverbanks in slate substrates and clayey soils (Ruiz et al. 2008).

threats:
In the sites situated in Atajate and Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park, threats are less likely. Fires, some stochastic episodes, etc. are potential threats. However, in the locations near Marbella and Cerro San Antón, threats are related to human activity and habitat destruction by human urbanization.

conservationAction:
One of the seven known localities for this species belongs to #Sierra de las Nieves #Natural Park. Four are placed in well preserved sites, even though they are situated outside natural protected sites (Atajate and #surroundings). #Only three localities are threatened by human action (Cerro San Anton near Málaga city and two near Marbella city). This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). The species is not included in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) nor in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Oestophora granesae #was described #by Arrébola (1998) based on specimens from a single locality, the type locality. A narrower and cylindrical umbilicus (shell) and the general aspect of the stimulatory apparatus and a particularly long and wide epiphallus (reproductive system) differentiate it from all other Oestophora species, and especially from the similar O. ortizi. Arrébola and Ruiz (2008) found the species in a second locality where  O. ortizi was also present, and where some specimens showing  intermediate features between both species were also found. These  intermediate specimen have also appeared in several other localities. Arrébola et al. (in press) conclude this could be an extremely #rare species with possible episodes of hybridisation with O. ortizi, which could be displacing it. In fact, in the second locality where O. granesae was found, O. ortizi was also present. Genetic taxonomy #techniques #are currently employed to elucidate the status of these two species, as well as some others.

redListCategoryRationale:
The lack #of information could lead to the assessment of this species as Data Deficient. However, due to its very small distribution, with only 2 locations, the fact that recent important samplings efforts done around type locality failed to find any indivduals (Arrébola, Ruiz and Cárcaba, in press) and that fires, hybridisation and competition with another species are potential threats to this species, this species is assessed, on a precautionary basis, as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This is an Andalusian endemic species, only known from a small mountainous area in the western part of the province of Malaga (Arrébola 1998, Arrébola and Ruiz 2008).

habitat:
The specimens from the type locality were collected about 15-20 m away from a creek, under various big stones belonging to the ruins of a small house, in a uncultivated area with poor vegetation (Arrébola 1998).

threats:
Fires, competition (O. ortizi) and stochastic events can severely affect this species, especially because of its very restricted range. More data are needed about the species and also about the threats it faces.

conservationAction:
The only two known locations are well preserved sites belonging to the #Andalusia #Natural Park #Los Alcornocales (Arrébola 1998). This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). More research is needed on the taxonomy, ecology, population and distribution of this species, as well as on the threats it faces and the required conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, present in Spain and Portugal. #The #species has a restricted range, but it does not meet any criteria for listing. This species is listed as Least Concern. More studies are needed on the threats to this species.This species is listed as Least Concern on a European level.

range:
This species is endemic to the iberian Peninsula, being present in Spain and Portugal. It ranges from the Tajo river valley in Sintra (Palazzi 1988) to La Coruña and Lugo provinces in Galicia. It has been cited in Asturias (Anadon and Ojea 1984, Puente 1994), but all these reports correspond to O. silvae. It is also present Azores Islands, apparently due to an introduction (Seixas 1992).

population:
There are no population studies but it is assumed to be stable in undisturbed habitat sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the ground of decidous forests, river banks, grasslands, as well as in ruderal habitats, protected from dryness under stones.

threats:
Main threats are habitat alteration by urban growing and plantations. Fire is another threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species in Portugal or Spain. Actions should aim to preserve the areas with undisturbed habitat. Research should be conducted to know the places with the best populations of the species and to delimitate its area of occupancy.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been recently described by Ruiz et al. (2009). According to these authors, the main feature characterizing the shell of O. mariae is the relation between the umbilicus and the shell diameter (1/8), the smallest in the Oestophora Iberian group in common with O. granesae (Arrébola 1998). Considering this, even the presence of the palatal tooth and the slight enlargement of the basal edge, are not comparable with the teeth of O. barbula (nor with the tooth of O. barbella), the only Iberian Oestopohora species with this kind of modifications on the aperture. Small morphological differences (including the relation umbilicus/shell diameter aforementioned) and biogeographical issues also distinguish this species from other North African's Oestophora. However, further studies (molecular, anatomical, etc.) must confirm the identity of all of them.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to one location and has a small range. While there are no major threats at present, fires are a serious potential future threat to this species. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This Andalusian endemic species is only known from the type locality in the north of the province of Granada (Ruiz et al. 2008).

habitat:
“Sierra de Castril” is a group of calcareous mountains located inside the bowl of the river Guadalquivir, that climatically belongs to the Mediterranean continental region with extreme temperatures and annual average rainfall of about 400  mm. The bioclimatic belt and the land use of the area where the specimens were collected were meso-Mediterranean and dense wooded formation (coniferous), respectively. Specimens were located under stones associated with decaying vegetable matter (Ruiz et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are not very well known. #Oestophora  mariae #mainly lives in the Natural Park of Sierra de Castril (Granada provinces). Possible threats include impacts of fires, recreational activities and #stochastic episodes, the last two specially as the only known location for this species is the type locality. More studies are needed to define other threats, such as the impact of the pine forest afforestations that have displaced the natural vegetation, especially as the long term effects of this habitat change for this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Oestophora mariae #is only known from one locality in Sierra de Castril Natural Park. More research is needed on the population, ecology, distribution and habitat of this species and the threats it faces. It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent discovery, it has not been included in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) nor in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Type locality: west of Torremolinos (Málaga). Species described by De Winter   Ripken (1991) only from the type locality employing shell characters and a few generic reproductive system features. Later, Puente (1994, 1996)  #provided a more accurate anatomic description of one speciemen she classified with some doubts as O. ortizi. Arrébola (1995, #1998) integrated both authors' data and provided several new sites that appreciably extended the range of the species. This author emphasized the shell differences existing between some of the specimens collected in the southernmost part of the province of Cadiz. #Arrébola, Ruiz   Cárcaba (in press) explain that possible episodes of #hybridism could happen between O. granesae and  #O. ortizi, the later displacing the former. In fact, both species were found together in the same locality. Genetic taxonomy #techniques #are currently employed to elucidate the status of both and other related species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Andalusia (Spain) and has a relatively small distribution. Apart from fires, no specific threats are known, but more research is  needed to understand better this species and the potential threats it  faces. Its population size and trend is unknown. On a precaucionary basis, it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), but once more data is available, it might be reassessed.

range:
This is an Andalusian endemic species cited in several localities from the eastern part of Cádiz and the western part of Málaga (Arrébola 1998).

habitat:
This species has been mainly found in limestone, uncultivated and shady areas, mountainous or not, with low anthropogenic influence. Typically it appears in holm and cork oak woodlands near watercourses and fairly dense herbaceous cover. It lives under stones or in relation with natural vegetation (Arrébola, 1995, 1998).

threats:
Apart from fires, no specific threats are known, but more research is needed to understand better this species and the potential threats it faces.

conservationAction:
It is recommended to conduct first biological studies and population estimates, as well as moderate species monitoring. #It was classified as LR/nt by Mollusc Specialist Group (IUCN, 1996), NT in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009; pag. 45) and LC in the Andalusia Invertebrates Red Book (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperon and Moreno 2008; pag. 1307). #Most of its range is included in the Grazalema and Los Alcornocales Natural Parks. This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been described by Ruiz, Arrébola y Puente (2009). According to these authors, #O. calpeana, #O. dorotheae #and #O. prietoi, #the three #Oestophora #species with keeled shells cited in the Iberian Peninsula, can be #differentiated as follow: #- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp and upward-reflected keel with a sinus inside. The 6 1/2 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are flatted. The diameter is 13 to 17 mm (data according to Ortiz de Zárate, 1962)........................................................... #O. dorotheae- The shell periphery has a pronounced, acute/sharp (not reflected) keel and lacks an internal sinus. The 6 3/4 to 7 whorls are convex except the last two that are practically flatted. The aperture is clearly wider than tall. The diameter is 10.4 to 11.4 mm...........................................O. calpeana- The shell periphery has a clear and more or less blunt keel with neither reflection nor sinus inside. All the 5 1/2 - 6 1/4 whorls are convex. The aperture is semilunar shaped and a little wider than tall. The diameter is 9.5 to 13 mm.....……........................................…..…….. #O. prietoi

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a small range and is known from five localities. Currently, there don't seem to have any major threats to this species or its habitat. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (NT). However, if in the future a threat is identified, the species might qualify for Vulnerable under criteria B and D.

range:
This is an Andalusia endemic species, found in Sierra de Cazorla (Baetic Cordillera) and on the first slopes of the Sierra Morena in the Andalusian provinces of Jaen and Cordoba (Spain) (Ruiz et al. 2008).

habitat:
It mainly #lives #on meso-Mediterranean inland limestone mountains in northern Andalusia. All the localities where the species was found were situated near the high course of the Guadalquivir river (between 500 to 715 m asl), except the one in the province of Cordoba, that belongs to the medium course (149-185 m asl) and is also the only locality situated in the thermo-Mediterranean bioclimatic belt. O. prietoi was found associated with conifers, mainly in woodland-forestry zones but also in pastures with dispersed coniferous trees. It was found in a great variety of refuges such as trunks, moss, walls and crevices, and particularly among stones and fallen leaves. It is resistant to anthropic influence, being able to live under rubble (Ruiz et al. 2008).

threats:
The threats to this species are not very well known, but they are probably limited, as O. prietoi #mainly occurs in the Natural Park of Cazorla (Jaén province), one of the most significant and well managed Spanish Protected Areas. The only possible threat are the effects of recreational activities due to the increasing tourism to this area. More studies are needed to identify other threats.

conservationAction:
Oestophora prietoi is mainly distributed in the Cazorla #Natural Park. It is also included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent discovery, it has not been included in the Spanish Atlas of the Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) nor in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). More research is needed on the population, ecology and distribution of this species, as well as the threats it faces. Educational information and guidance for park management are also important conservation measures.


taxonomicNotes:
Prieto (1986) suggested that O. silvae could contain more than one species, with the subpopulations of the east part of its range belong to another different species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain. The range extends along the cantabrian slope from the west part of the Basque Country to Galicia. It is also present in the Atlantic region of Galicia and in some inner regions of Lugo and Orense provinces. #There are no current declines in the population. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain. The range extends along the Cantabrian slope from the west part of the Basque Country to Galicia. It is also present in the Atlantic region of Galicia and in some inner regions of Lugo and Orense provinces.

habitat:
This species lives in deciduous and ilex forests, grasslands, river banks and ruderal habitats. This species is found within the leaf litter or under stones in humid places.

conservationAction:
The range of this species is not large, but the sub-population seems to be stable in places with undisturbed habitat. There are several natural protected areas of forest habitat with allows its preservation. Action plans should be focused on habitat preservation. Research is need to better delimitate its area of occupancy and to know the population density and biology. Taxonomic studies are also needed, in order to know if O. silvae is in fact more than one species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread, # part of its range is included in Los Alcornocales Natural Parks and it is relatively unlikely that the threats might impact significantly the population of this species. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union. However, once more accurate data is available (population, ecology, life history...), this species might need to be reassessed.

range:
This species is distributed in the southernmost part of Spain (Cádiz) and North of Africa (Morocco - Tetuan and Tanger - and Ceuta) (Arrébola 1995). It is also known from one #locality in Gibraltar (A. Menez pers. comm.)

habitat:
Two kinds of habitats can be found for this species. The first is characterized by a high anthropogenic influence and low altitude (0-200 m) where the specimens appear in ruderal biotopes (i.e. roadside margins), wastelands, surrounding villages... The second type, less frequent, are more humid and shady sites in #Mediterranean #shrub with #holm and cork oak or watercourse banks. In these places, #with #low anthropogenic pressure and #more elevated altitudes, the specimens live under stones or vegetation or even among decaying matter (Arrébola 1995).

threats:
Part of this species range is affected by human activities (urbanization, agriculture, tourism...).

conservationAction:
It is recommended to conduct first biological studies and population estimates, as well as moderate species monitoring. This species was classified as NT in the Spanish Atlas of Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009; pag. 45) and LC in the Andalusia Invertebrates Red Book (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperon and Moreno 2008; pag. 1307). Part of its range is included in Los Alcornocales Natural Parks. #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. It is widely distributed and it lives within some natural reserves. Threats include fire and habitat alteration by timber plantations but these are currently at a local level. #This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. Its range is limited to the north of Spain, living in the north (Cantabrian) and south slopes (Duero and Ebro) of the cantabrian mountains, from the west of the Basque country and north of Burgos, to the easternmost part of Galicia. Its distribution limits are marked by the river Nervión in the east and river Eo in the West.

habitat:
This species lives within forests, in grasslands, river banks, rocky areas and ruderal habitats. It is protected against desiccation under stones or within leaf litter.

threats:
Main threats are fire and habitat alteration by allochthonous timber plantations.

conservationAction:
Conservation action is not needed for this species. Information about its ecology and life history is lacking, and needs research.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described as Oestophora (Suboestophora) tarraconensis altamirai, dedicated to Carlos Altimira. Martínez-Ortí (1999) proposed to correct this mistake by naming this species as S. altimirai.Suboestophora altimirai was considered a subspecies of S. tarraconensis. Based on anatomical studies of the reproductive system, the taxon has been raised to the species level (Martínez-Ortí 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Castellón province, Spain, where is has a restricted Area of occupancy (AOO = 400 km2) and Extent of occurrence (EOO = 2,000 km2). It is known from only two locations. The main past and current threats are fires, urban expansion (housing), widening of roads and deforestation for road and path construction. These threats are causing a decline in the quality and extent of parts of its habitat, but not a continuous decline across all of its habitat. In the future fires and housing could potentially significantly affect this species and it is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is restricted to the Castellón province.

population:
There are no population studies of this species, but the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives under stones, trunks and humus, in pinnates and groves of evergreen oaks, as well as at the entrance of caves. It is found between altitudes of 260 and 640 m and is frequent on silicon substrates.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires and urban expansion (housing). Quarries, extension of roads, temperature extremes, drought and collecting of shells are other potential threats.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several regional parks, however the protection of this habitat and of the known populations of this species is  recommended. A conservation plan is considered to be necessary, and research relating to the population trends are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the provinces of Valencia and Alicante in Spain. This species is widespread in this area (Extent of occurrence = 13,200 km2 and 40 locations), is currently not impacted by potential threats, and many of the populations are protected in nature reserves, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found across the province of Valencia and in the north of the province of Alicante.

population:
The population of this species is stable, with good numbers of specimens present.

habitat:
This species lives under rocks and crack, in verbiage and in caves, as does the rest of the species of the genus Suboestophora.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires, quarrying, urban expansion, extension of roads, temperature extremes and drought.

conservationAction:
Many of the populations of this species are protected in nature reserves. Due to the large number of populations found it is though that this species is not threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the provinces of Alicante and Valencia in Spain. It has an extent of occurrence of 1200 km2, an area of occupancy of 500 km2 and is found at 3 locations. The major threats (ongoing and future) facing this species are fires and urban expansion (housing). An additional potential threat comes from increased tourism to caves, therefore tourism in this habitat should be regulated. Due to the small number of locations and plausible future threats to this species it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2). If the level of threats was increasing and the quality of habitat started to decrease significantly, then the species would qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the provinces of Alicante and Valencia. It is only known from Vall de Ebo in Alicante province, and the southern part of Valencia province (Puente 1994; Martínez-Ortí, 1999, 2007; Martínez-Ortí and Robles 2003).

population:
There are no population studies of this species, but densities seem to be low. The population is probably decreasing due to frequent summer fires.

habitat:
This species lives under stones, trunks and humus, and is found in pine and evergreen oak forests and Mediterranean shrubs. It occurs up to and altitude of 400 m, as well as in caves up to a depth of 45 m.

threats:
The main threat to this species is from fires. Other potential threats include quarrying, urban expansion, extension of roads, temperature extremes, drought and collecting of shells.

conservationAction:
The main conservation action required recommended for this species is the protection of its habitat and the known populations. Currently all caves in Valencia are protected and almost all of the subpopulations are found in protected areas (caves or regional parks), so enforcement of associated legislation of these is recommended. # In addition to habitat protection a plan of conservation is considered to be necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the province of Valencia in Spain. It has an Extent of occurrence of 600 km2, an Area of occupancy of 88 km2 and is restricted to ten locations. Fires are causing a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the south of the province of Valencia in the areas of Safor and Vall d'Albaida.

population:
There are no population studies of this species, but field work indicates that densities are low.

habitat:
This species is found under stones and trunks in wooded areas (pine and evergreen oak forest, Mediterranean shrubs and orange groves), in caves and the surroundings of springs, which provide refuge and dampness. It is found from sea level up to an altitude of 300 m. (Martínez-Ortí and Robles 2003, Martínez-Ortí, 2007).

threats:
The majority of the populations of this species are in protected areas, nevertheless there are threats that can affect them seriously. The threats include fires, drought, urban expansion, quarrying, road modifications, deterioration of the caves, and specimen collecting. The limited dispersal ability and low population density of this species also make it susceptible to stochastic events.

conservationAction:
The majority of the populations of this species are included in protected areas such as Municipal Natural Place, LIC, Humid Protected Zone or caves (all caves are protected in Valencia). It is recommended that a conservation plan is drawn up for this species and that subpopulations not included in protected areas are also protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the Catalonian-Valencian region. It has an extent of occurrence of 25,000 km2, and area of occupancy of 224 km2 and has fourteen locations. Currently it does not qualify for a threatened category, but its populations are severely fragmented, present a low density of specimens and it is facing major threats from fire and anthropogenic pressure (urban expansion and roads). Therefore it has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the provinces of Castellón, Tarragona and south of Barcelona.

population:
This species has a fragmented area of occupation, and its populations present a low density of specimens.

habitat:
This species lives under stones, trunks, humus, in cracks of walls and between the hollows that leave the rocks, up to a depth of 40 cm, where the dampness is higher. It can be found in pine and evergreen oak forests, Mediterranean bushes and caves, principally in the entrances where organic matter has accumulated, between altitudes of 200 and 800 m.

threats:
The majority of the populations of this species are in protected areas, nevertheless there are threats that can affect them seriously. The threats include fires, drought, urban expansion, quarrying, road modifications, deterioration of the caves and specimen collecting. The limited dispersal ability and low population density of this species could compound the effects of these threats.

conservationAction:
The majority of the populations of this species are included in protected areas such as EIN (Espais Naturals d'Interés in Catalonia), LIC or Nature Reserves. In addition caves are protected in the Valencian community. The recommended conservation actions for this species are to draw up a Plan of Conservation and to protect those populations not currently found in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain found in the western Pyrenees and the Basque Country. #Although this species has a restricted range it does not meet either population decline or  range decline criteria. #The main threats to this species are residential, commercial and road and rail infrastructures development, agriculture and forestry. #These activities have caused a modification of the natural system in large extensions, in the past and in the present. Nevertheless, there are large areas where the habitat has remained unchanged. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the European level and is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and France found in the western Pyrenees and the Basque Country. In France it is distributed from the Department of Hautes Pyrénées to Department of Atlantiques-Pyrenees in the West. # In Spain it is found to be widespread in suitable habitats in the the # Basque mountains (Altonaga et al, 2004).

population:
There are no population studies. But the enlargement of urban areas and the construction of new road and train infrastructures are causing a decline in the extent of habitat.

habitat:
This species is virtually endogenous. It lives under rocks buried in the ground within deciduous forests or in very humid and shady areas. Occasionally, it may appear in cave openings.

threats:
In Spain, the main threats to this species are residential, commercial and road and rail infrastructures development, and agriculture and forestry,and these activities have caused a modification of the natural system in large extensions, in the past and in the present (Gomez, pers. comm., 2010). Nevertheless, there are large areas where the  habitat has remained unchanged. In France some sites are close to large and active quarries, where  impact from dust pollution and habitat loss have reduced the area and  quality of beech forest.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions are not  needed for this species; # it was not listed as threatened in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante, 2009). # Originally listed as Rare in Wells and Chatfield (1992), then listed on the 1994 Red List, in 1996, the species was recognised as being a restricted range taxa that was under-recorded due to the cryptic habitat and changed to Least Concern (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors considered Acanthinula azorica #and A. spinifera (Canary Islands) as a synonym of this species, however Bank et al. (2006, Fauna Europaea) consider it a separate species. Further molecular work is required to establish the geographical species limits, as some closely related taxa, that are possibly conspecific are known in Africa, as well as the Azores.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread across Europe and there are no threats across its whole range, therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread through Europe and is found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Greece (mainland), North Aegean Islands (Vóreion Aiyáion; Greece), Crete (Greece), Albania, Slovenia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia   Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine and Moldova.

population:
The size and trends of the subpopulations of this species are believed # to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs generally in overgrown hedgerows, in woodland edge habitats and in temperate forests. In acidic environments the ‘spines’ along the periphery of the shell  may become worn or decorticated and the finest examples usually occur  on calcareous soils. This species is often associated with hedgerow and fen margin habitats (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
This species may be declining due to habitat loss by logging hedgerows and forests and lowering of habitat quality (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Ireland this species is listed as Near Threatened (Byrne et al. 2009). # Taxonomic research is required to confirm the species' geographical limits.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Neubert, E.


taxonomicNotes:
Acanthinula azorica was cited for the Azores as the European A. aculeata (Müller 1774) (Backhuys 1975); Bank et al. (2002) consider it separate from the continental taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively uncommon. It # has adapted to secondary forests and is present on almost all islands in the Azores. There are no major threats thus it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is recorded from all the islands of the Azores, except Corvo.

population:
Although found throughout the Azores, it is an uncommon species, found primarily in forests, endemic and secondary. Backhuys (1975) attributes its rarity to the destruction of the mountain, endemic habitat, which the species seems to prefer over the secondary forest.

habitat:
Acanthinula azorica lives in forested habitats, endemic and secondary, although preferentially on mountainous, endemic vegetation. It is found mainly under decaying leaves. On Pico island, for example, it was found from 150 m to over 1000 m ASL (Martins et al. 2006), and Backhuys (1975) collected it on Flores at about 50 m ASL.

threats:
This species is relatively uncommon; however, because it has adapted to secondary forests and is present on almost all islands, no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has only been collected from 3 localities on 2 different islands, its real distribution is uncertain and the threats it faces are unknown. Therefore the species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is currently known to occur on Tenerife and La Palma islands. However, the scarcity of shells and paucity of sampling means that the range is uncertain and that the species might be present on more islands.

population:
There are no population trends available for this species. The species is very rare, but also very small and therefore not so easy to detect.

habitat:
This species is thought to occur in natural forests and their edges (Fayal-Brezal).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the clearing of natural forest and wildfires.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population, distribution, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the    species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore it       is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species lives in Southern Europe (north-west of Spain to Rhône-Alpes in France, Italy and Slovenia to Crete). It also occurs in Algeria. It has a scattered distribution with many gaps, it is probably an old fauna element.

population:
There is no information on population trends, however, #the population trend is thought to be stable. In north-west Spain, it is abundant where it is present.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives between and below rocks and  rock rubble, well hidden, mainly in mountains. It seems to prefer  calcareous substrate. In north-west Spain, it is found in moderately humid habitats in  forests between rocks and soil with dry leaves or branches of shrubs. In  the Apennines, it is not rare above 1,500 m asl.

threats:
Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe      destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion,  fire,  etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the  large     number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the  whole     population significantly.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the     species is usually not directly affected by human activity, therefore  it       is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species lives in Portugal, France (Corsica) and North-West Africa. According to Fauna Europaea, it also lives in Greece (where it is probably introduced (E. Neubert, pes. com. 2011)), Madeira and in the Canary island.

threats:
Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe       destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion,   fire,  etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the  large      number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the  whole      population significantly.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has suffered severe decline in the last decades. Ireland has a significant proportion of the global population and population declined by 73% in the last 30 years there. If a continuous decline is inferred, it means that 25% of the population has been lost in the last decade i nIreland. Similar trends are seen in other countries, such as in Sweden. Therefore the species is considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A2c. This species should be carefully monitored, as Global warming is likely to have a significant and rapid impact on its population.

range:
The European endemic species has an oceanic distribution and is found from Ireland,  Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, to Poland and an  old record from Kaliningrad. In Ireland, Spermodea lamellata is common only in broadleaf woods in northern  and western counties but not the central limestone plain.  In southern Britain it is extinct except for a small number of  isolated and vulnerable sites and is evidently in decline  over most of Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009).

population:
It has suffered severe distributional decline in the last 30 years in Ireland (73% reduction in records, Byrne et al. 2009). In Sweden, there has been a decline of over 50% since 1950s (Swedish Red List - online). The only known population in the Netherlands is red-listed and almost extinct (G. Falkner, pers. comm., 2011). Ireland has a significant proportion of the global population (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
Spermodea lamellata prefers habitats that are older broadleaf woodlands where it inhabits deep, stable leaf litter. It is particularly common in planted beech  wood and in the past it has been able to survive considerable disturbance  including the clear-felling of woods or isolation in tiny broadleaf  strips within large conifer plantations, but recent drier, warmer  decades have seen a steep decline in many areas. On the Atlantic seaboard, it also occurs widely in moss on rocky  headlands or heaths (Byrne et al. 2009). In Sweden, it can occur in oligotrophic woodlands, preferably beech and als in mixed forest. It needs continuously moist conditions on the ground and is very sensitive to drying out. Many of the occurrences are associated with springs.

threats:
Drier summers and woodland habitat management are two likely drivers of the loss of this species. In Sweden, forestry in particular logging is affecting the species as it needs continuous closed habitat as it is highly sensitive to drying out. Recreational activities (trampling) and grazing of the woodlands causes the species to disappear as the species does not like turbulence in the leaf litter.

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Endangered (Byrne et al. 2009). In Sweden, it is considered Near Threatened  (A2bc; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)) and in Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern): R - extremely rare. This species should be carefully monitored, as Global warming is likely to have a significant and rapid impact on its population.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present on all islands in the Azores, except Corvo (Extent of occurrence = 100,000km2). Although relatively uncommon throughout the islands, it has adapted to secondary forests and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is recorded from all islands of the Azores, except Corvo.

population:
Morelet (1860) mentioned this species only for São Miguel and Faial, and Backhuys (1975) added São Jorge and Flores. Cunha et al. (2010) extended its range to all but Terceira and Corvo, however Spermodea monas has also been collected on Terceira (unpublished data A.Martins pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Spermodea monas lives in forested habitats, endemic and secondary, although preferentially on mountainous, endemic vegetation. Relatively uncommon, it is found under dead leaves. On Pico island, it was found from 150 m to above 1,000 m (Martins et al. 2006)

threats:
This species is relatively uncommon; however, because it has adapted to secondary forests and is present on all but one island, no threats are foreseen.


range:
This species is widespread in Europe. It also occurs in Algeria, Asia, and is introduced to South Africa.

habitat:
The grass snails are restricted to open situations. This species is moderately thermophilic preferring light vegetation and the presence  of basic rocks. In northern counties it is restricted to calcareous sands or rocks along  the coast (Byrne et al. 2009).

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, M. Neubert, E.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was often confused with Vallonia teniolabris.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in very isolated areas (but more than 100 sites) in Central Europe and is suspected to have an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km². The habitat, wet meadows and river lowlands is constantly declining due to changes in the hydrological regime such as drainage and construction measures as well as the expansion of agriculture. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria BEU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
It is a Central European endemic that is found in Poland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Slovakia. There is one finding in Bosnia which might have been transported downstream by a river. The AOO is smaller than 500 km2.

population:
In France, the species is found at only one locality in northeastern France, in the departement Bas-Rhin. In Switzerland, the species is declining and was known from four sites but now only one site remains in the north. # The centre of its distribution is in southern Germany, where it has been reported as rare from Baden-Wuerttemberg. There are isolated occurrences in the northern parts of Germany. In Austria, some sites in the northwest and one isolated occurrence in Tirol. In Poland, there is only one known site at Wroclaw. Literature shows two localities in the Czech Republic and one locality in Slovakia but there is no confirmation about their existence in recent years (Gerber 1996). The overall population trend is declining.This is a small species that has natural strong population fluctuations.

habitat:
This species is found in wet to humid meadows often found in river lowlands and in reedbeds (Gerber 1996).

threats:
Changes in hydrological regimes and measures to protect from flooding, such as river regulation and drainage, are destroying the habitat of the species. Another threat is the conversion of river lowlands into agriculture and livestock (agro-industry).

conservationAction:
Natural habitat restoration is needed to ensure the species survival. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Lists of Bayern (Germany), Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) and Switzerland. It is found in protected areas in Germany and Austria (National Park Donau-Auen).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe with a clear focus in eastern Europe. It is a habitat specialist living mainly on wet meadows on a limestone substrate. It therefore has a scattered distribution, and is seriously threatened by drainage activities from agriculture. The northern occurrences are particularly under threat as can be seen from the Red Lists categories in several countries. However, the current available data does not support of loss of more than 30% in the last 10 years (The generation length is unknown, but for this assessment, three generation lengths are considered to be less than ten years.) Therefore this species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A2c, at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species has a European distribution ranging from Spain to Germany, Poland, southwards to the Balkans, Turkey and Egypt with an apparent stronghold across Austria and Hungary.

population:
The situation of the species is various countries is as follow:Germany: Critically Endangered in Bayern, Baden-Wuerttemberg (3 localities) and Mecklenburg-VorpommernSwitzerland: seven findings in recent years, classed as Endangered on national red list declining populationsSweden: regionally extinct with last sighting in 1960sAustria: Declines in the past due to habitat loss. Greece: no data available.Bulgaria: no data available.Hungary: new localities have been foundSpain: no data available.France: findings in the Mediterranean part and restricted findings in the continental partSlovenia: no data available.The species is declining along the northern edge of its range.

habitat:
Vallonia enniensis is specialised to calcareous bogs, humid and wet meadows, and reedbeds around springs. It is a thermophile species and needs calcareous substrates. Due to climatic reasons the species is not widely distributed in Europe and is declining (Gerber 1996).

threats:
The main threats to this species in Austria are drainage of the wet meadows for livestock and subsequent change into agricultural land that results in habitat loss. Eutrophication due to agricultural activities on nearby fields is affecting the remaining patches of habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Bayern, Baden-Wuerttemberg (3 localities) and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany) and as Endangered # in Switzerland and Austria. It is not redlisted in Slovenia.


range:
This species is widespread in Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic o, fMoldova, Republic of, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and United Kingdom. This is a holarctic species.

habitat:
This species lives in open dry calcareous habitats, grassland, scree, and sand dunes.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However, increasing land-use and pasturing, eutrophication of habitats and similar events may affect the quality of the habitat of this species.


range:
This species is widespread in Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,  Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,  Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,  Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Moldova, Republic of,  Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro,  Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and United  Kingdom.Outside Europe it is recorded to the east towards China; the species is also introduced to Northern America, Mexico, etc.

habitat:
This species lives in open wet calcareous habitats, grassland, scree, and sand dunes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Vallonia suevica is probably now restricted to south-western Germany (up to the border with Luxembourg). # In total there are around four to five locations and the area of occupancy is 16 km2. The current findings occupy very small areas which are much smaller than 10 km2. The habitat, wet meadows and river lowlands is constantly declining due  to changes in the hydrological regime such as drainage and construction  measures as well as the expansion of agriculture. Habitat has been lost and the populations are now severely fragmented. Populations have been lost in the past ten years and beyond. There is a definite declining population trend but not enough information to assess the species under Criterion A. More research is needed to determine whether the species should be upgraded to Critically Endangered but is classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) for the moment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
Vallonia suevica is found in Central Europe where it is restricted to Austria, Germany, and the border to Luxembourg. Its main distribution is in the federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany. It occurs in the river lowlands in southwest Germany and is found in the Danube valley in Austria.

population:
The species is very small, but field surveys to find it have been undertaken and showed a decline in the populations.In Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany): it is only found in the NeckartalIn Bavaria (Germany): one population in Murnauer Moos and one in a meadow in Schmellnricht (Mittelfranken)It was reported for Austria from two sites but the material collected in Austria turned out to be misidentifications except for one. The records are from the 1930s and it is suspected that the species is not present in Austria anymore (Gerber 1996). There has been one record from Italy near lake Garda but it is suspected that this was transported there by alluvial deposit or transported by birds.

habitat:
Occurring in wet to moderately dry grassland in river lowlands, the species needs moderately humid places.

threats:
Changes in hydrological regimes such as river channelisation and drainage (as flood protecting measures) are destroying the habitat of the species. Another threat is the conversion of river lowlands into land for agriculture and livestock (agro-industry).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered # in the Red List Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) and as Critically Endangered in Bayern (Germany). # Natural habitat restoration is needed to ensure the species survival.


taxonomicNotes:
Prior to 1966, this species was not recognised as distinct from C. columella, thus early records cannot be attributed to either species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe and is present in many different habitats. It does not face major  threats and there is no evidence of any decline. It is therefore listed  as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is found throughout Europe, extending from Island, Scandinavia, UK to Spain,  Portugal and its Atlantic islands and east to Czech Republic. It is not recorded from any Balkan countries.Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from the Baikal area.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives mainly in forests (coniferous as well as deciduous), and also on acidic grasslands. It is often montane and can be found in relatively dry habitats. It is said to avoid calcareous  habitats and is found on acid soils usually avoided by other shelled molluscs (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
There are no known threats affecting the species at the moment.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Rheinland-Pfalz (AnimalBase 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been described in 1830 from a loess deposit in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. There is no reliable actual record for this species in Baden-Württemberg.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has two distribution centres in Europe, i.e. Scandinavia and the Alps. Scattered records are known from pre-alpine areas in southern Germany, in the Czech Republic, and the Ukraine. Some populations seem to be under pressure and need further monitoring (particularly in Austria and Bavaria, Germany). On the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, this species does not face major  threats and there is no evidence of  any decline. It is therefore listed  as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This is a typical boreoalpine species, which is widespread in the mountains of Scandinavia south of the Arctic circle and northern Russia. It also occurs in the Alps, and has isolated populations on the Crimean Peninsula, and the Tatra Mts.

habitat:
This species lives in wet, calcareous meadows and wet, subarctic forests.

threats:
Drainage of meadows for agricultural reasons may be a thread to this species. However, there is no information on actual threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is regarded as Critically Endangered in Bavaria (Falkner et al. 2003), lost in Baden-Württemberg (Arbeitsgruppe Mollusken BW 2008), and Endangered in parts of Austria Vorarlberg and Tirol (AnimalBase 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prior to 1966, this species was not recognised as distinct from C. aspera, thus early records cannot be attributed to either species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe and is present in many different habitats. It does not face major threats and there is no evidence of any decline. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found throughout Europe, extending from UK to Spain, Portugal and Atlantic islands and east to Czech Republic and Greece.

population:
The population shows little sign of decline.

habitat:
This species is found in well vegetated habitats, best in undisturbed places such as wetlands, woodlands and grasslands (Kerney 1999).


taxonomicNotes:
Columella microspora and Columella aspera have been recorded from the Azores and, although most old records refer only to the former name, there is no certainty that they are referring to the same taxon (Backhuys 1975). The group is currently under review.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range, but is present on three island groups, Azores, Canaries and Madeira, and as such, although the species is rare and lives at low density on the three island groups, the threats are all localised, and the species should be considered as Least Concern (LC). Once more information is known on the taxonomy of this species it may need to be reviewed.

range:
This species is endemic to the Atlantic Islands, it is known from Madeira, three islands of the Canaries (Bank, Groh and Ripken 2002) and all islands of the Azores (Cunha et al. 2010; unpublished information A.Martins pers.comm. 2010). Due to the taxonomic issues with this species, a detailed distribution is not currently known.

population:
Madeira: # This species is found at over 25 sites on the main  island of Madeira, where it is found in the central valleys, and in a few valleys in the North-West. Where it occurs, it is usually found at low  density (Seddon 2008).  #Columella aspera also occurs on Madeira, often at lower altitudes, but also mainly in central valleys and north-west of Madeira, and the two species are difficult to separate.Azores: Morelet (1860) mentioned this species only for São Miguel and Faial, and Backhuys (1975:110) added Santa Maria and Flores, but he did not collect this species on the latter island, and the specimens in our collection appear to be C. aspera. Cunha et al. (2010) extended its range to all but São Jorge island; however, it was latter collected on this island (unpublished data A.Martins pers. comm. 2010).Canary Islands: Pilsbry (1926: 234) recorded this species from Tenerife and La Palma, Bank et al. (2002: 103) added La Gomera. # The species seems to be rare there, and more field work is needed to clarify its status on this island group.

habitat:
Madeira: On Madeira it is mainly found inland, at intermediate elevations, within the Laurisilva zone (Seddon 2008). It is usually found on the underside of fern fronds, at the base of ferns and in leaf-litter. # # Azores: This species lives in forested habitats, endemic and secondary, although preferentially on mountainous, endemic vegetation. Relatively common, it is frequently found on the underside of leaves of Hedychium gardneranum, as well as other plants such as Vaccinium cylindraceum. On Pico island, it was found from 30 m (Martins et al. 2006) to near 2,000 m (unpublished information A.Martins pers. comm. 2010). On São Jorge, it was found near the sea level (unpublished data A.Martins pers. comm. 2010)

threats:
Madeira: On Madeira, this species is found at intermediate and high elevations within the Laurisilva zone. A fair proportion of the range is now within the protected areas on Madeira, and hence the habitat decline is now been largely stabilised. The main threat on this island lies in the nature of its restricted distribution and presence at sites in relatively low density. # These habitats are susceptible to future changes in rainfall patterns which could impact microhabitat if the high humidity levels changes, as most of the habitats were in areas that are used to take water from for irrigation of crops at lower elevations on the island.Azores: This species is relatively common, has adapted to secondary forests and is present on all islands, therefore no threats are foreseen.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy of this species. #In #Madeira, most of the species' range lies within Parque Natural and enforcement of the protection should be encouraged. In the Azores, no specific conservation measures are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea list three subspecies: #S. paganettii paganettii Sturany, 1901, Spelaeoconcha paganettii alphonsi Maassen, 1989 and #Spelaeoconcha paganettii polymorpha A.J. Wagner, 1914.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to South Dalmatia and Hercegovina. It is currently protected at the national level in Croatia. There are at least 15 known locations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
This species is distributed in South Dalmatia and Hercegovina. The known distribution records are S. paganettii paganettii: Korcula Island, Paganetti cave; S. paganettii polymorpha: Brac Island (several locations); Osojnik, Mociljska cave; Vrgorac, Jurilj cave; Vrgorac Mala Pecina, Breskula u staroj paski; Ugljane, S. paganettii alphonsi: Ilidza, Vrelo Bosne; Plana near Bileca, Kipino selo (Maassen 1989).    There are at least 15 known locations, but due to the hidden life of this species, this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a troglobite species which lives in karstic caves and fissures.

threats:
This species occurs in karstic cave systems. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.   #

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). The species is protected at the national level in Croatia. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas. Due to the stable population there are no further conservation actions required at this time.


taxonomicNotes:
This genus is known from the Madeiran archipelago, and is one of the genera that Pilsbry (1920) suggests may have been in Madeira since the Tertiary period. Pilsbry comments that the strong parietal callus is a feature seen in snails of arid regions. Schileyko (1998) placed Staurodon as a subgenus in the genus Vertigo, but had no anatomical data to support this case. The retention of the genus Staurodon in subfamily Nesopupinae follows Waldén (1983) and Bank et al. (2002).Bank et al. (2002) place S. saxicola as the synonym rather than S. seminulum. As page priority goes to S. saxicola, Seddon (2008) used the name S. saxicola. # Cameron in his various papers on Madeira used the name S. saxicola. Waldén (1983) follows Wollaston (1878) in only recognising one taxa, placing seminulum as a synonym. In National Museum of Wales collections at some sites there are two shell morphologies which merit further investigation and as such the two forms were illustrated by Seddon (2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the area of occupancy (AOO = 110 km2) meets the threshold for Endangered B2, the number of localities (>29) suggests that, at present, this species does not meet the other criteria of declining range. Given that many of the sites are close to the coast, and hence on land that may be used for development in the future, the species should be reviewed periodically to assess changes in the status. For the moment, it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; it is found living on the main island of Madeira and recorded as a Quaternary fossil from Porto Santo. # It is known from more than 30 sites over the island, and is viewed as most common towards the lower-lying areas near the coast (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, but believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found undersides of stones and on walls, on rocky slopes and crags amongst grasses and herbs, up to 400 m asl.

threats:
It is considered not to be threatened at present due to the availability of habitat and lack of decline in quality of habitat over the range, as it is present on the less developed western and northern coasts. # Around urbanizations the species is possibly declining, as habitats are lost due to hotel and residential developments.

conservationAction:
The species should be reviewed periodically to assess changes in the status.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic validity of this species needs to be fully investigated, especially at the molecular level.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted area (EOO of about 110 km² and AOO = 24 # km²) and it is only known from three locations. The quality of its  habitat if declining, due to the changes in agriculture practices. It is  therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to a restricted area, south of Auxerre (Yonne, France).

threats:
Abandonment of agricultural land and the resulting change in vegetation affect it.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by French law, but there are no specific conservation action plan. More research is needed on the population, distribution and taxonomy of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed on the number, size and trend within the populations of this species. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, and is recorded from the Islands of Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro. From Tenerife, there are recent shells known collected by Blauner (type locality, not specified), and some fossils from Costa de el Draguillo. Shells have been found on La Gomera (fossil from Bco. de Machal, recent only from Hermigua in the north-east of the islands.). From El Hierro, it is only known from the Parador in the south of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the soil of the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal).

conservationAction:
Monitoring of trend and size of populations on the three islands where the species occurs is strongly suggested.


taxonomicNotes:
The British populations were originally considered to be a separate subspecies by authors until the 1970’s.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in southern Europe, where it is known from very dry calcareous habitats. Fringe populations in Central Europe are locally under stress due to unfavourable habitat conditions. However, at the European level, the species does not face major threats and there is no evidence of any  decline. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species occurs mainly in Mediterranean Europe. Scattered populations are known from areas north of the Alps, and in the Central and Eastern Alps. The west-alpine arc in France is well populated by the species and connects to the main distribution area in Southern Europe. There are some records from the southernmost coast of the UK (Kerney and Cameron 1979; Kerney et al. 1983).Outside Europe, this species has been recorded from Algeria. It is also known from Northern Caucasus and Central Asia (Sysoev and Schileyko 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in short calcareous grassland on sandy or stony ground. Habitats have to be extremely dry, open rocky limestone slopes are also inhabited. In the UK, it is often present on exposed maritime cliffs or old quarries (Kerney 1999).

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat loss through quarrying and changing land-use management.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is known from a small area of Ossa Mountain, in Thessalia and from just 11 individuals/shells, it is quite possible to have a wider distribution and larger populations. This is quite typical for small sized land snails (Shell height: 2.92-3.17 mm, shell width: 1.58-1.75 mm) that are quite difficult to be found in field surveys. #There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This is a recently described new species for science (Triantis et al. 2004). Although the species is known from a small area of Ossa Mountain, in Thessalia and from just 11 individuals/shells, it is quite possible to have a wider distribution and larger populations.

population:
The species is known from 11 shells/individuals (see Triantis et al. 2004). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
Calcareous areas with shrublands (phrygana and maquis) above 700 meters. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #No conservation actions in effect currently.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although quite scattered in its distribution pattern in Europe, this species is relatively widespread. There is no threat known to this species over its whole range. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Central Europe with a clear focus in the eastern countries. Outside Europe, it is also found in Turkey and the Caucasus region.

population:
There is no information #available #on the population size or trend.

habitat:
This species lives on dry calcareous hill and mountain slopes preferably with scattered larger or smaller rocks and stones. This species is characteristic for Artemisia and Helianthemum communities (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
The major threat to this species is loss of habitat by encroachment of vegetation due to reduction of grazing.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable for Austria and Switzerland. More information on its status is needed for the major part of the remaining subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although of a scattered distribution pattern, this species is relatively widespread in eastern Europe, and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is living in Scandinavia and eastern Europe ranging to Russia and the Ukraine. The species has a scattered distribution pattern.Outside Europe it is also known from the Caucasus region.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives on calcareous substrates with low grass vegetation; it also occurs on coastal dunes and open forests (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
There are no threats known to affect the species at the moment.

conservationAction:
The subpopulations in Germany are considered Endangered.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in southern Europe. Although declining in northern Europe, the species is abundant in its southern European range; currently, # there is no major threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species occurs in southern Europe extending north to southern Scandinavia (Kerney and Cameron 1976). # It can be abundant when present in dry Mediterranean habitats in loose, dry soil/litter interface. It is much rarer in northern countries.Outside Europe it is recorded from northern Africa, Turkey and the Caucasus region.

population:
In the UK, this species has declined over the last 100 years. In Bedfordshire: Prior to 2002 good numbers of living shells were found in 1970, 1974, and 1983. # Wall maintenance work was carried out in spring 2003 and it would appear that the habitat was disturbed and # no live snails have been found since 2002. In Durham: # Recent sampling shows that the species is still present in very low numbers. The recent record for Scotland was not of living shells.The species is also declining in Germany. For the major part of its distribution range, no reliable information is available.

habitat:
This species is found in dry, short calcareous grassland on sandy or stony ground (Kerney 1999). # Former records from Yorkshire, Lincolnshire were from coastal sandhills (Kerney 1999). It is typical for Sedum and Artemisia vegetation types (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the changes in grassland management, disturbance of banks and possible impact of climate change.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research on population size and trends particularly in the southern part of its range are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. It seems to be a very localised species, there are almost no published records for it. Further research is need on the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and is found in Istria, on the Croatian littoral.

habitat:
This species was found on dry grassland.

threats:
The main # threats to this species are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in the Madeiran islands. Wollaston (1878) noted  that it was only known from sub-fossil deposits on Madeira. However,  Hutterer and Groh (1993) reported that Anton de Winter has recorded  the species living at Ribeira do Curral between Fajã de Dentro and Fajã. The threats are uncertain, as current distribution is poorly known, as  most records are subfossil # shells, and other non-native species of Truncatellina are suspected to be present on Madeira (Cameron et al. 2006; Seddon 2008). # Hence the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending more information on population status, distribution and threats.

range:
This species is found in the Madeiran islands. Wollaston (1878) noted that it was only known from sub-fossil deposits on Madeira. However, Hutterer and Groh (1993) reported that Anton de Winter has recorded the species living at Ribeira do Curral between Fajã de Dentro and Fajã.

population:
The population status of this species is uncertain, as most shells are subfossil.

habitat:
Based on other species in this genus, the species is likely to be found in leaf-litter debris on rock ledges and beneath bushes, however very few living records of this species, and requires leaf-litter sieving techniques to find the species.

threats:
The threats are uncertain, as current distribution is poorly known, as most records are subfossil # shells, and other non-native species of Truncatellina are suspected to be present on Madeira (Cameron et al. 2006; Seddon 2008).

conservationAction:
More information on population status, distribution and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
F. Welter-Schultes question the validity of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy as it is known from a single location on one island. Due to its rarity and single location, this species is particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and degradation. The tourist activities on this island might become a threat to this species. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia. It is found in one site at Veli Lošinj, Isle of Lošinj, VK62 and has an area of occupancy of four km2.

population:
It is a rare species. There are no data on the population trend.

habitat:
The species occurs on the base of # rocks or in the leaf litter in forests or shrubland.

threats:
Even though fire could potentially negatively impact the species, there is no major threat affecting the entire population at the moment. Tourist activities on the island might become a threat to this species in the future.

conservationAction:
More research on the taxonomy of this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the eastern Alps and northern Balkans. Its subpopulations are scattered, but relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the eastern Alps in Central Europe. So far it is only known from eastern Switzerland, Lichtenstein, northern Italy, Bavaria, Austria and the northern Balkans (Bank 2011).

population:
For the major part of its range, the size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is living on calcareous low grassland and slopes with calcareous rubble (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
There are currently no threats known to this species. However, change in grassland management can affect the habitats and threaten some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
This species had been considered as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Turner et al. 1998). For the major part of the subpopulations, no conservation actions are considered.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is only one reported location in Romania, but the species is likely to occur in the whole Banat region. This species inhabits dry habitats between stones which are not particularly threatened by human activity. #Potential threats to this species are quarrying or by road constructions. However the destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely. As this species is only found in one location, it is possible that a future threat could put the species at risk, but this is not an immediate risk. This species is listed as Near Threatened, and more research on the distribution and potential threats is recommended. #

range:
There are only a few data on the distribution of the species. Grossu (1987) reports the species from the Banat region (e.g. Baile Herculeane), and mentions its present in Bulgaria and in the former Yugoslavia. According to www.animalbase.org the species lives in Romania and in Bulgaria (Marica river deposits). Since the Bulgarian data refers to river deposit specimens, it is not proved that the species occures in the country. Damjanov and Likharev (1975) does not mention the species from Bulgaria.

population:
Due to the hidden life and small size of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining. The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
According to Grossu (1987) this is a xero-tolerant species, occuring on calcareous, dry areas between stones and grass roots.

threats:
This species occurs in calcareous, xeric areas between stones. It is a potential threat if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying and road constructions. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Romania on national level, however the only know exact locality lies within the Cerna-Domogled National Park. Research on the population size and distribution is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on the exact distribution, habitat, and population size of this species. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Ids., and has been recorded from the Islands of Alegranza, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. The specimen from Fuerteventura is believed to be extant, it originates from the Jandia Peninsula, above Cofete.

population:
There are no data on the population size. There are only one or two records # per island, but only the one from Fuerteventura is believed to be extant, the others come from Quaternary fossil beds.

habitat:
This species lives probably in the soil of the temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), but was screened from soil in abandoned cultivated area.

conservationAction:
Monitoring of extension and size of populations on the three islands is urgently suggested. It should be made evident whether this species is a fossil, or whether it survived in some of the mentioned places.


range:
The species is #distributed #in Greece, Albania and Turkey (Schütt, 2001, Irikov and Eross 2008).

habitat:
The species is soil-dwelling, #usually #found under stones.


redListCategoryRationale:
The exact distribution, the population size and trends of the species, as well as the threats it faces are unknown. Therefore it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found in Croatia and Italy. However, the only defined locality for this species is the Italian city of Trieste. It was also listed for the Istria peninsula (Jaeckel et al. 1958), whose area is not only in Croatia. Bank (2007) lists only Croatia for its range, however, this is to be checked (Štamol 2010).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population and distribution of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia. There are two known locations, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it has a restricted range, found only on the island of Grgur, in the northeast (UTM: VK86) and in Plase, on the island of Susak (UTM: VK42). The extent of occurrence is thought to be 20 km2.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions for this species. However, the known populations require monitoring to help determine if there are any threats acting on the species in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe and does not face major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in Europe, mainly in Scandinavia and montane regions north of Alps from Switzerland to Poland, Belarus and  Baltic countries. It is known from northern Germany and northern Poland, north and eastern France, and the Carpathians to Bulgaria. In the UK, it is recorded from Wales, northern England and Scotland. There are isolated populations on Iceland.Outside Europe, this species is known from northern Asia, and some islands off Newfoundland.

habitat:
This species is found around old stone walls as well as dry undisturbed places such as hedges, grassy banks and cliffs (Dance 1969, Kerney 1999). # In Scotland, it occurs amongst mosses on scree (Marriot and Marriot 1982, 1984).

threats:
The main threats to this species are the destruction of habitats (walls), disturbance of screes and changes in microclimate. However, it is unlikely to affect the species on its whole range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Based on the estimated loss of individuals in sites, combined with total loss of  sub-populations from sites that have been well monitored since the  Habitat’s Directive monitoring began and the lack of habitats in favourable condition as mentioned in recent EU reporting, this species is considered to be meeting the thresholds of 30% of population decline over the last 10 years. These declines are likely to become more severe in the future, as this species has most of its range in salt-marsh/coastal dunes, within fringing habitats of a gradient of groundwater levels (often marginal strips of vegetation less than 5 m wide), and these habitats lie where sea defence construction will take place (especially in regions concerned about climate change and increased frequency of storm-surges at spring tides), and as such further declines in areas with pristine habitats might be expected, thus this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) A2ac+3c at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This is mainly a European species, but it extends through Turkey to Iran. # It ranges from southern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and from Ireland to the Caspian Sea. # It has a scattered and often localised distribution in many countries (Cameron et al. 2003).

population:
The population trend is thought to be decreasing. The UK has some of the biggest populations in Europe.Evidence from Ireland, where a significant 3 year survey (2008 – 2010) was undertaken on known extant sites, found 1 of the 21 sites had been totally destroyed (Moorkens and Killeen 2011). A further 7 sites had declined to a situation that the snail may already be lost or is likely to be lost in the near future (5% loss in the last 5 years, and 30% sites showing decline in the last 5 years). It should be noted that  site losses were in inland wetland habitats. The Favourable Reference Population (FRP) is ‘the population in a  given biogeographical region considered the minimum necessary to ensure  the long-term viability of the species’ (European Commission 2006). Expert opinion considers that in order to conserve the long term viability of Vertigo angustior  in the Republic of Ireland, the population Conservation Status should  be based upon maintaining the current number of sites in favourable  condition and not on number of individuals which is an unreliable  measure (see above). Thus sites that were classified as being in  unfavourable condition for population (based on assessment of snail  presence) were assessed using best expert opinion as to how much more  area of occupancy they would have if they were in favourable condition. #  As the Favourable Reference Population of the species is greater than  the Current Population, the population status is currently considered to  be unfavourable. The snail is particularly vulnerable in Europe at wetland sites, which are difficult to protect, and in coastal sites which may be subject to increasing inundation. The UK sites are currently in good condition, but the future prospects are considered to be potentially poor as the vast majority of the population is found along sea wall defences and in estuarine habitats that are becoming increasingly vulnerable to inundation. Pressure to increase sea level defences with stronger, steeper walls could destroy the populations depending on the older more vulnerable defence bunds. # # # # #Evidence from elsewhere in the range is missing in its precision due to the absence of targeted studies across the range, but proxy evidence can be taken from reporting by member states under Article 17 of the Habitat’s and Species Directive. The last round of reporting was in 2007, and member states returned assessments on range, population, habitat, future prospects and overall assessment under an assessment of either (i) favourable (green), (ii) unfavourable declining (amber) or (iii) unfavourable bad (red). The following member states have published their results as follows (2007 assessment), for the overall status of the species: Germany, France and Belgium - unfavourable bad (red), Ireland and the Netherlands - unfavourable declining (amber) and UK - Unknown.

habitat:
At a broad level, it appears to be present in a very wide range of habitat categories of maritime dune grassland and maritime or inland wetland (including fen, marsh, salt marsh and flood plain), but the micro-habitat within which it is restricted means that the exact conditions which its presence demands are rare, and a lot of habitat that is “almost correct” is devoid of the snail. Where fixed dunes have the correct habitat conditions, the snail may cover a large area of occupancy. Otherwise, it can be found in an often narrow transition zone between saltmarsh and dune, and in transition zones between grassland and wetland with short herbs, mosses and Iris. In Cumbria, it occurs in moss on limestone pavement. It is normally found on permanently moist but free-draining soils, not subject to prolonged inundation. Vertigo angustior is a groundwater-dependant species.

threats:
The main threats to this species is the modification of site hydrology, heavy grazing, lack of grazing, supplementary feeding of livestock, scrub encroachment, eutrophication, pesticides, exposure to leisure activities (especially on coastal sites) e.g. caravan parks and marinas, seawall construction and modification, managed retreat of coastal marshes, fragmentation of habitat, artificial planting on open ground, motorised vehicular damage to habitats, rise of temperatures and extremes, sea level rise and flooding.

conservationAction:
The species is redlisted in several European countries (e.g. GB, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, most federal regions of Germany) (Cameron et al. 2003). While there now are a range of protected sites where this species is present, these require ongoing appropriate site management, and this should be enough to secure the species albeit at a smaller range of sites than at present (Moorkens, pers. comm, 2011), as losses are likely to continue at inland and marginal sites especially in western Europe. In the longer term, should there be loss of present habitat from sea-level rise, then many sites would not have space for movement into new areas and some of the larger populations in Western Europe would be threatened.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe. In its global range, there is no actual threat known to  this species, although it has to be stressed that the species is under pressure in Central Europe because of changes in habitat management. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe. In Scandinavia it is found up to 63°N, and to the east towards the Baikal Region (Kerney et al. 1983).It is also known from the eastern part of the Anatolian plateau in Turkey.

habitat:
This species is commonly found in wetlands, marshes, fens, reed beds and hillside flushes. It can be found in ground litter bordering ground water around fens, occasionally in dune slacks.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the drainage of marshes, fens and wetland areas.

conservationAction:
This species is considered threatened (at very local scales) in Austria, Switzerland and Germany.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been frequently considered as a subspecies of Vertigo modesta (Say, 1824). This taxon is a holarctic species, which has been split in several subspecies. For Europe, the subspecies arctica Wallenberg, 1856 was widely used, but separated as a species in its own rights by Pokryszko (1990: 196). This view is followed here.AnimalBase (visited May 2011) claims that there are more subspecies in Europe, and that the named form from Iceland (hoppei Möller, 1842) is conspecific with arctica thus pre-dating this name. This hypotheses has not been proven until now, a revision of the V. modesta complex is needed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although widely distributed, this species is a specialist for calcareous alpine habitats in it southern distribution area, and thus is very scattered. The populations in Scandinavia are dense, but its alpine habitat is under pressure and overall it is a rare species. Its habitats, particularly in the Central European part of its distribution, are threatened, mainly by tourist and sportive activities in the high altitudes in Central Europe and the Pyrenees. Size of populations and population trend are unknown, more research is needed to gain reliable data on the biology of the species. Due to the scattered occurrence of the species and the vulnerability of its habitats in Central Europe, it is here listed as Near Threatened (NT).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
This is a boreo-alpine species. It is widespread in Europe and recorded from the following countries: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovak Republik, Italy, Andorra, Spain, Moldovia?, and Belarus. The distribution range falls in two regions: A more or less compact and dense distribution in the arctic areas, particularly in Norway and north-western Sweden, but very scatteredin Central Europe (Kerney et al. 1983; Proschwitz 2003).

habitat:
This species is mountain dwelling, predominantly on calcareous substrata. In Scandinavia, it lives in subarctic woodlands, valley slopes and fens. In the Tatra Mts. it also lives on calcareous rocks. In the western distribution area it is found in isolated localities in the French and Spanish Pyrenees and in Andorra (Proschwitz 2004).

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism. Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, and climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality; this threat is ongoing or even increasing in the last 10 years.

conservationAction:
This species is considered Critically Endangered in Poland (Pokrsyko: Polish Red Data Book, last visit May 2011) and Switzerland (Turner et al. 1998). The size of populations and population trend are unknown, more research is  needed to gain reliable data on the biology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed on # the population size, distribution area, biology etc. of this species. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This is a species living in the northernmost areas of Europe. It ranges from Scandinavia, Siberia to Alaska.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on acidic, moist soils in well vegetated tundra regions and in marshes and wetlands.


redListCategoryRationale:
Given the range of protected sites where this species is present, with appropriate site management, the species should no longer be at risk of extinction. # It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC). However, information from Italy was not available and would have a key influence on the assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
The species is an Arctic-Alpine relict, and was a pioneer species during the early Post-glacial phase in much of the Europe after the Pleistocene ice sheets had retreated.  It is recorded mostly in Scandinavia and in the Alps. It has a scattered  and often localised distribution in many countries. Bank et al. (2006) list as "Distribution: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain (UK), France (Mainland), Switzerland, Italy (Mainland), Latvia". # In Pokryszko's overview the species (http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~polmal/smp/v97.htm) "A North-European species; mountains of the central part of Scandinavia, less common in southern Sweden; locally in Finland, Germany, Switzerland; an isolated locality in England. In Poland one record from Bialowieza Forest, not confirmed to date". Pokryszko (1990) mentions also its possible presence in Poland. Older records from  outside this range are likely to be of V. geyeri.

population:
The populations of this species appear to be stable where they have been monitored (Killeen 2010). # In 1999/2000 a survey was carried out to determine the status extent of Vertigo genesii at its only known site in England (Killeen 2001). The results showed that V. genesii was widespread in calcareous flushes throughout the site and in places was locally abundant. # Life history studies on the snail at this site showed an increase in abundance of V. genesii from August through to but that there was no defined time of year for a major reproductive event. # Juveniles were present throughout the year and on average they comprised 55% of the population. # In 2009/2010 a further study was undertaken to monitor the Vertigo genesii population at the site in order to carry out a condition assessment and to determine the attributes that will be assessed by future monitoring, which is a requirement of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Condition at the site was assessed by a survey of the six main flush areas of the site where V. genesii had been previously. # The attributes used to assess Condition were based on area of potential snail habitat, area of occupancy of the snail, the number of overall positive recordings per number of field samples, and the hydrological field assessment. # The individual site assessments established that Vertigo genesii was in Favourable Condition at this SAC, there was no overall loss in area of habitat, no change in V. genesii distribution, abundance or population structure over the 10 year period since the previous survey.Similarly detailed survey results are not available from other countries, but from Article 17 assessments, the same condition can be inferred.

habitat:
The species occurs in soligenous fens and mires, wet flushes and constantly humid meadows that are calcareous and have a high pH (Pokryszko 1993, Cameron et al. 2003, von Proschwitz 2003). It lives at the base of short sedges, particularly Carex viridula and mosses, especially Palustriella (syn. Cratoneuron) spp and Drepanocladus revolvens (Killeen 2004). It occurs where the substrates are at or near field capacity, in often incompletely vegetated, rather stony or gravelly wet flushes (on sloping ground) not subject to flooding (Cameron et al. 2003). Vertigo genesii occurs mainly at altitudes between 300 and 900 metres, but has been recorded as low as 75 m at the Black Isle site in Scotland, and as high as 2000 m in the Alps.

threats:
Few local extinctions occurred in Europe. The main threats to this species are the modification of site hydrology, heavy grazing, lack of grazing, supplementary feeding of livestock, and climate change.

conservationAction:
While there now are a range of protected sites where this species is present, these require ongoing appropriate site management, and this should be enough to secure the species within its current range.


taxonomicNotes:
Vertigo geyeri was considered to be a subspecies of V. genesii or V. parcedentata until 1966 (Walden 1966) and care is needed in interpretation of earlier literature, where references to V. genesii may involve the more frequent V. geyeri.

redListCategoryRationale:
Given the range of protected sites where this species is present, with appropriate site management, the species should reach a stage where it is no longer at risk of extinction. There is, however, in significant parts of the range in Europe, an ongoing deterioration in sites which require active conservation management in order to be sustainable in the long term. Increased development pressure within the catchments supporting V. geyeri  can place unsustainable pressure on the finite water resources of this groundwater dependant species. Very remote sites are likely to be more sustainable than sites closer to human habitation. There is still decline in parts of the range however the short  generation time means that the species does not qualify for a threatened  category across Europe, although it does meet the criteria at a  National Level in many countries, due to restricted range. # Consequently  the species is listed as Least Concern, although if declines continue  it may be a candidate for listing as Near Threatened.The species was previously assessed as Conservation Dependant, as especially in the southern and western part of the range, disturbance and drying out of these water demanding species has meant that hydrological management is needed to maintain the sites in favourable condition. # However, a change in the criteria means that this category is no longer available, and hence it has been revised.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
Vertigo geyeri is a boreo-alpine species, probably endemic to Europe (Kerney 1999). # It is present in the Boreal, Alpine, Continental and Atlantic zones of the continent from Ireland to Russia (Cameron et al. 2003; Bank et al. 2006). It has a scattered and often localised distribution in many countries and there are documented local extinctions especially where the species occurs in isolated populations, and/or is at the edge of its range.Bank et al. (2006) list as "Great Britain (UK), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Italy (Mainland), Romania, Slovenia Norway, Sweden Denmark (Mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire). # In Pokryszko's overview the species (http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~polmal/smp/v103.htm) "A Boreo-Alpine species: mostly Scandinavia where its distribution border passes probably between 60° and 62°; north-western part of Russia, British Isles and Czech and Slovak Republic. Recorded from the vicinity of Bialowieza, on the territory belonging at present to the Belarous. Because of its occurrence in adjacent areas the species is likely to be found in Poland."

population:
This species is presumed stable. The species range in the UK has increased recently due to species specific survey work targeting likely areas within known regions. # The species is not known to have disappeared from any sites in the UK in the last 25 years.A three year assessment has been carried out in Ireland from 2007-2010 (Moorkens and Killeen 2011). # In the past, the number of viable populations surveyed from 1994 to 2006 was chosen as the best proxy in order to estimate population status. Following the wide-ranging survey of 2008-2010, the area of occupancy of the snail was considered to be the best proxy for measuring population condition, as (i) this area had been calculated in the detailed study, and (ii) numbers of individuals are dependent on weather conditions in the months and weeks leading up to a survey. Although it is really equating habitat occupancy with population, it is a better proxy than merely the presence or absence of living V. angustior in a population.  The Favourable Reference Population (FRP) is ‘the population in a given biogeographical region considered the minimum necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the species’ (European Commission 2006).   Expert opinion considers that in order to conserve the long term viability of Vertigo geyeri in the Republic of Ireland, the population Conservation Status should be based upon maintaining the current number of sites in favourable condition and not on number of individuals which is an unreliable measure (see above). Thus sites that were classified as being in unfavourable condition for population (based on assessment of snail presence) were assessed using best expert opinion as to how much more area of occupancy they would have if they were in favourable condition. # As the Favourable Reference Population of the species is greater than the Current Population, the population status is currently considered to be unfavourable. This is likely to be the case in other countries, but similar studies have not been undertaken as yet.  #

habitat:
Vertigo geyeri is stringent in its requirement of saturated water conditions in calcareous, ground water fed flushes that are often limited in size to a few metres square. Their habitats often occur in mosaics of suitable patches within wider fen macrohabitats, that in Ireland can themselves fall within habitats that be as diverse as raised bog laggs, transition mires, lake shores, hill or mountain slopes, and wetlands associated with coastal dunes and machair (Moorkens 2003). Within these macrohabitats, however, the snail is consistent in where it lives, within the saturated and decaying roots of small calcareous sedges (particularly Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha), associated fen mosses (particularly Drepanocladus revolvens and Campyllium stellatum). It lives in sedges (e.g. Carex viridula, Schoenus nigricans) and mosses (e.g. Drapanocladus, Palustriella)  at the interface between the water table and the base of the herb layer  where the surface substrates are at or near field capacity but not  subject to seasonal flooding (Cameron et al. 2003). # The greatest indicator of optimum V. geyeri habitat is the presence of a tufa-forming spring.These habitats are all restricted in size and vulnerable to disturbance and drainage activities. Vertigo geyeri is a groundwater-dependant species.

threats:
The main threats to this species is the modification of site hydrology, heavy grazing, lack of grazing, supplementary feeding of livestock, species composition change (succession and scrub encroachment), peat extraction, eutrophication, pesticides, modification for wind energy production, fragmentation of habitat, artificial planting on open ground, motorised vehicular damage to habitats, and rise of temperatures and extremes, including flooding.

conservationAction:
While there now are a range of protected sites where this species is present, these require ongoing appropriate site management, and this should be enough to secure the species albeit in small and fragmented sites. The species will remain conservation dependant in areas that require active management to prevent succession. Conservation is hampered by a lack of information on the wider hydrogeological regimes of the catchments feeding the springs and seepages where the snail resides. Where water abstraction for the catchment aquifer occurs, due consideration should be given to these wetland systems. In the future, the more remote sites are likely to be more sustainable than those with greater urban and agricultural needs for water, if pressure on water resources continues to increase.   Species monitoring programmes and grazing management to ensure survival of the species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a small area in Central Europe. The species is extremely rare and under local protection. It is threatened particularly by conversion of wet meadows to arable land, which completely destroys the habitats. The estimation is that this species is only known from 10 IUCN defined  locations (probably less), with an estimated area of occupancy of 40 km2. These locations are isolated, the  distribution area is severely fragmented, and the population density seems to be extremely low. This threat is ongoing or even intensified in the last decade leading to a heavy loss of quality and availability in habitats. It is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is only known from a small range in the border areas of Germany, Switzerland and Austria (Kerney et al. 1983; Turner et al. 1998). In Switzerland, there are three records from river flotsam originating from the same river system and thus probably only representing a single locality; there is a single record from Bavaria in the Danube valley; the number of sites in Baden-Württemberg are not known, but is seems to be a few only; no information is available for the number of localities in Austria. The estimation is that this species is only known from 10 IUCN defined locations (probably less). These locations are isolated, the distribution area is severely fragmented.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are usually only records of single specimens from these sites, so population density seems to be extremely low.

habitat:
This species inhabits fens and very wet meadows at low altitude levels.

threats:
Threats to this species are destruction of the habitats by drainage of wet meadows and conversion to agriculturally used areas.

conservationAction:
This species has been considered Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Germany (Turner et al. 1998; Jungbluth and Knorre 2009; Red List Baden-Württemberg 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a boreo-alpine species which has scattered to highly isolated subpopulations in Great Britain and Central Europe. It is recorded to be very sensitive to any alteration of # living habitats in area and quality. # The overall rate of decline is unknown, as there has been little survey data over the last 10 years, but it is quite massive for Great Britain, which is considered to have lost 45% of its subpopulation over the last 100 years. The main threat to this species is change of area management, particularly any agricultural drainage, river and lake shore deconstruction and similar human activities. As this is an ongoing threat throughout the whole range of this species, it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This is a boreo-alpine species. Its main distribution area is in Scandinavia (Proschwitz 1993). It occurs very localized in Wales, Lake District and Scotland (Kerney 1999, NBN Internet Atlas 2006). It is recorded from two sites on the Pyrenees, on in France and one in Spain (Proschwitz 2004), but is also known from 2 sites in southern Germany, and also recorded from north-western Russia.In Great Britain, it is known from more than 10   locations. The area of occupancy in Great Britain is 2,700 km2 (27 squares in 10 km2 Atlas, Kerney 1999; NBN Internet Atlas 2006). # A loss from 2,500 km2 over the last 100 years is suggesting the range may have declined by 45% . # Although, in some regions there has been little recording, the changes in habitat with upland grass improvement schemes and afforestation means that areas of past habitat have been modified.

population:
In Great Britain, the species range has declined by 45% over the last 100 years. Although this in part reflects areas which have not been recently recorded, it is known that some of these colonies have been destroyed by upland grazing improvements and changing water levels around reservoirs (Kerney 1999). # Local losses in Lake District over the last 10 years (Colville, pers. comm., 2011) may reflect changing agricultural drainage in highland areas.

habitat:
This species tolerates acidic conditions, it is found amongst saturated decaying vegetation in Carex and Juncus swamps, often at the margins of lakes and rivers, sometimes in isolated mires (Kerney et al. 1983, Cameron 1992, Chater 1985, Kerney 1999).

threats:
The main threats to this species are agricultural drainage relating to upland grass improvement schemes in Wales and the Lake District. # Fluctuating water levels in areas adjacent to reservoirs in upland areas, acidification related to deforestation as well as eutrophication, herbicides, and pesticides put this species under pressure. It is described to be extremely sensitive to any human impact and disappears from all places, where habitat structure and quality is changed (Proschwitz 1993: 196).

conservationAction:
In Great Britain, this species is likely to continue declining outside the reserves given the changes in land management practices. Two known sites are within National Nature Reserves (NNR). # Three sites are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)’s and two sites are within National Trust properties. In general there is insufficient monitoring of this species to make a formal assessment based on decline data, in spite of known declines. # Surveys should be targeted within known sites to permit trend data to be gathered.


redListCategoryRationale:
The conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU) A2ac at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, is based on the estimated loss of individuals in sites, combined with total loss of sub-populations from sites that have been well monitored since the Habitat’s Directive monitoring began. The loss range is evident in Ireland, Germany and France. In other parts of the range the loss may be equally severe but monitoring has been inadequate. Despite this uncertainty, the population decline is suspected to be more than 30% over the whoel European range of this species. The species is highly conservation dependant and is susceptible to many  pressures present in the lowland wetlands where it resides. Thus, the lack of other conservation interest in its habitat and the vulnerable nature of that habitat means that future prospects suggest further decline is anticipated, especially given the need for active conservation management. The ongoing losses of sites also make the remaining suite of populations more isolated and vulnerable. # Strict management prescriptions and ongoing conservation plans need to be developed and implemented before this animal will be secure into the future.    The species was previously assessed as Conservation Dependant, as especially in the southern and western part of the range, disturbance and drying out of these water demanding species has meant that hydrological management is needed to maintain the sites in favourable condition. # However, a change in the criteria means that this category is no longer available, and hence it has been revised.

range:
Vertigo moulinsiana is considered by Pokryszko (1990) to be an Atlantic-Mediterranean species. Although it ranges from Ireland to Russia and south to North Africa (Seddon, pers. comm., 2009), the main populations are in western and Central Europe and the southern distribution border is poorly known (Pokryszko 1990).

population:
A three year assessment has been carried out in Ireland from 2007-2010 (Moorkens and Killeen 2011). # In the past, the number of viable populations surveyed from 1994 to 2006 was chosen as the best proxy in order to estimate population status. Following the wide-ranging survey of 2008-2010, the area of occupancy of the snail was considered to be the best proxy for measuring population condition, as (i) this area had been calculated in the detailed study, and (ii) numbers of individuals are dependent on weather conditions in the months and weeks leading up to a survey. Although it is really equating habitat occupancy with population, it is a better proxy than merely the presence or absence of living Vertigo moulinsiana in a population.The Favourable Reference Population (FRP) is ‘the population in a  given biogeographical region considered the minimum necessary to ensure  the long-term viability of the species’ (European Commission, 2006).   In Ireland, it was found that 4 of the 20 sites had been destroyed. At least 3 sites had been destroyed since 2007. A further 2 populations had a severe decline in habitat condition, and a further 10 sites had management practices that had led to a decline in habitat, and if left unchanged will ultimately lead to the destruction of the site. This provides for a 25% loss in 5 years, compounded by 10% of sites with severe decline and 50% of sites with some decline in populations. So only 15% of sites are considered to be safe at present. Similar condition reporting is present from Germany and France. In Netherlands and Belgium there is still ongoing decline, which is significantly impacting the populations. # Only in the UK has favourable population status been reported. Evidence from elsewhere in the range is missing in its precision due to the absence of targeted studies across the range, but proxy evidence can be taken from reporting by member states under Article 17 of the Habitat’s and Species Directive. The last round of reporting was in 2007, and member states returned assessments on range, population, habitat, future prospects and overall assessment under an assessment of either (i) favourable (green), (ii) unfavourable declining (amber) or (iii) unfavourable bad (red). The following member states have published their results as follows (2007 assessment): Ireland, Germany and France have an overall unfavourable bad (red) status, while in UK, it is considered overall as Unknown and the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is unfavourable declining (amber).

habitat:
This species mainly inhabits calcareous, lowland wetlands. It occurs in swamps, fens and marshes usually bordering rivers, canals, lakes and ponds (Bondensen 1966, Butot and Neuteboom 1958, Ripken 1982, Pokryszko 1990, Gärdenfors et al. 1988, Killeen 1996, 2003). # Killeen (2003) points out that, in Britain, this species exhibits a capacity to use "habitats that have arisen from relatively recent watercourse manipulations". #     Vertigo moulinsiana lives on living and dead stems and leaves of tall plants in wetland situations. As well as a tall vegetation structure, V. moulinsiana requires a stable hydrogeology, where the water-table is at, or slightly above, the ground surface for much of the year and any seasonal flooding is of very low amplitude (Tattersfield and McInnes 2003). It climbs tall vegetation in the summer and autumn, but in severe conditions aestivates on the lower leaves of plants. In winter it descends to litter level and becomes less active.   Vertigo moulinsiana is a groundwater dependant species.

threats:
The main threats to this species is the modification of site hydrology, including dredging and drainage, lack of grazing, scrub encroachment and succession, eutrophication and pollution, pesticides, dumping, inland waterway leisure activities and marinas, canalisation and water deviation, fragmentation of habitat, artificial planting on open ground, motorised vehicular damage to habitats, rise of temperatures and extremes, including flooding.

conservationAction:
It is on the Red List of a number of countries and is considered to be Endangered (EN) in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009) and Near Threatened in Great Britain (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2009).While there now are a range of protected sites where this species is present, these require ongoing appropriate site management, and this should be enough to secure the species albeit at a smaller range of sites than at present. Losses are likely to continue at marginal sites. The sites for this species are transition sites that require ongoing maintenance of a hydrosere and thus are highly conservation dependant. The hydrosere is not especially compatible with private agricultural enterprise, so it is likely that more losses will occur, and the set of sites for conservation into the future are likely to be in the ownership of conservation authorities or NGOs. In the long term, unless these sites are large, they may not ultimately be sustainable. Furthermore, they do not fit into any protected habitat category, and are often managed so that they can be changed to fit a habitat category that suits more species of conservation interest, which is usually to the detriment of this snail.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is a quaternary relic that survived at four locations in Norway. It is known as a loess fossil from a vast area in Europe. There are no actual threats to this species known, but drainage of the wetlands would affect directly the last known sites that seem to be the last surviving subpopulations. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) under D2 almost qualifying for Endangered in case of any decline of habitat structure or quality.

range:
This species is endemic to Norway, where it has been found on four sites in a limited area in Dovrefjell, Oppland/Sor-Trondelag. This is a relic species, which had a larger European distribution during the cold climatic phases in the Quaternary period (Proschwitz 2003).

habitat:
This species lives in open calcareous fens of soligenous or mixed types (Proschwitz 2003, Pokryszko 1993).

threats:
Drainage of the inhabited areas might be a theoretical threat to this species. However, there is no information available whether this environmental change is practised in the particular area.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe. A few subpopulations received local conservation status, but at the European scale, there is no current threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread throughout Europe, from the Arctic to the Mediterranean.Outside Europe, it is also recorded from Turkey (Schütt 1996), the Caucasus region to the Altai Mountains in Asia (Sysoev and Schileyko 2009).

population:
In the UK, the species range has declined by c. 50% over the last century. # This may reflect areas which have not been recently recorded. Kerney (1999) observed that the Holocene fossil record suggested that decline started with the beginning of prehistoric farming in the Britain.

habitat:
In the UK, this species is found around ivy covered walls, usually shaded by trees, as well as dry undisturbed places such as hedges, grassy banks and cliffs (Dance 1969, Kerney 1999). In general, it can be found in drier places. than is typical for most of the other Vertigo species.

threats:
Habitat disturbance (wall management, changes in grazing practices) is impacting the species.

conservationAction:
Some smaller subpopulations of this species received conservation status of differing levels (Critically Endangered in Vorarlberg (Austria), Vulnerable in Spain and Bavaria, Rare in Ireland). Population monitoring is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and abundant in Central and northern Europe. The species is holartic and covers an enormous area. There is no actual threat known to this species in its global range. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This snail is a holarctic species, and is widespread in Europe ranging from Scandinavia (up to 64° N in Norway) to Greece and Ukraine. It is not found in the southernmost part of Mediterranean Europe (Kerney et al. 1983).

population:
The size and trend within most of the subpopulations are supposed to be stable. The subpopulations in Bavaria (Germany) seem to decrease.

habitat:
This snail is commonly found within grass roots in dry base-rich areas, roadside banks, calcareous hillsides although sometimes found in marshes, together with other species of Vertigo (Cameron et al. 2003, Kerney 1999) or sometimes on sand dunes (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
Habitat loss through changes in land management is impacting the species.

conservationAction:
The subpopulation in Vorarlberg (Austria) is listed as Endangered. Besides this, there is no conservation action in place for this species. More research on population trends and on its distribution range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in northern Europe, and only subpopulations at the fringe of the main distribution area are under pressure. There is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species lives mainly in Scandinavia, the Baltic States, Russia, Poland and Germany.

habitat:
This species lives in pine or deciduous forest in the leaf litter and mosses, often in dense vegetation of Vaccinium. It prefers acidic soils (Kerney et al. 1983).

conservationAction:
V. ronnebyensis is listed as Endangered for Germany (Jungbluth et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe. On the global as well as European scale, # there is no actual threat known to this species, although some local subpopulations in Great Britain and Central Europe are under pressure. More research on population trends and on the distribution range is needed. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe. It is known from Scandinavia to the British Isles, from France to the # Pyrenees and northern Spain (isolated in Sierrra Nevada), alpine Italy, Hungary, the Balkans and the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus, with an isolated occurrence in the Altai Mountains (Kerney et al. 1983; Sysoev and Schileyko 2009).Outside Europe, there are isolated occurrence in the Altai Mountains.

population:
There are no data on the population size and trend.

habitat:
This species is commonly found hillside flushes, boggy areas, damp woods, marshes and dune slacks, fens and river wetlands although sometimes found in ground litter of woodland (Cameron et al. 2003, Kerney 1999).

threats:
This species is threatened by any human impact in habitat structure and quality like drainage of wetlands and conversion to agriculturally used areas.

conservationAction:
This species seems to have declined in parts of the British Islands and in Central Europe. It is listed as Critically endangered in Vorarlberg (Austria), Endangered in Niedersachsen and Bavaria (Germany) and in other parts of Austria, and vulnerable in Switzerland and Germany (AnimalBase 2010 from various sources).More research on population trends and on the distribution range is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species (von Proschwitz 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a recently described species which is only known from a few sites in northernmost Sweden and Norway. # The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, as some of its sites are situated close to roads and could possibly be affected by construction work. If more sites are destroyed, then the species would qualify as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to northernmost Sweden and Norway. It has only been recorded from two localities in the very northernmost part of Sweden (Pältsan) and seven in the adjacent part of Norway (Finnmark county, in the river valleys of Tana elv and its tributary Anarjohka) (von Proschwitz 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in brook valleys or mountain slopes with mountain birch and often Salix shrubs. The Norwegian localities are situated at 180-200 m altitude; the Swedish somewhat higher, at 520–620 m altitude

threats:
Destruction or alteration of habitats trough exploitation, road construction etc. is the main threat for this species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the last version of the Norwegian Red List (2010), but is not evaluated in the latest Swedish Red List. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there are no known threats known to it, therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in central Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland.

population:
The size and trends within the subpopulations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in moderately humid, temperate forest rich in herbs.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known to be decreasing in Switzerland. However, there is not enough data from many other areas of the species' range in terms of the  population, distribution, size and particularly trends. Until more information is  available in these areas the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This is an alpine endemic found in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland from altitudes from 1,300 to 2,900 m asl. Known sites are in Graian Alps, Savoian Alps up to Salzburg, Kärnten and the western Alps of Steiermark.

population:
There is little information regarding the species' population available. Where it occurs the density is quite low. In Germany it is rare and it is known to be declining in Switzerland, but the causes of the decline are not understood.

habitat:
This species lives on grassland with stoneblocks or on scree slopes where vegetation is present. It has also been found in untouched carbonate mountain forests.

threats:
The threats to the species have not been identified.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed in the Swiss Red List as Vulnerable (VU) (Turner et al. 1998).Information about many of the populations is needed, particularly from Italy, Austria, France and Spain. The potential threats to this species should be researched as it has a  declining population trend in Switzerland but the causes are not  understood. The potential influence of global warming should be investigated in particular.


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information for much of the species' range, particularly in terms of the distribution and population trends and threats to the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species' range extends from western Ukraine via Slovakia along to south Poland, the Czech Republic and to the Alpes-Maritimes. Known sites are from between 980 and 2,800 m asl. The area of occupancy is expected to be less than 2,000 km2 as the species is restricted to high mountains which are relatively rare in those countries.

population:
There is not much information about the distribution and the population sizes and trends available. Where it is found the density is relatively low.In Austria, it is locally common but there is no data on the population trend. However, in Switzerland, the species is found at 93 localities and the  populations are strongly declining. However, the causes are not understood. From this it is inferred that there is probably an overall decline in the population.

habitat:
This species lives on alpine grassland with stoneblocks or in sub-alpine forests. It needs stones for hiding against the sun and is indifferent to geology.

threats:
The threats to the species are currently unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Vulnerable (VU), Bayern (Germany) as Vulnerable (VU) and Austria as Least Concern (LC) (Turner et al. 1998).The potential threats to this species should be researched as it has a  declining population trend in Switzerland but the causes are not  understood. In particular, the influence of global warming should be investigated. Known populations should be monitored to see whether the threat/s acting on the Swiss populations applies to the rest of the range.


redListCategoryRationale:
The area of occupancy is suspected to be below 500 km2. In Switzerland, there are 12 localities and there is a negative trend evident.  The remaining populations are becoming more fragmented, although the causes are not understood. It is therefore classed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iv).This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iv)EU 27 regional assessment: #Information for Austria and Italy is not available and therefore the exact situation in the 27 member states of the European Union is uncertain. The species is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is known from the Central and eastern Alps in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland from Valais to the eastern margin of the Alps. However, the area of occupancy is suspected to be below 500 km2. The sites have been found from 1,570 to 2,900 m asl.

population:
There is little information available from most of the species' range. In Switzerland, there are 12 known localities and a negative trend is evident as it has disappeared from some valleys in the last 30 years. There is no information for Austria available but it is suspected to be about the same size. Where it occurs the density is relatively low.  #

habitat:
This species lives on grassland with rocks and is only occasionally found below the timberline.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List and Bayern (Germany) as Endangered (EN) (Turner et al. 1998, Falkner et al. 2003). The potential threats to this species should be researched as it has a declining population trend in Switzerland but the causes are not understood. In particular, the influence of global warming should be investigated. Monitoring of the whole population is also required to see if the negative trend seen in Switzerland is occurring in other areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in alpine areas in Europe and there are currently no threats affecting this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe. It is recorded from Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Due to its habitat (alpine summit areas), the distribution pattern seems to be fragmented, but this has no negative effect to the sub-populations.This species is also known from Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran.

habitat:
This is a high-alpine species living in the summit areas of large mountains. It inhabits alpine grasslands and scree, preferably on limestones.

threats:
There are currently no known threats to this species, but the tourism industry may be considered a major threat to this species, as the fragile shells break easily from trampling. Alpine pasturing may be considered an additional threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are currently no conservation actions in place for this species, but the sub-populations should be monitored.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Hausdorf (2002), this species belongs to the genus Semilimax. According to Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) its systematic position is unclear.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are three known locations, all of which in Albania, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 20 km2, but it has not been well studied and it is expected that more subpopulations will be discovered in the future. There is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species seems to be endemic to the Korab Mountains, between Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In the original description, no exact sampling locality was given. In 2007, it was collected in three locations in the western (Albanian) part of the Korab Mountains along the route from Radomire village to the Maja e Korabit peak (HNHM Mollusca Collection, unpublished data). Though Fauna Europaea does not mention this species from Macedonia and  there are no voucher specimens in the Macedonian Museum of Natural  History in Skopje (Stankovic et al. 2006), it can be supposed that further undiscovered subpopulations exist in the Korab Mountains area and its range might extend to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia too. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well studied, therefore there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. This species is not rare in rocky habitats.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones, among leaf litter or at the base of the rocks.

threats:
This species is not well studied, thus there are no data to indicate how it is affected by ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic ecosystem modification is unlikely at the moment.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania and its known sites are out of protected areas.The systematic position and the geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its sub-populations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is possibly endemic to a single island of the Ionian Sea. There are no major threats and this species is not traded or used. It is listed as Least #Concern.

range:
The species is possibly endemic to the Kefalonia Island (Ioanian Sea, Greece) (Rähle 1980).

habitat:
The species was described by individuals found in humid habitat within a #coniferous forest, under bark and decaying wood. The area was between #1,300 and 1,600 m above sea level (Rähle 1980).

threats:
The main threat for species that are #generally #found in forested areas, remains the fragmentation and destruction of their habitat. Nevertheless, the #current #knowledge #does not indicate any direct threat for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is currently in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Manganelli and Giusti (2004) and Gusti et al. (2011), the valid name for the species is Oligolimax musignani (Pirajno, 1842).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 according to the present state of knowledge. It should be noted that in two of the sites the records are from the 19th century. Changes in the only known site where it has recently been found, could rapidly lead to the change of the classification to EN (Endangered) or even CR (Critically Endangered).

range:
This species is endemic to Calabria and Sicily, Italy. Its distribution is limited to a restricted area on northwestern Sicily (Monte Nebrodi) [2 sites] and Calabria (Aspromonte) [1 site]. The only recent records are from one site in Monte Soro (Monte Nebrodi).

habitat:
This snail is found in beech woods in high altitudes, up to 1847 m asl (Manganelli and Giusti 2004).

threats:
The main threats are related to the destruction or alteration of the habitats trough exploitation, etc.

conservationAction:
Sustainable management of the forests and conservation of its habitat are needed to ensure the survival of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was originally described as a variety of Phenacolimax major, and has been elevated to species rank by Boato et al. (1986).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is recorded from six locations representing six sites, where it lives in a restricted area in isolated sparse populations, and the population size seems to be quite small. The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism  and pasturing. Forest road construction, and tourist activities like  skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is distributed in a small part of the Ligurian Alps, very close to the French border. Four of the sites are situated in the Province of Cuneo, near the type locality Limone Piemonte, and the two other in the Province of Imperia in caves.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but population size seems to be quite small.

habitat:
It inhabits the high mountain plains, bound to moist biotopes with tall strong herbs, deciduous woodlands on rocky ground; between vegetated boulders; it can also be subterraneous.

threats:
The species lives in a restricted area in isolated sparse populations. The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism and pasturing. Forest road construction, and tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Europe, where it is widespread in the western part of the continent. Populations are observed to be declining in parts of its distribution area, and the species is threatened mainly by logging of larger parts of their habitat and afforestation with conifers (which is widespread practice in the economic silviculture). This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), and investigation in the population size and trends are required.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to Europe, where it is widespread in the western part of the continent. It is recorded from Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

population:
Sub-populations are probably declining overall in south England and south Wales, and also in Germany and Switzerland (AnimalBase 2011).

habitat:
This species lives in humid forests, but also inhabits meadows and shrubland on rocky mountain slopes, between rocks, under moist leaf litter and fallen branches, on calcareous and non-calcareous substrates. It requires warm, moderately humid and sheltered habitats.

threats:
The major threats to isolated subpopulations of this species are logging of larger parts of their habitat and afforestation with conifers.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in Niedersachsen and Rheinland-Pfalz (Germany), and vulnerable in Switzerland and Bavaria  (AnimalBase 2011). Currently no conservation actions are required, but research into the decline of sub-populations is needed and local conservation actions may become necessary if the rate of population decline shows the species to be threatened.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is often confused with other Vitrinidae species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to confusion with other Vitrinidae species and the related lack of reliable data, the conservation status of this species cannot be assessed. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is known from the south-eastern Alps, in France and Italy. Some subpopulations are also found in Lombardy (Italy).

habitat:
This species occurs in humid alpine meadow.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. Global warming, by elevating the isotherm lines, might have a impact on the lower ceiling and thus decreasing the available ecological habitat. Overgrazing by sheep is also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. More research is needed on the taxonomy, population and distribution of this species, in particular molecular studies.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that these animals were originally listed as Vitrina when they were described by Lowe and Gould, Waldén (1983) placed the species as Phenacolimax Stabile, 1864, but the main revision by Groh and Hemmen (1986) established the new subgenus Madeirovitrina for the Madeiran species. Work by Alonso et al. (2000) established the genus Plutonia for all the species of Vitrinidae in the Atlantic islands, including subgenera: Guerrina, Madeirovitrina, Insulivitrina and Canarivitrina. In contrast Schileyko (2003) elevated Guerrina and Madeirovitrina to full genera leaving only Canarivitrina  in Plutonia. This treatment follows Alonso et al.  (2000). Mordan and  Martins (2001) reviewed the species from Azores and  noted that all the  Atlantic island species could be considered a  monophyletic group based  on the position of the penial retractor  muscle.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range, with an extent of occurrence of under 840 km2 and an area of occupancy of 80 km2. However, it is known at 10 locations and its habitat quality is declining, especially given the fires last August in the region of central Madeira, part of the species range. # This species needs to be reviewed on a regular basis as the habitat may be susceptible to decline in quality with changing rainfall patterns, as the semi-slug species require high humidity in terms of their microclimate.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is mainly found in central Madeira at intermediate to high elevations, but with some records on the northwestern coast where the ravines with forest extend down to the coast.

population:
The species was described in the 1980's, unlike the other species, and was overlooked in earlier recording. the population trends are unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on vegetation and around rock crags in shaded and unshaded areas, mainly at intermediate elevations, although found in forested ravines near coast. It is often associated with wet habitats on crags.

threats:
The major threats to this species lie in changes to the habitat, reducing the humidity of the habitats (loss of water due to extraction or reduction in rainfall frequency) and loss of the forested, shaded habitats due to road/path construction, forest fires or impacting the species directly possibly an increase in predators.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring would benefit this species, as it is close to meeting the threatened species criteria, and as a semi-slug species it is more vulnerable to changes in microc-climate, especially humidity. # The species is found in Natura 2000 and UNESCO sites for "Laurisilva of Madeira', a Special Protected Area in the interior of Madeira.


taxonomicNotes:
This group was revised in Mordan and Martins (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although lacking quantitative information, the history of the latter 30 years shows that there is a severe reduction in the availability of this species, namely its absence from the collected material of the last five years. The species is now restricted to the type locality and has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km2 and an area of occupancy of less than 10 km2. Its type locality (Top of Pico Alto), to where it appears to be restricted, is already a natural reserve. However, urgent, stronger protective measures should be considered, namely extending the protected area to lower altitude in order to provide an appropriate forested habitat that could enable a better fixation of humidity. Due to its small range and the decline in extent and quality of habitat this species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv).

range:
This species is found on the island of Santa Maria, Azores.

population:
Plutonia angulosa appears to be restricted to the type locality, Pico Alto, Santa Maria, at around 500 m (Mordan and Martins 2001). It was, however, collected at the base of the mountain in 1974 and on the nearby Pico das Cavacas in 1994 (A. Martins pers. comm 2010) . This species is very rare and has not been collected by the latest missions to Santa Maria, during the last 5 years (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Plutonia angulosa lives in mountain forested habitats, endemic and secondary, under dead leaves and rotting branches, and among the rhizomes of Hedychium gardneranum.

threats:
Plutonia angulosa is probably the rarest species of the genus in the Azores. Although it was collected at the base of Pico Alto in 1974 and on Pico das Cavacas in 1994, it is now restricted to the top of Pico Alto, and has not been reported in the collecting trips of the last 5 years. The main threat could be the disappearance of its endemic habitat, as the species adaptation to secondary forest habitat has not been successful.

conservationAction:
The Pico Alto complex should be strictly protected in its entirety, down to its very base; its forested area, including the secondary forest, should be left untouched. Currently only the top of Pico Alto is protected as a natural reserve. The climate in Santa Maria (highest point about 550 m) is becoming drier (A. Martins pers. obs. 2010) and some as yet undescribed taxa, more or less circumscribed to Pico Alto, are becoming dangerously rare or feared to have already disappeared.

useAndTrade:
There is no data on the use or trade of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Plutonia atlantica was redescribed by Wiktor and Backeljau (1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in the Azores, where it is widespread in both endemic and secondary forests. This species faces no threats therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial islands, Azores.

population:
First thought to be restricted to São Miguel island (Morelet 1860) Plutonia atlantica was later found in São Jorge and Faial (Backhuys 1975) and Pico (Martins et al. 2006); it lives also on Terceira (A. Martins pers. obs. 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in mountain forested habitats, endemic and secondary. It has a mostly subterranean life, and can be found under dead leaves, but mostly in rotting branches and under half-buried stones. It feeds on earthworms. It is rarely found, mostly due to its habits and extremely cryptic colouration.

threats:
Due to the extent of its distribution, no special threats are identified for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as least Concern (LC). It has a restricted extent of occurrence of less than 200 km2 which meets the threshold Endangered B1, however it is known at more than 13 localities and the range is not fragmented. It should be reviewed on a regular basis as the habitat may be susceptible to decline in quality with changing rainfall patterns, as the species require high humidity in the forests.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where is is known to restricted to the northern and central parts of Madeira, mainly along coast and laurisilva forests at intermediate elevations.

habitat:
This species is found from coastal up to intermediate elevations, on ground or on ledges of shaded crags, usually on leaves, mosses or trunks of trees in areas of high humidity.

threats:
The habitat quality is not declining at present throughout these regions, although there are localised decline due to changing forest type, outside the protected areas.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine whether the species is till stable, and a habitat management plan will be required for the areas under fire damage which includes this species as the species still has a restricted range. Habitat monitoring would benefit this species, as it is close to meeting  the threatened species criteria, and as a semi-slug species it is more  vulnerable to changes in microc-climate, especially humidity. # The  species is found in Natura 2000 and UNESCO sites for "Laurisilva of  Madeira', a Special Protected Area in the interior of Madeira.


taxonomicNotes:
The family Vitrinidae in the Canary Islands have been treated by Valido et al. (1999).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives in the central part of the island always restricted to the fringe of the caldera.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar) and in Laurel forests (Laurisilva).

threats:
Deforestation and fires can be a threat to this species locally. It is unlikely that a threat would affect the whole range or population of this species.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. It status was estimated by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/lc (low risk).


taxonomicNotes:
The group was revised in Mordan and Martins (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Santa Maria island, Azores, where it is present across the whole island, but it is mostly found on Pico Alto. There is a threat to the populations on Pico Alto from habitat deterioration due to changes in the humidity concentration, but this species has adapted well to secondary forests. Therefore this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Santa Maria, Azores. Morelet (1860) erroneously stated its presence in São Miguel (Mordan and Martins 2001).

population:
This species can be found throughout the island of Santa Maria (Mordan and Martins 2001). It is relatively common on Pico Alto.

habitat:
This species lives in mountain forested habitats, endemic and secondary, under dead leaves and rotting branches, and among the rhizomes of Hedychium gardneranum.

threats:
This species has apparently adapted well to secondary forest, mainly where there is good undergrowth of Hedychium. Favourable habitats have been dwindling on Santa Maria, thus affecting many species with somewhat restricted distribution. Although distributed throughout the island, P. brevispira is most commonly found around Pico Alto and could thus be affected by this general trend of habitat deterioration, probably due to a change in humidity concentration (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
The Pico Alto complex should be strictly protected in its entirety, down to its very base; its forested area, including the secondary forest, should be left untouched. The climate in Santa Maria (highest point about 550 m) is becoming drier (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010) and some as yet undescribed taxa, more or less circumscribed to Pico Alto, are becoming dangerously rare.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet described 7 species of the genus and subsequent authors have reduced this number in various ways. Mordan and Martins (2001) revised the group and considered Vitrina mollis, from Terceira island, to be a junior synonym of Vitrina brumalis.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Azores where it is found on the islands of São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial. The species is common on all of these islands and faces no specific threats therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial islands, Azores (Portugal).

population:
This species was described from São Miguel; by synonymising V. mollis, its range was extended to Terceira, but Mordan and Martins (2001) reported it also from São Jorge, Pico and Faial. The species is common in each of those islands.

habitat:
This species lives in mountain forested habitats, endemic and secondary, under dead leaves and rotting branches, and among the rhizomes of Hedychium gardneranum. It is carnivorous, and has been seen with the neck greatly extended into a burrow of an earthworm (A.Martins pers. obs. 2010). It was found from about 100 m (Mordan and Martins 2001) to above 1000 m (Martins et al. 2006).

threats:
This species is common on each of the islands it lives; no specific threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range (extent of occurrence of 40 km2) and a limited number of locations, but there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro. It inhabits the central mountains of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar) and in the relics of Laurel forests (Laurisilva), which is restricted to the central parts of the island. It occurs occasionally in temperate lowland-shrubland (Piso Infracanario) down to 250 m in the North.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Its status was estimated by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/nt (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from 4 sites on the montane areas of Gomera on the intermediate slopes, however there are no known threats at present, as the species lies in a protected area. The species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), as in case of stochastic event, due to fire or extreme weather events, the habitat and hence the species could rapidly decline.

range:
This species is known from four sites on the montane areas of La Gomera on the intermediate slopes.

population:
The population of this species is likely to be stable (Groh, pers. comm, 2010). They are scattered and show low densities.

habitat:
This species is found in the laurisilva forest.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in a protected area, and hence its population is currently considered to be stable. However, it would require a review and monitoring to ensure the status does not change. The status of this species was estimated by Valido et al. (1999) as LR – nt (low risk)


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma. The extent of occurrence covers 135 km2 on Tenerife, and 85  km2 on La Palma. It is widespread, but severely fragmented. On Tenerife, the species is well protected, but on La Palma it is under pressure because of low conservation measures and higher risk of wild fires. Due to the fragmentation, single threats can severely impact subpopulations. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species occurs on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma. The extent of occurence covers 135 km2 on Tenerife (with 12 locations and 24 sites of 1 km² each), and 85  km2 on La Palma (with 5 locations and 7 sites of 1 km² each). It is widespread but severely fragmented. On Tenerife it’s located in the natural forests of the Anaga mountains  (center of occurrence), and scattered in the eastern and western slopes  of the Teide massif and the Teno mountains in a height between 350 and  1700 m. On La Palma it has a much more scattered distribution in the  north-west of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar), in Laurel forests (Laurisilva), and the Fayal-Brezal. The species's presence is restricted to the northern parts of both islands.

threats:
Deforestation and fires (particularly on La Palma) can be a threat to this species locally. It is unlikely that a threat would affect the whole range or population of this species.

conservationAction:
The subpopulations on Tenerife are almost completely under local conservation schemes. On La Palma, only 2 locations are under protection. Valido et al. (1999) estimated the conservation status of the species as LR/nt (low risk) on Tenerife and LR/ lc (low risk) on la Palma.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from one site on Gomera on the  intermediate slopes, however there are no known threats at present. The species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as in case of a stochastic event, due to fire or extreme  weather events, the habitat and hence the species could rapidly  decline. If there is any proposed development or reactivation of land-use, then the species would immediately qualify as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is known from a single location on the north-west side of the island of Gomera, at Montana Bejira.

population:
#The population is very small. There is no trend data for this species.

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species is found on typical lowland vegetation.

threats:
Agriculture and #pasture might be affecting the species.

conservationAction:
This species is not listed in National Red List nor on the Canarian Island government list. # It is considered to be Endangered by Valido et al. (1999) and Close to Extinction by Moliner Gomez et al. (2001). Actions required are the implementation of a protected area and long-term monitoring.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro.

habitat:
This species lives in all ecosystems offered by the island.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. This species was assessed by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/nt (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range (extent of occurrence is 45 km2) and a limited number of locations, but there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera, where it inhabits the central parts of the island.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. This species was assessed by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/ nt (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Gomera where it is found in a single location which lies close to the capital of the island, and hence there is a risk that urban encroachment will lead to decline of the habitat, and hence impact this species. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera where it is found in a single site on the south-eastern coast between 200 and 600 m asl (Valido et al. 2000 gives a map).

population:
There is no data on the population, but it is believed to be rare (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species occurs in pine forest and in "piso basal", typical lowland vegetation.

threats:
There are no specific # threats listed in Moliner Gomez et al. (2001), however the site lies close to the capital of this island, and hence the site is potentially vulnerable to encroachment of urban areas.

conservationAction:
This species is # listed as Near to Extinction by Moliner Gomez et al.(2001) and Endangered by Valido et al. (1999). Proposed conservation actions include protection of the habitat and long-term monitoring.


taxonomicNotes:
#The group was revised in Mordan and Martins (2001)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the islands of Flores and Corvo, Azores (Portugal). The species is widespread on these islands and has adapted to secondary forests; therefore no threats are foreseen and it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Flores and Corvo islands, Azores (Portugal) (Mordan Martins 2001).

population:
This species is widely distributed on Flores (Mordan and Martins 2001) and Corvo (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010).

threats:
This species has # adapted well to secondary forest, mainly where there is good undergrowth of Hedychium, therefore no threats are foreseen.


range:
This species occurs in the central parts of La Gomera. This species is recorded from 10 locations and 30 sites.

habitat:
This species lives usually in Laurel forests (Laurisilva) and Fayal-Brezal, but was also recorded from a chestnut forest and a ruderal site.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Its status was estimated by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/lc (low risk).


range:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Tenerife.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are stable. It is found in moderate to high densities.

habitat:
This species inhabits almost all types of habitats in the northern parts of the island. However, highest densities are reached in the Laurel forests (Laurisilva).

threats:
This species seems to tolerate all types of threats and is also able to survive in anthropogenic habitats.

conservationAction:
Parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Valido et al. (1999) estimated the status of this species as LR/lc (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to São Miguel island, Azores (Portugal). It is widespread on this island and has adapted to secondary forests; therefore no threats are foreseen and it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to São Miguel island, Azores (Portugal) (Mordan and Martins 2001).

population:
This species is widely distributed on São Miguel (Mordan and Martins 2001).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on Gran Canaria, where it is known from a single site in  a degraded laurisilva forest. The quality of its habitat is declining, as there is a continuing use of the forest for agricultural purposes. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). The creation of  protected areas, restoration of the habitat and monitoring of habitat trends are required to establish the future status of the  species.

range:
This species is found on Gran Canaria, where it is known from a single location in a degraded laurisilva forest at Barranco de la Virgen (Gomez et al. 2001)

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. This species is very rare.

habitat:
This species occurs in degraded laurisilva forest.

threats:
The major threats lie in continued degradation of the habitat through forest utilisation for use of the wood for agricultural purposes.

conservationAction:
Moliner Gomez et al. (2001) listed as Near to Extinction and Valido et al. (1999) proposed the species as Critically Endangered. #This species is included as Vulnerable D2 on the Red List of Spain (Verdu and Galante 2006). #They proposed the creation of protected areas and restoration of the habitat. Monitoring of future trends in habitat are required to establish the future status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It has a restricted range, however, it is known from at least 40 localities, hence does not meet the requirements for Vulnerable B2. It should be reviewed on a regular basis as the habitat may be susceptible to decline in quality with changing rainfall patterns, as the species require high humidity in the forests.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran islands, where it is known living on Madeira only; it has been recorded as a Quaternary fossil on Porto Santo (Groh and Hemmen 1986). It is known at over 30 sites scattered over the island.

habitat:
This is one of the larger of the Madeiran Plutonia, found in Laurisilva forests, on the # ground on leaves, mosses and trunks of trees.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine whether the species is till stable, and a habitat management plan will be required for the areas under fire damage which includes this species as the species still has a restricted range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to  Tenerife (extent of occurrence of 35 km2), where it is known from 8 sites, representing 3 locations. However, it lives in a low density population area, and even though  there is some low level of disturbance, it is unlikely to threaten this  species at the moment. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands. It is restricted to Tenerife, where it is known from 8 sites, representing 3 locations.

population:
There are no known data on population trends, but these sites are not in a highly populated area.

habitat:
This species occurs in "Piso" Basal lowland vegetation and natural pine forests.

threats:
These species lives in a low density population area, and even though there is some low level of disturbance, it is unlikely to threaten this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not listed as threatened (Verdu and Galante 2009). It was assessed as LR/nt by Valido et al. (1999).


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that these animals were originally listed as Vitrina when they were described by Lowe and Gould, Waldén (1983) placed the species as Phenacolimax Stabile, 1864, but the main revision by Groh and Hemmen (1986) established the new subgenus Madeirovitrina for the Madeiran species. Work by Alonso et al. (2000) established the genus Plutonia for all the species of Vitrinidae in the Atlantic islands, including subgenera: Guerrina, Madeirovitrina, Insulivitrina and Canarivitrina. In contrast Schileyko (2003) elevated Guerrina and Madeirovitrina to full genera leaving only Canarivitrina  in Plutonia. This treatment follows Alonso et al.  (2000). Mordan and  Martins (2001) reviewed the species from Azores and  noted that all the  Atlantic island species could be considered a  monophyletic group based  on the position of the penial retractor  muscle.This species has been placed in various genera: Groh and Hemmen (1986) tentatively allocated this species to the genus Eucobresia rather than with the other Madeirovitrina species. Seddon (2008) and Bank et al. (2002) placed with other Madeirovitrina species, which are now placed in the genus Plutonia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a restricted range, the number of sites (>29) suggests that, at present, this species does not meet the other criteria of declining range. Given that many of the sites are on the small hills, the major threats come from fires and other changes in landscape management (timber extraction, ploughing, grazing, footpath construction). The species may be impacted in the future, hence it should be reviewed periodically to assess changes in the status.

range:
This small gastropod is endemic to Madeiran archipelago, where it is restricted to higher areas of the island of Porto Santo. # It is found on the summits of all of the small hills, being present at over 26 sites (Seddon 2008).

population:
When the sampling conditions are good (humid), then the species is frequent in suitable habitats, but can be well hidden when conditions are dry.

habitat:
This is one of the smaller species of semislug. It is found undersides of stones and on walls, on rocky slopes and crags amongst grasses and herbs.

threats:
Many of the sites are on small  hills, and so the major threats come from fires and other changes in landscape  management (timber extraction, ploughing, grazing, footpath  construction). The species may # be impacted in the future, # hence it should be reviewed periodically to assess changes in the status.

conservationAction:
At present the species is not declining and as such, no conservation actions are necessary, other than general protection of the habitats and habitat monitoring for indication of population trends. It is present in one Site of Conservation Interest (SCI) on Pico Branco.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that these animals were originally listed as Vitrina when they were described by Lowe and Gould, Waldén (1983) placed the species as Phenacolimax Stabile, 1864, but the main revision by Groh and Hemmen (1986) established the new subgenus Madeirovitrina for the Madeiran species. Work by Alonso et al. (2000) established the genus Plutonia for all the species of Vitrinidae in the Atlantic islands, including subgenera: Guerrina, Madeirovitrina, Insulivitrina and Canarivitrina. In contrast Schileyko (2003) elevated Guerrina and Madeirovitrina to full genera leaving only Canarivitrina  in Plutonia. This treatment follows Alonso et al. (2000). Mordan and  Martins (2001) reviewed the species from Azores and noted that all the  Atlantic island species could be considered a monophyletic group based  on the position of the penial retractor muscle.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It has a restricted range, however it is known from at least 11 localities within this area, hence does not meet the requirements for Vulnerable B2, but it should be reviewed on a regular basis as the habitat may be susceptible to decline in quality with changing rainfall patterns, as the species require high humidity in the forests.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is found on the main island of Madeira only, mainly in the intermediate zones in central Madeira (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This is one of the larger of the Madeiran Plutonia. The species is very variable in colour, but usually varies from pinky-brown with dark blotches to orange- brown, but is well camouflaged on the ground on leaves, mosses and trunks of trees, in Laurisilva forests.

threats:
The habitat quality is not declining at present throughout these regions, although localised decline are due to changing forest type, outside the protected areas.


range:
This species is widespread in the central and western parts of Gran Canaria.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso infracanario) and the local pine forests (Pinar), but also in cultivated and ruderal land.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Valido et al. (1999) estimated it status as LR/lc (low risk).


population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are stable. It occurs in scattered locations and low densities.

habitat:
This species lives in Laurel forests (Laurisilva) and Fayal-Brezal. One subpopulation was found in a chestnut forest.

conservationAction:
This species is completely under local conservation schemes. Its status was estimated by Valido et al. (1999) as LR/lc (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively restricted extent of occurrence of 400 km2. Even though it is found in 16 locations at the moment, urbanisation is an ongoing process in the area and thus might affect the habitats of several subpopulations. Thus, the quality of the habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are probably declining, further monitoring of the status is urgently required. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
This species is present on Gran Canaria, where it is widespread in the northern parts of the island. However, the subpopulations are separated, which results in a fragmented area of distribution.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar) and in the relics of Laurel forests (Laurisilva), which is restricted to the northern parts of the island. Furthermore it is found in Fayal-Brezal, in deep barrancos, and in humid anthropogenic habitats.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Fragmentation is partly caused by increasing urbanisation and overall land use. Urbanisation is an ongoing process in the area and thus might affect the habitats of several subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Only few subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Monitoring is suggested to follow the population trends of this species. Valido et al. (1999) estimated its status as LR/lc (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Santa Maria, Azores (Portugal). It is widespread across the island and has adapted to secondary forests; therefore no threats are foreseen and it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Santa Maria, Azores (Portugal) (Mordan and Martins 2001).

population:
This species lives throughout the island of Santa Maria (Mordan and Martins 2001).

threats:
This species has adapted well to secondary forest, mainly where there is good undergrowth of Hedychium, therefore no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife where it is found on the southern slope of the Anaga Mountains. It is found in two sites within 3 km2 # that can be impacted both at the same time by several threats, such as fires or future encroachment of the city (the site lies on the edge of Santa Cruz), hence the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife where it is found on the southern slope of the Anaga Mountains.

habitat:
This species occurs in the "piso basal", typical lowland vegetation on Canaries.

threats:
Future threat are related to the encroachment of urban development as the site lies on the edge of Santa Cruz (within 200 m of the limit of urbanisation) (Moliner Gomez et al. 2001).

conservationAction:
Both Valido et al. (1999) and Moliner  Gomez et al. (2001) suggest this species is Endangered. #This species is included as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) on the Red List of Spain (Verdu and Galante 2006). #Part of the site lies in a protected area, however most of the habitat is not protected and hence the protected area needs to be extended to cover the entire habitat of this species. In addition long-term monitoring is required for the species.


range:
This species is widespread in the lowland of La Gomera.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are stable. The sub-populations are scattered.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal),border of Laurisilva, Brezal, extensive meadows, ruderal areas of cultivated land ruderal areas and humid anthropogenic habitats.

threats:
In the borders of the distribution, it is affected by urbanization and intensifying agriculture, possibly also by tourism, logging and road constructions.

conservationAction:
Protection of habitats is required, even if many sites are already in protected areas. Valido et al. (1999) considered this species as LR/lc (low risk).


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that these animals were originally listed as Vitrina when they were described by Lowe and Gould, Waldén (1983) placed the species as Phenacolimax Stabile, 1864, but the main revision by Groh and Hemmen (1986) established the new subgenus Madeirovitrina for the Madeiran species. Work by Alonso et al. (2000) established the genus Plutonia for all the species of Vitrinidae in the Atlantic islands, including subgenera: Guerrina, Madeirovitrina, Insulivitrina and Canarivitrina. In contrast Schileyko (2003) elevated Guerrina and Madeirovitrina to full genera leaving only Canarivitrina in Plutonia. This treatment follows Alonso et al. (2000). Mordan and Martins (2001) reviewed the species from Azores and noted that all the Atlantic island species could be considered a monophyletic group based on the position of the penial retractor muscle.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It has a restricted range, however it is known from at least 40 localities, hence does not meet the requirements for Vulnerable B1. It should be reviewed on a regular basis as the habitat may be susceptible to decline in quality with changing rainfall patterns, as the species require high humidity in the forests.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is found in the laurisilva forest on Madeira only.

population:
It is widespread in suitable habitats on central Madeira

habitat:
This is one of the larger of the Madeiran Plutonia. # It is found at intermediate elevations, on ground or shaded crags, # usually on leaves, mosses or trunks of trees in areas of high humidity (Seddon 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
The family Vitrinidae in the Canary Islands have been treated by Valido et al. (1999). This species was mentioned by Valido et al. (1999) as Plutonia sp.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Palma, where it is widespread in the northern part of the island.. It is not facing any major threats and hence considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on La Palma, and widespread in northern part of the island.

threats:
Wild fires and expansion of housing, road constructions and change of land use are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures; only a few subpopulations are situated in protected areas. Protection of the habitat of this species is requested. Valido et al. (1999) considered this species as LR/lc (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to La Palma where it is found in 10 scattered locations, in an area of occupancy of 250 km2. Valido et al. (1999) suggested this species at a low risk of extinction. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on La Palma, scattered on the eastern slopes and inside of the Caldeira as well as in a few locations in the southern part of the island.

population:
This species has possibly been impacted by recent wild-fires which affected this zone in the last 10 years. The subpopulations are scattered, but widespread on the Island of La Palma.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly on pine forests and lowland zones.

threats:
The major threats are from increased frequency and intensity of wild-fires which have been through this zone in the last 10 years, as well as logging.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, but most of the area is in protected # areas. Valido et al. (1999) suggested this species was at low risk of extinction.


redListCategoryRationale:
Thsi species is endemic to the high mountains of Gran Canaria between 900 and 1650m asl and is considered to be Least Concern (LC) as it is present in cultivated areas suggesting tolerant to disturbance.

range:
Thsi species is endemic to the high mountains of Gran Canaria between 900 and 1650 m asl.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. The subpopulations are scattered.

habitat:
This species lives in the high montane # local pine forests (Pinar) and in the relics of Laurel forests (Laurisilva). It is also found in barrancos and in humid ruderal areas.

conservationAction:
Conservation of the habitat is required. Valido et al. (1999) considered this species as LR/lc (low risk).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in the Anaga Mountains, a remote area, where it does not face any major threats.However, the species is only known from 3 locations, where it is very rarely found. The populations size is probably quite low. Monitoring of this species is requested to gain data on the fluctuation of the population trend .The species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), as in case of a stochastic event, due to fire or extreme weather events, the habitat and hence the species could rapidly decline. In such cases, the species could qualify as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife where it is found in the Anaga Mountains.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are thought to be stable.

threats:
Road construction and logging are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
All subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Valido et al. (1999) considered this species as LR/nt.


taxonomicNotes:
The authorship is cited as: (Fra' Piero [Arbanasich, P.], 1897) by Manganelli and Giusti (2005) and as ([Arbanasich, P.], 1897) by Giusti et al. (2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) # D2 according to the present state of knowledge. It should be noted that for one of the sites the records are from the 19th century. Changes in the two sites where it has been found recently, could rapidly lead to a higher threat category.

range:
The species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy, where it is know from two sites in the middle part of eastern Sardinia (Tortoli, Lanusei) and one in the South-west (bosco di Marganai). The recent records are from the sites in the east.

habitat:
This species is found near calcareous rocks with sparse vegetation.

threats:
The main threats are related to the destruction or alteration of the species' habitats, trough grazing, exploitation, etc.

conservationAction:
Conservation of habitat and increased scientific research are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species comprises the subspecies Semilimacella #bonellii reitteri (Boettger, 1880).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations which #do not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. There is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is of Illyrian (=West Balkan) distribution. The core of its range is from Slovenia to Epirus, but there are known occurrences in the Mecsek Mountains, in Hungary (unpublished), Tuscany in Italy, Retezat and Tarcu Mountains in Romania and the Western Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. For distribution data see Irikov and Mollov (2006) [Bulgaria], Grossu (1983) [Romania]; Alzona (1971) [Italy], Tomic (1959) [Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia], Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) [Albania], Sturany and Wagner (1914) [Balkans], Soós (1943) [Croatia], Sattmann and Reischütz (1994) [Greece]. In the Mollusca Collection of HNHM, there are unpublished records from Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania.Its range is relatively large, there are several known locations and it can be presumed that in museum collections there are much more unpublished records.    There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky areas, where it is usually found among leaf-litter, under stones or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly. #


redListCategoryRationale:
Within the range there are only a few known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. #This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southeastern Alps. #Fauna Europaea indicates that this species is from Italy, Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia, Albania and Romania, but not from Slovenia and Croatia. In contrast, according to AnimalBase, its type locality is in Slovenia, near Moravča ("in  voragine "Boltačev brezen" nec non in specu "Ihanška" regions  "Moraeutscher Gegend" dictae Carnioliae superioris"). #More specific distribution data includes: Eisenerzer Alpen and Karawanken in Austria (Klemm 1973), Valle del Isonzo and Carso in Italy (Alzona 1971). Its occurrence in Albania is doubtful (Fehér and Erőss 2009b) as is its occurrence in the Balkan Peninsula and in Romania. Grossu (1983) indicates that this species is from Romania, but this needs confirmation. #There are at least seven definite locations in Austria. If Slovenian and Italian parts of the range are taken into consideration, the real number of locations should be higher and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This species is generally lives in rocky areas, rocky forests or rocky shrublands. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, or on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the proposed number of existing subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs. It is probable that some subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the Triglav National Park in Slovenia. No conservation actions are required currently.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. Local threats do not appear to be affecting the populations significantly and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern Alps. Manganelli et al. (1985) indicates its Italian occurrence. Its type locality is "Malborghet in Karnthen", which is most probably in present Italy (Malborghetto). It also occurs in Slovenia and Croatia (Medvednica Mountains (Stamol 1992)). Grossu (1983) mentions its presence in Romania, but it needs confirmation and therefore it was ignored in the extent of occurrence (EOO) calculation.In Austria it has around 50 known locations (Klemm 1973) and if Slovenian, Croatian and Italian parts of the range are taken into  consideration, the real number of locations should be higher. There  is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are  declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species which can generally be found in humid and shady habitats, under stones or among leaf-litter or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of this species, local logging activities do not affect the whole population significantly. # #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs, but considering the number of subpopulations it is reasonable that there at least some of them which live within protected areas. Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several  known subpopulations. Local threats do not affect the local populations significantly and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO),  number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature  individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is  assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is of Alpine-Carpathian distribution. Fauna Europaea list it as being from France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Czech Rep, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania. #More detailed distribution data can be found. in: Soós (1943), Grossu  (1983) [Romania]; Alzona (1971) [Italy], Lisicky (1991) [Slovakia and Czech Rep.], Klemm (1973) [Austria] and Turner et al. (1998) [Switzerland]. Its range is relatively large, there  are several known locations and it can be presumed that in museum  collections there are much more unpublished records.    There is  no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are  declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species (Lisicky 1991), with a preference for deciduous and pine forests of higher altitude (over 700 m asl.), where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests such as from recreational activities are the main threat to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of this species, local logging does not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and some of the known sites are outside of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population however, there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though this species is rare, it has a large extent of occurrence and seems to be spreading via forestry operations in the north-east Ireland (Anderson, pers. comm., 2011). It is considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is not widespread in Europe. # It is only known from Spain (Basque Country to Catalunya), Andorra and France (mainly in Pyrenees, but scattered records from other departments, up to Britanny (Anderson, pers. comm., 2010) and Ireland (Northern Ireland (UK) and Republic of Ireland) . # It has a lusitanian distribution. # In Ireland it has a wide distribution in both Northern and southern Ireland, with records from over 28 x 10 km2. In the last century this lively and rather brightly coloured animal was known only from disturbed sites on the borders of Louth and Meath. It has since been found widely across Ireland (Kerney 1999). It is seemingly spreading via forestry operations in the north-east Ireland (Anderson, pers. comm., 2011) and perhaps elsewhere. In Spain it is widely distributed in the Basque region (Altonaga et al. 1994) to Catalunya: Pyrenees (Cadevall et al. 2008). # It has not been recorded widely in the French Pyrenees, but this may reflect levels of recording effort.

population:
Despite its large extent of occurrence, this species is rare. There are only a few localities known.

habitat:
In Ireland, this species is typically found in woodland, under logs and dead branches, but also in damp leaf-letter, usually in mixed woodland. It tolerates conifer stands and can be abundant in wet woodlands, such as those found on floodplains (popular, alder, willow). # It prefers undisturbed sites.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. Drainage of wetlands and increase of agriculture are potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. The species is listed as Least Concern in Ireland (Northern Ireland (UK) and Republic of Ireland) (Byrne et al. 2009) and is not listed as a species of Conservation Interest in Spain (Verdu and Galante 2009). More research is needed on the taxonomy, population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in alpine areas in Europe (Alps and Carpathian Mts.) and  there are currently no threats affecting this species. It is therefore  considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species lives in the Alps, Carpathians, German-Czech highlands. Kerney et al. (1983: 152) reported it also from the Pyrenees, but this was probably not confirmed later and might have referred to #Semilimax pyrenaicus.

habitat:
The species lives in humid habitats in mountain forests, under leaf litter and stones, prefers creek gorges, but is also found in open habitats with high precipitations above the timberline. In Switzerland, it is found up to 1800 m altitude.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the     species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore  it       is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species occurs from Europe to central Asia. In the North, it is present beyond the Arctic Circle (AnimalBase Project Group 2010).

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives usually in moderately open  meadow habitats, in moist or dry habitats in coniferous and deciduous  woods, grasslands and waste ground, the driest habitats of all  vitrinids, but with wide ecological amplitude. It occurs also at rocks and  walls, in rock rubble of mountain creeks, in the water margin  vegetation, on alpine pastures. It is sometimes abundant in incompletely  vegetated places. It tolerates acid substrate. In Switzerland, it occurs up to 2,700  m altitude, in Bulgaria up to 1,800 m.

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species, but the tourism industry may impact this species, as the fragile shells break easily from trampling. Alpine pasturing may be considered an additional threat to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The specific distinctness has recently been corroborated by molecular genetics studies (Giusti et al. 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Ligurian Alps in Italy. It has a limited and fragmented distribution area (two regions), and the major threat to this species are local silvicultural activities like  logging, afforestation with conifers, and forest road construction, which lead to a decline in the habitat quality. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the Ligurian Alps in Italy. It has a limited and fragmented distribution area (two regions), which is presumed to cover the Ligurian Alps, where the species is known from four sites, to the Northern Apennines (down to the province of Arezzo), and comprises also the Alpi Apuane from where V. baccettii is described. In the Alpi Apuane and in the Northern Apennines up to 34 sites are known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for the separated areas have been calculated as follows: Ligurian Alps 50 km² and Northern Apennines and Alpi Apuane 10 000 km².

habitat:
This species lives in the leaf litter of mountainous beech woods, in mosses and under broad-leafed herbs; the species is bound to a constant humidity.

threats:
The major threat to this species are local silvicultural activities like logging, afforestation with conifers, and forest road construction.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under the law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56).


taxonomicNotes:
Falkner (1998) and Giusti et al. (2011) have expressed doubts on the specific uniformity of V. breve. The specific distinctness of Italian occurrences has recently been corroborated by molecular genetics studies (Giusti et al. 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Europe. It has a large distribution and is actually dispersed by humans. There are no major threats to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Europe. It has a large distribution in Central Europe from the Central European Mittelgebirge to the northern Pre-Alps, and disjunct from this area south of the Alps in Italy from Lombardia to Southern Tuscany and the # the Balkan countries Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegowina, and Yugoslawia are listed (Austria, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France mainland, Germany, Italian mainland, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Switzerland, Yugoslavia).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but are supposed to be stable. The species is actually spreading by anthropochorus dispersal.

habitat:
This species lives in leaf litter in half open biotopes, in mosses, under broad-leafed herbs, alluvial woodlands and stands of tall strong herbs; the species is bound to a constant humidity in temperate woods.


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information regarding the population size, distribution, trends, ecological requirements and potential threats to the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found in lowland mountainous areas on the South Alpine margins in North Italy and South Switzerland (Ticino).

population:
There is no information on population for this species. The species are very small and can only be found by sieving the soil.

habitat:
This species lives on meadows and in shrubberies.

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Data Deficient (DD) (Turner et al. 1998). Information on the population size, distribution, trends, ecological requirements and potential threats are needed for this species.


