# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Volga Thick-necked Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to its poorly known distribution, unknown population trends and threats. Further research on its population trend and threats is needed in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.

range:
In Europe, this species is only known from the Astrakhan district and the neighbouring territories of the Volgograd and Kalmykia districts in the Volga Delta of European Russia. Outside this area, it was found in neighbouring western Kazakhstan (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Savitsky 2002). It is known from seven localities in Europe, but possibly occurs in a larger area. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 76,000 km².

population:
The species is rare in the Lower Volga region, but its subpopulations seem to be large (Savitsky 2002). Its current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species has been recorded from grass-sagebrush associations in semi-sandy, sandy-clay and clay semi-deserts in the Volga River delta, north to Tsatsa Village in the Volgograd district. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 20 m. Adults occur from late May to mid-July (Savitsky 2002).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus puissanti) has been described recently (Defaut 2005). Its distribution is not fully understood, but it is generally abundant within its habitat. According to the best present knowledge, the species seems to be widely distributed in the western Mediterranean (Portugal, Spain, France) in Europe. It is found in moist habitats as well as dryer habitats and dunes. The species is a good flyer and therefore the population does not seem to be severely fragmented. Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper occurs in north Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Corsica (Heller 2013, Defaut and Morichon 2015). It may also occur on Sardinia. Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 910,000 km².

population:
There is no information on the population trends of this species, which has been recently described (Defaut 2005). The species is regionally common and usually abundant in moist habitats (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2015). The species is a good flyer and therefore the population does not seem to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species is usually found in moist habitats, such as wet meadows, sand pits and other wet habitats (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), but it has also been found in mesic vegetation and even in dunes. In southern France the species has also been found in dry habitats (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The species may be affected by drainage.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is not included on any National Red Lists. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. It is likely that older records of Aiolopus thalassinus refer to this species, which has been recently described.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Defaut, B., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Sudan Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus simulatrix) is a widespread grasshopper species in Africa and western Asia, but the number of records in Europe is low and most are rather doubtful. There is a strong need for a re-evaluation of all known records as the species might have been confused with other species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The Sudan Green-winged Grasshopper is widespread in Africa and western Asia (Hollis 1968). In Europe, it has been mentioned from Cyprus (Hollis 1968, Harz 1975), Sardinia (Ingrisch 1983) and Mallorca (Herrera-Mesa 1993, Heller 2013). The record from Mallorca is considered doubtful (Presa et al. 2007) and therefore disregarded here. A recent re-examination of the specimens from Sardinia suggests that these represent mis-identified A. thalassinus corsicus, a subspecies that has only been described recently (Defaut and Jaulin 2008). A. simulatrix was reported from Cyprus in the latest revision of the genus by Hollis (1968), but even these records have been doubted by Tumbrinck (2006). Nevertheless, the records from Cyprus would fit in the overall range of this species, which also occurs in the Near East (Hollis 1968). Based upon the uncertainty of its occurrence in Europe, it is not possible to calculate an extent of occurrence (EOO).

population:
No information on the population size or trend of Aiolopus simulatrix is available.

habitat:
The habitat of this species in Europe has not been recorded, although the species is assumed to occur in dry grassland habitats.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action exists for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution in Europe and taxonomy is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Defaut, B., Ingrisch, S., Tumbrinck, J., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Siedle, K. & Roesti, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broad Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus strepens) is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and large subpopulations. Even though it may be locally affected by agricultural activities, overall the population of this species is not threatened.

range:
The Broad Green-winged Grasshopper is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, north Africa and western Asia (Hollis 1968). Its northern range margin in Europe is in mid France (Defaut et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) for pan-Europe is c. 7.1 million km², while for the EU 28 it is c. 6.7 million km².

population:
No detailed information on the population size or trend is available. However, the species is widely distributed and the subpopulations are often large. The species is a good flyer and its subpopulations are not severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of habitats, including dry grassland, roadside verges, forest clearings, vineyards, quarries and natural river shores (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). In the southwestern part of its range it is often associated with moist habitats (Hochkirch 1998), whereas it occurs in dry habitats in the north and east of its range (Szijj 1992). Adults hibernate and are therefore found early in the spring as well as in the autumn (Carotti 2006).

threats:
The species may be locally affected by intensive agricultural land use and the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This species is protected in Hungary. More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus thalassinus) is a widespread species in Europe. In the northern parts of its range it has been declining due to habitat degradation and transformation, but as the species is still very widespread, the overall population trend is stable, and it has large subpopulations which are in most parts of its range well-connected, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Slender Green-winged Grasshopper is one of the most widespread grasshopper species. It occurs throughout Africa, large parts of Eurasia, Australia and Oceania. In Europe it is found from the Canary Islands in the southwest to western Germany in the north and Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 10.4 million km², while in the EU 28 it is 7.5 million km².

population:
The overall population trend is stable, although it appears to be declining in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It is listed as Endangered on the national Red Lists of Germany, Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). However, it has recently recolonised areas near Geneva (Monnerat et al. 2007). It has also been found quite frequent recently in southern Slovakia, but this has been attributed to a more intensive research (Kristin et al. 2007).

habitat:
This species inhabits open grassland habitats with a preference for moist soils (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found at river and lake shores, quarries and abandoned fields (Baur et al. 2006).

threats:
Declines in the northern part of its range are attributed to urbanization, recreational activities and afforestation of former gravel pits (Wancura and Detzel 1998). The species may also be affected by changes in land use, particularly the intensification of mowing as well as transformation into farmland and the use of pesticides. Recent range extensions are thought to be a consequence of the warming climate (Monnerat et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005), as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The species is protected in Germany. Conservation measures for this species are carried out in Germany (Baden-Württemberg), where the habitat of this species is restored by creating areas of bare soil. Further research on population trends and threats of this species in Europe is needed. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Due to its wide distribution and large and stable population, the Egyptian Bird Grasshopper (Anacridium aegyptium) is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Egyptian Bird Grasshopper is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, north Africa as well as southwest Asia (Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). It has also been introduced to the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura). Furthermore, it is regularly introduced with vegetables from the Mediterranean to other countries (e.g. Netherlands, Germany, Slovakia), where it however cannot establish subpopulations (Wallaschek et al. 2004, Holusa et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is approximately 6.4 million km², in the EU 28 ca 5.9 million km².

population:
Anacridium aegyptium usually occurs in low densities. However, it is quite widespread and also found in human-made habitats. It is therefore assumed to have a stable population trend.

habitat:
Anacridium aegyptium is found in Mediterranean shrubland. It is also found in gardens in urban areas and shrubby dune valleys (Hochkirch 1998). The species hibernates as adult and is therefore found early in spring (Gangwere and Llorente 1992).

threats:
The species is locally threatened by the expansion of agricultural land and the use of pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Piedmont Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera alzonai) is endemic to the Piedmont region of Italy, but it might also be present in France. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat. The major threat to this species is land abandonment, and it might also be threatened by climate change. Further research on the conservation status of this species, particularly its habitat preferences, population trends and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations need to be preserved an appropriate grassland management implemented.

range:
The Piedmont Banded Grasshopper is endemic to the Piedmont region of Italy and has been described from Bardonecchia in the Susa Valley. It has also been found in the provinces of Turin, Alessandria and also in the Aosta Valley (Massa et al. 2012). It might also be present in France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,160 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known localities is 36 km². While the real AOO is assumed to be larger than 36 km², it is still probably smaller than 500 km².

population:
There is no data on population sizes or trends. However, it is very likely to be declining based on the ongoing threats. The known subpopulations are all very small with probably no exchange between them, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is known that it occurs in montane grasslands and that it prefers warm habitats approximately between 1,400 and 1,900 m asl. There is a continuing decline in the quality of this species' habitat due to ongoing threats (abandonment of meadows and climatic changes).

threats:
The threats to this species are still poorly understood. However, abandonment of meadows could be a major threat to this species, and climate change may also affect it.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although research is needed into the population trends, life history, ecology and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The remaining subpopulations need to be preserved an appropriate grassland management implemented.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Western Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera brevipennis) has a disjunct distribution in southwestern and southeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 550 and 1,000 km² in Europe, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its AOO, extent and   quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature   individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, the situation is the same with an AOO between 400 and 850 km². As the majority of estimates for AOO are above 500 km², the species is assessed as Vulnerable as well. No regional adjustment is made for the EU 28 as the species is flightless and unlikely to immigrate. The major threats to this species are changing land use, increasing lengths and numbers of droughts and urbanisation. Habitat restoration (particularly restoration of traditionally used grassland) is necessary for its conservation. Sheep grazing seems to be crucial for the survival of this grasshopper. In addition, research is needed on its population trend.

range:
The Western Banded Grasshopper has a disjunct distribution in southwestern and southeastern Europe where it occurs with two different subspecies, Arcyptera b. brevipennis on the Balkans and A. b. vicheti in France and Spain (Harz 1975). On the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs from Croatia (being extinct in Slovenia) in the north to Montenegro in the south (a doubtful record from Albania exists, G. Puskas pers. comm. 2016) whereas in southwestern Europe it is found in northern Spain (four extant subpopulations) and in the Mediterranean part of France (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 405,000 km² and in the EU 28 ca 380,000 km². Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 300 and 900 km² in Europe and between 250 and 700 km² in the EU 28.

population:
The subpopulations of this species are usually small, but show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Slovenia the species has even been reported as a pest, but is now regionally extinct since 1970 (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. In addition, this species is flightless. There is a continuing decline in the population. In Spain, eight subpopulations were known in 1905, but only four of them were confirmed in 1980 (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). In France, many subpopulations have disappeared as a consequence of urbanization (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species is found in steppe-like Mediterranean vegetation and rocky grassland or shrubland habitats (Voisin 2003, Bellmann and Luquet 2009). The species mainly feeds on grass debris and is unable to fly (Schultner et al. 2012). Schultner et al. (2012) found mainly Brachypodium retusum in its diet.

threats:
The major threat to this species is changing land use, particularly changes in the grazing regime and abandonment (Schultner et al. 2012) but also afforestation (J.J. Presa and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It may also be affected by increasing lengths and numbers of droughts (Schultner et al. 2012) and urbanisation (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016). Recent road construction projects in France represent a considerable threat to this species (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable and as Endangered on the French and Spanish national Red Lists respectively (Sardet and Defaut 2004; Verdú et al. 2011). In Slovenia it is regionally extinct (Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Habitat restoration (particularly restoration of traditionally used grassland) is necessary for its conservation. Furthermore, research on its population trend is needed. Sheep grazing seems to be crucial for its survival.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera fusca) occurs from western Europe (Pyrenees) to Mongolia. In Europe the species is mainly found in montane areas, including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and mountain systems of the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, this species is widely distributed and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO far exceed the thresholds for threatened categories under criterion B. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. In some parts of Europe the subpopulation are considered severely fragmented but it still has large subpopulations in the Alps, Pyrenees and in the Balkans. More research into its population trend is needed.

range:
The Large Banded Grasshopper occurs from western Europe (Pyrenees) to Mongolia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe the species is mainly found in montane areas, including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and mountain systems of the Balkans. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km².

population:
Declines have been observed in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Austria (Berg et al. 2005),Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007),the CzechRepublic, Slovakia, Hungary (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The overall population trend is therefore decreasing. The population is fragmented but subpopulations in the Alps and Pyrenees are still large. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Outbreaks have been reported in some areas (D. Chobanov and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The main habitats of this species are montane and alpine meadows but it is also found at lower altitudes (Massa et al. 2012). Females are flightless and thus have a low dispersal ability.

threats:
Changes in land use (particularly abandonment and afforestation) are the major threats to this species (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) as well as intensification of grassland management such as increasing of mowing and drainage (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas and is listed as threatened on several national Red Lists. In Switzerland it is listed as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007), in Slovakia as Vulnerable  (Kristin 2001), in Austria as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), in Germany as Critically Endangered (Maas et al. 2011), in the northern and central parts of France as Near Threatened, in western France as Critically Endangered/Endangered (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and in the Carpathians as Near Threatened, being Regionally Extinct in the Czech part and Vulnerable in the Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Hungary this species is protected. Research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Provence Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera kheili) is endemic to the French Provence and Alpes-du-Sud. It lives in Mediterranean scrubland and in dry and stony grassland between 50 and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 13,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 516 - 5,160 km². The population is partly fragmented, but it is not considered severely fragmented. Significant threats are reported (urbanisation in plains, forest dynamics in mountains areas, wind parks, solar parks, limestone quarrying) and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. As it nearly meets a threatened category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Provence Banded Grasshopper is endemic to the Provence and Alpes-du-Sud in France (Defaut 1999). The species occurs in five departments (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse, Var, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes), in altitudes between 50 and 1,500 m (Voisin 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 13,000 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 5,000 km².

population:
Arcyptera kheili is not a very rare species (Defaut et al. 2009), but subpopulations are rather localised. However, it is not considered to be severely fragmented.Several subpopulations of this flightless and sensitive species are declining (Voisin 2003), and the current population trend is of a decline.

habitat:
Arcyptera kheili is a mainly submountainous and mountainous species, living in open Mediterranean scrubland and in dry, stony and scarce herbaceous grasslands, generally on calcareous soil (Voisin 2003).

threats:
Arcyptera kheili habitats are often flat and thus especially attractive for development projects and wind parks. Limestone quarrying also represents a threat to this species. In low altitude areas (such as Provence), direct human impacts are important (mainly urbanisation around cities), causing a significant fragmentation of subpopulations. Most of low mountain subpopulations are threatened by decreasing pastoralism (scrub encroachment and forest succession).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for Arcyptera kheili. The species has not been recorded from any protected area. It was assessed as “priority 3” (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed. There is also a need to protect its habitat.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Turkish Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera labiata) is distributed across a large area in Greece including some of the Aegean Islands. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its large distribution area and its presumed overall large population size. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species and on the effects of possible threats to the species.

range:
In Europe, the range of this species is restricted to Greece, where it is distributed throughout the southern part of the mainland, the Peloponnesus and the Aegean Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willlemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 141,000 km². Outside Europe, the species is also found in Turkey (Willemse 1976). Reports about its presence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) have not been taken into account, as these are probably the result of confusion with a closely related species Arcyptera microptera (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

population:
The most recent taxonomic study on this species dates back to 1976. Since then no studies have been published on this species nor has any information become available with data on the population or subpopulations. Although overall this is a rare species, the population size is inferred to be large. The population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in open, rather dry habitats covered by rocks, only partly and sparsely covered with grasses and herbs. They have been reported from a wide altitudinal range from lowlands to the timberline.

threats:
This species occurs throughout areas which are used for grazing by sheep and goats. However the effects of this on the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is required on the population size, trends and possible threats to the species.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Heller, K.-G. & Tzirkalli, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera microptera) is distributed in the southern part of Europe, from Spain to Greece as well as in large parts of Asia, from Turkey to Mongolia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since it is a rare, has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of between 500 and 1,600 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. In addition, outbreaks have been reported and the population might thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population is unlikely to receive any significant immigration from outside of the EU 28 since the species is flightless, and therefore no regional adjustment is made. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since the AOO is likely to be much larger (including subpopulations in Albania, FYR Macedonia, Moldavia, Ukraine and southern Russia), exceeding the thresholds of a threatened category by far. This species is mainly threatened by destruction and degradation of its habitat. In the northern part of its range habitats were transformed into farmland and forests, or land used became more intensified. In the southern part of its range it seems to be sensitive to overgrazing. Protection, restoration and proper management (extensive grazing) of remaining habitats is required. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Eastern Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera microptera) is distributed in the southern part of Europe, from Spain to Greece as well as in large parts of Asia, from Turkey to Mongolia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.2 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species based on the known records is ca 500 km² in the EU 28, with an upper estimate of 1,600 km².

population:
The population of this species has dramatically declined and the current trend is decreasing. It is regionally extinct in Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Slovenia (Berg et al. 2005, Holusa 2011, Maas et al. 2011, A. Liana and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The population of this species is severely fragmented as subpopulations are usually very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. As a flightless species it cannot recolonise lost habitats easily. In Russia outbreaks of this species have been reported, with the number of mature individuals likely fluctuating at least tenfold. It might therefore exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012) with open patches. In the southern part of its range (Spain), it mainly occurs in mesic montane grassland.

threats:
This species is mainly threatened by destruction and degradation of its habitat. In the northern part of its range habitats were transformed into farmland and forests, or land used became more intensified. In the southern part of its range it seems to be sensitive to overgrazing (M. Lemonnier pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
This species is Regionally Extinct in Germany, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia (Liana 2002, Berg et al. 2005, Holusa 2011, Maas et al. 2011). It is listed as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is also very rare and threatened in Romania (Iorgu et al. 2008). The species is found in protected areas and it is protected in Hungary. Protection, restoration and proper management (extensive grazing) of remaining habitats is required. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera tornosi) is endemic to Spain and Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is found in several habitat types and no major threats to it have been reported. Although the population is severely fragmented and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 332 km², the upper estimate of AOO is 3,000 km² and the real AOO is very likely to be above 2,000 km². In addition, this grasshopper seems to be quite common in certain areas throughout its distribution. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify the AOO.

range:
The Iberian Banded Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and Portugal. It is distributed mainly in western Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 332 km², with an the upper estimate of 3,000 km². It is likely that the AOO is larger than 2,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and abundance of this species. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are small, widely separated from each other and females are flightless. The population trend is unknown, although it seems to be quite common in certain areas throughout its distribution.

habitat:
This species occurs at elevations between sea level and 2,100 m Asl. At middle and lower altitudes it occupies preferentially Mediterranean shrublands, always mixed with grasses (García et al. 1996). At higher altitudes, it is present in pastureland. In offshore areas it is present in grasslands (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).

threats:
No major threats to this widespread generalist species have been reported, but climate change could be a potential threat locally at higher altitudes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas such as national and regional parks in Spain and Portugal. Research into its population trend and ecology is required.

redListAssessors:
Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tenerife Rock Grasshopper occurs on rocky slopes in many parts of Tenerife. The species is widespread is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, more research into its population trend is needed. A phylogenetic study suggests that this taxon represents two or three species occupying different parts of the island (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Therefore, taxonomic research is needed as well. However, even if the subpopulations belong to several species, they are unlikely to be threatened as the habitats are little affected by human activities, and the only threats are natural volcanism and avalanches.

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it occurs throughout the island from the coast to the sub-alpine zone. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,540 km². Genetic analyses suggest that the subpopulations from Tenerife may belong to two or three different species. Former records from other islands belong to other species (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009).

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The species is very widespread on Tenerife, where it mainly occurs in rather remote areas (particularly at steep rocky slopes), which are little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly on steep rocky slopes.

threats:
This species' habitat is not under strong pressure by human activities. Natural threats are volcanism and avalanches.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in several protected areas, including Teide National Park. Research into its taxonomy is needed, as the subpopulations on Tenerife may belong to two or three species. Furthermore, there is a need for studies on its population trends and life history.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it occurs at steep rocky slopes. It is not affected by human activities as it is mainly confined to steep rocky slopes where the only threat is volcanism. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009), where it is mainly found in the centre of the island. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 833 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. Similar to other Arminda species, it is probably little affected by humans due to its occurrence at steep rocky slopes. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is confined to steep rocky slopes, and its altitudinal range is 350 - 1,400 m.

threats:
Human activities are unlikely to affect this species. The major natural threat is the risk of avalanches on Gran Canaria.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its ecology and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Splendid Rock Grasshopper is endemic to the island of on Gran Canaria (Spain), where it is a rare species. It has small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 398 km² and a maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 100 km², and is only known from six locations. As it is close to meet the thresholds for a threatened Category, it is assessed as Near Threatened. It is not entirely clear if the population shows a continuing decline as large parts of its habitat are probably little affected by human activities. Therefore, ecological studies are needed, particularly on the reason for its rarity compared to other Arminda species.

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it is mainly found in the centre and western part of the island (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 398 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² and the maximum estimated AOO is 100 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trends of the species, but subpopulations seem to be much smaller than in otherArminda species. The population is severely fragmented and only six locations are known. It is assumed that the subpopulations in the northwest and centre of Gran Canaria are stable, but it may be decreasing in the eastern part of the island.

habitat:
Arminda canariensis occurs on steep rocky slopes, mainly at higher elevations. Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,400 m.

threats:
The habitats of this species are not strongly affected by human activities, but the ecology is poorly studied and the number of subpopulations is small. Based upon its rarity compared to other Arminda species, it might have a stronger habitat specialisation. The major threat to this species seems to be the natural risk of landslides and avalanches, but it may also be affected by human activities, particularly changes in land use or destruction of its habitat for the construction of roads and buildings. The number of locations based upon urbanisation is six.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. However, it occurs in nature reserves throughout its range. Research is needed concerning its ecology, population sizes and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Fuerteventura Rock Grasshopper is common in habitats with scarce vegetation, and is probably not affected by human activities. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Fuerteventura Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Fuerteventura (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence is ca 2,400 km².

population:
No data on population size and trends are available. However, the species is widespread and common on Fuerteventura. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Arminda fuerteventurae is common in dry vegetation with large amounts of bare ground and rocks.

threats:
The species is probably not strongly affected by human activities, but it may locally threatened by urbanisation and touristic development.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this widespread species, although it is found in protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Hierro Rock Grasshopper is endemic to El Hierro, where it occurs on steep rocky slopes. The information on habitats, population trends and threats is scarce, but it is probably common as its habitat is little affected by human activities. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Hierro Rock Grasshopper is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Even though the number of known sites of this species is low, it is assumed to be much more common as its ecology is likely to be similar as in related Arminda species on La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. Assuming that the species occurs throughout the island, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 371 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size of this species. However, it is probably quite widespread and common as it occurs in habitats that are little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Information on the habitat and ecology ofArminda hierroensis is scarce, but similar to other Arminda species it seems to occur mainly on steep rocky slopes.

threats:
Based upon its habitat preferences, it is assumed that no major threats caused by human activities affect this species. However, it might be affected by natural threats such as volcanism and avalanches.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place, although it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is widespread on Lanzarote, from where it is endemic. Even though it may be locally affected by rural and touristic development, the species is quite common. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 918 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 200 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trends of the species. The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is quite common and its habitat is little affected by human activities.

habitat:
The species is common in dry vegetation, including rocky slopes as well as even dry habitats with large amounts of bare ground (Hochkirch 2003). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 600 m.

threats:
The species is very common and probably only locally threatened by increasing touristic and rural development. A natural threat to this species is active volcanism.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in at least two protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gomera Rock Grasshopper is widespread on La Gomera. Even though it has small subpopulations, these are probably only little affected by human activities and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, more research is needed on its population trend and ecology.

range:
The Gomera Rock Grasshopper is endemic to La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Even though the number of known sites is limited, it is assumed to occur throughout the island. The estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 220 and 300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. Subpopulations are usually small, but the species is quite widespread and it occurs in habitats which are little affected by human activities.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly at steep rocky slopes and at forest edges of laurel forest with patches of bare ground. Its elevation range is 0 - 1,400 m.

threats:
Only local subpopulations of this species may be threatened by natural events (landslides). The potential effects of wildfires on this species are not known.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in the Parque Nacional Garajonay protected area. More research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though the Palma Rock Grasshopper has not been recorded very often on La Palma, it is assumed to be more widespread and the population is probably large. It does not appear to be threatened by human activities and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 450 and 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size of the species. The subpopulations are usually small and the species is flightless. However, it is quite common and its habitat is little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is affiliated to steep rocky habitats.

threats:
The habitat ofArminda palmaeis currently not threatened by anthropogenic changes, but by the volcanic activities of La Palma.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas, but no specific conservation measures are in place. Research on its population trends and ecology is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Savanna Grasshopper (Brachycrotaphus tryxalicerus) is widespread in Africa and reaches Spain, Sicily and the Eolian islands in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite abundant within its habitat and the population size is presumed to be large.

range:
The Savanna Grasshopper is widespread in Africa where it occurs from South Africa to northern Africa (Dirsh 1965). In Europe this species is only known from Spain, Sicily and the Eolian islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km².

population:
The species is locally abundant (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and the population size is presumed to be large. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in grassland habitats (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). In Spain it seems to be strongly affiliated with Hyparrenia hirta vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and other graminea species.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown although it can be threatened by fires throughout its distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Massa, B., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper (Bryodemella tuberculata) is a Palearctic species with a very wide range, extending from the Alps and Scandinavia eastwards over the whole Central Asian region, reaching Japan at its easternmost boundary of distribution. In Europe, this species shows a disjunct distribution with two main areas - the northern edge of the Alpine arch and the Baltic region. This species is assessed as Endangered in the EU 28 and as Vulnerable in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is ca 250 km², and smaller than 2,000 km² in Europe), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to large-scale man-made habitat deterioration. Monitoring of the population trends should be undertaken.This species could become a flagship species for river restoration projects.

range:
The Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper is a Palearctic species with a very wide range, extending from the Alps and Scandinavia eastwards over the whole Central Asian region, reaching Japan at its easternmost boundary of distribution. In Europe, this species shows a disjunct distribution with two separated areas: The larger part extends northwestwards from Southern European Russia to Belarus and the Baltic region with an isolated occurrence in northern Romania. The Baltic subpopulation is nowadays restricted to the island of Öland  in Sweden and to a few localities along the Gulf of Finland. Isolated by large unoccupied regions the species also lives along the northern edge of the Alpine arch. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 1.5 million km² in the EU 28 region, and much more than that in whole Europe. However, due to its disjunct distribution, the area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 region is estimated to be as low as 250 km². Including the distribution in European Russia, the AOO will be much larger but most probably it does not exceed 2,000 km² for Europe.

population:
The size of the remaining subpopulations in the Alps and in the Baltic region is usually small. Densities of adult individuals can be quite high in optimal habitats like the Isar in Germany with up to 280-330 individuals per 1,000 m² (Reich 1991), but apart from the Isar the subpopulations are much smaller. The remaining sites in the Baltic and Scandinavian region also seem to host only small abundances. The long-lasting decrease of localities and individuals of this species has definitely slowed down in the last decades, but there are still local extinctions and visible declines. In spite of its good flight ability, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is a habitat-specialist, depending on open, very sparsely vegetated soils that occur in Europe on heaths or stony steppes (in the north and east) and along the wild unregulated rivers of the Alps. It is a very mobile species with a very distinctive display flight, widely visible in its undisturbed natural habitats. The eggs are laid on the ground. The species is attracted to sun exposed areas but has a good resistance against low temperatures, and is found from sea level up to 1,500 m asl.

threats:
This species has undergone a long lasting decline, affecting the whole European range due to large-scale habitat deterioration. The Alpine subpopulations were heavily affected by the regulation of the rivers and the installation of hydro power-plants, resulting in a total loss of extensive, alluvial habitats on most occupied river sites and leading also to severe fragmentation of the remaining subpopulations. The subpopulations of northeastern Europe suffered from the cultivation of heath land and other low productive grasslands.

conservationAction:
In its European range, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in most countries (Austria, Germany, Lithuania) or even Regionally Extinct, like in Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland or Latvia (e.g., Spuris 1998, Maas et al. 2002, Liana 2004, Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Budrys et al. 2008) and probably in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It is also assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden. The main conservation measures needed are the preservation of natural habitats of the remaining subpopulations, and the preservation of special habitat conditions, like free running alpine rivers or unfertilised grassland. Some of the subpopulations are already the object of current conservation projects in protected areas, which seem to be quite successful. Monitoring of the population trends should be undertaken.This species could become a flagship species for river restoration projects.

redListAssessors:
Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the White-spotted Grasshopper (Calephorus compressicornis) occurs in the west, being present in Portugal, Spain and France. It lives in sandy low or scarce vegetation grasslands, generally in coastal or alluvial areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1.1 million km². It is a rather rare species, with subpopulations often disconnected and threatened by urbanisation, touristic development and alluvial pits. However, it is not considered severely fragmented. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). More information on its distribution is needed in order to calculate its area of occupancy (AOO), as it has a scattered distribution mainly along coasts.

range:
Calephorus compressicornis has an afro-tropical distribution (extending towards the south-east until the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Botswana), and also a west-Palaearctic distribution (including western Europe, North Africa and Middle East) (Mestre and Chiffaud 2006). In Europe, the species is known from numerous coastal and inland provinces of Portugal, Spain (including Baleares), except in the north-west of the Iberian peninsula (Herrera 1982) and also in France (Mediterranean mainland coasts and along the Loire and Garonne rivers) (Defaut et al. 2009). The species has also been recorded from Italy in 1870, but it is unknown whether it is native or still present there (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 1.1 million km².

population:
Calephorus compressicornis is a rather rare species in Europe (especially along the Mediterranean coast). Several subpopulations are disconnected, but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. No precise information on population or range sizes and trends is available, but a strong decline is suspected in the inner areas of southern France (Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées). The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
Calephorus compressicornis is a coastal and plain species (recorded from sea level up to 600 m altitude), living on low or scarce gramineous lawns and in sand dunes. Its habitats are generally sandy and temporarily wet.

threats:
As a species that inhabits coastal and alluvial habitats, Calephorus compressicornis is mainly threatened by urbanisation and touristic development on seaside resorts, and by alluvial sand and gravel pits, causing the degradation of habitats along the rivers. It may also be affected by tourism itself.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions for Calephorus compressicornis are known, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.The species has been assessed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in  France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Vulnerable in Catalonia  (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Protection of sand dunes is required for its conservation. Research on its population size and distribution is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment. Least Concern (LC)

The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus barbarus) is very widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, it has a large population and can even become a pest in the southern part of its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper is widely distributed from North Africa across western and southern Europe to China, Mongolia and India (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). It occurs from the Canary Islands (Spain) to Cyprus and from the Normandie (France) to southern Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is c. 7 million km² and in pan-Europe it is c. 9 million km².

population:
The subpopulations of Calliptamus barbarus are often large and the species is widespread in its range (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Papapavlou 2005, Tumbrinck 2006). In the southern part of its range it can become a pest (Nagy 1994, Massa et al. 2012). Old records from Slovakia have not been confirmed recently (Kristin et al. 2004). It seems to be declining in Switzerland due to intensification of land use and urbanisation (Monnerat et al. 2007). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper is found on dry open habitats, usually on rocky or sandy habitats with scarce vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012), including quarries and vineyards (Monnerat et al. 2007). On the Canary Islands, it is also found in grass-rich areas (Hochkirch 2003). The species is a good flyer.

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Endangered on the national Red List of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). This species is protected in Hungary. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Syrian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus coelesyriensis) is only known from a few areas in Greece. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km²), and the population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research on its distribution and population size is needed.

range:
In Europe, this species is only found in Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Greek mainland, the Peloponnesus, some of the eastern Aegean islands and Rodhes (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species reaches the western limit of its distribution in Greece. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 83,000 km². Outside Europe, this Pincer Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Middle East including Egypt reaching eastwards through Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and via Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Tadzikistan up to Pakistan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963, Jago 1963). This species is reported to be a slight pest of young crops at times (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982).

population:
There is no information on the past and current population trend, but it is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size, of at least one order of magnitude.

habitat:
In Europe, little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species. The sites from which it has been collected consisted of dry hilly country, rather open and bare with some shrubs. Outside Europe, the species is mainly associated with arid regions being reported from dry steppe vegetation and bare mountain slopes. It has been indicated as a minor pest of wheat, barley and other cereals in Iran, feeding on foliage and young plants (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Although this species is widespread in Asia, in Europe it is only known from few localities in Greece and little is known about it. Research into the population distribution, size and trend and threats is the first necessary step.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus italicus) is widespread and common in the southern part of Europe, where it sometimes can become a pest. In the northern part of its range, it has become rare and is listed as threatened on several national Red Lists. However, the regional declines mainly took place during the 20th century and the species is still very common in large parts of its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Common Pincer Grasshopper is a widespread species in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece (Crete and Rhodes) and from the French Atlantic coast via northern Poland to southern European Russia (Heller 2013). It is Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Decleer et al. 2000). Its extent of occurrence in the EU 28 is c. 5 million km² and in Europe it is c. 7 million km².

population:
During the 20th century the species has become rare in the northern part of its range (e.g. Germany, Poland, Switzerland). However, in the southern part of its range the subpopulations are very large and well connected. The species has been reported as a pest occasionally and outbreaks have been reported throughout its range (Nagy 1994, Bellmann 2006, Denner 2009). In recent years these outbreaks have become more common again in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). As a consequence of such rapid increases in population size, the species has spread in Austria again (Denner 2009). Due to these extreme fluctuations, the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Calliptamus italicus occurs in a variety of open habitats, such as rocky areas, Mediterranean shrubland with large amounts of bare ground, grassland, heath land, abandoned farmland, road verges etc. (Brose 1997, Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range, it is mainly restricted to secondary habitats, such as sand and gravel pits, quarries and railway tracks (Zechner and Koschuh 2000). It prefers a heterogeneous vegetation with dense dwarf shrubs and patches of bare ground (Brose 1997).

threats:
In the northern part of its range, the species has become rare due to the destruction of its habitat, mainly caused by agricultural land use intensification (transformation of its habitat into farmland or intensively used grassland) and afforestation. The remaining dry grassland habitats are threatened by abandonment and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Zechner and Koschuh 2000). It may also be affected by the use of insecticides in parts of its range.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the national Red Lists of Poland and Germany as Endangered (Maas et al. 2011), in Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007) and in the Czech Republic as Near Threatened (Holusa and Kocarek 2005). It is protected by law in Germany, where conservation measures are in place for this species, particularly habitat preservation and management. Calliptamus italicus occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Madeira Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus madeira) has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) as it is endemic to Madeira. However, the species is very common, its population is large and it is not sensitive to human activities. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Madeira Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to Madeira, where it occurs up to 1,300 m above sea level (Jago 1963, A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015). Assuming a wide distribution on the island of Madeira, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 852 km².

population:
The population is probably large and assumed to be stable (A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are locally large. It remains unknown if the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, similar to other Calliptamus species (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The main habitats of this species are grasslands (A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015) and other dry habitats with scarce vegetation from the coast to the drier parts of the mountains (southern slopes), including urban areas and non-vegetated rocky areas (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). It is also found in cities. The species is quite mobile and can rapidly colonise new habitats (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
No major threats are thought to affect this species (A. Aguiar and P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures exist for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and potential fluctuations is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Canarian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus plebeius) is common on the Canary Islands and has a large population. It is probably little affected by human activities and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). Research on its taxonomy is needed as it is assumed that each island may maintain a different species, as well as on its population trend, ecology and threats.

range:
The Canarian Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it occurs on all the islands except for Fuerteventura (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996). Its presence on Lanzarote is uncertain. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 27,500 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although it is very widespread and common throughout its range.

habitat:
This species is not very specialised in ecology and is a habitat generalist which occurs in many open habitat types, including coastal Euphorbia shrubland, grasslands, road edges, rocky areas, open pine forests and sub-alpine areas (Gangwere et al. 1972, Hochkirch 1997).

threats:
No major threats caused by human activities have been reported. It may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development. Some subpopulations may be threatened by geological events.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed concerning the differentiation of island populations, which may represent unique species (Bland 2001). Furthermore, research on its population trends, threats and ecology is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though the Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus siciliae) seems to be declining, it has a wide distribution on the Italian Peninsula and its subpopulations are still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper is distributed in Italy and reaches southern Switzerland as well as the southeastern part of France (Massa et al. 2012). The species has also been reported from three localities on Sardinia, where it has not been recorded again during the last 80 years. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 605,000 km².

population:
The species is very widespread and has large subpopulations. However, in Sardinia it might have become extinct and in Switzerland it appears to be declining (Monnerat et al. 2007). Therefore, the overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Monnerat et al. 2007).

habitat:
The species is found on dry grasslands and shrublands. It is also found on rocky slopes, in gravel pits, quarries and vineyards (Monnerat et al. 2007). Contrary to other Calliptamus species, it is found in denser vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Its depth range is 220 - 1,420 m.

threats:
The species may be locally affected by urbanisation and abandonment of grazing (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions exist for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). Research is needed on its population trend, ecology and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Persian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus tenuicercis), which is globally widespread, has only been reported from three Aegean Islands (where it was last seen in the 1930s) and the FYR Macedonia (where the last sighting dates back to 1960s). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 2,500 km² in the EU 28, and ca 18,000 km² in Europe), and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is assumed although the reason for the decline is not known - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on the population distribution, size and trend.

range:
The Persian Pincer Grasshopper has a wide distribution, with the European range lying at the western edge of its global range. This species is present in Turkey, the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and southern Russia), the Middle Eastern countries of  Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Iran, reaching eastwards as far as Afghanistan (Jago 1963, Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963) and Pakistan (Soomro and Wagan 2005). It can become a minor pest of grapes (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982). In the EU 28 region, this species is known from the southern Greek Aegean islands of Kalymnos, Kos and Rodhes (Willemse 1984), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,461 km². Additionally, within the European region, this species is also known from a single locality in the very south of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Willemse 1977). This species' EOO for the European region is 17,793 km².

population:
It is noteworthy that all records for this species from Europe are 50 or more years old. The species was collected on the Aegean Islands prior to 1936, FYR Macedonia in 1964 and 1965; and Rodhes in 1966. Since 1966 the species has not been recorded in Europe. Because the species has not been collected for a long time even on Rodhes, which has been revisited regularly for the last decades, a continuing decline is assumed.

habitat:
This species inhabits areas where the mean annual rainfall is generally less than 65 cm. It thus penetrates semi-desert environments more deeply than other Pincer Grasshoppers (Jago 1963). In Rhodes the species was found in various sites characterized as dry, rocky with sparse vegetation and some shrubs near or around agricultural lands (Kaltenbach 1967).

threats:
The species has not been recorded in Europe for 50 years. It was found in marginal dry lands. The reasons for its apparent disappearance are unknown.

conservationAction:
Although this species of Pincer Grasshopper is widespread in Asia, in Europe it is only known from a few old records from localities in Greece and FYR Macedonia. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it is currently present in any protected areas, although its historical distribution overlapped with protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population distribution, size and trend.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Western Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus wattenwylians) is widespread in south-western Europe, where it is present in Portugal, Spain and France. It lives in stony and rocky grasslands or scrublands, and is considered as a common species in the main part of its range (Iberian Peninsula). Even if the species is known to experience extreme fluctuations, the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 711,000 km², and the population appears to be stable and not severely fragmented. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Calliptamus wattenwylianus is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin (including south-western Europe and North Africa from Morocco to Libya). In Europe, the species has been recorded from Portugal (mainly on the inner massifs), Spain (except for the northwestern part) and France (along the mainland Mediterranean coast) (Herrera 1982, Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 711,000 km².

population:
Calliptamus wattenwylianus is considered a common species on the Iberian Peninsula. It is rare in France, especially in the Pyrenees and Aude Departments, where subpopulations seem to be fragmented (Jaulin et al. 2011). No report on population or range sizes and trends is available, but its population trend is assumed to be stable. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size.

habitat:
Calliptamus wattenwylianus is a plain and mountain species, being present from sea level up to 1,500 m. It lives in warm and dry open habitats, stony lawns or rocky Mediterranean scrublands. It can also live in overgrazed and dry pastures and agricultural fallows.

threats:
Numerous subpopulations were impacted by urbanisation and various development projects in the last ten years, but these threats are not significant to the whole population. It may also be affected by the irrigation of orchards as this is a xerophilous species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions aiming at Calliptamus wattenwylianus are known. It occurs in several protected areas (nature reserves, national parks), especially on the Iberian Peninsula. Calliptamus wattenwylianus was assessed as Least Concern in  France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Black Grasshopper (Celes variabilis) has a wide distribution in Europe but is quite rare. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since the situation is the same as in the Europe, and the AOO is smaller, estimated to be between 650 and 2,300 km². No significant immigration from outside the assessment regions is expected due to the severe fragmentation of the population. The major threats to this species are intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, use of fertilisers) and transformation of its habitat into farmland. However, it is also threatened by abandonment. Habitat restoration is needed in order to restore subpopulations and habitat management should focus on extensive grazing. Research into its current distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is recommended.

range:
The Black Grasshopper is widespread from the Pyrenees to Central Asia (Defaut and Morichon 2015). In the western part of Europe the species is only confirmed from the Pyrenees, southern France and northern Italy. The northern range margin in the eastern part of Europe is in Austria and northern Hungary while it extends to Greece north of the Peloponnesus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km². In Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 3,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016), and in the EU 28 it is estimated to be between 650 and 2,300 km².

population:
This species is declining in Europe and the current population trend is therefore decreasing. In Spain it had not been found since 1936 (Llucià Pomares 2002, Presa 2007), but was rediscovered in 2003 in the Pre-Pyrenees by D. Llucià Pomares (Defaut and Morichon 2015). Similarly, the species was rediscovered in 1997 in Austria (Bieringer and Berg 2001). In Italy, there is only one subpopulation left (Massa et al. 2012). In Hungary the species has strongly declined as a consequence of abandonment of pastures (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). A decline of this species has also been noted in Greece in response to increased cattle grazing (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016) as well as in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are very small and isolated even in areas where the species is more common (Bulgaria, Greece), and this grasshopper is not a good flyer (Defaut and Morichon 2015). Subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland habitats such as steppes. In the northern part of its range it strongly depends on fires (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The major threats to this species are intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, use of fertilisers) and transformation of its habitat into farmland. However, it is also threatened by abandonment (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In the past it has also lost habitat due to afforestation.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is protected in Hungary and occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In Austria the species is restricted to a military area (Bieringer and Berg 2001) where it benefits from wildfires (Bieringer and Sauberer 2001). Habitat restoration is needed in order to restore subpopulations of this species. Habitat management should focus on extensive grazing (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). Research into its current distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Tami, F., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Korsunovskaya, O., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
The White-tipped Grasshopper lives in a very restricted area with both the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km². Based on the threat of wildfires, the species is considered to occur at only one location. Although no population decline is observed, the habitat of this species is subjected to a decline in its quality and extent. In addition, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals are known and thus the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
The species occurs only in the treeless zone of Cozia Mountain, in the southeastern Carpathians (Romania) between 1,000 and 1,600 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The population size of this species is small and its trend is unknown (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species lives in rocky areas with very sparse vegetation.

threats:
The threats to this species are overgrazing (including the change of its habitat by fertilisation as a result of cattle presence) and wildfires. Based on wildfires, there is only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Cozia National Park). More research on its population trend is needed, and an area-based management plan is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Marsh Grasshopper (Chorthippus albomarginatus) is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and large subpopulation sizes. It may be locally affected by land use intensification, but overall the population trend is assumed to be increasing.

range:
The Lesser Marsh Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe it occurs from Spain and the United Kingdom to Finland, eastern European Russia and northern Romania. It is nevertheless missing in the Mediterranean part of the continent. Former records from the Balkans (Heller 2013) are meanwhile identified as Chorthippus oschei (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 8.9 million km² and in the EU 28 c. 5.6 million km².

population:
Chorthippus albomarginatus is a very widespread species, which is common in the northern part of its range. In some parts of its range it is currently expanding (Maas et al. 2002, Zuna-Kratky 2009), so the overall population trend is assumed to be increasing. In Siberia it has been reported as a pest.

habitat:
The species is mainly found in moist grassland habitats, including salt grasslands at the coasts (Bellmann 2006). In more humid regions it is also found in dry grasslands.

threats:
The species may be locally threatened by the intensification of agricultural land use, particularly by transformation of grassland into farmland and by the use of pesticides. It is also sensitive to intensive grassland management, including intensive grazing, frequent mowing and the use of fertilisers (Hochkirch et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Alpine Grasshopper (Chorthippus alticola) is endemic to the southern parts of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia, and has a wide altitudinal range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is considered to be stable, and the species is common and sometimes abundant in the habitats where it occurs. However, the large-scale retreat of alpine pastures in some parts of its range could cause declines in the future. In addition, since it is endemic and a glacial relic with an island-like distribution, it may potentially be affected by the effects of global warming in the Alps. The effects of climate change on this species should therefore be investigated and the species should be closely monitored.

range:
The Alpine Grasshopper is endemic to the southern parts of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. There are two subspecies known: C. a. alticola lives in Italy, mainly in the wider surroundings of the Lago di Garda in Trentino-Alto Adige and in adjacent parts of Lombardia and Veneto (Fontana et al. 2002, Galvagni 2009, Massa et al. 2010). A rather isolated subpopulation is known from the Alpi Giulie (Friuli, Nadig 1981), that connects to the eastern subspecies C. a. rammei, living in the Julian Alps and the Karavanke Mountains in the Austrian-Slovenian border region (Us 1992, Matvejev and Gomboc 1996, Berg et al. 2005, Gomboc and Šegula 2014). Recent records further to the north in Styria and Upper Austria are doubtful. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km².

population:
This species is rather common and sometimes abundant in the habitats where it occurs. However, due to their mountainous distribution the population is divided into many subpopulations, often isolated by valleys. This has led to a high variability in morphology and especially in colouration, indicating only minor genetic exchange and long-term isolation. Further genetic studies will be necessary to see the real difference between different (and especially isolated) subpopulations. The population is assumed to be stable since it can inhabit different habitats and there are no current threats to it.

habitat:
This is a mountainous species living from the lower slopes at 600 m (C. rammei) and 1,250 m (C. alticola) up to the mountain peaks at 2,100 m asl. It inhabits mountain slopes with Alpine meadows and rocky pastures, usually with low grass cover and with the presence of dwarf shrub like Erica carnea and Juniperus spp. in most localities. If climate conditions are suitable it can be also found in the shade of lower shrubs or on the edge of coniferous forests at the tree line. It occurs in dry and mesic habitats and seems to prefer calcareous underground. The adults live mainly from July to October and have a conspicuous song. Due to their short wings they are not able to fly; macropterous individuals (having long or large wings) are not reported.

threats:
This endemic mountain-grasshopper lives mainly in extensively managed grasslands and can be affected by intensification or abandonment of pastures. There is no indication that this has posed a significant threat to this species so far, but the large-scale retreat of alpine pastures in some parts of its range could cause declines in the future. As for most of the Alpine endemics, habitat shifts due to climate change can also pose a threat to this species. Given that it is a glacial relict, this species cannot overcome the rise of climate zones in the Alps if it already colonises the mountain-peaks. Its broad altitudinal range may be the reason why no decrease has been reported yet.

conservationAction:
At present, there are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in some protected areas (e.g., Parco Regionale dell´Alto Garda, Parco Regionale della Lessinia, Triglav National Park). However, most of its distribution lies outside of these sites.Monitoring of the altitudinal distribution and population trend is necessary to observe and evaluate the effect of climate change on this endemic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orange-butted Grasshopper (Chorthippus apicalis) is found in Morocco, on Madeira (Portugal) and on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread, it is often very abundant and is even able to survive in arable land.

range:
The Orange-butted Grasshopper is found in Morocco, on Madeira (Portugal) and on the Iberian Peninsula (Heller 2013). Old records from Sardinia (Harz 1975) have not been confirmed and are considered doubtful (Massa et al. 2012). Records from France are probably based on misidentifications (Defaut 2007) and are disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 991,000 km².

population:
This species is usually abundant (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and rather widespread on the Iberian Peninsula. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in mesic to moist grassland habitats (Gómez et al. 1992). It can also be found along roadsides and other artificial habitats with grasses (Hochkirch 1999) and even in cultivated fields (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). It has a preference for sunny areas with low vegetation cover (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005). It is found at altitudes between sea level and 1,600 m Asl.

threats:
As a species occurring in farmland, it is likely to be affected by intensive agricultural practices including the use of pesticides. It may also be threatened by Eucalyptus plantations in Portugal.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Locomotive Grasshopper (Chorthippus apricarius) is a widespread species in Europe. In the northern part of its range it is currently expanding, while it is restricted to montane regions in the southern part of Europe. Because of its wide distribution and the large and stable population, the species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Locomotive Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. It is found in large parts of continental Europe (Heller 2013), where it occurs from northern Spain, central Italy and northern Greece in the south to southern Sweden and Latvia in the north. In the south of its range, it is restricted to montane regions. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.9 million km², in the EU 28 ca 3.7 million km².

population:
Chorthippus apricarius is expanding its range in the northwestern part of Europe (Grotjahn and Handke 2000, Hochkirch 2001, Zuna-Kratky 2009), while it is quite rare in other regions. The overall population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
The species is found at the edges of farmlands, roads and ditches as well as in dry grassland habitats (Hochkirch and Papen 2001, Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006). It is a grassland species with a preference for a certain amount of bare ground in its habitat (Reck 1993). In the northern part of its range, it has a preference for sandy substrates (Reck 1993), while it is restricted to montane regions in the southern part of its range.

threats:
There appear to be no major threats for this species. Locally the species may be threatened by changes in agricultural land use, particularly through intensification of farming and the use of pesticides (Zuna-Kratky 2009).

conservationAction:
A conservation program for this species exists in Baden-Württemberg (Germany), where the species is rare. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sierra De Gredos Grasshopper (Chorthippus ariasi) is only known from one recorded specimen. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty, since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus binotatus. Further research is needed into its taxonomy.

range:
There is only one reference of a a specimen of the Sierra De Gredos Grasshopper from Sierra de Gredos, in the province of Ávila, central Spain (Presa et al. 2007). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no information on the population size and trend of the species, as only one specimen has ever been collected.

conservationAction:
The only recorded specimen was probably found in the National Park of Gredos. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats to the species. However, this species is probably a synonym of Chorthippus binotatus (Charpentier, 1825) (Presa et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus biguttulus) is a widespread species that occurs in many semi-dry and dry grassland habitats, including dry meadows, pastureland, road verges and urban areas. Due to its wide distribution and overall large population size it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Bow-winged Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it occurs from the Pyrennees to the Urals and from Greece to southern Scandinavia (Heller 2013). In Italy, it is only found north of the Po Valley (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11.3 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 6.7 million km².

population:
This grasshopper is very common in Europe and forms large subpopulations (Bellmann 2006). The population trend is unknown. The species may show fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Hochkirch 2001).

habitat:
Chorthippus biguttulus occurs in a variety of semi-dry and dry grassland habitats, including edges of forests, roads, ditches, edges of farmlands (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006) and gardens.

threats:
The species is negatively affected by the use of fertilizers, which slows down its development time (van Wingerden et al. 1993).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Red-legged Grasshopper is widespread in France, Spain and Portugal. It lives in shrubby moorland and heathland, between sea level and 2,700 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km². In France, the species is rare and declining with a fragmented population, but it is more common on the Iberian Peninsula. Threats have been reported in France (mainly urbanisation and overgrazing), which are accentuated by the isolation of the subpopulations. A decline is suspected, but it is probably not significant for the whole population and the overall population trend is unknown. The species is thus assessed as Least Concern as it is unlikely to meet the thresholds for a threatened category.

range:
Chorthippus binotatus is present in France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco (Defaut 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km². On the Iberian Peninsula, it mainly occurs in mountains and close to the Atlantic coast.

population:
The distribution of Chorthippus binotatus is rather continuous along the Atlantic coast, and more fragmented in the eastern part of its distribution (Defaut et al. 2009, Defaut 2011). It is not very common in France, except for the Bretagne region (Defaut 1999), where it is however decreasing. It seems to be more common in Portugal and Spain. No precise report on population size and trends is available.

habitat:
Chorthippus binotatus lives in shrubby moorlands and heathlands. It is a plain and mountain taxon, and occurs from sea level (along the Atlantic coast) to 2,700 m altitude (in Sierra Nevada, Spain). The presence of this oligophageous grasshopper is linked to the presence of host plants: its diet mainly consists of shrubby Fabaceae from the Ulex, Cytisus and Genista genus, and also of Erinacea in the Iberian peninsula.

threats:
Overgrazing is a threat to this species. Numerous populations are impacted by urbanisation and several local development projects. In Spain, no major threats seem to affect the species (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place aimed at Chorthippus binotatus. The species was assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its population size and trend and threats to the species is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P. & Zuna-Kratky, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cretan Grasshopper (Chorthippus biroi) is endemic to Greece, with its range covering Crete and its adjacent islets, extending into the Cyclades islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a widespread species, has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 42,000 km²) and  is quite common in Crete. In addition, the population is considered to be stable. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of this species.

range:
The Cretan Grasshopper is endemic to Greece with its range covering Crete and its adjacent islets, extending into the Cyclades islands where it was found on Naxos, Tinos and Andros. The presence of this species on more Cyclades islands cannot be ruled out (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,000 km², and its elevation ranges from 100 to 2,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size, or the overall population trend. However, this species is widespread and quite common, and therefore its population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The species is found in stony patches, often with sparse vegetation but also with grasses and shrubs, in lowlands (100 m Asl). In Crete, it is even found above the timberline (2,000 m Asl).

threats:
This species is mainly found in habitats which are only of interest to humans for livestock grazing. Overgrazing and bushfires are therefore considered the main possible threats for this species, although the extent and effect of the threats are unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus bornhalmi) is widespread in western Asia and southeastern Europe where it occurs along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Greece as well as on the Greek islands, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common with a large overall population size. No major threats to this species have been reported, but it seems to be locally affected by abandonment of traditional grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.

range:
The Balkan Field Grasshopper is widespread in western Asia and southeastern Europe where it occurs along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Greece as well as on the Greek islands, southern Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey. At the northern range margin it hybridises with Chorthippus brunneus (Kleukers et al. 2004, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.1 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread and has large sub-populations which are well connected. It is common in most grassland habitats in the southern part of its range (D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but has been reported to be declining in the northern part of its range (Slovenia) (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). However, it appears that the range of the species is expanding northwards in the central Balkans. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in a variety of dry, warm habitats dominated by grasses (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), usually with patches of bare ground such as rocky meadows, sheep pastures and  secondary habitats with similar vegetation (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).  It is also found on forest edges and along forest roads (S. Gomboc, J. Skejo and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported, but it seems to be locally affected by abandonment of traditional grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas, and more research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Gomboc, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Fontana, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) is a very widespread grasshopper species that occurs throughout Europe to the Caspian Sea. Its further distribution in Asia remains unclear. The species is found in many open-land habitat types, including natural and anthropogenic grasslands, urban brownfields, gardens and farmlands. Although little is known on its population trend, the species is very common and has a large overall population. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Common Field Grasshopper is widespread in Europe (Harz 1975). According to the older literature it occurs on the Asian Pacific Ocean coast (e.g. Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964), but recent studies have only confirmed it for the north Caucasian region (Michael Sergeev pers. comm. 2014) and its distribution in Asia remains unclear. In Europe, it is known from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Balkans and from Ireland to northern Finland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11.6 million km² and in the EU 28 is is c. 7.1 million km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although it is very widespread and common and the overall population is large. As it is highly mobile, it can rapidly colonise new habitats. The subpopulations are therefore well connected.

habitat:
This species lives in open habitats with sparse vegetation such as wastelands, dry grasslands, mountain slopes, forest clearings, roadside verges, sand pits, railway tracks and other human-made habitats (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cazurro's Grasshopper (Chorthippus cazurroi) is only known from the Picos de Europa Mountains (Cantabria, northern Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, abundant and has a large population size. Further research is needed on the threats to this species and its population trend.

range:
Cazurro's Grasshopper is only known from the Picos de Europa Mountains (Cantabria, northern Spain) (Laiolo et al. 2015).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,200 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².

population:
This is an abundant and common species, but its population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be large.

habitat:
The species has been found on highland pastures and on Nardus stricta (Herrera and Larrumbe 1996), Carex brevicollis, Poa alpina, Bromus erectus (Laiolo et al. 2015). It was collected in August and it is found at altitudes between 1,159 m and 2,400 m Asl.

threats:
Climate change is a potential future threat to the species as temperature changes could result in decrease of the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
Other than general research activities on the population trend and ecology, no direct conservation action is needed for this species. It is known to occur in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Greenish Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus chloroticus) is only known from the type specimens, from Santiago de la Espada, in Jaén, southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus jacobsi. Further research into its taxonomy is needed.

range:
The Greenish Field Grasshopper is only known from the type specimens, from Santiago de la Espada, in Jaén, southeastern Spain (Presa et al. 2007). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
The habitats and ecology of this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It was collected outside of protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy of this species is needed in order to clarify its status since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus jacobsi (Presa et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Piedmont Grasshopper (Chorthippus cialancensis) is restricted to the Italian-French part of the south-western Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 132 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²), the population seems to be severely fragmented and it occurs at less than five locations - thus coming close to qualifying for listing as Endangered under criterion B. However, the Italian subpopulations are numerous and there is no negative trend reported. This species is restricted to a narrow elevation range at higher altitudes, and habitat shift due to global warming could affect the whole population in the future. Research is needed into the population size and into the potential effects of climate change on the species. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and population  trend are recommended.

range:
The Piedmont Grasshopper is restricted to the Italian-French part of the south-western Alps, where it was first found in the Alpi Cozie of Piemonte at the Punta Cialancia (Nadig 1986). According to recent investigations, it also lives on the northern slopes of the Monte Viso and on the Colle di Barracun (Nadig 1987, Massa et al. 2012) and was recently discovered in France in the Queyras near Abrés in the Vallée de la Montette (Sardet and Roesti 2010). It has a very small range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 132 km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) which is estimated to be just 24 km².

population:
At traditional sites in the Piemonte the species can be quite common (Nadig 1986, Bellmann 1993), but the density of the recently discovered subpopulation in France seems to be low (Sardet and Roesti 2010). The overall population trend seems to be stable. The population of this species is severely fragmented as subpopulations are only found in mountain peaks, are isolated from each other, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This species is restricted to the high mountains of the south-western Alps, and it lives at high altitudes between 2,100 and 2,750 m asl. It is mainly found on Alpine meadows above the tree line interspersed by small bushes of Juniperus spp. and especially Rhododendron spp., and higher up by patches of grass and scree (Nadig 1986). The most favourable conditions for this species seem to be the somewhat drier mountain slopes above 2,500 m, where the vegetation does not completely cover the surface and rocks are exposed. The species is missing in wetter areas. Above 2,600 m the number of individuals dwindles quickly. An occasional specimen was still encountered at 2,750 m asl (Nadig 1986).

threats:
The fact that the species is absent in heavily grazed areas (Nadig 1986) indicates that grazing poses a threat. However, Sardet and Roesti (2010) state that the preferred habitats of this species are not suitable for grazing due to their very low productivity and restricted access, but in fact, the true severity and extent of this threat is still unknown. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing, this species is considered to occur at less than five locations. Except for grazing, no known threats to this species have been reported, but climate change, especially in the Alps, may affect this species in the future because of its restriction to high altitudes. However, at the moment there is no indication of changes in the population size or distribution linked to climate change, and its effects on this species are still speculative.

conservationAction:
Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it only occurs in two protected areas (Parco Naturale di Conca Cialancia, Parc naturel régional du Queyras). This species could be a flagship-species of the Parco Naturale di Conca Cialancia, where it has its locus typicus (the place where a type specimen was collected). Research is needed on the population size, and monitoring of its habitat and population trend seem to be important, as is research into the potential effects of grazing and climate change on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Corsican Grasshopper (Chorthippus corsicus) is endemic to Corsica. It lives in mountainous stony and xeric grassland or low heathland, between 540 and 2,210 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 km². The species is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B.

range:
Chorthippus corsicus is endemic to Corsica (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a mountainous species which occurs at altitudes between 540 and 2,210 m, and is known from mountainous parts of Corsica, includig Cap Corse (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations of Chorthippus corsicus are well known on easily accessible mountain passes (Chopard 1924, Pfau 1984, Massa 1994, Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). Anywhere else in the mountains, few data are available. About 150 observations from 24 municipalities are currently recorded. There are no reports available on population size and trends, but a slow decline is inferred at lower altitudes. The species seems to be extinct at the lowest altitude locality, Col de Teghime (Massa 1994), since visits in 2002 and 2004 failed to record the species. The species is therefore experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Chorthippus corsicus is a characteristic species of mountainous Corsican grasslands with scarce and low vegetation, or scarce dwarf Juniperus or Pinus heaths (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006). This grasshopper is rather heliophilous and lives in dry and stony habitats.

threats:
Chorthippus corsicus lives in mountainous grasslands and heathland. Development projects are rare in these habitats, which are often hard to access. The main impact is cattle and sheep pastoralism. While it may have a globally positive impact for the conservation of the habitat, sometimes it can have a negative impact through trampling and erosion if overgrazing occurs. So far, no significant threat is reported, but decreasing pastoralism at the lowest altitudes probably has negative effects on the species. Because of its large altitudinal range, it is assumed not to be strongly affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Chorthippus corsicus. Both subspecies were assessed as Least Concern in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The preservation of traditional pastoralism seems to be an important factor for the conservation of this species (Braud et al. 2002).

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Plump-headed Grasshopper (Chorthippus crassiceps) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,400 km²) and there is and inferred continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into its life history, ecology, threats and population size and trend.

range:
The Plump-headed Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus, including the small island of Poros from where the species was described (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,400 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.

habitat:
This species has been found in habitats associated with (clearings in) pine forest, on open stony grounds with shrubs and grasses as well as in cultivated land (Willemse et al. 2009).

threats:
Habitats where the species is found are unsuitable for growing crops. They are used however for small scale grazing of sheep and goats. It is unknown whether grazing in itself is a threat to this species because its effect on the species are little understood. Bushfires can also form a threat to this species locally.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research is needed into its life history, ecology, threats and population size and trend.

useAndTrade:
The species is not used in any way by man.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-coloured Grasshopper (Chorthippus dichrous) is distributed from southeastern Europe to Central Asia. In Europe, it is widespread from Italy and Austria to southern Greece and southern Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and the broad range of environmental conditions it can tolerate.

range:
The Two-coloured Grasshopper is distributed from southeastern Europe to Central Asia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In Europe, it occurs from eastern Austria, Czech Republic and central Italy to southern Greece and southern Russia. It may be extinct in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².

population:
In most parts of the range, the subpopulations of this species are large and well connected (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin, G. Szövényi and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the species is rare in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and possibly extinct in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in moist grassland (Karner et al. 1992), but also enters dry grassland (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It has also been found along rivers, roads and farmland (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
As this species often occurs closely to agricultural areas, it may be affected by the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It has disappeared from Slovenia as a consequence of the transformation of grassland into farmland (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), but a recent study shows that the population seems to be stable there and benefits from local land management (Zuna-Kratky et al. 2013). More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Szovenyi, G., Fontana, P., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S. & Pushkar, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Steppe Grasshopper (Chorthippus dorsatus) occurs in large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the overall population size is very large. However, the population trend of this grasshopper is unknown and it may be locally threatened by intensification of grassland management.

range:
The Steppe Grasshopper is widely distributed in the Palaearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Chinese Pacific coast (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from Spain to eastern European Russia and from southern Italy to southern Sweden. In the south of Italy an endemic subspecies (Chorthippus dorsatus garganicus) occurs (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.8 million km².

population:
The species is quite widespread and subpopulations can be large. Although the species is regionally extinct in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and declining in northern Germany (Hochkirch 2001) the overall population is very large. The global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in semi-dry to moist grassland habitats (Bellmann 2006).

threats:
The main threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use (higher grazing and mowing intensity, fertilisation), abandonment of grassland management, transformation of its habitat into farmland and afforestation  (Detzel 1998). As the species lays its eggs at the base of grass blades it is sensitive to early mowing.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark and Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). More research is needed into the global population trend of this grasshopper.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Dubious Grasshopper (Chorthippus dubius) is widespread in Asia and has been reported from the southern and eastern European part of Russia. This species is considered a pest in China and Mongolia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, since its occurrence still needs confirmation, as it might have been confused with other species (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Dubious Grasshopper is widespread in Asia, where it occurs in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China (Harz 1975). In Europe, it may occur in East European Russia, but the records need confirmation (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 76,300 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size or trend.

habitat:
In Russia, this species is found in dry habitats such as sand bars and dry roadsides (Sergeev 1998). In China, it has been found in grassland habitats with dense vegetation (Liu et al. 2007). It is found in grazed an ungrazed sites (Hao et al. 2015).

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown. In China and Mongolia the species is considered a pest.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species. It remains unknown whether it occurs in protected areas as its status in Europe is doubtful. More research into its distribution and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Sirin, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus eisentrauti) is endemic to the southern and eastern parts of the Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic distribution, the species is widespread, the population is thought to be stable and there are no major threats to it. It prefers sun-exposed and sparsely covered rocky slopes, often hard to access, and the subpopulations are mostly geographically isolated, but the species is mobile and might be able to colonize new localities. It occurs in areas that suffer only marginally from direct human impact, but abandonment of pastures can pose a threat to the species locally.

range:
Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper is endemic to the southern and eastern parts of the Alps. It ranges from the Haute-Alpes, just at the border to Italy in the west (Voisin 2003), over Val d´Aosta, Tessin and Graubünden in Switzerland (Baur and Roesti 2006) along the southern edge of the Italian Alps (Massa et al. 2012) eastwards to southern Austria and the northernmost part of Slovenia (Triglav, Koschuh 2012). In recent years additional subpopulations were discovered in the northern Austrian Kalkalpen from Tyrol to Styria (Koschuh 2012,  ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). It is very similar to the closely related Chorthippus biguttulus, so the precise distribution is often not clear and misidentifications (and even hybrids) are not rare. This species extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 95,000 km².

population:
This species has a rather large range, but the subpopulations are often separated over long distances and sometimes can be quite small and isolated. In suitable habitats the species can be quite abundant. For instance, out of 25 quantified records from Austria this species was "common" or "quite common" in 64% of the cases (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). There is no information on the population trend but it is most probable that it is stable overall. This species is highly mobile and it has good dispersal capacity.

habitat:
This species prefers to live at relatively high temperatures and is attracted to sun exposed areas. Therefore it is a typical inhabitant of steep and rocky mountain slopes, of mainly southern exposures. The vegetation-cover should be sparse with a sufficient amount of interspersed stones and screes. It differs from the closely related Chorthippus biguttulus as in tolerating dry conditions, and can grow and reproduce in spite of a low availability of water. The two species seem to overlap only in sympatric areas on the edges of the characteristic eisentrauti habitats, where hybridisation might occur (Koschuh 2012), such as in Switzerland where it is proven (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). The species is long-winged and very agile, capable of covering longer distances. Adults are present over a long time of the year, from June to October.

threats:
This species usually inhabits unproductive and often hardly accessible mountain habitats, that suffer only marginally from direct human impact. In addition, climate change - a major potential threat to many Alpine endemic species - will not be of major importance for such a species relying on high temperatures with a large amplitude in elevation range. There are no published records indicating declines so far. Nevertheless, abandonment of pastures can pose a threat to the species locally.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas along the southern edge of the Alps, but no conservation measures targeting it are known. Due to the problematic identification and the often extreme and inaccessible habitats where it occurs, further research into the distribution of this species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Ferdinand's Grasshopper (Chorthippus ferdinandi) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a rather small area in the northern central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations, and the number of mature individuals due to agricultural land use, water management (drainage) and the transformation from sheep and goat to cattle grazing. This species is found in patchy moist meadows situated around water sources, which is a rare habitat, and research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on traditional grazing regimes and conservation of the water regime.

range:
The Ferdinand's Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a rather small area in the northern central part of the Peloponnesus with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 1,000 km² (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009) and a maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 100 km².

population:
The species was described in 2009 and has six subpopulations. Due to the increasing shift from sheep and goat to cattle grazing, this grasshopper is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in habitats which are usually patchy moist meadows situated around water sources, such as lakes and springs (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). These habitats are not very common in the Peloponnesus, and all known habitats are situated at medium to relative high altitudes between 700 and 1,600 m asl.

threats:
This grasshopper occurs in a habitat which is also suitable for agricultural use and is very sensitive to changes in water management, intensification of agricultural practices and grazing. These potential threats could seriously affect local subpopulations. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at six locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on traditional grazing regimes and conservation of the water regime.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus jacobsi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the Baleares. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, subpopulations in Spain seem to be stable and this grasshopper is a generalist species.

range:
The Iberian Field Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, where it is widely distributed. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 660,000 km².

population:
In Portugal, this species is not common and is presently considered rarer than it was before (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). In Spain, it seems to be quite common and stable, but the overall population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be large.

habitat:
The species appears on all types of grasslands and shrublands, Mediterranean pine woodlands, shrub-rich grasslands, heathlands and stony floodplains. It is also found in road sides, paths and in the borders of pine forests (Pardo and Gómez 1995; Llucia Pomares 2002; Olmo Vidal 2006). It is found at altitudes between sea level and 2,500 m Asl.

threats:
The species could be potentially locally affected by the use of pesticides and fertilisers in ruderal areas.

conservationAction:
No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this widespread generalist species. It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Green Grasshopper is widely distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. The species occurs in wetland habitats, often withJuncus, and it is threatened by drainage and touristic development in coastal regions. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. While the French subpopulations are severely fragmented, the subpopulations in Spain seem to be better connected. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is rather large (c. 780,000 km²) and therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Chorthippus jucundus is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin. It has been recorded in Morocco, Spain, Portugal and in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean regions of France (Clemente 1990, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 780,000 km².

population:
The species is considered not very abundant and declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and very rare in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). In France, a strong decline was observed, and the species is extinct in the Drôme, Hautes-Alpes and Var Departments. In the last ten years, the Bouches-du-Rhône sub-population seems to have also disappeared. In 2015, the only subpopulation recorded in Vaucluse has not been found again (presumably as a consequence of habitat degradation). Overall, the population appears to be declining. Currently, the French subpopulation is severely fragmented, but the Spanish subpopulation seems to be better connected.

habitat:
Chorthippus jucundus mainly occurs in moist grasslands with Juncus species.

threats:
The major threats to this species are habitat modifications, such as drainage of wetlands and habitat destruction for touristic development in coastal areas. It may also be affected by droughts, which are believed to be increasing with climate change.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In France, it has been assessed as "priority 2" (equivalent to Vulnerable) (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trends and threats to the species is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though the Jutland Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus jutlandica) has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (c. 87 km²), there are currently no known threats affecting the species. It is common and the most abundant grasshopper species within its habitat, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Jutland Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus jutlandica) is endemic to Denmark, where it is only known from Jutland (Nielsen 2003). The species has been described in 2003 and probably evolved from the hybridisation between Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus biguttulus (Gottsberger 2007). The species is known from the coastal dunes near Vejers in the south to Bjergeborg in the north (Wind and Pihl 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 87 km².

population:
The species is common and abundant within its range and the dominant grasshopper species in the dunes (Wind and Pihl 2010). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in sand dunes (Wind and Pihl 2010).

threats:
No major threats are known to affect this species (Wind and Pihl 2010).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its population trends is required. It is listed as Least Concern on the Danish Red List (Wind and Pihl 2010).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Gottsberger, B., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
In pan-Europe, Karelin's Dancing Grasshopper is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and probably large population size. The population trend is unknown and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. More research on its population trend is required.
In the EU 28, the species is only found in Italy, with asmall area of occupancy (AOO) of 50 to 100 km². The population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).

range:
There are two subspecies: Chorthippus karelini bruttius, which occurs in Italy, and Chorthippus karelini karelini, which occurs in southern Ukraine and southeastern European Russia. Outside this area, C. karelini kareline occurs in the Caucasus area and in north-eastern Anatolia up to 2,400 m altitude (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 2.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 36,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually large. Within its range in European Russia, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals may occur and the species is considered a pest (Savitsky 2002, Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). The population trend is unknown.
In Italy, the population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
Chorthippus karelini bruttius lives in warm, wet meadows, with Juncus associations in southern Italy. In Ukraine and southeastern European Russia, C. karelini karelini lives in steppe and semi-desert areas where it inhabits associations of Elymus repens within depressions and valleys, estuaries and shores of lakes, often near water or in moist to mesic pastures (Savitsky 2002).

threats:
The threats are the drainage of humid areas and the transformation of the habitat into agricultural areas.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed, and its taxonomy needs to be studied to clarify the status of the Italian subspecies, which was described as a distinct species and is very isolated from the main range of C. karelini (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
The Epirus Grasshopper (Chorthippus lacustris) is endemic to Epirus (northern Greece), where only five subpopulations remain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations, and population size due to wetland drainage, agricultural conversion and urbanization. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, although it is inferred to be declining as a ersult of habitat loss. This species is dependent on wet grasslands and restoration of this habitat is needed. In addition, protecting the habitat from further urbanization and drainage, and monitoring the population of this species are the main conservation measures proposed.

range:
The Epirus Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is confined to Epiros, in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species has been reported from five localities (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Kati et al. 2012) and is only found in wetland areas in Epiros, in particular around the Pamvotida Lake basin (Ioannina), Lake Paramythia, and Lake Morfo (Parga). This grasshopper's extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,016 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) covers a total of 0.10–0.15 km².

population:
This species has an extremely restricted distribution, and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is declining (Kati et al. 2006).

habitat:
This species is strongly dependent on wet grasslands that are flooded on a seasonal basis. The greatest population density is recorded in the site with the greatest diversity of dominant plant species. This grasshopper is estimated to have lost 85–99% of its habitat during the last 50 years due to wetland drainage.

threats:
This species is estimated to have lost 85–99% of its habitat during the last 50 years due to wetland drainage. The main current threat is further habitat loss by urbanization around Pamvotida Lake and by land conversion to agriculture in Paramythia Lake, even though both sites belong to the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but at least the sites at Pamvotida Lake and in Paramythia Lake belong to the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. This has in no way prevented habitat degradation due to drainage, agricultural conversions and urbanization. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Restoring wet grasslands, protecting them from further urbanization and drainage, and monitoring the population of this species are the main conservation measures proposed.

redListAssessors:
Willemse, L.P.M., Kati, V., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Grasshopper (Chorthippus loratus) is a common species on the Balkan Peninsula, and it is also known from western Asia and the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has lost considerable parts of its northwestern range, it is still widespread and has large and stable subpopulations in the centre of its range.

range:
In Europe, the Slender Grasshopper occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia and Croatia (where it is probably extinct) in the north to northern Greece in the south and South European Russia in the east. It is also known from western Asia and the Middle East (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 930,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 400,000 km².

population:
This species is one of the most common grasshopper species in the southern Balkans (Pisica et al. 2008, D. Chobanov and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the population is declining in the western part of its range, and it is possibly extinct in Croatia and northern Serbia. The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland habitats, mainly at lower altitude. It prefers warm habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu, 2008), and it is sometimes also found in moist grasslands near water bodies (Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threat to this species is the transformation of grassland into farmland.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assesment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Caucasian Grasshopper (Chorthippus macrocerus) occurs in eastern Romania, Moldova, the Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and has a wide distribution from Romania to Russia. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to transformation of grasslands into farmland and forests. Furthermore, the estimated population size in the EU 28 is between 200 and 1,000 mature individuals with all subpopulations being smaller than 100 mature individuals. Proper management of the habitat in Romania is required to avoid any further population declines in the EU 28.

range:
In Europe, the Caucasian Grasshopper occurs in eastern Romania, Moldova, the Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent  of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 50,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km² (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

population:
In Romania, this species is very rare (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) with only eight known subpopulations (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are very small, and estimated to have less than 50 individuals each. The population is considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28 with an estimated population size of 200 mature individuals (maximum estimate 1,000 mature individuals). There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. In southern Ukraine and in the southern European part of Russia the species is very common and forms large subpopulations (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in dry grassland habitats near forest edges and on forest clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).

threats:
Habitat transformation from grassland to farmland and forests is the major threat to this species. It may also be affected by overgrazing. As the species is found close to forest edges, logging and other forestry management could also negatively affect it (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Proper management of its habitat in Romania is required to avoid any further population declines in the EU 28.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Variable Grasshopper (Chorthippus maritimus) is widespread in southern Ukraine and in the southern part of Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, since it is widespread, seems to be quite tolerant of environmental changes, and no major threats to it have been reported. The taxonomic status of C. maritimus needs some clarification because C. bornhalmi, which is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, may be a synonym of it. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Variable Grasshopper is distributed from Moldova to the Russian Far East. Its southern range border is the northern Caucasus up to the subalpine zone (Tisheshkin and Bukhvalova 2009). In Europe, the species occurs in Moldova, in Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km².

population:
This species is widespread in southern Ukraine and southern part of European Russia (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species has similar habitat preferences to Chorthippus bornhalmi (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Russia it is found in flood plains and steppes (Sergeev 2011). In the Russian Far East the species is found in habitats with large  amounts of bare ground and scarce vegetation such as dune habitats,  floodplains or screes (Fartmann et al. 2008). The species is tolerant to environmental changes and is often also found in man-made habitats.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required. Furthermore, there is a need for studies of its taxonomic relationships to Chorthippus bornhalmi.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.


taxonomicAuthority:
(La Greca, di Mauro, Viglianisi & Monelli, 2000)

redListCategoryRationale:
Messina's Grasshopper (Chorthippus messinai) is endemic to northern Sicily in Italy. This species has been assessed as Least Concern since it is very common and its population trend is assumed to be stable. However, further research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution and population trend.

range:
Messina's Grasshopper (Chorthippus messinai) is endemic to northern Sicily, being found in several localities. Further research on its exact distribution is needed as the species was only recently described and is difficult to distinguish from Chorthippus trinacriae. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,200 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² (La Greca et al. 2000; Massa et al. 2012).

population:
There is no exact data on population size or trend. However, this is a very common species and population trend is probably stable.

habitat:
This small, brown, long-winged grasshopper is found mostly between 1,000 and 2,000 m asl, although it has also been found at 400 m asl. It is mainly found living in high mountain pastures.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Some subpopulations are found in nature reserves. Further research on population trends, threats and distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Grasshopper (Chorthippus mollis) has a very wide distribution and an overall very large population size. Therefore, even though it may be locally threatened by agricultural land use intensification, the species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Lesser Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In continental Europe, it occurs from the Pyrenees to eastern European Russia and from Greece and northern Italy to Estonia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 6.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 4 million km².

population:
This species is very widespread, and often forms large subpopulations. It has become more common in northern Germany (Grein 2010), but may be decreasing in other parts of its range. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland habitats, heathlands and sand and gravel pits (Grein 2010). It prefers habitats with patches of bare ground (Baur et al. 2006).

threats:
The major threat to this species is agricultural land use intensification, particularly through the transformation of grassland into farmland.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Danish Red List (Wind and Pihl 2010) and as Near Threatened in Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). Research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Morea Grasshopper (Chorthippus moreanus) is endemic to Greece, and is restricted to the southern part of the central Peloponnesus, covering Messinia and southwestern Arkadhia and Lakonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,500 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²), the real AOO is probably substantially larger based on the habitat in which the species is found and its wide altitudinal range, and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend is required.

range:
The Morea Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is restricted to the southern part of the central Peloponnesus, covering Messinia and southwestern Arkadhia and Lakonia (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,500 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km². The real AOO is probably substantially larger based on the habitat in which the species is found and its wide altitudinal range.

population:
There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The habitat of this species consists of dry and stony open ground with low to moderately high vegetation mixed with grasses, open forests with low undergrowth or forest clearings. This species ranges from the lowlands up to the mountains. As far as the range extends, these mountains are all of medium altitude, except for Mt. Taiyetos. Here, the species occurs in the forested slopes up to 1,600 m, but was not found in the zone above the timberline, extending between 1,600-1,700 m to the summit of 2,404 m Asl.

threats:
As the species was only recently (2009) described, little is known about it. Taking into account the habitat where it is found, the two factors that may adversely affect this species are livestock grazing and bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area (Mt. Taiyetos is part of the Natura 2000 network). Further research into the population size and trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sierra Nevadan Grasshopper (Chorthippus nevadensis) is endemic to Spain and is only found in high mountain habitats. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,730 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 with an upper estimate of 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and a there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals due to climate change. The effects of climate change have been documented for many species in the Sierra Nevada and changes in the habitat of this grasshopper are likely to shift its distribution upwards. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need to raise awareness about the status of this species.

range:
The Sierra Nevadan Grasshopper is endemic to Granada, Almería and Málaga provinces (southern Spain), where it is located in high mountain habitats. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,730 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
The abundance and population size of this species are unknown. This species is flightless and its subpopulations are small and very isolated from each other, occurring only at mountain tops separated by unsuitable habitat. Since these subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is severely fragmented. The population trend of this species is considered to be decreasing as a consequence of climate change.

habitat:
The species has been found in dry stony places with scarce vegetation and alpine meadows mixed with scattered scrub pad (Barranco 2002, Clemente et al. 1994, Prunier 2014). It is found at altitudes between 1,900 m and 3,300 m Asl.

threats:
The effects of climate change have been documented for many species in the Sierra Nevada. Changes in the habitat of this grasshopper are likely to shift its distribution upwards, and pose a serious threat to it.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need to raise awareness about the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Carpathian Dancing Grasshopper (Chorthippus oschei) has a wide distribution in southeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is generally common, has a wide distribution and large subpopulations. However, it seems to be declining in Slovenia.

range:
The Carpathian Dancing Grasshopper is found from eastern Austria and Slovakia to northern Greece in the south and the Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). At the northern range border, the species can hybridise with Chorthippus albomarginatus (Vedenina et al. 2009).

population:
This species is widespread and common. It is highly mobile and may have expanded its range at the northwestern border in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky, pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary it is often one the most common species in alkaline grasslands in the lowlands (S. Gergely, pers. comm. 2015), while it is declining in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is known from moist and mesic grassland, fallow land and small strips of herbaceous vegetation (Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). It is also found on edges of roads, ditches and farmland (S. Gergely and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). In the southern part of the range it is more affiliated with wetlands (Vedenina and Helversen 2009).

threats:
In some regions, habitats of this species have been transformed into farmland or forests (I. Iorgu and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, it may be threatened by the intensification of grassland management with more cuts per year or higher cattle densities (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species has been reported to prefer traditionally (extensively) grazed grasslands (Batáry et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. It is considered Endangered in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015), and in Serbia it is strictly protected (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Vedenina, V., Gomboc, S., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Sirin, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Parnon Grasshopper (Chorthippus parnon) is endemic to Greece, and as far as we know, its range covers all of the extreme southeastern part of the Peloponnesus extending south into the offshore island of Kythira and north along the eastern slopes of Mt. Parnon, at least as far north as Prastos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 425 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the ongoing threats (changes to grazing regimes and bushfires) - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this grasshopper is required.

range:
The Parnon Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and as far as we know, its range covers all of the extreme southeastern part of the Peloponnesus, extending south into the offshore island of Kythira and north along the eastern slopes of Mt. Parnon, at least as far north as Prastos (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 425 km².

population:
Information on the population size and trend of this species is lacking, but the subpopulations are large and not fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to the ongoing threats (changes in grazing regimes and bushfires).

habitat:
The habitat of this long-winged species is rather arid, and it ranges from open pine forest with low undergrowth of heath and other shrubs and grasses, to open sites or stony slopes with sparse vegetation or abandoned cultivated land. The localities range from coastal areas up to slopes of medium altitudes (50-1,200 m Asl).

threats:
This species was only recently described (Willemse et al. 2009). Taking into account the habitat where it is found, it is likely to be negatively affected by changes in grazing regimes and bushfires.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this grasshopper is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Russian Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus porphyropterus) occurs from the Caucasus to west Mongolia, and in Europe it is only known from East European Russia. However, its exact distribution is little understood as the species is frequently confused with other species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its distribution, population trend and threats. In addition, its taxonomy is still not resolved and its relationship with C. bornhalmi and C. maritimus needs to be studied. This grasshopper does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Russian Field Grasshopper occurs from the Caucasus to west Mongolia (Benediktov 1999). In Europe this species is only known from East European Russia (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in South European Russia is uncertain and its exact distribution is little understood as the species is frequently confused with other species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 36,800 km².

population:
Little is known about the population ecology of this species, but it seems to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species may be severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species prefers dry and stony habitats with grass vegetation (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Nymph-like Grasshopper (Chorthippus pulloides) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the western mountains of mainland Greece and large parts of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 104 and 250 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of habitat and in the number of mature individuals, due to habitat loss (abandonment of pastures, which leads to forest expansion) - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of changes in the grazing regime to this grasshopper is required.

range:
The Nymph-like Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the western mountains of mainland Greece and large parts of the Peloponnesus (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 104 and 250 km².

population:
A continuous decline in the population of this species is inferred from the loss of habitat, but the subpopulations are thought to be large.

habitat:
The habitat of this short-winged species ranges from sunny slopes, stony ground with grass, sparse low vegetation and scattered shrubs to open forest, forest edges and clearings, commonly above 500 m Asl and extending far above the timberline.

threats:
This species occurs in open habitats and probably depends on low-intensity grazing. Changes in the grazing regime (intensification on the one hand or abandonment on the other hand) could threaten this species. Currently, the major threat to this species seems to be abandonment of pastures, which leads to forest expansion.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of changes in the grazing regime to this grasshopper is required.

useAndTrade:
The species is in no way used or traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Gravel Grasshopper (Chorthippus pullus) is quite widespread in Europe but locally rare, particularly in the western part of its geographic range. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has an extremely large geographic range and the overall population size is likely to be very large. However, the species is known to be declining in large parts of its range (mainly in the western part) as a consequence of destruction of its gravel habitats by river regulations and dams, and of its heathland habitats by transformation into farmland and afforestation. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. No significant immigration from outside the EU 28 is expected as the species is flightless. Protection of its habitats is the most important conservation action necessary for this species. Restoration of natural river courses, particularly of natural floodplain dynamics and its heathland habitats is also required. Research into its population trend, particularly in the eastern part of its range, is recommended.

range:
The Gravel Grasshopper is distributed from thewestern Alps to northern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). In the southern part of its range it is mainly found in alpine habitats.Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.6 million km².In the EU 28 the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 km².

population:
A strong decline of this species has been documented in the western part of its range. In Germany, the decline was documented in the 1990s, but probably started earlier. A monitoring program from 1996 to 2005 showed another strong decline in 1999 (Schödl 2007). In Poland, the species has disappeared from many localities in mountains as a result of environmental changes (A. Liana pers. comm. 2016). The species is extremely rare in Italy with the largest subpopulation (near Lerpa) consisting of c. 50 individuals on 1,000 m² (Fontana et al. 2004). In Germany, a mark-recapture study has shown that the largest subpopulation at the river Isar consisted of 144 individuals (Maag et al. 2013), while a subpopulation in Austria was estimated to consist of 1,912 individuals in 1993 (on 5,000 m²) and 2,721 in 1994 (Schwarz-Waubke 2001). In Switzerland (Nature Reserve Pfynwald), two subpopulations were studied using mark-recapture with subpopulation sizes of 920 and 1,538 individuals, respectively (Walther 2006). After a severe decline in Switzerland most subpopulations are now believed to be stable there (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). In Lithuania the species is also considered rare with a single subpopulation (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). Overall, the subpopulations are usually small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The current population trend is decreasing and a continuing decline of the population is inferred from the overall loss of subpopulations in the Alps. The overall population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
This species is found on gravel banks, sandy pebbly islands with scarce vegetation along alpine rivers, warm sandy heathland habitats, sandy forest edges and clearings with bare ground in coniferous forests (Maas et al. 2011). In the Alps regular flooding events and a high dynamics of riverine  habitats are necessary for the occurrence of this species (Maag et al. 2013). The species needs open patches and does not tolerate shading (Freivogel 2003). It feeds preferably on grasses, particularly Calamagrostis varia (Schwarz-Waubke 1997, Lemke et al. 2010). The species is usually flightless but fully winged individuals regularly occur (Maag et al. 2013). Its mobility is very small with a home range of usually less than 20 m (Schwarz-Waubke 1998).

threats:
In alpine habitats, river regulations and dam constructions represent the most serious threats to this species. The lack of natural floodplain dynamics leads to increasing succession by bushes (Schödl 2007). Furthermore, the species is threatened by extraction of river gravel. In lowland regions its heathland habitats have been destroyed by afforestation and transformation into farmland. Recently, succession by bushes and trees is also the major threat in the remaining habitats (Schädler and Stadler 2000).

conservationAction:
The Gravel Grasshopper and is listed as "Priority 1" (Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the Red List of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), Germany (Maas et al. 2011), as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Vulnerable in Poland (Liana 2002). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Near Threatened (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). This species is present in protected areas. Protection of its habitats is the most important conservation action necessary for this species. Restoration of natural river courses, particularly of natural floodplain dynamics (Lemke et al. 2010) and its heathland habitats is also required. Some conservation programs are in place in the western part of its range, particularly in the Alps. A population along the Piave river (Italy) has been fenced off during street restoration works in 2003 and some awareness raising has been done by the local administration (Fontana et al. 2004). A monitoring program was conducted from 1996 to 2005 at the rivers Isar and Ammer in Bavaria (Schödl 2007). In Austria the species benefits from general river restoration projects (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland, the species is a national priority species for conservation (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). Research into its population trend, particularly in the eastern part of its range, is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Holusa, J., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Defaut, B., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Reissinger's Grasshopper (Chorthippus reissingeri) is endemic to Spain and present in the Alicante and Lérida provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is below 500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for Endangered under Criterion B2. Further research is needed on the population trend and threats.

range:
Reissinger's Grasshopper is present in Alicante and Lérida provinces (Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 42 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size of this species. The known subpopulations are very isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.  The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species has been found in grasslands and thorny scrub pad (Buxus sp., Genista sp., Quercus coccifera) (Hernández et al. 1998). It is found at altitudes between 1,150 and 1,260 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas.There is a need for further research on the population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Italian Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus rubratibialis) is endemic to Italy, being found in the central and southern mainland, plus some small islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is found in several different dry habitats - including wasteland, forest clearings, grasslands and roadside verges - and some subpopulations are very abundant. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported.

range:
The Italian Bow-winged Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, being found in the central and southern mainland plus some small islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 152,000 km².

population:
There is no data on the population trend, but some subpopulations are very abundant.

habitat:
This small, brown, long-winged grasshopper is found in all kinds of dry habitats (also at high elevations) including grasslands, roadside verges, forest clearings and wasteland, with adults being present in summer and autumn.

threats:
No major threats have been reported for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sampeyre Grasshopper (Chorthippus sampeyrensis) occupies a very small area in the south-western Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurence (EOO) is ca 505 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km²), the population seems to be severely fragmented and to occur at less than five locations - thus being close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, there is no negative trend documented and the Italian subpopulations are numerous. Taking into account that this species is restricted to a narrow elevation-range at higher altitudes, habitat shift due to global warming will likely affect the whole population in the future. Research, especially into the effects of habitat shift due to global warming, but also into the importance of grazing, is urgently needed to clarify required conservation actions.

range:
The Sampeyre Grasshopper occupies a very small area in the south-western Alps in the Alpi Cozie and Alpi Marittime along the Italian-French border from the Monte Viso to the Valle di Stura in Piemonte (Morichon and Morin 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 505 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km². The species has a contiguous distribution with the similar species C. cialancensis, which is present north of the Monte Viso (Nadig 1986).

population:
This species can be quite common in its suitable Italian habitats (Nadig 1986), but the French subpopulation is very small and locally restricted (Morichon and Morin 2010). There is no published information on the population or habitat trends, although it is assumed to be stable. As it occupies only a small part of the potential elevation in its area it seems to be an overall quite rare species. The population seems to be severely fragmented as there is little or no genetic exchange between subpopulations and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
This grasshopper is a mountainous species, which can be found at higher elevations between 1,950 and 2,500 m asl, with most records between 2,200 and 2,400 m asl, and lives in alpine grasslands above the tree line, often in contact with dwarf shrub heath (Nadig 1986, Morichon and Morin 2010). This species seems to be attracted to sunny habitats and prefers sun exposed slopes. The presence of rock and scree is an important habitat factor. Its habitats are grazed by feral animals, but intensive grazing seems to have negative effects on the population (Nadig 1986, Morichon and Morin 2010).

threats:
As most alpine species with restricted ranges, this species could be affected by ongoing global warming, inducing a shift of its preferred habitats to higher elevations or resulting in the potential deterioration of its habitats. In particular, the subpopulations in the southeastern part of the species' range have only a limited potential to move to higher elevations. However, at the moment there is no indication of changes in the population size or distribution linked to climate change, and its effects on this species are still speculative. Intensive grazing can pose a threat to this species, but the importance of this threat is still unknown. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than five locations.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures specifically targeted for this species. Only the small French subpopulation lives in a protected area, the Parc national du Mercantour. Research, especially into the effects of habitat shift due to global warming, but also into the effects of grazing, is urgently needed to clarify required conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Cephalonia Grasshopper (Chorthippus sangiorgii) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Ionian islands of Lefkada, Ithaka and Cephalonia (Willemse et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,200 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,261 km²), the overall population is presumably large. The species is flightless and has a low probability of recolonization, but even though the subpopulations are small, they are assumed to be well connected. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper.

range:
The Cephalonia Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Ionian islands of Lefkada, Ithaka and Cephalonia (Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008, Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,200 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,261 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this flightless species. It usually has small subpopulations, but it may be rather widespread.

habitat:
This species is found from the lowlands up to the highest parts of the islands, Mt. Ainos in Kefallinia (100-1,300 m Asl). Its habitat is arid consisting of stony ground with poor vegetation.

threats:
This species occurs in habitats used for grazing livestock. Sheep and goats feed on the same vegetation as this species of grasshopper and may be a threat. Any changes in the grazing regime (either abandonment or intensification) could strongly affect this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper.

useAndTrade:
The species is not used and nor is it traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The French Grasshopper occurs in montane areas of France, northern Spain and northwestern Italy. It occurs in stony, dry and shrubby grassland and open heathland, from 700 to 2,300 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) isc. 87,000 km². The species is rather widespread and common and may be only locally threatened. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The French Grasshopper (Chorthippus saulcyi) is present in mountainous areas in France, Andorra, northern Spain (Pyrenees) and northwestern Italy (Alps), according to Defaut (2011) and Massa et al. (2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 87,000 km².

population:
Chorthippus saulcyi has a scattered distribution in mountain areas, but it is common where it occurs and can reach high abundances. As a mountainous species, numerous subpopulations are disconnected (Jaulin et al. 2011), but it is not considered severely fragmented. No specific information on its population size is available, and the population trend of the species is unknown.

habitat:
Chorthippus saulcyi lives in stony, dry and shrubby grassland and in open heathland. The species typically inhabits transitional open moors, between pasturelands and arborescent heaths. Contrary to its close relative Chorthippus binotatus, its habitats are not especially dominated by shrubby Fabaceae species, as its diet is mixed and includes mainly Poaceae vegetation. It occurs from 700 to 2,300 m altitude.

threats:
Chorthippus saulcyi lives in mountainous grasslands and heathlands. Infrastructural development projects are rare in these often hard to access localities. The main impact is the decreasing cattle and sheep pastoralism, which in the long term will lead to deterioration of the habitat due to afforestation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Chorthippus saulcyi, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The Pyrenean subspecies was assessed as Least Concern by Sardet and Defaut (2004), whereas the Massif Central and Alps subspecies were assessed  as Vulnerable. More research on its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Slovakian Grasshopper is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to its uncertain taxonomic situation and the fact that there is no information on its population size and trend and threats to the species. Further research should be carried out in order to clarify the status of this species.

range:
Only a single subpopulation of this species is known. It is present on one locality in the northernmost part of Slovakia, in the Belianske Tatry Mountains (Western Carpathians) (Chladek 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both c. 8 km².

habitat:
The species inhabits rocky subalpine and alpine grasslands at altitudes between 1,700 - 2,000 m.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas, such as the High Tatra National Park and the Tatra Biosphere Reserve. Further research is needed on its taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships, and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Lesser Grasshopper (Chorthippus trinacriae) is endemic to Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common species and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research on its distribution and population trend is needed.

range:
The Sicilian Lesser Grasshopper is endemic to Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It can be confused with Chorthippus messinai, amd further research on its exact distribution is therefore needed. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 975 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

population:
There is no quantitative data on the population size or trend, but it is a common species. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is confined to montane grassland and rocky habitats between 1,100 and 2,000 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in three nature reserves. Further research on its distribution and population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Penumbra Grasshopper (Chorthippus vagans) occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy and Cyprus in the south to southern England, Denmark and northern Poland in the north and Siberia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining in the northern part of its range, it is widespread and the overall population size is very large. It is particularly common in the Mediterranean region.

range:
The Penumbra Grasshopper is a widespread species and occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy and Cyprus in the south to southern England, Denmark and northern Poland in the north and Siberia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.1 million km².

population:
The population of this species is declining at the northern range margin (e.g. Hochkirch 2010) but the global population trend is unknown. Even though the species is quite widespread subpopulations are often small (Massa et al. 2012). The overall population size is very large.

habitat:
This species is found in dry grassland, rocky slopes, dunes and heathland and open forests, although always with some adjacent trees or bushes that provide shade (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is associated with very dry and warm microhabitats (dunes and heathland), but still with adjacent trees (Hochkirch et al. 2008).

threats:
In the northern part of its range, the main threat is succession of its natural habitat by brambles, bushes and trees as a consequence of eutrophication (Hochkirch 2010). Transformation of habitats into farmland may also affect this species locally.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and in the United Kingdom (Sutton 2015), and as "extremely rare" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). Some subpopulations at the northern range margin are subject to conservation action. Removal of trees in the habitat of one of the largest subpopulations in northern Germany had positive effects on this species (Hochkirch et al. 2008). It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Willemse's Grasshopper (Chorthippus willemsei) is distributed from southern Albania into Greece, where it is found across the mountains of the Pindos mountain range, the mountains of Central Greece and the Peloponnesus, up to My. Taiyetos in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU 28 since it has a large geographic range, and it is common and widespread throughout its range. Livestock grazing may pose a threat, but its effects on this species are unknown. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper is required.

range:
The Willemse's Grasshopper is distributed from southern Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015) into Greece, where it is found across the mountains of the Pindos mountain range, the mountains of Central Greece and the Peloponnesus, up to My. Taiyetos in the south (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 29,400 km², and ca 19,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, but it is widespread and common.

habitat:
This short-winged species is found in open forests, clearings and along the edges as well as on open exposed slopes, with stony ground and low vegetation of grasses and herbs from 700 m to above the timberline up to 2,000 m Asl.

threats:
This species occurs on mountain slopes in habitats which are unsuitable for growing crops, but suitable for grazing. Sheep and goats pose a potential threat to the species through trampling and habitat degradation, although the effects of this on the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Yersin's Grasshopper (Chorthippus yersini) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population size. In addition, it has a tolerance of a moderate habitat modification, and no major threats to it have been reported at present.

range:
Yersin's Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 440,000 km².

population:
Although it is thought that the species is common, its abundance, population size and trends are unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species has been found in grasslands and all types of shrublands (García and Presa 1985, Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 1992, Llucià Pomares 2002, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It has a tolerance of a moderate habitat modifications and it is present at altitudes between 700 m and 2,400 m Asl.

threats:
No major threats to this widespread species have been reported at present. Climate change could be a potential threat to the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs within protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Veneto Mountain Grasshopper (Chortopodisma cobellii) is endemic to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 890 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and it is inferred to be experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. This flightless grasshopper is very vulnerable to potential threats like habitat shifts resulting from global warming or intensification of grazing by cattle. It is important to study the potential changes in habitat quality and population size through research and monitoring, especially in intensively grazed areas. An increase in public awareness should be promoted and could lead to the improvement of the status of this species.

range:
The Veneto Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy, where it occupies the Monti Lessini around the Monte Pasubio in the Trentino and Veneto. The distribution is confined by the valleys of Val Lagarina, Valsugana and Val d´ Adige (Galvagni 1954, Massa et al. 2012). West of the Val d´Adige it is replaced by its close relative Pseudoprumna baldensis. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is only ca 800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².

population:
The population of this species is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. However, at several localities it can potentially be the most abundant species (Massa et al. 2012). This species is declining locally (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and therefore a overall decrease in the population can be inferred.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky alpine grasslands above the tree line where bushes of Rhododendron ferrugineum are intermixed (between 1,500 and 2,200 m asl). Typical habitats are also Seslerio-semperviretum-meadows (Massa et al. 2012) and intensively grazed meadows (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). These habitats have been ice-free during the last ice age and acted as refuges for this wingless grasshopper. Adults are present comparatively late from August to October.

threats:
This species occurs up to the higher altitudes of its range, and could be affected by the shift of unsuitable habitats into their altitudinal distribution due to global warming. An intensification of the grazing regime in alpine meadows might also be a potential threat.The area that this species inhabits is subject to tourism and therefore it could be affected by trampling, litter production and road access (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and only a very small part of the population lives in a protected area (Parco Regionale della Lessinia). It is important to study the potential changes in habitat quality and population size through research and monitoring, especially in intensively grazed areas. An increase in public awareness should be promoted and could lead to the improvement of the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Calabrian Gold Grasshopper (Chrysochraon beybienkoi) is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from one locality, on the borders of Lake Ampollino in the region of Calabria. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of the habitat, due to the artificial drainage of the lake. The abstraction of water from the lake, which started in 2014, has already severely changed the water level in the lake. It is essential to monitor the status of the population and implement conservation measures. Ideally, site and habitat protection should be implemented to prevent future losses, and awareness should be promoted through local education about the importance of this endemic species.

range:
The Calabrian Gold Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from one locality, on the borders of Lake Ampollino in the Sila National Park of Calabria (Galvagni, 1968; Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
The population trend is inferred to be decreasing based on the deterioration of the habitat quality due to water abstraction from the Lake Ampollino.

habitat:
This species is known only from the Lake Ampollino where it lives in the high marshy vegetation at the border of the lake, between 1,200 and 1,300 m asl.

threats:
The habitat is susceptible to changes in water regime or management. Any changes in the water regime might drive this species to extinction in a very short period of time since it would affect the marshy vegetation at the border of the lake, where this species is found. The water level of Lago Ampollino has been severely changed during 2014, as the lake was partially drained. Taking into account that water abstraction from the lake and the resulting impact on the marshy vegetation is likely to affect the global population of this species, this grasshopper is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in the Sila National Park of Calabria. Immediate action is needed to protect its habitat, which is currently under severe threat due to abstraction of water from the lake. Full surveying and monitoring is needed to determine the population size, as well as assessing how habitat degradation affects the species. Furthermore, the area should be surveyed for other subpopulations. Ideally, site and habitat protection should be implemented to prevent future losses, and awareness should be promoted through local education about the importance of this endemic species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Gold Grasshopper (Chrysochraon dispar) is widely distributed from the Spanish Pyrenees, northern Italy and northeastern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Outside Europe its distribution extends to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread, the population size is very large, and the population trend is increasing. This grasshopper is currently expanding its range in the northwest part of its distribution. Research is needed into its population trend at the southern range border.

range:
In Europe, the Gold Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Spanish Pyrenees, northern Italy and northeastern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Outside Europe its distribution extends to Siberia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.7 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common. An expansion of its range to the northwest has been documented in Germany (Brose and Peschel 1998, Hochkirch 1997, 2001) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population trend is increasing and the population size is very large.

habitat:
This species occurs in mesic to moist grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, heathland and at forest edges (Maas et al. 2002). It requires higher vegetation as it lays its eggs into stems of forbs or dead wood (Hochkirch 1996).

threats:
The species may be locally threatened by drainage or by transformation of its habitat into farmland.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in Austria and Switzerland as Near Threatened (Berg et al. 2005 and Monnerat et al. 2007). It is therefore locally subject to conservation action, e.g. as a target species of the nature reserve "Suckowseen" (Brandenburg, Germany). Avoiding intensive agricultural land-use (overgrazing and mowing) is the most suitable management for the species. Research into its population trend is needed at the southern range border.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper (Cophopodisma pyrenaea) is endemic to the Pyrenees. It lives in subalpine and alpine grasslands, between 1,500 and 2,800 m asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers about 15,000 km². A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is inferred from the threats, particularly from the loss of suitable habitat as a consequence of climate change. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper is a Pyrenean endemic grasshopper. This mountain species is widespread all along the Spanish, Andorran and French sides of the Pyrenees (Poniatowski 2009, Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km².

population:
Precise information on the population size and trend of this species is not available. The species is widespread and locally abundant (Jaulin et al. 2011), although it is not very abundant in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The species is closely affiliated to areas with a long snow cover, which are recently decreasing due to climate change. A continuing decline of the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is therefore inferred (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Cophopodisma pyrenaea is a mountain species that lives in mesic to dry sub-alpine and alpine grasslands. Its altitudinal range is 1,500 - 2,800 m.

threats:
The mountainous habitats of this species are locally affected by touristic development and overgrazing. Global warming is likely to have strong effects on the species, as it is restricted to areas with long periods of snow (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for Cophopodisma pyrenaea, although it has been recorded from several protected areas, such as the French Pyrénées National Park and the Spanish Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park.The species is listed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and particularly into the effects of climate change on this species is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys carthagonovae) is listed as Endangered (EN) as it has a limited area of occupancy (96-500 km²) with a severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is threatened by several factors, including urbanisation, touristic and commercial development, destruction of its habitat due to agricultural land use as well as irrigation measures. Habitat protection and water management are needed to preserve this species.

range:
The Iberian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys carthagonovae) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only found in southeastern Spain (in the Alicante, Granada, Almería and Murcia provinces; Verdú et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 30,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km², and the maximum estimate is lower than 500 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are very small and the population is severely fragmented (Verdú et al. 2011), as all localities are isolated from each other and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
The species is found in arid Mediterranean vegetation and on salty or brackish ground (Verdú et al. 2011). Its elevation range is 0 - 1,000 m.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the degradation and transformation of its habitat into touristic areas, industrial and commercial areas, road construction, the conversion to agricultural sites and irrigation measures (Verdú et al. 2011).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas. Habitat protection and particularly the preservation of a natural water regime are needed to preserve this species (Verdú et al. 2011). Furthermore, there is a need for more information of its population trend, threats and ecology.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Prunier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Canarian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys lobata) has a narrow distributional range (with an extent of occurrence of c. 4,500 km² for Europe), but it is quite widespread within its range and there is no indication of a continuing decline. The species is a good flyer and its population is therefore not considered severely fragmented. It has thus been assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Canarian Crested Grasshopper is known from Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) as well as from Morocco (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4,500 km².

population:
Dericorys lobata is quite widespread on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote  (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Even though the subpopulations are usually small, they are probably well connected as the species is a good flyer. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Dericorys lobata is found in open sandy or rocky areas. It particularly requires the existence of its food plants (Chenopodiaceae).

threats:
The major threat to this species are touristic development and urbanisation.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action for this species exists, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. More information on its population trend is required. Furthermore, there is a need for taxonomic research to clarify the status of the subspecies and the genetic relationship to the North African subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Canaria Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys minutus) was originally described from Maspalomas on Gran Canaria, where it has not been recorded again since 1949. Occasional searches during the last years were unsuccessful at this site, so that it is quite likely that the species is regionally extinct in this area. However, it has recently been re-discovered in the north of Gran Canaria. More intense searches are needed to clarify whether the species still occurs elsewhere on the island. The only known remaining subpopulation is highly threatened by construction of houses. Based upon its small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, its continuing decline on habitat area and number of mature individuals, and the fact that only one location is known, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). Immediate protection of its habitat as well as research on its ecology and population trend and monitoring of its status is needed.

range:
The Gran Canaria Crested Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), from which it is only known from a single locality in the north of the island (Sardina del Norte, near Gáldar), where it was recently rediscovered (H. López pers. comm. 2016). It was originally described from a single specimen found at the beach of Maspalomas (Chopard 1954), where it was never found again. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 10 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 to 8 km².

population:
In the south of Gran Canaria, the species has not been found since 1949 and is probably extinct. Recently the species has been rediscovered in the north of the island. As the only known locality is strongly affected by the construction of houses, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred.

habitat:
The ecology of this species has not been studied. It is likely to prefer coastal open habitats with scarce vegetation, although its habitat preferences are not clear as the species has been only recently re-discovered. Its next relatives are specialised on Chenopodiaceae as food plants.

threats:
The species has probably gone extinct near Maspalomas as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat caused by touristic development. The recently discovered second site is threatened by the construction of houses. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location.

conservationAction:
For the recently discovered subpopulation near Sardina del Norte, conservation action needs to be implemented immediately. Particularly, the habitat needs to be protected from further  deterioration. Research on its population size, population trend and  ecology is urgently needed. Furthermore, a monitoring program needs to be  implemented. It also should be studied if the species has survived elsewhere at the coast of Gran Canaria. The species is not present in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Eastern Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys tibialis) is only known from the lower Volga region (Russia), where it inhabits loamy semi-desert and the shores of Lake Baskunchak and Lake Elton. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km², and the population is severely fragmented (only two subpopulations are known with a distance of more than 100 km between them); thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. More research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is needed. This species does not occur in the EU 28, and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Eastern Crested Grasshopper is distributed in West and Central Asia, including the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and northern Afghanistan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963). In Europe it is only known from the lower Volga region, in southern Russia, where it is found at Lake Baskunchak and Lake Elton (Savitsky 2002, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3,800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km².

population:
Information on the population size and trend of this species is not available. According to Savitsky (2002) it is common near Lake Baskunchak, but it is rare at Lake Elton (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). However, the subpopulations are usually small and due to the large distance between them the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species has been found in loamy desert-like habitats in the Volga area (Savitsky 2002), where it is common in areas dominated by Anabasis aphylla at the shore of the salt lake Lake Baskunchak.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Intermediate Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus brevicollis) has a wide distribution from Austria and Croatia to Rhodes in the south and to Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia in the east. In Europe this species occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic to the European part of Turkey and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and still very common on the Balkan Peninsula, sometimes even showing outbreaks. In addition, it has recently also started to increase in the northwestern part of its range.

range:
The Intermediate Cross-backed Grasshopper has a wide distribution from Austria and Croatia to Rhodes in the south and to Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe this species occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic to the European part of Turkey and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².

population:
This species is common in Romania  (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), Albania and Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but rare in the European part of Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, sometimes forming pests (Nagy 1994). A decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals has been reported from the northern range border (Karner-Ranner 2009), but during recent years it has started to increase again (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in dry, sandy habitats with scarce vegetation, such as steppes, sand dunes and salt lakes as well as artificial habitats with similar vegetation structure (Karner-Ranner 2009). It has a preference for short vegetation (Batáry et al. 2007) and benefits from mowing (Nagy and Kisfali 2007). At the northern edge of the range it is usually associated with sandy habitats (Kristin et al. 2004). The species also occurs at forest edges and clearings (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitats into farmland and forests (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). In the Czech Republic, the sandy habitat is being overgrown by Calamagrostis grasses (J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). The species is found on overgrazed sites (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), suggesting that it is not very sensitive to changes in grazing regimes.

conservationAction:
This species is found in the austrohungarian National Park "Neusiedler See - Seewinkel", where it benefits from habitat transformation from farmland and vineyards into pastures. Extensive grazing is the most important management action for this species (T. Zuna-Kratky, pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary the species is also common in intensively managed grassland (Batáry et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic the habitat was managed by scraping grasses with a bulldozer (J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Holusa, J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Savitsky, V., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Stout Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus crassiusculus) has three subspecies, and only the nominal form is found in Europe, where it is present in central Spain. The other two subspecies are found in Central Asia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic area (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of the the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. Habitat protection and restoration are needed to preserve this species. Additionally, research is required into its population trend and threats.

range:
The Stout Cross-backed Grasshopper has three subspecies, and only the nominal form is found in Europe, where it is present in central Spain. It is distributed within Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Madrid, Toledo and Valladolid provinces. The other two subspecies are found in Central Asia. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 66,000 km².

population:
This species is rare and seems to have declined as a result of changes in water regimes. The population trend is inferred to be decreasing due to the continuing decline in the habitat quality. The population considered to be severely fragmented, since the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably little of no genetic exchange between them. In addition, this grasshopper has very specific habitat requirements and it is not able to fly long distances.

habitat:
This species is found in dry steppes, saline and gypsum sites with scarce and low scrub of Helianthemun, Suaeda and Lavandula species, and low dry pastureland (García et al. 2005) at altitudes between 680 m and 1,200 m Asl. There is an observed continuing decline in this habitat.

threats:
This species can be affected by drying of the soil and water extraction. General changes in the water regime can also affect this species (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it is present within some protected areas. Protection and restoration of salty marshes is needed to preserve this species. Additionally, research is required into its population trend and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Western Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus genei) is widespread in the Mediterranean region. While it is mainly present in coastal habitats (dunes) in Italy and France, it is more common in montane areas on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population size is probably large.

range:
The Western Cross-backed Grasshopper is found in southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Italy to the Balkans (Heller 2013). It is also found in Anatolia (Turkey), the Near East and north Africa. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.6 million km².

population:
This species is common in the centre of its range (southwestern Mediterranean). In Italy the species is quite widespread but has small local subpopulations (Massa et al. 2012). In Spain the species can locally be one of the most abundant species (Aragón et al. 2012). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is probably large.

habitat:
The species occurs in dry open habitats, particularly in coastal dunes and open grassland but also in wasteland and on rocky slopes (Massa et al. 2012). While it is mainly found in coastal regions in Italy and France, it is more common in the montane areas on the Iberian Peninsula. It has been recorded from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl (Garcia et al. 2005).

threats:
This grasshopper may be locally threatened by the destruction of its habitat due to touristic and industrial development and urbanisation in coastal regions.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its habitat (dunes) is necessary in Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus hispanicus) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 1,500 km², and the population severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.

range:
The Iberian Cross-backed Grasshopper is endemic to central Spain and is found in the provinces of Cáceres, Ciudad Real, Madrid and Salamanca. Additional references exist forJaén, Cuenca, Toledo and Valladolid (García et al. 2005). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 1,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 68,000 km².

population:
There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, although it is certainly rare. Subpopulations appear to be small and isolated. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry habitats, mainly dry pastures and low and sparse shrubs (García et al. 2005). It is also found on bare soil in open areas (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within some protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus jagoi) occurs with two subspecies from the western and eastern Mediterranean to the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common in dry grassland habitats, coastal dunes, wasteland and rocky slopes.

range:
Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs in the western Mediterranean (the subspecies Dociostaurus j. occidentalis) and eastern Mediterranean to the Middle East (the subspecies Dociostaurus j. jagoi). It is found on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France, on Corsica and Sardinia as well as on Cyprus and the Greek Dodecanese Islands to Iran (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3 million km².

population:
This species is very common in some areas and can be one of the most abundant grasshopper species (Boitier et al. 2006, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is quite common in dry grassland habitats (Garcia et al. 2005). It also lives in coastal dunes, wasteland and rocky slopes (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl (Pardo and Gómez 1995).

threats:
The species might be locally affected by transformation of its habitat into farmland, the use of pesticides and land abandonment.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into the taxonomic status of its subspecies is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for research into its population trend, ecology and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Krauss' Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus kraussi) is only known from southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it often occurs in high abundance (sometimes even becomes a pest), and  no major threats to it have been reported. This grasshopper does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Krauss' Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs from Anatolia and the Caucasus to southwest Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe this species occurs in the southern and eastern European Russia. This species was also reported from Bulgaria but a re-examination of the specimens showed that they were misidentified and were instead specimens of Dociostaurus brevicollis (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 373,000 km².

population:
This species is common in southern Russia (Savitsky 2009), and it occasionally becomes a pest (Harz 1975). It shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015), but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is found in loamy semi-deserts preferring habitats with scarce vegetation and soils with low salinity (Savitsky 2000). It is mainly found in wormwood and pyrethrum communities, where it feeds on grasses and Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus maroccanus) is widespread in the southern part of Europe, reaching the Canary Islands in the southwest and southern France and Hungary in the north. Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa, the Near East and Central Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, sometimes even reported as a pest, and its population size is very large.

range:
The Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper is widespread in the southern part of Europe, reaching the Canary Islands in the southwest and southern France and Hungary in the north. Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa, the Near East and Central Asia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 7.5 million km².

population:
This species is known to produce outbreaks from time to time (Nagy 1994, Latchininsky 1998, Massa et al. 2012), therefore it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. However, outbreaks of this species have generally become rare (Latchininsky 1998). The population size is very large but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species lives in dry steppic grasslands and similar dry habitats (Massa et al. 2012).

threats:
As the species is considered a pest species, pesticides are used to control it. The species may also be threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland (Latchininsky 1998).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus minutus) is endemic to Sicily in Italy, and is only found along the south-east coastal dunes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,240 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), it occurs at between three and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, habitat quality, number of sub-populations and in the number of mature individuals due to the development of the coastal region for tourism - which is degrading the habitat and further fragmenting the subpopulations of this grasshopper. This is further aggravated by the poor dispersal capabilities of this species (owing to its small size and its inability to fly). The species is also threatened by the establishment of green houses and the use of pesticides. Site and habitat protection are needed to prevent future losses. Full surveying of the subpopulations is needed to determine the population size, and further research on the threats is also recommended.

range:
The Sicilian Cross-backed Grasshopper is endemic to the island of Sicily in Italy, and is only found along the south-east coastal dunes (Massa et al. 2012). It is known from only five small sites, although recent surveys have failed to find any individuals at two of these sites (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,240 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².

population:
The population size of this species is unknown, but there is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the destruction of the habitat.

habitat:
This species is restricted to coastal dunes with various species of forbs and grasses and is found from sea level up to 10 m asl. It has poor dispersal capabilities owing to its small size and its inability to fly.

threats:
Human development along the coastal region is the major threat to this species, particularly the development of greenhouses and touristic infrastructure, as well as human disturbance. Development also prevents the species from recolonising areas it once occupied. The use of pesticides in greenhouses also poses a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, this grasshopper is considered to occur at between 3 and 5 locations.

conservationAction:
Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Site and habitat protection are needed to prevent future losses. Full surveying of the sub-populations is needed to determine the population size, and further research on the threats is also recommended. Awareness needs to be increased through local education about this endemic species to Sicily.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Desert Cross-backed Grasshopper is only known from the Lower Volga region. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, the subpopulations are usually large and no major threats to it have been reported. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Desert Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs from the Lower Volga region via Central Asia to Afghanistan (Chobanov 2009). In Europe, this species only occurs in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,000 km².

population:
This species is common in the Lower Volga region and usually reaches high abundances (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This grasshopper is found in sandy desert habitats with Artemisia spp. and tamarisk vegetation (Kalacheva 2005, Savitsky 2009). It has been observed feeding on Artemisia and grasses (Savitsky 2010, Savitsky et al. 2013).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Keeled Delta Grasshopper has a small known area of occupancy (12-100 km²) and its population is severely fragmentated. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Further research is needed on its distribution, population trends and current threats.

range:
The Keeled Delta Grasshopper is only known from southern Russia, where it occurs in Dagestan, the Stavropol region as well as the lower Volga region (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Harz 1975). In pan-Europe,it is only known from three localities (Savitsky 2002) in the Lower Delta within the Astrakhan district. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 68,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 100 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are very small and very isolated (Savitsky 2010), and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Duroniella carinata occurs in the Lower Volga lowland and the Volga Delta, inhabiting grass associations on moderately humid saltings within the sandy-clay semi-desert, always near the water and usually at the foot of small hills. Nymphs emerge in August and hibernate, while adults occur from the beginning of May to the beginning of July.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range, although it possibly occurs in the Astrakhan National Reserve. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Duroniella laticornis is probably a synonym of Duroniella fracta; therefore records for D. laticornis are included in this assessment. The distinction between D. fracta and D. laticornis, a species from the Middle East, seem arbitrary. It is evident that

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Turkish Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella fracta) occurs in the European part of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece. In the EU 28 region, this species is known from a restricted area in southeastern Bulgaria, and salt marsh areas across Greece (some of the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesus). In Europe, besides Greece and Bulgaria, this species is also reported from the European Part of Turkey. 

The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to coastal and infrastructure developments. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into its taxonomy - in particular the distinction between this species andDuroniella laticornis. Protection and restoration of its habitat is needed, as well as proper management in order to avoid habitat destruction.

range:
The distribution data for Duroniella fracta and D. laticornis have been combined (see taxonomic note). The Turkish Delta Grasshopper occurs in the European part of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.

EU 28
In the EU 28 region, this species is known from a restricted area in southeastern Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm.), and salt marsh areas across Greece (some of the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesus) (Papapavlou 2005, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in this region isca 165,000km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 500 km².

Europe
Besides Greece and Bulgaria, this species is also reported from the European Part of Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe isca 210,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 500 km².

Due to uncertainties relating to the taxonomic status ofD. fracta and D. laticornis the distribution of the species outside Europe is not exactly known but it certainly occurs in western Turkey.

population:
Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, although a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of coastal development. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
This grasshopper is a lowland species found mostly in lagoons or wetlands, often with sandy ground near the seashore or lakes (Willemse and Willemse 2008) in salt marshes, where the vegetation is mainly comprised of Juncus species which are growing behind primary sand dunes (Papapavlou 2005).

threats:
The threats to this species have not been studied in detail, but coastal development and infrastructure development are likely to affect this species. Farming and intensive agriculture could also pose a threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into its taxonomy - in particular the distinction between this species and Duroniella laticornis. Protection and restoration of its habitat is needed, as well as proper management in order to avoid habitat destruction.

redListContributors:
Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P. & Sirin, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The occurrence of the Kalmykia Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella kalmyka) in Europe is uncertain since it apparently has been confused with Duroniella carinata. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats, and more research is needed to assess its extinction risk. More research is also needed into its taxonomy and material from eastern European Russia should be checked carefully to confirm the validity of this species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, it is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Kalmykia Delta Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from Iran and Afghanistan in the south to Kazakhstan and Russia in the north (Eades et al. 2016). The occurrence of this species in Europe is uncertain. According to Savitsky (2002), specimens from the Lower Volga region are probably misidentified and belong to Duroniella carinata, but these species may also be synonyms (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 215,900 km².

population:
There is no data on the population size or trend of this species in Europe since its presence is uncertain.

habitat:
The species is found in grassland habitats, and it has been reported to feed on grasses (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify whether it occurs in Europe.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Wide-headed Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella laticornis) occurs in Turkey and the Near East. In Europe it has been reported from Bulgaria and Cyprus. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has probably been confused with Duroniella fracta in Bulgaria and Duroniella lucasii on Cyprus. Its presence in Europe remains therefore uncertain and research into the taxonomy of the Duroniella genus is needed to clarify its distribution and potential synonymy with D. fracta.

range:
The Wide-headed Delta Grasshopper occurs in Turkey and the Near East (Harz 1975). In Europe it has been reported from Bulgaria and Cyprus. However, its occurrence in Europe is rather doubtful. Tumbrinck (2006) assumed that the species was confused with Duroniella lucasii on Cyprus. In Bulgaria the species is only known from three localities in the eastern Rhodopes (Popov 2007), but it is likely that these records also belong to Duroniella fracta (Chobanov 2009).

habitat:
This species occurrence in Europe is doubtful and thus no habitat information is available, but it is likely to occur in grassland habitat.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it remains unknown whether it occurs in Europe. Research into the taxonomy of the Duroniella genus is needed to clarify its distribution and potential synonymy with D. fracta.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Lucas' Delta Grasshopper is only known from Cyprus and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and widespread on Cyprus, and the population size is probably very large. However, the Italian subpopulation has a restricted habitat. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.

range:
In Europe, Lucas' Delta Grasshopper is only known from Cyprus and a single locality in southern Sardinia (Tumbrinck 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It is also known from north Africa and the Middle East. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 240,000 km².

population:
There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but it is widespread and common on Cyprus. The population size is probably very large.

habitat:
This species occurs at beaches and low coastal vegetation.

threats:
This species is threatened by human activities. The only Italian subpopulation is on a beach where swimming is restricted because of a nearby depuration plant. On Cyprus, it is threatened by intensive farming, pesticides and fires (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
The are no current conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (it does not occur in any protected areas in Italy). More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Apical Grasshopper (Egnatius apicalis) occurs in Central Asia, from the Lower Volga region in southern Russia to North Iran and northwestern China. In Europe the species is only known from southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, subpopulations are often large and no major threats to it have been reported. It does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Apical Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from the Lower Volga region in southern Russia to North Iran and northwestern China (Harz 1975). In Europe the species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 197,300 km².

population:
The subpopulations of this species are often large (Savitzky 2009) and not fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in sandy and loamy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky, 2002, Savitsky et al. 2013), where it feeds on wormwood and Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010). It is often found in grazed areas (Savitsky 2002).

threats:
No major threats to the species have been reported.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research into its population trends are required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Small Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius coerulipes) occurs from northeastern Italy and eastern Austria via Croatia, Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine to southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, it occurs also in large parts of Asia to the Pacific coast (Korea, China). In Europe, this rare species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 2,000 km², but smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Endangered since the population is also severely fragmented and undergoing a continuing decline, and the AOO is between 200 and 550 km². The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitats. It is very sensitive to overgrazing, but also to complete abandonment of grazing. In Italy it may have declined as a consequence of the use of pesticides for mosquito control. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Better protection and management of its habitats is needed, as well as of restoration of degraded habitats.

range:
In Europe, the Small Blue-legged Grasshopper occurs from northeastern Italy and eastern Austria via Croatia, Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine to southern European Russia (Heller 2013). A single specimen has been reported from Slovakia (Mařan 1954), but it is uncertain whether it ever reproduced in this area. Outside of Europe, it occurs also in large parts of Asia to the Pacific coast (Korea, China). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.5 million km² and in the EU 28 it is ca 1 million km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 200 and 550 km², and in Europe between 2,000 and 3,000 km².

population:
This species has strongly declined in Austria (Karner-Ranner 2009) and Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and continues to decline. It is generally very rare in Europe (Kocárek et al. 2005, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small and very isolated (Karner-Ranner 2009). Due to the large distance between single subpopulations these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is mainly found in salt marshes, at the edge of salty pools (Karner-Ranner 2009), in brackish swamps (Massa et al. 2012) as well as in other wetlands with bare ground (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).

threats:
The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitats. It is very sensitive to overgrazing (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016), but also to complete abandonment of grazing (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Italy it may have declined as a consequence of the use of pesticides for mosquito control.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Hungary and it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). In the Austrian National Park "Neusiedler See" the current grazing management poses a severe threat to this species (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Better protection and management of its habitats is needed, as well as of restoration of degraded habitats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Powdered Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius pulverulentus) occurs in the Ukraine, southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100-150 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the distribution of this species is poorly documented and the real AOO is likely to be higher. Nevertheless, it is assumed that it will be below 2,000 km². More research on its population trend and threats is needed. Research is also needed into its taxonomic status as it might be synonymous with Epacromius coerulipes. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Powdered Blue-legged Grasshopper occurs from the Ukraine to Korea. In Europe, this species is known from the Ukraine, southern, central and eastern European Russia. The species Epacromius coerulipes is likely to be a junior synonym of this species. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100-150 km². However, the  distribution is poorly documented and the real AOO is likely to be  higher. Nevertheless, it is assumed that it will be below 2,000 km².

population:
This species is rather widespread within its distributional range but occurs usually at a low densities. Subpopulations are very small and isolated so that exchange between them is unlikely, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in moist habitats (Efremova and Sergeev 2009), such as moist grassland and salt marshes (Savitsky 2009). It feeds on grasses and forbs (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research on its population trend and threats is needed. Research is also needed into its taxonomic status as it might be synonymous with Epacromius coerulipes.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The River Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius tergestinus) is a highly specialised grasshopper of large natural coastal and montane wetlands. For the EU 28, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 60 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals, due to massive human impacts on its habitat such as the deterioration of native alpine and coastal wetlands. There are no conservation measures targeted at the European subpopulations, and the deterioration of the habitats is - although much slower than in former times - still ongoing. Conservation measures are urgently needed. The habitats of this species are protected under the Habitats Directive of the European Union, but specifically targeted actions such as a conservation project are needed to save this charismatic and endangered species. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since there are large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region in Russia, and the European AOO is therefore likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.

range:
The River Blue-legged Grasshopper occupies a very large Palaearctic range from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Pacific coast of China in the far east, but it mainly occurs in heavily fragmented subpopulations, especially in the western part of its distribution (Harz 1957, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). Two subspecies are known from Europe: E. t. tergestinus lives along the coastlines of the Altlantic ocean in France, the Adriatic sea in Italy and Croatia such as at the coast of the Black Sea in Romania - but all these occurrences are isolated and small. The other subspecies, E. t. ponticus, is even more restricted. It occurred on alpine rivers in central Europe, but after a long-term decline there is only one subpopulation on several rivers in the French Alps left (Carron et al. 2001). However, it was reintroduced at one site in the internal occidental Alps in 2004 and since then this subpopulation has colonised suitable habitats well (Werner 2005). At present, the nominate subspecies has its most important European distribution along the French coast from Loire-Atlantique southwards to the Gironde, with a concentration on the estuary of the Gironde and Charente (Defaut et al. 2009). Isolated from this range it was also reported from the Spanish coast, from the San Vicente de la Barquera near Santander (Herrera 1982). The Mediterranean subpopulation is restricted to a few coastal localities in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Lazio, but in most of these sites the species is assumed to have disappeared (Massa et al. 2012). Another locality is reported from the island of Cres in Croatia. The only known site left along the Black Sea lies in the Bulgarian Dobrudscha (Iorgu et al. 2008). Occurrences along the Volga region in Russia lead to the Asian part of the world distribution. The subspecies E. t. ponticus has a much more restricted distribution and today - after a long decline - it is only known from the alpine rivers of the Durance, Romance and Giffre in the Hautes-Alpes, Isére and Haute-Savoie (Carron et al. 2001). In the EU 28 this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.2 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is only between 60 and 100 km². In Europe, the species seems to have still large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region and its AOO is therefore likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.

population:
The overall population size of this species is unknown, but the population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. This species is already extinct in Austria and Germany. Large suitable habitats can host quite big numbers of this species, like at the Durance and Romanche rivers, where Carron et al. (2001) found subpopulations with several thousands of individuals. However, the long-term decline has not stopped, and there is an ongoing population reduction observed in the remaining subpopulations in Europe. For instance, Baur et al. (2006) proved the extinction of the last subpopulation of the Italian Alps at Prato al Stelvio in 2004. As part of the reintroduction that took place in Switzerland, thirty-seven nymphs were placed in the site; the subpopulation is still present nowadays. This species seems to still have large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region in Russia.

habitat:
This species is a highly specialised grasshopper of coastal and alluvial habitats. In Europe, it is restricted to salt marshes and adjacent biotopes along the coast (E. t. tergestinus) and the sandy banks of alpine rivers (E. t. ponticus). Important habitat factors for this species attracted to sunny sites are large sandy or silty banks and shorelines that are periodically flooded and sun-exposed (Carron et al. 2001). This species is an indicator of large-scale natural, undrained and unregulated wetlands and can quickly disappear after alteration of the hydrological conditions due to human activity. This is a very mobile species, capable of coping with highly dynamic situations, like floods or massive gravel movement in its habitats.

threats:
The main threat to this species in Europe is the massive regulation and deterioration of native alpine and coastal wetlands due to human activity. The regulation of the alpine rivers and their widespread conversion for hydropower use or gravel-mining destroyed most of the former distribution sites of the alpine subspecies E. t. ponticus. The fragmented subpopulations of the nominate form on the coasts also suffered for a long time from intensive alteration of the native habitats by humans and tourism. In spite of the extremely high value of these habitats for the conservation of biodiversity, negative impacts are still ongoing, leading to a continuing loss of subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Taking into account the depleted situation of the whole European population of this species after more than a century of continuing decline, conservation action is urgently needed. For the Alpine subspecies, which has the highest risk of extinction, Carron et al. (2001) propose an international action plan to save the last surviving subpopulations, which are also indicators of a highly diverse and endangered fauna and flora of these natural braided rivers. The coastal subpopulations also need international action urgently, to avoid further population declines and to open possibilities to recolonise formerly occupied areas. The habitats of this species are protected under the Habitats Directive of the European Union, but specifically targeted action such as a conservation project is needed to save this charismatic and endangered species. Only a very small proportion of this species lives in protected areas like National parks (e.g., Delta Dunarii).

redListAssessors:
Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Savitsky, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper (Epipodisma pedemontana) is endemic to the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since although it occurs in rather widespread and unthreatened habitats, and seems to be quite abundant, (at least on the Italian side of the Alps), it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,700 km²), and there seems to be a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals - thus making this species close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. As a species only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range, it might be directly affected by rising temperatures due to global warming. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and into the extent and effects of potential threats on this grasshopper.

range:
The Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper lives in the south-western Alps along the border of France and Italy. It can be found at high altitudes from the Aosta valley in the north, across the Alpi Cozie southwards to the northern parts of the Alpi Marittime. While in the French region, which is occupied by the subspecies E. p. waltheri, individuals are mainly restricted to the higher mountains along the border, in the Italian region, which is occupied by the nominal subspecies, they have a wider distribution (Nadig 1987, Voisin 2003, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².

population:
The subspecies Epipodisma pedemontana waltheri is rather localised, rare and seems to be in decline (Voisin 2003), while the nominate subspecies in Italy has a comparatively large area and is reported to be quite common in suitable habitats (Nadig 1987, Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2012). There is no available information on the population trend of the Italian subpopulation, but the overall trend of this species is assumed to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is a characteristic grasshopper of alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths with a low vegetation height, living above the tree line. It is supposed to tolerate dry conditions, but compared to the other endemic, mainly sun-loving species of this region, it is resistant against cold conditions during its adulthood (Nadig 1987, Massa et al. 2012). This species can survive in very extreme conditions, and it occupies a rather broad range of elevations between 1,800 and 2,900 m asl.

threats:
There is little available information on the threats to this species, but it is possible that global warming could cause habitat changes that might affect it negatively, especially the rarer and locally more restricted subspecies waltheri. As a species only capable of living or surviving within a narrow and comparatively low temperature range (Nadig 1987), it might also be directly affected by rising temperatures. Intensification of grazing and touristic development, especially ski slopes, can also pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas in Italy and France (e.g., Parco Nationale Gran Paradiso, Parc National de la Vanoise, Parc Naturelle Régional de Queyras). Research should focus on the effects of potential threats on this species. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, and into its ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Caspian Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus costatus) occurs in Central Asia from Azerbaijan and southern Crimea to the Saratov region in the north. In Europe, the species is found in the Lower Volga region, on Crimea and in Askania Nova (Ukraine). This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, has large subpopulations and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Caspian Wormwood Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia from Azerbaijan and southern Crimea to the Saratov region in the north (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe, the species is found in southern Ukraine and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 598,000 km².

population:
This species is common (Savitsky 2009) and often one of the dominant grasshopper species within its habitat (Savitsky 2007). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species is confined to loamy to sandy semi-deserts, where it is found in Artemisia vegetation (Savitsky 2002, 2009). It is also found in halophytic areas (Bukhvalova 2006, Zinenko and Striganova 2009). It feeds exclusively on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Miram's Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus mirami) is found in the deserts and semi-deserts of the Lower Volga region in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, the subpopulations are usually large and well connected, and no major threats to it have been reported. It does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Miram's Wormwood Grasshopper occurs from the Rostov region in Russia through Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 172,400 km².

population:
This species is common in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2007). The subpopulations are usually large and well connected (Savitsky 2009), but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs in desert habitats with Artemisia spp. and grasses (Savitsky 2007, 2009). It feeds on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Kazakhstan Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus simplex) occurs from southern European Russia via Kazakhstan to western China. In Europe the species occurs in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a very restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 50 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. No regional adjustment is made since this species is probably not able to immigrate from adjacent subpopulations in Kazakhstan easily. More research into its distribution, population size and trends as well as threats is needed. Since the species does not occur in the EU 28, it is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Kazakhstan Wormwood Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia via Kazakhstan to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe the species occurs in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) where it is only known from two localities near Dosang (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,500 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².

population:
This species is quite rare in the Lower Volga region near Dosang (Savitsky 2007) but more common at the Russian border to Kazakhstan near Dzhanybek and Vishnevka. Its subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them (Savitsky 2007). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend for this species is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in semi-deserts with scarce Artemisia spp. vegetation (Savitsky 2007). They feed mainly on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2007, 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its distribution, population size and trends as well as threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-lined Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus albolineatus) is found in Sicily and there is also one record from Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and abundant in Sicily, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The White-lined Straw Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and on Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). There is also a record from Crete that needs to be confirmed (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 157,000 km².

population:
This species is common and abundant in Sicily (Massa, 2011), but the overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland habitats between sea level and 1,600 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Odé, B. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Balearic Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus angustulus) is endemic to the Balearic Islands in Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common species and seems to occur in a broad range of habitats. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.

range:
The Balearic Straw Grasshopper is endemic to the Balearic Islands, where it is found in all the islands except for Menorca (where it may, however, also occur). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,300 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km²with an upper estimate of ca 1,000 km².

population:
The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it seems to be a common species.

habitat:
The species inhabits dry grassy areas (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). It is present in altitudes between sea level and 400 m Asl.

threats:
This species might be locally threatened by urban and touristic development.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Iberian Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe (Portugal, Spain and southern France). This species lives in dry herbaceous vegetation of Mediterranean scrubland and in stony grasslands, between sea level and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 685,000 km². The species is considered as rather common, and threats seem to affect the population only locally. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Euchorthippus chopardi is widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in southern France. This species is recorded from Portugal (except for the northern Atlantic coast), Spain (except for Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and Pais Vasco), France (only on the Mediterranean mainland departments up to the Var department) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009, Herrera 1982). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 685,000 km².

population:
Euchorthippus chopardi is generally considered a rather common species, as long as habitats are suitable. There is no information available on its population size and trends.

habitat:
Euchorthippus chopardi is found on dry dense herbaceous vegetation of Mediterranean scrubland and dry grasslands. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m altitude.

threats:
Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and various development projects. Abandonment of grazing and afforestation may also represent a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for the Iberian Straw Grasshopper, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population size and trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus declivus) is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to the Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, the population trend is increasing and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Common Straw Grasshopper is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to the Ukraine. Its northern range margin is in northern France. It is currently expanding its range in Austria and the Czech Republic.

population:
This species has expanded its range strongly in Austria with a speed of 1-2 km per year (Zuna-Kratky and Denner 2009). It has also expanded its range in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2007). The population trend is therefore believed to be increasing. The species is very common and is often a dominant species (Iorgu et al. 2009).

habitat:
The species inhabits dry to semi-dry grasslands and ruderal vegetation. Even though the species is flightless it has a strong dispersal ability (Zuna-Kratky and Denner 2009).

threats:
No major threats to this species have been reported. It is not sensitive to intensive grassland management (frequent mowing) (Nagy and Kisfali 2007).

conservationAction:
No conservation action is necessary for this species. On the Swiss Red List it is listed as Vulnerable (Monnerat et al. 2007). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend (particularly at the southern range margin) is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Elegant Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe, where it is present in Portugal, Spain, France and the Channel Islands. This species lives in dry to mesic grasslands from sea level up to 1,400 m altitude. The species is common on the Iberian Peninsula and in the French Mediterranean area, but less common in the northern part of its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km² and threats seem to affect this species only locally. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Elegant Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe. Thisspecies has been recorded from Portugal, Spain (except for Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Pais Vasco, La Rioja and most of Castilla y Leon), France (except the north and north-east regions and the Central Massif), and Great Britain (only in the Channel Islands) (Defaut 1999, Herrera 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km².

population:
Euchorthippus elegantulus is very common in the Mediterranean part of its range, but less common in the Atlantic region and northern areas. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.

habitat:
Euchorthippus elegantulus is present in dry to mesic habitats, living in densely vegetated grasslands. These habitats are generally dominated by 30-60 cm high grasses (Poaceae). It occurs from sea level to 1,400 m altitude.

threats:
Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and various development projects, but these threats seem to not be significant for the whole population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for Euchorthippus elegantulus, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range (including nature reserves and national parks).Euchorthippus elegantulus was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus madeirae) is endemic to Madeira (Portugal), where it occurs in grassland habitats at higher altitudes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221 km²), it is common and the population trend is increasing as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing at higher altitudes on the island.

range:
The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper is endemic to Madeira (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221 km².

population:
The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper is a common species on Madeira (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). Recently the population started to increase as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing at higher altitudes on Madeira (I. Silva pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species mainly occurs in grassland habitats or grassy patches on rocks at higher altitudes (above 800 m asl) (P. Korarek pers. comm. 2016). It was found in 1910 by Burr on "steep mountain slopes above the pines" (Uvarov 1935). Recently (2015) the species was also found at a high dust road with grassy vegetation (J. Mees pers. comm. 2015) at 1,182 m Asl.

threats:
The population increase after the prohibition of cattle grazing suggests that the species is sensitive to grazing. Large parts of Madeira are still used for cattle grazing and thus the threat still exists and is of concern.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Silva, I., Aguiar, A. & Kocarek, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus pulvinatus) occurs from Siberia, through Central Asia, the northern Caucasus and west Asia to eastern Europe. In Europe it occurs from Hungary and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common in the steppe habitats in Russia and the Ukraine, and the subpopulations are large and well connected. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 700 and 2,000 km², the population is considered severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The major threats are habitat transformation into tree plantations or farmland, abandonment of grazing and overgrazing. It would benefit from maintenance or restoration of extensive grazing regimes and better protection of its habitats. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. No regional adjustment is made as immigration from other countries is quite unlikely as the species has poor dispersal abilities.

range:
The Eastern Straw Grasshopper is distributed from Siberia, through Central Asia, the northern Caucasus and west Asia to eastern Europe (Denner 2009). In Europe it occurs from Hungary and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013, Sirin pers. comm.). It is extinct in the Czech Republic (Kocarék et al. 1999) and Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Former records from Slovenia are probably erroneous (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). In many European countries, this species has a fragmented distribution. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.3 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 890,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) for the EU 28 is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km².

population:
In Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece the species is considered rare and localised (Willemse 1984, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Chobanov 2009). In Austria, it has declined (Denner 2009) and is now thought to be extinct (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). In the Czech Republic it is extinct as well (Kocarék et al. 1999). In Slovakia, it has also declined, but is still known from the sand dunes in the Danube lowland (Kristín et al. 2004) but the subpopulations are very fragmented here (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary subpopulations in sandy lowlands are often very large and well connected, while those in Transdanubia and the mountainous and hilly parts of northeastern Hungary are more fragmented (Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). In Romania, the species is slowly decreasing and very fragmented (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). In European Turkey two subpopulations of this species were known, one of which (Istanbul) became extinct, while the other one is large and seems to be stable (Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Altogether the subpopulations in the majority of its range in the EU 28 are very small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented for the EU 28 and the overall population trend is decreasing. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). In the Rostov area the species has been occasionally reported as a pest (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). The population in European Russia and the Ukraine is large and seems to be well connected (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in dry, warm grasslands and steppes. It can sometimes be found at the edge of forest or on clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In Austria it prefers open vegetation with short swards (Denner 2009). In Hungary it has been found on open limy-sandy grasslands (Rácz 1998).

threats:
Some subpopulations in Austria became extinct as a consequence of afforestation and transformation of grassland into vineyards (Denner 2009). The last subpopulation in Austria might have been displaced by Euchorthippus declivus (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015) and the same threat is assumed for Slovakia (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). Other threats are habitat transformation into tree plantations or farmland, abandonment of grazing (G. Szövényi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but also overgrazing (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It would benefit from maintenance or restoration of extensive grazing regimes and better protection of its habitats (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Gomboc, S., Kristin, A., Savitsky, V., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S. & Pushkar, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus sardous) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, it can be found in all kinds of grassy habitats between sea level and mountainous areas, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
The Sardinian Straw Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy, where it is rather widespread (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,240 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
There is no data on the population size and trend, but the species is common and abundant in Sardinia and adjacent islets.

habitat:
This species is found in all kinds of dry grassy and rocky habitats between sea-level and mountainous areas (up to 1,900 m asl) with adults being found in the summer and autumn.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Gold Grasshopper (Euthystira brachyptera) occurs from the Pyrenees to Siberia. In Europe it is widely distributed from Italy and Greece to Estonia and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare at its northern range, overall it is very widespread and common, occurs in a variety of habitats and the population size is large.

range:
The Small Gold Grasshopper occurs from the Pyrenees to Siberia. In Europe it is widely distributed from Italy and Greece to Estonia and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².

population:
The species has expanded its range in parts of Germany as a consequence of abandonment in the 1990s (Maas et al. 2002). Subpopulations can be quite large (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is large.

habitat:
This species is found mainly in moist habitats but can also be found in drier habitats if the vegetation is high enough. It occurs in grasslands, marshes, peat bogs, fallowland, clearings and edges of forests (Maas et al. 2002). The species is usually short-winged but long-winged individuals occur occasionally, mainly at higher altitudes. The species feeds on grasses (Detzel 1998). It is found from sea level up to 2,500 m asl.

threats:
The major threat to this species is agricultural intensification (mowing and overgrazing), while it temporarily benefits from abandonment (Detzel 1998, Zuna-Kratky 2009).

conservationAction:
As the species is less common in the northern part of its range it is listed as Vulnerable on the Belgian Red List (Lock et al. 2011), "extremely rare" on the Red List of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and as threatened in some regional Red Lists of German states. Therefore some local conservation actions exist; for example, it is a target species in the natural monument "Bräunleshalde" (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). It occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lamenting Grasshopper (Eyprepocnemis plorans) is widely distributed in Africa (from South Africa to North Africa), the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. In Europe, it is found in coastal habitats of the southern Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and can reach quite high abundances. It is locally decreasing as a consequence of urbanisation and touristic development but it is still very widespread.

range:
The Lamenting Grasshopper is widely distributed in Africa (from South Africa to North Africa), the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe it is found in southern and eastern Spain, the Baleares, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Greece and Cyprus (Harz 1975). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.6 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².

population:
This species is quite common in some parts of its range (e.g. Sicily, Sardinia). It can reach very high abundances (Barranco and Pascual 1992). A continuing decline in the population is inferred as a consequence of the ongoing threats to its habitat.

habitat:
The species is found in coastal habitats with lush vegetation, such as marshy habitats, orchards, vineyards or scrubby dunes (Massa et al. 2012). Adults can be found from summer and often overwinter until spring.

threats:
This species may be affected by urbanisation and touristic development.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
The Balkan Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) (in pan-Europe it is below 2,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is below 500 km²) and the fact that its population is severely fragmented, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
The Balkan Mountain Grasshopper is known from Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, southwestern and eastern Serbia (Galvagni 1986) and was recently found in Bulgaria (unpublished data, D. Chobanov  pers. comm. 2016). Two female specimens from Rila Mountains (Bulgaria) possibly belong to an undescribed species (Chobanov 2009). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is probably less than 2,000 km² and in in the EU 28 it is less than 500 km². The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 100,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 1,500 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size, although it varies across different regions. The subpopulations of this flightless species are small, with little possibility of genetic exchange, and may become extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown, but no continuing decline in its population and habitat has been observed.

habitat:
Galvagniella albanica inhabits fresh vegetation in humid and moist meadows, forest edges and clearings from about 750 (Montenegro) to 2,000 m altitude (Kopaonik Mt. in Serbia) (Galvagni 1986, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012). In forests with sparse canopy that have well-developed undergrowth, the species may be found on Rubus spp.

threats:
The major threats to this species are habitat degradation as a result of overgrazing and wood logging.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Serbia, and it occurs in protected areas across its range. Further research is needed on its population size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
The Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper (Gomphoceridius brevipennis) is endemic to the Pyrenees, where it lives in alpine grasslands between 2,000 and 2,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers about 15,000 km². The species is very rare and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitats as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. The population is severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper is endemic to the Pyrenees. This mountain species is widespread all along the Spanish and French sides of Pyrenees and in Andorra (Poniatowski 2009, Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km².

population:
The species is rare in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009, T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016) and in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and subpopulations are very small. As the species is a high altitude species and it is flightless, the subpopulations are small and disconnected. Recolonization of extinct subpopulations is unlikely. It is therefore classified as severely fragmented. A continuing decline is inferred from the ongoning deterioration of its habitat due to abandonment of grazing and climate change (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Gomphoceridius brevipennis is a mountainous species, living in alpine grasslands at altitudes between 2,000 - 2,6000 m.

threats:
The species is threatened by the abandonment of grazing, which leads to succession of its habitat by shrubs and trees (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016). Climate change (through warming) could have strong effects on this species in the long term, as it leads to a decrease of suitable habitat due to the shifting of the tree line.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Gomphoceridius brevipennis, although it has been recorded in several nature reserves, in the French Pyrénées National Park and in the Spanish Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut  2004) and as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Further research on the population size and trend is needed. The remaining habitats of this species need to be properly managed, and particularly traditional grazing regimes need to be preserved to avoid further degradation.

redListAssessors:
Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Olmo Vidal, J. & Dusoulier, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-clubbed Grasshopper (Gomphocerippus rufus) is widely distributed from the Pyrenees and southern England to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common and the population size is very large.

range:
The White-clubbed Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Pyrenees and southern England to Siberia. In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Maas et al. 2002).

population:
The species is common and widespread in large parts of its range. The population size is very large but the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found mainly on forest clearings, in the undergrowth of light forests and along grassy forest edges (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In is also found on abandoned grassland and vineyards, railroad embankments, road margins and grassland habitats (Maas et al. 2002), but usually close to adjacent forests.

threats:
The species may locally be threatened by intensification of grassland management and afforestation (Grein 2010).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Club-legged Grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibiricus) is a boreo-alpine species and it occurs in high mountains from Spain to western Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in alpine areas, and subpopulations are still large. However, this species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO),  number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals. Abandonment of traditional grazing seems to be a major threat to this species in the Alps, whilst intensive grazing has been reported as a threat in France. The species also seems to be affected by climate change as it has disappeared from lower altitudes. Research into its population trend is needed. Management of sites below the tree-line with this species should focus on a low-intensity grazing regime.

range:
The Club-legged Grasshopper has a boreo-alpine distribution. It occurs in high mountains from Spain to western Siberia (Gosálvez and López-Fernández 1981). In Europe it is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, the Spanish Central and Cantabrian mountains, Vosges, Apennine, some mountain systems of the Balkans as well as northern Russia (Harz 1975). It extent of occurrence (EOO) is Europe is ca 8 million km² and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².

population:
This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size and has caused damage to crops in Siberia and Kazakhstan (Harz 1975). Illich and Winding (1999) found a 16-fold increase of the subpopulation in Austria from 1993 to 1994, correlating with high temperatures in July. Local extinctions have been reported from the Harz mountains (Germany) (Maas et al. 2002). In Austria the species has disappeared from lower altitudes, suggesting that climate change may affect this species  (Pöppl 2009). Therefore there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations as well as the number of mature individuals. No decline has been recorded in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Even though it has no strong dispersal capability the subpopulations are still large and thus the population is not considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is mainly found on dry alpine meadows with patches of bare ground (Illich and Winding 1999). In Austria it has a preference for southern slopes and vegetation heights of 10 to 20 cm (Pöppl 2009). The cover of bare ground is typically between 0 and 20%, the cover of dwarf shrubs between 20 and 40% and the cover of grasses and forbs between 40 and 60% (Pöppl 2009).

threats:
Abandonment of traditional grazing seems to be a major threat to this species in the Alps (Illich and Winding 1999), whilst intensive grazing has been reported as a threat in France (Guéguen-Genest and Guéguen 1987). The species also seems to be affected by climate change as it has disappeared from lower altitudes (Pöppl 2009). Other local threats are afforestation and intensification of agricultural practices (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
Currently no specific conservation action exists for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed. Management of sites below the tree-line with this species should focus on a low-intensity grazing regime.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Illich, I., Roesti, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Braud, Y. & Rutschmann, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris adspersa) is a widespread species with a highly specialised ecology, distributed from North Africa via the Mediterranean and Arabia to western Asia. In Europe it only occurs in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 300 km², the population is severely fragmented and also suffering a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This grasshopper is only found in salt pans and salt marshes, and the major threats it faces are transformation of its habitat into farmland as well as touristic and industrial development. More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require full protection and degraded habitats need to be restored.

range:
The Splendid Grasshopper is distributed from North Africa via the Mediterranean and Arabia to western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 100 and 300 km², and in Europe smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).

population:
Due to its strong habitat affiliation the subpopulations of this species are very isolated. Genetic exchange between the existing subpopulations is extremely unlikely and these may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall loss of habitat.

habitat:
The species is found in coastal marshy habitats (Massa et al. 2012), salt pans and along inland salt lakes with Salicornia spp..

threats:
The major threats to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland as well as touristic and industrial development (J.J. Presa and K. Siedle pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
The habitat of the Splendid Grasshopper is protected by the European Habitats Directive but no specific conservation action is in place for the species. It occurs in protected areas. More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require full protection and degraded habitats need to be restored.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Siedle, K. & Korsunovskaya, O.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Southern Splendid Grasshopper is only known from some islands south of Sicily and from southern Sardinia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km² and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN). There is no indication of a continuing decline or a severe fragmentation as subpopulation sizes are still large. Based upon the threat of pesticide treatments, the number of locations is between four and five. No significant immigration from North Africa is likely to affect the population, so no rescue effect is provided for this species.

range:
The Southern Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris annulosa) occurs in northern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Middle East. In Europe, it is only known from Lampedusa, Pantelleria, Linosa and one locality in the south of Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). It may also be present on Sicily (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 24,000 km², while its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km².

population:
This species was extremely abundant on Pantelleria from 1989 to 1993 and even became a severe pest to caper bushes, which are common on the island. However, it shows extreme fluctuations in population size and in 1994 the abundance of this species was notably smaller (Massa et al. 2012). Due to the extreme fluctuations of the population size, its population trend remains unknown.

habitat:
The species has regularly been observed feeding on Atriplex halinus and caper bushes (Massa et al. 2012). It seems to prefer Chenopodiaceae (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
As the species attacks crops, it may be affected by pesticides. Based upon this threat, the number of locations is between four and five.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population dynamics is needed as it remains difficult to infer a population trend for this species due to its extreme fluctuations. As the species occurs only in a few locations, its habitat needs to be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Mediterranean Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris littoralis) has a small area of occupancy in Europe (less than 2,000 km²). Its habitat (coastal dunes) is strongly affected by touristic development throughout its range. Therefore, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred. However, the number of locations is quite large. The population is fragmented, but probably not severely fragmented as many subpopulations are still quite large and the species has good dispersal capabilities. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The Mediterranean Splendid Grasshopper is found from the Cape Verde Islands across northern Africa to India (Grunshaw 1991). In Europe, it occurs on the Canary Islands, at the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, in Greece and in Cyprus (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 4 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (less than 2,000 km²).

population:
Although this species is widespread in the Mediterranean, it is affected by touristic development in coastal regions and therefore a continuing decline is inferred. In North Africa, the species is considered a pest and treated with insecticides (e.g. Sharaby et al. 2013).

habitat:
Heteracris littoralis is mainly found in coastal dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007), but regionally it can also be found further inland (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
The main threat to Heteracris littoralis is the conversion of its habitat due to touristic development and recreational activities. It is also influenced by commercial development at the coasts.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed. The remaining coastal habitats of this species need to be protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Siedle, K., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Licorice Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris pterosticha) occurs from Turkey and the Near East to northern Afghanistan and Central Asia. In Europe, it is found in the Lower Volga region in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend which may even increase, and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this grasshopper is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Licorice Splendid Grasshopper occurs from Turkey and the Near East to northern Afghanistan and Central Asia (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963). In Europe this species is found in the Lower Volga region in Russia (Savitsky et al. 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25,000 km².

population:
This species is common in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). It is assumed to have a stable population size which may even increase (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is halophilous (requires a saline environment) (Kalacheva 2005). It is found in licorice and camelthorn bushes (Savistky et al. 2013) and feeds on dicotyledones (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, The Hairy Sand Grasshopper (Hyalorrhipis canescens) has only been documented from two localities on Gran Canaria (Spain), which have been heavily transformed by urbanisation and touristic development. Further research needs to be undertaken to clarify if the species may still occur in the coastal region of Gran Canaria. As it remains unclear whether this species reproduced on Gran Canaria or whether it is a vagrant, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Once more information becomes available, it may fall into several categories, including Not Applicable (NA), Regionally Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered (CR) or Vulnerable (VU).

range:
The Hairy Sand Grasshopper is mainly distributed in North Africa. The species has also been recorded from two localities on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): Las Palmas (1960) and Maspalomas (1966). The breeding status of this species on the Canary Islands is not clear as the species is a strong flyer and may have immigrated (Bland et al. 1996). However, as several individuals have been collected at places with similar ecological conditions (two in August 1960 at Las Palmas and 18 in June 1966 in Maspalomas), it may well have been native to Gran Canaria. Both localities have been heavily transformed by human activities, which might explain why the species has not been confirmed recently.

population:
Hyalorrhipis canescens has not been found in Europe since 1966. Despite recent research on Orthoptera on Gran Canaria, the species has not been recorded again. As the two localities have been heavily transformed by urbanisation and touristic development, they might have disappeared completely. However, research activities might also be lower within these places and intensive research in small remaining habitats within and close to these cities as well as in other potentially suitable places along the coast needs to be carried out. Its population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Even though the ecology of this species has not been studied in Europe, it is known from sandy desert areas in North Africa. The only known localities from the Canary Islands suggest that the species was restricted to warm coastal habitats.

threats:
Both localities have been heavily transformed by urbanisation, touristic development and industrialisation.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. A study on the ecology of the genus Sphingonotus took place on Gran Canaria in 2014 (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). Hyalorrhipis canescens has a similar habitat and is also related to the genus Sphingonotus, but was not found during this study. However, a detailed search for this species is still necessary as it might have survived in small areas at the coast of Gran Canaria.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Claus' Sand Grasshopper (Hyalorrhipis clausi) is found in Central Asia from eastern Kazakhstan over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the Lower Volga region and the eastern Caucasus. In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
Claus' Sand Grasshopper is found in Central Asia from eastern Kazakhstan over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the Lower Volga region and the eastern Caucasus (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe the species is only found in southern European Russia (Heller 2013), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 125,000 km².

population:
This species is assumed to have a stable population trend (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species is found in sandy desert (Sergeev 2010) and riverine sand dunes (Savitsky and Lekarev 2007, Savitsky et al. 2013) where it feeds on detritus (Savitsky 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (possibly Astrakhan Zapovednik, V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
The White-horned Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus albicornis) is only known from the massif of Monte Matese in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 456 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it occurs at only four locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to overgrazing and land abandonment. Touristic development may also negatively affect this species. Research into the threats and population trends is required to obtain a better understanding of the status of this species, and to aid any future conservation efforts. Its habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitats should be restored.

range:
The White-horned Italian Grasshopper is only known from the massif of Monte Matese in Italy. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 456 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

population:
This species used to be abundant but in recent years has declined due to the ongoing threats to its habitat (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is therefore decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found on sunny, rocky slopes and grasslands on the massif of Monte Matese at altitudes between 1,500 m and 2,000 m Asl. This species is short-winged which may possibly be a contributing factor to its small range.

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing and land abandonment. Touristic development is likely to also negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of overgrazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only four locations.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but all subpopulations are located inside the Parco regionale del Matese. More research into its population trend and threats is needed. Its habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitats should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Reatine Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus modestus) is only known from Monti Reatini in mainland Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable, since it occurs at only one location, its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 4 km², and its entire range is heavily affected by tourism (mainly skiing) and cattle grazing. Any intensification of the touristic activities or grazing could drive this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species is short-winged which is probably a contributing factor to its small range. Further research into the habitat use and population size of this grasshopper is needed, and its habitat requires appropriate protection and management.

range:
The Reatine Italian Grasshopper is only known from Monti Reatini in mainland Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

habitat:
This species is only found on grasslands and rocky, sunny slopes at Monti Reatini, at altitudes between 1,800 and 2,000 m asl. This grasshopper is short-winged, which is probably a contributing factor to its small range.

threats:
Skiing related tourism is the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effect of this threat and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location. Cattle grazing may also pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research into its population trend and threats is required. Its habitat requires appropriate protection and management.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Sasso Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus monticola) is endemic to the central region of Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,900 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to cattle overgrazing and climate change. Further research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, its population trend and its ecology. Proper grazing management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further declines in the population.

range:
The Gran Sasso Italian Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is found in the central region with records from Abruzzo (including Abruzzo National Park) and Lazio, from Gran Vasso to Velino-Sirente and up to Majella (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,900 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².

population:
The species is relatively widely distributed, but its taxonomy is not fully resolved (Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and restricted to very small isolated areas. The species is flightless and therefore the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Recently, some subpopulations have declined strongly and the overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This flightless species is found at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,200 m asl on sunny, rocky slopes or grassland habitats. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to overgrazing.

threats:
The main threat to this species is overgrazing, and it may also be affected by climate change, as many subpopulations occur at mountain tops.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves (e.g. Abruzzo National Park). Taking into account that the taxonomy of this species is not yet fully resolved further research is recommended into its taxonomy. In addition, more research is also needed into its population trend and ecology. Proper grazing management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further declines in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Abruzzo Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma acuminata) is endemic to the Central Apennines in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150 km²), it is abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, given that it lives at high altitudes on a small number of mountains, this grasshopper might be affected by climate change, particularly winter droughts and increasing weather fluctuations in spring. More research on the threats to this species is needed as well as on the population trend.

range:
The Abruzzo Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to the Central Apennines, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 150 km².

population:
This species is comprised of two subspecies; I. a. acuminata and I. a. marsicana.  The first one is abundant, the second less so. The overall population trend of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This grasshopper lives at high altitudes (between 1,600 and 2,000 m asl) on a small number of mountains, in alpine meadows and on rocky slopes.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it might be affected by global warming. It is a montane species and is likely to be affected by extreme weather conditions such as dry winters and rainy spring seasons. Fluctuations of weather conditions have become common in the region.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but its occurs in a nature reserve. More research on the threats to this species is needed as well as on the population trends and taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
Baccetti's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma baccettii) is endemic to a small area in Italy, the Gran Sasso in Abruzzo where it lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 km²), the species is considered to occur at only one location, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the fact that this grasshopper has not been found since 1996 despite several intensive surveys. Permanent snow cover has disappeared in the area where this grasshopper was known to occur, and tourism has strongly increased, which might have caused this decline. However, the species is difficult to identify, and can only be distinguished from Italopodisma fiscellana by genitalia dissection. Further research is needed to clarify whether this grasshopper is still extant. If so, research is also recommended into its population size, taxonomy, threats and ecology, and proper habitat management should be implemented.

range:
Baccetti's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso area of Abruzzo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 km². However, the species has not been found since 1996 in spite of substantial search efforts.

population:
There is no data on the population size and trend of this species.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,300 m asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood. Permanent snow cover has disappeared in the area and tourism has strongly increased which might have caused the decline of this species. Given its restricted distribution and the likely extent of the effects of these threats, the species is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to have occurred in a nature reserve. Research is needed to clarify whether this grasshopper is still extant. If so, further research is also recommended into its population size, taxonomy, threats and ecology. Implementation of proper habitat management is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Costa's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma costae) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, it is widespread with large subpopulations, and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Costa's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is only recorded from Monte Morrone, Majella and Majelletta in Abruzzo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².

population:
This species is widespread and has large subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This wingless grasshopper is found in alpine meadows and rocky slopes, where adults can be found in summer and autumn at altitudes between 1,450 m and 2,500 m asl.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Reatine Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma ebneri) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered, since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to increasing grazing pressure and touristic development. More research is needed into its population trend and ecology, and the status of the population and the habitat should be monitored. The habitat should also be better protected and appropriate management needs to be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

range:
The Reatine Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only recorded from Monti Reatini in Lazio (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

population:
This species is abundant in its habitat, but has become rarer during recent decades and the current population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in alpine meadows and rocky slopes, where adults can be seen in summer and autumn at altitudes between 800 m and 1,900 m asl. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to tourism and intensification of cattle grazing.

threats:
The main threats to this species are tourism (skiing, summer tourism) and intensification of cattle grazing. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed. Furthermore, the status of the population and the habitat should be monitored. The habitat should also be better protected and appropriate management needs to be implemented to avoid any further population declines.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Gran Sasso Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma fiscellana) is endemic to Italy and is found on various mountains in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities and increasing pressure from cattle grazing. Further research is needed into the effects of grazing, tourism and climate change on the population of this species. Furthermore, the population trend and ecology needs to be studied, and the habitat should be be better protected and restored.

range:
The Gran Sasso Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is found on various mountains in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km².

population:
This species has become rarer in its habitat at several localities, but exact data on population size and trend are missing. The population is severely fragmented as the species is flightless and has very small subpopulations at the highest altitudes, and there is little or no genetic exchange between them. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine dry meadows and rocky slopes between 1,500 m and 2,300 m asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat due to intensification of cattle grazing and tourism (particularly skiing).

threats:
This species is locally threatened by the intensification of cattle grazing and tourism (particularly skiing). Climatic changes may also pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves (e.g. Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo). Further research is needed into the effects of grazing, tourism and climate change on the population of this species. Furthermore, the population trend and ecology needs to be studied, and the habitat should be be better protected and restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
La Greca's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma lagrecai)  is endemic of Italy, and is only found in the restricted area of Corno Piccolo on Gran Sasso. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to increasing touristic activities (mainly skiing and alpinism). More research on its population trend is needed and appropriate conservation management needs to be implemented. The habitat of the species should be managed appropriately to avoid future declines and lost habitat should be restored.

range:
La Greca's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic of Italy, and is only found in the restricted area of Corno Piccolo on Gran Sasso (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the increasing touristic development in the area.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows and is found at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,250 m asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is tourism, since the only known site for this species is situated at the arrival point of a ski lift. A new cable car has recently been build. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the population is situated in a nature reserve. Research is needed into the population trends and ecology, but also on the effects of the ongoing threats. Furthermore, its taxonomy needs to be clarified. Monitoring of its population trend and habitat should be implemented, and its habitat should be managed appropriately to avoid future declines. In addition, lost habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Maiella Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma lucianae) is endemic to the Maiella Massive in Central Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (28 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the habitat quality due to intensive cattle grazing, tourism and potentially also climate change (habitat shifts and temperature extremes). Further research is needed into the threats to this grasshopper, its ecology, and population trend. The population trend and habitat should be monitored and proper habitat management should be implemented. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.

range:
The Maiella Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to the Maiella Massive in Central Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 28 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the population size is inferred due to the changes in agricultural land use (intensified cattle grazing). Given that this species is flightless and has very small, isolated subpopulations, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,700 and 2,900 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by intensive cattle grazing in the area as well as by touristic development. It is possibly also affected by climate change, particularly by altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Further research is needed into the threats to this grasshopper, its ecology and population trend. The population trend and habitat should be monitored and proper habitat management should be implemented. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sannio Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma samnitica) is endemic to Italy, where it is found in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 250 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to increasing cattle grazing and touristic activities. More research is needed into the taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population status and habitat should be implemented. Restoration of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management is recommended.

range:
The Sannio Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is found in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 250 km².

population:
A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat. The subpopulations are isolated with little of no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl.

threats:
This species is threatened by increasing cattle grazing activities and touristic development. Climate change may also affect this species, particularly shifts of the habitat and temperature extremes.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research is needed into the taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population status and habitat should be implemented. Restoration of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
The La Meta Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma trapezoidalis) occurs in the Central Apennines in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (750 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the habitat quality, due to intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing, alpinism). More research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. The taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied as they may represent three different species that may strongly differ in their conservation status. A monitoring program covering its population trend and habitat needs to be implemented.

range:
The La Meta Apennine Grasshopper occurs in the Central Apennines in Italy. There are three subspecies, namely I. t. trapezoidalis, I. t. aprutiana, and I. t. curvula (Massa et al. 2012). This specie's extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 750 km².

population:
The population is inferred to be decreasing due to the ongoing pressure on its habitat. As the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small and isolated, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,400 m and 1,900 m asl. Adults can be found in summer and autumn .

threats:
The main threats to this species are intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing, alpinism), but it might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. The taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied as they may represent three different species that may strongly differ in their conservation status. A monitoring program covering its population trend and habitat needs to be implemented.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Slender Sand Grasshopper (Leptopternis gracilis) occurs from Northwest Africa (Morocco) to East Asia (East Russia). In Europe it occurs in southern Russia (Lower Volga) and has also been reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a stable population  trend, which may even be increasing, and no major threats to it have been reported. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Data Deficient since it was only reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Island, Spain) in the 1960's, but has not been recorded there since, and its status is uncertain. The only known locality is Maspalomas, and the area near it has been strongly transformed by touristic development and urbanisation. It remains unknown whether the species was native to the island or just a vagrant, but since there are records of several specimens from 1964 and 1966 from the same locality it might have reproduced on Gran Canaria. The species might also still be present in small habitat patches in the south of the island, and research on its possible presence on Gran Canaria is therefore recommended.

range:
The Slender Sand Grasshopper occurs from Northwest Africa (Morocco) to East Asia (East Russia) (Eades et al. 2014). In Europe it occurs in southern Russia (Lower Volga, Savitsky 2002) and has also been reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). On Gran Canaria the species was recorded in 1964 and 1966 near Maspalomas; recent records do not exist. According to Bland et al. (1996) the species may have been a vagrant and not necessarily breeding on Gran Canaria. However, in both years, several specimens were collected. As the area near Maspalomas has been heavily altered by touristic development it may also have become extinct there. In the Lower Volga region the species is common in sand deserts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 16,500 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species has not been found on the Canary Islands since the mid 1960's. However, it seems to be stable in Russia or even increasing in population size (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
The species occurs in sandy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky 2002).

threats:
The reason for its disappearance on Gran Canaria might be touristic development in the south of the island. No major threats are known to affect it in the Russian part of its range (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is required. In particular it needs to be clarified whether the species still exists on Gran Canaria and whether it was ever native there.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria) is a widespread species, which can become a pest during outbreak years. Even though the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and is declining in parts of Europe, its overall range size is still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The Migratory Locust is widespread in Africa and Eurasia. In Europe, it is found in the Mediterranean, but swarms of this species also reached northern European countries in the past and reproduced there occasionally (Bellmann 2006). Recently, the species has been frequently found in northern areas, as it sometimes escapes from the pet food trade. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 9.8 million km² and in the EU 28 is c. 8.1 million km².

population:
Locusta migratoria is a widespread species, which can reach high densities and sometimes becomes a pest, but outbreaks have become rare in Europe. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It has declined in parts of its range, like in northern Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The Migratory Locust is mainly found in moist grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012). It prefers moist sandy soils (Bellmann 2006).

threats:
Threats to Locusta migratoria include pesticides and the destruction of its habitat, particularly by abstraction of the water level and intensification of agricultural land use.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the national Red Lists of Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), as Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend in the southern part of its range is required.

useAndTrade:
This species is bred in captivity to serve as pet food and human food.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Leek Grasshopper (Mecostethus parapleurus) is distributed from northern Spain via Central Europe to Korea, north China and Japan. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is highly affiliated with wetland habitats, it is widely distributed in Europe, its range appears to be expanding and the population size is likely to be very large.

range:
The Leek Grasshopper is distributed from northern Spain via Central Europe to Korea, north China and Japan (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found in the very north of Spain, most of France, the south of Germany, in Switzerland and Austria, northern Italy and in the northern part of the Balkans Peninsula (to the north of Greece) and to eastern European Russia (Maas et al. 2002).

population:
A strong decline of this species has been reported in most of its European range during the 20th century (Maas et al. 2002, Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009). However it has recently been re-discovered in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2007) and appears to be spreading at its northern range margin. In the south the species is rare. The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
The Leek Grasshopper is found in warm wet meadows and salt marshes (Holusa et al. 2007), close to rivers or streams (Braun and Lederer 2009) and in moist mountain meadows. The species is able to fly and has a high dispersal ability (Maas et al. 2002).

threats:
The major threat to this species is drainage and other transformation of moist grassland habitats and swamps (Braun and Lederer 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). In Poland and the Czech Republic it is considered Critically Endangered (Liana 2002, Holusa et al. 2007). In the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Least Concern, but as Near Threatened for the Slovakian and Ukrainian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend of this grasshopper.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G. & Kristin, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The High Mountain Grasshopper (Melanoplus frigidus) has a boreo-alpine distribution, occurring from the Pyrenees and northern Scandinavia to Mongolia, Siberia, Kamchatka and even Alaska and northern Canada. In Europe, it is found in mountain systems, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Appenines and mountains on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a very large geographic range. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, in the quality of the habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. The threats to this species are poorly understood, but potential threats include climate change (particularly the altitudinal shift of its habitat), ski tourism and overgrazing. More research on the effects of these threats is needed.

range:
The High Mountain Grasshopper has a boreo-alpine distribution, occurring from the Pyrenees and northern Scandinavia to Mongolia, Siberia, Kamchatka and even Alaska and northern Canada (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found in mountain systems, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Appenines and mountains on the Balkan Peninsula. It is also found in Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Heller 2013). This species extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.5 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².

population:
This species is widely distributed in Scandinavia but subpopulations are usually small (Finch et al. 2008). It is very rare in Finland with only one recent record (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015). The species is also very rare in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It therefore shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Illich and Winding 1999). Declines are inferred in the southern part of its range (P. Fontana pers. comm 2015) and Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015), whereas it seems to be stable in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in alpine meadows with short vegetation, but is known to prefer south-facing slopes in the Alps (Finch et al. 2008). It can also sometimes be found at the edge of alpine wetlands. The species is generally flightless although fully winged forms can occur, albeit very rarely.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly understood. Potential threats are climate change (particularly the altitudinal shift of its habitat), ski tourism and overgrazing. More research on the effects of these threats is needed.

conservationAction:
The High Mountain Grasshopper is found in several protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research is needed on its population trend and threats.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Karjalainen, S., Braud, Y., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Illich, I., Dusoulier, F., Rutschmann, F., Roesti, C. & Zuna-Kratky, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Foothill Mountain Grasshopper (Micropodisma salamandra) occurs in northeastern Italy, southern Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and northern Albania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread, and the overall population is still large. However, it is decreasing locally and habitat management is needed to avoid further population declines. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.

range:
The Foothill Mountain Grasshopper occurs in northeastern Italy, southern Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and northern Albania (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 250,000 km², and ca 122,000 km² in the EU 28.

population:
This species is rather widespread and some subpopulations are abundant. It is locally decreasing, but the global population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This grasshopper lives mainly in montane habitats, but is also found at sea level near Trieste. Its habitat is mainly grassland, shrubland and ecotones. There are differences in the ecology of the subpopulations; those in the mountains (Prealps) living in grassy vegetation, those in the hills (Colli Berici and Colli Euganei) living on bushes. This species is found up to 1,000 m asl.

threats:
The main threat to this species is abandonment of meadows. Increasing shrub encroachment slowly displaces this species from habitats in Italy.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Habitat management is needed to avoid further decreases of its population. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Saltmarsh Band-Winged Grasshopper (Mioscirtus wagneri) is found in Spain, Cyprus, the Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km², but still be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Endangered since its AOO is between 150 and 250 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is direct destruction of its habitat, e.g. by ploughing Suaeda vegetation. Another threat is overgrazing by sheep and goats. More research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed. Proper habitat management and restoration is required.

range:
The Saltmarsh Band-Winged Grasshopper is found from north Africa to China. In Europe, it is found in Spain, Cyprus, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). In Europe, this species' area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km², but still be smaller than 3,000 km². In the EU 28 the AOO is estimated to be between 150 and 250 km².

population:
Due to the strong habitat affiliation of this species the subpopulations are very isolated and small, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore classified as severely fragmented. The current population trend is decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species is highly specialised on hypersaline areas at low altitudes with patches of Suaeda vera, on which it feeds (Cordero et al. 2007, Aguirre et al. 2010).

threats:
The main threat to this species is direct destruction of its habitat, e.g. by ploughing Suaeda vegetation (a measure financially supported by European agricultural funds). Another threat is overgrazing by sheep and goats (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Some habitats have been used as local rubbish dumps. Furthermore there has been discussion in some areas to plant Tamarix sp. in the habitat, which will essentially destroy it (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Some habitats are used for recreational car driving which is destroying the vegetation. Invasive Acacia trees also alter the habitat (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
The habitat of the species is protected by the European Habitats Directive and this grasshopper is found in protected areas, but its habitat is still under human pressure (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). More research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed. Proper habitat management and restoration is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Cordero, P.J., Correas, J., Presa, J.J., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A. & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella alpina) is a flightless grasshopper species, occurring in sub-alpine habitats in the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and other European mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is presumed to be large and the population trend is stable. However, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and local threats from overgrazing, ski slopes, afforestation and drainage have been reported. More research into its population trend is required.

range:
The Green Mountain Grasshopper is found in several European mountain blocks including the Pyrenees, Alps and northern Carpathians (Zimmermann 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 585,000 km². In the western part of its range, the subspecies Miramella a. alpina is found, while in the eastern part of its range the subspecies Miramella a. subalpina is present.

population:
There is no exact data on the population size or trend of this species. The subpopulations are often small and it is a completely flightless species. However, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. Local outbreaks have been reported from Austria (Helfert and Krehan 2009) and Switzerland (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). In other Austrian regions fluctuations have been reported, but these were relatively small compared to other species (e.g. Gomphocerus sibiricus (Illich and Winding 1999)). However, as outbreaks are also common in other Miramella species, this grasshopper is considered to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The overall population size is presumed to be large.

habitat:
This species occurs in moist alpine and mountainous meadows with dense vegetation. It is also found in fens and peat bogs (Muth and Engelschall 2003) and in tall herbaceous vegetation with a high moisture content.

threats:
Local threats to this species include overgrazing, abandonment, drainage and afforestation (Zimmermann 1998, Muth and Engelschall 2003). It is also negatively affected by ski slopes (Illich and Haslett 1994). Keßler et al. (2012) report negative associations of Miramella alpina with artificial fertilization, ski slopes and artificial snow.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed. This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and as Near Threatened in Germany (Maas et al. 2011).

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Braud, Y., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Fontana, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Karinthian Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella carinthiaca) is is restricted to the eastern Alps, mainly concentrated in the Austrian districts of Carinthia and Styria, reaching southwards to the Alpine parts of Slovenia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,200 km²), it is widespread throughout its range, it occurs in high densities, and shows no decline in range or population. In addition suitable habitats are common and there are no major threats to this grasshopper.

range:
The global distribution of the Karinthian Mountain Grasshopper is restricted to the eastern Alps, mainly concentrated in the Austrian districts of Carinthia and Styria, reaching southwards to the Alpine parts of Slovenia (Berg and Illich 2009). It mainly inhabits alpine to subalpine elevations up to 2,600 m asl, locally also occurring at lower altitudes of ca 1,200 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be at least 9,200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,000 km².

population:
During the last decades no significant changes in the general distribution and habitat availability of this species were observed, and there is no obvious evidence of population changes (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). Therefore, the overall population trend seems to be stable. In many regions, it is one of the most common species of the grasshopper assemblages (Berg and Illich 2009).

habitat:
This species mainly inhabits alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath above the tree line and can also regularly be found in grazed pastures. Concerning its nutritional need, it is a generalist, feeding on various plants; there seems to be a preference for species of the genera Nardus and Vaccinium. It is adapted to a cold climate of high altitudes and prefers mesic to moist places. Therefore, it shows no preference in relation to the topographic exposure of its habitat (Berg and Illich 2009).

threats:
This species is widespread throughout its range and has no special habitat or food requirements. There are currently no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
Part of the range of this species is protected by national parks and Natura 2000 sites like the National Park Hohe Tauern. Conservation actions to preserve the quality of habitats through grazing are supported by the agro-environmental schemes of the European Union and its member states Austria and Slovenia. Research should be conducted on the taxonomy of the genus Miramella.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has an overall large and probably stable population with no major threats known to date.

range:
The Eastern Mountain Grasshopper is distributed along the Carpathian Mountains from southwestern Romania through western Ukraine reaching the northeast of Slovakia and southeastern Poland (Galvagni 1986). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 110,000 km² and in the EU 28 is c. 100,000 km².

population:
The population trend is assumed to be stable and subpopulations are large (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The species usually occurs in subalpine and alpine grasslands, at altitudes between 1,000 - 2,100 m.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas across its range. Further research on its population size and threats to the species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Generoso Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella formosanta) is endemic to the western Alps, in Tessin, Switzerland, and in the provinces of Lombardia and Piemonte in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,800 km²), it is quite common and widespread in suitable habitats, and the population is stable. While in general the habitats of this species are not under threat, research is needed into the effects of the abandonment of pastures or meadows on this species.

range:
The Generoso Mountain Grasshopper represents a southwestern species of the alpine grasshopper group of the genus Miramella, endemic to the western Alps, in Tessin, Switzerland, and in the provinces of Lombardia and Piemonte in Italy (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). There are two subspecies - M. f. formosanta which occurs in the east, and M. f. bessae which is present in the west side of the Lago Maggiore. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,800 km², and it can be found from the foothills of the Alps, at only 270 m asl, up to the mountain peaks at around 2,000 m asl, close to the tree line (Baur and Roesti 2006, Galvagni 1986).

population:
This species has a restricted range, but a rather dense distribution. In suitable habitats it can be quite numerous (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Like for other Miramella species, irregular outbreaks can occur locally under favourable climatic conditions, that can even lead to damages in forest plantations (Baur and Roesti 2006). Quantitative data on population size as well as information on long-term population trends are not available. However, considering the regular observations of this species, it can be assumed that the population is quite stable.

habitat:
This species is a characteristic grasshopper of temperate and moist ("illyric") habitats with dense vegetation cover. It can be found along forest edges (in Rubus spp. (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015), in bushes and plantations, in open park-like forests or even inside forest habitats (Baur and Roesti 2006)). It is short-winged and flightless, and it lives mainly in the vegetation above the ground, sitting on leaves or branches. The adults can be found from the end of June until October, depending on the elevation of their habitat.

threats:
This species lives in rather stable and unthreatened habitats and has a comparatively wide altitudinal distribution. However, abandonment of pastures and changes in the land use can have negative effects on this species. Global warming is expected to have neutral or even positive effects on this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it occurs in only a few protected areas; however, most of the population lives outside of them. While in general the habitats of this species are not under threat, research is needed into the effects of the abandonment of pastures or meadows on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-winged Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella irena) has a large geographic distribution and is assessed as Least Concern in view of the dense and increasing subpopulations in the Alpine region and overall stable population trend. In addition, its habitat in the Alpine region is expected to increase in extent due to the abandonment of pastures and meadows in the mountains and there are no major threats to this grasshopper. More focus should be put on assessing the situation of the subpopulations in the Balkans, which seem to be heavily fragmented and might be threatened.

range:
The Long-winged Mountain Grasshopper is a mountain species, occupying the southern ridge of the distribution of the mainly Alpine genus Miramella. In the west, it lives along the southern edge of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Its distribution extends from the Alpi Bergamasche over the mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige and the Alpi Venete, to the Hohe Tauern, Karnische Alpen, Karawanken and the Triglav mountains (Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). Further east it continues on the Slavonian Mountains of Croatia (Szövényi and Puskás 2012) and Bosnia and Herzegovina southwards to Kosovo to reach its easternmost range in the Valahia, in southern Romania. The distribution in the western part of its range is quite dense, but east of the Alps the subpopulations are often separated by long distances. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is rather large, ca 270,000 km². It lives from the foothills around 500 m asl up to the mountain peaks with highest records at 2,400 m asl.

population:
This species has a wide range, but recent data on distribution and population status is almost exclusively related to the Alpine part of its distribution. There, the species is often very common and can reach high densities (Massa et al. 2012). It seems to be increasing in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and also the records in the western parts of its Austrian range are more numerous than in previous decades. In contrast, in the Austrian-Slovenian Karawanken, it seems to be in retreat (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). There is little information on the status of the Balkan subpopulations, but they seem to be heavily fragmented, without any obvious increase. Therefore, the overall population trend seems to be stable.

habitat:
This species, like most species of the genus Miramella, is a grasshopper of habitats with medium moisture in hills and mountains. The Alpine habitats are mainly grassland with a significant amount of tall herbs and, occasionally, small bushes. Even some records from open patches inside forests are known (Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data) and it can also be present in trees up to the canopy level. It may also be found in cultivated areas such as vineyards (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). It prefers warmer habitats than the closely related sibling species M. formosanta and M. carinthiaca, which replace Miramella irena in the west and north of its range. However, there is no available information on the habitats of the subpopulations in the Balkans.

threats:
This species occupies an extensive area in the Alps and in the Balkans, living in a broad variety of altitudes. At least in the Alpine subpopulations, its habitat is not under threat and is expected to increase in its extent due to the abandonment of pastures and meadows in the mountains. There are no major threats to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is found in several protected areas throughout its range, but the majority of the population resides outside protected areas. There are no special conservation measures targeted at this species, in spite of the fact that it was classified as Vulnerable in a previous assessment. Research and monitoring should focus on the subpopulations of the Balkans, as their status is relatively unclear.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Shady Grasshopper,Morphacris fasciata, is common in Africa. In Europe, it is known from the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. As the population trend of this species is increasing, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Shady Grasshopper is widespread throughout Africa (from South Africa to the Mediterranean). In Europe, it occurs in southern Portugal and Spain (Heller 2013), where it has been found in the provinces of Cádiz and Huelva (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 120,000 km².

population:
In some areas (e.g. Doñana) the species is very abundant (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). The population seems to be increasing (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The habitat of this species is characterised by sandy soils at low altitudes (0-20 m asl). It has been found in abandoned fields, sandy pine forests, dunes and other habitats such as rural areas and wastelands. In some areas in Portugal, the species is found between dunes and marshes (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016)

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. A large part of the Spanish subpopulation is found in Doñana National Park. More research into its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., Correas, J., Prunier, F., García, M., Barranco Vega, P. & Ferreira, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Long-horned Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix antennatus) occurs from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to West Siberia, and is found from Austria in the west (where it is probably extinct) to northern Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is very widespread in the Ukraine and southern European Russia, and the population is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range(area of occupancy (AOO) is between 270 and 500 km²), thepopulationis severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the numberof subpopulations, extent  and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to habitat loss. This grasshopper is threatened by the loss of open sandy grassland habitats due to afforestation and invasive alien plants, particularly Asclepias syriaca and Robinia pseudoacacia. The conversion of sand dunes into arable land also poses a threat to this species. Conservation action in some Hungarian and Slovak protected areas focuses on opening sandy grassland habitat which will benefit this species. More research into the population trend in eastern Europe is required. No regional adjustment to the assessment is made as the distances between the subpopulations are very large and the species is very unlikely to be able to recolonise areas within the EU 28 from other parts of Europe.

range:
The Long-horned Club Grasshopper is found from Austria in the west (where it is probably extinct) to northern Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe it is also found from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to West Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 180,000 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 270 and 500 km².

population:
This species is very rare, it is decreasing in Romania and Slovakia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and is extinct in Austria (Bieringer 2009). The last record from Serbia is from 1997. However, in the Lower Volga region this grasshopper is not rare (Savitsky 2002). In the Ukraine and Russia it is assumed to have stable subpopulations (V. Savitsky and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015) while in Hungary it is declining (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). Overall in the EU 28 there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, in the extent  and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The population in the EU 28 is considered severely fragmented with small subpopulations isolated from each other with little genetic exchange. The subpopulations in Russia and eastern Ukraine are large and well connected (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in sandy dune habitats along rivers (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and in sandy steppe and semi-desert habitats in the eastern part of its European range (Savitsky 2005, 2009).

threats:
The major threat to this species is loss of open sandy grassland habitats due to afforestation and invasive alien plants, particularly Asclepias syriaca and Robinia pseudoacacia (G. Szövényi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The conversion of sand dunes into arable land also poses a threat to this grasshopper.

conservationAction:
In Austria the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), but has meanwhile been considered Extinct (Bieringer 2009). It occurs in protected areas and conservation action in some Hungarian and Slovak protected areas focuses on opening sandy grassland habitat which will benefit this species. More research into the population trend in eastern Europe is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V., Zuna-Kratky, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix maculatus) occurs from Spain and Ireland to Siberia. In Europe, it is found nearly everywhere except for most Mediterranean islands, the southern Mediterranean and the most northern region of Fennoscandia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it seems to be declining in parts of its range, it is very widespread and common throughout Europe. Research into its population trend and reduction is needed to clarify if this grasshopper meets the threshold of Criterion A for a threatened category.

range:
The Common Club Grasshopper is a very widespread species that occurs from Spain and Ireland to Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found nearly everywhere except for most Mediterranean islands, the southern Mediterranean and the most northern region of Fennoscandia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 12.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.6 million km².

population:
This species is widespread and common. Subpopulations can become very large. A decline has been reported in northern Germany, Austria, parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Bieringer 2009) and Hungary. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.

habitat:
This species is found in dry warm habitats with bare ground. It is particularly found in sandy habitats such as sand dunes, open grassland (steppes), heathland, sandpits, and clearings in conifer forests (Baur et al. 2009). In southern Europe it occurs in high mountains.

threats:
This species seems to be sensitive to climate change as it is active early in the year and the eggs may be affected by summer droughts. In German coastal dunes the species is negatively affected by the invasion of the non-native moss Campylopus introflexus (Schirmel 2010). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, abandonment of grazing, afforestation, river regulation and tourism (ski).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005). As it is listed on several regional Red Lists of Central Europe, it is subject of local conservation action. Further research is needed int the population trend and threats to this grasshopper.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Pale Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix pallidus) occurs from southern European Russia to western Siberia. In Europe, it occurs in loamy semi-deserts and steppes in southern European Russia and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B2. However, the population trend is assumed to be stable and subpopulations only slightly fragmented. The threats to this species are unknown and more research into its population trend, distribution, threats and ecology is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this grasshopper is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Pale Club Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia to western Siberia (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species is known from southern European Russia (Heller  2013) and southern Ukraine (Askania-Nova) (Savitsky 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 700,000 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km².

population:
The population of this species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). The population is slightly fragmented but assumed to be stable (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species is found in loamy semi-desert (Savitsky 2002), halophytic (requiring a saline environment) vegetation and steppes with feathergrass (Zinenko and Striganova 2009) or Festuca valesiaca (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015) where  it feeds mainly on grasses (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend, distribution, threats and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Ivkovic, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The White-headed Cross-backed Grasshopper (Notostaurus albicornis) is found from the southeastern part of European Russia to West Siberia and northwestern Mongolia in the east and northern Iran and Afghanistan in the south. In Europe this species occurs in the Ukraine as well as in southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, since although it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 to 500 km²), the subpopulations of this species are usually large and and the population trend is stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The White-headed Cross-backed Grasshopper is found from the southeastern part of European Russia to West Siberia and northwestern Mongolia in the east and northern Iran and Afghanistan in the south (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species occurs in the Ukraine as well as in southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 680,000 km², and its minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 150 km² with a maximum estimate of 500 km².

population:
This species is often dominant in its habitat (Savitsky 2009). The population trend is assumed to be stable and not severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs in deserts (Sergeev 2010) and sandy-loamy semi-deserts with Artemisia spp. vegetation (Savitsky 2002) or in bushes (Savitsky 2009). It is often found on alkaline soils (Savitsky 2010a) and it feeds on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010b).

threats:
The transformation of its habitat into farmland may be a threat to this species (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). It is also found on sites with intensive grazing (Sergeev 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

The Anatolian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Notostaurus anatolicus) is found from southern Bulgaria, south Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) and Greece to the Near East and the Caspian Sea. In Russia it is only found in the northern Caucasus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 500 km² to 1,500 km², while in Europe it is between 1,000 and 2,000 km²), and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. This species is threatened by the transformation of its habitat into forests and by overgrazing. Protection of its habitat from human land use is needed to ensure its survival, and research into its taxonomy is needed as it has been confused with Notostaurus albicornis in the past. Furthermore, research into its population trend is also required.

range:
The Anatolian Cross-backed Grasshopper is distributed from southern Bulgaria, south Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) and Greece to the Near East and the Caspian Sea (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964, Chobanov 2003). In Russia it is only found in the northern Caucasus (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its distribution is very scattered in the EU 28 with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 500 km² to 1,500 km², while the AOO in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km². The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 270,000 km², in the EU 28 ca 200,000 km².

population:
In Europe the population of this species is fragmented, but the fragmentation is not considered severe (D. Chobanov and L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in the northern part of its range are usually small and probably declining (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). However, this species has been reported as a pest in Iran (Khajehzadeh and Fard 1995). The overall population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
The species is found in steppe-like and semi-arid habitats, such as dry grassland with scarce vegetation (Chobanov 2003, 2009). It is typically found on bare ground (compact or stony soil) with sparse grass cover (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) with some bushes around (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

threats:
Any agricultural practices, particularly overgrazing, pose a threat to this species. It may also be negatively affected by afforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Protection of its habitat from human land use is needed to ensure its survival. There is also need for research on its taxonomy as it has been confused with Notostaurus albicornis in the past (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, research into its population trend is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Blunt Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia hebetata) occurs in Central Asia, from Dagestan and the Lower Volga region over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to southeastern Kazakhstan. In Europe it is only known from four localities in the Lower Volga region, where it occurs in sandy to sandy-loamy semi-deserts and deserts with grass tussocks. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km², area of  occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 400 km²), and the population severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no threats to this species have been reported and the number of localities is likely to be higher. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.

range:
The Blunt Match Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from Dagestan and the Lower Volga region over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to southeastern Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964, Harz 1975). In Europe it is only known from four localities in the Lower Volga region, but the species might be more widespread (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 400 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population is considered to be severely fragmented. Only four localities are known but the real number is likely to be higher. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in grass tussocks in sandy to sandy-loamy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky 2002). Its main food plants of are Stipagrostis pennata and S. karelini (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
No threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M. & Chobanov, D.P.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sardinian Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia nuragica) is endemic to Sardinia and is restricted to a few localities on the south-eastern and south-western coasts. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,300 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat (coastal dunes) due to touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. The remaining habitats of this grasshopper need to be protected and monitoring of the subpopulations is necessary to preserve this species.

range:
The Sardinian Match Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia and is restricted to a few localities on the south-eastern and south-western coasts (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,300 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² (with an upper estimate of 50 km²).

population:
Since the species was described in 1994, it has only been found occasionally, and the population trend is unknown. However, since a decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the loss of habitat, it is possible that the population trend is decreasing. The subpopulations of this species are very isolated with very large distances between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in inland dunes and coastal habitats, hiding in tall grasses (Ammophilaspp.), where it is well camouflaged. It is a good flyer and can be found at altitudes between 5 m and 50 m asl.

threats:
Drastic reduction of coastal habitat by touristic development is the main threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. The remaining habitats need to be protected and monitoring of the subpopulations is necessary to preserve this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of Ochrilidia pruinosa in relation to O. tibialis is not clear. Jago (1977) and Mishchenko (1987) hold different views in this respect. It is unclear whether these are two species or only one. For the Red List Assesment of O. pruinosa it is a

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Aegean Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia pruinosa) is found in Greece, where it is known from Crete, some of the Cyclades islands, the eastern Aegean islands including Rodhes, and a single spot on the northwestern tip of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 144 and 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat due to touristic activities in its range. Research is required into this species' taxonomy, in particular the distinction between this species and Ochrilidia tibialis. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend. General protection of its dune habitats is required and dune restoration is recommended.

range:
The Aegean Match Grasshopper is found in Greece (Willemse 1984 as O. tibialis), where it is known from Crete, some of the Cyclades islands, the eastern Aegean islands including Rodhes, and a single spot on the northwestern tip of the Peloponnesus. Its presence in Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006) needs to be confirmed by taxonomic studies. The very recent finding in the Peloponnesus shows that this species actually also occurs on the Greek mainland, where it may well be more widespread. This species is also known to occur in Israel. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 120,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 144 and 500 km².

population:
Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, although it is inferred to be decreasing as a consequence of habitat loss. Subpopulations are not very large, but as there are quite a substantial number of subpopulations the overall population size of this species is assumed to be large. This species is not common and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
In Greece, this species is found in dune areas where it can be found in clumps of grasses (Ammophila spp.). In Cyprus, it is found on the edge of a salt lake in Juncus spp. vegetation.

threats:
This species is likely to be affected by touristic development of infrastructure, through dune destruction and habitat modifications.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is required into this species' taxonomy, in particular the distinction between this species and Ochrilidia tibialis. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend. General protection of its dune habitats is required and dune restoration is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Sicilian Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia sicula) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,600 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism development, recreational activities, greenhouse infrastructures and pesticide use. Habitat loss along the coast due to tourism and recreational activities has already driven the northern subpopulations to extinction. The remnant patches of suitable habitat should be protected and more habitat should be restored to increase the area of suitable habitat for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper. Monitoring of its habitat is also recommended.

range:
The Sicilian Match Grasshopper is endemic to Sicily, Italy, where it has disappeared from the north-western coast (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,600 km².

population:
The species is rare and the population trend is decreasing. The subpopulations are isolated, suitable habitats are only present along the coast in small patches, and these small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
Ochrilidia sicula is a coastal species that lives in the patches of grasses in dunes with Ammophiletum vegetation. Adults are found in spring and summer. It probably overwinters as adult, and it is a good flyer.

threats:
Habitat loss along the coast due to tourism and recreational activities is a major threat which has already driven the northern subpopulations to extinction. Additionally, the south-eastern subpopulations are threatened by construction of greenhouses. The use of pesticides in greenhouses also poses a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The remnant patches of suitable habitat should be protected and more habitat should be restored to increase the area of suitable habitat for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper. Monitoring of its habitat is also recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The African Match Grasshopper has originally been described from Greece and the type locality has later been assigned to Crete. However, this locality is rather doubtful. Currently, the most likely place where the species might occur in Europe is Cyprus. However, due to the uncertain taxonomy and provenance, the species is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed on its taxonomy and distribution in order to clarify the status of this species.

range:
The distribution of the African Match Grasshopper is insufficiently known. The species has been described from Greece, but the material was obtained from a commercial dealer (Willemse and Krusemann 1976). Its type locality is sometimes referred to Crete, but even this is doubtful  (Willemse and Krusemann 1976). According to Eades et al. (2014) Ochrilida tibialis is mainly found in western Africa. According to K. Siedle (pers. comm. 2015) the species might occur on Cyprus as the specimens on this island differ from Ochrilidia pruinosa, which is common in Greece.

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The genus Ochrilidia is mainly found in sand dunes. It is likely that this also applies to Ochrilidia tibialis.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected area. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify its identity and distribution.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Tzirkalli, E., Siedle, K., Heller, K.-G. & Tumbrinck, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Tapering Mountain Grasshopper has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 100 km². Despite some minor threats, a continuous decline is not projected and the population is assumed to be stable. The population is not considered severely fragmented and it does not experience extreme fluctuations. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Tapering Mountain Grasshopper is known only from western Romania, where it occurs in the western Transylvania and north Banat regions between 400 - 1,100 m altitude (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 17,000 km² and its area of occupancy is c. 44 km², with an upper estimate of c. 100 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are small but the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits mesophytic scrub of Rubus spp., Cornus sanguinea, Clematis vitalba and other tall bushes and herbs in forest meadows and forest edges. Adults are found between late June and October (Kis 1962, Kis and Vasiliu 1970).

threats:
The threats to this species are minor and include habitat degradation as a result of the intensification of agriculture, residential development and the use of insecticides.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. More research is needed on its population trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 48,000 km². The population is severely fragmented, but there is no indication of a decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper occurs in north and eastern Albania, northern Montenegro, northern and western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Harz 1975, Adamovic 1975, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 48,000 km².

population:
The population trend of this species is unknown. In the northern part of its distribution this species is locally abundant, but the southern subpopulations in Albania and Macedonia are smaller (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2011). Overall, this flightless species has mainly very small and isolated subpopulations with probably no genetic exchange between them, that may become extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits mesic scrub and lush humid mountain meadows. It can also be found in forest edges on ferns and clearings. Its altitudinal range is 800 - 1,800 m.

threats:
The habitat of this species is very sensitive and prone to degradation as a result of overgrazing or direct changes on the habitat, such as conversion into farmland (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as Vulnerable on the National Red List of Macedonia (Lemmonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), and is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Carpathian Mountain Grasshopper has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 15,000 km². Its population is fragmented, but not severely. Despite the possible threat of overgrazing, a continuous decline is not inferred and the population seems to be stable. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Carpathian Mountain Grasshopper is known from the southern (Fagaras, Cibin, Cozia Mountains) and eastern (Gurghiu Mountain) Carpathians in Romania (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 15,000 km².

population:
The population trend is considered to be stable. Subpopulations are small and fragmented, but the population is not severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species occurs in bushes of Rubus idaeus and Juniperus sp., as well as in associations of Vaccinium myrtillus (Kis 1962). Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,900 m.

threats:
A possible threat to the species is overgrazing, which can lead to habitat degradation and the decline of the population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Cheating Mountain Grasshopper (Odontopodisma decipiens) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, reaching northern Italy and southern Switzerland in the northwest. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has large subpopulations, and the population trend seems to be stable, although local threats (abandonment, wildfires) have been reported.

range:
The Cheating Mountain Grasshopper occurs from southern Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and the Ukraine (Chobanov 2009, Braun and Lederer 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 1 million km².

population:
This species has declined in the past in Austria, but at present the population is probably stable (T. Zuna-Kratky persc. comm. 2015). It is rare in northern Hungary (Nagy and Kisfali 2007), Slovakia (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015) and Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015), but common in northwest Croatia (Nagy 2006) and southern Hungary (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are usually not large, but sometimes can be numerous (D. Chobanov and C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Even though the species is flightless, the population is not considered severely fragmented (A. Kristin, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the species is assumed to have a stable population trend (A. Kristin, G. Puskás, T. Zuna-Kratky and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in shrubland (Baur et al. 2006), particularly on Rubus spp. bushes (Nagy et al. 2010). It has been reported from forest edges, railroad embankments and other fringe habitats, where it is found on Alnus glutinosa or Filipendula ulmaria (Zechner et al. 2005), and has also been found in mesic to dry grassland habitats (Nagy 2006).

threats:
Threats to this species could include afforestation and loss of natural forest edges due to agricultural land use (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), abandonment of grazing, and urbanisation (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, increasing frequency of wildfires may also threaten this species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In the Carpathian mountains it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014), and in Austria as Near Threatened (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its population trend and threats is required.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Buzzetti, F.M., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G. & Vedenina, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Even though this species is assumed to have a stable population, the Istrian Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km², its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km² in Europe and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28 and its population is severely fragmented. Therefore, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.

range:
This Istrian Mountain Grasshopper occurs along the western Dinaric Mountains from Dinara Mt. to Ucka and Cicarija in Croatia (including Krk Island), the karstic regions with Mediterranean influence in Slovenia and northeastern Italy (Harz 1975, Massa et al. 2012, G. Szovenyi, J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km².

population:
This species is locally abundant and its population trend is considered to be stable. However, the majority of subpopulations are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species inhabits scrubs of Rubus spp. and other tall bushes in forest clearings and alongside roads. It is also found in open grasslands in mountainous areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species is the degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing, wood logging and forest fires. The subpopulation in Krk island inhabits polluted areas, but the species seems to be resistant to it.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The population of the Romanian Mountain Grasshopper is severely fragmented, but the species has a large extent of occurrence (c. 125,000 km²) and no declines have been observed. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Romanian Mountain Grasshopper is known from an extensive area from the southern Carpathians in Romania to southern and southeastern Bulgaria (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Chobanov 2009). Considering these records, its occurrence in western Serbia and northeastern European Turkey is expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 125,000 km².

population:
Subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Therefore, its population is considered to be severely fragmented. The population density varies, being low in the hilly belt and high in the mountains (western Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species has an altitudinal range between 100 - 2,000 m. In the lowland and hilly areas, the species is confined to forest clearings and edges, where it occurs in the scrubs of Rubus, Carpinus, Quercus, etc. Towards the upper limit of its occurrence, it inhabits open Vaccinium associations including peatbogs.

threats:
The main threats to this species are overgrazing and logging, which lead to habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The Rijeka Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to lack of information, as the species has only been recorded from its type locality. Further research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.

range:
The Rijeka Mountain Grasshopper is only known from the type locality near Rijeka (Croatia) (Harz 1975). It has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 225 km² and a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km².

habitat:
The habitat and ecological requirements of this species have not been recorded, but judging from its closest relative it likely occurs in shrublands.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed morphological and molecular comparison with O. fallax is in progress (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). Research on its the population trend, ecology and threats is needed.


