# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Turkish endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.It does not occur in the EU 27.

range:
This species is endemic to northwest Turkey from around Istanbul and it can be found in the European and Asian part of the country (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Persson 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Information on the population size and trend, actual and potential threats and conservation measures is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)There is no information on population size or trend, habitat requirements, potential and actual conservation measures for Bulgaria and European Turkey available and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. However, the plant is listed as Critically Endangered on the Bulgarian Red List which gives cause for concern.

range:
Colchicum szovitsii ssp. szovitsii ranges from eastern Bulgaria and Turkey to Turkmenistan into  the Transcaucasus, and further to Iran and Iraq. In Europe, this plant  is present in Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey (The Board of  Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Colchicum davidovii. Under the same name it is listed in the Bulgarian Red List and classed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Information on the population size and trend as well as habitat requirements and potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Borderea chouardii is listed as Critically Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 1 km². All individuals occur in a single location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to infrastructure construction and recreational uses. Some reproductive individuals have been lost during the last decades due to public works, which implies an important impact on the conservation of this species, taking into account the huge generation length of this geophyte.

range:
Borderea chouardii is an endemic species to the Pyrenees. It is restricted to one slope in a narrow pass by the Noguera Ribagorzana river in the region of Aragón (Goñi and Guzmán 2004), this location is known as Sopeira. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 1 km².

population:
Total population is estimated in between 3,800-5,200 individuals (Alcántara et al. 2007). Research developed over more than ten years have revealed that one third of the reproductive individuals are female specimens and two thirds are male specimens. Recruitment is low but adults present a extremely high longevity, of even more than 300 years. Its population is distributed into two subpopulations.Population is considered stable but some mature individuals have been lost in the last decades due to public works.

habitat:
This geophyte grows in vertical limestone crags and overhangs facing north, usually well protected from sun exposure and affected by Mediterranean climate conditions. It shares its habitats with Potentilla caulescens, Sarcocapnos enneaphylla and Antirrhinum molle. Its secondary habitat is also found on rocky slopes, growing among Saxifragion mediae (Saxifraga longifolia, Bupleurum angulosum, Campanula hispanica).

threats:
The main threat is the degradation of its habitat, due to the extension of the road that crosses the population and by tourism and rock climbing.

conservationAction:
Borderea chouardii is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive. It is included as species "En Peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the regional Aragonese catalogue of threatened species, and a legal Recovery Plan was passed in 1994, being the first European legal plan approved for a plant. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the proposed SCI Congosto de Sopeira. Its area of distribution has been removed from the climbing guide of the surroundings of Embalse de Escales. Plantations have been introduced and seeds are stored in germplasm banks. Ex situ cultivation has been developed, as well as population reinforcement measures. These actions were unsuccessful.  Benign introduction has been developed with results a priori favourable. Population reinforcement should be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The total number of individuals is less than 700 in Spain and less than 300 in Portugal whereas in the latter only one individual is known for sure to be native. There is a continuing decline in the number of individuals and there are less than 50 specimens in each subpopulation. It survives only on ravines, cliffs and inaccessible habitats, its area of occupancy is less than 87 km², its population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals, of the extent of habitat and some subpopulations have been lost during the last three generations.

range:
Dracaena draco is widespread in cultivation and native to the Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and Cape Verde. Some authors doubt its native status in the Azores. It is also present in the southwest Atlas Mountains of Morocco, which recently has been segregated as subspecies ajgal (Bañares et al. 2004. The area of occupancy is 54 to 87 km².

population:
In the Canary Islands, it is found in Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The total population in the Canary Islands is of 697 individuals. In Tenerife populations are generally small and highly dispersed, and are all mostly located in the ancient geological areas of the mountains of Anaga, Teno and Adeje. In Gran Canaria, there is a single wild individual in the gorge of Pino Gordo (San Nicolas de Tolentino) and two  others in Meleguinas and in the ravine of Alonso (St. Bridget). #The dynamics of the populations are kept relatively stable, being observed to even have a perceptible natural regeneration in some enclaves, indicating good germination. The population recovery is slow, with the species in general behaving regressively. Many aspects of their reproductive biology is unclear, and the extreme rarity today in Gran Canaria and the absence of this species in islands such as La Gomera and La Palma is also unclear. It currently shows little or no ability to disperse over long distance (Bañares et al. 2004).In the Azores, there are still some doubts as to whether the species is native or whether the remaining trees have established in the wild after introduction by humans. There are around 200-300 individuals on the island of São Jorge (C. Aguiar pers. obs. 2010). There are apparently more individuals on Flores, Faial and Corvo but it is not known how many there are or of they can be considered native. Schäfer (2002) states that the species is rare on Flores and very rare on Faial.In Madeira, the species is often cultivated in gardens but is extinct in the wild on the island Porto Santo. On Madeira itself, one wild tree survives on a slope near the village Ribeira Brava. A second individual nearby fell over during strong storms that hit the island in February 2010. Its trunk was collected by the Botanical Garden of Madeira to attempt vegetative propagation. A third individual that existed near Ponta do Garajau in the east of Funchal fell into the sea in autumn 1982 during a storm. Another set of individuals exists near the city Funchal in the Parque Natural da Madeira, but it is strongly suspected that they have been introduced there (Constância 2005).

habitat:
Long living, this species reaches maturity in 30 years. It is a component of  Mayteno - Juniperion canariensis. It is found in rocks, cliffs, slopes of ravines, etc., coexisting with characteristic species of Rhamno-Oleetea cerasiformis and Aeonio - Euphorbion canariensis, and various elements of rock-dwelling species, mostly Soncho-Aeonion. It can be found in association with Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis, Pistacia atlantica, Olea cerasiformis, Maytenus canariensis, Heberdenia excelsa, Rhamnus crenulata, Jasminum odoratissimum, Rubia fruticosa, several taxa of Aeonium, Sonchus, Euphorbia, etc. Flowering and fruiting is generally low and irregular in their wild populations, depending on climatic and environmental factors (Bañares et al. 2004).It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests #

threats:
Fragmentation, reduced size of their populations and pressure from livestock grazing are all major problems. Furthermore, environmental factors such as storms, droughts and landslides are additional threats. Hiking, trekking and climbing are significant threats in certain areas. Proximity to inhabited areas and collection by humans are also impacting the species (Bañares et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In addition it is also protected by regional law. It is classed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii0; C2a(i) on the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008).In the Canary Islands, populations are included in Parque Rural Nublo (SIC), Parque Rural Anaga (SIC), Reserva Natural Integral Roques de Anaga (SIC), Reserva Natural Integral Ijuana (SIC), Interián (SIC), Parque Rural Teno (SIC), Reserva Natural Especial Bco. del Infierno (SIC), Parque Natural Corona Forestal (SIC), Monumento Natural Montaña de Tejina and  Riscos de Bajamar y Bco. de Niágara (SIC). Seeds exist in a germbank (Bañares et al. 2004).In Portugal, the seeds of the species are stored in the seed bank of the Botanic Garden of Madeira and the same garden established a reintroduction plan (Commission of the European Communities 2009). This garden is also attempting vegetative propagation of one of the storm-damaged individuals of Madeira. Ex situ populations exist in the Museu do Pico (Azores) and in Oeiras, mainland Portugal.

useAndTrade:
The species is widely cultivated in gardens. The dragon tree's blood had a wide range of uses as a medicine, for staining violins and for embalming the dead.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bellevalia dubia ssp. hackelii is endemic to south Portugal with an area of occupancy of 2,940 km². Despite its restricted range, the species is common in the Algarve. It is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Bellevalia dubia ssp. hackelii is endemic to south Portugal with an area of occupancy of 2,940 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It is a common species in the Algarve (Barrocal).

habitat:
It is found in dry and rocky sites on calcareous de-carbonated soils of the Algarve. B. dubia hackelii colonizes fissures of rocks and clearings of sclerophyllous vegetation (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the subspecies are forest planting, removal of forest undergrowth, urbanisation, communication networks, trampling, and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Bellevalia hackelii.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bellevalia webbiana is an   Italian endemic found in northeastern Tuscany and southwestern   Emilia-Romagna. Despite the relatively good conservation status of  the confirmed   localities, a decreasing trend is evident in the extent  of occurrence,   from 1,259 km² (in the period 1890-1930) to the present 467.5 km². The  generation length is assumed to be about 40  years. This implies an extent of  occurrence reduction of 62% in the last  three generations. The  area of occupancy is 68 km². Bellevalia webbiana is  threatened by loss of habitat due to changes in land use (abandonment of   cultivation, spontaneous reforestation, building and infrastructure  development). Moreover, the bulbs of Bellevalia webbiana are eaten by wild boar (Sus scrofa) and other ungulates.

range:
Bellevalia webbiana is an  Italian endemic found in northeastern Tuscany and southwestern  Emilia-Romagna. In Tuscany it is found in Firenze province in the hills  located immediately north and south of Florence and in Emilia-Romagna  it is found in the province of Ravenna in the hills near Faenza.The  Check List of the Italian Vascular Flora (Conti et al. 2005), as well  as Pignatti, 1982 reported a dubious record of this species for the  Umbria Region.Despite the relatively good conservation status of  the confirmed  localities, a decreasing trend is evident in the extent  of occurrence,  from 1,259 km² (in the period 1890-1930) to the present 467.5 km². The area of occupancy is 68 km².A  generation, on the basis of the observation of similar geophytes  cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Pisa, is assumed to be about 40  years. This implies an extent of occurrence reduction of 62% in the last  three generations.

population:
There is evidence of a reduction in the area of occupancy and the current population trend is declining. The species lacks precise population data.

habitat:
The plant grows at the margins of Quercus woods and, above all, in fields and olive groves. Bellevalia webbiana flowers in March-April, occasionally in May, and fruits in summer.

threats:
Bellevalia webbiana is threatened by loss of habitat due to changes in land use (abandonment of  cultivation, spontaneous reforestation, building and infrastructure development). Moreover, the bulbs of Bellevalia webbiana are eaten by wild boar (Sus scrofa) and other ungulates.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law at the regional level, but it is recommended that it receives national and international protection. Some habitat maintenance and protection is carried out but further action is recommended. It is present in protected areas, but these should be expanded. Ex situ conservation is also recommended. Some formal educational programmes are undertaken but these should be expanded.

useAndTrade:
There is some subsistence use of this species in horticulture and for decorative purposes. It is estimated that 1% of the total population is utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Morocco and Portugal,  where it is found in Alentejo Litoral, Estremadura, and Alto Ribatejo. The area of occupancy is 600 km² but there is no information on the population size or trend, apart from the subpopulations being severely fragmented. The main threats are use of herbicides or deep ploughing of the soil, but those threats do not affect the species severely. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern at the moment.  It is recommended to monitor the populations and to study the impact of the threats.

range:
This plant is endemic to Morocco and central and south Portugal, where it occurs in the Alentejo Litoral, Estremadura, and Alto Ribatejo (ICN 2006). The area of occupancy is 600 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend. The species seems generally not very threatened, but the subpopulations are severely fragmented (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Hyacinthoides mauritanica is a geophyte that occurs in clay or sandy soils, clearings in woodland, or on temporarily flooded land (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5140 Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub

threats:
The main threats for this species are use of herbicides and deep ploughing or removal of soil (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Hyacinthoides vicentina. It is legally protected in Portugal. It is recommended to monitor the populations, study the threats, and appropriately manage the sites (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
L. gussonei is an endemic species from Sicily. It grows in few severely fragmented populations. The biggest population holds less than 1,000 individuals but the overall population size is not known. The population is declining by greenhouse agriculture and nomadic livestock. Other threats are the sandy coast erosion and tourism infrastructure development. It is therefore classed as Endangered.The species is listed in the Habitat Directive 92/43 CEE and in the Bern Convention, but is not included in regional or national protection laws. Ex situ conservation is ensured by the collection of seeds from all the populations.

range:
This plant is a narrow endemic to the Gulf of Gela in Sicily, Italy (Pignatti 1982, Brullo et al. 2010). It occurs at four locations and has an area of occupancy of 40 km².

population:
L. gussonei was more widespread in the past in the Province of Ragusa and Caltanissetta, but after a field survey in 2008 and 2009, only seven sites have been recorded: 1. Poggio Arena (Gela); 2. Santa Lucia (Gela); 3. Biviere di Gela; 4. C.da Mignechi (Gela); 5. Passo Marinaro (Vittoria); 6. Cava Randello (Vittoria); 7. Pineta di Vittoria (Cundari et al. 2003, Brullo et al. 2010). The biggest population counts 1,000 individuals.Seeds have a high rate of germination, but a scarce dispersal ability (Brullo et al. 2010).

habitat:
It grows on sandy beaches and dunes partially protected from the action of the wind and with stabilized substrate (Brullo et al. 2010). L. gussonei characterizes the vegetation of Vulpio-Leopoldietum gussonei (order Malcolmietalia) (Brullo et al.  1974).This plant is found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6220 "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threats are posed by agriculture in greenhouses that affect the species through different ways: the habitat destruction due to greenhouse building and use of pesticides illegally discharged outside the greenhouses. Other threats are the coastline erosion that reach in some place 200 m, nomadic livestock grazing and infrastructure development for tourism (Brullo et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under the synonym Muscari gussonei on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Seeds from all the known populations have being collecting to ensure appropriate ex situ conservation of the species.

redListAssessors:
Brullo, C., Giusso del Galdo, G., Marcenò, C., Minissale, P. & Sciandrello, S.


taxonomicNotes:
In the Habitats Directive, Ornithogalum reverchonii is listed with the authority Degen & Herv.-Bass. This assessment was carried out under the assumption that this is a mistake and that the listed species refers to Ornithogalum reverchonii Lange.

redListCategoryRationale:
Ornithogalum reverchonii is listed as Least Concern for it has been reported to be locally abundant with a stable population and there are no major threats affecting its conservation.

range:
Ornithogalum reverchonii is endemic to Spain and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Andalucía it occurs in Sierras Béticas, provinces of Cádiz, Jaén y Málaga (Cabezudo et al. 2005), and in Morocco it is present in El Hajeb, where it is a rare species (Blanca et al. 2000).

population:
It has been described as locally abundant (Blanca et al. 2000), presenting a fragmented distribution (Cabezudo et al. 2005). The population has a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This geophyte occurs in humid and shady cliffs facing north and northeast, within rupicolous communities, in cracks and slopes. It propagates by seeds and by reproductive bulbs.

threats:
It does not seem to be affected by anthropogenic impacts, for it occurs in inaccessible areas. Fragmentation and the reduced area of its subpopulation seem to be the main threats affecting the species.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. The majority of subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Natural Sierra de Grazalema.

useAndTrade:
It can be used in gardening for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+B2ab(iii,v)This taxon is endemic to Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. There is no information on the population size or trend, number of locations or area of occupancy and extent of occurrence available for this species in most of its range and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. In the EU 27 member state Slovenia, this species is listed as Critically Endangered as it has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 1 km² and is found in one location only. The population is declining and there is a decline in the quality, area and extent of its habitat due to the changes in land use.

range:
This plant is endemic to the western Balkan Peninsula, and present in former Yugoslavia. It occurs in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Slovenia. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) reports the species from Croatia, however it is not listed in the Flora Croatica Database (2010). Its extent of occurrence in Slovenia is 1 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and it is only know from one location, Planinsko polje. In Bosnia, it is found around Sarajevo, Osenik near Tarčin, near Ilidža, in the velly od Koševo, near Šuica, Livno, Bastaši, Livanjsko polje; and in Herzegovina it occurs near Borak, Mostar, Domanovići, Stolac, around Trebinje, Mountains: Gljiva, Leotar, Bijela Gora, Bjelasnica; carst polje: Gatačko, Duvanjsko, Gatačko, Dabarsko, Imotsko; Buško Blato, Mostarsko blato, Blidinje jezero, Fatničko polje, around Uloško Lake, Jasenovo i Cvijan polje, Mt. Orijen: Željeva, Aranđelovo, Skočigrm etc.

population:
In Montenegro, the plant is found in several localities but the population trend is unknown. In Slovenia, there are several hundred individuals in an intermittent lake area and the populations are declining. No information is available for the populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are several thousand to ten thousand individuals in total.

habitat:
This species occurs on wet meadows in the areas of carst polje (intermittent flooded areas), and also on wet habitats on the mountains.

threats:
The main threat is the abandonment of pastures and grassland followed by natural succession of vegetation. Changes in agricultural practices especially 'improving' of grasslands (melioration, drainage) have negative impacts on the species as does the increased use of fertilisers. Development of infrastructure and urbanisation leads to further habitat degradation and loss.

conservationAction:
Scilla litardierei is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Slovenia, the single site is in a Natura 2000 area and a regional natural park. But despite that negative impacts of land owners are still affecting the plant. On the Red List of Slovenia it is listed as Vulnerable and it is protected by law. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the plant is listed as Vulnerable. Some of populations are situated within the protected area Blidinje Nature Park in Herzegovina. Information on the population size and trend, as well as potential threats is needed, especially for Montenegro.

useAndTrade:
It is potentially used as an ornamental plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Scilla lochiae is a bulbous, perennial herb native to Cyprus, where the population has been estimated to be more than 4,000 individuals throughout ten locations. Its extent of occurrence is 31 km²   but the area of occupancy is unknown. The species suffers from climate change, fruit and seed predation  by insect larvae, overcollectionk and urbanisation. Almost all population patches are included in a protected area. It has been classed as Vulnerable D2 on the Cyprus Red List, but as it is found at ten locations and as the area of occupancy is unknown, it is considered as Data Deficient for this assessment.

range:
This species native to Cyprus and confined to the area of Troodos. It can be found at ten locations, growing from 900 to 1,500 m asl altitude (Tsintides et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence was established at 31 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population of Chionodoxa lochiae has been estimated at 3,000 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007) or between 2,500 and 4,292 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population size was monitored for three consecutive years and the data indicates inter-annual population size variation but a general population trend could not be established. The minimum viable population (MVP) of the species is 250-500 mature individuals per subpopulation (Commission of the European Communities 2009). #

habitat:
Bulbous, perennial herb that can be found on organic, moist soils (Tsintides et al. 2007, Commission of the European Communities 2009). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):9530 (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines

threats:
Main pressures and threats are climate change, fruit and seed predation   by insect larvae and reduced fecundity (Commission of the European  Communities 2009). Most of the population may be also threatened, to a  small  extent, by overcollection and by intrinsic factors such as poor   reproduction and three of the ten subpopulations may be also threatened  by  habitat loss due to expansion of built-up areas (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Chionodoxa lochiae Meikle. It has been classed as Vulnerable D2 on the Cyprus Red List (Tsintides et al. 2007).Almost all population patches are included in the protected National  Forest Park (Commission of the European Communities, 2009), a proposed Natura 2000 site.

useAndTrade:
Collection has been described as a threat but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Portuguese islands Madeira, Porto Santo, and Selvagens with a total stable population of around 1,000 individuals. Threats described for this species are urbanisation, road  construction, erosion and landslides and competition with exotic and  native species. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future and it is therefore classed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Portuguese islands Madeira, Porto Santo, and Selvagens (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).

population:
The total population is around 1,000 individuals with a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests

threats:
The main threats described for this species are urbanisation, road construction, erosion and landslides and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Scilla madeirensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
The population is severely fragmented, covering a very small area that is in decline. Today, less than 600 individuals of this species are known, covering an area of less than 2 km². The three known subpopulations are small, isolated from each other, and very sensitive to human pressure.

range:
This plant is found only in the north-western part of Cyprus in three locations. Two of them are near the village of Panagia (Vouni and Aghia Moni monastery) and the third is near the Aghios Neophytos monastery.

population:
Less than 600 individuals exist in three known subpopulations.

habitat:
This geophyte grows at an altitude of 250-900 m in moist, shaded crevices and banks, often under a closed canopy of old oak trees (Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris) and shrubs (Pistacia terebinthus). This plant is a perennial which overwinters as a bulb, in which nutrients are stored for the next spring. All species in the Scilla genus are known for their toxic properties, which may cause serious digestive disorders.

threats:
The survival of this species depends on the conservation of the remaining oak forests.These have been considerably reduced by logging for timber, road construction and expansion of farmland. Large old oak trees have become rare and scattered where there used to be a closed forest cover. While S. morrisii does not seem to be declining in numbers of individuals, the extent of its habitat is decreasing due to road construction and increased agricultural land use.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is protected by the Bern Convention (ratified by the Government of Cyprus in 1988), where it is listed in Appendix I. Based on the results of a LIFE Third Countries Project, the species is also listed in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. Moreover, it is included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, which will be published by the Government of Cyprus in 2005. The EU adhesion has clearly had a positive effect on species protection as management plans are now rapidly harmonized with European law and strictly enforced.  In situ: The two sites where this species is found have been proposed by the LIFE Third Countries Project as Special Protection Areas (SPA) by the Natura 2000 Network.  Ex situ: Small numbers of seeds have been collected from the wild and stored in the seed bank of the Department of Botany at the University of Athens.  Actions Needed In situ: The Government of Cyprus should inform landowners of the presence of this rare taxon on their property, and prohibit any action that could threaten these populations.  Ex situ: Seeds representative of the genotype of this species need to be collected and stored in several seedbanks. This species should also be grown in botanical gardens.


taxonomicNotes:
There are taxonomic doubts about this species, which may well be not considered in the Flora Iberica (R. Almeida pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Scilla odorata is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is mainly found along Portugal's west coast, but has also been reported from Extremadura in Spain. There is no information on population size or trend available, but threats to the species are present. More information on the populations and how they are affected by the threats is needed and the species is therefore classed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it occurs mainly along the west coast of Portugal (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). Its area of occupancy in Portugal is 1,600 km²   and the species has been reported to be in expansion (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species was reported from Andalucia in Spain but has not been found there for several years. It was recently reported from Extremadura (S. Talavera pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
This species occurs in sandy areas close to the coast, preferebly where there is certain humidity and low sunlight intensity. It occurs in habitats such as scrublands and coastal dune woods. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster

threats:
In Portugal, # main threats to the species are urbanisation, roads, pollution, golf courses and trampling (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Information on the population size and trend is needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Scilla beirana, thought to be endemic to Portugal and listed in the Habitats Directive under this name, is now included in Scilla ramburei which has a more widespread distribution (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Scilla ramburei is endemic to Portugal and Morocco. The area of occupancy in Portugal is below 500 km² but there is no information on size or trend of the populations available, or whether they are affected by any threats. More research is needed for this species and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This plant is a western Mediterranean endemic, native to Portugal and Morocco (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). Its area of occupancy in northern Portugal is around 500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its occurrence in Spain has not been confirmed and was probably reported in error.

habitat:
This species occurs in humid grasslands (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There is no information on potential threats available.

conservationAction:
This plant is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Scilla beirana. Information on the population size and trend as well as potential threats is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Crocus cyprius is endemic to Cyprus with a population of more than 10,000 individuals throughout three locations, with an extent of occurrence of 23 km². Localised trampling and construction works have affected some  population patches, but these activities can be controlled and all sites are protected. Natural  fire, climate change and military constructions remain to be potential threats to this species and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Crocus cyprius is an endemic species to Cyprus, growing from 1,050 to 1,950 m asl altitude. It can be found at three locations: the Troodos National Forest Park, where it is relatively common,on a smaller area near Kyperounta and in pine forest openings in Kionia. Its geographical range is 23 km² (Tsintides et al. 2007, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are three subpopulations of the species, the largest and most extended includes more than 10,000 individuals at many patches in Troodos NFP. The minimum viable population (MVP) of the species is 250-500 mature individuals per subpopulation (Tsintides et al. 2007; Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Crocus cyprius is a perennial herb, 5-10 cm high. It can be found mainly in small openings in large forested areas and although the forests are mapped the openings are not. It is a dynamic habitat and the determination of its trends requires specific monitoring (Tsintides et al. 2007, Commission of the European Communities 2009).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6460 Peat grasslands of Troodos9530 (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines9560 Endemic forests with Juniperus spp.

threats:
Localised trampling and construction works have affected negatively some population patches, but these activities can be controlled. Natural fire has been described as a threat for this species. Other threats are climate change and military constructions (Tsintides et al. 2007, Commission of the European Communities, 2009).

conservationAction:
Crocus cyprius is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Information about the species ecology   is needed (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). All subpopulations are found in state forests, proposed Natura 2000 sites and the species is classed as Vulnerable D2 on the national red list (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Crocus etruscus is an Italian endemic that is found in central-southern Tuscany. It has an extent of occurrence of 1,892 km² and an area of occupancy of 120 km². The species occurs in isolated subpopulation nuclei but the populations are stable. However, the plant is potentially threatened by habitat degradation, predation by wild boar, and small-scale wood plantations. Crocus etruscus is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1a+2a.

range:
This Italian endemic is found in central-southern Tuscany, in the provinces of Grosseto, Livorno, Pisa and Siena. The major localities where the species is found are Monte Calvi (Livorno), Monte Leoni (Grosseto), Monte Amiata (Grosseto) and Massa Marittima (Grosseto). The species records for Isola d'Elba (Tuscany) and Emilia-Romagna are wrong and refer to C. ilvensis (Peruzzi and Carta 2011).Crocus etruscus has an extent of occurrence of 1,892 km² and an area of occupancy of 120 km².

population:
The mean density of the individuals is about 10 individuals/m² and they occur in isolated subpopulation nuclei. The populations are stable.

habitat:
The plant, which flowers from February until April, grows mostly in Querco robori-Fagetea sylvaticae and Quercetea ilicis woods. It occurs also in woods dominated by Castanea sativa.

threats:
The plant is potentially threatened by habitat degeneration and reduction and by predation by wild boar (Sus scrofa). Small-scale wood plantations may threaten this plant in the future.

conservationAction:
Crocus etruscus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The species is protected by law at the national and sub-national level. Research is being carried out into the taxonomy, population numbers and range, habitat status and threats. It is recommended that further research is carried out in these areas, together with a monitoring programme.


redListCategoryRationale:
Crocus hartmannianus is endemic species to Cyprus. Its geographical range is 82 km² (Commission  of the European Communities 2009). And it is found at three to four locations with a population of more than 6,000 individuals. Quarrying activities and natural fires are the main threats to this species and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Crocus hartmannianus is an endemic species to Cyprus. Its geographical range is 82 km² (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). The species occurs within the Machairas National Forest Park and at Pentadaktylos forest (Tsintides et al. 2007). The small colony recorded from a forest station in the Troodos  National Forest Park in 1991, was verified in 2008 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There are four confirmed locations, hosting a population of c. 6,000 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007). The minimum viable population (MVP) of the species is 250-500 mature individuals per subpopulation. There is no information about long term population trends available (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This perennial herb of up to 15 cm high that occurs on stony ground on igneous or limestone substrate under Pinus brutia forests in the Habitats Directive listed habitat type 9540: Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines (Commission of the European Communities 2009).The habitat of the species is mainly small openings in large forested  areas and although the forests are mapped the openings are not. It is a  dynamic habitat and the determination of its trends require specific  monitoring. Data on breeding system, seedling survivorship and seed  duration are currently lacking   (Commission of the European  Communities 2009).

threats:
One of the subpopulations is threatened by quarrying activities. This threat is expected to continue affecting the species if the license of an adjacent currently non-operating quarry, is renewed (Tsintides et al. 2007). Natural fires   have been also described as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Crocus hartmannianus is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the red list of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007)Machairas National Forest Park, where two locations are located, is a proposed Natura 2000 site. The third location is on a state forest selected for inclusion in this network (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Gladiolus palustris is a European endemic that is subject to several threats to its habitat and the species directly such as the modification of cultivation practices, the management of water systems and drainage, pollution, and collection. It is classed as Data Deficient as there are declines  everywhere as evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in  several national Red List. There is no information on whether the  species has strong and abundant populations anywhere. More information  on the current population size, trend and the overall rate of decline is  needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under  Criterion A.

range:
This plant is endemic to Europe. North of the Alps, it ranges from eastern France and the Alsace, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland eastwards with fragmented patches in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. South of the Alps, it extends from the Appenines in Italy to eastern Austria and Hungary where it extends to western Bulgaria and Albania in the Balkans (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).

population:
The following population sizes have been determined in some countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Germany: 89 localities, stable trendHungary: 52,000 - 55,000 individuals, increasing trendPoland: 4-8 individuals, declining trendSlovakia: one locality, stable trendSlovenia: 7 grids, declining trendsIn Bulgaria, there are five localities with recent data from two localities and the other  three localities have no confirmed data since early 1900 because of  identification problems. In Czech Republic, there are now 323 flowering species, 98 in 2009, at one locality. The population trend is unknown. In Italy, it is found at more than 90 localities with a stable population trend.In France, it occurs at 33 localities in 24 communes with more than 25,000  individuals estimated. The species is declining because of mowing and habitat drainage. In Serbia, it is estimated to be Vulnerable (Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). In Switzerland, a slight to moderate population decline has been noted over the last 20 years.In Ukraine, only one locality was found near Dmitrivka village,  Novgorod-Siverskij district, Chernigivska region. This finding dates to 1912 and is now probably extinct. One locality of Gladiolus palustris was found in Belarus in Duroviesy village, in Mogylov region in the 19th century, and is now extinct.In Slovakia its occurrence was confirmed in only three localities on the    Záhorská nížina Lowland: in Abrod NNR, near Sološnica and between    Gbely-Adamov and Holíč. In the past the species was recorded in about   ten localities in the Záhorská nížina Lowland and on the Malé Karpaty   Mts foothills; the other localities were in central Slovakia (Pukanec,   Poľana massif, Pohronie region) and there is a dubious record from the   surroundings of Poprad. In the remaining three localities on the  Záhorská nížina Lowland approximately  1,000, 30 and three individuals  were recorded respectively. The size of subpopulations and their number have  rapidly decreased over the last decades and the species is now in  danger of extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Poland the  species was reported in 20 localities, mainly in the 19th century. Since  2000 it has been confirmed only in the locality in the Sudety Foothills  (Kaźmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001). There are now 20 individuals, with a declining trend (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2008).

habitat:
Gladiolus palustris is found in coniferous, mainly pine forests (Erico-Pinion)   (Klotz et al. 2002) and wooded wet meadows. It prefers  periodically wet meadows but is tolerant to dryness. If the habitat is  not periodically wet the populations decrease due to competition from other plants (Käsermann and Moser 1999). It grows on calcareous, moderately humic and nutrient-poorer soils. The species occurs also on steppe-character meadows and in oak groves with moor grass (Molinia) (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):62A0 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)6260 Pannonic sand steppes6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6440 Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak-sessile oak forests

threats:
The main threat is the modification of cultivation practices such as mowing, grazing, abandonment of pastoral systems, forest planting. This often leads to a change in vegetation and competition for Gladiolus palustris. The management of water systems and drainage or canalization have negative impacts and are another important threat. Conversion of its meadow habitat into arable land causes habitat loss. Collection leads to further population declines. Pollution from the use of pesticides and fertilizers as well as eutrophication affect the species. Locally, threats such as aquaculture, roads and railway lines, exist.

conservationAction:
Gladiolus palustris is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.The following national listings and conservation measures are in place:Belarus: listed as ExtinctBulgaria: Data Deficient, the two known localities with recent data are in Natura 2000 sitesCroatia: listed as Data DeficientCzech Republic: listed as Critically Endangered and protected in the strongest category, the one locality is a site of community interest and in a protected areaFrance: nationally protected, conservation actions are taking place on 12 localities (no precise data)Germany: classed as Endangered (level 2) and under national protectionHungary: classed as EndangeredItaly: it is protected at regional levelPoland: listed as Critically  Endangered and strictly protected at national level; the only population existing in Poland is situated in a nature reserve (Łąka Sulistrowicka)Switzerland: classed as Endangered; reintroductions have taken placeSlovakia: listed as Critically Endangered; the species occurs in one Natura 2000 site, covering 80% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).Ukraine: listed as Endangered #

useAndTrade:
The plants were dug up in the past for use in horticulture. The bulb was believed to provide protection against injuries and was therefore harvested which might have led to some extinctions   (Käsermann and Moser 1999).It is possible that the plant is still cut or dug up as it is a very beautiful plant.


taxonomicNotes:
It is questionable whether the species is to be treated as subspecies or is a distinct species. But it is mainly treated as subspecies. More research is recommended.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This subspecies is native to Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Belarus, Ukraine and Central and Southern European Russia. Although, it has a large distribution in Ukraine, with many localities and a stable population, there are declines in all the other countries of occurrence. Reported threats are posed by invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia, logging of forest, burning, collection of  the subspecies, and competition. The subspecies might be of Least Concern but has been assessed as Data Deficient as more information is needed to evaluate whether it belongs into a threat category. In the EU 27, it is found in the member states Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia where the populations are still declining. The area of occupancy as well as the number of localities or whether they are fragmented is not known. The subspecies is listed as Vulnerable in Hungary and Poland and Critically Endangered in Slovakia and is therefore likely to be threatened in the EU 27 region.

range:
This subspecies is native to Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Central and Southern European Russia. The species Iris aphylla has been reported from Romania, but there is no information about the presence of the subspecies hungarica.In Russia, the subspecies is found in the Briansk region where the population covers an area of 100-300 m². In Ukraine, it has a large distribution in the forest-steppe zone, in the south of deciduous and mixed forests (in Polesian lowland) and in the northern part of the steppe zone. In Hungary, it is found in the northeast. The taxon is found in one locality in northeast Poland in the Northern Podlasie Lowland (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). In Slovakia, it occurs in the Slovenský kras Karst (the Jasovská and Zádielska planina Plateaus), the Hornád Valley (from Hranovnica to Kysak), Spišská kotlina Basin (Dreveník NNR), Slánske vrchy Mts. (Fintice, Kokošovce) and hills on Východoslovenská nížina Lowland. Several localities, such as the occurrence in Burda, could not be confirmed recently (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The Hungarian populations have been estimated between 13,000 and 16,000 individuals and are slightly decreasing. In the Ukraine, the populations are found in isolated patches over a wide range; the trend is stable as there are still many localities. In Brianskaja region of Russia, the populations cover an area of 100-300 m²In Slovakia, it has been recorded in 29 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The  size of the population in Slovakia (numbering typically tens to hundreds of  individuals) as well as their number have considerably  decreased over the last decades, but the subspecies is not in danger of  extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Poland the subspecies has become extinct in more than half of its localities. The extant populations comprise from a few to 3,000 flowering shoots, but in recent years the populations have decreased (Kaźmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001).

habitat:
This geophyte is found in meadow-steppe communities and grasslands, in pine forests and oak-pine forests. It can also occur in secondary habitats such as artificial woods with Robinia pseudoacacia (plantations). It is found on sunlit limestone, andesite, basalt and melaphyre slopes and rocks from lowlands to the submontane vegetation belt (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak–sessile oak forests

threats:
Invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia is a major threat to the taxon together with general forestry management. Logging of existing forest, ploughing of the soils and then plantations is another threat as the subspecies needs light and can be outcompeted by other plants. Minor threats are burning and collection of the subspecies. For the Ukrainian steppe habitat forest plantations are the main threat. In Slovakia the subspecies is threatened by intensive use of orchards and fallows in the vineyards. The loss of suitable habitats from encroachment by woody plants or herbs has been reported as a threat from Slovakia and Poland. Locally, rock mining is a threat.

conservationAction:
Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It has been categorized as Near Threatened (NT) in Russia. In Hungary, it is included as Vulnerable in the national Red List   (Király 2007) with less than 50% of its population included in protected areas but more than 50% in Natura 2000 sites. The Ukraine does not list it as a threatened species but it is found in many protected areas there. Ex situ conservation measures are under way in the national Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv. It is included in the Red Data Book of Belarus as Endangered (Ermakova 2005), and is protected in Pripjatskij national park. It is included in the Red Book of Moldova as Vulnerable. Furthermore, it is listed in the regional Red Data Books of the Russian Federation: Republics of Chuvashia and Tatarstan, Brianskaja region. In Slovakia, it is classified as Critically Endangered and occurs in 11 Natura 2000 sites covering 77.8% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In the Polish Red Data Book (2001) and in the national Red List (2006) it is classed as Vulnerable and is protected at national level (Piekoś-Mirkowa, Mirek 2006). Some populations occur in the nature reserves and in the Biebrza National Park.

useAndTrade:
The subspecies was collected from the wild as a garden plant but still survives in some gardens. It is easy to cultivate.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iris boissieri is endemic to the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula where it has an area of occupancy of less than 10 km². The populations are small, hosting from a few individuals to isolated single individuals only. Declining trends and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been identified. The extension and quality of the habitat of the species are declining due to changes in land use such as the  abandonment of pastoral systems, recreational activities, and fires. The species itself is subject to collection. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic  to Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal (Pulgar Sañudo 2004). In Galicia, it is present in the Mountains of Xures and Santa Eufemia and in Baltar (Ourense), in the Serra do Courel (Lugo), in Montes do Pindo (A Coruña) and in Serra do Careón in the central part of the region. In the north of Portugal, it is found in mountains Serras da Peneda, Amarela e Gerês, bordering the southeast of the province of Ourense. Its total area of occupancy is believed to be lower than 10 km².

population:
Iris boissieri suffers severe fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, which is caused by climatic factors. Populations in Spain seem to have disappeared at low altitudes, especially in the environment of the Mountains of Xures, where there were some historical references. Significant declines in populations have been detected. At the sites of O Pindo and O Courel, only single individuals were found and in some years, no individuals were detected. The population integrated into the Parque Natural Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés is apparently in good condition (Pulgar Sañudo  2004). However, even those populations have very few individuals only. The population in Spain is estimated in  724 individuals   (Pulgar Sañudo 2004). In Portugal, it has been reported that there are #between 1,000 to 10,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However, observations showed that the population structure is very similar to Spain, with isolated individuals or very small groups only. The extent of the Portuguese populations is overall smaller than the populations in Spain.

habitat:
This species grows in rocky shallow soils, in crevices of big granite blocks, and in gaps of often burned areas of heath and gorse. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4030 European dry heaths8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dilleniiIt forms part of Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum aragonensis subas. pseudarrhenatheretosum longifolii. and is often accompanied by Ranunculus bupleuroides, Avenula sulcata, Erica australis and Thapsia villosa (Pulgar Sañudo 2004). #The rate of seed varies between consecutive years. There is variation in stems and flowers of this species. This variation appears associated with the success and consumption of resources during seed production from the previous year.

threats:
The main threats that may affect this species are species collection and changes in land use such as the abandonment of pastoral systems. Recreational activities and fires pose further threats. Furthermore, the populations of Serra do Courel and Pindo seem non-viable due to the low number detected (Pulgar Sañudo 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Iris boissieri is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Its populations have been integrated into the Parque Natural Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés and the SCI Ancares-Courel, Carnota-Monte Pindo, and Serra do Careón in Spain and in the National Park of Peneda-Geres in Portugal. This species is included in the Spanish Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (CR) B1b(i,ii,iv,v)c(iv)+2b(i,ii,iv,v)c(iv) (Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
The species is collected for ornamental purposes.


taxonomicNotes:
Taxonomic classification of populations from the central Ukraine and southern Russia remain to be verified (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Iris humilis is classed as Data Deficient as there are declines everywhere as evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in several national red list. There is no information on whether the species has strong and abundant populations anywhere. The main threats to the species are overgrazing as well as  the abandonment of pastoral systems, recreational  activities, forest plantations and collection  of this plant. More information on the current population size, trend and the overall rate of decline is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.

range:
Iris humilis is native to Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Russia. In Ukraine, it occurs in the forest-steppe (lesosteppe) zone and in the valley of the Siverskij Donec river penetrated in steppe zone. In Slovakia the species reaches the north western limit of its distribution area, in three localities in the Čenkovský les Forest on the Podunajská nížina Lowland (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The Hungarian populations consist of 5,000,000 to 15,000,000 inviduals; 4,000 tufts have been counted in Czech Republic (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Serbia, it is estimated to be Critically Endangered (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). In Ukraine, the population density is low with only 5-10 individuals/m². In Slovakia the individual populations number from 30 to 110 plants. Their size and  their number are more or less stabilized. Considering the small scale  occurrence on rare sand habitats, these populations are in danger of  extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
Iris humilis ssp. arenaria can be found in rock-outcrop vegetation with Festuca pallens, narrow-leaved dry grasslands, Sesleria graslands, broad-leaved dry grasslands   . In Ukraine it grows in natural and cultivated pine forests Pulsatillo-Pinetea class, in sands in Festucetea viginatae class. In Slovakia the species grows on calcareous sands, in non-forest communities or in forest stand clearings (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). #This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6260 Pannonic sand steppes91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)

threats:
The main threats to the species are overgrazing on one hand as well as the abandonment of pastoral systems which leads to the overgrowth of the habitat and increased competition for the species. Recreational activities and trampling are further threats. Forest plantations lead to habitat loss and locally, urbanisation and industrial or commercial infrastructure development affect this species. Fires and the collection of this plant have also been reported (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
This plant is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the name Iris humilis ssp. arenaria.It is included in Red Data Book of Ukraine as Vulnerable (Diduch 2009) and is protected in the national park Svjati Gory and in the protected area Chervonoberezja. In Slovakia, it is classified as Critically Endangered and all the localities are included in one Natura 2000 site (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is listed as Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000). In Hungary, it is classed as Near Threatened (Király 2007). In Serbia, it is estimated to be Critically Endangered (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it seems to be relatively widespread. However, no information on population size and trend or potential threat is available and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is native to Portugal    and Spain (Anthos 2009). The geographic range for Portugal is 8,908 km² and the area of occupancy is 2,100 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Anthos (2009) has 50 registers for this species on the Iberian Peninsula.

population:
There is no population data available for Portugal or Spain.

habitat:
This species can be found in calcareous and schist soils, exceptionally in granites, mainly in dry, warm and rocky places. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements

threats:
There is no information on threats available.

conservationAction:
Iris lusitanica is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Information on population size and trend as well as potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Iris marsica is endemic to Italy and found in the provinces of Abruzzo and Molise. It covers a geographic range of 4,083 km²   but it is not clear how that transfers into extent of occurrence or area of occupancy. This species has been recorded in 12 localities with a stable population trend. The main threat is collection of the species. As it is not clear how this described threat affects the populations, this species is classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Italy and found in the provinces of Abruzzo and Molise. Iris marsica covers a geographic range of 4,083 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in 12 localities with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Its collection has been described as an important threat for this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Iris marsica is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

useAndTrade:
This plant might be collected for ornamental purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria conica is known from only four locations and has an estimated total population of less than 1,200 individuals; the largest subpopulation is currently being grazed by wild goats and sheep therefore declining in mature individuals. One small subpopulation occurs within a protected area, however this is a small proportion of the total estimated range size of 400 km2. Currently assessed as Endangered, and it is hoped that ongoing conservation research and practice will see an improvement in the future for this species.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece in the south and southwest of Peloponnisos. Four locations (four subpopulations) are known: Agios Nikolaos hill between the towns of Pylos and  Methoni, Sapientza islet off Methoni, Kalathi Mt (east of Kalamata city )  near Perivolakia village and near Dimiovi Monastery. The extent of occurrence is estimated at 400 km2 and area of occupancy is 12-16 km2.

population:
The largest subpopulation at Agios Nikolaos hill consists of less than 1,000 mature individuals growing under spiny shrubs and are protected by overgrazing. On Sapientza islet, it grows scattered in shrub openings. In 1991, 200 individuals were counted but in 2004 and 2006 there were just 10 individuals, only two of them with intact flower stalks. The subpopulation near Perivolakia village consists of 15 individuals and the one near Dimiovi Monastery consists of 150 individuals.  #At higher altitudes (above 800 m) of Kalathi Mt there is a hybrid population Fritillaria conica x F. graeca which consists of 150 individuals.

habitat:
It grows on rocky, calcareous hills by the sea covered with shrubs, where Quercus coccifera, Pistacia lentiscus and Phlomis fruticosa predominate at an altitude of 400 m asl. On Sapientza island, it is found in clearings of Quercus coccifera forest   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Overgrazing constitutes a significant stress for the subpopulation of Agios Nikolaos because flowering stalks are consumed and as a result seed set and reproduction from seed # are limited. Besides, vegetative reproduction from bulbs is very slow. This has caused significant population size reduction during the period of 20 years that the population has been monitored.   Sapientza islet is currently used as a controlled hunting area and approximately 500 wild goats (Capra aegagrus cretica) and more than 600 wild sheep (mouflon) have been imported since the early 1990s. This has led to significant reduction in the population size of the plant.

conservationAction:
Fritillaria conica is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and included in the Red Data Book as Endangered (Kamari and Phitos in: Phitos et al. 2009).  The subpopulations at Sapientza and near Dimiovi monastery are within the NATURA 2000 sites GR2550003 and GR2550006, respectively. The plant is cultivated at the Botanical Garden of the University of Patras and at Ioulia   Alexandros Diomidis Botanical Garden in Athens.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available regarding the use and trade.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria drenovskii has an estimated area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and is found at less than ten locations. The major threat to this species are grazing and changes in grazing pressure (succession). It is experiencing a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to succession. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
Fritillaria drenovskii is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Bulgaria, the species is present on two localities in  the southwestern part of the country, close to the Greek border: Slavyanka (Orvillos in Greek) and South Piriu mountains. In Greece, it has been found in Pangeon, Menikion, Orvilos and Falakron mountains in the northeastern part of the country (Kamari 1991). In Bulgaria, the area of occupancy is less than 10 km² and overall, it is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
In Bulgaria, the subpopulations are small and consist of small groups or few individuals but those populations are at the edge of the species' distribution range. There might be a slight population decrease in some areas of its range due to changes in grazing and succession. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species can be found on dry rocky places in montane and subalpine meadows, between 1,000-1,850 m asl, on limestone or schist. It is a perennial herb, flowering in May and June.

threats:
Changes in the intensity and frequency of grazing leads to succession and increases the competition for this species. Trampling by livestock is a further threat.

conservationAction:
Fritillaria drenovskii is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Greece, it is found in four Natura 2000 sites, but not protected under the law or in included in the national red data book. In Bulgaria, it is protected and in nature reserves and Natura 2000 sites. It is included in the Bulgarian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iii,v) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is recommended to further study the population size and trend and biology of the species, as well as to monitor the existing populations. Collecting of seeds for ex situ conservation is recommended for Bulgaria. In Greece, there are some genetic studies underway.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria epirotica is assessed as Endangered due to its low number of mature individuals (less than 1,000 are known), and each subpopulation is thought to have less than 100 mature individuals. The threat of grazing across its total range of 1,000 km² is causing a decline, and will continue to do so, despite some of the species range being within a protected area.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It has been reported to be present in Katara Pass, Metsovon, Milea, Smolikas (summit area, Vouzion, west of Samarina) and Bouchetsi, in the northern part of the Pindhos mountain range (Kamari 1991). # F. epirotica has an extent of occurrence estimated to be 1,000 km².

population:
Total number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 1,000. Subpopulations are scattered and small, nearly all of them must be smaller than 100 individuals.

habitat:
The species can be found on mobile screes and rocky places on serpentine, usually at high altitudes between 1,600 and 2,600 m, and occasionally in openings of Pinus or Quercus forest down to 1,050 m. It flowers in May and June.

threats:
The main threat for the plant throughout its distribution area is overgrazing which causes population decline. Flower stalks are consumed and seed set is very limited at all locations except from Katara Pass where sheep and goat herds are moved after the completion of fruiting at the end of May.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. Part of the population of the plant is included in the sites GR2130002 and GR2130006 and it is included in the Red Data Book as Endangered (Kamari and Phitos in: Phitos et al. 2009).Attempted cultivation at the Botanical Garden of the University of Patras was not successful.

useAndTrade:
No information available regarding use and trade of F. epirotica.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria euboeica is endemic to Greece and its main area of distribution is Evvoia Island. The plant has also been found at one disjunct location  in north Greece, on Mt. Athos, but this location has  not been confirmed recently. The extent of occurrence is c. 500 km² and the area of occupancy is 20-24 km². There  are six subpopulations and locations, including the location on Mt.  Athos and each of the subpopulations in Evvoia Island includes 100-200 individuals. Based on the above, the total population  of Fritillaria euboeica must be between 500 and 1,000 individuals. The plant is threatened by frequent fires, overgrazing and the subpopulation at Politika is  threatened by housing and tourism development. Global warming might affect this species in the future. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. It could potentially qualify for Endangered if the site at Mt Athos is not found again or if a population decline would be documented.

range:
Fritillaria euboeica is endemic to Greece (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The main area of distribution is Evvoia Island: Dirfys Mt (three closely situated localities), Kantili Mt, Pyxaria Mt and Xiron Mt, near Politika village. The plant has also been found at one disjunct location in north Greece, on Athos Mt, but there has been only one collection and the location has not been confirmed recently.The extent of occurrence is c. 500 km². The location on Athos is considered as disjunct and the area between Evvoia Island and Athos Mt is considered as a discontinuity in the distribution of the plant based on its dispersal attributes and habitat. The area of occupancy is 20-24 km² (using the 2x2 km grid and including the location at Mt. Athos).

population:
There are six subpopulations and locations, including the location on Mt. Athos. Each subpopulation includes 100-200 individuals, with the exception of the subpopulation on Mt. Athos which has not been found recently. This number is considered lower than the minimum viable population of 250 individuals. Based on the above, the total population of Fritillaria euboeica must be between 500 and 1,000 individuals and it is certainly lower than 1,500 individuals. The population at Politika is being monitored and ranged between 100 and 160 individuals in three years (2009 – 2011).

habitat:
Fritillaria euboeica is found on rocky limestone screes, in open coniferous woodland and maquis (e.g. Abies cephalonica, Juniperus oxycedrus and Buxus sempervirens), abandoned olive groves and sometimes on ophiolithic substrate. It is generally found at altitudes of 700–1,700 m asl but there is one location at 100 m. Its flowering period is from February to April, depending on the altitude, and its fruiting period is from April to June. Seed germination is inhibited if temperatures are higher than 15°C, even periodically. This indicates that sexual plant reproduction may be reduced in the future due to global warming.

threats:
Frequent fires in the distribution area of Fritillaria euboeica have apparently resulted in population reduction. Overgrazing constitutes a threat at almost all the locations. The subpopulation at Politika is threatened by housing and tourism development as it grows in an abandoned olive grove which is for sale.As seed germination is inhibited if temperatures are higher than 15°C, even  periodically, this suggests that sexual plant reproduction may be  reduced in the future due to global warming.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81. Part of the population of the plant is included in three Natura 2000 sites (GR242002, GR242003, and GR1270003). Fritillaria euboeica is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995, Phitos et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
According to Kamari (1991) and Strid & Tan (1991) Fritillaria graeca&# is endemic to Greece and has 2 varieties, var. graeca and var. guicciardii (Heldr. & Sart.) Boiss. Plants from Crete belong to Fritillaria messanensis s.l. Fritillaria thessala (Boiss.) Kamari (=Fritillaria graeca Boiss. & Spruner subsp. thessala (Boiss.) Rix ) is a separate species occuring in central and northern Greece, and possibly Albania and former Jugoslavia.According to the taxonomy followed by The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010) Fritillaria graeca includes 2 subspecies: Fritillaria graeca ssp. graeca endemic to Greece and Crete and Fritillaria graeca ssp. thessala occurring in Greece, Albania and the former Jugoslavia.Regardless of the taxonomy followed Fritillaria graeca does not occur in Crete.In this assessment we have followed the taxonomy of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)There is no information on the species range in Albania and former Yugoslavia available nor on their population size and trend and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient on European level.In the EU 27, despite the lack of any documentation of population size and trends for Greece, the large number of subpopulations and locations combined with the sizeable extent of occurrence and wide niche range suggest that the species is currently of Least Concern in Greece.

range:
Fritillaria graeca has been reported to be present in Albania, Greece and the former Yugoslavia (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).The distribution of Fritillaria graeca  s.str. in Greece is Peloponnisos, the Akrokorinthos area, East and Central Sterea Ellas, various locations in the area of Attiki , Salamina Island, Elikon Mt, Kithairon Mt, Oiti Mt, Parnassos Mt, Evvoia Island, Athos peninsula, and the Kyklades Islands.In Greece F. graeca ssp. thessala is found in the following locations: East Central (Othrys), Ionian Islands (Lefkada), North Central (Boutsi, Kato Olympos, Prespes area northeast of Dikorfo), the North Pindos range, the South Pindos Range, Sterea ElladaRegardless of the taxonomy followed Fritillaria graeca does not occur in Crete.The extent of occurrence is much larger than 20,000 km².

population:
There is no estimation of the population size of either Fritillaria graeca s.str. or Fritillaria # graeca ssp. thessala. The number of locations and subpopulations of either of these taxa in Greece is much larger than ten.

habitat:
This species flowers from the end of March to mid-May according to altitude (Kamari 1991). Fritillaria graeca s.str is found on stony and rocky slopes with phrygana, maquis or in clearings of Abies or Pinus forests, usually on limestone, at altitudes from 0–2,350 m asl. Fritillaria graeca ssp. thessala inhabits rocky slopes, meadows or clearings in Abies or Pinus forests and subalpine grassland, Juniperus scrub, on limestone, sometimes on serpentine. It is found between 400–2,300 m asl.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Greece, part of the population of the plant is included in Natura 2000 sites (e.g., GR1270003, GR1340001, GR2320002, GR2320005, GR2320007, GR2320008, GR2520001, GR2530001, GR2530003, GR2530004, GR2530005, GR2550006, GR3000001, GR3000006, GR4220011).Information on the population distribution in Albania and former Yugoslavia is needed as well as the trend and size in all of its range.

useAndTrade:
Bulb collection may be a threat; there is substantial internet trade which is not always licensed.


taxonomicNotes:
Fritillaria gussichiae was previously considered as a variety of F. graeca, however some put it closer to F. pontica. It is a well defined species with its flower having a distinctive shape and colour.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This plant is endemic to Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and FYR Macedonia. It does not seem common throughout its range and has a fragmented distribution. The population trend is unknown, but several threats have been described for the species such as grazing, logging of its forest habitat or change into Pinus spp. plantations, and fires. There is no information on the status of the populations in FYR Macedonia available although it is stated that the species occurs in almost all of the country. This could be an indication for a stronghold of the species but until more information becomes available, this species has to be assessed as Least Concern.In the EU 27 member states Bulgaria and Greece, this species has an area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. However, it is not known if the populations are declining or if there is a continuing decline in the quality or extent of its habitat. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula, being present in Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and FYR Macedonia. #In Serbia the species has been recorded in Mt Kozjak, Mt Krstilovica, Mt Pljačkovica, Preobraženje village near Vranje, Sobina village near Vranje and Mt Rujan. Recently, it has also been found at Preševo: Miratovac village, Bujanovac: in the surroundings of Lučane village and Vladičin Han: Balinovce village (Tomović et al. 2007). All records cited in the old literature of F. graeca in Bulgaria, Serbia and the majority in Macedonia refer to F. gussichiae.In Greece the species has a mainly north central and northeastern distribution.In Bulgaria it is found mostly in the southwestern part of the country. However, chorological differentiation between F. gussichiae and F. pontica in eastern Bulgaria is not clearly confirmed. Namely, Janev (1964) cited both species in the central and eastern part of the country, even at same localities. It seems that F. pontica has an eastern distribution in the country, while the range of # F. gussichiae covers the southwestern and south-central part of the state including the Strouma valley, Mt. Belasica, Mt Slavyanka (= Mt Ali Botush = Mt Orvilos), Mt Sredna Gora, central Rhodope, Mt Rila (probably foothill and mountain zones) and the Thracian Lowland (Petrova 2006). # # #In FYR Macedonia it is distributed in almost all parts of the country. It is recorded in Mt Ostri, Mt Kitka, the River Matka gorge, Mt Babuna, Mt Radobilj, Mt Babuna, Mt Pelister, the River Crni Dim gorge in the vicinity of village Lukovo, surrounding of Doiran Lake, etc.The area of occupancy for the EU 27 region is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2.

population:
In Serbia the species is recorded in 10 squares of 10x10 km while its area of occupancy is ten times less due to its severely fragmented population. The most abundant subpopulation does not exceed 1,000 mature individuals and the total population in Serbia is estimated to be of a few thousand mature individuals. The populations are stable. There is no population information for Greece or Bulgaria available, but the subpopulations are fragmented and it is not a common species.

habitat:
The species is found on rocky slopes in clearings of Fagus and Quercus forest, usually on limestone substrate   (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but also on siliceous and serpentine substrate. It is also found in woods and subalpine pastures. The species grows in various types of thermophilous habitats. In Bulgaria, it inhabits xerophilous pastures and rocky ground, as well as forests and scrub formations at altitudes from 300 to 1,320 m asl; only in the Rila Mts does it reach 1,800 m asl (Yanev 1964). In south Serbia, it inhabits thermophilous oak forests (ass. Quercetum frainetto-cerris, ass. Orno-Quercetum pubescentis, ass. Quercetum montanum subass. carpinetosum orientalis) and scrub communities on siliceous, serpentinite, granite, and limestone bed rocks, at altitudes between 450 m and 800 m asl. Also, it grows in a steppe-like formation of ass. Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli # (Tomović et al. 2007)

threats:
Grazing has been described as main threat   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Clear cutting of the forests which changes the habitat as well as artificial forestation with Pinus spp. leads to habitat degradation. Forest fires are a potential threat.

conservationAction:
Fritillaria gussichiae is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Greece, it is not protected but occurs in one Natura 2000 site. In Bulgaria, it is protected and classed as Near Threatened on the red list (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is included in two national park, two natural parks, one protected area and some Natura 2000 sites. The species is protected by law in Serbia but the species habitats are not situated in protected areas with the exception of the valley of the Pčinja river in southeast Serbia. It is classified as Vulnerable (Stevanović 2005-2011).Monitoring and more detailed survey of the populations is needed as well as information on population size and trend.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a long standing debate regarding the nomenclature of this particular taxon. Fritillaria montana was named from Italy in 1832 while F. orientalis and F. tenella from the Caucasus in 1805 and 1808 and furthermore, F. degeniana from Serbia in 1906. Attempts were made to differentiate F. montana and F. orientalis in the mid 1930s in the former USSR (Tomović et al. 2007). Differences between F. orientalis and F. montana are given (Tomović et al. 2007). The accepted name in France (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010) and in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Fritillaria orientalis Adams.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This European endemic extends from northeastern France to the Balkan and is relatively widespread. It seems to have stable populations in Italy and France, but is less common in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to carry out an assessment population information for all the countries within its range would be needed which is not available here. There is furthermore taxonomic debate around this taxon and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Information collected so far indicates that it could be of Least Concern.

range:
Fritillaria montana occurs in south and southeastern Europe, westwards to southeastern France (Kamari 1991).Its distribution pattern ranges from southeast France, Austria (Tirol) to Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro (doubtful but not unexpected), Serbia, Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Romania, and the European part of the Russian Federation (Tomović et al. 2007). All citation and records of F. orientalis and/or F. tenella in Europe refer to F. montana.In Serbia, it has been reported in different regions: Banat (Mt Vršački breg, Deliblatska Sands; northeast Serbia: Đerdap gorge, Ram; Šumadija: Mt Rudnik; W. Serbia: Mt Ovčar, Užice, Mt Zlatibor; SW Serbia: Prijepolje; central Serbia: Raška; southeast Serbia: Mt Rudina Planina; Kosovo and Metochia: Gnjilane, Priština, # Kosovska Mitrovica Mt Gubavac near Peć, Mt Šarplanina in the vicinity of the village Brod, Mt Ošljak (Tomović et al. 2007). It is recorded in 36 squares of 10x10 km, while its area of occupancy is several times less. In Italy, it is found in most of the regions but not on the islands, with quite a large area of occupancy.In north central Greece the species is found in the Prespes area (three to four locations), Boutsi Mt, Siniatsiko Mt, Vellia Mt, Vermion Mt (two locations), Vourinos Mt (two to three locations), Voras Mt (Kajmaktsalan). # In northeastern Greece it is found west of Pilima village, Menoikion Mt, Orvilos Mt and also in the North Pindos range and the Katara Pass (this record needs confirmation). In Greece it has an extent of occurrence of c. 20,000 km² and it has an area of occupancy of at least 70–80 km² (based on a 2x2 km grid).In Bosnia, there are records from the mountains Vlašić, Treskavica, Trebiševo polje, and in Herzegovina, it occurs on Mt. Velež, Porim near Rujište, around Gacko.

population:
In France, there is one locality with several hundreds of individuals, and it is apparently stable. In Italy the species is stable but severely fragmented. The plant is found at 14–20 locations in Greece, but there is no estimation of the population size or trend. The  extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are rather restricted in Greece (within the limits of  criterion B) but there are no data on population size or trends or  threats which would determine whether the plant should be classified in  one of the threat categories. Confirmed records of the species in Greece  are since the 1940s, the 1970s and the 1980s but it was recently  collected on Mitsikeli.In Serbia approximately 50% of the localities are checked in the field, the rest are herbarium data. The richest subpopulation is estimated to be less than 2,000 mature individuals. There is no information available for the other countries in its range.

habitat:
The species is found in different habitats ranging from scrub communities and rocky places in openings of deciduous and Fagus forest to limestone substrate up to 1,800 m asl. It is also reported to grow in montane and subalpine regions. It has been reported that this plant in particular can mix with various types of plant communities.In Greece the species is found on rocky slopes with scrub of Buxus and Juniperus or rocky places in openings of beech and deciduous oak forest, on limestone or ophiolithic substrate. It flowers in late April and May (Kamari 1991). In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is found in subalpine grasslands.In Serbia it inhabits various types of thermophilous (Carpino orientalis-Quercetum pubescentis. Ostryo-Carpinetum orientalis, # Carpinetum orientalis, Quercetum pubescentis, Orno-Ostryetum), meso-thermophilous (Querco-Tilietum tomentosae; # Orno-Quercetum petreae, Rusco-Carpinetum , Monspessulo-Coryletum colurnae, Quercetum pubescenti-cerris, Orno-Quercetum petreae serpentinicum), mesophilous beech forests (Fagetum montanum, Ostryo-Fagetum) and shrubs or sibljak vegetation (Syringo-Carpinetum orientalis), as well as xerophilous grasslands (Festuco duriusculae-Euphorbietum glabriflorae, # Fritillario-Seslerietum rigidae, # Teucrio-Artemisietum camphorata) on limestone, ophiolithic, siliceous and sandy soils.

threats:
The collection of the species or the bulb is a threat in at least Greece, France, and Serbia. Spreading urbanisation and road construction is furthermore affecting the species. Changes in native species dynamics as a result of changes in agricultural practices, transform the habitat and increase competition for F. montana. Conifer plantations is another cause of habitat loss.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, it is protected at the national level. In Italy, collection is banned in some regions and it is partially included in Natura 2000 sites. In  Greece, part of the population of the plant is included in Natura 2000  sites (e.g., GR1210001, GR1260004, GR1250005, GR1320002, GR1330001,  GR1330002, GR2130006, GR2130008).In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is Rare (Šilić 1996). The plant is categorised as Vulnerable for part of the range in Serbia. It is protected by law and a few subpopulations are situated in protected areas and Important Plant Areas.It is not on the red lists of Croatia and Bulgaria.It is recommended to collect population information for all of its range and to put harvesting controls in place. Further clarification of the taxonomy is also needed.

useAndTrade:
The plant is threatened by collection in Serbia, and possibly in France also. Bulb collection may be a threat in Greece as there is substantial internet trade which is not always licensed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria obliqua is a Greek endemic that has a restricted distribution and an area of occupancy of not more than 86 km². The population is declining and many of the subpopulations have less than the minimum viable  population of 250 individuals. Thus > 50% of the total area of  occupancy of the plant is made up of small isolated patches with a small  number of plants and the population can be considered as severely  fragmented. Urbanisation, grazing, fires, and collection are the main threats to the species that lead to a continuing decline in extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. obliqua is endemic to Greece and it occurs in Attiki (Parnitha Mt, Penteli Mt, Schinias-Marathonas area, Merenta Mt, Tourkovounia hill) and Evvoia Island (Octhonia Mt, Olympos Mt). It has an extent of occurrence of 1,600 km² and an area of occupancy of 40-50 km² (based on a 2x2 km grid).The subspecies tuntasia is found in the west Kyklades Islands (Kythnos, Piperi islet off Kythnos, Gyaros, Serifos and Folegandros). However, the presence of the plant on Folegandros and Kythnos requires confirmation. The plant is also reported from Kea but it may have been confused with Fritillaria graeca.The extent of occurrence of the subspecies  tuntasia is 1,000-3,000 km² if the sea between all the islands is included and depending on whether the unconfirmed references on Piperi and Folegandros are included; the islands themselves have a total area of 191–223 km². The area of occupancy is 28-36 km², depending on whether the unconfirmed references on Piperi and Folegandros are included (2x2 km grid).Overall the extent of occurrence of Fritillaria obliqua is expected to be less than 20,000 km².

population:
The population of Fritillaria obliqua has been estimated at 1,500 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).The following populations of Fritillaria obliqua ssp. obliqua are present in Greece:Parnitha Mt (4 locations): Paliomilesi site (100 individuals), Mola plateau (no data), Beletsi peak (200 individuals), Strongyli peak # (250 individuals)Penteli Mt (2-4 locations): no population dataSchinias-Marathonas area (4 locations, 2-3 subpopulations): Kynosoura peninsula (c. 3,000 individuals and the largest subpopulation but there are fluctuations depending on meteorological conditions), Drakonera area (50 – 100 individuals), Agia Marina area (50 – 100 individuals), Grammatiko area (50 – 100 individuals)Tourkovounia hill (1 location, 1 subpopulation): habitation area G. Papandreou (200 individuals in 2007), Paleo Psychiko area (200 individuals before 1980, six isolated individuals after 2000). The species was described from the area of Tourkovounia hill in the 19th century at a locality where it is now extinct due to the expansion of urban settlements. This indicates that the species had been much more widespread in Attiki in areas now urbanised.Merenta mountain (1 location, 1 subpopulation): the species was collected there once in the 1980s and there is no recent data on the population (confusion with Fritillaria graeca is possible in this area).Octhonia Mt (1 location, 1 subpopulation): 250 individuals in 2008 (but some of them are morphologically close to F. obliqua ssp. tuntasia).Olympos Mt&# (1 location, 1 subpopulation): one collection in 1984, no population data; the area was burned recently.The current total population size is certainly lower than 10,000 individuals. Most of the subpopulations include 100–250 individuals and this number is considered lower than the minimum viable population of 250 individuals. Thus > 50% of the total area of occupancy of the plant includes small isolated patches with a small number of plants and the population can be considered as severely fragmented.The species was certainly more widespread in Attiki 100 years ago. The area of occupancy and the total population size have been reduced due to land use changes during this period; however this reduction cannot be quantified. Further loss of habitat and area of occupancy are almost certain for the locations of Tourkovounia and Drakonera and probable for the locations of Agia Marina, Grammatiko, Parnitha, Merenta and Penteli.Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia has been reported at the following locations:Kythnos (three locations): over Merichas village and near Chora (5-10 individuals in fruit at both locations); Kastro tis Orias (two individuals in fruit).Serifos (three locations): west central part (200 individuals), north part (25 individuals), central part (20 individuals)Gyaros (one location): central part (15 individuals)There is no population data for Folegandros and Piperi islet but it is almost certain that these subpopulations are small too.The current total population size is certainly no more than 1,000 individuals. All of the known subpopulations include less than 200 individuals and this number is considered lower than the minimum viable population of 250 individuals. Thus > 50 % of the total area of occupancy of the plant includes small isolated patches with a small number of plants and the population can be considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. obliqua occupies rocky or stony sites with open shrubland on limestone at an altitude of 20-800 m asl. It grows in Juniperus phoenicea or Euphorbia dendroides shrubland, at the margins or clearings of Pinus halepensis forest or Pistacia lentiscus-Quercus coccifera maquis, in phrygana and garrigue. The species prefers clearings, but it often grows in the shade of high shrubs.Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is found in rocky and stony places with phrygana or thin shrub, on various substrates (e.g. limestone, granite) but mainly on schist.

threats:
All the subpopulations of Fritillaria obliqua ssp. obliqua in Schinias-Marathonas, except the one on the Kynosoura peninsula, are threatened by urban development. This is particularly acute for the subpopulation at Drakonera which grows on undeveloped land patches between houses and has suffered severe reduction during the last 30 years.The subpopulation at Tourkovounia has also suffered severe reduction during the last 100 years and especially during the last 35 years; the surviving plants are imminently threatened by urban development. The locations of Parnitha, except for the Mola plateau which is within the National Forest Park of Parnitha, are threatened by housing development (part of the subpopulation at Beletsi peak was destroyed by building).Grazing is a threat at Agia Marina and Grammatiko, at part of the Kynosoura peninsula and possibly at Mt. Penteli. Grazing causes a decline in the sexual reproduction of the plant. Grazing is a threat at all the locations of the subspecies tuntasia.Although the plant is a geophyte, wild fire is probably a threat at Agia Marina, Grammatiko, Penteli Mt, Parnitha Mt and Merenta Mt. Bulb collection may be a further threat.

conservationAction:
Fritillaria obliqua is listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and it is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Fritillaria tuntasia is also included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention as a synonym.Fritillaria obliqua ssp. obliqua is protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81. The locations of Parnitha are included in the National Forest Park of Parnitha and in the Natura 2000 site GR300001; the locations of Kynosoura and Drakonera are included in the Natura 2000 site GR300003. It is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995, 2009).Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is also protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81. The location Kastro tis Orias (Kythnos) is included in the Natura 2000 site GR422010 and the locations at central Serifos are included in the Natura 2000 site GR422009. The subspecies is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Bulb collection may be a threat - there is substantial internet trade which is not always licensed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is  found in the west Kyklades Islands. The extent of occurrence is less than 3,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 28-36 km². The  current total population size is certainly no more than 1,000  individuals and all of the known subpopulations include less than 200  individuals which is considered lower than the minimum viable  population of 250 individuals. Thus > 50 % of the total area of  occupancy of the plant includes small isolated patches with a small  number of plants and the population can be considered as severely  fragmented. All the subpopulations are threatened by grazing however a population decline is not documented. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable, but could potentially qualify for Endangered B1ab(v)+B2ab(v); C2a(i) if the suspected population decline due to grazing was documented.

range:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is found in the west Kyklades Islands (Kythnos, Piperi islet off Kythnos, Gyaros, Serifos and Folegandros). However, the presence of the plant on Folegandros and Kythnos requires confirmation. The plant is also reported from Kea but it may have been confused with Fritillaria graeca.The extent of occurrence of the subspecies is 1,000-3,000 km² if the sea between all the islands is included and depending on whether the unconfirmed references on Piperi and Folegandros are included; the islands themselves have a total area of 191–223 km². The area of occupancy is 28-36 km², depending on whether the unconfirmed references on Piperi and Folegandros are included (2x2 km grid).

population:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia has been reported at the following locations:Kythnos (three locations): over Merichas village and near Chora (5-10 individuals in fruit at both locations); Kastro tis Orias (two individuals in fruit).Serifos (three locations): west central part (200 individuals), north part (25 individuals), central part (20 individuals)Gyaros (one location): central part (15 individuals)There is no population data for Folegandros and Piperi islet but it is almost certain that these subpopulations are small too.The current total population size is certainly no more than 1,000 individuals. All of the known subpopulations include less than 200 individuals and this number is considered lower than the minimum viable population of 250 individuals. Thus > 50 % of the total area of occupancy of the plant includes small isolated patches with a small number of plants and the population can be considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is found in rocky and stony places with phrygana or thin shrub, on various substrates (e.g. limestone, granite) but mainly on schist.

threats:
Grazing, which causes a decline in the sexual reproduction of the plant, is a threat at all the locations of the subspecies tuntasia.

conservationAction:
It is listed under the name Fritillaria tuntasia in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Fritillaria obliqua ssp. tuntasia is protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81. The location Kastro tis Orias (Kythnos) is included in the Natura 2000 site GR422010 and the locations at central Serifos are included in the Natura 2000 site GR422009. The subspecies is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Fritillaria rhodokanakis hybridizes with Fritillaria spetsiotica in the south part of Argolida up to Poros island and with Fritillaria graeca at the north part of Argolida and at Korinthia. As a result, throughout its distribution on mainland Peloponnisos where it forms scattered, small population patches, F. rhodokanakis has variable populations with morphological characters intermediate between the different species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Fritillaria rhodokanakis is endemic to Greece and has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of less than 100 km². It is found at three locations and the total population size has been estimated at 500 individuals. Fritillaria rhodokanakis forms  genetically pure populations only on Ydra Island and on the islets  between Ydra-Argolida. It hybridizes with Fritillaria spetsiotica in the south part of Argolida up to Poros island and with Fritillaria graeca  in the north part of Argolida and at Korinthia. As a result, throughout  its distribution on mainland Peloponnisos where it forms scattered,  small population patches, F. rhodokanakis has variable populations with morphological characteristics intermediate between the different species and hybridization is probably the main threat for the species. Therefore, a continuing decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of subpopulations and mature individuals is noted. Moreover, a decline of habitat quality can be observed due to tourism and urbanisation development and grazing. Bulb collection is a further threat. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece and found in the Peloponnisos. Pure populations are found on Ydra Island and the islets between Ydra-Argolida district (e.g. Dokos, Petrothalassa) and hybrid populations are found in the Argolida district (from Ermioni village to Poros island) and the Korinthia district (north to Sofiko village).The total extent of occurrence is c. 1,400 km² and the extent of occurrence of the pure populations is less than 100 km². The area of occupancy is smaller than 100 km².

population:
The population has been estimated at 500 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Fritillaria rhodokanakis forms genetically pure populations only on Ydra Island and on the islets between Ydra-Argolida. On Ydra it has been found at two locations (1-2 subpopulations). On Dokos islet there is a small subpopulation of c. 20 individuals.Fritillaria rhodokanakis hybridizes with Fritillaria spetsiotica in the south part of Argolida up to Poros island and with Fritillaria graeca in the north part of Argolida and at Korinthia. As a result, throughout its distribution on mainland Peloponnisos where it forms scattered, small population patches, F. rhodokanakis has variable populations with morphological characteristics intermediate between the different species.Based on some of these hybrids, Zacharof (1987), mistakenly declared the existence of a new subspecies F. rhodokanakis ssp. argolica   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
The species is found in rocky limestone areas with phrygana or low maquis and clearings of Pinus halepensis forest, at the edge of vineyards; it is usually in open vegetation but often under shrubs. It is found at altitudes of 10–500 m asl over its total distribution area and at 10–100 m asl in Ydra Island and the islets between the Ydra-Argolida district.

threats:
Hybridization is probably the main threat for the species, since pure populations are restricted to Ydra Island and islets.Tourism and habitation activities constitute a threat for all the locations of the plant in Argolida and Korinthia and are even more intense on Ydra Island. The populations in Argolida and Korinthia are also threatened by grazing.Bulb collection is a threat.

conservationAction:
Fritillaria rhodocanakis is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by Presidential Decree 67/81.

useAndTrade:
Bulb collection is a threat since bulbs of the pure as well as of the hybrid populations are widely cultivated and also sold on the internet.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This plant is found in Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia. It is threatened by collection and succession due to changes  in land management. As information on the number of locations, area of occupancy, population trend and status of the Romanian populations is missing, this species is assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This plant is found in Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia.In Bulgaria, it is found in the Stara Planina mountain chain, Znepolla region, Ossogovo mountains, Vitosha mountain, Rila mountain, and Pirin mountain. In Serbia it also occurs in the Mt Stara Planina (western part of the mountain chain, in several localities), Mt Suva planina, Mt Vidlič, Mt Basara, Vlasina mountain plateau, Mt Vardenik and Mt Besna Kobila.

population:
In Bulgaria there is no population data available, but there a several localities with dispersed individuals.In Serbia it is recorded in 15 squares of 10x10 km, giving an area of occupancy of 1,500 km². However the subpopulations are severely fragmented and small in size, typically between 50 and 500 per locality.There is no information on the Romanian populations available.

habitat:
The species is found in the subalpine belt in communities of Pinus mugo and Juniperus sibirica and montane and alpine grasslands from 1,000-2,500 m asl.

threats:
The species is threatened by collection, which was more intensive in the past, and changes in habitat caused by plant succession due to changes in management. Infrastructural activities and skiing tracks also affect this plant.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Bulgaria it is classed as Near Threatened and is protected. It is found in three national and two natural parks, in nature reserves and almost all in Natura 2000 areas. In Serbia it is assessed as being Vulnerable (Stevanović 2005-2011). Some of the subpopulations in Serbia are situated in protected areas and  Important Plant Areas: Stara planina, Suva planina and Vlasina. The species is protected  by law. In Romania, the species is found in the Buila-Vânturarit National Park.Monitoring of the populations is required.

useAndTrade:
There is some small scale illegal collection of plants and bulbs.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its stable populations. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This species is native to France and Italy. In France, it is found in the Massif Central, Var, Basses-Alpes, and the Alpes-Maritimes. In Italy, it occurs in Liguria and has a small area of occupancy of only 32 km². The Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010) lists this species as occurring in Spain, but this seems to be a confusion with L. pyrenaicum forma rubrum.

population:
This species has been recorded in at least 20 localities in Italy (S. Peccenini pers. comm. 2010) and 152 in France (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). In France, there is only one locality in the Massif Central, all the others are more in the south.

habitat:
This species occurs in sunny rocky pastures.It is found in the following Habitats Directive habitats:6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.)8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree

threats:
Threats for this species are grazing, abandonment of pastoral systems, forest planting and taking or removal of flora (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Lilium rubrum. It is classified as Endangered in the Italian Red List. It occurs in regional parks and Natura 2000 sites. Maintaining traditional pastoral systems would be important to preserve the habitat of this species. Collection of this species should be controlled.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species has an area of occupancy of less than 500 km² and an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km² and is found at a maximum of 11 locations. The populations are stable, but it is experiencing a decline in the area of occupancy and the extent and quality of the habitat. This species also experiences extreme annual fluctuations in numbers, which might make it more vulnerable to potential stochastic events. Tourism (collection and trampling) and abandonment of grassland causing vegetation succession are the main threats. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This Balkan endemic can be found in Bulgaria and Greece where it is native to the Rhodopi mountains. The area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km² and the extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km². It is found at 11 locations in total.

population:
In Bulgaria, there are six localities with nine locations which were confirmed in the last three years. The total number of individuals may be around 9,000 individuals. There are natural fluctuations of the numbers and the percentage of juvenile plants is low, which could affect the survival of the species in stochastic events.In Greece, there are two localities in close distance to each other. The Trachoni-Dipotama subpopulation is the biggest where 500 individuals were found, while the rest of the subpopulations consist of few dozen individuals. The population is scattered in small groups of less than 20 individuals. The total Greek population hs between 500 to 1,000 individuals.In total there are slightly less than 10,000 individuals. The populations are fairly stable.

habitat:
In Bulgaria, it is mostly found on mesophilous mountain meadows and sometimes on grassy mountain slopes. In Greece, it has been reported from rocky slopes at the edge of forests with Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica and on alpine meadows.

threats:
The collection of the bulbs for gardens is a threat to the species. Succession of vegetation as a result of people abandoning rural areas and mowing activities impact on the species as it prefers open areas. In Bulgaria, another threat is posed by habitat loss due to infrastructure development for the tourism industry but also as a result of urbanisation. Trampling by tourists degrades the habitat. Furthermore, the bulbs are eaten by wild boars.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Greece, it is protected by law (67/81) and is found in a Natura 2000 site and in a protected area. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List (Sarika and Yannitsaros 2009).In Bulgaria, it is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) on the Red List and it is protected. A small population is found in a nature reserve and a protected area has been set up especially for this species, three areas are selected as Important Plant Areas and two as Natura 2000 sites. Monitoring of the populations has been taking place for the last five years.Ex-situ conservation of seeds and plants is needed and the monitoring of population trends and size should be continued.

useAndTrade:
The bulbs are dug out to plant in private gardens. This collection is taking place on a small scale but is still illegal.


redListCategoryRationale:
Tulipa cypria is endemic to Cyprus where it  can be found at three locations with an area of occupancy of 44 km². The population size  has been reported to be more than 6,000 individuals with an unknown trend. It is threatened by overgrazing, overcollection, urbanisation, use of herbicides,  and natural fires. The quality and extent of its habitat are declining and the species is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Tulipa cypria in endemic to Cyprus, where it can be found at three locations: the Akamas forest, in Kormakiti-Myrtou-Panagra and in Mammari, between 100 and 300 m altitude (Tsintides et al. 2007). Its area of occupancy is 44 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population was estimated to be 2,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities, 2009), but Tsintides et al. (2007) report it to be more than 6,000 individuals. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Tulipa cypria is a bulbous perennial herb which occurs in cereal fields, pastures and open Juniperus phoenicea shrubland (Tsintides et al. 2007). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 5210 "Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp." and 5420 "Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by overgrazing, overcollection, expansion of urban areas, poor regeneration and by the use of herbicides (Tsintides et al. 2007). Natural fires are also impacting this plant (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Tulipa cypria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) on the national red list. One of the three locations where the species can be found is state forest land and a proposed Natura 2000 site (Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Tulipa hungarica is endemic to the Iron Gates in Romania and Serbia, but is extinct in the latter. It is classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion D1 as there are slightly more than 1,000 mature individuals in a small range. This species could be more threatened but there is no data about whether the population is in decline, the rate of decline or the area of occupancy.

range:
This plant is endemic to Romania and Serbia. The species is found around the Iron Gates of the Danube. It is classed as Extinct in Serbia.

population:
In Romania, there are over 1,000 mature individuals on the southern slopes of Iron Gate, although there are only a few of the subspecies Tulipa hungarica ssp. undulatifolia (S. Milanović pers. comm. 2008). In Serbia, T. hungrica was rare on the north faced side of Iron Gate but has not been recorded in last ten years. Only herbarium specimens are proofs of occurrence of the species in Serbia.

habitat:
It grows in open mixed deciduous forests, shrubs and steep stony limestone slopes.

threats:
Flooding caused the extinction of the species in Serbia. In Romania, all localities are situated above the zone of flooding of an artificial lake. However, the species might be threatened by collecting for local gardening.

conservationAction:
Tulipa hungarica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is situated in the Iron Gate National Park in Romania and Serbia. The species is protected by law in Serbia and will be reintroduced with the help of experts from the Iron Gate National Park  in Romania.

useAndTrade:
The species is collected for use in local gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27  regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)M. korsakowii is  classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate  to assign it to an appropriate threat category.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
M. korsakowii occurs from the Ukraine east to southern Primorskye region in far Eastern Russia, Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam. It is possible that it is not native to some of these areas. In Europe, it occurs only in the Ukraine, including the Crimean Peninsula. It is an invasive alien, occurring in ricefields in eastern Hungary (G. Király pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is no information available on the size or trends of populations of M. korsakowii, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
M. korsakowii grows in standing water, on reservoir margins, in abandoned rice fields, ponds and lake shores and is intolerant of competition.

threats:
It is not known whether the species faces any major threats.

conservationAction:
There is no information on the conservation needs of M. korsakowii. However, more information about the size and trend of its populations as well as potential threats should be collected.

useAndTrade:
The entire plant is frequently used as feed for poultry and livestock.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This species ranges from Macaronesia to the Mediterranean, western and south-central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). It is widespread across Europe.

habitat:
This species occurs in calcareous woodland, scrub, phrygana, shady rocky places and also moist areas. It needs mild temperatures in winter. Ruscus aculeatus can be found in a wide range of Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.5230 Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis5310 Laurus nobilis thickets6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)9120 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion)9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9260 Castanea sativa woods9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9330 Quercus suber forests9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium9580 Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods

threats:
Many threats to this species have been described. Some examples are: communication networks, plant collection, removal of hedges and copses, general forestry management, forest plantations, deforestation, and fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are known: T. bulbosa ssp. barrelieri and T. bulbosa ssp. laxiflora the last could be considered at species level T. laxiflorum Guss. (Conti et al. 2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on some national red lists and research into the causes of those declines as well as adequate measures to prevent this are needed.

range:
Triglochin bulbosa is a steno-Mediterranean species. It is found in western and eastern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia. In Europe, it is found in Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, France, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and Crete, Turkey.

population:
The populations are numerous, but very localized generally on the coast or subcoastal plains. It is locally abundant in Corsica. T. bulbosa ssp. laxiflora  has a fragmentary distribution in Italy along the peninsula from Tuscany, where it is rare, to the south and in Sicily and Sardinia; T. bulbosum ssp. barrellieri has the same distribution area but its presence is more continuous (Conti et al. 2005).

habitat:
Triglochin bulbosa is a perennial Helophyte that grows in wet coastal grasslands, brackish wet meadows, brackish coastal marshes, pond banks on sandy and muddy grounds close to the coast, sandy wet places, banks of freshwater or brackish ponds.

threats:
Triglochin bulbosa seems to be sensitive to interventions in wetlands, especially at the coast, such as tourism activities. Therefore, it can be threatened in the short term.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place; research on the taxonomy, populations, locations and the habitat of this species are recommended. By Conti et al. (1997) in Italy T. bulbosa ssp. laxiflora  is classified as Vulnerable in Latium and Lower Risk in Sicily; T. bulbosum ssp. barrellieri is classed as Endangered in Molise and Vulnerable in Sicily and Sardinia. T. bulbosum ssp. barrellieri is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because, in spite of the evident decline in northern parts of its range, it is still widespread and abundant with apparently stable populations in the south, particularly the Mediterranean..

range:
G. densa occurs in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and into the Caucasus. In Europe, it occurs more or less throughout, from Scandinavia south to the Iberian Peninsula and east to the Baltic States and European Turkey.

population:
The species is common in the Mediterranean region, however it appears to be declining further north. It is now considered extinct in Denmark and Sweden (Preston 2010) and in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007). It is Critically Endangered in Serbia (Stevanovič 1999) and in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001) where it undergoes significant declines and survives in only one locality (Kaplan 2010). It has undergone a significant decline in the United Kingdom (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
G. densa typically occurs in shallow, clear, base-rich water, including lakes and rivers, but more often streams, canals, ditches and ponds, particularly the headwaters of calcareous streams.

threats:
G. densa appears to be declining throughout much of its northern European range, the causes appear to include urbanisation, eutrophication # and over-abstraction from underground water resources (aquifers) so that the point at which flow in rivers becomes seasonal, rather than permanent, moves downstream.

conservationAction:
G. densa is categorized Extinct (EX) in Denmark and Sweden and Critically Endangered (CR) in Serbia and the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001). It is classed as Vulnerable (VU) in the United Kingdom, Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland and Data Deficient (DD) in Croatia. There is no need for active conservation measures but there is a need for effective monitoring to ensure that other populations are not lost before the decline becomes critical.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no taxonomic issues that should affect records of this taxon, although there appears to be some uncertainty about distinction of some populations from P. compressus.P. acutifolius hybridises with P. berchtoldii Fieber (P. ×sudermanicus Hagstr.) at a single UK site and it appears that the hybrid has increased at the expense of P. acutifolius, however hybridisation is not seen as a threat to the European status of the species or as likely to compromise the evaluation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened (NT) as although it is widespread in Europe, it appears to occur as scattered or small populations and there is evidence of a decline in a number of regions. More information is needed to determine the causes and the rate of that decline. The species might then be assessed in a more threatened category under criterion A2 or A4.

range:
P. acutifolius occurs in throughout much of Europe east into European Russia. It appears to occur as scattered population throughout its European range and is nowhere considered common.Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) state that reports of this species from Siberia may not correspond with their concept of the species.

population:
P. acutifolius appears to be scarce throughout its range and in most areas from which information is available, is reported to be declining.In Switzerland, P. acutifolius has apparently been lost from four out of five populations (Welten and Sutter 1982). In Bulgaria, it is reported from only two sites (Assyov and Petrova 2006).In Slovenia, it is recorded from only four tetrads (Jogan 2001).In the UK, "  P. acutifolius appears to be in gradual, long-term decline. Since 1960 it has decreased in Norfolk and become extinct in the London area and critically endangered in Dorset. However, several vigorous populations survive in Sussex" (Preston et al. 2002).In France, it is reported from more than 20 departements and there is no suggestion of a decline, although it is protected in four departements.

habitat:
P. acutifolius is characteristically a species of naturally mesotrophic to eutrophic ponds and ditches in cattle-grazed pasture.

threats:
The cause of the reported declines is not clear, clearly a part is due to the loss and degradation of wetland habitats, but it seems likely that there is a more fundamental factor affecting P. acutifolius and it may be that although it tends to occur in naturally mesotrophic to eutrophic systems, it is unable to tolerate anthropogenic hyper-eutrophication.In the Czech Republic, the decline is caused by the abandonment of traditional management of fishponds in favour of more intensive fish farming (Kaplan 2010).

conservationAction:
P. acutifolius is protected in France in the Alsace, Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté and Lorraine regions. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Swiss Red Data Book (Moser et al. 2002) and in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001). and in the UK and is listed as Vulnerable (level 3) in Germany   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In the UK, it is included in three local Biodiversity Action Plans (Dorset, Norfolk and Sussex) and the National BAP.More research on the species ecological requirements and potential threats as well as monitoring of the population trend are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name. Two subspecies are recognised by the   World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010): ssp. tenuifolius (Raf.) Hultén, which occurs in central and far-eastern Russia, Mongolia and Japan, and ssp. alpinus occurs throughout the rest of the species rang and appears to overlap with ssp. tenuifolius throughout much of the range of the latter.P. alpinus is known to hybridise with   P. crispus L. (P. ×olivaceus Baagöe ex G. Fisch.), P. gramineus L. (P. ×nericius Hagstr.), P. lucens L. (P. ×nerviger Wolfg. in Schult. et Schult.), P. perfoliatus L. (P. ×prussicus Hagstr.), P. polygonifolius Pourr. (P. ×spathulatus Schrad. ex W. D. J. Koch et Ziz,) and P. praelongus Wulfen (P. ×griffithii A. Benn.). None of these hybrids are frequent and they are unlikely to represent a threat to the species.

range:
P. alpinus is a temperate circumboreal species, occurring throughout most of Europe, the Caucasus and western Asia east through northern India and Myanmar to Japan and Korea, it also occurs in North America.

population:
There is little detailed information available on trends in populations of P. alpinus in Europe, there has been a decline in the UK (Preston et al. 2002) but this appears to have mainly occurred in the 19th century. There is some evidence of a decline elsewhere, but this is mainly linked to the degradation and loss of wetland habitats.

habitat:
P. alpinus typically occurs in neutral to mildly acidic water on deep silt in lakes, rivers, canals and ditches.


taxonomicNotes:
Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) included P. berchtoldii as a synonym of P. pusillus L., however the taxa are accepted as separate species by   the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (  The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The two species were combined in the cited publication because at that  time this was the only convenient concept for the extremely rich mosaic  of phenotypes at the worldwide scale. However, the concept of P.  berchtoldii and P. pusillus as separate species was confirmed by isozyme  analysis by Kaplan and Štěpánek (2003).P. berchtoldii is known to hybridise with   P. acutifolius (P. ×sudermanicus), P. coloratus P. ×lanceolatus), P. natans (P. ×variifolius) and P. polygonifolius (P. ×rivularis) but these hybrids are rare and hybridisation is unlikely to affect the survival of the species.

range:
P. berchtoldii occurs throughout temperate parts of the northern Hemisphere, including most of Europe, western Siberia, the Caucasus, western Asia east to Japan and Korea. It also occurs throughout North America.

population:
P. berchtoldii is widespread and abundant throughout much of its range and may be increasing as it is able to exploit eutrophic and recently created water bodies.

habitat:
P. berchtoldii will occur in most water body types, most typically occurring in ponds, lakes, canals and ditches but also in river backwaters and even in shallow, fast flow over riffles in larger rivers.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name. P. coloratus is known to hybridise with     P. berchtoldii (P. ×lanceolatus Sm) and P. gramineus (P. ×billupsii Fryer) but these hybrids are rare and hybridisation is unlikely to affect the survival of the species.

range:
P. coloratus is an holarctic species that is widespread in western and central Europe and occurs east to the Causasus and Turkey. It is also found in North Africa (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
P. coloratus is widespread and locally abundant although it has a fairly narrow ecological niche and so is vulnerable to loss and degradation of calcareous fens. It is extinct in the Czech Republic (Kaplan 2010).

habitat:
This Hydrophyte with a creeping rhizome, often produces winter-buds (turions). It is a characteristic species of standing and slow-flowing water in calcareous fens, it will also occur growing through or over bryophytes in seepages and flushes as well as in the margins of calcareous lakes and ponds.

threats:
P. coloratus appears to be widespread and relatively abundant throughout most of its range. However, the habitat in which it occurs is vulnerable to drying-out (due to factors such as lowering of the water table through over-abstraction from aquifers, succession to wet woodland communities) and degradation, particularly eutrophication. However, currently the populations are stable and there are no major threats affecting the species at the moment.

conservationAction:
P. coloratus is listed as Near Threatened in Sweden and as Endangered in Germany   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Switzerland   (Moser et al. 2002). In France, it is protected in the departement Lot and the regions Aquitaine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Picardie and Basse-Normandie.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name. No hybrids involving Potamogeton compressus have been confirmed from Europe; reported hybrids with P. acutofolius are largely unsupported.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is classed as Near Threatened in the EU 27 member states, as in spite of being widespread it is clearly declining in the west and north of its range, while current information on the status of populations in eastern Europe and Russia is inadequate. The European threat category is therefore Data Deficient.

range:
Potamogeton compressus occurs throughout much of Europe, east through European Russia, through Kazakhstan and Mongolia to Yunnan in China and Japan, showing a curiously disjunct distribution.

population:
Potamogeton compressus is uncommon in western and northern Europe but there is no recent information on its status outside this area. It is extinct in the Czech Republic (Kaplan 2010).

habitat:
Potamogeton compressus tends to occur in the backwaters of rivers or occasionally in lowland lakes. In parts of western Europe, artificial water bodies such as canals and drainage ditches form an important element of its habitat.

threats:
Potamogeton compressus is declining or of conservation concern throughout northern and western parts of its range. However, beyond the fundamental loss and degradation of wetland habitats, the causes of this decline are unclear.

conservationAction:
Potamogeton compressus is listed as:Endangered in Norway and Germany (level 2)Vulnerable in SwedenData Deficient in CroatiaIn the UK it is listed as Endangered, covered by a national Biodiversity Action Plan, and is the subject of a governmental Species Recovery Plan.More research on this plant's ecological requirements and threats is needed, and monitoring of the population is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name. P. crispus has been shown to hybridise with P. alpinus (P. ×olivaceus Baagöe ex G. Fisch.), P. friesii (P. ×lintonii Fryer), P. lucens (P. ×cadburyae Dandy et G. Taylor), P. perfoliatus (P. ×cooperi (Fryer) Fryer), P. praelongus (P. ×undulatus Wolfg.) and P. trichoides (P. ×bennettii Fryer). None of these hybrids is common, hybridization is unlikely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
P. crispus is apparently native throughout most of the Old World, from Europe east to Japan and the Korean Peninsula, the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, China and northern southeast Asia with discontinuous populations in Sumatra (Indonesia) and Australia. It also occurs throughout the Mediterranean including North Africa and through the Black Sea region to the Caucasus and occurs throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara. It has apparently been introduced to North and South Islands of New Zealand, North America, Mexico and a few locations in Central and South America and Fiji.  Within Europe, it is widespread and abundant in the Mediterranean, western, central and eastern countries and throughout European Russia. It is less common in the north occurring in all the Baltic states but with only scattered populations in Scandinavia and absent from Iceland.

population:
P. crispus appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range and there is no evidence of a decline.

habitat:
P. crispus will occur in most water body types, including lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, canals, drains, ditches and even very small water bodies. It is most typical of eutrophic or mesotrophic waters and so is able to colonise anthropogenic systems but will also occasionally occur in oligotrophic lakes.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. Two varieties of P. epihydrus are recognised in North America but the distinctions are not clear with some British material.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened as it occurs in eight lochs on a single island in the Outer Hebrides. At the moment the populations are stable and there are no major threats, however the species can be easily become threatened as affect of natural disasters and is therefore approaching Vulnerable D2.

range:
It is believed that the population of P. epihydrus in the Hebrides is native, whereas the population in the Rochdale Canal and the Calder and Hebble Navigations is non-native. In Europe, native populations of P. epihydrus occur in eight lochans (small lakes) scattered over a small part of Soutyh Uist, in the Outer Hebrides, off Scotland.

population:
Known native populations of this species in Europe appear to be stable, but only one has been visited since 2000.

habitat:
In the part of its range where it is considered native, P. epihydrus occurs in "a few otherwise unremarkable lochs and lochans [..] [where] it grows in relatively shallow oligotrophic, peaty water with species such as the aquatic form of Juncus bulbosus, Nymphaea alba, Potamogeton natans, P. polygonifolius and Sparganium angustifolium (Preston 1995).

threats:
There are no past or ongoing threats to this species. However, the small number of populations with a small extent of occurrence means that it is vulnerable to even relatively small scale anthropogenic actions and could be vulnerable to natural events.

conservationAction:
P. epihydrus is classed as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom.


taxonomicNotes:
The name P. filiformis is employed here sensu Preston (1995) where this species, P.&#filiformis and P.&#vaginatus are assigned to the subgenus Coleogiton. Some authors treat the species in the subgenus Coleogiton as a distinct genus: Stuckenia, including the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).It is possible that there are areas (such as the Caucasus, Tzvelev 2001) where P. pectinatus has been misidentified as this species, thus obscuring the true distribution of P. filiformis.    P. filiformis is an extremely variable species, which appears to show strong variation in response to environmental influences. In North America, three varieties are recognised. P. filiformis is known to hybridise with P. pectinatus (P. ×suecicus K. Richt.) and P. vaginatus (P. ×fennicus Hagstr.) in Europe. These hybrids are uncommon and are unlikely to affect either the status of the species or this evaluation.

range:
In Europe east to China,  P. filiformis is a boreal species (circumpolar boreo-montane, Preston et al. 2002), only occurring at higher altitudes in the south. Thus, it is widespread throughout Scandinavia east throughout Russia, but in southern Europe and Asia, is more or less restricted to mountain ranges such as the Alps and Himalayas. Anomalous records exist from southwest Asia (e.g. Turkey), the Middle East, Hawaii, Central America and southern China (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) and southern North America (Haynes and Barre Hellquist 2000). There are similar anomalous reports, from Trans-Volga (East European Russia) and Lower Volga (South European Russia), the Caucasus and the plains of Central Russian Asia however all specimens examined have been P. #pectinatus (Tzvelev 2001).It seems likely that the true distribution of P. filiformis may be obscured by misidentification.

population:
P. filiformis appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its range and there is no reliable evidence of a decline.

habitat:
P. filiformis usually grows in sandy substrates in calcareous waters of ponds, lakes, streams, flooded mud flats and coastal inshore waters.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues affecting this name. P. friesii is known to hybridise with P. crispus (P. ×lintonii Fryer) and P. acutifolius (P. ×pseudofriesii Dandy et G.Taylor) in Europe. These hybrids are uncommon and are unlikely to affect either the status of the species or this evaluation.

range:
P. friesii has a disjunct boreal distribution, occurring throughout much of Europe except the Mediterranean, north into Scandinavia and Siberia and south to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. It also occurs throughout much of northern North America.

population:
Whilst there have been some local declines, these appear to be linked to the general loss and degradation of aquatic habitats and there is no evidence to suggest that P. friesii is suffering a widespread population decline. It is extinct in the Czech Republic (Kaplan 2002, 2010).

habitat:
P. friesii is typically a species of nutrient-rich still or slow-flowing neutral to calcareous water bodies. In the UK and much of the west of its range it is particularly characteristic of extensive drainage ditch systems. It also occurs in coastal wetlands on the Gulf of Bothnia.


taxonomicNotes:
P. gramineus is not only an extremely polymorphic species, showing considerable variation in size, scale and the morphology of vegetative parts in relation to environmental influences, but is also known to hybridise with a large number of other species, making taxonomic delineation very difficult (Wiegleb and Kaplan 1998).In Europe,   P. gramineus has been shown to hybridise with&#P. alpinus (P. ×nericius Hagstr.), P. coloratus (P. ×billupsii Fryer), P. lucens (P. ×angustifolius J. Presl in Bercht. et J. Presl,), P. natans (P. ×sparganiifolius Laest. ex Fr.), P. perfoliatus (P. ×nitens Weber) and P. polygonifolius (P. ×lanceolatifolius (Tiselius) C. D. Preston). Some of these hybrids are relatively frequent and where poorly elucidated may obscure the true distribution of P. gramineus, however they are unlikely to affect either the status of the species or this evaluation as they most often occur in the presence of P. gramineus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
P. gramineus occurs throughout most of Europe, from Spain north to Ireland and Iceland, east throughout European Russia, to Turkey and the northern Mediterranean. Outside Europe, it occurs throughout northern Asia east to the Korean Peninsula and Japan south through southeast Asia south through the Philippines to Papua New Guinea and Micronesia, throughout much of Africa, both north and south of the Sahara and throughout most of North America (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Whilst there have been some local declines, these appear to be linked to the general loss and degradation of aquatic habitats and there is no evidence to suggest that P. gramineus is suffering a widespread population decline. For example, it is in serious decline in the Czech Republic where it has been confirmed only in several localities in recent years (Kaplan 2010).

habitat:
P. gramineus will occur in most oligotrophic to mesotrophic water body types, from large lakes through ponds to temporary pools in fens and marshes as well as streams and even fairly large, fast-flowing rivers. #

conservationAction:
It is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001). There are no conservation measures in place or needed at European scale.


taxonomicNotes:
Throughout most of its range, there are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. However on the southern border of its distribution its taxonomy is less clear (Wiegleb and Kaplan 1998).  The ecotype with oblong-lanceolate, 30-40 cm long leaves growing in some rivers in the European part of Russia and Russian Central Asia has been treated as an independent species; P.&#longifolius J. Gay. In the southern regions of European Russia smaller forms of P.&#lucens are found which resemble P.&#sarmaticus (Tzvelev 2001).  P. lucens has been shown to hybridise with P. alpinus (P. ×nerviger Wolfg. in Schult. et Schult.), P. crispus (P. ×cadburyae Dandy et G. Taylor), P. gramineus (P. ×angustifolius J. Presl in Bercht. et J. Presl), P. natans (P. ×fluitans Roth) and P. perfoliatus (P. ×salicifolius Wolfg. in Schult. et Schult.). Of these, P. ×salicifolius is relatively widespread but usually occurs with one or both parents whereas P. ×angustifolius is also widespread but is one of the few Potamogeton hybrids which often produces fertile seed and frequently occurs in the absence of both parents. It is possible that these hybrids could obscure the true distribution of P. lucens, but unlikely that they represent a threat to its survival.

range:
P. lucens occurs throughout much of the northern hemisphere apart from North America. It occurs throughout Europe and the Mediterranean basin, east throughout European Russia, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Mongolia and the Indian subcontinent to China, Japan and the Amur region of Russia. In the southeast it occurs in the Philippines (Luzon) and the Marianas Islands. It also occurs in northeastern Africa south of the Sahara and Madagascar. It is widespread and abundant throughout much of Europe, but less common in the far north where populations are scattered but locally abundant in Scandinavia.

population:
P. lucens appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, although populations are more scattered in the north and it has declined significantly in the Austrian Tirol (Maier et al. 2001).

habitat:
P. lucens is a calcicole which grows in relatively deep water in lakes, slow-flowing rivers, canals, on flooded chalk, gravel or borrow pits.


range:
It is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Gibraltar (UK), Greek Aegean Islands, FYR Macedonia, Monaco, Montenegro, Azores, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
P. natans may be dominant or co-dominant on the surface of still water bodies and is often the dominant aquatic plant in recently dug ponds and small lakes. It will also occur as an abundance component of more diverse communities both in flowing and still water.

habitat:
A floating-leaved aquatic in still or slowly flowing waters, and more rarely found as plants with submerged phyllodes in more rapid streams and rivers. It has a very wide ecological tolerance, growing in oligotrophic to eutrophic and base-poor to base-rich water over a wide range of substrates. Although it may be found in shallow swamps, or in water over 5 m deep (Preston et al. 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats impacting this species.

useAndTrade:
It is used for construction on artificial ponds.


taxonomicNotes:
P. nodosus is one of the most polymorphic Potamogeton species, showing several distinct morphotypes as well as an extreme phenotypic plasticity throughout its range. It seems likely that there has been some confusion about the distinction between this specie and others such as   P. linguatus, P. ferrugineus, P. tepperi, and P. sulcatus (Wiegleb and Kaplan 1998), to the extent that this evaluation could include information on some of all of those taxa.    P. nodosus has been shown to hybridise with P. natans (P. ×schreberi G. Fisch.), the hybrid is not common and is unlikely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
P. nodosus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, apart from northern Europe to the north of the UK, the Netherlands and Lithuania in each of which it is rare. It also appears to be absent from Australia and New Zealand, although it is present on many Pacific Islands. It occurs east through at least the southern parts of Russia east to southern China and Japan, south through much of south and southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea. It is also widespread throughout much of Africa, north and south of the Sahara, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean Islands, throughout North America (except the extreme north: Alaska and northern Canada) south through Mexico, the West Indies and Central America to South America.

population:
P. nodosus appears to be widespread and abundant throughout most of its range and there is no reliable evidence for an overall decline, although the number of populations in the Austrian Tirol appears to have declined in recent years (Maier et al. 2001).

habitat:
P. nodosus will occur in most water body types, from lake margins to ponds and even temporary pools, as well as streams and backwaters of larger rivers. It appears to tolerate nutrient enrichment and is most frequent in mesotrophic to eutrophic calcareous waters.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing, or future threats to the survival of this species, although the decline in the Austrian Tirol is potentially of concern.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. No hybrids with this species are reliably reported.

range:
P. obtusifolius is a northern temperate species, occurring throughout much of Europe north of the Mediterranean Basin, including the Baltic states and European Russia, extending east through Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to Myanmar, Heilongjiang Province in China and Japan, it also occurs in northern North America including Canada and Alaska.

population:
Most populations of P. obtusifolius appear to be stable, although four populations have been lost in Switzerland and only one remains (Welten and Sutter 1982).

habitat:
P. obtusifolius typically grows in mesotrophic or occasionally eutrophic acidic or neutral still or very slow-flowing waters, often over deep silt, including lakes, ponds, canals and occasionally the backwaters of rivers. #

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. P. obtusifolius is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).


taxonomicNotes:
The only taxonomic issue associated with this name is P. juzepczukii    P.I. Dorof. et Tzvelev , which Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) treat as a synonym but is accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).  Among the herbarium materials of P.&#perfoliatus collected from the northern part of our Flora, there are specimens resembling [P.&#richardsonii] in their leaf margin and fruits (Tzvelev 2001).    P. perfoliatus has been shown to hybridise with the following European taxa: P. alpinus (P. ×prussicus Hagstr.), P. crispus (P. ×cooperi (Fryer) Fryer), P. gramineus (P. ×nitens Weber), P. lucens (P. ×salicifolius Wolfg. in Schult. et Schult.), P. praelongus (P. ×cognatus Asch. et Graebn.), P. pusillus (P. ×mysticus Morong) and P. schweinfurthii (P. ×vaginans (Bojer ex A. Benn.) Hagstr.).

range:
P. perfoliatus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with a few curiously isolated occurrences, such as Sumatra and Guatemala. It is found throughout most of Europe, including the Mediterranean north to northern Scandinavia and Iceland, east through Siberia to Japan and the Korean peninsula, as well as eastern, northern and central North America and Greenland. It also occurs in North and Central Africa, the Middle East and Caucasus, Mongolia, throughout much of China, Mongolia and the Himalayas and Australia.

population:
Populations of P. perfoliatus appear to be stable throughout much of its range and it is widespread and abundant throughout most of Europe except for some regions. It disappeared from most of its localities in the Czech Republic, for example.

habitat:
P. perfoliatus typically occurs in a wide variety of still to slow-flowing oligotrophic to eutrophic water bodies, often at depths of over 1 m, but equally extending into shallow water. It will grow in natural and artificial lakes, ponds, backwaters and slower-flowing sections of larger rivers and canal systems.

conservationAction:
Potamogeton perfoliatus is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001). There are no conservation measures in place or needed at European level.


taxonomicNotes:
Assumed eastward distribution of P. polygonifolius in Asia can be attributed to confusion with P. distinctus. Assumed southern Hemisphere distribution is due to confusion with southern species like P. suboblongus, P. cheesemanii, P. parmatus, and P. stenostachys. The occurrence in these areas has not yet been proved (Wiegleb and Kaplan 1998). P. polygonifolius is closely related to P. coloratus and P. suboblongus.  P. polygonifolius has been shown to hybridise with P. alpinus (P. ×spathulatus Schrad. ex W. D. J. Koch), P. berchtoldii (P. ×rivularis Gillot), P. gramineus (P. ×lanceolatifolius (Tiselius) C. D. Preston), and P. natans (P. ×gessnacensis G. Fisch.).

range:
Potamogeton polygonifolius is a paleo-temperate species. It is found in the western European Mediterranean (although reports from mainland Greece are unreliable) and in North Africa and eastern North America. It is widespread throughout much of central Europe, but more scarce in the north with relatively few populations in Scandinavia, while herbarium specimens collected in Estonia were all P. gramineus (Tzvelev 2001).

population:
P. polygonifolius is generally widespread and abundant throughout much of the core area of its European range.

habitat:
P. polygonifolius typically occurs in base-poor or acidic still to slow-flowing water bodies, usually in streams, ponds and lakes heathland or moorland.

conservationAction:
It is protected at regional level in France: Ile-de-France, Picardie, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Lorraine and Alsace. It is considered Near Threatened in Finland, Vulnerable in Germany, Endangered in Switzerland, and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic.There are no further conservation measures in place   or but monitoring of the population trends is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. P.&#praelongus has been shown to hybridise with P. alpinus (P. ×griffithii A. Benn.), P. crispus (P. ×undulatus Wolfg. in Schult. et Schult. and P. perfoliatus (P. ×cognatus Asch. et Graebn.), all of these hybrids are rare and are unlikely to affect the survival of this species or this evaluation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. The localised declines may be of concern and it would be valuable to update information on the status of populations throughout its range.

range:
P. praelongus occurs throughout temperate parts of the northern Hemisphere. It is widespread but usually scarce throughout Europe, from France and the UK north to the Faroe Islands and Iceland through Scandinavia and the Baltic States east to eastern Russia and Japan. It is widespread throughout European Russia. In the south, it occurs from Bulgaria and Turkey east through the Caucasus and Mongolia to China, but is absent from the Mediterranean Basin. It also occurs in northern and western North America south to central Mexico.

population:
P. praelongus has undergone a significant decline in Switzerland   (Welten and Sutter 1982). In the UK, it has declined in the south and there is a declining trend in Germany. It is surviving at only one locality in the Czech Republic where most populations have disappeared (Kaplan 2010). However, in most of its European range the populations seem to be stable.

habitat:
P. praelongus typically occurs in deep, naturally mesotrophic standing or slow-flowing water bodies, including lakes, canals and lowland rivers.

threats:
The main cause of the decline in the UK, beyond the fundamental loss of water bodies, is attributed to eutrophication (Preston et al. 2002). In the Czech Republic, the populations disappeared as a result of river regulations (Z. Kaplan pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
P. praelongus # is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and in Germany and as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic where it is also protected at national level. In the UK, it is classed as Near Threatened.  It is protected in France in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Rhône-Aples, Auvergne, Franche Comté (Association Tela Botanica 2003-2008).More research on the ecological requirements of the species and potential threats is needed as well as monitoring of the population trend.


taxonomicNotes:
P. pusillus is a taxonomically difficult species. Difficulties of identification (particularly in the field) mean that distribution data are likely to include records that refer to the concept of P. berchtoldii employed here, as well as records of P. pusillus.Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) included P. berchtoldii within their concept of P. pusillus, although they have since accepted the separation of these two taxa. They state that "P. pusillus is regarded [..] as a highly polymorphic species with numerous regional forms and ecomorphoses. More detailed classification seems to be impossible because of the highly reticular variation. No correlated set of characters which would make discrimination of taxa possible have been confirmed". They also state that "Some of the plants called P. groenlandicus show certain characters deviant from the present concept of P. pusillus. They are characterized especially by the leaves with up 8 additional sclerenchymatous strands. These plants are known only from a geographically limited area in Western Greenland. Further research, such as experimental cultivation, is necessary in order to clarify its status."The Flora of North America recognises three subspecies (Haynes and Barre-Hellquist 2000), while the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew2010) recognises only one at a global level.Two hybrid combinations have been reported involving P. pusillus; P. perfoliatus × P. pusillus (P. ×mysticus Morong) and P. pusillus × P. trichoides (P. ×grovesii Dandy et G. Taylor), both are extremely rare and unlikely to affect either the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
P. pusillus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, from Europe through Russia east to eastern Russia, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, south through the Ryukyu Islands to Papua New Guinea, through Africa north and south of the Sahara and more or less throughout the Americas. The only places where it is absent are Australia, New Zealand and islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

population:
P. pusillus appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range, although it is less frequent and more sensitive in Scandinavia than P. berchtoldii (C.D. Preston in Flora Nordica, in prep.).

habitat:
It occurs in standing or slow-flowing water in a wide range of habitats, including sheltered lakes and reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, canals and ditches.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is classed as Near Threatened as although it is widespread, it is red listed in most of the countries for which there are reliable records. The rates of decline might reach thresholds for Criterion A2 or A4 but more information is needed.

range:
P. rutilus is probably endemic to northern Europe, although it may extend into western Asia (Wiegleb and Kaplan 1998). It occurs from Scotland, to a single site in northern France, through Germany and the Czech Republic, scattered throughout Scandinavia, the Baltic States and through western Russia south to the Ukraine.P. rutilus has also been reported from Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina but these records require confirmation.

population:
P. rutilus is on red lists, or the subject of conservation action in most countries with reliable records.

habitat:
P. rutilus tends to occur in shallow standing, often calcareous water over sand or shallow silt and often in species-rich sites.

threats:
There is no useful information available on threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species is classed as Critically Endangered in Poland and Germany, Endangered in Sweden and Estonia, Vulnerable in parts of Russia, and Near Threatened (NT) in Norway and Finland.In the UK it is listed as Least Concern (LC), although it is the subject of a Biodiversity Action Plan.Research on the ecological requirements of this species as well as potential threats is recommended. Monitoring of the existing populations is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The name P. sarmaticus is accepted by Tzvelev (2001) and the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) state that "P. sarmaticus is most probably a large-leaved form of P. gramineus. Plants of comparable leaf size have also been described from Scandinavia and North America".

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as data Deficient as published information is inadequate to evaluate the conservation status of the species.

range:
P. sarmaticus is described as occurring in western Siberia (northern Kazakhstan) and Russian Central Asia, southeastern Kazakhstan. Within Europe it is found in the Tambov region in the Volga-Don in Central European Russia, in the vicinity of the town of Liman in Gotvaldov District of Kharkov Region in Dnieper Province, Novomoskovsk District in Dnepropetrovsk Province and in the vicinity of the city of Kherson and Askania Nova in Kheson Region in the Black Sea Province of the Ukraine (Tzvelev 2001).

population:
There is no information on population size or stability in P. sarmaticus.

habitat:
It grows in stagnant, often saline, water bodies in the steppe zone: bogs, shallow lakes and small water bodies (Tzvelev 2001).

conservationAction:
There is no information on conservation action taken for P. sarmaticus and insufficient information widely available to assess the need for such action.


taxonomicNotes:
P. schweinfurthii is closely related to P. lucens and P. illinoensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate to assign it to an appropriate threat category.

range:
P. schweinfurthii is closely related to P. lucens and P.  illinoensis. It is more widespread than formerly assumed. It  definitely occurs in East Africa and North Africa. However, the exact  geographical delimitation from P. lucens is unknown, in  particular in the Atlantic Islands, the Mediterranean and southwest  Asia. Transitional forms of unknown status are known e.g. from  Palestine, Greece, and Iraq.In North Africa, the occurrence of P.  schweinfurthii is restricted to Egypt (with records from the Nile  Delta, Ismailia Canal and Lake Nasser). The records from the Nile Delta  and Ismailia canal are very old, and recent searches did not find the  species at these two sites. The species persists in Lake Nasser, and  also in the river Nile at Aswan.According to Kaplan (2005) the  species is present, in the Mediterranean area, in the following sites:  Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Kefallinia and Crete. According to Conti et al. (2007) the species is  reported for Sardinia. Recently the species is also found in several  Italian peninsula sites from Tuscany to the south (Lastrucci et al. 2010). Its presence in Portugal needs to be confirmed.

population:
This species is rare in the Mediterranean presumably as it reaches the  edge of its range there (Kaplan 2005). According to the herbarium  specimen analysed by Kaplan the species is found at one site in Crete,  one site in Kefallonia, four sites in Corsica and one site in Malta. It  is found in five to six sites in Italy (Sardinia and Tuscany) (B.  Foggi pers. comm. 2010). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
P. schweinfurthii occurs mainly in habitats with water of high phosphates, moderate bicarbonates, low sulphates and with hydrosoil of low potassium. It is found in permanent as well as seasonal wetlands and most collections come from standing water such as lakes and water reservoirs.

threats:
Changes in hydrological regimes, drainage, water extraction and sand extraction are the main threats for this species.

conservationAction:
Some sub-populations occur in protected areas. There are no specific measures, except for research, as more  information on the species' threats is needed. As most of the current  information is derived from herbarium specimen, field work is also needed to  gather more information on the size and trends of the populations and  their habitat requirements.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species is not clear, it is treated as an accepted species within the P. sibiricus complex in the pan-Arctic Flora (Elven 2007) and by Wiegleb and Kaplan (1998) who note that "P. sibiricus is insufficiently known. Most probably it is related to P. oxyphyllus or P. compressus".

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as data Deficient as published information is inadequate to evaluate the conservation status of the species. More taxonomic research is needed.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
P. subsibiricus is a pan-Arctic species, known from scattered localities in the Arctic regions of North America and Russia. It appears to be widespread in Alaska but scattered in Canada (Elven 2007).

population:
There is no information on the status or trends in the populations of P. subsibiricus.

habitat:
P. subsibiricus is described as occurring in lakes and rivers of the tundra zone (Tzvelev 2001).

threats:
It is not known whether this species is threatened.

conservationAction:
There is no information available on conservation action taken for this species and published information is inadequate to assess the need for conservation action.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. P. trichoides has been shown to hybridise with P. crispus (P. ×bennettii Fryer) and P. pusillus (P. ×grovesii Dandy et G. Taylor), both hybrids are rare and unlikely to affect either the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
P. trichoides occurs throughout southern Europe into southern Scandinavia and the Baltic States but is much less frequent in the north. It extends east into Central and North Russia to Siberia, Ukraine and Moldova and in the Mediterranean east into Turkey and the Caucasus. It also occurs in North Africa and Africa south of the Sahara extending south to South Africa and there is an outlying record from Myanmar.

population:
P. trichoides is widespread and fairly abundant throughout most of western Europe and this is likely to be the case except toward the limits of its distribution, however detailed information on the status and distribution of populations is sparse.

habitat:
P. trichoides typically grows in lowland, mesotrophic to eutrophic standing or very slow-flowing water bodies, such as lakes, ponds and canals, as well as the ditches that serve as "wet fences" in grazing marshes. It appears to be an efficient colonist and is frequent in the UK in flooded gravel pits.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of Ruppia is not completely clear and there are some anomalous populations (e.g. in western Ireland) which do not conform well to described taxa.

range:
R. cirrhosa has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, occurring from Europe south to North Africa as well as South Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Korean Peninsula a well as India, Indonesia, western North America, Central America and parts of South America. In Europe, it is more or less restricted to coastal countries.

population:
R. cirrhosa is classed as Near Threatened in the United Kingdom and Data Deficient in Croatia, otherwise it appears to be widespread and fairly abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. cirrhosa typically occurs in strongly coastal wetlands, such as lagoons, tidal inlets, creeks and ditches.

conservationAction:
R. cirrhosa is classed as Near Threatened in the United Kingdom, there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
R. maritima has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, occurring mainly in coastal or inland saline areas throughout most of Africa, including Indian Ocean islands, from Europe east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia and Kazakhstan to China, Sakhalin Island, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. It also occurs throughout the Indian sub-continent and northern south-east Asia, Australia and the Pacific Ocean Islands, as well as North, Central and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe except for a few central countries.

population:
R. maritima is classed as Data Deficient in Croatia and regarded as Endangered on Malta, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. maritima typically occurs in coastal wetlands, such as lagoons, pools, creeks and ditches, it will also occur in saline areas inland.

conservationAction:
R. maritima is classed as Endangered on Malta. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Preston (1995) assigned this species, P.&#filiformis and P.&#vaginatus to the subgenus Coleogiton. Here it is treated as with others in the subgenus Coleogiton; as a distinct genus: Stuckenia.     S. pectinata is an extremely variable species, which appears to show strong variation in response to environmental influences. This variation is not generally considered to have a genetic base and it is unlikely that any significant taxonomic issues affect the conservation or red list assessment of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable and even increasing populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
S. pectinata is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar (UK), Greek Aegean Islands, Iceland, FYR Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Azores, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Russian Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, Canary Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
S. pectinata can occur as vast populations and represent the dominant vascular plant species, both in flowing and standing freshwater and in brackish or even quite saline water. It may also occur as a less abundant component of diverse aquatic plant communities.

habitat:
S. pectinata is a characteristic species of eutrophic or brackish waters, where it may form dense stands in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, canals, ditches, ponds and flooded mineral workings. It is tolerant of disturbance in canals and navigable rivers. It is occasionally found in highly calcareous but nutrient-poor lakes (Preston et al. 2002).


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. P. vaginatus has been shown to hybridise with P. filiformis (P. ×fennicus Hagstr.) and P. pectinatus (P. ×bottnicus Hagstr.), although reasonably abundant, it is unlikely that these hybrids will affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is classed as Near Threatened as it occurs over a reasonably large area, but some populations appear to be declining. It would potentially reach Criterion A2, A4, or B2ab. #

range:
P. vaginatus is apparently a pan-Arctic species, with populations in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia and western Siberia. In Europe, it appears to be limited to scattered sites around the Gulf of Bothnia and Norway.

population:
There is little information on the status of or trends in populations of P. vaginatus but the overall impression is one of decline in Europe.

habitat:
C.D. Preston in texts prepared for Flora Nordica says "In the Gulf of Bothnia P. vaginatus usually grows offshore in water at least 1.5 m deep, where it may occur in quantity in + pure stands or with P. perfoliatus. It appears to favour a degree of shelter, growing for example on the sheltered sides of islands. Sometimes colonies are found by the shore in water as shallow as 40 cm in periods of low water level; it is not known whether these plants are short-lived colonists from deeper water or permanently established populations." (Preston 2010).

threats:
The threats to this plant are not known.

conservationAction:
P. vaginatus is listed as Near Threatened in Sweden. Research on the life history and ecology as well as potential threats to the species are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomical status of Althenia filiformis Petit is under controversy. Some authors have considered a broad sense and recognize only one species (as Dandy in Flora Europaea, vol. 5). Some others follow the criteria of Garcia Murillo and Talavera (1986) who, recognize two species: Althenia filiformis Petit s.s. and Althenia orientalis (Tzvelev) Garcia Murillo & Talavera. This makes it difficult to define the true range of each of those species. This assessment will follow the World Checklist of Threatened Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) which treats both as valid species.According to Garcia Murillo and Talavera (1986) the range of Althenia orientalis is broader than A. filiformis s.s. and most of the record belonging to A. filiformis correspond to A. orientalis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The distribution of this species is not clear as there has been confusion with A. orientalis. It seems to be rare and faces a variety of threats that either impact the species directly or are leading to a degradation of habitat quality and extent. More fieldwork is needed to determine the true range of A. filiformis and then the assessment of its threat status can be improved. Assuming that its only European occurrence is in France and Italy, it is likely that this species falls within the Endangered category as the area of occupancy is probably less than 500 km², there is continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat and there are indications of the sites being severely fragmented and the populations are fluctuating.

range:
Althenia filiformis is endemic to France and Italy. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families also claims it to be native to Morocco (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).In France, it is present in the departements Bouches du Rhône, Gard, Hérault (Provence, Languedoc,) and in Corsica. According to Conti et al. (2005) the species is found in Tuscany, Puglia, Sicily and Sardinia; but its presence in Basilicata, Campania and Calabria are doubtful and should be excluded (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005).In Italy, Althenia filiformis has been reported from Puglia (Lago di Salpi), from the Ravenna province in Emilia-Romagna (Saline di Cervia), and  from Tuscany (Laguna di Orbetello), although the knowledge of the latter area is limited to about 1980 and has not been checked recently. Moreover, it is present in Sicily and Sardinia where it is quite common in damp salt areas. Records from Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, Baleares, Turkey, Greece, Sicily  and almost all Italian sites belong to Althenia orientalis (Garcia Murillo pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species is found in Mediterranean France in Hérault (Agde, Etang-de-l'Or), Bouches-du-Rhône (Fos-sur-Mer, Saintes-Marie-de-la-Mer), Var (Grimaud). Most of the sites have not been seen for several decades. The species is also found along the Atlantic coast in Charente-Maritime, Loire-Atlantique and Vendée. In Corsica, it can be found at three sites that are less than 30 kilometres from each other and that are under pressure from tourism (L. Hugot pers. comm. 2010).The sites in Puglia and Tuscany host only a few individuals and suffer from degradation of their habitat. Due to confusion with A. orientalis the number of sites and population trends in Italy cannot be specified with certainty.There are high levels of fluctuation in population size as well as presence and absence related to the water levels.

habitat:
The species is found in coastal shallow brackish and salt waters with tasselweed (Ruppia) communities, susceptible to drying during the summer, from the littoral to the meso-Mediterranean belt.

threats:
Habitats of the species are threatened by urbanization and filling in of the wetlands. Changes in water regimes such as the modification of flood period of water bodies or the changes of brackish (or saline) water to freshwater are further threats. Industrial contamination and other types of water pollution also impact on the species. Tourism might impact the species as it is found along coasts.

conservationAction:
The species is legally protected in France. According to Conti et al. (1997) and Scoppola and Spampinato (2005) the species is Vulnerable. The site at Lago di Ortobello in Tuscany is protected by different regulations and is declared a Habitats Directive Site of Community Importance, a Ramsar site and a WWF reserve. However, water pollution is affecting those sites and this needs to be controlled. Monitoring of the sites is furthermore needed.In order to determine the exact range of this species, fieldwork is necessary especially in those areas where it is suspected that records of A. filiformis are in fact A. orientalis.For practical reasons, and due to similar habitat requirements and threats, conservation efforts in the Mediterranean should encompass both Althenia species.

redListAssessors:
Bedini, G., Foggi, B., García Murillo, P., Grillas, P., Hugot, L. & Peruzzi, L.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomical status of Althenia orientalis is under controversy. Some authors have considered a broad sense and recognize only one species (as Dandy in Flora Europaea, vol. 5). Some others follow the criteria of Garcia Murillo and Talavera (1986) who, recognize two species: Althenia filiformis Petit s.s. and Althenia orientalis (Tzvelev) Garcia Murillo & Talavera. This  makes it difficult to define the true range of each of those species.  This assessment will follow the World Checklist of Threatened Plant  Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010)  which treats both as valid species.According to Garcia Murillo and Talavera (1986) the range of Althenia orientalis is broader than A. filiformis s.s. and most of the record belonging to A. filiformis correspond to A. orientalis.In Greece and Croatia, only A. filiformis is recognised as a species aggregate but it is susptected that the Greek and Croatian records are actually A. orientalis and this is how they are treated here.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The distribution of this species is not clear as there has been confusion with A. filiformis. It seems to be rare and faces a variety of threats that either impact the species directly or are leading to a degradation of habitat quality and extent. More fieldwork is needed to determine the true range of A. orientalis and then the assessment of its threat status can be improved. It is likely to be at least Near Threatened judging from the fact that it is classed as Endangered in Spain and Greece.

range:
Its world distribution covers the Mediterranean region, southern Russia, east of the Caspian Sea, southern Anatolia, the south of Iran and even southern Africa. In Europe, it is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Sicily in Italy, Croatia, Greece and probably other states on the Balkans.

population:
This species is not very widespread in the Mediterranean region and populations are vulnerable and threatened. The populations are declining. In Spain, the species occurs in eight sites and is declining. The Portuguese records are from the 19th century and it is suspected that the plant is now extinct there (P. Garcia pers. comm. 2010). In Corsica, it can be found in only one site near Bonifacio (L. Hugot pers. comm. 2010). It has been found in mainland France in Gard and Herault (P. Garcia pers. obs. 2010). In Italy, it is present in four provinces in the south of the country and also in Sardinia and Sicily. In Greece, it is known from three localities. Two of these localities are in Naxos island, southwest of Agios Prokopios and a lagoon in the northwestern part of the island not far from the capital, and one locality in southeast Greece near the town of Oropos. In Greece, a part of the lagoon in Naxos was destroyed for the  construction of an airport and it has probably disappeared from its locality southwest of Agios Prokopios (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This Hydrophyte plant lives in temporary brackish pools, abandoned saltworks and swamps of plains with clayey soil. In Spain, it has been described to occur in tidal and coastal salt marshes and saline lagoons. It is often accompanied by Ruppia maritima or Ruppia drepanensis, Lamprotamniom papulosum or Riella helicophylla.Flowering occurs from the end of winter until summer.

threats:
The urbanization and the construction of various tourist infrastructures threaten this species in the short-term. Changes in water regime such as modification of flood periods of water bodies, drainage, or changes of brackish (or saline) water to freshwater are impacting the species populations. Industrial contamination of waters, the depositing of waste, and use of pesticides and herbicides in neighbouring cultivated areas are leading to a degradation of the species habitat.

conservationAction:
Althenia orientalis is classified as Endangered A4; B2b(i,ii,iii,iv)c(i,ii,iii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). In Greece, it is listed under the name A. filiformis as Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) due to the small number of localities, degradation of the habitat and reduction of the size of the habitats (Sarika and Yannitsaros 2009). The species is legally protected in France. It is classed as Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005).In order to determine the exact range of this species, fieldwork is necessary especially in those areas where it is suspected that records of A. filiformis are in fact A. orientalis. Monitoring of the populations is recommended as they are decreasing and face a wide range of threats. For practical reasons, and due to similar habitat requirements and threats, conservation efforts in the Mediterranean should encompass both Althenia species.

redListAssessors:
Foggi, B., García Murillo, P., Grillas, P. & Hugot, L.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one species recognised throughout much of the world but many taxa recognised at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively minor morphological differences. Z. clausii is treated by Kew as a synonym of Z. palustris (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category.    It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Z. clausii is apparently endemic to Russia.

population:
There is no information available on trends in the populations of Z. clausii.

habitat:
Probably restricted to brackish or saline lagoons (limans).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one  species recognised throughout much of the world but many taxa recognised  at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others  appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively  minor morphological differences. Z. contorta is treated by Kew as a synonym of Z. palustris.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information provided is insufficient to assign it to a threat category. It should probably be Endangered as on the Spanish national red list.

range:
Z. contorta is recorded from southeast Spain and North Africa.

population:
Z. contorta is classed as Endangered in Spain (Moreno 2008).

habitat:
Z. contorta typically grows in permanent waters rich in carbonates, well oxygenated and running from craggy streams.

threats:
The species is sensitive to a loss of water quantity or quality. Drying out of water bodies and pollution caused by agriculture and livestock are described as the main threats in Andalusia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
Z. contorta is classed as Endangered B1ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv) in Spain (Moreno 2008) and as Vulnerable on the Red List of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005). Monitoring of the populations is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one species recognised throughout much of the world but many taxa recognised at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively minor morphological differences. Z. major is treated by Kew as s synonym of Z. palustris L. (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

range:
Z. major has a mainly European distribution, extending beyond the region only into Turkey in Asia. In Europe, it occurs from Scandinavia south to Germany and east to the Crimean Peninsula.

population:
There is no information available on populations trends in Z. major.

habitat:
Z. major typically occurs in brackish water bodies with species such as Potamogeton pectinatus and Ruppia cirrhosa.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one species recognised throughout much of the World but many taxa recognised at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively minor morphological differences.&#Zannichellia melitensis is treated by Kew as a synonym of Z. palustris L. (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #Although it has a restricted range, the populations appear to be stable and it does not face any major threats. This species is therefore classed as Least Concern.

range:
Zannichellia melitensis is endemic to the islands of Malta, Gozo and Comino.

population:
There is no indication that populations are in decline, but the restricted distribution makes the species vulnerable to land-use changes.

habitat:
Zannichellia melitensis occurs in seasonal pools in bedrock.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one species recognised throughout much of the world but many taxa recognised at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively minor morphological differences.  Z. melitensis is treated by Kew as a synonym of Z. palustris L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is classed as Near Threatened as it has a scattered distribution and its populations are severely fragmented. The area of occupancy is not known but might be close to 2,000 km². There are potential future threats but it is not known how they affect the populations at the moment in a way that poses an extinction risk. It is therefore precautionary assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the western part of the Mediterranean Basin and is present in France, Portugal, Spain, Menorca, Sardinia, and Morocco. The area of occupancy is not known but might be close to 2,000 km².

population:
In France, the species used to be present in the western part of France (Charente-Maritime, Maine-et-Loire, Manche) but the records have not been confirmed for a long time. It can be found at several sites in Tour du Valat and is present in the western part of the Camargue. In Portugal, it occurs in Beira Litoral and the Algarve. In Spain, the species inhabits temporary saline pools of Guadalquivir depressions and marshland of the Doñana. There are some isolated spots in Castilla-Leon, La Rioja, La Mancha and Aragon.Many localities correspond to historical records which now may have disappeared or are severely transformed. The remaining populations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in standing freshwater or brackish or slightly salty water bodies with summer drying.

threats:
The habitat of the species could be subject to anthropogenic threats such as drainage, filling in or change in salinity. Pollution from agricultural activities, i.e. run off with sediments and fertilizers entering the pools can pose another threat. Negative affects are caused by marsh management for hunting: the marshes are kept under a permanently high water level to provide more biomass and to attract hunters.

conservationAction:
This species is quite rare in France and relatively unknown even if the species is protected at the sub-national level (e.g. regional protection in Provence). Additional measures are necessary to investigate the distribution in France. Only one location is protected in the "Réserve regionale of Tour du Valat".In Spain, it is included in some protected areas such as the Doñana national park and local reserves. It is classed as Vulnerable on the Red List of Andalucia   (Cabezudo et al. 2005).No other conservation measures are in place but monitoring of the populations is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of the genus Zannichellia is complex, with one species recognised throughout much of the World but many taxa recognised at or below species level in different regions. The distinguishing characters for some taxa appear to be useful, but others appear to have been described based on very few samples and relatively minor morphological differences. Most taxa described to-date are treated as Z. palustris by Kew (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).  Multivariate analysis of morphometric data based on the Czech material did not support existence of any morphologically distinguishable taxa (Kaplan 2010).

range:
Z. palustris has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, including Africa north and south of the Sahara, including some Indian Ocean Islands, from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, as well as the Indian Sub-continent and Myanmar, Australia, New Zealand and North, Central and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
Z. palustris is classes as Vulnerable in Norway and in Switzerland, but is otherwise widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Z. palustris typically occurs in a variety of types of water bodies, mostly mesotrophic to eutrophic, from rivers (including "chalk streams"), streams, lakes and ponds as well as fresh and brackish seasonal pools.

conservationAction:
Z. palustris is classed as Vulnerable in Norway (B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)) and in Switzerland. It is classed as Rare in Lithuania. There are no further conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
Zannichellia peltata has a world wide distribution that includes western Europe and northwest Africa. In Europe, it is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, and Sweden (Talavera et al. 1986). Its presence in Bulgaria remains doubtful.

population:
Although this species’ distribution range is limited to the Mediterranean basin, it is fairly common, occurring in numerous locations and the populations are fairly stable. # In Portugal, it is present in two sites on the west coast and in Spain, it is quite common occurring in 67 sites. In France, the species is solely present in one department in the south. In Italy, it is present in six provinces in the north.

habitat:
This annual plant (Hydrophyte) is found in swamps, ditches, in the streams of plains and in the lakes of low and medium altitude mountains up to 2,100 m. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. The rate of germination of the seeds is maximum when salinity and temperatures are low.

conservationAction:
This species is under regional protection in France (Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur). There are no other conservation measures in place, it is recommended to monitor the existing sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Anacamptis boryi is endemic to southern Greece, very local and rather rare where it occurs. The population trend of the species is unknown but is suspected to be declining. The extent of occurrence is around 6,255 km² and the subpopulations are severely fragmented. The habitat is declining due to abandonment of pastoral activities and subsequent shrub encroachment, tourism, plant collection and human interferences. Therefore, Anacamptis boryi is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Anacamptis boryi is endemic to southern Greece. The species has a disjunct range in the mountains of Crete, Peloponnese, Phocide, Skiathos (Sporades), Eubee, and Cyclades. This species is found from sea level to 1,300 m altitude.  (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007). The extent of occurrence is 6,255 km² and the area of occupancy is 2,873 km².

population:
Anacamptis boryi is local and rather rare where it occurs. The overall number of individuals is not known; however, the distribution area is potentially small which threatens the species (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

habitat:
Anacamptis boryi is typically found in short grassland, garrigue, maquis and open woodland. Anacamptis boryi grows in moist to damp, calcareous or schistose soils in full sunlight to mid-shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from April to May (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

threats:
Anacamptis boryi is local and rather rare. The small populations occurring at outposts are extremely vulnerable as they are sensitive to numerous anthropogenic threats including decline of habitat quality especially through human interference. The large populations are threatened by habitat changes, tourism, plant collection and by the tendency to give up pastoral activities which leads to vegetation succession on the existing meadows (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis boryi (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007):  Improve the management of the habitatModerate grazing and control of shrub encroachmentProtection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collectionsMonitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sitesEstimate the population size and study their dynamics


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Anacamptis collina is rather widespread and often rare where it occurs. The population trend of the species is unknown but has been declining very fast in the coastal populations. It is protected in some countries and has some strong populations on Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus. Although the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the species are greater than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively, the habitat is threatened by tourism, plant collection and infrastructure development. Once more detailed numbers of population decline are known, this species might be classified as Vulnerable. Currently, Anacamptis collina is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Anacamptis collina is a Mediterranean species, found along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic  Islands as well as south to the coasts of northwestern Africa. In the eastern Mediterranean, the range includes Cyprus and the coasts of the Aegean Sea as well as southern Italy, Sicily and Sardinia to the west. The most northern outpost was found in the south of France in Var but the species is now Extinct in France. This species is found from sea level to 1,300 m altitude.  (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

population:
Anacamptis collina is rather widespread and appears mainly in very small populations or even as single plants. However, there are strong populations in Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus and Malta where it can be rather abundant. The overall population size is not known. Declines have been noted particularly in coastal populations but the overall population trend is unknown (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Anacamptis collina include short and poor grassland, open garrigue, edges and clearings in thermophilous woods, dry dune areas and dry meadows often near the coast. It prefers dry alkaline soil, often calcareous substrates in full sunlight. The flowering time of the species is from March to April. # (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

threats:
This species is suffering from reduction in habitat quality and extent, mainly in the coastal populations due to the steadily increasing tourism and many colonies have already been extinguished. However, the habitat is also been destroyed by industrial development and land uses (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Regionally Extinct in France (UICN France et al. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis collina  (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007):  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a  fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the  tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance  which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be  prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the  salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal  (Plants For a Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Anacamptis coriophora is very local and often rare where it occurs however it is widespread occurring from Spain to Russia in Europe. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future and therefore, Anacamptis coriophora is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species is more threatened in the northern part of its range and has gone extinct in a few countries. Local conservation measures are therefore urgently needed.

population:
Anacamptis coriophora is very local and often rare where it occurs. The overall population size is unknown but has a declining trend (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

habitat:
Anacamptis coriophora typically occurs in grassy places derived from ‘molinaies’:  #boggy meadows and moorland, flushed slopes and woodland edges prone to flooding. It prefers slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil often clayey-calcareous substrates in full sunlight. This species is found from sea level to 2,500 m altitude. The flowering time is from April to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

threats:
Main threats to this species are posed by habitat conversion such as canalisation, flood prevention measures, building programmes and urban expansion. Further threats are extensive drainage, agricultural use of the habitat including the application of fertilisers, and plant collection (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected at national level in Belgium, France and Luxembourg. It is included in the following national red lists: Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Estonia (Lilleleht 2008), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and the Netherlands (Meijden 2000) under the synonym Orchis coriophoraCritically Endangered (level 1) in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Vulnerable in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and France (UICN et al. 2010)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007)The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis coriophora;Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows      should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid      drying of the site in spring. Protection of the living individuals through      legislation that bans the species from being picked      or dug up.Ex situ      conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations      and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.  (Bournérias      et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species occurs at numerous sites in Mediterranean Europe and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly enough to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In France, it is protected in some regions such as Champagne-Ardennes, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Rhone-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur and in the department of Gironde. It is listed as Vulnerable on the national red list (UICN France et al. 2010).The following conservation measures are recommended:Monitor the existing sites and search for new ones Estimate the population size and study their dynamics Conservation of the species and its habitat Harvest controlEx situ conservation (of the seeds)

redListAssessors:
Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., Rhazi, M., Flanagan, D. & Rankou, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Anacamptis morio is widespread and very abundant where it occurs. The population trend of the species is unknown but it has been declining very quickly in parts of its range and is listed as threatened on several national red lists. The habitat is extremely threatened by agriculture, fertilisers, grazing, drainage, urbanization, tourism and plant collection. Information on the overall population trend and rates of decline is needed. Therefore, Anacamptis morio is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion A.

range:
Anacamptis morio is mainly found in Europe and extends marginally into North  Africa and the Middle East. It is a Euro-Mediterranean species. It ranges from north to southern Norway, southern Sweden and Estonia, east to westernmost Russia and eastern Ukraine and south to the Mediterranean, including many of the Mediterranean islands, Crimea and the Caucasus, also reaching Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, northwest Iran and Morocco. This species is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude.  (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

population:
Anacamptis morio is widespread and sometimes very abundant where it occurs. The population size is unknown. With respect to population dynamics this species had declined dramatically in the last 50 years. In Britain and Ireland the species has been lost from 49% and 60% of the historical range, respectively. The trend of the population remains unknown but many sites have been declining everywhere (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Anacamptis morio shows a broad ecological tolerance of habitats including short and poor grassland, unimproved meadows, alpine pastures, forest fringes and open woodland. It prefers alkaline rich soil in full sun light and it can settle on poor ground, clay-free, of lime and low in nitrogen content. The flowering time of the species takes place from April to May-June (Bournérias #and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

threats:
Anacamptis morio is suffering from reduction in habitat quality and extent, mainly due to agricultural changes where damp meadows and pastures are ploughed and converted into arable land. This is often associated with intensive use of fertilisers in those grasslands which is toxic to the species.Further causes of habitat degradation are industrial development, grazing, drainage and inappropriate landscaping or deforestation (Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, and some regions in France, Czech Republic and Slovakia.It is included in several national red lists (often under the synonym Orchis morio):Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), and Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), United Kingdom (Cheffings 2005)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), and Hungary (Király 2007)The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis morio;  Information on the overall population trend and rates of decline within ten years or three generationsImprove the management of flower-rich grasslands.Reducing the use of fertilisers in grassland.Moderate grazing activities by cattle.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.               (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Anacamptis papilionacea is rather widespread, often abundant and the most frequent orchid species on its potential biotopes. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Anacamptis papilionacea is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Anacamptis papilionacea is a Mediterranean and eastern species, found from North Africa to Turkey, extends northwards to the foothills of the Alps and eastwards to the Caspian  Sea. The range encloses southern Greece, the islands of the Aegean Sea, and parts of western and southern Turkey. The species has a blurred range limit with a wide transitional zone that begins to the north of the Peloponnese. It is found from sea level to 1,800 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

population:
Anacamptis papilionacea is rather widespread and often abundant where it occurs. This  species becomes scarce only at the borders of its distribution area, and  very rare further in the east due to unfavourable climate influences as  the high mountains leave fewer lowland positions as possible locations.  As far as population size is concerned, no precise count has ever been made; however, the plants often grow in groups and the total population is in decline (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, and some regions in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis papilionacea;  Improve the management of grasslands, including moderate grazing activities.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.             (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and abundant where it occurs. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the species are greater than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Anacamptis pyramidalis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Anacamptis pyramidalis is native to Europe and the Mediterranean, extending its distribution into North Africa and the Middle  East. The species can be found from Denmark in the north, to southern Sweden and the Baltic States, east to Poland and the Ukraine and south to the Mediterranean, Crimea and Caucasus. It is also found in North  Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and in the Middle East in Israel, Turkey, northern Iraq and northwest Iran (Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and sometimes abundant. As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting has ever been made; however, the total population is estimated to be of some thousand individuals.  With respect to population dynamics, this species has a relatively widespread (but patchy) distribution in the Maltese Islands, and, with few exceptions, is usually present in very small numbers (sometimes a handful of individuals or clumps) where found. In Britain the species has been lost from 20% of the historical range and from 31% in Ireland (Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Anacamptis pyramidalis typically occurs in short grassland, garrigue, phrygana, dense woodland or sporadically in oak and pine forests. It grows in calcareous substrates, usually dry soils in full sun light. This species is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude. The flowering time of the species takes place from early June to mid-August and sometimes from May. (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

threats:
Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs. This species is suffering from reduction in habitat quality and extent, mainly due to its garrigue and steppe habitats being considered as ‘wasteland’. However, the habitat has been destroyed by infrastructure development, quarrying, and other land uses. The quality of the habitat is declining due to invasive species, particularly ruderals and aliens, and through inappropriate landscaping or deforestation for agriculture (Lang 2004, #Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Anacamptis urvilleana. This species is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, and some regions in France, Czech Republic and Slovakia.   The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis pyramidalis:  Moderate grazing.Created man-made habitat such us road side verges.Protection of the living individuals of the species through legislation and legal protection which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.             (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995, Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Anacamptis sancta is an eastern Mediterranean species that only reaches Europe on the Greek islands and Cyprus. It is very rare and local where it occurs. Its area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km² as this species becomes rare in regions far from maritime  climate and it avoids locations higher than 800 m. The main threats to this orchid are  extensive grazing by animals, agricultural use of the habitat, infrastructure development and recreational activities along the coasts. The number of locations of this species is not known but it might be severely fragmented. Therefore, Anacamptis sancta is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(iii).

range:
Anacamptis sancta is an eastern  Mediterranean species that settles in low lying areas of the southeast Mediterranean and in the dry areas close to the coasts of the east Mediterranean. To the west the species does not reach the Greek mainland but there are strong populations found on the southeast and central Aegean  Islands (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007). Its area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
Anacamptis sancta is very rare and local where it occurs. This species becomes rare on regions far from maritime  climate and it avoids locations higher than 800 m. This is why very  weak populations were found on the very mountainous isles of Crete  and Carpathos. This change is due to unfavourable climate influences as  the high mountains leave fewer lowland positions as possible locations. The total number of individuals is unknown; however, the total population is in decline due to the human influences on the coasts (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

threats:
This species is subject to threats such us grazing by animals, agricultural use of the habitat, infrastructure development and recreational activities at the coasts (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).  The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis sancta:  Improve the management of grasslands and allow moderate grazing activities.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.             (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a   fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the   tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance   which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be   prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the   salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal   (Plants For a Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Calypso bulbosa has European occurrences in Finland, Sweden, and European Russia. It can be found in more than 1,500 sites but the populations are decreasing throughout its range. This species can be affected by climate change as it needs snow cover in winter to keep its buds from freezing. The  loss of forest  dynamics, forest management or clearance for settlements and  for agriculture, construction of power lines, quarrying, and the  collection of this species for trade, pose major threats. Voles are also seen as a potential threat in Finland which hosts the bigger part of the population of this species. Overall, the populations are declining and even without exact data about the rate of decline and timeframe at European scale, it can be assumed that it will be close to the threshold for Vulnerable A3c. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Calypso bulbosa is native to the subarctic and temperate northern Hemisphere. In Europe, it occurs in Finland, Sweden, and Russia where it can be found in central, east, north and northwest European  Russia. In Russia, it is distributed rather widely but scattered into  central Ural and western Siberia. The area of occupancy in Sweden is 1,787 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Finland, the main distribution area is in Central Lapland in the north, but there are single populations outside of this range from north to east-central Finland (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011).

population:
The total population in Sweden counts between 5,000 and 20,000 mature individuals with a slightly decreasing trend. It is known from 500-800 localities (ArtDatabanken 2010). #In Finland, Calypso bulbosa has 145 000- 150 000 individuals, spread over 1,143 sites. The sites can be in quite close proximity (100-200 meters), so they can count as patches of bigger populations. The best estimate of the number of populations is 900-1,000. In addition to extant populations there are 69 extinct populations and 87 populations of which the status is unknown (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011).In Russia, the populations are decreasing in the St. Petersburg region, and some populations of European Russia have gone extinct. The number of known populations is small; they are usually found solitary or in small groups (Tzvelev 2000).

habitat:
Calypso bulbosa has been found in Picea spp. taiga boreal woodland   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It grows in base-rich, semi-open forests, mainly coniferous or rarely in mixed forests on calcareous soils. The colonisation of this plant is poorly known. Its flowers are pollinated by bumblebees.The species flowers very early in summer and is dependent on queen bumblebees, that wake from winter hibernation. The fruit production varies considerably between the years, being very high in some years and reaching up to 80%. The peak fruit production years occur, when the main nectar sources of bumblebees, Salix species, have a short flowering period due to warm weather. In that case Calypso bulbosa is the only flowering plant around and the bumblebees visit its nectarless flowers quite often. In other years, it suffers from pollen limitation, but the Finnish populations still have a remarkably higher fruit production than Swedish or US populations. The species needs a long time to produce a flower, about 10-15 years. Dormancy is quite often present in its early years and typically lasts 1-3 years, rarely longer (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011). Calypso bulbosa can colonize nearby sites if a larger source population is nearby. In those situations it can recolonize the habitats which have been under forest management such as clearcuttings (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011)

threats:
This plant is dependent on snow cover in the winter as the buds are on the surface. If  there is no snow, the buds will freeze and therefore climate change could pose a  threat to the species (S. Ericsson pers. comm. 2010). Climate change may threaten the southern Finnish populations (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011).In Sweden,  loss of forest dynamics could pose a bigger threat than forest management or clearance (S. Ericsson pers. comm. 2010). In Russia, the deforestation for settlements (e.g. holiday homes) and for agriculture, construction of power lines, quarrying, and the collection of this species for trade, pose the biggest threats (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).In Finland, voles are perceived as the main threat. In peak vole years, they can eat over 90% of plants. In 2011, the damage caused by voles was very high and many populations have been badly eaten during winter and spring. However, since the decade that the populations have been monitored, this is the first bad year, and it remains to be seen how the populations recover from the herbivore attack (A. Jäkäläniemi pers. comm. 2011). Although other experts agree that voles affect C. bulbosa, they do not agree that they are posing a threat to the species. Voles eat the leaves but seldom eat the underground part of the orchid and most species survive vole attacks and show an increased production of flowers in the following year (R. Alexandersson pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Calypso bulbosa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.It is categorized as Critically Endangered in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010) and protected in nearly all the regions of the European part of Russia. In Sweden, it is classed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii,iv,v) and is protected by national law (Gärdenfors 2010). In Finland, it is classed as Vulnerable A3c (Rassi et al. 2010).More information on reproductive mechanisms of the plant is needed.

useAndTrade:
In Russia, it is collected from the wild for horticultural trade but it is impossible to cultivate in gardens.

redListAssessors:
Jäkäläniemi, A., Illarionova, I. & Rankou, H.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Cephalanthera cucullata is endemic to Crete, very local and extremely rare. The extent of occurrence is below 2,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 40 km². The population has been estimated at 500 individuals in three locations and it is suspected that each holds less than 250 individuals in total. There is a continuous decline especially of the habitat which is threatened by grazing, drainage, climate change and deforestation. Therefore, Cephalanthera cucullata is assessed as Endangered.

range:
The orchid Cephalanthera cucullata grows in mountainous forest areas on Crete, with a few isolated populations in several localities on mountain Ida (Héraklion), Samaria Gorge (Ghania) and the eastern mountains (Lassithi). The species is endemic to  Greece and is found from 700 to 1,500 m altitude (Phitos et al. 1995, Thanos and Fournaraki 2007, Delforge 1995).

population:
Cephalanthera cucullata is very local, extremely rare and endemic to Crete. The population has been estimated in 500 individuals and it is suspected that each subpopulation holds less than 250 individuals in total. In the framework of the CRETAPLANT project, an inventory of the localities and of the population has been carried out (Cretaplant 2007, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Cephalanthera cucullata grows in alkaline dry to cool soils in semi-shade. Typical habitats of Cephalanthera cucullata include mixed forests of oak (Quercus calliprinos), Cypress (Cupressus horizontalis) and Cretan maple (Acer creticum). The flowering time of the species takes place from May until June. At the end of June, the seeds mature inside the capsules and the overground plant parts die (Phitos et al. 1995, Cretaplant 2007, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Cephalanthera cucullata is very local, extremely rare and is restricted to very fragile and rare places. The habitats of the species are under serious threat from grazing, drainage, climatic change and deforestation (Cretaplant 2007, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
Cephalanthera cucullata is:Included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)Included      in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats DirectiveListed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)Protected      by Presidential Decree 67/81Proclaimed "Endangered" by the Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened      Flora of Greece      (Phitos et al. 1995).Conservation and monitoring actions needed to protect Cephalanthera cucullata:    WardeningPlacement of      information boardsFencing of a      large area and 15 additional, small cages for protection from grazing and      safeguarding (and enhancement) of the populationRecording of      climatic parameters (meteorological microstation)Annual      counting of individual plants for monitoring the reproductive population      fluctuationMeasurement of      aboveground plant growth and counting flowering stems per plantSeed storage      in the Seed Banks of MAICh and University       of AthensStudy      of seed germination and the factors regulating annual regeneration of the      speciesIn the framework of the CRETAPLANT project a micro-reserve has been established in a mountain range of  Lefka Ori, where actions for its protection have been applied (Cretaplant 2007).

useAndTrade:
There is no known use or trade for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Cephalanthera damasonium is widespread and occurs in many locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Cephalanthera damasonium is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Cephalanthera damasonium is found throughout temperate sub-Mediterranean Eurasia. The species is widespread but rarely abundant (Delforge 1995). It is relatively common in southeast England on the North and South Downs and the Chilterns, west to Somerset, Devon and southeast Wales. Absent from Scotland and Ireland (Lang 2004). This species is found from sea level to 1,800 m altitude.

population:
Cephalanthera damasonium is widespread but rarely abundant. The trend of the population remains unknown. It is locally frequent in beech woods in southern England. Many sites have been lost in recent years, but the species is capable of colonising recently planted beech woodlands (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Cephalanthera damasonium is typically found in beech woods where it can occur in considerable numbers, in woodland on chalk or limestone with little ground cover, rarely present in grassland, pinewoods and occasionally found on open downland. It grows in calcareous and rarely slightly acid soils always in shade. It flowers from early May to end of June.   Most flowers of  #Cephalanthera damasonium are efficiently self-pollinated but pollination by the female solitary bee Andrena florea has also been recorded (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Although   the species is still plentiful in suitable habitats, many populations have been lost due to inappropriate woodland clearance, forest fires, grazing, deforestation for building and construction work purposes as well as plant collection (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).Cephalanthera damasonium can be protected by;  Protection of the species natural habitats would be an effective conservation measure.The fencing-of some areas with highest concentration of plants are temporary recommended and preferably away from places frequented by tourists. Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
This species is not known to be used or traded.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Cephalanthera epipactoides is endemic to Greece and Turkey, very local and abundant. The distribution of the species appears in small isolated populations. This plant is found at around five locations, has an extent of occurrence under 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy of 20 km². The species is threatened by fires, grazing, tourism, insecticides (reduction of pollinators), collection and deforestation. Therefore, Cephalanthera epipactoides is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Cephalanthera epipactoides grows in the oriental sub-Mediterranean and extends from Thrace (Greece) in the west as far as Anatolia and Sinop in the east. The records from the Pontic coast and west of Sinop require confirmation. The species is endemic to Greece and Turkey and is found from sea level to 1,200 m altitude  (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995). This plant is found at five locations, has an extent of occurrence under 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy of 20 km².

population:
Cephalanthera epipactoides is rather local but sometimes abundant. The trend of the population remains unknown. In Greece, the species grows at the western limit of its distribution range and appears in small isolated populations (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Cephalanthera epipactoides include guarrigue, scrubland, maquis and open coniferous forest especially pine woods. It grows in dry to cool calcareous alkaline soils always in semi-shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from April to June (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Cephalanthera epipactoides is especially threatened by forest fires, grazing, deforestation for building and construction work purposes, insecticides which cause reductions of pollinators as well as plant collection (Phitos et al. 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Only the total protection of the Cephalanthera epipactoides natural habitats would be an effective conservation measure. The fencing-of some areas with highest concentration of plants are temporarily recommended and preferably away from places frequented by tourists.   The species can be protected also through;    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Phitos et al. 1995).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Cephalanthera longifolia is widespread and often abundant. Its extent of occurrence is beyond the threshold for a threatened category but the area of occupancy might be below 2,000 km². The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future, especially if the recommended conservation measures are being applied. Therefore, Cephalanthera longifolia is assessed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
Cephalanthera longifolia is found throughout temperate and Mediterranean Eurasia, from the Atlantic to the Himalayas. It is widespread and often abundant but becomes more local and rarer in the northwestern periphery of its range. In the UK, it occurs in southern  England, the Midlands, Cumbria, West Wales and Scotland.  This species is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude (Lang 2004, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995).

population:
Cephalanthera longifolia is widespread and often abundant. The trend of the population remains unknown but many sites have been declining (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Cephalanthera longifolia include grassy places, woodland edges, clearings and glades, sometimes open grassland and open woodlands. It grows in calcareous or decalcified cool soils, prefers lime-rich soil and is always found in semi-shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from May to June (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Cephalanthera longifolia is threatened due to changes in woodland management; the neglect of woods leading to the disappearance of glades, the thickening of tree cover and the development of coarse woody habitat. Many populations have been lost through inappropriate woodland management which can cause the plants to dry up as a result of too much light, forest fires, deforestation for building and construction work purposes as well as plant collection (Lang 2004, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Cephalanthera longifolia can be protected by:  Protection of the species natural habitats by a reduction in canopy to let more light in and keeping the glades relatively small as the species requires a degree of shade. Control/removal of the ground vegetation to minimise competition between Cephalanthera longifolia and other species. This can be managed by strimming after the summer.   Light grazing (preferably with cattle) over the winter can be useful to create areas of bare ground for germination. Management for bees is necessary to guarantee that as many flowers as possible are pollinated. Chances of pollination can be maximised by ensuring that flowering species that produce suitable sources of food for the bees and produce pollen at the same time as C. longifolia are present close to the orchid.   Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995, Plantlife International 2006).                In the UK, a number of countryside conservation schemes provide assistance to land managers conserving sites of Cephalanthera longifolia. The most appropriate are:   Environmental Stewardship: This is a new agri-environment scheme, which provides funding to farmers and other land managers in England who deliver effective environmental management on their land. Protected Road Verges: Many district councils run protected road verge schemes (Plantlife International 2010).

useAndTrade:
There is no information available regarding the collection and trade of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Cephalanthera rubra is widespread and often abundant but becomes very rare and local in the margins of its distribution. The distribution of the species appears in small isolated populations and many populations that are severely fragmented. Many populations have been lost and declined through inappropriate site management, lack of pollination, forest fires, deforestation for building and construction work purposes as well as plant collection. However, the species occurs in numerous European countries and is not threatened in a few of them.  Therefore, the risk of extinction at European level is low and Cephalanthera rubra is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Cephalanthera rubra is found throughout temperate Eurasia and in parts of the Mediterranean, extending from the Atlantic to the Caspian Sea. It is widespread and often abundant but becomes very rare and local on the margins of its distribution. In Britain, Cephalanthera rubra is now known only from single localities in the counties of Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire and Hampshire, southern England. This species is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude.   (Newman et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Cephalanthera rubra is widespread and often abundant but becomes very rare and local in the margins of its distribution. The populations are severely fragmented. The trend of the population is suspectected to be declining and many sites have been lost (Newman et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). In  addition, populations may be genetically depauperate as this species  can form clonal populations (Micheneau et al. 2010).

habitat:
Cephalanthera rubra is typically found in scrubby grassland, woodland margins, warmer calcareous beech and oak woods. It grows in calcareous to slightly acid soils in shade to semi-shade (Newman et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Harrap # and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Cephalanthera rubra #is especially threatened due to habitat loss and lack of woodland management, neglect leading to problems of excessive shading or too much light, and poor seed-set caused presumably by a lack of suitable pollinating insects, but also perhaps due to the purported intrinsic partial fertility of the species. Further threats are posed by forest fires, deforestation for building and construction work purposes as well as plant collection (Newman et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is listed on various national red lists with varying degrees of threat:Critically Endangered in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010)Vulnerable in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Hungary (Király 2007) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Cephalanthera rubra can be protected by;  Management and protection of the species natural habitats by a reduction in canopy to let more light in and keeping the glades relatively small as the species required a degree of shade. Carry out control of the ground flora, particularly where a dense layer of herbs has developed and strimming when the flowers have seeded. Hand pollination as natural pollination remains very restricted.Light grazing (preferably with cattle) over the winter can be useful to create areas of bare ground for germination. Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Newman et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chamorchis alpina is very local but often abundant within its sites with a widespread distribution area in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. However, there are local declines noted and it is recommended to protect the habitat from recreational activities and mountain sports and apply the conservation measures suggested. Chamorchis alpina is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Chamorchis alpina is a European orchid of the boreal-alpine zone, endemic to subarctic and subalpine Europe, Carpathians and Scandinavian Alps, northwards reaching almost the Kola Peninsula. The species can be found from 2,000 to 2,700 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Chamorchis alpina is very local but often abundant within its sites. Usually this species grows in small groups and forms aggregations having several hundred individuals. The trend of the populations remains unknown. (Bournérias #and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Chamorchis alpina is typically found in short exposed alpine grassland and alpine meadows. It prefers dry, calcareous substrates in full sun light. The flowering time of the species takes place from July to August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
The populations and the biotopes of Chamorchis alpina are locally under numerous anthropogenic threats especially from tourism and the establishment of ski lifts, new ski paths and # recreational activities and mountain sports. Plant collection poses a further threat. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). &#

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Endangered in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Vulnerable in France (UICN France et al. 2010), but as Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).   The following actions are recommended to protect Chamorchis alpina;   Protection of the habitat from ski lifts, new ski paths, recreational activities and mountain sports by fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Corallorhiza trifida is widespread in boreal Europe, more local in the temperate and sub-Mediterranean zones with a large distribution area. The overall population trend is unknown and the species could form numerous populations with small groups. At European level, the risk of extinction is low as the existing threats, especially the changes in agriculture practices, climate changes, overgrowth of trees and wood-cutting, are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Corallorhiza trifida is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Corallorhiza trifida has a circumpolar distribution and occurs widely in northern Europe. The species is found north to Greenland, Iceland and northernmost Scandinavia and south to the Pyrenees, Massif Central, Alps, Apennines and Balkans, also Corsica, the Crimea and Caucasus. The species can be found up to 2,300 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Corallorhiza trifida is widespread in boreal Europe, more local in the temperate and sub-Mediterranean zones. The total population size is unknown but the species can form numerous populations with small groups and the population density is often more than 3 individuals/m².  #&#&#   The trend of the population remains unknown but declines appear to be ongoing on many sites due to numerous threats. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 46%, for example. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Corallorhiza trifida grows in a diverse range of habitats including montane woodland, marshes, bogs, scrubby fens, tundra, wet dune slacks, leaf-litter of beech woods and conifer forests. It prefer damp, acidic, neutral or basic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to shade and the flowering time of the speciesis from May to July. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
The populations of the species and their habitats are locally declining on many sites due to numerous threats especially changes in agriculture practices, climate change, overgrowth with trees and bushes and wood-cutting. Further threats are drainage, trampling, forest fires, and plant collection. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Corallorhiza trifida;   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from changes in agriculture practices and trampling.Control the overgrowth of trees and bushes in woodland. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the sites as the species very sensitive to drainage. Raise public awareness especially about fires.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is widespread in Europe and neither its geographic range  nor the size of the populations fall within any of the threatened  categories. However, there have been severe population declines  throughout its range and it is still at least slowly declining in most  countries. The rate of the decline has not been determined at European  level but it could reach the threshold for Vulnerable under A. Moreover,  the halt of the declines is due to the current conservation and  protection measures in place and the rate of decline would become more  severe should those measures be stopped. This orchid is therefore  assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Cypripedium calceolus known as Lady's Slipper orchid ranges from Europe to Japan. It is widespread in Europe. This species does not occur in Greece, despite earlier reports (Tsiftsis et al. 2007).

population:
The species is widespread but has undergone severe declines in the past, especially due to its collection by enthusiasts. Now the populations are still declining in parts of its range but are stable or even increasing in other parts due to conservation measures that were taken. The number of mature individuals is 1,000,000 in Sweden alone.In Czech Republic, there are many localities (thousands) but they are  generally very small in size (about 13 km² throughout the country). Many  Natura 2000 sites have been  established around the populations. The number of individuals in each  location is usually low, and the total population does not exceed 3,000 individuals. There is an average of 100 individuals in  each locality but only nine localities have larger populations (100-400  individuals) and some localities have only a few dozen individuals. The populations are commonly fragmented, forming small  scattered patches. In Hungary, it occurs at no more than eight  localities where it was formerly known from more than 20. This decrease  has happened during the last century. The number of localities has  remained constant over the last ten years but the number of individuals  has been continuously # decreasing. There are 1,400-1,700 individuals in total. In Lithuania, the species is  fragmented and has restricted populations. There are 50 sites mostly   restricted to the southeast, central and northern part of the country.  Ten sites host over  200 individuals; one has more than 3,000  individuals and the rest are  very variable, from a few dozens up to a  few hundreds individuals.In Poland, there are historical records  for over 200 localities in the Polish lowlands, but most of them have  been lost especially in western Poland. At present it can be found at  several tens of scattered localities with a higher concentration in the  Kraków-Częstochowa Jura Upland, the Lublin Upland, Roztocze region and  the Biebrza River Valley. In the Carpathian mountains, the populations  are small and have been reported from the Tatra Mts., the Pieniny Mts.  and the Słonne Mts. (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).In Switzerland, it  has a geographic range of 580 km², the population has several thousand  individuals, and it is found throughout mountains and flat areas. On the flat  areas the population seems to be slightly fragmented. In the lower regions the population is slightly declining and in others it is more or less stable.In Slovakia, it occurs in more than 100 localities from the Biele Karpaty Mts to Humenné. It is found sporadically in the central Carpathians populations range from a few tens to hundreds of plants. It becomes more rare in the rest of the country. The populations are more or less stable. In Bulgaria and the UK, the plant is assessed as Critically Endangered under D which means that there are less than 50 mature individuals (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Cheffings and Farrell 2005).In Norway, a population decline of 15-30% has been observed in the past and is assumed to continue in the future (Artsdatabanken 2010).In Spain, the plant reaches the western limit of its range. There are 1,296 mature individuals in total with decreasing populations (Bañares et al. 2004).Furthermore, the following population data has been provided (Commission of the European Communities 2009): Austria: 51,000 to 102,000 individualsDenmark: 247-1,440 shoots, 426 individuals in 2003France: 518 - 537 localitiesEstonia: 10,000 - 75,000 individualsItaly: 199 localitiesLatvia: 23 localitiesLithuania: 43-50 localitiesPoland: 16-20 localities and 20,000-50,000 individualsSweden: 1,002,000 individuals

habitat:
This geophyte species can grow in many habitats: Forests with oak, hornbeam, beech, spruce and pine and ravine forests, thermophile woodland fringes, Picea taiga woodland. The species needs light and therefore the forests cannot be very dense. Furthermore, it grows in narrow-leaved dry grassland (Festucion valesiacae), broad-leaved dry grassland (Bromion erecti). It is found in fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks as well as broad-leaved swamp woodland not on acid peat. The seeds are easily transported by wind over several hundred kilometres. In Czech Republic, it is suspected that the forests where this species is found were coppice forests before.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):9020 Fennoscandian hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forests (Quercus, Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus or Ulmus) rich in epiphytes9050 Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abies9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion 9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravinesThe generation length is thought to be 10 years (Artsdatabanken 2010).

threats:
The main threat to this species is collection which led to major declines in the past. Although this is forbidden now, it is still a serious threat. The habitat of the species is threatened by inappropriate forest management such as clear cutting or the use of herbicides and pesticides. Replacement of the natural forest with spruce plantations has caused habitat degradation as the soil is affected by de-calcification processes and this species is linked to calcareous soils. Grazing can pose a threat in two different ways: overgrazing affects the individuals whereas the abandonment of traditional grazing activities leads to natural succession processes and therefore increased competition for this orchid.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is also listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This orchid is included in several national red lists as threatened:Regionally Extinct in LuxembourgCritically Endangered in Bulgaria, Serbia and the United Kingdom   Endangered in Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia, and Spain   Vulnerable in Austria, Belarus, Denmark, France, Germany, Lithuania, Slovakia, and Switzerland   Near Threatened in Finland and Norway   Least Concern in Sweden    It is protected at national level in most countries (e.g. France, Hungary) and collection of the species is forbidden (e.g. Lithuania). Many populations are included in Natura 2000 sites and other forms of protected areas. The protection of the sites and appropriate management are essential. #

useAndTrade:
Collection of this attractive orchid is forbidden but it still happens.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Dactylorhiza baumanniana is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece, quite local and somewhat abundant. The distribution of the species appears in small isolated populations. The population trend is decreasing due to soil drainage, tourist development, reservoir construction and weather conditions. The area of occupancy of the species is 55 km² but there is currently no evidence for the number of locations or if the populations are severely fragmented. Therefore, Dactylorhiza baumanniana is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(ii,iii,v).

range:
This orchid is endemic to the Balkans and is found in Bulgaria and Greece. Dactylorhiza baumanniana is has been recorded throughout the Pindus Mountains and from one site in the Peloponnese. It also occurs in southern Bulgaria and probably grows in other mountain ranges of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is found from 1,000 - 1,800 m altitude.    (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995). The area of occupancy is estimated at 55 km².

population:
Dactylorhiza baumanniana is quite local and somewhat abundant where it occurs. The population number and size is declining (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza baumanniana is typically found in marshy hollows, stream banks and seepages. It grows in damp to cool, acid to neutral soils in full sun to semi-shade. The flowering time is from June to July (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza baumanniana has been changed for the worst recently through soil drainage, tourist development, reservoir construction, intensive grazing and insufficient water supply to the wet meadows as well as pollution. Within the genus Dactylorhiza the tendency of hybridization is enormous. Therefore, Dactylorhiza baumanniana is threatened by extensive hybridization with other taxa of the genus   (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza baumanniana can be protected by:  Protection of the species natural habitats by the supply of enough water and the habitat should be mowed in the autumn. The habitat should be kept open and enlarged by clearing.Ensure enough water supply to the wet meadows.Set up nature reserves and establish a centre for nature preservation, to enable long-standing scientific research and population control.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza cordigera is quite widespread and somewhat abundant where it occurs, sometimes with very large populations. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza cordigera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza cordigera is endemic to Europe where it is found in the Balkans, extending from northern Greece, to Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina and northwards to the Carpathians and Ukraine. This species is found from 900-2,400 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Dactylorhiza cordigera is quite widespread and somewhat abundant where it occurs. Some populations of the species are estimated to be of dozens of thousands of individuals but the distributional area of these populations is very limited. The trend of the population is decreasing due to many threats.(Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Dactylorhiza cordigera include marshy mountain meadows, stream banks, springs and seepages. It grows in acid to alkaline soils in full sunlight and flowers in spring and early summer. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza cordigera is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, agricultural use of the swampy meadows, urbanization, trampling, and intensive grazing. The species is also collected for gardening purposes.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza cordigera:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses and trampling.Type of habitat management that imitates the traditional agriculture or forestry of the locality of the species.   Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is potential a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This orchid is collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza elata is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza elata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza elata is a Mediterranean species. It is known from southwest Europe and northwest Africa. In Europe, it is found in Spain, Portugal, France, Corsica and Sardinia. This species is found from sea level to 2,500 m altitude.  (Delforge 1995, Anthos 2009, Tutin et al. 1964).

population:
The species is present in numerous localities in the Mediterranean, it is quite widespread and often abundant. The populations are in regression with the reduction of their habitat. In France, it is present in the western and southwestern part of the country, from Pays-de-la-Loire to Languedoc-Roussillon (Lozere, Herault, Gard, Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales) for the Mediterranean part, but absent from eastern France (Provence). This species is quite rare in the French Mediterranean area. In Corsica, it is classed as possibly extinct.  In  Italy, it is one of the rarest orchids with only one population in Sardinia with about 20 individuals. On the Iberian peninsula, it is dispersed on most of the peninsula and present in 351 localities in Spain and in nine provinces in Portugal.

habitat:
Dactylorhiza elata is a perennial herbaceous plant (geophyte) that is found in humid grasslands of tall grasses and rushes with very wet calcareous soils or soils flushed by calcareous waters. It also grows at the sides of streams, springs and swampy hollows, sometimes banks. Dactylorhiza elata grows in full sunlight and it flowers in spring and in early summer.

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza elata is affected by numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage of the swampy meadows, their use for agriculture, their filling in, urbanization and intensive collection for gardening purposes.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In France, it is classed as Vulnerable A2ac+4ac in the French Red List (UICN France et al. 2010). The species is protected in one region (Centre), but there are no conservation measures in the French Mediterranean continental area.The following actions are recommended to protect this species:Conservation of the habitat and the species. Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses.Legal protection to ban the species from being collected.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Dactylorhiza foliosa has a small area of occupancy of 159 km², it is a widespread and abundant taxon and shows a continuous distribution in the laurel forest. This species’ habitat shows an increasing trend in its geographical range. Therefore, this orchid is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza foliosa is endemic to Madeira. This species is found from 400-1,150 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994). The area of occupancy is approx. 159 km².

population:
Dactylorhiza foliosa is very abundant in its distribution area. It is widespread along the island within the laurel forest. Fragmentation is not an issue. The population is increasing because the laurel forest area is increasing despite a fire in August 2010 that affected a very small area of its distribution.

habitat:
Dactylorhiza foliosa occurs mainly in open laurel woodlands, meadows near running water, and rock-crevices. It grows in acid, cool to fairly dry soils in semi-shade to shade.   The flowering time of the species takes place from May to July/August (Delforge 199, Press and Short 1994).

threats:
Dactylorhiza foliosa is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including tourist development, drainage, construction work, trampling, climatic change and deforestation.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Legal protection that bans the species from being picked is already in place. The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza foliosa;Protection of the habitat from trampling and recreational activities.   Fencing the vulnerable sites and creation of natural reserves.    Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza fuchsii is widespread, occurs in several locations in Europe and is known from many sites within parts of its range. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii is found throughout Europe but is rare in the Mediterranean region. The species is very common in Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, but absent in Corsica. There is some confusion concerning the boundaries between this species and D. maculata, particulary in Eastern and Central Europe. This species is found up to 2,300 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii is widespread and often abundant. The trend of the population remains unknown and the species is not well known, due to confusion with Dactylorhiza maculata (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii is typically found in open woodlands, forest margins, marshes, grasslands, meadows, and seepages. It grows in alkaline, dry to marshy soils in semi-shade to full light. The flowering takes place from May to July.   The species has a very wide range of pollinators (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza fuchsii is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, agriculture use of the swampy meadows, urbanization, grazing, plant collection, trampling and extensive hybridization with other species of the same genus   (Bournérias #and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected at national level in Belgium and Luxembourg and at regional level in France.The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza fuchsii;Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses.Moderate grazing.Fencing the vulnerable site to protect the species from trampling.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Dactylorhiza iberica is quite local and often found in small and isolated populations where it occurs. The population is very fragmented and has a decreasing trend. The area of occupancy is under 2,000 km² (about 628 km²). Main threats are posed by changes in hydrology, competition from other species and recreational activities. Therefore, Dactylorhiza iberica is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Dactylorhiza iberica is a Mediterranean-Pontic species found in the northern Peloponnese and Greek Macedonia, extending to the Caucasus and Iran, as far as Crimea to the north. The species is missing from the Aegean except from the island  of Eubéa in Greece. It is found from 600 to 2,600 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, # Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Dactylorhiza iberica is quite local and often found in small isolated populations where it occurs. It has a very fragmented distribution and the population is decreasing. The population in Cyprus consists of only 180 individuals. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
The narrow ecological range of this species is submitted to numerous threats especially to changes in hydrology by groundwater extraction, competition from other species, hybridization and recreational activities. Additional threats are tourism development, urbanization, trampling, and plant collection. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Endangered in the national red list of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007). The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza iberica:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the habitat from trampling and recreational activities.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the groundwater. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza incarnata is widespread and relatively common with a large distribution area. The population has a decreasing trend. Overall, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future and Dactylorhiza incarnata is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Where the populations are declining drastically, local conservation measures are recommended.

range:
Dactylorhiza incarnata is found throughout western, Central, eastern and southeastern Europe, southern Scandinavia, and western Siberia. It extends in the west from central Spain to Scandinavia, in the south to northern Italy, northern Greece and northwestern Anatolia, in the east to the Caucasus up to Lake Baikal and China. This species is found up to 2,400 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Dactylorhiza incarnata is widespread and relatively common but becoming more uncommon and rare especially toward the south of its distribution. It can form large aggregations, with several dozens of individuals, with a relatively low density of 1-5 individuals/m² and the populations are usually very dynamic. However, the population is decreasing and the number of individuals decreased sharply in the last ten years. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza incarnata grows in fens and meadows with high level of underground water, from lowlands to foothills and is also found in inland coastal marshes, marshy hollows, and stream banks. It prefers alkaline to neutral soils and full light. The flowering takes place from May to June. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
The narrow ecological range of Dactylorhiza incarnata is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including extensive drainage, grazing, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanisation, tourism, intensive recreation, and hybridization. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected at national level in Belgium and Luxembourg and at regional level in France. It is listed on the following national red lists: Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Vulnerable in France (UICN France et al. 2010)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and it is listed as not threatened on the Lithuanian (Rašomavičius 2007) red list  The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza incarnata;  Mowing the site at least once a year to reduce the abundance of grasses and remove the old biomass before the next season. #Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses and pasturage.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring. Fencing the sites may help if the springs and peat bogs are damaged.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Dactylorhiza kalopissii is endemic to Greece, quite local and somewhat abundant where it occurs. The population is decreasing due to drainage, tourist development, reservoir construction and intensive grazing as well as the extensive hybridization with other taxa of the genus. The area of occupancy is around 15 km² and the species occurs only at three locations. Therefore, Dactylorhiza kalopissii is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Dactylorhiza kalopissii is endemic to Greece. It is only  known from several localities in the northern Greek mountains: the Katara  Pass area, Mt.  Vermion and Mt.  Olimbos. This species is found from 1,100 m to 1,600 m altitude (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995). The area of occupancy is 15 km² and the extent of occurrence is 7,614 km².

population:
Dactylorhiza kalopissii is quite local and somewhat abundant where it occurs. The population size is decreasing (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza kalopissii occurs only in wet meadows near springs and rivulets. It grows in neutral to slightly acid damp to marshy soils in full sun and flowers from mid-May to July (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza kalopissii has undergone significant declines recently through soil drainage, tourist development, reservoir construction and intensive grazing. Collection of this orchid is a threat to the species. Within the genus Dactylorhiza the tendency of hybridization with other taxa of the genus is enormous and therefore poses a threat to the species (Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Bulgarian Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Dactylorhiza kalopissii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and can be protected by:Protection of the natural habitats by the supply of enough water and mowing in the autumn. The habitat should be kept open and enlarged by clearing.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Phitos et al. 1995, Delforge 1995).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza lapponica is local but very rare in most of the places where it occurs. The population is declining due to extensive drainage, forestry activities, agricultural use, and urbanisation. The species is threatened in a few countries but also listed as Least Concern in others. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future and Dactylorhiza lapponica is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza lapponica is endemic to north and central Europe where it is found throughout the boreo-alpine region. Its range extends from Gotland in Sweden north to Tromso in Norway, to Scotland, southwards towards the Italian Dolomites, the Alps in Switzerland, Bavaria in Germany, Salzburg in Austria, and possibly Bohemia in the Czech Republic. This species is found up to 1,000 m altitude and found from 500 to 2,400 m in the Alps (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza lapponica is rather local and rare where it occurs. The population is suspected to be decreasing as its habitat is declining (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza lapponica grows in stream banks, moorland flushes, grassy areas, pastures and meadows, from the lowlands to the subalpine zone. It prefers slightly acid to alkaline soils in full sunlight and flowers from June to August (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
Dactylorhiza lapponica is local and rare where it occurs. The habitat quality and extent is declining due to forestry activities, drainage, agricultural use of swampy meadows, and urbanisation. Collection of the species is a threat.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza lapponica is a strictly protected plant in some countries such as France. It is listed on the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Hungary (Király 2007)Vulnerable in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010)Near Threatened in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Rare in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010)Data Deficient in France (UICN France et al. 2010)The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza lapponica;    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Delforge 1995, Bournérias et al. 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza maculata is rather widespread and abundant where it occurs. The species is protected in some countries including Belgium and Luxembourg but the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. # Therefore, Dactylorhiza maculata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza maculata is not well known due to confusion within the group. Eastern and Central European populations assigned to this species may be hybrids or introgressed forms with D. fuchsii. The species is found throughout temperate and boreal Eurosiberia. This species is found up to 2,300 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005)

population:
Dactylorhiza maculata is widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs. The trend of the population remains unknown (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza maculata it grows in slightly improved grassland, margins and clearings, and peatbogs, always with Molinea grass and on marshes. It grows on acid, cool to swampy soils in full sunlight to shade. The flowering time takes place from May to July (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza maculata is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanization, tourism, trampling and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza maculata is a protected plant in some countries such as Belgium and Luxembourg.The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza maculata;Mowing the site at least once a year to reduce the abundance of grasses and remove the old biomass before the next season.Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring.Fencing the sites may help if the springs and peat bogs are damaged.Protection of the living individuals through legislation and legal protection which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza majalis is quite widespread and often abundant where it occurs. This species is protected in some countries including Belgium, Luxemburg, Czech Republic, Slovakia and in some regions of France. However, the existing threats for the species and the habitats in Europe are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza majalis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza majalis is mainly found in Europe, from northern Spain to the extreme south of Scandinavia. It extends its range east into Siberia and the Caucasus. This species is not well known due to confusion with related taxa. It is found from lowlands to mountains up to 1,800 m altitude.  (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza majalis is quite widespread and often abundant where it occurs. The trend of the population remains unknown (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza majalis is found in damp grassland, unimproved marshland, fens and wet meadows. It grows on damp to swampy, slightly alkaline to slightly acid soils in full sun light. The flowering time is from May to June (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza majalis is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, amendment and destruction of wetlands, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanization, tourism, trampling and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza majalis is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia and in some regions of France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza majalis;  Mowing at least once a year, preferably in August/September, to reduce the abundance of grasses and to remove the old biomass before the next season. Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses and trampling. Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring.Fencing the sites may help if the springs and peat bogs are damaged by wild pig grazing of tubers or roe deer grazing of shoots.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Delforge 1995, Bournérias&#and Prat 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza romana is rather local but sometimes found in large and dense populations. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza romana is assessed as Least Concerned.

population:
Dactylorhiza romana is rather local and the sites usually hold a few plants but in some places larger dense populations occur. The trend of the population is unknown. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza romana is primarily found in guarrigue, scrub and open woodland. It #prefers dry to moist, alkaline to acidic soils. This species grows in full sunlight to shade and flowers from March to June. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Vulnerable on the Bulgarian Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza romana; Protection of the habitat from agricultural use and land melioration. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the habitat from trampling.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza russowii is rather local and not very abundant where it occurs with a large distribution area. The population is declining due to habitat loss and degradation but the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future.

range:
Dactylorhiza russowii is found from Central Europe to Central Siberia. It occurs in Finland, Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and Russia and is extinct in the Czech Republic. The species can be found up to 200 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, Holub and Procházka 2000, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Dactylorhiza russowii is rather local and not very abundant. Only two findings were known in the central Ural mountains, in Estonia it occurs relatively often and about 100 localities were noted. There is no information available for the other countries in its range. The population is decreasing. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza russowii is primarily found in coastal fens, bogs, low fens, waterlogged meadows and near streams. It prefers damp to wet, from weakly acidic to alkaline soils. This species grows in full sunlight but can survive a little shade and flowers from June to July.  #(Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Dactylorhiza russowii is declining due to numerous anthropogenic threats especially trampling, disturbance of soil cover, land amelioration, drainage, abstraction of surface water for agriculture uses, and drying out which the species is very sensitive to. Further threats are urbanisation and tourism development. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is classed as Extinct on the Czech red list (Holub and Procházka 2000) and listed as Critically Endangered (level 1) in the German red list (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza russowii; Protection of the habitat, especially the fens and meadows from land amelioration and soil cover disturbances. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the habitat from trampling.Ensure appropriate water management of sites and avoid drainage. The habitat should be kept open and enlarged by clearing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza saccifera is quite widespread and often rare where it occurs. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza saccifera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza saccifera is endemic to the Mediterranean and extends from Corsica and Tuscany in the west, eastwards into Turkey. This species can be found up to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza saccifera is quite widespread and often rare where it occurs. The trend of the population remains unknown (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza saccifera it found in cool to marshy and damp woods, spring sides, and marshy hollows. It grows always on alkaline and rarely in acid soils, in full sunlight to shade. The flowering time is from May to June (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza saccifera is very diverse but submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanization, tourism, deforestation and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza saccifera:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza sambucina is rather local and is often abundant where it occurs. Although the species is an endangered and strictly protected plant in some countries including Czech Republic, Slovakia and some regions of France, the existing threats for the species and the habitats in Europe are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very fast in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza sambucina is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza sambucina is endemic to Europe, occurs from central Spain to Crimea, as far south as Sicily, as far north as central Scandinavia. It is found scattered from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, rarely in the west, in the south only in mountain areas, the eastern distribution border runs from the river Dnepr to the Caucasus. This species is found up to 2,600 m altitude   (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza sambucina is rather local and often abundant where it occurs. The population is suspected to be decreasing because of habitat destruction (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza sambucina it grows in mountain meadows, pastures, forest borders, open woodland, and poor grassland. It prefers alkaline to slightly acid dry to damp soils in full sun light. The flowering takes place from May to June (Delforge 1995, Bournérias  and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza sambucina is submitted to numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanization, tourism, trampling, deforestation and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza sambucina is a strictly protected plant in some countries, for example the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and is protected at regional level in France.  The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza sambucina;  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses and trampling. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is local but very rare on most of the places where it occurs. The population is declining due to drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanisation, tourism and plant collection. However, it is suspected that the rate of decline is below 30% in the whole European range, especially as it is of Least Concern in some countries. #Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is assessed as Least Concern at European and EU 27 level.

range:
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is found north in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom and Ireland, west in the French Pyrenees, throughout the central and eastern Alps and extending to West Siberia in Russia. This species can be found from 250 m to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

population:
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is very local and rare where it occurs due to habitat disappearance. The trend of the population remains unknown but is suspected to be declining (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is quite specialized on alkaline alpine peatbogs, wet meadows and marshy hollows. It grows on marshy alkaline soils, in full sunlight to semi-shade. The flowering takes place from June to July (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

threats:
The habitat of Dactylorhiza traunsteineri is declining due to drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanisation, and tourism. Plant collection is also a threat. (Delforge 1995, Bournérias and Prat 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Vulnerable in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Lithuania (category 2; Rašomavičius 2007)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010)Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect D. traunsteineri:  Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Delforge 1995, Bournérias et al. 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Dactylorhiza viridis is local and rather rare on most of the places where it occurs. The population is declining. However, the species is widespread, is of Least Concern in some countries, and it is unlikely that the existing threats are causing the population to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza viridis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Dactylorhiza viridis has a circumpolar distribution and is found in Europe, Asia and North America. This species is restricted to the temperate regions but extends north to Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northernmost Scandinavia and Alaska, it ranges furthest south to the mountains in Spain, Italy, Greece, Crimea and Caucasus. The Frog Orchid is widely distributed in Britain and Ireland. This species can be found up to 2,900 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004).

population:
Dactylorhiza viridis is not widespread and rather rare. The population size is declining # (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Dactylorhiza viridis grows in well-drained short grassland, fens, mountain pastures, woodland fringes, slopes of ancient earthworks, abandoned quarries, lime pits, rocky ledges, road verges, coastal grassland and open woodland. It is also found in damp or wet permanent pastures and meadows. It occurs on acidic or alkaline, dry to dump soils, in full sunlight to semi-shade. The flowering takes place from early June to early August (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004).

threats:
Dactylorhiza viridis has declined throughout its range especially where the ploughing-up of old pastures on neutral or chalky boulder-clay soils takes place and the development of scrub and rank vegetation on short grassland. The habitat of the species is also submitted to numerous threats including grazing, drainage, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanisation and plant collection (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Dactylorhiza viridis is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, Britain and in some regions of France. #Regionally Extinct in Denmark (NERI 2007)Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Estonia (Lilleleht 2008)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Hungary (Király 2007), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010)Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza viridis;    An appropriate level of grazing of favoured grassland.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided.Protection of the living individuals through legislation and legal protection which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis albensis is very local and sometimes rare where it occurs with small and isolated populations. The population is decreasing. The range of the species is  very narrow and threatened by the destruction of forests, clearing of  old trees, inappropriate woodland management, mining, and drainage. The area of occupancy is smaller than 500 km² but the number of locations is likely to be above ten and the subpopulations are not severely fragmented. Therefore it is assumed that the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future and Epipactis albensis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis albensis is endemic to central Europe where it occurs in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Slovakia. The species can be found up to 500 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995).

population:
Epipactis albensis is very local and sometimes rare where it occurs with small and isolated populations. The population is decreasing due to numerous threats. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Epipactis albensis is found in slopes and small valleys, especially in old-growth alluvial forests. It prefers moist to damp, often acidic substrates. This species grows in shade to mid-shade sites and it flowers from late July to October. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Epipactis albensis is threatened by habitat loss caused by the destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, inappropriate woodland management, construction of forest roads, mining (especially in Germany), drainage and consumption by animals. In addition, it is harmed by urbanisation, #tourism, and recreational activities. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and in Hungary (Király 2007)Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis albensis;   Protection of the woodland      habitat from destruction, clearance, mining and unsuitable management.Fencing vulnerable sites to      protect the species from wild animals.Appropriate woodland      management to control the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floorSympathetic management of      isolated populations.Avoid drainage of the      habitat as the species required moist sites. Raise public awareness.Protection through      legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial      propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance      of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size      and study their dynamics.   (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis atrorubens is relatively widespread and often abundant but rare in the Mediterranean zone with a very large distribution area. Overall the populations are decreasing but the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Epipactis atrorubens is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis atrorubens is a European species which extends slightly into western Asia. The species extends north to northernmost Norway and in Russia to the Arctic  Circle. It occurs southwards to southern Spain, southern Italy, southern Greece, Romania and has a few occurrences in the Caucasus. The species is absent from the Mediterranean lowland but found in western and northern Turkey, northern Iran and southern Siberia. E. atrorubens can be found up to 2,400 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Epipactis atrorubens is relatively widespread and often abundant but rare in the Mediterranean zone. The population size is unknown, but the populations are decreasing. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 30% and in Ireland was 38%. Most of the populations are small with many non-flowering plants and the decline appears to be ongoing on many sites. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Epipactis atrorubens is found in screes, short grassland, dunes, cliff ledges, slopes, old quarries, road verges, woodland edges and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, often sandy calcareous and skeletal substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to partial shade and flowers from June to July. (Delforge 1995, # GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Epipactis atrorubens is declining due to numerous anthropogenic threats, especially quarrying, grazing, deforestation and recreational activities. In addition, the plant is threatened by urbanisation, tourism and associated infrastructure development. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Epipactis atrorubens is included in the following national red lists:Vulnerable in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Denmark (NERI 2007), Lithuania (Level 2 - Rašomavičius 2007), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and Finland (Rassi et al. 2010)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)The species is protected in several countries at the national level, such us Belgium and Luxembourg, and at the regional level in France. The species is also included in the Red Data Books of Latvia and Ukraine. The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis atrorubens:   Protection of the habitat, especially the grassland and woodland, from quarrying, grazing, deforestation and recreational activities.. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Grazing management.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Legislation to ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Criticall Endangered (CR)  Epipactis condensata has its only European occurrence in the Troodos national park in Cyprus. The total population counts around 30 mature individuals only. The extent of occurence and the area of occupancy of the species are 73 and 17 km² respectively, and the species is found in three locations. The population is decreasing mainly due to recreational  activities, collection, and consumption by wild animals. Therefore, Epipactis condensata is assessed as Critically Endangered. It would also qualify as Endangered under Criterion B.

range:
Epipactis condensata has been described from a few scattered sites in Anatolia (Turkey), Cyprus, Lebanon, as well as the Caucasus (Azerbaijan and Georgia). Its only European occurrence is in Cyprus where it is found in the Troodos National Forest Park at three locations with an area of occupancy of 17 km² and an extent of occurrence of 73 km². The species can be found from 600 to 2,000 m asl. (Delforge 1995, Efimov 2008, Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
Epipactis condensata is very rare and very local. In Cyprus, the population is only about 30 plants and the population is very small and fragmented. The population is decreasing due to many threats (Delforge 1995, # Efimov 2008, Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Epipactis condensata is found in open woodland and at woodland margins. The species prefers dry to moist, alkaline, often skeletal soils and grows in full sunlight to mid-shade. It flowers from mid June to August. (Delforge 1995, # Efimov 2008, Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
Epipactis condensata is threatened by intrinsic factors such as its restricted range and available habitats. Trampling due to recreational activities and consumption by wild animals are also a threat. As there are only very few individuals left, collection of the species is a very serious threat. (Delforge 1995, # Efimov 2008, Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is included as Critically Endangered (D1) in the national red list of Cyprus.  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis condensata;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open woodland from human activities. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans harvesting of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics.               (Delforge 1995, # Efimov 2008, Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
Epipactis dunensis is endemic to the United Kingdom, rare and local. The species populations are confined to a small number of sites. The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the trend of the species is decreasing due to grazing, deforestation and tourism. However, the species can form some large populations and we do not know if the distribution area is severely fragmented. Therefore, Epipactis dunensis is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Epipactis dunensis is endemic to Britain, being found along the north coast of England with sites in Lancashire and Cumbria, and occurrences in Wales and Scotland. The species can be found up to 100 m asl. (Delforge 1995, # Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004). The area of occupancy is 37 km².

population:
Epipactis dunensis is very rare and local with declining populations. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 8%. The populations are confined to a small number of sites but some are large, with over 1,000 flowering individuals. (Delforge 1995, # Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Epipactis dunensis is found on coastal dune slacks, scrub and woodland and it prefers moist and alkaline substrates. The species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and it flowers from the beginning of June to mid-August. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 2190 "Humid dune slacks".

threats:
Epipactis dunensis is declining on many sites due to inadequate levels of grazing. If grazing is too intense the spikes are all nipped off and the plants fail to set seed. If the grazing is too light, scrub invades the habitat and may eventually shade out this orchid. In addition it is threatened by deforestation and tourism. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In the red list of the United Kingdom, the species is listed as Data Deficient (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It occurs in the Natura 2000 site Morecambe Bay.  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis dunensis;   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland, from grazing, deforestation and human interference.  #Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals especially rabbits.Management of grazing to ensure it is neither too light nor too heavy.Ensure sufficient sunlight to the forest floor.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Epipactis greuteri is very rare and local where it occurs. The area of occupancy is below 500 km² , the distribution area is heavily fragmented and the population is decreasing. Main threats are changes to forest management, logging of old trees, construction of forest roads, urbanisation and tourism, and grazing by wild animals. Therefore, Epipactis greuteri is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Epipactis greuteri is endemic to central and southeast Europe and has a disjunct distribution. It is found in Greece at only a few locations in the central Pindos mountains and their southern branches, and the eastern Alps, from northern Italy south to Emilia-Romagna. It occurs in Croatia and in Bulgaria where it grows in the central Rhodopi Mountains along the road from Teshel to Mougla. The species can be found up to 1,500 m asl. (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Rossi 2002, Petrova, and Venkova 2008, GIROS 2009).

population:
Epipactis greuteri is very rare and local where it occurs. The distribution area of the species is very fragmented with few locations The observed population in Bulgaria was a small one: five plants were found in an area of about 0.05 ha. The population of the species is decreasing due to numerous threats (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Rossi 2002, Petrova and Venkova 2008, GIROS 2009).

habitat:
Epipactis greuteri is usually found in shaded sites in beech woods, sometimes in mixed woodland with beech and coniferous forest. It grows in natural woodland in the upper montane zones. Epipactis greuteri prefers deep and moist, often calcareous, substrates. This species grows mostly in shaded places with high humidity and mostly near rivulets. It flowers from June to September (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Rossi 2002, Petrova and Venkova 2008, GIROS 2009).

threats:
Epipactis greuteri is declining due to numerous anthropogenic threats, especially loss of habitat from forest clearance, the removal of old trees, construction of forests roads and drainage. In addition, urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities are causing a decline. The plant is also grazed by wild animals (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Rossi 2002, GIROS 2009).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000).   The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis greuteri;   Protection of the woodland habitat from destruction, road construction, clearance of old trees and unsuitable woodland management. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control grazing by wild animals.Ensure suitable woodland management to control the amount of light reaching the forest floor.Maintain a suitable water regime to avoid drying out of the sites. Establish nature reserves for the most important habitatsSympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                         (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Rossi 2002, GIROS 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis helleborine is widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs with a large distribution area in Europe. The species is found in considerable numbers and is capable of colonising new forestry plantations. Overall, the population has a declining trend but the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Epipactis helleborine is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis helleborine is very widespread in Europe and Asia and introduced in North America. In Europe the species occurs in Norway and southern Finland, and extends south to the Mediterranean, and east to Ukraine and Russia. The species is absent from the lowlands but found on the Balearic  Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. It occurs up to 2,000 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Epipactis helleborine is widespread and sometimes abundant. The overall population size is unknown but the species is found in considerable numbers. The population is decreasing in some localities. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Least Concern in Czech Republic (Rare - Holub and Procházka 2000), Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Hungary (protected - Király 2007), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Regionally Extinct in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis helleborine;   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland, from clearance and plantation with conifers. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and grazing.Ensure adequate sunlight to the forest floor by woodland management.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Adopt legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis leptochila is often rare and has an overall declining population.  The populations are often very small with about two or three mature  individuals and extreme fluctuations have been noted. The main threats are woodland clearance and ‘coniferisation’. However, the species seems to have strongholds in Germany and France where it does not seem to be threatened. It is therefore assumed that the risk of extinction at European and global level for Epipactis leptochila is relatively low and it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis leptochila is found in temperate Europe, although it was once thought to be endemic to Britain. However, the species has now been found north to Denmark, east to Slovakia, Hungary and the Balkans, and south to Italy and the Pyrenees. The species can be found up to 1,500 m asl. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Epipactis leptochila is extremely local, often rare, scarce and declining. The populations are often very small, with about two or three mature individuals and extreme fluctuations. The overall size of the population is unknown but it is decreasing. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 50%. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Epipactis leptochila is found in two distinct habitats: in dense woodland with heavy shade and under regenerating woodland. It #prefers heavy, moist and calcareous substrates. This species grows in shaded sites and flowers from the beginning of June until August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Epipactis leptochila suffers especially from the clearance or ‘coniferisation’ of woodland, the lack of woodland management, ground disturbance by machinery and horses and grazing by animals. It is furthermore affected by habitat loss due to tourism and urbanisation, and by recreational activities. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Denmark (NERI 2007)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Rare in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Data Deficient in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis leptochila:   Protection of the woodland habitat from clearance and ‘coniferisation’. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and grazing.Ensure proper woodland management to provide enough shade for this species.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Epipactis microphylla is local and often rare where it occurs with quite a large distribution area. The populations are very small, very fragmented and are decreasing. The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the range of the species is very narrow. and threatened by agricultural use of the habitat, abandonment of hazelnut crops, use of herbicides, digging and consumption by wild animals, inappropriate woodland management, and deforestation. Therefore, Epipactis microphylla is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria B2ab(iii,iv,v) .

range:
Epipactis microphylla is distributed in Europe and the Caucasus and is found in the temperate and sub-meridional zones from Belgium to the Caspian Sea. The species can be found up to 1,800 m asl. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
Epipactis microphylla is local and often rare. In Cyprus the population is only about 40 individuals; in Italy the species is reported from all the Italian regions except Val d’Aosta. The plant is progressively less common moving northwards and is very rare in Luxembourg, Belgium and France. The populations are very small and very fragmented and are overall decreasing. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
#Epipactis microphylla is found in dense deciduous forests, rarely coniferous forest, scrub and woodland edges. It prefers moist, calcareous soils. This species grows mostly in shade and it flowers from the beginning of May until August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
The habitat of Epipactis microphylla is threatened by agriculture, the abandonment of hazelnut crops and the use of herbicides. Inappropriate woodland management and deforestation lead to an increase in the amount of light reaching the forest floor. It is also threatened by digging and consumption by wild animals, urbanisation, forests roads, infrastructure development, tourism and recreational activities. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Rare in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis microphylla;   Protection of the woodland habitat from ploughing, agricultural uses and extensive use of herbicides. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Appropriate woodland management to control the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Water regime must be maintained and drainage of habitat should be avoided. Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis muelleri is local and often rare with a very fragmented distribution area and declining population. It is subject to threats such as destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, construction of forest  roads, grazing by wild animals, drainage, and mining. However, it is not listed as threatened in France, Germany, and Switzerland and the overall risk of extinction at European and global level is very low. Therefore, Epipactis muelleri is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis muelleri is found in central and southern Europe, from the Netherlands to central Italy, and from Spain to Hungary. The species can be found up to 1,300 m asl. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Epipactis muelleri is local and often rare with very fragmented and declining populations. The overall number of species is unknown. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Epipactis muelleri is found in open woodland, woodland edges, glades, and scrub. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline and often calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and the flowering time is from mid-June to the beginning of August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Epipactis muelleri is threatened by loss of habitat caused by the destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, construction of forests roads, altered drainage and mining (especially in Germany). Additional causes for habitat loss are urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities. The species is also grazed by wild animals. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:  Endangered in Czech Republic      (Holub and Procházka 2000)Vulnerable in Luxembourg      (Colling 2005)Near Threatened in Hungary      (Király 2007)Least Concern in France      (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and      Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis muelleri;   Protection of the woodland habitat from destruction, road construction, clearance of old trees and unsuitable woodland management. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control grazing by wild animals.Establish nature reserves for the most important habitatsSympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation to ban collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                     (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Epipactis nordeniorum is extremely rare and extremely local where it occurs. The distribution area of the species is very fragmented with few locations. The area of occupancy is below 2,000 km² and an ongoing decline of the populations is suspected. Main threats to the species are changes in forest management and logging, mining, and construction of forest roads. Therefore, Epipactis nordeniorum is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Epipactis nordeniorum is endemic to central Europe, where it occurs in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, and Croatia. The species can be found up to 400 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, Flora Croatica Database 2004, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Epipactis nordeniorum is extremely rare and extremely local where it occurs. The distribution area of the species is very fragmented with few locations. The overall population is decreasing (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Epipactis nordeniorum is found in open woodland, mixed oak-hornbeam woods and oak-alder riverine. It prefers moist to damp substrates. This species grows in shaded sites and flowers from late July to September (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Epipactis nordeniorum is threatened by the ongoing exploitation of its habitats due to destruction of forests, deforestation, clearing of old trees, construction of forests roads, drainage, tourism, and mining. It is furthermore affected by grazing by wild animals and recreational activities. (Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is classed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007).  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis nordeniorum; Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from destruction, road construction, clearance of old trees and unsuitable woodland management. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Water regime must be ensured, and drainage should be avoided. Establish nature reserves for the most important habitats.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis palustris is widespread and often found in dense colonies. The populations are overall declining, however the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Epipactis palustris is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis palustris is found in Europe and Asia in the sub-meridional and temperate zones. In Europe, it is found north to Denmark, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic  States and south to Portugal, northern Spain, southern Italy, central Greece, Bulgaria, and Ukraine, and also in Corsica and Sicily. The species is absent from lowlands. It extends its range to Turkey and northern Iran, and eastwards to Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia. The species can be found up to 2,100 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Epipactis palustris is rather widespread and often found in dense colonies which are largely clonal. The species is rare in the boreal and meridional zones (Scandinavia, southern Italy, Balkans). The population has a decreasing trend. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Epipactis palustris is found in damp grassland, seepages, springs, dune slacks and spring-fed rich fens. It #prefers damp to wet sites with mostly neutral to alkaline groundwater and relatively short, open vegetation to thrive. This species grows in full sun and flowers from the beginning of June to August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Epipactis palustris is declining due to drainage, water abstraction, destruction of fens and marshes and eutrophication. The enrichment of ground water by fertiliser has caused suitable fens to become overgrown with vigorous vegetation and the abandonment of grazing or mowing increases this invasion. In addition, the plant is affected by tourism. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Epipactis palustris is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Finland (Rassi et al. 2010)Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Hungary (Király 2007)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)  The species is protected in several countries at the national level such as Belgium and Luxembourg, and at the regional level in France. It is protected in Northern Ireland under Schedule 8 of the 1985 Wildlife Order (NI). The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis palustris; Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agricultural uses and extensive use of fertilisers. Management of grazing to control the overgrowth of fens by other vigorous vegetation. Water regime must be ensured, drainage of fens should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying out of the site in spring. Sympathetic management of isolated populations. Fencing vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.  Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis phyllanthes is often rare and very local. The trend of the population is decreasing and the declines appear to be ongoing on many sites due to threats such as conversion of its habitat into conifer plantations and inappropriate woodland management. However, the species has a widespread distribution and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Epipactis phyllanthes is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Epipactis phyllanthes is endemic to west and northwest Europe, from northern Spain through France and Belgium to Denmark. In the south, the species occurs in Galicia and Cantabria and extends to northern England. The species may occur more widely but the taxonomic confusion surrounding the species has clouded an understanding of its true range. #The species can be found up to 600 m altitude. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Epipactis phyllanthes is often rare and very local. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 36% and in Ireland was 55.5%. In Sweden, the number of mature individuals has been estimated at 5,000 and the number of local sites in the country is estimated to be 80. The population is decreasing and the declines appear to be ongoing. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Epipactis phyllanthes grows in dunes, scrub, bare ground in beech, oak, sweet chestnut and conifer forests. It #prefers dry to moist, alkaline substrates, often calcareous sands. This species grows in full sunlight and very rarely in shade. It flowers from the beginning of June until September. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

threats:
Epipactis phyllanthes is locally declining on many sites due to the grubbing-out or replanting of woodland with conifers and inappropriate woodland management. The habitat becomes unsuitable as the woodland matures and becomes more shaded. In addition, the plant is harmed by urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Vulnerable in Spain (Moreno 2008) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)The species is protected at the regional level in France and nationally protected in Northern Ireland under Schedule 8 of the1985 Wildlife Order (NI). The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis phyllanthes: Protection of the habitat, especially from planting with conifers and unsuitable woodland management.Ensure adequate sunlight to the forest floor as the species does not tolerate shaded habitats.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Water regime must be managed to avoid drying out of the sites. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.(ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Epipactis placentina is rare and local with severely fragmented populations. The populations are very small with isolated individuals and are declining. The area of occupancy of the species is suspected to be below 500 km². Main threats are habitat loss and degradation caused by agricultural use, destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, construction of forests roads, and drainage. Therefore, Epipactis placentina is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Epipactis placentina is endemic to central and southern Europe where it extends from Switzerland to Sicily; it has its centre of distribution in northern Italy, with a few sites in Isere (France), in Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and on the slopes of Etna and Mount Faito in Sicily. The species can be found from 600 to 1,400 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Toth 2000).

population:
Epipactis placentina is very rare and local. The populations are small, occur often as isolated individuals and are very fragmented. The population size is unknown, but the population is decreasing. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Toth 2000).

habitat:
Epipactis placentina is found in open mixed woodland, the edges of mixed forests, beech, ash and pine plantations. It prefers moist, slightly acidic to neutral substrates. This species grows in mid-shade to shade and flowers from the beginning of June to early August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Toth 2000).

threats:
Epipactis placentina is declining due to the loss of habitat caused by destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, construction of forest roads, drainage, urbanisation, tourism, and agricultural use. In addition, it is affected by digging and consumption by animals and recreational activities. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Toth 2000).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Epipactis placentina is listed as Critically Endangered on the Hungarian red list (Király 2007) and the Swiss red list (Moser et al. 2002) and Near Threatened on the French red list (UICN France et al. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis placentina; Protection of the habitat, especially the open woodland from agricultural uses and destruction, clearance and unsuitable management.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Ensure enough supply of sunlight to the forest floor.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of habitat should be avoided. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Toth 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Epipactis pontica is extremely rare and local with small and isolated populations over a scattered and fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy below 2,000 km². The habitat is threatened and population declines appear to be ongoing due to forest clearance and the removal of old trees. Therefore, Epipactis pontica is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Epipactis pontica is poorly known and is considered to be endemic to the Pontic Mountains in northern Anatolia in Turkey. However, the species has been reported in western Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. It can be found from 500 to 1,500 m asl. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km².

population:
Epipactis pontica is extremely rare and local. The populations are very small with few individuals, and they are isolated and fragmented. The trend of the population is decreasing (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

habitat:
Epipactis pontica grows mostly in damp, old-growth deciduous forests. The species prefers deep moist, slightly acidic to neutral substrates. It grows in shady sites and flowers from June to August. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

threats:
Epipactis pontica is declining due to loss of its restricted habitat caused by forest clearance, the removal of old trees, unsuitable woodland management and grazing. In addition, urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities are negatively affecting the species (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis pontica;   Protection of its woodland      habitat from destruction, clearance of old trees and unsuitable woodland      management. Appropriate woodland      management to ensure a shady site and to control the amount of light      reaching the forest floor. Fencing vulnerable sites to      protect the species from wild animals.Establish nature reserves      for the most important habitatsSympathetic management of      isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through      legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation:      artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance      of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population      size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipactis purpurata is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with abundant populations in parts of its range. Although overall the populations have a declining trend, the existing threats are unlikely to cause severe declines in the near future and the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low.

range:
Epipactis purpurata is confined to western and central Europe where it occurs north to Denmark, Britain, and the Baltic States, west to France (to a line between Mont St. Michel and Grenoble), and south to the Alps, Balkans and Transylvania in Romania. It has recently been recorded on Mt. Maljen in western Serbia . The species can be found up to 1,500 m asl (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Djordjević et. al 2010, # GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Epipactis purpurata is local but often abundant. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 38.5%. In Italy the species is quite rare, reported only from Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany. In Serbia seven individuals were recorded in 2009 within an area of 120 m². No precise count has been made elsewhere. The distribution area is fragmented, the trend of the population is decreasing and the declines appear to be ongoing on many sites (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Djordjević et. al 2010, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Epipactis purpurata is found in the shadier and barest parts of beech and hornbeam woods, sometimes in conifer forests. It is occasionally found in hedgerows that are woodland relicts and in wild gardens. Epipactis purpurata prefers deep, heavy, moist, acidic to neutral substrates, often clayey and calcareous bedrock. This species grows mostly in shady places and it flowers from the beginning of July to September. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Epipactis purpurata is declining due to the loss of its woodland habitat through deforestation, planting of coniferous forests and grazing by wild animals, especially deer. In addition, urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities could threaten this species (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Vulnerable in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)In Serbia the species is likely to be classified as Critically Endangered. The species is protected in several countries at the national level, such as Belgium and Luxembourg, and at the regional level in France. The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis purpurata:   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from destruction, coniferisation and unsuitable woodland management. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals, especially deer.Control grazing by wild animals.Ensure suitable woodland management to control the amount of light reaching to the forest floor.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                     (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Djordjević et. al 2010, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Epipactis tallosii is very rare and local with small and isolated populations over a scattered distribution. The trend of the population is decreasing and the area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km². The species is threatened by the destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, inappropriate woodland management, construction of forests roads, drainage, urbanisation, tourism, and consumption by animals. Therefore, Epipactis tallosii is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Epipactis tallosii is a European endemic found in Italy, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. In Italy it is found in Zoppola in the province of Pordenone, and in Hungary between the Danube and Tisza rivers. The species can be found up to 100 m asl. (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009). The area of occupancy #is below 500 km².

population:
Epipactis tallosii is very rare and local with small and isolated populations over a scattered distribution. The population has a decreasing trend (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

habitat:
Epipactis tallosii is found in lowland mixed woodland (oak with Quercus cerris and Q. robur). It prefers moist, often acidic substrates. This species grows in shade and it flowers from July to August (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

threats:
Epipactis tallosii is threatened by habitat loss caused by the destruction of forests, clearing of old trees, inappropriate woodland management, construction of forest roads, and drainage of high ground water. In addition, it is harmed by urbanisation, # tourism, recreational activities, and digging and consumption by animals (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007).  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis tallosii;   Protection of the woodland habitat from destruction, clearance and unsuitable management.Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Appropriate woodland management to control the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floorSympathetic management of isolated populations.Avoid drainage of the habitat. Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Epipactis troodi is rare and local with small and isolated populations over a scattered distribution in two locations in Cyprus and Crete with an area of occupancy of 17 km². The trend of the population is decreasing and the declines appear to be ongoing due to habitat loss from forest clearance, the removal of old trees, construction of forests roads, and grazing. Therefore, Epipactis troodi is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Epipactis troodi is endemic to Crete, Cyprus and Turkey. In Cyprus it is found in the Troödos Mountains and in Asiatic Turkey in the Amanus Mountains. The species can be found from 800 to 2,100 m asl. (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995). The area of occupancy is 17 km².

population:
Epipactis troodi is rare and local with small and isolated populations over a scattered distribution in two locations in Cyprus and Crete. The trend of the population is decreasing (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995).

habitat:
Epipactis troodi grows mostly in pine woodland and occasionally in deciduous woods. It prefers dry to moist, acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to shade and the flowering time is from June to July. (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
Epipactis troodi is threatened by habitat loss due to forest clearance, the removal of old trees and construction of forest roads. Unsuitable woodland management and grazing also threaten the species. In addition, urbanisation, tourism and recreational activities could cause a decline (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis troodi;   Protection of the woodland      habitat from destruction, road construction, clearance of old trees and      unsuitable woodland management. Fencing vulnerable sites to      protect the species from wild animals.Control of grazing by wild      animals.Establish nature reserves      for the most important habitatsSympathetic management of      isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through      legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial      propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance      of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size      and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Phitos et al. 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Epipactis veratrifolia is very local with small populations. The population is decreasing due to recreational activities and grazing by wild animals. The area of occupancy is 27 km² and the extent of occurrence is 1,003 km² and this orchid is only found at two locations in Cyprus which is its only European occurrence. Therefore, Epipactis veratrifolia is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Epipactis veratrifolia is found in Cyprus but it extends into Asia (Russia, China, India), the Middle East and parts of Africa. The species can be found from 200 to 2,500 m asl (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). The area of occupancy in Cyprus is 27 km² and the extent of occurrence is 1,003 km².

population:
Epipactis veratrifolia is very local and the populations are small; it is found in two locations in Cyprus. The population is decreasing. (Delforge 1995, Ralf 2009, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Epipactis veratrifolia is found around seepages and springs on rocky cliffs and marshy depressions in the mountains. It prefers wet sites often on calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from January to August (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Ralf 2009, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Epipactis veratrifolia is threatened by recreational activities such as trampling by tourists, and by consumption by wild animals. Intrinsic factors such as its restricted range are also not favourable for the conservation of this species. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Ralf 2009, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). #

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipactis veratrifolia;   Protection of the habitat from      human activities. Fencing vulnerable sites to      protect the species from wild animals.Sympathetic management of      isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation      which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial      propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance      of existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and      study their dynamics.   (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Ralf 2009, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Epipogium aphyllum is widespread but rare although the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and research into the causes of those declines as well as adequate measures to prevent this are needed. Epipogium aphyllum is assessed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
Epipogium aphyllum is found in central and northern Europe, the Caucasus and through northern Asia to the Far East, with a few scattered locations in the Himalayas and China. In Europe the species occurs north to northern Scandinavia and south to the Alps, central Italy, northern Greece, and eastwards to Ukraine. It is also found in Corsica but is absent west of the Alps and the Massif  Central. The species can be found up to 1,800 m asl. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Epipogium aphyllum is widespread but rare. In Britain the species was extinct but reappeared again recently after 23 years (Garner 2010). The overall population size is unknown with a declining trend (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009,  #Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Epipogium aphyllum is found in dense beech and coniferous forests. It prefers cool, deep, alkaline to slightly acidic substrates. This species grows in shady sites and it flowers from June to August (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Epipogium aphyllum is threatened by drainage, felling of forests, fires, disturbance of soil cover, digging, removal and slug damage. In addition it is harmed by urbanisation, tourism and plant collection. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009,  #Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is included in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Denmark (NERI 2007), Hungary (Király 2007) and Spain (Moreno 2008)Endangered in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Finland (Rassi et al. 2010)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Rare in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)  The following actions are recommended to protect Epipogium aphyllum;   Protection of the woodland habitat, including from fire and disturbance of the soil cover. Fencing vulnerable sites.Ensure an adequate water regime: drainage of the habitats should be avoided.Protections of stems from slug damage.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                 (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009,  #Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This plant is collected from the wild.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Gennaria diphylla is very local and rather rare in the centre and west of its range and extremely rare in Sardinia and Corsica. The trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats and the populations are fragmented. The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the range of the species is narrow and threatened especially by the progressive property development along the coast and construction projects. Therefore, G. diphylla is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Gennaria diphylla is a Mediterranean Atlantic species, native to Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean where it extends to western Italy. The species is recorded from Madeira and Porto Santo and the Canaries but absent from Fuerteventura, and Minorca in the Balearics. The species can be found up to 1,000 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002). The area of occupancy is suspected to be below 500 km².

population:
Gennaria diphylla is very local and rather rare in the centre and west of its range and extremely rare in Sardinia and Corsica. As far as population size is concerned, no precise count was ever made. The trend of the populations is decreasing due to numerous threats and the population are very fragmented. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Typical habitats where Gennaria diphylla is found include rock fissures, garrigue, maquis, pine woods and laurel forests. Gennaria diphylla prefers acidic to slightly alkaline substrates. This species grows in mid-shade and flowers from January to April. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
The populations and biotopes of this species are declining on many sites due to numerous anthropogenic threats especially the progressive property development along the coast, construction projects, new infrastructure, digging and consumption by animals and inappropriate woodland management. Further threats are tourism and coastal activities. (Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Near Threatened on the French national red list (UICN et al. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Gennaria diphylla; Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from inappropriate management.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias #and Prat  2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Goodyera macrophylla is endemic to Madeira, is very local and extremely rare with a small distribution area in seven subpopulations in the central and northern parts of Madeira. The population size is estimated to have less than 50 mature individuals, the extent of occurrence is 188 km² and the area of occupancy is 36 km². The range of the species is very narrow and threatened by trampling, collapse of terrain, landslides, and invasive species. Due to the low number of mature individuals, #Goodyera macrophylla is assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Goodyera macrophylla is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. The species is known from a few ravines in central and northern parts of the islands. Its extent of occurrence is 188 km² and the area of occupancy is 36 km². The species can be found between 300 and 1,400 m altitude (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

population:
Goodyera macrophylla is very local and extremely rare. The total number of subpopulations is seven, the number of individuals per subpopulation ranges from 2 to 1500 individuals and there are also reports of some isolated individuals. Subpopulations show extreme fluctuations in the total number of individuals (F. Fernandes unpublished data). The subpopulations show a very low number of flowering plants and the total population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals.The trend of the population is stable and a few plants are preserved in Ribeiro Frio Botanic Gardens (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

habitat:
Goodyera macrophylla requires a specific habitat: cliffs and ravines but also flat areas in evergreen forest in the trade-wind cloud forest zone. This orchid grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Goodyera macrophylla prefers damp to wet acidic substrates and grows mostly in mid-shade. The flowering in this species is very sporadic, extremely rare and apparently may not take place for 10 to 15 years. However, when it does occur it is from August to October (Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

threats:
The main threats to this species are trampling, collapse of terrain, landslides and invasion by a species. It could also be effected by tourism and plant collection. (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

conservationAction:
Goodyera macrophylla is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species habitat is protected by regional and EU legislation (Habitats Directive) and its range is completely included in the Natural Park of Madeira. Conservation measures that protect this species habitat from collapsing and landslides are in place. The species is legally protected from collection. # The following actions are recommended to protect Goodyera macrophylla;   Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from trampling.Control of invasive species.Raise public awareness.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Goodyera repens is widespread with a large distribution area but rather rare where it occurs. At European level the risk of extinction is low as the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Goodyera repens is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Goodyera repens has a circumpolar distribution and occurs throughout Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. In Europe it is found north to Scandinavia and south to the Pyrenees, Alps, northern Apennines in Italy, northern Greece, Crimea and the Caucasus. The species can be found up to 2,000 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Goodyera repens is widespread but rather rare. The population are normally represented by a small number of individuals and it may form significant aggregations to 300 shoots. The overall trend of the population remains unknown but the species is declining locally in many sites due to numerous threats. #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Goodyera repens is found in small shrub, understorey grasses, conifer forests, growing particularly well in the deep leaf-litter and moss under Scots Pine and more rarely broad-leaved woodland. It #prefers dry to damp, acidic to slightly alkaline substrates. This species grows in mid-shade to shade and flowers from June to mid-September (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Local declines are caused by forest clearance, drought, woodland management and especially an increase in the amount of light reaching the forest floor (this species needs shade). In addition, human intrusion due to urbanisation, infrastructure expansion, tourism and plant collection all contribute to a continuing decline (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Goodyera repens;   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from clearance and inappropriate management. Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis is very rare and extremely local where it occurs with a small distribution area in three locations in Austria (Dachstein, Salzkammergut, Eisener Berg). The species forms few groups with low density, the area of occupancy is 28 km² and the extent of occurrence is 2,195 km². Main threats to this orchid are collection of the species, recreational activities and inappropriate grazing management. Therefore, Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis is assessed as Endangered.

range:
This orchid is a European endemic that is only found in Austria, known from three locations: Dachstein, Salzkammergut, and Eisener Berg. The species can be found from 1,800 to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The area of occupancy is 28 km² and the extent of occurrence is 2,195 km².

population:
Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis is very rare and extremely local, known from a few sites and forms few groups with low density. The precise population size is not known and the population has a decreasing trend (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis can be found only in short, calcareous alpine grassland. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from July to August (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis is threatened by plant collection and recreational activities. Like all grassland orchids this species requires a specific level of grazing; too little and the species suffers from competition with other plants, too much and the diversity of the species is lost (Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis:Protection of the grassland from recreational activities and human traffic.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).Gymnadenia borealis is poorly known, rather rare and very local where it occurs with a scattered distribution area in Europe. The species is under numerous threats especially the overgrazing of upland grassland and agricultural use of the habitat. There is no information available for the species distribution and status in Germany. Therefore, Gymnadenia borealis is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Gymnadenia borealis is a European endemic orchid, found in the United Kingdom and Germany. The species can occur up to 2,800 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Gymnadenia borealis is rather rare and very local. The population size in the United Kingdom is about 12 relatively small populations of 50-100 flowering plants: one site found in Ashdown, three sites on the South Downs, one site in Shropshire and one site in Cumbria. The species is scattered through Scotland and Northern Ireland. No precise population numbers are available for Germany. The population is decreasing rapidly due to numerous threats. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004)

habitat:
Gymnadenia borealis grows in short grassland, fens, meadows, flushed slopes, dune slacks and scrub. It prefers dry to wet and calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from May to August. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

threats:
Gymnadenia borealis is poorly known and has only very recently been brought to the attention of botanists. However, it is known that the species and its habitats are declining due to the overgrazing of upland grassland. Ploughing, agricultural use, urbanisation and tourism are furthermore affecting this species. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on  International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora  (CITES). It is listed as Least Concern on the UK national red list (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia borealis:Protection of the habitat, especially the meadows from  ploughing, agricultural uses and conversion to arable land. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gymnadenia conopsea is widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs with a large distribution area in Europe.  Local population declines have been noted but the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly enough to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Therefore, Gymnadenia conopsea is assessed as Least Concern.

population:
Gymnadenia conopsea is widespread and sometimes abundant. Although the species is common or even abundant, the trend of the population is decreasing on many sites due to numerous threats. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 39.5% and in Ireland it was 30.5%. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Gymnadenia conopsea typically occurs in short grassland, meadows, fens, flushed slopes, unimproved hill pastures, road verges, grassy moorland and scrub. It #prefers dry to wet and calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from May to August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia conopsea:   Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agricultural uses and conversion to arable land. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of grazing.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of downs and pastures should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying out of the site. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gymnadenia frivaldii is very local but often abundant where it occurs. The extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km² and the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Gymnadenia frivaldii is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Gymnadenia frivaldii is present in the Balkan Peninsula, from Montenegro to northern Greece and Bulgaria. The species extends to the south Carpathians. It can be found from 1,000 to 2,300 m altitude.  (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Delforge 1995).

population:
Gymnadenia frivaldii is very local but often abundant within its sites. The total population size is unknown and the overall trend of the population remains unknown but declines have been noted on many sites. (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Gymnadenia frivaldii include short grassland, meadows, fens and sometimes open woodland. It #prefers damp, siliceous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from June to August (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Gymnadenia frivaldii suffers from numerous threats including recreational activities, and like all grassland orchids this species requires a specific level of grazing; too little and competitive plants invade its habitat, too much and the diversity of the species is lost. Additional threats are tourism and trampling. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia frivaldii:   Protection of the grassland from recreational activities and trampling. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of grazing to ensure the right level of impact. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gymnadenia lithopolitanica is very rare and local where it occurs with a small distribution area in three locations; two in Austria (Koralpe and Karawanken) and another one in Slovenia (Kamnik-Savinja). The species forms few groups with low density, the area of occupancy is below 500 km² and the species is threatened recreational activities and inappropriate levels of grazing. Therefore, Gymnadenia lithopolitanica is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Gymnadenia lithopolitanica occurs in the Alps from Kamnik-Savinja in northern Slovenia to Koralpe and Karawanken in Austria. The species can be found from 1,500 to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Gymnadenia lithopolitanica is very rare and local, known from a few sites and forms few groups with low density. The population size is unknown and the trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Gymnadenia lithopolitanica can be found only in short, calcareous alpine grassland. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from mid-June to mid-August (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Gymnadenia lithopolitanica is affected by recreational activities and like all grassland orchids this species requires a specific level of grazing; too little and the species suffers from invasion by scrub and competition and too much and the diversity of the species is lost (Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on  International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora  (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia lithopolitanica (Delforge 1995):Protection of the grassland from recreational activities and human traffic. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of grazing appropriate to the species. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gymnadenia nigra has a scattered and fragmented distribution in Europe and the populations and their habitats are suffering locally from declines. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause severe declines in the near future and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Conservation measures should be taken in particular at the edge of the species range.

range:
Gymnadenia nigra is endemic to Scandinavia, Central and Southeast Europe, extending into the Levant. It has a disjunct distribution from northern Norway (Tromso), central Sweden (Jamtlan), the Alps, to the Pyrenees and the Balkan. The species can be found up to 1,300 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Gymnadenia nigra is local and rather rare. As far as population size is concerned, the number of mature individuals is estimated at 1,750 in Sweden and no precise counting has ever been made in other locations. The trend of the population is decreasing, the distribution area is heavily fragmented and the decline appears to be ongoing on many sites due to numerous threats. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Gymnadenia nigra is typically found in short grassland, hayfields, former hay meadows, and alpine meadows. It prefers dry to moist calcareous and stony substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from June to August. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Gymnadenia nigra is locally declining on many sites due to numerous anthropogenic threats especially ploughing, agricultural uses, conversion of meadows to arable land, excessive and premature grazing. Additional threats are urbanisation, building projects, tourism and plant collection by garden lovers. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed on several national red lists:Endangered in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia nigra: Protection of the habitat, especially the meadows and prairies from ploughing, agriculture uses and conversion to arable land. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of appropriate levels of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.  Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (ArtDatabanken 2010, Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
This species has been collected for gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gymnadenia odoratissima is rather local and sometimes abundant where it occurs with a large distribution area in Europe. The extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km² and the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. However, local declines have been noted and the species is included in several national red lists. Local conservation actions are therefore recommended. Therefore, Gymnadenia odoratissima is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Gymnadenia odoratissima is a European endemic orchid found from southern Sweden to northern Spain, east to the Carpathians and in all the regions of northern Italy except Liguria. The species can be found up to 2,700 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Gymnadenia odoratissima is rather local and sometimes abundant within its sites. The number of individuals in each populations is fairly high with strong fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population is decreasing on many sites due to numerous threats. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Gymnadenia odoratissima typically grows in grassland, meadows, marshes, flushed slopes, mountain pastures, road verges, grassy moorland and rarely xerophitic short grassland. It #prefers moist to damp, calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from May to August.(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Gymnadenia odoratissima is locally declining on many sites due to numerous anthropogenic threats especially ploughing, agricultural use, conversion of grassland into arable land, drainage and land improvement. Abandonment of grazing causes scrub to invade and subsequently competition; overgrazing on the other hand leads to loss of species diversity. In addition, the species is affected by collection of the plant by garden lovers and of the tuber for the production of salep, by urbanisation and tourism. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed in several national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Endangered in Hungary (Király 2007)Vulnerable in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Germany (level 3- Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Near Threatened in Sweden(Gärdenfors 2010)Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia odoratissima:Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agricultural uses and conversion to arable land. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of appropriate levels of grazing.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Water regime must be ensured, drainage of downs and pastures should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This species is collected for horticultural use.


