# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate forests of central and eastern Europe.


taxonomicNotes:
This genus originally contained two species, one from the Canary Islands, the other from Madeira. These taxa were characterised by large orthostyle shells. Further research on the Canarian taxa L. cuticula, has shown this to be a member of the family Vitrinidae (Alonso et al. 2000, Bank et al. 2002). Hence, Lampadia is now a monotypic genus, with one species restricted to Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range and is known from three locations. It was originally assessed as Vulnerable D2, however potential loss of the subpopulation on Cima in combination with pressures to habitats from tourist development are additional threats to the remaining subpopulations which had been impacted by rodent predation, and as such the status has been amended to Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii). Further research is needed into the impact of rodent predation on the populations of these large helicids, as well as the impact of the potential competitor Theba pisana.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago where it is only known from Porto Santo and adjacent islet of Ilheu de Cima (Seddon 2008; Cameron, pers. comm., 2010).  #Cameron and Cook's recent survey work in 2001 on Cima did not refind this population (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010) and so there is a possible reduction in the range that requires further research. # The remaining population on Porto Santo is restricted to three small hills at eastern end of the island.

population:
There is evidence that adult shells are being predated by introduced rodents, hence the populations are known to be in decline.

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones on grassy areas, mainly on the eastern peaks of the island.

threats:
Rodents catch and eat this species, making characteristic holes through the apical whorls of the shell to extract the animal (Seddon 2008). # Habitat management in this area of Porto Santo has changed over the years, with increasing impact from tourist developments, such that the grassland may be degrading in quality.

conservationAction:
Further research is required to confirm the loss of the population on Cima, as well as resurvey of populations on the main island (Groh, pers. comm., 2010). # Control of introduced rodents would be beneficial to this species as it would reduce impact on the adult breeding part of the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Greece (east Aegean Islands), south-west Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus (Vardinoyannis 1994, Ridout-Sharpe 1998, Schütt  #2001, Örstan 2004, Triantis #et al. 2008). #Although the species is quite rare locally, it is widespread. There are no major threats for this species. It is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from Greece (east Aegean Islands), south-west Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus (Vardinoyannis 1994, Ridout-Sharpe 1998, Schütt #2001, Örstan 2004, Triantis et al. 2008).

population:
The species is quite rare locally. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is found in limestone rocks, #usually #in crevices, #and piles of stones.

threats:
Grazing and fire are the most important threats in the species' area of of distribution, however they do not appear to be affecting the population at the current time.

useAndTrade:
As for most of the large snails of the Mediterranean, it is highly possible that it has been part of the local communities diet (Örstan 2004).


taxonomicNotes:
There are three subspecies: Macularia niciensis niciensis, M. niciensis dupuyi and M. niciensis guebhardi.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is limited in range, but due to its mountainous  preserved habitat, it does not seem to be threatened. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to south-eastern France (Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Var) and Italy (across the French border).

population:
There are no population data, but where it occurs, it is common.

habitat:
This species occurs in a relatively wide range of habitats, from Mediterranean shrubland to rocky areas in mountainous valleys.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from only two valleys with an EOO of 45 km2 and an  AOO of about 21 km2. Potential threats are road enlargement and  quarrying and the sites are currently not protected. It is therefore  assessed as Vulnerable  (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to France where it is found in only two valleys (Cians and Daluis Gorges). The extent of occurrence is 45 km2. The area of occupancy is estimated to be about 21 km2.

habitat:
Macularia saintivesi is a rock dwelling species that is adapted to a very peculiar type of red rock ("pelite").

conservationAction:
It is protected under French law, but it does not occur in any protected areas. Protection of its two sites is recommended especially as it also hosts another # mollusc Solatopupa cianensis, which is endemic to the same two valleys. The introduction of bird species for hunting should be evaluated in order to ensure a natural balance of predator and prey.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, a further 27 subspecies are listed as valid in Fauna Europaea (Bank 2011): M. fuscolabiata apula (Kobelt, 1897), M. f. aspidensis (Tagliani, 1942), M. f. brunellae (Sacchi, 1956), M. f. cassinensis (Tagliani, 1942), M. f. castelluccensis (Kobelt, 1906), M. f. circeja (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. consigliana (Kobelt, 1904), M. f. gauri (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. irpina (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. lauriensis (Kobelt, 1905), M. f. mariannae (Kobelt, 1879), M. f. mingardii (Kobelt, 1904), M. f. picentina (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. pollinensis (Bacci, 1951), M. f. posidoniensis (Kobelt, 1877), M. f. potentiae (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. prausi (Bacci, 1951), M. f. saprensis (Kobelt, 1904), M. f. serpentinarum (Degner, 1936), M. f. sirinensis (Kobelt, 1904), M. f. sybaritica (Kobelt, 1906), M. f. tegianica (Degner, 1936), M. f. tenetensis (Kobelt, 1904), M. f. tiriolensis (Adami, 1873), M. f. vallicola (Kobelt, 1903), M. f. wullei (Kobelt, 1903). Forcart (1965) considered M. fuscolabiata as a synonym of M. signata. The Marmorana forms south of the Napoli-Benevento depression have traditionally been united in a multifarious Rassenkreis with 10 to about 30 subspecies (Kobelt 1906, Degner 1936, Forcart 1965, Fauna Europaea (Bank 2011)). This concept has completely lost its base with the molecular genetic analysis of Fiorentino et al. (2010). Forms which have been formerly attributed to M. fuscolabiata are positioned in very different clades of the phylogenetic tree. Especially the typical form from the peninsula of Sorrento turned out to be closely related to the Tuscan saxetana. This means that even if a part of the former Rassenkreis can be maintained in Calabria, this cannot be named M. fuscolabiata.Following Nordsieck (2011) this species complex needs to be separated, the taxon M. saxetana sensu auctores will become a synonym of M. fuscolabiata.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the taxonomical uncertainties, the forms which where formerly united as one species under the name M. fuscolabiata are at present in urgent need of a thorough revision. This situation prevents any assessment. Thus, this species complex is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This taxon is endemic to Italy. The former species agg. fuscolabiata inhabits the region south from the depression between Neapel and Benevento.

population:
As this is a species complex, there is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.

habitat:
The species agg. is found on calcareous rocks. The animals live on the surface of rocks, from the sea shore up to the mountains, avoiding acid habitats.

threats:
The main threat to the species complex is exploitation of habitats for tourist activities like hiking, climbing, etc., which lead to a serious decline in habitat quality. Another threat is habitat destruction by road construction.

conservationAction:
Due to the taxonomical uncertainties, the forms which where formerly united as one species under the name M. fuscolabiata are at present in urgent need of a thorough revision.

useAndTrade:
The species from this complex are not used.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, further 10 subspecies are listed as valid in Fauna Europaea: #ascherae (Kobelt, 1880), caltabelottensis (Kobelt, 1890), conspicua (Benoit, 1857), eugeniae (L. Pfeiffer, 1853), huetiana (Benoit, 1857), latilabris (Westerlund, 1876), nebulosa (Monterosato, 1892), spoliata (Monterosato, 1892), tiberiana (Benoit, 1857), transiens (K. L. Pfeiffer, 1931). In the genetic analysis (Fiorentino et al. 2008), only one specimen determined as "cf globularis" is included, which allows no conclusions with regard to taxonomic position or distribution of this taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are taxonomical problems and a lack of newer research for this species, which is in urgent need of a revision. This species has a restricted range, with an extent of occurrence of 7,000 km2. Although no local extinctions have been reported up to now, the old records of field collectors in comparison with experiences of our colleague K.-H. Beckmann (pers. com., 2011) reveal a noticeable decrease in population densities for many occurrences which may drive the species to Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily, Italy. Rensch (1937) gives a restricted distribution from Grotta dei Giganti to S. Maria di Gesu, Parco, and Oreto-Tal below Monreale (adjacent mountains of the Palermo plain). The Italian checklist (Manganelli et al. 1995) gives only western Sicily as distribution of this species. No newer published data are available.

habitat:
The animals live on the surface of rocks and have also been found on the trunks of very old olive trees.

threats:
The main threats to this species are tourism development, pasturing, quarrying and road construction.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in Italy, mainly Sardinia and Sicily. There is no information about the population and the threats, even though potential threats are impacting the habitat of this species (urbanization, etc.). However, there are several locations, the extent of  occurrence is relatively large (more than 20,000 km²). It is  therefore considered as Least Concern # (LC).   This species has also been assessed at the regional level: European regional assessment: Least Concern # (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern # (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species occurs in Italy (Sardinia, Sicily and mainland). It is introduced in the south of France.

population:
There are no population data available, but the trends are thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is a rock-dwelling species, in coastal areas.

threats:
There are no known major threats. Urbanization is a possible threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation action in place. More research is needed on the threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, three further subspecies are listed in Fauna Europaea: M. m. castellana (Monterosato, 1892), M. n. impervia (Monterosato, 1892), and  M. n. silvestrii (Cafici, 1885). The nominotypical subspecies has been defined by a lectotype designation by Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (1986).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of 500 km2 and an area of occupancy of 20 km2. It occurs mostly in abundant populations, but the occurrence in very scattered isolated colonies constitutes a serious threat of sudden eradications by single events and quarrying, tourist and sportive use of the rocky biotopes are threatening this species. Therefore it qualifies as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
The species is endemic to Sicily, where it lives scattered in the Madonie mountains on calcareous rock outcrops and on rock walls around Pizzo Antenna. Near Rifugio Orestano exists a small hybrid population between M. n. nebrodensis and M. n. silvestrii (personal unpublished observation of the late K.-H. Beckmann). The subspecies M. n. castellana occurs largely disjunct on the Rocca Busambra, south of Palermo.

population:
There are no data available. The population are generally abundant, but are considered as severely fragmented.

habitat:
The species lives scattered in the Madonie mountains on calcareous rock outcrops and on rock walls around Pizzo Antenna.

threats:
Quarrying, tourist and sportive use of the rocky biotopes are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, seven further subspecies are listed as valid in Fauna Europaea (Bank 2011):M. p. platychela (Menke, 1830) M. p. connexa (Westerlund, 1889) M. p. excelsa (K.L. Pfeiffer, 1931) M. p. florioi (Monterosato, 1892) M. p. iparia (Benoit, 1857) [ragusae Kobelt 1883]M. p. rosaliae (Benoit, 1857) M. p. sicana (A. Férussac, 1832) M. p. spuria (Westerlund, 1876); the description as "forma" is based on one specimen from Parreyss without an indication of a type locality; Westerlund treated it later as an infrasubspecific entity within the typical platychela.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the taxonomical uncertainties which result from the molecular genetic study of Fiorentino et al. (2008), the species is at present in urgent need of a thorough revision. This situation prevents any assessment. The species is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to North-western Sicily and Isole Egadi. The following distribution data for six of the subspecies (without M. p. spuria and florioi) reflect the collecting sites in the K.-H. Beckmann collection in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart:M. p. platychela: Monte Cuccio and surroundings of PalermoM. p. excelsa: peninsula of San VitoM. p. rosaliae: Terrasini-FavarottaM. p. connexa: Capaci-SferracavalloM. p. sicana: Monte PellegrinoM. p. iparia: peninsula San VitoM. p. florioi: Isole Egadi: Isola di Favignana (Monterosato 1892, loc. typ.) e Levanzo (Alzona 1971)M. p. spuria: "è comune nelle campagne di Calatafimini" (Benoit 1882) commun in the surroundings of Calatafimini

habitat:
This species is found on calcareous rocks.

threats:
Activities affecting its habitat might threatened the species, in particular quarrying, constructions and pasturing, as well as # tourist activities like climbing, mountain-biking, etc.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the distribution and the population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species belongs to the subgenus Ambigua Westerlund, 1902; the taxonomic position, and the specific coherence of the different Tuscan populations have recently been confirmed by molecular genetic studies (Fiorentino et al. 2010). But this study showed also that the typical M. fuscolabiata from the peninsula of Sorrento belongs to the same clade and can not be specifically separated (perhaps on the subspecies level) thus relegating M. saxetana into the synonymy of M. fuscolabiata (Nordsieck 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
The relatively small and fragmented distribution area of this northernmost Ambigua occurrence implicate that single subpopulations might be easily affected by local threatening events, mainly due to tourist and recreational activities. Although the subpopulations do not seem to be currently declining, the intactness of the distribution picture constitutes an important document of paleogeographic evolution traits, which is worth to protect. It is considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. However, if the threat situation increases, this species could qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This "species" is endemic to Italy. It occurs in Tuscany in 3 disjunct areas: southernmost Tuscan mainland, Monte Argentario and Island of Giglio; the largely disjunct occurrences (which have been found to belong genetically to this species) comprise the peninsula of Sorrento and the Island of Capri. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is180 km² (for Tuscany), if extended to the peninsula of Sorrento, the EOO is approx. 25000 km².

habitat:
This species inhabits mountains of calcareous rocks, rock walls, and lives in the crevices of large calcareous boulders. Its distribution area is fragmented.

threats:
The main threat to this species is habitat destruction by road construction and rock climbing due to increasing recreational activities.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56).

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., Falkner, G., von Proschwitz, T. Neubert, E.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europea (Bank 2011) gives the year of publication as 1830, but the correct date is 1832 (see Sherborn 1930, Index Animalium, Sect. 2, Part 23: p. 5771). This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, further 13 subspecies are listed as valid in Fauna Europaea (Bank 2011):M. s. scabriuscula (Deshayes, 1832)M. s. buelowi (Maltzan, 1886) [bulowi is an error]M. s. delpretei (Monterosato, 1892)M. s. demissa (Benoit, 1859) [demissae is an error; the year of publication should be corrected to 1859]M. s. eulasia (Westerlund, 1889)M. s. explanata (Benoit, 1859) [the year of publication should be corrected to 1859]M. s. latebrosa (Monterosato, 1892)M. s. nadorrica (Westerlund, 1889)M. s. paciniana (Philippi, 1836)M. s. paulucciana (Monterosato, 1892) M. s. segestana (Philippi, 1836)M. s. selinuntina (Philippi, 1836)M. s. tayae (Monterosato, 1892)M. s. vieta (Rossmässler, 1836)The Sicilian representatives of Marmorana are traditionally attributed to the subgenus Murella L. Pfeiffer, 1877. Recently, after a molecular genetic study, Fiorentino et al. (2008) pleaded for the elevation of Murella to the rank of a full genus.

redListCategoryRationale:
In the molecular genetic study of Fiorentino et al. (2008), forms which are traditionally attributed to Marmorana scabriuscula are found in different clades of the phylogenetic tree. This shows that the species aggregate does not correspond to a biological species. But among the 14 subspecies remain several well characterised and diverse forms with narrow distribution areas which should be discriminated by name. Some of them are threatened and seriously decreasing in population densities, as can be concluded from comparison with historical sampling. The species aggregate needs urgently a solid taxonomical revision. Under these conditions an assessment is not possible. It is therefore classified as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Western Sicily. It is found mainly in the province of Trapani; a second distribution centre is situated in the south between Castelvetrano and Caltabellotta. The known distributions of the single subspecies are as follows:M. s. scabriuscula – region of Trapani, especially around the Monte EriceM. s. buelowi – San Vito lo Capo and coastal rocks at the Golfo di CófanoM. s. delpretei – Sciacca (Prov. Agrigento)M. s. demissa – summit area of the Monte San Giuliano (Erice)M. s. eulasia – between Catalafimi and the ruins of SegestaM. s. explanata – mixed with other forms between Trapani and MarsalaM. s. latebrosa – Caccamo south of Términi-Imerese (Prov. Palermo)M. s. nadorrica – between Sciacca and Rocca Nadore (Prov. Agrigento)M. s. paciniana (Philippi, 1836) – between Alcamo and Catalafimi, ruins Segesta on the Monte BarbaroM. s. paulucciana – Caltabellotta M. s. segestana (Philippi, 1836) – calcareous mountains in the south-west of AlcamoM. s. selinuntina (Philippi, 1836) – environs of the ruins of Selinunte (south-western coast of Sicily) and (after Pfeiffer 1931) largely disjunct on the Monte San Calogero near Termini Imerese on the north coastM. s. tayae – northern slopes of the Monte Cammauta north of Caltabellotta (Prov. Agrigento)M. s. vieta (Rossmässler, 1836) Temple of Segesta

habitat:
This species is found on calcareous rocks with sparse vegetation; on open rock walls at the foot of the mountains and on or under isolated calcareous boulders.

threats:
The main threat to this species are quarrying, pasturing, road construction or tourist activities like mountain-biking, climbing, etc.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the taxonomy of the various subspecies, as well as on the distribution and population of this species, once the taxonomy is clarified.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in Corsica, Sardegna and Elbe island. It is introduced in the continent. It lives in limestone habitats, that are not common on those islands, the subpopulations are therefore fragmented. However, there are several locations, the extent of occurrence is relatively large (more than 20,000 km²). Even thought there are potential threats affecting some subpopulations, it is thought that there are no major threats impacting the whole distribution. It is therefore considered as Least Concern # (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern # (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern # (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species occurs in Corsica (France), Sardinia and Elbe island (Italy). In Toscana (Italy) and Var (France), it is introduced.

threats:
There are no major threats. Urbanization, road enlargement and quarrying are potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypical species; in addition to the nominotypical subspecies, further eitght subspecies are listed as valid in Fauna Europaea: #carsoliana (A. Férussac, 1821), contaminata (Paulucci, 1878), persianii (Tiberi, 1878), strigata (A. Férussac, 1821), tetrazona (De Cristofori   Jan, 1832), tiburtina (E. von Martens, 1899), uniarmata (Paulucci, 1881), uzielliana (Paulucci, 1881). Forcart (1965) considered M. fuscolabiata as a younger synonym of M. signata and used the name for the southern formgroup. The molecular genetic analysis of Fiorentino et al. (2010) has proven the coherence of the Rassenkreis, but the classification of subspecies has been judged as insufficient by Nordsieck (2011) who proposed a grouping which is quite similar to that of Fauna Europaea. The preoccupied name strigata should be replaced by its valid junior synonym umbrica (J. Mabille, 1868).

redListCategoryRationale:
Single subspecies occupy small or even very small areas in which single sub-populations are under pressure by tourist exploitation like hiking, climbing or paragliding with the construction of pertaining infrastructures. However, the species as a whole is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to central and adjacent southern Italy. The occurrence of the species agg. reaches from Umbria to northern Campania with numerous sites in all calcareous areas.

habitat:
The species agg. is bound to calcareous rocks. The animals live on the surface of rocks and large boulders.

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism. Tourist activities like hiking, climbing or mountain-biking lead to a serious decline of habitat quality. Also quarrying industry form a serious threat.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., von Proschwitz, T. Falkner, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Otala lactea and O. punctata are the two Otala species living in European western Mediterranean. They have similar shells and reproductive systems, and are not always easy to differentiate. According to Schmidt (1855) (in Puente, 1994) the peristome and aperture of O. lactea #have a more intense and extended black colouration than in O. punctata; this is the only shell feature useful to #distinguish #them. #Prieto (1986) added another character that can help to identify both species, but probably no always (i.e. O. lactea has a smaller size, a more reflected peristome and a more developed columelar edge tooth). At the level of the reproductive system, O. lactea shows a longer comparative #length #of flagellum in comparison with penis-epiphallus complex and also a longer free oviduct than O. punctata, which could help differentiating them (Prieto 1986, Arrébola 1995). There are two subspecies of Otala lactea living in the Iberian Peninsula: #O. l. lactea #(Müller, 1774) and O. l. murcica (Rossmässler, 1854) that can be identified through the more developed and reflected peristome of O. l. murcica and their different #ranges (Gasull 1975; Ruiz, Cárcaba, Porras and Arrébola 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Otala lactea is an abundant and widely distributed species that is well adapted to the pressures related to human activities. It is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European, EU 27 and Mediterranean level. However, the long-term uncontrolled over-harvesting appears to be impacting the populations and reducing its presence in the wild. Due to the increasing demand of the food markets for this animal, # it is important to establish sustainable management plans that include monitoring of populations and their habitats to ensure that # this species remains Least Concern # in the future, as well as an important economic and natural resource for the citizens.

range:
This species occurs in the western part of the Mediterranean: in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria, Balearic and Canary Islands, Malta and Corsica. Its is introduced in the Azores, Madeira and the south-east of the USA (Puente 1994). Due to its popularity as a food source it has been introduced to many areas.

population:
There are no population data available for this species. However, based on general observations, the species appears to be found in great numbers and high densities.

habitat:
This species can be found in a great variety of habitats, usually in sunny and dry places (rocky areas, gardens, walls, ruins, wasteland, orchards, mountains, Mediterranean crops, shrubs, bushes...) (Puente 1994). It is well adapted to live in biotopes under human influence. Life history and population studies have been conducted in two places in Andalusia during the last years, as part of the #"Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía) (Arrébola et al. unpublished reports).

threats:
The main threat against #O. lactea is the unregulated over-harvesting as a long-standing tradition, causing important impact on the population. Other threats are the increase in agriculture, habitat degradation, due to pollution and general human activities, and fires.

conservationAction:
O. lactea represents a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural populations, and its demand is growing year after year. #Unfortunately, the impact caused by uncontrolled and excessive harvesting, accumulated over a long period, as well as other pressures related to human activities, have led to a reduction of the snail’s population, according to the people that used to harvest them. In our opinion, it is urgent to manage this species like the natural and economic resource that it represents, by establishing appropriate periods and catch sizes, investigating the aspects of the species and its population that are still unknown and promoting the heliciculture. Knowing the personal motivations, politic and social context and the local interest in relation with the species would be useful in order to raise awareness and to involve citizens and public authorities in the management of this resource (Reynolds, Mace, Redford and Robinson 2001)

useAndTrade:
Otala lactea is the second most consumed terrestrial snail of Andalusia after T. #pisana. #Unlike the #latter, whose consumption is limited to the spring and summer, it is consumed throughout the year as "tapas" or "raciones" prepared with different sauces that generally contain tomatoes as the main component. #There is a long tradition in both the harvesting and consumption of O. #lactea # in Andalusia. #However, in the last decades, the growing demand has led to the import of this species, mainly from Morocco, or even of other similar species, such as Iberus marmoratus (Arrébola and Alvarez 2001).


taxonomicNotes:
Otala lactea and O. punctata are the two Otala  species living in European western Mediterranean. They have similar  shells and reproductive systems, and are not always easy to  differentiate. According to Schmidt (1855) (in Puente, 1994) the  peristome and aperture of O. lactea #have a more intense and extended black colouration than in O. punctata;  this is the only shell feature useful to #distinguish #them. #Prieto  (1986) added another character that can help to identify both species,  but probably not always (i.e. O. lactea has a smaller size, a  more reflected peristome and a more developed columelar edge tooth). At  the level of the reproductive system, O. lactea shows a longer comparative #length #of flagellum in comparison with penis-epiphallus complex and also a longer free oviduct than O. punctata, which could help differentiating them (Prieto 1986, Arrébola 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
Otala lactea is an abundant and widely  distributed species that is well adapted to the pressures related to  human activities. It is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European, EU  27 and Mediterranean level. However, the long-term uncontrolled  over-harvesting appears to be impacting the populations and reducing its  presence in the wild. Due to the increasing demand of the food markets  for this animal, # it is important to establish  sustainable management plans that include monitoring of populations and  their habitats to ensure that # this species remains Least Concern # in  the future, as well as an important economic and natural resource for  the citizens.

range:
This is a Western Mediterranean species that is found in the south of France, the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the north of Africa (Puente 1994). Due to its popularity as a food source it has been introduced to many areas.

habitat:
O. punctata #lives in #dunes, Mediterranean forests, moorlands and areas of lowland forest. It is well adapted to human-modified habitats.

threats:
The main threat against #O. punctata is the unregulated over-harvesting as a long-standing tradition, causing important impact on the population. Other threats are the increase in agriculture, habitat degradation and fires.

conservationAction:
O. punctata represents a true traditional, natural and economic  resource to rural populations, and its demand is growing year after  year. #Unfortunately, the impact caused by uncontrolled and excessive  harvesting, accumulated over a long period, as well as other pressures  related to human activities, have led to a reduction of the snail’s  population, according to the people that used to harvest them. In our  opinion, it is urgent to manage this species like the natural and  economic resource that it represents, by establishing appropriate  periods and catch sizes, investigating the aspects of the species and  its population that are still unknown and promoting the heliciculture.  Knowing the personal motivations, politic and social context and the  local interest in relation with the species would be useful in order to  raise awareness and to involve citizens and public authorities in the  management of this resource (Reynolds, Mace, Redford and Robinson 2001)

useAndTrade:
Otala punctata is one of the most eaten snails in the eastern part of the Peninsula (provinces of Almería, Murcia, Valencia, Alicante, Castellón...). It is part of a large number of food recipes. #There is a long tradition in both the harvesting and consumption of #O. punctata.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudotachea litturata is considered a Near Threatened species, as it has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO = 3907 km2) and area of occupancy # (AOO = 1500 km2), but it is known from more than 10 locations, its population appears to be stable, the species is relatively adapted to human-influenced habitats and part of its distribution is in natural protected areas. Nevertheless, it is a species with the  basic features required by Andalusian land snails consumers and indeed  small harvest level have been reported. So, more studies will be needed to ensure that the species can sustain the level of harvest and to monitor its population trends and its habitat.

range:
Pseudotachea litturata occurs in the south of Spain: it is distributed throughout much of Cádiz and the western part of Málaga, being both Andalusian provinces. It is also known in the north of Morocco (from Tanger to Rif and Marrackech) (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995).

habitat:
This species colonizes bushes and brushes preferably in natural sites or areas not heavily influenced by human activities, both in generally calcareous soils. However, it can also be found in more human-modified places and there is not clear relationship between the land uses and its presence (Arrébola 1995).

threats:
The major threats to this species is the destruction of its habitat by urban development and/or agricultural activities. However, it seems to be able to cope with a certain level of human influence.

conservationAction:
It would be recommended to conduct first biological studies and population estimates, as well as species and habitat monitoring. #Much of its range is part of natural protected sites (Los Alcornocales Natural Park). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).

useAndTrade:
This species is only occasionally harvested for food purposes, as it is sometimes confused with other more valued species


range:
This widespread species is present on the eastern coast of Spain, including Mallorca, Andorra and the Mediterranean coast of France, including Corsica.

population:
This species is common and the population trend is thought to be stable

habitat:
This species occurs in a wide range of habitats, mainly in Mediterranean shrubland.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from one location and the area of occupancy is supposed to be less than 20 km2. However, the range is not well studied, and the number of known locations/sub-populations as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) might be underestimated. The habitat is in good condition and, as rock-dwelling species, there is no major threat affecting this species. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species lives in the Tomor Mountains in Albania. So far, this species is known from the type locality Qafa e Devris, so it seems to be a narrow range endemic species. The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
The potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored. There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with a limestone area. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. It might be threatened only by the total destruction of the habitat (quarrying, road construction, etc.). Any threats should be taken seriously only if there is really only one subpopulation, as it is believed now. Otherwise, there are no realistic threats to the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in Albania and its known site is outside of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known, therefore, research activity should focus on that. #Any threats should be taken seriously only if there is really only one subpopulation, as it is believed now. Otherwise, there are no realistic threats to the whole population.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from one location and the area of occupancy is supposed to be less than 20 km2. However, the range is not well studied, and the number of known locations/sub-populations as well as the area of occupancy is likely to be underestimated. The habitat is in good condition and, as rock-dwelling species, there is no major threat affecting this species. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species lives in the Tomor Mountains in Albania. So far, this species is  known from the type locality one km from Maja e Kulmakut, so it seems to be a narrow  range endemic species. The species is far from being well studied and  new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are  difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite  unexplored, there are no data on population trend. However, there is no  reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature  individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species, associated with a limestone area. It has been found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification and may be threatened only by the total  destruction of the habitat such as from quarrying. Any threats should be taken seriously only if there is really only one subpopulation, as it is believed now. Otherwise, there are no realistic threats to the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in Albania and its known  site is out of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is  not exactly known, therefore, research activity is urgently required to focus on that. If no further sites are found the one known site should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
All the records of this species are from a small area in the Aoos valley, in Ipirus (north-western Greece) (Subai and Fehér 2006). There are records from a few sites (the old Turkish bridge on the Aoos river and nearby side gorges). This rock-dwelling species is not impacted by any major threat at the moment, however due to it's very small range, it is possible that a threat could vastly reduce the population size. #This species is listed as Near Threatened. #Research on the threats to this species are recommendedThis species has been assessed as Near Threatened at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted to the valley of Aoos river in Epirus #(north-western Greece) (Subai and Fehér 2006).

population:
This is a very rare species. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is found in rocky areas and in rock crevices.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. Research on the threats to this species are recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The species is comprised of two distinct subspecies: Superba skipetarica skipetarica and S. skipetarica #asketa Subai and Fehér, 2006.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a narrow range with the extent of occurrence (EOO) being #16 km2, but from about 6 locations. However, the habitat is in good condition and the species is not facing any current major threat. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely   fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives in the Tomor Mountains in Albania. There are 11 known sampling sites but some of them are very close together, thus they mean less locations according to IUCN standards. The projected extent of occurrence (EOO) is 16 km2, so it seems  to be a narrow  range endemic species. The species is far from being  well studied and further studies might extend its range somewhat. On the other hand, the habitat is in good condition, so there is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of sub-populations are declining or extremely  fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are   difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite   unexplored, there are no data on population trend. However, there is no   reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature   individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. It might be threatened only by the total  destruction of the habitat such as road and other construction work or quarrying. In the Tomor peak, there is a sanctuary which is visited by crowds every year. However, there is no visible effect of this activity on the quality of the rocky habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania and the whole potential range is outside of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known, therefore research activity should focus on that.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. All the few known records are from a small area in the uppermost reach of the Vikos Gorge, in Ipirus (north-western Greece) (Subai and Fehér 2006).  #There are some threats due to over-grazing and fires. More research is needed on this species. It is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. All the known records are from a small area in the uppermost reach of the Vikos Gorge, in Epirus (north-western Greece) (Subai and Fehér 2006).

habitat:
The species is known from a single gorge in Greece. It is found in rocky areas. #This is a relatively large species (about 2-3 cm).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #No conservation action is currently applied.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a # polytypic species with two subspecies besides the nominotypical subspecies: T. acropachia pollonerae (Caziot, 1903) and T. acropachia garciai (Hagenmüller, 1888).According to recent research (Falkner ined.) the populations in the north-west of the total distribution area adjacent to the Monte Cardo, which have been described as Helix (Campylaea) venacensis Caziot, 1903, form a well characterised distinct species which has wrongly been treated as a synonym of T. a. acropachia.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Corsica where there are six known locations. The extent of occurrence is 250 km2 and the area of occupancy is 24 km2. Investigations during the last 15 years have  shown that about 50% of the known populations can no longer be  reconfirmed. On the two sides of the Col de Sorba the complete loss of  three known populations caused by forest fire could be observed in 2000.  Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN)  B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). It should be noted that the six  locations concern three different subspecies.

range:
T. acropachia agg. is the Corsican Tacheocampylaea species with the largest distribution area in the Ancient Corsica. It reaches from the region of Vezzani in the North to the Montagne de Cagna (type locality of acropachia s. str.) and Bonifacio in the South; in the West it has been found at Sartène.

population:
There is no information on the size of the sub-populations. However, the trend is decreasing; the species agg. (including all three subspecies) is known from 22 sites of which eight could be reconfirmed during the last two decades. All Tacheocampylaea species have a strictly nocturnal activity; therefore it is nearly impossible to follow up the population trend, but in comparison to historical material, a considerable general decline can be deduced.

habitat:
This species lives in primary mediterranean temperate forests in the lowlands. It does not live in the summit areas.

threats:
The major threat to this species is local wild-fire. The complete destruction of at least three populations by forest fire raising could be documented in 2000 (personal observation of G. and M. Falkner).

conservationAction:
Possibly the species is legally protected under the former taxonomic perception of all Corsican Tacheocampylaea as a single species, which has been inscribed in the national list of protected species under the name Tacheocampylaea raspailii (see that species). Measures that might help to prevent wild-fires like closing the area for recreational (picnic), or related touristic activities like hiking, biking, wild camping etc. should be encouraged. Probably the remaining sites should be closed down completely from public access.


taxonomicNotes:
In contrast to Zilch (1952), who divided the Sardinian Tacheocampylaea's in the polytypic species carotii with the subspecies carotii s. str. and T. carotii melonii and T. gennarii as distinct species, the Italian checklist (Manganelli et al. 1995) and Fauna Europaea treat all Sardinian populations as one species under the name T. carotii.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species occurs in few and small populations in a restricted part of an island with heavy tourist development. As there is no continuous research only single specimens are found by chance. Most of the known occurrences date from the 19th century. The collection material indicates that the populations have been much more dense in the past. For these reasons it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) # B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. The species is endemic to a small part of central eastern Sardinia from Nuoro up to Lanusei; a disjunct occurrence is historically known from the Monte Santo di Pula in the extreme south of the island (type locality of T. carotii melonii (Maltzan, 1886)). Although this occurrence has been confirmed by Pollonera (see Caziot 1917) the note "distribuzione limitata alla Sardegna centrorientale" in Manganelli et al. (1995) for the species agg. seems to indicate a doubt in the authenticity of this locality. Thus, the extent of occurrence is 1,600 km² (if the Monte Santo di Pula is included this would be 3,500 km²).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, observations from the field suggest that the sub-populations are decreasing.

habitat:
This species inhabits carstic areas and lives in the crevices of rocks and under larger boulders.

threats:
The major threats to this species are deforestation by logging and wild-fire, agriculture and grazing; also building (widespread urbanisation, isolated homes, etc.) and related infrastructures (roads, sewer systems, etc).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place. The identified threat to this species is through fire. The complete destruction of at least three populations by forest fire raising could be documented in 2000 (G. and M. Falkner, pers. com., 2011).

useAndTrade:
The species is occasionally collected together with other edible snails for human consumption.


taxonomicNotes:
There are four subspecies currently accepted: Tacheocampylaea cyrniaca cyrniaca, T. cyrniaca omphalophora, T. cyrniaca faucicola and T. cyrniaca arusalensis. Tacheocampylaea revelierii (Debeaux, 1867) [Helix] is a synonym to this species. In 2009, a fourth subspecies, T. c. arusalensis (Hagenmüller, 1888) – up to now forgotten – was found back near its type locality by G. Falkner, C. Régnier and B. Recorbet.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species (comprising four subspecies) is confined to a rather small part of central Corsica, where it has been reported from a total of 18 sites and 10 locations. Investigations during the last 15 years have shown that nearly 50% of the known populations can not be confirmed anymore. Especially in the Restonica valley the decline is evident. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). It should be noted that the 18 sites concern all four subspecies, this means that each subspecies has less than five locations.

range:
The species is known from 18 localities in Corsica, 10 of them being reconfirmed in the last two decades with an extent of occurrence of around 800 km2 and area of occupancy of 40 km2.The species agg. is endemic to central Corsica. The four subspecies are disjointed in four montains areas: T. c. cyrniaca: Monte Renoso massif, up to 2,300-2,350 m (loc. typ.), actually two populations have been discovered by B. Recorbet at 1,450 m (Val d'Ese) and 1,950 m (Crête de Scaldasole)T. c. omphalophora: Monte Rotondo massif, up to 2,650 m and down to the region of Corte (loc. typ.), actually known in three sparse populations in the Restonica valley between 470 m and 1,080 m (Ripken and Falkner), which have recently been affected by a heavy forest fire T. c. faucicola: Foce - Col de Vizzavona, 1,200-1,400 m (loc. typ.) and Monte d'Oro, actually known from Col de Vizzavona below the ancient fort at 1,190 m (Falkner and Régnier), Forêt de Vizzavona, and Monte d'Oro 2,040 m (B. Recorbet)T. c. arusalensis: Col d'Arusala au pied de Manteluccio (loc. typ.), actually rediscovered at Calderamolla north of Col d'Arusula (Falkner, Regnier and Recorbet)

population:
The species # (including all four subspecies) has been known from 18 localities of which 10 could be re-confirmed during the last two decades. All Tacheocampylaea have a strictly nocturnal activity; therefore it is nearly impossible to follow up the population trend, but in comparison to historical material, a considerable general decline can be inferred.

habitat:
The species is found in varying habitats depending on the subspecies: from open, rocky surfaces to shady deciduous forests.

threats:
The main threats to the species have been identified as deforestation and conversion of suitable habitat to pasture land. Wild-fires, construction of farming and forestry roads and particularly the wild pigs threaten this species.

conservationAction:
The species is currently not protected and there are no conservation actions in place. Monitoring of the population is required as it is known to be declining. Due to the ongoing threats to the population, known sites should be protected in an attempt to halt the current decline. From field observations it is known that each population may count between a few single and several ten animals.Possibly the species is legally protected under the former taxonomic perception of all Corsican Tacheocampylaea as a single species, which has been inscribed in the national list of protected species under the name Tacheocampylaea raspailii (see that species).


taxonomicNotes:
The name has until recently been used for all Corsican species of Tacheocampylaea (for which 27 names have been published). Thus, literature has to be carefully monitored, to understand which species is actually meant.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has been reported from a total of 35 sites. Recently, the presence of living specimens could be confirmed only in eight sites. The comparison with historical collections shows that the number of individuals in reproducing populations is also decreasing. This species is assessed as Vulnerable (|VU) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Corsica (France) where it is confined to the younger northeastern part which is known as the Alpine Corsica; the northernmost locality is San Martino di Lota on the peninsula of Cap Corse and the southernmost is in the plain of Aleria. Most known localities are concentrated between St. Florent (type locality) and Bastia; a second less densely populated centre is the Castagniccia.

population:
There are no data on the population size (usually low individual numbers), but it is assumed to be decreasing, the number of subpopulations is also decreasing. The comparison with historical collections shows that even the number of individuals in reproducing populations is decreasing. In July 1990, on the type locality 64, partly fresh empty shells were  found by Graack (1996), but later, Ripken (1995, 1996) could not  find living specimens (Falkner pers. comm. 2011). A remarkably thriving population could be observed in 2000 on an old stone wall in the town of Pietrabugno (Falkner pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
Usually, this species inhabits wooded rocky slopes and boulder scree. As a secondary habitat, old stone walls with cavities may be colonised.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitats by urbanisation, tourism and recreational development, road construction, deforestation, and fire; a major threat is predation by pigs living in the wild.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law. According to the taxonomic view of the late 20th century, all Tacheocampylaea species of Corsica have been lumped together under the # name T. raspailii and were incorporated under that name in the "Liste des mollusques protégés sur l'ensemble du territoire" (Journal officiel de la Republique Française N. C. 3953 du 12 Mai 1979; this taxonomic view seems to have been perpetuated in the last update of the legislation from 2007 (www.conservation-nature.fr).


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with two subspecies: T. romagnolii romagnolii (Dutailly, 1867), and T. r. deschampsiana (Hagenmüller, 1888).T. romagnolii romagnolii: Hélice de CorteT. romagnolii deschampsiana: Hélice de la Tartagine [note: the subspecies does not occur in the Tartagine valley as could be presumed from the common name].

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from one location (= 4 km2 in IUCN  standards), however, the inferred actual area of occupancy (AOO) for this species 0.6 km2.The species (with two subspecies) is endemic to a very restricted area in the west and north of Corte. The nominal subspecies is probably extinct. Of the five localities where the subspecies T. r. deschampsiana was known, only one surviving subpopulation is left and is facing pressure from human activities. This dramatic decline leads to the assessment as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Corsica. The information on the distribution of the nominotypical subspecies T. r. romagnolii is confusing: The type locality is originally indicated as "... aux environs de Corte" (Dutailly 1867). Hagenmüller (1888) did search the species thoroughly, but unsuccessfully, # in the surroundings of Corte. However an occurrence in the Tavignano valley near Corte is indicated by Scharff (1894). A former occurrence in the Orta valley, as indicated by Germain (1931), seems possible. The largest part of the existing museum material was collected and distributed by the entomologist Revelière. As Revelière kept his collection site secret, his residence Bonifacio is often erroneously indicated as the locality. Collection samples indicate that the subspecies T. r. deschampsiana had a larger distribution in the Tavignano valley and its sourroundings west of Corte; in 2004 the T. r. deschampsiana was only found living in the Forêt de Melo.This species is known only from one location in an area of 0.6 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, the nominotypical subspecies Tacheocampylaea romagnolii romagnolii is probably gone extinct already.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky habitats in primary Mediterranean woodlands.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitats by urbanisation, tourism and recreational development, road construction, deforestation, and fire, particularly in the valleys of Tavignano and Orta; a major threat is predation by pigs living in the wild.

conservationAction:
Possibly the species is legally protected under the former taxonomic perception of all Corsican Tacheocampylaea as a single species, which has been inscribed in the national list of protected species under the name Tacheocampylaea raspailii (see that species)


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to historical anthropogenic alterations of nearly the entire island, this species has in general become very rare. According to Manganelli et al. (2001) the species is still rather frequent only in one of the seven cited sites – near Il Paese –; but this subpopulation is situated just outside the National Park and is specially threatened by bushfires, predation by rats, intensive pasture, urbanisation, and collecting. Thus, this species is classified as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Isola de Capraia (Italy). The species is indicated as occurring with sparse populations in scattered localities on almost the entire Island of Capraia. According to Manganelli et al. (2001) it is only still rather frequent in one of the seven cited sites – near Il Paese.

habitat:
This species inhabits virgin macchia sites with stone walls or stone heaps for shelter.

threats:
The main threats to this species are bushfires, predation by rats, intensive pasture, urbanisation, and particularly the collecting of living animals for human consumption.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by law in Tuscany (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56). The island is part of the Parco Nazionale dell'Arcipelago Toscano.

useAndTrade:
This species is collected for human food.


taxonomicNotes:
The distinction between #Theba andalusica #Gittenberger   Ripken, 1987 and the sympatric (i.e. occupying the same geographic areas without interbreeding) T. #pisana pisana #is based exclusively on shell characters (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987 does not described anatomical differences). New taxonomic research will clarify the status of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The distinction between #Theba andalusica and the sympatric (i.e. occupying the same geographic areas without interbreeding) T. #pisana pisana # is unclear and more research is needed at the taxonomy level. Furthermore, there is no data available on the population of this species and its exact distribution, ecology or the exact level of threat it faces. # Therefore, this species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Theba andalusica is known from a limited number of sites in the Atlantic coastal area of the extreme south of Spain,  #from the valley of the Rio Guadalquivir southward to the Strait of Gibraltar. The species is found at specific locations such as Lebrija in the south of the province of Seville and Chipiona, Rota, Vejer de la Frontera, Río Jara and Tarifa in the province of Cadiz.

habitat:
This species shares the same habitats than T. pisana in general: the edges of agricultural fields and roads, riparian and ruderal vegetation.

threats:
The sites where T. andalusica hypothetically #lives are globally characterized by a high anthropic influence due to agricultural, urbanism, tourism, pollution... On the other hand, this species is harvested for food as well as T. pisana #(see Use and Trade).

conservationAction:
The most important conservation action needed for this species is to clarify its taxonomy and to study its biology and distribution. Once this information is available, appropriate conservation actions can be #suggested.

useAndTrade:
In Andalusia there is an important annual consumption of terrestrial snails, specially T. pisana. Every #year more than 10.000 Tm of snails ("caracoles") are consumed during spring and summer months by Andalusians, coming both from natural autochthonous resources and imports (95% from Morocco). T. andalusica is almost identical to the polymorphic #T. pisana #(in commercial terms) so it forms part of this lucrative business (Arrébola, Porras, Cárcaba and Ruiz 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only present in a small area which is under pressure from encroaching quarrying and decline in habitat quality as result of # blown sand during extreme weather events. Based on the existing information and the fact that this species occurs in one location with an area of occupancy of 4 km2, # the species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). The past evaluation of Vulnerable was based on the same information, however the quarry has got closer to the site increasing the threats to the species.

range:
T. arinagae occurs at two localities #as a fossil/subfossil #along the eastern coast of Gran Canaria, Arinaga and Playa Ojo de Garza, north of Aeropuerto de Gando. This species was found as a fossil/subfossil on the island of Fuerteventura (Ibanez et al. 1997). This species is only known living at the summit of the volcano north of #Arinaga, where it occupies a narrow strip of rocky habitat above the sandy slopes (300 m x 50 m).

population:
There is only a very small population (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
T. arinagae is a terrestrial gastropod, known from rocky summit of volcano.

threats:
This species has a small distribution area. The major threat on the northern side is the extraction of gravel and the extension towards the site. # A secondary threat remains from blown sand from the sandy quarry further away from the site during high winds. # The presence of the military transmission mast, with the access roads permits additional traffic to the site.

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Vulnerable (Moliner Gomez 2001), but not listed on the Canary Island Red List nor the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009). In terms of conservation measures, the site should be protected as a Special Nature Reserve given that Theba arinagae inhabits this location and is already threatened. Restoration of the habitat is also required.


taxonomicNotes:
Theba clausoinflata was originally published under the generic name Helix.

redListCategoryRationale:
T. clausoinflata is only known from two locations from the Jandia Island on Fuerteventura. More information on population trends and habitat type, a well as the threats is required. There are no threats known for this species, therefore it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, # because of its very limited range.

range:
T. clausoinflata is found in the Canary Islands. It was desribed by Mousson from Fuerteventura and Tenerife, but is only confirmed for the latter island, where it is supposed to occur probably in a small area on the Jandia penisula (Greve et al. 2010)


taxonomicNotes:
This is most probably a species complex, which urgently needs scientific research (Greve et al. 2010). The complex is known from almost all islands within the Canary Island group.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is most probably a species complex, which urgently needs scientific research (Greve et al. 2010). For this reasons it is impossible to assess any conservation status, the complex is thus listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
T. geminata is a common species-complex on the Canary Islands. On Lanzarote, at least two species exist under that taxon name, one of them is yet undescribed and also occurs on Furteventura and on Tenerife (Greve et al. 2010: Theba sp. 1) and further research will lead most probably to further species within that complex. At least three additional undescribed species are known to La Gomera and to Lanzarote and another three new species to Fuerteventura (Greve at al. 2010). # Distribution maps for the complex are given in Alonso et al. (1990), and Ibanez and Alonso (2001). Individuals have been taken from the following specific locations on the Canary Islands, these were recorded in 1987 (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987):Lanzarote: # Isla Graciosa, Orzola, Jameos dei Agua, Haría, los Valles, Bajamar (Tías), Playa de Famara, El Mojón, Montana de las Nuevas, Castillo de Guanapay, Tinajo, Tiagua, Teguise, Mozaga, Mozaga, Yaiza, Playa de Janubio, Playa Blanca, Playa Blanca, Punta dei Papagayo, Isla de Lobos. Fuerteventura: Corallejo, La Oliva, Montaria Muda, Playa dei Matorral, Los Molinos, Betancuria, Vega dei Rio de Palmas, Barranco Morra Fénduca, Toto, Cortijo de Chilegua, Playa de Ugán, Gran Tarajal, Istmo de la Pared, Morro Jable, Cofete, Punta de Gandia. #Tenerife: Bajamar Buenavista, Los Silos, La Palma, Gomera, Hierro: Sabinosa (to be confirmed).

threats:
Theba geminata has been seen to be predated on by feral cats (Medina et al. 2008) but whether this has a significant effect on the population will have to be researched further due to no data.Once the species complex is unravelled taxonomically it may turn out that single species have very small distribution areas. These might then be affected by urbanization, agriculture – especially goats – tourist industry, road construction, etc.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions. More research is needed on the taxonomy of this species-complex and on the exact distribution and population.


taxonomicNotes:
Theba grasseti was previously named Helix grasseti.

redListCategoryRationale:
Theba grasseti is only known to the Island of Gran Canaria. It is a very rare species probably restricted to a very small area around the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and the northern Peninsula La Isleta. There are only three known locations , and the species is under major threats by increasing urban developments. This species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Theba grasseti is only known to the Island of Gran Canaria. The species might only be confined to La Isleta and the adjacent extreme northeastern part of Gran Canada near Las Palmas. However, specimens have been observed at locations including La Isleta at an altitude of 50-100 m. La Luz, Las Coloradas, Las Palmas, Santa Catalina and Angostura at an altitude of approximately 300 m. All these sites are situated within La Casleta (= 1 location). Greve et al. (2010) record two locations in total with three specimens, one of them near Las Palmas, the other in the north-west of the island (= two locations).

habitat:
Theba grasseti is a terrestrial gastropod found living apart from the typical T. pisana, being practically confined to the highlands and to the topmost ridges of the barrancos, and is never found naturally below an altitude of 130 m, except on the Isleta, where T. pisana does not exist. Theba grasseti is always found feeding on the Balsamiferous Spurge (Euphorbia balsamifer). This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal).

threats:
Almost nothing is known on the threats to this species. The main area of distribution for this species is in the direct vicinity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a flourishing and growing city. Probably, the species is so rare because most of its distribution area is already devastated by urbanisation, road construction, and similar activities. Only La Isleta is currently less affected because it is closed down by the military, the status of the subpopulation there is not clear at the moment. However, in case the area will be released from military purposes, the city will immediately spread to this area and demolish the last probable surviving subpopulations.


taxonomicNotes:
Theba impugnata was previously named Helix impugnata.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are only a few locations known for this species in the north-west of the Island of Lanzarote. There are some threats to this species, and very obviously, living specimens are rare. It thus can be concluded that the population size is small, and non-regulated recreation activities may impact this susceptible species seriously. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Lanzarote on the Canary Islands. The species is restricted to the northeastern part of Lanzarote and the adjacent islet of Graciosa. Specimens have been observed at Isla Graciosa and in Lanzarote: El Risco, Orzola, Malpais de la Corona, Cueva de los Verdes, Jameos de Agua, Haría los Valles, Teneguime, Playa de Famara, Montana Corona, Montana de las Nuevas (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. Field observation show that the species is rare and hard to find alive.

habitat:
There are no specific habitat type in the literature, however, it is nearly always sympatric with T. geminata. (Shells of T. geminata occur in great abundance locally on the islet Graciosa. T. geminata and T. impugnata are sympatric on northern Lanzarote and on Graciosa. Where the two species are found together they are about equally common). This species probably lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal).

threats:
There are some threats to this species by goat grazing and tourist activities. The Riscos are a well known recreation spot with barbecue sites, miradors, and similar infrastructure.


taxonomicNotes:
T. pisana was previously known as Helix pasana but was renamed by Muller (Deisler and Stange 2001). It has many different common names, however, the White Garden Snail is primarily used in the literature. There is a subspecies, Theba pisana arietina (Rossmässler, 1846), which is restricted to parts of Spain and Portugal.

redListCategoryRationale:
T. pisana is widely distributed and does not face any major threats in Europe. It is invasive in several parts of the world and it has in the past been subjected to threats of biological control and eradication, therefore, fluctuations in population may have occurred (but there are no figures in the literature to illustrate this). This species is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, due to wide distribution and abundance, however, it is also necessary to research population trends.

range:
T. pisana is native in southwestern England and Wales, Ireland (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987), western France, Switzerland, Morocco and the Mediterranean countries of Europe and Africa. Its habitat in Europe is near the coasts. # In Ireland, it is known since the nineteenth century from a small number of sites on the   coasts of Louth, Meath and Dublin between Clogher Head and Rush.  More  recently, three colonies have been found in West Cork, at   Garrettstown/White Strand, Ownahinchy Strand and Inchydoney Island.  It  has also spread from its north Dublin  sites to the North Bull sands in  the city of Dublin (Byrne et al. 2009).It has been introduced into the Atlantic islands, South Africa, Somaliland, and western Australia. This snail was first noticed in North America in La Jolla, San Diego County, California, in 1914. It soon spread to several locations in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, but apparently was eradicated there by 1940. It was reported by Mead in 1971 that a second infestation in Los Angeles County occurred in 1966 which was declared eradicated in 1972. The snails were found and identified in August 1985 in San Diego, California, at several localities in about a 10 square mile area. In 1966, Hanna stated that T. pisana has been introduced into several eastern localities in the United States. There are no published records for North American populations outside of California. Theba pisana is also present in Bermuda but has never been recorded from Florida (Deisler and Stange 2001).Currently, T. pisana is widely distributed in the semi-arid coastal fynbos region of the South Western Cape, and has been recorded as far east as Port Elizabeth, although it has not been successful in establishing viable populations in the Eastern Cape beyond East London (Odendaal et al. 2008).

population:
T. pisana is known to be in great density of the populations in California (reports of up to 3000 snails per tree, Deisler and Stange 2001). There are no published records outside of California, but the population is thought to be stable. The largest colony on the British Isles occurs in Tenby, Wales.

habitat:
Theba pisana is a terrestrial gastropod, known for its polymorphism in shell banding and its ability to aestivate in the open, mainly during the dry season (Hazel and Johnson 1990). Estimates of variance of dispersal over 100 days suggest that T. pisana is generally sedentary when compared with the few other snail species for which comparable information is available. #In Southern Austrailia, T. pisana feeds on a variety of agricultural plants and uses the stalks of cereals as aestivating sites. It is abundant in introduced colonies occurring along the coastal sand dunes in Southern Western Australia (Hazel and Johnson 1990). In Israel and South Africa, the species is observed to feed and cause damage to ornamental flowers, vegetables, citrus, almond, olive and grapevines (Baker 1988). In Spain, it is found to swarm in the gardens, feeding mostly on the Aloe (Agave americana) and the Prickly Pear (Opuntia dillenii) near the sea level, and is never found more than 100 feet above it (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987).In Ireland, Theba pisana is confined to coastal dunes in relatively frost-free localities It has a predilection for climbing dead vegetation or walls during dry  periods and remaining cemented in position for long periods by a copious  chalky secretion used to block the shell opening and reduce water loss (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
Past threats to this species include the combined use of poison sprays, poison baits, burning, and hand-picking in California due to the high levels of species infestation and the invasive nature of the species on others. Campaigns to lower numbers of # T. pisana were invariably long and costly due, in part, to the way in which this snail hides itself for long periods by climbing up, on, and into bushes, trees, and man-made objects. Any control program would require the use of metaldehyde baits or bran-calcium in conjunction with detailed surveys of the ground, plantings, and structures within the infected areas (Deisler and Stange 2001). However, in Europe, there are no major threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
T. pisana is generally consumed in southern Spain and Portugal .


taxonomicNotes:
Theba subdentata (Férussac, 1821) is a polytypic species constituted by five subspecies: #T. s. subdentata (Férussac, #1821), T. subdentata dehnei (Rossmässler, #1846), T. s. meridionalis (Sacchi, #1955), T. s. legionaria (Sacchi, #1955) and T. s. helicella (Wood, #1828). The last subspecies #is the only one living in Europe (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987).

redListCategoryRationale:
It would be important to investigate if this species was introduced from Morocco. #Although the port of Almeria is not by far the most frequented by ships and trucks loaded with snails from Morocco (for human consumption), #some unloads (with T. pisana) have been registered last years #and therefore is not difficult to think that T. s. helicella #could have been introduced together with T. pisana. Until this point is solved, this species is considered as a European species and is assessed. It has a small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence and is only found at two locations. The main threats are the urbanisation and tourism developments, which a causing a decline in the extent and quality in parts of its habitat. However, it is still unclear how this is impacting the species and further research are needed to clarify this point. Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the European and EU27 level. Should the urbanisation threats accelerate or been shown to impact significantly this species, it would directly qualify for an Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) category.

range:
Theba subdentata (Férussac, 1821) is a polytypic species found in western Morocco. In Europe, the subspecies T. s. helicella (Wood, 1828) is only found at several localities in the south of the province of Almería (Menez 2006, Moreno and Ramos 2007, Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). It is also found # in the south-west of Morocco from the mouth of the Oued Tensift (~30 km south of Safi) southward to Cap Rhir (~35 km north west of Agadir) (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987).

population:
Menez (2006) found a few individuals attached to Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) shrubs in Retamar, but observed densities of about 50 individuals/m2 #in El Alquián #mostly on #Stauracanthus #sp. shrubs with well #established populations with juvenile, sub-adult and adult snails. According to this author, #this subspecies may have very localized distributions with foci of high abundance, and some areas of low abundance. There are no other #population data about this species, however it is probable that the rapid decline of its habitat caused mainly by tourism and human infrastructure development, cause a decreasing in the current population trend (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008).

habitat:
In Almería, #T. subdentata helicella lives in a narrow strip of land of dunes, beaches and "ramblas" (seasonal watercourses), of about 2-3 km wide near the sea. Like other terrestrial snails in this area, it is mainly active at night in autumn or winter. In hot and dry seasons, the snails are strongly adhered to bushes, up to more than 1 m above ground (probably to #prevent excessive heat from the sand substrate) (Moreno and Ramos 2007, Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). According to Menez (2006) and Moreno and Ramos (2007) this species is very common on Ziziphus lotus, #Thymelaea hirsuta (L.), Launaea sp., #Stauracanthus sp. and bushes. It is also observed on grasses, as Ammophila arenaria, Imperata cylindrica and Stipa tenacissima, rushes, as Juncus sp., small trees, as Tamarix sp. and Nicotiana glauca or on #introduced #species as Agave sp. There are also some specimens without keel that are only found  #near rock outcrops which are originated by tectonic faults in the bedrock, or by Pleistocene conglomerates of ancient beaches (Moreno and Ramos 2007). At the site where Menez found T. s. helicella there was also Theba pisana, though at densities less than 50 % of those observed for T. s. helicella. As far as this author knows, this would be the only recorded instance of the existence of two Theba species at the same locality in southern Spain. In Morocco, it lives in rocky places (Gittenberger and Ripken 1987).

threats:
The progressive and rapid decline of its habitat caused mainly by tourism and human infrastructure development, with an expected reduction in the availability of optimal habitat is the main concern for this species (Menez 2006, Arrébola and Ruiz 2008).

conservationAction:
This species has been classified as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008), the same category #also considered previously at the national level (Alonso #et al. 2001). #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). #It would be necessary to elaborate and implement an integral recovery plan to the western coast of the province of Almería that would #benefit several #other threatened species in this area, i.e.: the terrestrial snails H. stiparum (Rossmässler, 1854), #Iberus g. gualtieranus #(Linnaeus, 1758), #Xerosecta adolfi #(Pfeiffer, 1854), #Theba subdentata helicella #(Wood, 1828), #Xerotricha mariae #(Gasull, 1972), #Hatumia cobosi #(Ortiz de Zárate, 1962), #Xerocrassa cobosi #(O. de Zárate, 1962) #and #Iberus gualtieranus mariae #(Cobos, 1979) (Ruiz et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This highly specialised species is a palaeoendemic of Corsica and the sole representative of the genus Tyrrhenaria worldwide. It is today restricted to a very narrow distribution area which is highly fragmented, suggesting a genetic impoverishment and unforeseeable events. Moreover, 40% of the population is located on a 0.0051 km² area surrounded by the airport and the beach. These facts justify the maintenance of the species in the category Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii).

range:
The Corsican Snail is only found near Ajaccio, in a biotope restricted to a small geographic area named "Campo dell'Oro" (which really occupies only 0.02 km²), located near the airport, delimited at the east side by the joint delta of the two rivers Gravona and Prunelli and at the west side by a marina.

population:
Thanks to human assistance and biotope management (Natura 2000 site) providing protected areas appropriate for snail colonization, the population is considered to be stable. The population size is estimated to be between 7,500 and 10,000 individuals among which 3,800 to 5,200 mature individuals (estimated information from samplings made in 2009–2010, M. Charrier, pers. comm., 2011)

habitat:
The species is ecologically and biologically highly specialised and lives on and in the loose maritime sands of the river delta associated with low shrub vegetation (including Genista salzmannii) and with annual or biennial plants characteristic of coastal sands.

threats:
The main threats to this species are urbanisation and land use around the town of Ajaccio, leading to habitat fragmentation and habitat loss, as well as leisure activities on the sand beach.

conservationAction:
This snail is legally protected at the national level in France ("Arrêté du 23 avril 2007 fixant les listes des mollusques protégés sur l'ensemble du territoire et les modalités de leur protection (JORF nr. 106 du 6 mai 2007 page 8089, texte nr. 32)") and by the city of Ajaccio with "Convention avec le Conseil général de la Corse du Sud", a National Recovery Plan (NRP) obtained by ”Circulaires DEB/PEVM n°08-07 du 3 octobre 2008 et n° 09-04 du 8 septembre 2009, du Ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement (MEDDMM)” en faveur de l’Hélix de Corse, espèce « Grenelle ».The NRP will outline actions for species protection beyond the context of the Natura 2000 programme (FR 9400619) that will extend the effort of habitat restoration.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., Falkner, G., von Proschwitz, T. Charrier, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Tyrrheniberus ridens is a taxonomically well defined palaeoendemic species which is endemic to the island of Sardinia. It occurs only in a small part of the eastern coastal mountain range where it lives in isolated fragmented populations. Because of the restricted and fragmented area of occupancy this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This specie is endemic to Sardinia (Italy). The species occurs only in the eastern coastal mountain chaine of Sardinia between the plains of Orosei and Tortoli. It is confined to calcareous places which are separated by deposits of vulcanic basalts. This species is recorded from 10 locations and 10 sites.

habitat:
This species is a typical rock-dweller on limestone rocks in Mediterranean vegetation types.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the road construction, which causes damage and fragmentation to the habitats. Tourist infrastructures and recreational activities like rock climbing add to the threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea lists this taxon as a separate species. According to Fiorentino et al. (2010), it is a junger synonym of T. villicus. Earlier K. L. Pfeiffer (1946) proposed that T. sardonius should be treated as a subspecies of T. villicus. According to the assessors of this species, this view should be retained. However, as the taxon is listed as a species in its own rights in Fauna Europea, it is here assessed as such.

redListCategoryRationale:
The (sub)species is endemic to an extremely restricted area in the eastern coastal mountains of Sardinia, i.e. a 2 km stretch of the canyon of the torrent Fuili (south east of Dorgali) where it occurs occasionally sympatric with T. ridens. It is threatenad by human activities. If considered as a subspecies of T. villicus (as recommended) it should be noted that there is a large disjunction to the area of the nominal subspecies. Following the view of Fauna Europaea, which recognises it as a species in its own rights, it is here assessed as Critically Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia (Italy). It live in an extremely restricted area in the eastern coastal mountains of Sardinia, i.e. a 2 km stretch of the canyon of the torrent Fuili (south east of Dorgali).

threats:
The major threat to this species are recreational activities like rock climbing and probably flood events.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fiorentino et al. (2010), T. sardonius is a younger synonym of T. villicus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is recorded from four locations representing four sites. Tyrrheniberus villicus is another taxonomically well defined palaeoendemic species which is characteristic for the fauna of Sardinia. It occurs only in a small part of the central eastern inland mountains where it lives in isolated populations. The four known sites have provisionally been defined as locations. Road construction, tourism development and recreational activities are potential threats. This species is hence assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia (Italy). It occurs only in the calcareous central eastern inland mountains between Oliena, Orosolo, and the valley of the river Flumineddu which comprise the large massif of Sopramonte d'Oliena. A new disjunct occurrance near Orosei has recently been published by Fiorentino et al. (2010). This species is recorded from four locations representing four sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is occurring over a relatively large distribution. However, a population reduction of more than 30% # is suspected from field observation in the last 10 years. The extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy and the number of mature individuals are also declining and the subpopulations are now considered to be fragmented. The species is therefore considered to be Vulnerable (VU) A2b.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it is found in eight sites on six UTM squares (10 x 10 km2).

population:
Even though there have been no direct studies on the population trend of this species, field observations tend to show a drastic population decline over the last 20 years (A. and P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). It is suspected that there is a population decline of more than 30% in the last 10 years.

habitat:
This species is a strict rock-dweller, it is found on rock walls, mountains cliffs, etc. This is probably a relict species.

threats:
Despite the considerable decline in population trend, the threats to this species are not known.

conservationAction:
Monitoring of the population is urgently needed. More research on the main threats are also fundamental to understand the reason of the population decline.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in coastal mountains that are subjected to anthropogenic pressure. This species is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its number of locations (15) and Extent of occurrence (EOO = 36000 km2), however habitat and population monitoring is recommended to detect potentially negative impacts from human activities.The species was previously assessed as Near Threatened, based on restricted range and possible threats, but new data on locations has increased the known range, hence the revised listing as #Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Iberia where it is distributed in the coastal mountains of Catalonia and the Valencian Community.

population:
It is difficult to find live specimens of this species due to its way of life. Since its description in the 1960s, living specimens have been known from # three populations only.

habitat:
This is a light-avoiding (lucifugous) species. Shells have been collected in pine forests, rocky areas, ruderal areas and caves. This species may have an association with Hedera helix, Bech (1990) suggesting that H. helix widens the cracks on rocks with its roots, producing a suitable environment for A. quadrasi. However, it may be that the association between H. helix and A,quadrasi corresponds to them sharing the same biogeographical topology and bioclimatic requirements, such as the presence of two characteristic dry periods and the calcareous substrate that retains water carried with winds from the Mediterranean sea.

threats:
The potential threats to this species are fires, quarrying, encroachment of urban areas and the extension of roads.

conservationAction:
The recommended conservation actions for this species are the protection of its habitat and of the known populations, accompanied with habitat and population monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a very restricted distribution and falls under the threshold for Vulnerable B1 as the extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2 and the area of occupancy is under 500 km2. However, the number of locations are more than 10. The populations are slightly declining in Switzerland, the causes for which are unknown. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) approaching Criterion B1. Further information is needed to decide whether it has to be put into a more threatened category or even downgraded to Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union as in Italy there is little information on the population trend, size or potential threats.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The species is endemic to the southern Alps where it is found in Italy and Switzerland. Current distribution information shows this species to be found from the north-west of Torino to Lago di Como and the Monte Rosa region, up to 1,400 m asl (Girod, 1968). There have also been fossil finds in the north-western Alps. The extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2 and the area of occupancy is under 500 km2.

population:
The population seems to be quite abundant but there is little data available. A slight decline has been measured in Switzerland but the trend in Italy is not known. #

habitat:
The species lives in deciduous forests in the leaf litter or on dead wood under the bark. It is found more on carbonate stone than on silicate.

threats:
There are no known threats. In Switzerland, the causes of the population decline are not understood, but one reason could be the logging of the forests intensifying.

conservationAction:
In Switzerland, it is classed as Vulnerable (VU) on the national Red List (Turner et al. 1998). Information on the population size and trend in Italy is required.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has also been known under the name Drepanostoma camerani (Lessona, 1880).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to north-western Italy. It is known from five locations. A dramatic decline of this species has been observed in the Valle del Cervo since the 1960s (Manganelli et al. 2001). But during the last 20 years, living specimens or fresh shells have been found back in that area by E. Gavetti, S. Birindelli and an anonymous collector. Although some areas of the Val Sessera have recently been subject to extensive road and forest road construction (Camerano 2006), the new finding sites in the Val Sessera by R. Sindaco seem at present to have been exposed to little disturbance. Also other sites don't seem particularly threatened due to their remoteness. Therefore the assessment for this species is changed from Critically Endangered (CR) in 2001 to Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to northwestern Italy. It is known from five locations only: – Colle della Mologna piccola, versante di Gressoney 2000 m, Valle d‘Aosta, autonomous Region (Lessona 1880)– Piedicavallo, Valle del Cervo, Provincia Biella, Piemonte (Pollonera 1885)– Rosazza, contorni, Valle del Cervo, Provincia Biella, Piemonte (Pollonera 1885); confirmed also in the last decade by S. Birindelli– Vallone di Valdobbia in Valsésia, Provincia Vercelli, Piemonte (Pollonera 1885)– Bocchetto Sessera, env. (Sindaco et al. 2008); refound by R. Sindaco in 2009

population:
The population size and trend are unknown. The species’ densities are apparently very low, and it is not easy at all to find living animals (nor dead shells).

habitat:
The inhabited area is a very wild alpine area, with rocky mountains, intermixed with large scree and boulders of acidic rocks; at lower altitudes broadleaf woods are present. The species was also found on concrete walls.

threats:
Acid precipitation is possibly a threat (Manganelli et al. 2001). Some areas of the Val Sessera have recently been subject to forest road construction.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measure for this species. It had been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) by Manganelli et al. (2001); this assessment has also been incorporated in the subsequent versions of "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed with a stable population and there are no identified threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is found in alpine areas of Italy and some isolated occurrences in France (Sacoie) and Switzerland (S Ticino, S Graubünden), up to around 1,700 m asl. In Italy it can be found between Lago di  Como and Lagi di Garda and the upper Adige/Etsch valley (Girod 1968).

population:
There is no documentation on population but the trend is presumed to be stable. It has a restricted distribution but is locally abundant in Switzerland whereas it is quite rare in France where there are only two historical records.

habitat:
The species lives in moist deciduous forests on carbonate rocks with mosses. It is occasionally found on free rocks, dry-walls or walls in vineyards. #

conservationAction:
The species is listed on the Swiss Red List as Near Threatened (NT) (Turner et al. 1998). The presence of the occurrences in France could ideally do with being verified. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
Described originally as #Helicodonta langhofferi A.J. Wagner, 1912. Later, Sturany and Wagner (1914) indicated that "langhofferi" was a mistyping and correct writing should be "laughofferi". Later, in the faunistical literature, both names occur. According to the interpretation by Fauna Europaea the original spelling should be used. # Its anatomy is unknown, therefore its systematic position is not clear.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from marine debris and as such the actual range of the species is unknown, as well as its size and how many subpopulations exist. #There is no information to suggest any decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals. Due to the lack of basic information, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was found as empty shells in marine debris near Ragusa [=Dubrovnik] and Lacroma [=Lokrum]. Wagner (1912) and Sturany and Wagner (1914) hypothesized that those specimens originated from Albania (which at that time was larger than today). However, it is also probable that the shells originated from Croatia or Montenegro. As far as is known, neither empty shells nor live specimens of this species have ever been found again. Thus, it is unknown where the actual range of this species is, how large it is and how many subpopulations exist. It is also unknown if the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of populations are declining or extremely fluctuating. Considering the exploration status of Dalmatia, Montenegro and North Albania, it can be inferred that the species (if still extant) has a small range and occurs in an inaccessible and relatively unexplored area.

population:
This species is known only from marine debris. It is unknown where the exact range of this species is, how large it is or how many subpopulations exist, and there is no information on population trend.

habitat:
Based on the related species, we might assume that it is a sylvicol species.

threats:
Assuming that this is a sylvicol species,   deforestation and disturbance of forests, such as through recreational activities, would be the main threat. However, we do not know the exact range of this species, and therefore we can only speculate about factual threats.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it potentially occurs. #This species is known only from marine debris and as such the actual range of the species is unknown, as well as its size and how many  subpopulations exist. Accordingly, it is not known if the species' range overlaps with protected areas. First of all, research activity should clarify the species' distribution.


range:
This species is endemic to Europe, widespread in central and eastern Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. The distribution focus is alpine-Carpathian.

habitat:
This is a calciphilic species that lives in temperate forests.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete. It has a significantly small area of occupancy (10 km2), and it is known from only one location. Additionally, the species is extremely rare, with a small number of mature individuals known. The potential of habitat disturbance from fire, construction of walls/shelters for tourists or agriculture may impact the site in the future. Therefore the species is considered as Endangered. Research on population size and trends is recommended.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete, restricted to the the mountain of Dikti, in the central part #of the island (Maassen 1991, Vardinoyannis 1994).

population:
The species seems to be rare with scarce populations (Vardinoyannis 1994). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The species is usually found in #deep rock crevices (Maassen 1991, Vardinoyannis 1994).

threats:
Any #disturbance #and/or #destruction #of the species' habitat can have a direct and intense impact on the species populations. Therefore potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, road construction, tourist activities or by other reasons. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #The area in Crete where it lives, is under #various protection schemes. Research on population size and trends is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Crete. The species' population will be strongly affected by a #future fragmentation and #destruction of the forested areas of Crete. Nevertheless, currently there is no direct threat to the species that could reduce its population in the next 10 years. This species is quite #abundant and is not used or traded. It is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete and the nearby island of Gavdos (Vardinoyannis 1994, Welter-Schultes 1998).

habitat:
The species is usually found in forest areas, mainly in open habitats within forest, under stones.

threats:
The species' population will be strongly affected by a #future fragmentation and #destruction of the forested areas of Crete. Nevertheless, currently there is no direct threat to the species that could reduce its population in the next 10 years.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in Crete and Gavdos #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
A DNA sequence study #supported the former view that #L. corcyrensis and L. girva are distinct taxa (Fehér and Erőss 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the Area of occupancy (AOO), Extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
The range of this species involves Albania, the coastal part of Montenegro, western Macedonia as well as northwestern and central Greece. There is one remote occurrence in Gargano, South Italy (Alzona 1971). Fauna Europaea, as well as Stamol (2010), lists this species for Croatia. In the HNHM Mollusc Collection the species is labelled only as "Dalmatia" without more specific locality data.Within its relatively large range, this species seems to be very common. In the HNHM Mollusc Collection, there are material from around 120 different Albanian and 50 different Greek locations.  There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species seems to be very common, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found among leaf litter, under stones or at the base of rocks.

threats:
Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat and the vegetation, such as through quarrying. Considering the large range and the large number of locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat for now.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. At least a small portion of the subpopulations live within protected area, however due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from mainly from the Balkan #Peninsula; # #Greece, Albania, Macedonia the  #former Yugoslav Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, #Montenegro and the European part of Turkey. It is also reported from south Italy (Schütt 2001, Irikov and Mollov 2006, Dhora 2009, Hubenov 2007, Fehér and Eross 2009).This species is currently under revision, and some records my prove to be erroneous, particularly records from Italy and Albania (Subai, pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
This species is usually found in open habitat within forest and shrublands.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in almost the whole of mainland Greece and a significant number of islands (Mylonas 1982), Albania (Dhora 2009) and the western part of Turkey (Kebapçi 2007).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although it is present in areas #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was mentioned by Damjanov Likharev (1975) as the subspecies of Lindholmiola corcyrensis (Deshayes 1839).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Bulgaria (Rila, Pirin and Rodope mountains) (Damjanov and Likharev 1975), Alibotush (Sandanski Mountains) (Dedov 2008), in Macedonia (FYROM; Katlanovo) (collection of the HNHM) and in the adjacent region in Greece. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in Bulgaria (Rila, Pirin and Rodope mountains) (Damjanov and Likharev 1975), Alibotush (Sandanski Mountains) (Dedov 2008), in Macedonia (FYROM; Katlanovo) (collection of the HNHM) and in the adjacent region in Greece (www.animalbase.org).

threats:
This species lives in areas where human activity is not a serious problem. The species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other    realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the    complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying etc.).    Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations,    drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical"    threat.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level where it lives, however some of the sub-populations inhabit protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the island of Thasos and the north-eastern part of the country, i.e. Macedonia and Thraki (Reischütz 1988).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the north part of the mainland and the island of Thasos (Reischütz 1988). #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the north and north-eastern part of the mainland (Fechter and Falkner 1990).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are 10-15 # known sub-populations (some are historical sites, but in recent years, several new sites have been recorded). Due to its habitat preference, it can be supposed that extent and quality of the habitat as well as the size of the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), the number of sub-populations and/or the number of mature individuals are declining. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v). However, as this species is very sensitive to changes in the primary forests, changes in the management or use of the forests in these three countries can impact rapidly on the whole population, in which case, it could qualify for a higher threat category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is distributed in the southern Carpathians, in the Stara Planina Mountains (eastern Serbia and Bulgaria) and in the lowlands of the Lower Danube.There are only a few known locations: Boyanski waterfall in Vitosha Mountains (Damjanov and Likharev 1975), Kotel (Georgiev and Stoycheva 2007), Moldova Noua, Baile Herculane, Padurea Caldarusani, Jurilofca (Grossu 1983), Padurea Prahova, Surdulica (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished), Cerna valley, Motru Sec, Closani, Tismana and Nera gorge near Sasca Montana (Munkácsy Museum, Békéscsaba, unpublished).          The range of this species is far from being well studied, with new subpopulations being discovered even recently. However, it is a sylvicol species and it is known that # potential habitats are diminishing within its potential range, therefore some of the old literature records might not exist any more. It can be supposed that both the area of occupancy (AOO) and number of locations are declining.

population:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species is relatively rare within its range. Due to its special habitat preference, the population is fragmented. The species' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend. However, forest habitats are known to diminish in that region therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining.   #

habitat:
This is a forest species. It prefers humid, deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and in good condition. It lives on the ground among leaf-litter, under stones or decaying dead wood. This species is habitat specific, requiring virgin beech forests and large decaying trunks.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests, such as the collection of dead wood, are the main threat to this species. Considering the fragmented occurrence and the limited number of known sub-populations, even local logging or recreational activities might affect the population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and there is no information to say how many of the known subpopulations occur within protected areas.Research activity should focus on the faunistical exploration of the potential range and known subpopulations habitats should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Wollaston (1878) described two varieties of this species, the nominate race actinophora and var. β descendens. Walden (1983) treated these as subspecies in his list, and Bank et al. (2002) retained these subspecies in their list.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered to be borderline between Vulnerable and Near Threatened, as it has a restricted range, the number of known locations is less than 10, but the habitats in part of the range have become stabilised and less threatened, given the presence of a protected area in the central part of Madeira reducing the likelihood of habitat degradation. # It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the habitats of the sub-populations on Desertas are still threatened by goats, and the loss of these sites and the coastal sites on northern Madeira means that 50% of the sub-populations are still at risk. Should these threats be removed, then the assessment would change to Near Threatened. The previous listing as Near Threatened was based on similar data, but some additional sites have been recognised close to the other localities in the central part of Madeira (Seddon 2008).

range:
Actinella actinophora is endemic to the Madeiran Archipelago, where it is found on Madeira and Desertas. Actinella actinophora actinophora is found on the main island of Madeira where it is known from 7 locations, several very closely located in the laurisilva zone below Pico Arreiro and Pico Ruivo and three isolated localities on the North Coast of Madeira (Seddon 2008, p.72, 173, Map 94). Actinella actinophora descendens is found on Deserta Grande where it is known from 2 locations; # there are fossil records from the island of Bugio (Seddon 2008, p.72).

habitat:
Actinella actinophora is found in leaf-litter in deep ravines in the laurisilva zone, in rocky areas at high elevations or grassland by the coast. The critical condition is a moist microhabitat with deep leaf-litter. #

threats:
The threats vary depending on the island locations. On Deserte Grande the habitats were changed radically in the 1900's with the introduction of goats to the island. # Although this island is no longer inhabitated, the goats remained, and the level of grazing has changed the vegetation, leading to considerable soil erosion of the steep slopes. # Until the goats have been eradicated and the vegetation reestablished stablising the slopes, these sub-populations are viewed as extremely vulnerable.On the north coast of Madeira, the three subpopulations are vulnerable as these lie in areas close of human habitation and roads, with impact of disturbance and change in habitats from non-native plants, grazing and road widening schemes. # On the summit slopes, the laurisilva region lies within a protected area, and so is less suspectible to habitat degradation, however, the small gullies and ravines lie along popular walking paths, and so sites maybe disturbed by 'cleaning' of the sides of the paths to maintain and upgrade the footpaths.

conservationAction:
The species lies in two protected areas, and would benefit from habitat monitoring on Desertas and in the coastal zone of Madeira.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested an assessment of Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1) as this #species has a restricted distribution (19 km²) with past threats from habitat degradation as the result of over-grazing. Past assessments have been Vulnerable since 1994. However, the habitats have been recovering for several years now after the removal of goats from the island and hence the removal of the major threat has lead to improved quality of habitat for this species, hence it is given as revised listing as Near Threatened (NT).  #Should the habitats deteriorate, then the species will revert to Vulnerable D2.

range:
Actinella anaglyptica is endemic to the Madeiran Islands where it is restricted to the small island of Islas #Desertas, where it is found in Chao (Cameron and Cook 1999, Seddon 2008).

population:
There is little recent data on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species is found in grass tussocks amongst rocks and herbs.

threats:
The habitat degradation on Chao, originally caused by overgrazing leading to soil erosion, with a subsequent decline in quality of habitats and decline in extent of vegetated cover has now been halted.  #However the species remains vulnerable to any changes to the land-area in centre of the island, for example construction or grazing, and as such the threats have declined, and are now subject to land management within the protected areas.

conservationAction:
The species has benefited from conservation actions targeted at other species with the aim to control and then remove the goats from Chao.  #This programme has been running for 10 years and has seen large reductions in the goat populations, and hence the habitats are stabilising. Further monitoring is required to review the population levels and recovery of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that this species is likely to be Least Concern (IUCN version 3.1). # Although this species has a restricted extent of occurrence, it is present at many disturbed sites on the south coast of Madeira, suggesting that it is not susceptible to disruption by human activities and has a wide range within this zone and hence is categorized as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is considered to be restricted to Madeira (although according to Seddon (2008) reporting records from the literature in the 1860-1880 period, it was apparently recorded by Paiva from Bugio in the Desertas but this record remains unconfirmed). On Madeira, it is mainly present on sites on the south coast from Ponta do Pargo to Canical.

population:
There is no specific data on population trends, although thought to be stable (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010)

habitat:
This species occurs in leaf litter and under rocks at low elevations on the south coast (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).

threats:
This species is not considered to be threatened and appears to be tolerant of disturbed habitats (Seddon 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, neither are there any considered necessary for the conservation of the species.

useAndTrade:
There is no known trade in this species, although occasionally shell collectors sell shells.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although it could meet the criteria for Endangered, this species was originally considered to be borderline between Vulnerable and Near Threatened, based on the scale of the threats in this protected area. The main part of the range lies close to the area of  #a major fire that occurred in August 2010, and hence this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on # the close proximity of the sites containing the sub-populations, the small area of suitable habitat and the vulnerability of the habitat to change from changes in grazing patterns or possibility of habitat degradation with reduced rainfall and increased risk of fires. It was originally listed as Vulnerable in 1994, and reaffirmed as Vulnerable D2 in 2000 (Seddon, pers. comm., 2009).  #If parts of the range have been lost as part of the fire in August 2010, then a higher threat category should be considered, but survey work is required to confirm the current distribution along the ridge.

range:
Actinella armitageana is endemic to the Madeiran Archipelago, where it is found on the island of Madeira. It is only found on the summit ridges around Pico Areiro and Pico Ruivo where it is uncommon (Seddon 2008, p.75, 174, Map 101).

population:
The population trend is unknown, but this species is always found to be rare and localised in surveys between 1981 and 2000 (Seddon, pers. comm., 2009 , based on data from Robert Cameron and Laurence Cook, National Museum of Wales surveys and Brian Coles)

habitat:
This species is found in grass tussocks around small crags and amongst scree on the high parts of the summit ridges.

threats:
This species is found in high elevation grasslands with limited habitats close of crags and screes, where the major threats are changes in grazing regimes and potential disturbance from recreational activities such as path construction, litter, grass fires.

conservationAction:
This species is mainly found in protected area. Further survey work is required to confirm the current distribution along the ridge.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species was described by Wollaston (1878) as common in the intermediate elevations north of Funchal, but was rarely found by recent survey work between 1984-1999. The remaining known site is on the southern side of Madeira, where there are potential threats due to expanding urbanisation and associated infrastructure, as well as fires. #The species #could meet the criteria for Critically Endangered,Vulnerable and Near Threatened,  based on the scale of the threats in this protected area. It was originally listed as Vulnerable in 1994,  and reaffirmed as Vulnerable D2 in 2000 (M. Seddon pers. comm. 2009). #Seddon (2008) proposed the species should be listed as Data Deficient (version 3.1), however in view of the threats including recent fires in the #intermediate elevations north of Funchal, it is now considered Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is found on Madeira mainly at intermediate elevations on rock crags (Wollaston 1878). It is rare in old records, and as such requires more survey work (Seddon 2008). At present there is only one confirmed location (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is insufficient data to establish population trends.

habitat:
This species is found on rock crags, under and around the Sempervivum on the faces. Also found on rock ledges under leaves, around the roots of plants; under dead, loosened bark.

threats:
This is a rare species which maybe underrecorded (Seddon 2008). The major threats lie in habitat disturbance, for example through intensive bushfires.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions required for this species include review of the population distribution, as well as habitat monitoring, especially for highland areas vulnerable to fire. The likely area of distribution lies partly in # protected areas (Laurel forest protected area, and the Maciço Montanhoso Central protected area (Central Mountainous Massif).

useAndTrade:
The species is not known to be utilised.


taxonomicNotes:
This was listed as Actinella Form II in Waldén (1983), whereas other authors considered the species to be part of #Actinella fausta. Bank et al. (2002) listed the taxa suggesting the type locality must be Estreito de Camara de Lobos

redListCategoryRationale:
Actinella carinofausta appears to be restricted to a single valley on Madeira, however the current population status requires further review, as it maybe closely related to other species of Actinella. It could be listed as Endangered, Vulnerable D2, Near Threatened pending the taxonomic research. On a precautionary principle the species is listed as Endangered as there is only a small known range at present (area of occupancy = 8 km2), with only two closely localised sites, and the quality of habitat seems to be declining.

range:
This species is considered to be endemic to Madeira, the taxa is rare, with most records from a single valley in the northeast of Madeira (Bank et al. 2002) (Estreito de Camera de Lobos), although Walden (1983) lists one locality from southern Madeira.

population:
The taxa is rare, with few records, and as such there is insufficient data for population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in grass tussocks, amongst rocks and leaf-litter.

threats:
There is a possible decline in the habitat due to presence of roads through the habitat (litter, pollution, dust, non-native plants), as well as encroaching urbanization and occasional fires.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, however it is considered to be poorly known, with a need for further research on the population status, distribution and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Actinella fausta is very rare over all of its range on Madeira.  It is mainly found in the coastal zone in the north with the addition of few valleys at intermediate altitude in central Madeira. However the number of sites and the lack of major threats suggests that this species is Least Concern (LC).  #This is downgraded from the last listing as Near Threatened due to the change in categories and criteria, as well as better knowledge resulting from compilation of all available data.

range:
#This species is an endemic to the main island of Madeira, where it is widespread living in the valleys on the northern part of the island. #Most of the sites are close to the coast, with some sites further inland up the valleys (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species is usually rare in samples, and so is apparently living in low density (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in coastal scrub, vegetated gullies and wooded valleys.

threats:
This species is mainly found in undisturbed habitats on the north side of the island, with main threats from road improvement schemes and other activities that reduce the area of the occupied sites.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, however no specific actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
Mandahl-Barth (1950) and Bank et al. (2002) treat this as a separate species. Waldén (1983) noted the status as a distinct species from nitidiuscula was uncertain. Seddon (pers. com, 2010) noted that detailed surveying may allow the recognition of the species limits between #A. nitidiuscula #and #A. giramica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a valley inland from Cabo Girao and is threatened by habitat loss due to the development of tourist accommodation. Seddon (2008) proposed the listing should be as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on restricted area and possible threats of habitat decline due to development of land. This listing was confirmed during evaluation of this assessment (November, 2010).

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira where it is restricted from Cabo Girao inland within this valley (Seddon 2008). #

population:
This is a large helicid which is easily collected and is frequent in samples taken within the right area (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
The species is found in grassland, open scrubby vegetation and rocky slopes (Seddon 2008) .

threats:
The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice as a result of hotel developments and increasing urbanisation and as such the quality of the habitat has declined (Seddon 2008).

conservationAction:
The habitat does not lie within a protected area and has been subject to changing land-use practice for the last 50 years as result  of hotel developments and increasing urbanisation # (Seddon 2008). Habitat monitoring and population monitoring are required to establish the species limits and check the long-term trends for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested the species should be listed as Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1). The species was recently found at three locations on the small island of Chao (0.4 km2) and not relocated in surveys on Deserta Grande (Cameron and Cook 1999). Given that the habitats were impacted in the past by rabbits and goats and using the precautionary principle, this species is listed as #Vulnerable (VU) D2, although future restoration projects on Deserta Grande and Chao should eventually see this habitat for this species stabilised, and hence when populations recover, the species would be eligibly for downlisting.The species was previously listed as Data deficient, as there had been little recent surveys in 1996. # Since then Cameron and Cook have carried out resurveys, establishing distribution, hence the species status has been revised to Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is found on the Desertas (known from Ilheu Chao and near the north end of Deserta Grande). (Paiva's record from Ilheu de Ferro off Porto Santo is discounted as erroneous by Wollaston 1878, p. 121). It has been recorded by Cameron and Cook (1999) from each survey site on Chao, but was not recorded on Deserta Grande.

population:
There is insufficient recent survey data to establish the population trend.

habitat:
This species is found on dry hillslopes with heather and grasses.

threats:
The habitats were impacted in the past by overgrazing due to introduced rabbits and goats, to habitat degradation and widespread soil erosion (Cameron and Cook 1999, Seddon 2008).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions specifically for this species. Conservation actions have included a goat eradication  programmes over the last 10 years for other species on the island, which should have benefited this species, as the species is vulnerable to habitat change. # Research actions  include population monitoring and habitat monitoring, especially for  the next five years whilst habitat restoration projects are ongoing on the island.


taxonomicNotes:
Wollaston (1878) described two varieties; one variety #lentiginosa #and var. #stellaris #and # #Bank et al. (2002) retain both subspecies in their Madeiran list.

redListCategoryRationale:
The #species is found in many localities on Madeira and the Desertas, and does not seem to face major threats, so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is only found on Madeira and has two subspecies, both of which are common on the island. It is mainly found in the coastal and lowland areas, rarely found inland or on the summits (Cameron and Cook 1998, Seddon 2008).

population:
There are no information on populations trends, but it is believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in leaf-litter and under rocks at low elevations on grassland, scrub areas as well as disturbed habitats.

threats:
The species will be locally threatened by activities which lead to habitat loss (urbanisation, road construction), however given the wide range these are not considered to threaten the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species, and none are receommended.

useAndTrade:
The species is not known to be utilised, although occasionally sold by shell collectors.


taxonomicNotes:
Walden (1983) created Actinella (Plebecula) effugiens nov. nom. for Helix lurida Lowe, 1831 (not C. Pfeiffer, 1828) but overlooked Actinella (Plebecula) littorinella (Mabille, 1883) (Bank et al. 2002). #

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted distribution. It is present in four areas, one protected site on Cima, but on the other three hills of eastern Porto Santo, it is localised with the grassland and is under pressure from grazing, tourist recreational activities and spread of Theba pisana and rodents. Based on the current distribution and the likely localised impact of the threats, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. However, on the longer term, the establishment of protected areas on Porto Santo may lead to relisting this species as Near Threatened if the increased protection for the habitats is successful. Recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of the species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where it is only found on Porto Santo and on one offshore islet (Seddon 2008). The species is locally distributed over the eastern part of the island and on the Ilheu de Baixo, with a total area of occupancy of 12 km2 in four hillslope areas (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species has a localised distribution, but can be frequently encountered at sites. However, it is never abundant.

habitat:
This is a ground-dwelling species which is usually found on grassland areas, under stones and in rocky places.

threats:
Seddon (2008) lists the major threats as habitat disturbance as the species occurs within a small part of the island and on one offshore islet. The potential causes are changes in land-use from agriculture, loss of grassland for urbanisation and tourism and possible impact of competition with Theba pisana.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in at least one protected area. Given #that the species occurs within a small part of the island and on one offshore islet and the threats include changes in land-use from agriculture, loss of grassland for urbanisation and tourism and possible impact of competition with #Theba pisana recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of the species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in many localities and, although it has a small range, it is not considered threatened at present due to the availability of habitat and its tolerance to disturbance and changing habitat conditions. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Madeira, where it is widespread in suitable habitats (Seddon 2008)

population:
There are no data on population trends, although the species is believed to be stable.

habitat:
The species is ground-dwelling, found on grassy slopes, fields, shrubby areas, rocky slopes and wooded habitats.

threats:
There are no specific threats to this species, although there are localised declines within the range due to habitat loss.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that it appeared closely allied to the Quaternary fossil species Actinella (Faustella) promontoriensis, which also has a bisinuosity, which is more strongly developed, and a shell which appears more globose, with a more shouldered whorl (not as acutely keeled).  #A. #promontoriensis is a common fossil species on the peninsular at the eastern end of the island.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was listed as Vulnerable in 1994, based on Wells and Chatfield (1992). It was given a revised listing as Near Threatened in 1996, based on the same data-set. Since the Walden's surveys in 1970's there has been little new data on this species in spite of extensive survey work in the last known region on the island. # Seddon (2008) suggested the species should now be considered as Data Deficient (version 3.1) due to the lack of recent records. However based on the presence at a single location on the south coast of Madeira  in a region where there has been substantial changes to habitats in the  last 40 years, then using the precautionary principle, the species is now listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii) rather than Data Deficient. #

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira. It is recorded from a single site on the south side of the island, close to Funchal (Seddon 2008).  #There are been very few records of the Actinella fausta group of species #(A. robusta, A. obserata, A. carinofausta, A. fausta) #on the southern coast of Madeira, since Walden (1983) published his checklist where he suggested that there were several taxa with 'A. fausta'.

population:
There are no data on population trends, although the species is believed to be rare.

habitat:
It is believed to be present on ground and under stones in shrubby/grassland areas, but further research required to confirm the habitats.

threats:
The major threat in this part of Madeira is encroaching urbanisation, as well as the construction of an infrastructure to service these towns and villages. # The region had been extensively modified with agriculture, hotel construction and urbanisation since Wollaston visited the island in the 1870's.

conservationAction:
There are been very few records of the #Actinella fausta group of species #(A. robusta, A. obserata, A. carinofausta, A. fausta) #on the southern coast of Madeira, since Walden (1983) published his checklist where he suggested that there were several taxa with 'A. fausta'.  #Research is needed to establish the taxonomy and distribution of this species on the island and to make a revised conservation assessment with suggested conservation actions.


taxonomicNotes:
This was listed as Actinella Form III in Waldén (1983), whereas other authors considered the species to be part of Actinella fausta. #Bank et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. #

redListCategoryRationale:
This was listed as #Actinella #Form III in Waldén (1983), from the island of Madeira. Seddon (2008) noted that the distribution was uncertain, and may lie within the distribution of #Actinella fausta. Further research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution before a conservation assessment can be made for this species. Hence the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This was listed as #Actinella #Form III in Waldén (1983), from the island of Madeira. #Bank et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. Seddon (2008) noted that the distribution was uncertain, and may lie within the distribution of Actinella fausta.

population:
There is no recent population trend data on this species.

habitat:
The distribution is uncertain, and hence the habitats are not known.

threats:
The distribution is uncertain, and hence the threats are not known.

conservationAction:
Further research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution before a conservation assessment can be made for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species with no evidence of significant decline in the main part of the range in the UK, although localised declines have been reported in UK and Ireland when herbicides used in arable farming areas, removal of hedgerows and drainage of marshy habitats # #(UK-Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010; Killeen and Moorkens, pers. comm., 2010). # It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:  #Least Concern (LC)Europe:  #Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
Ashfordia granulata is known from UK, Republic of Ireland, France and Spain.  #In the UK, which represents 60% of the Global range, where it is widespread in suitable habitats in southern England, more common in SW England and west wales with more local distribution in Scotland and northern Ireland. # (Devon, Cornwall, Isles of Scilly) and west Wales (Kerney 1999, Seddon and Killeen in prep, 2010).  #In Ireland, which represents c. 20% of the global range, the species is found in scattered localities across the country (Irish Red List of Non-marine Mollusca 2009).  #In Spain the species has been recorded on northern coastal region (Provinces of Oviedo, Santander and Leon), between the Cantabrian Mountains and the coast.

population:
The population of this species is generally stable, although it has been lost from some intensively farmed areas of lowland England #(UK-Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This snail occurs in a variety of habitats, such as grassland, hedges, Shrubland, temperate forests, etc. It is tolerant of disturbance, so also found on roadside verges, disused quarries etc.

threats:
Decline in population abundance has been observed when herbicides used in arable farming areas in UK and Ireland, or where habitat is lost through removal of hedgerows and drainage of marshy habitats.

conservationAction:
The species is not considered threatened in UK, France nor is it listed in the Spanish Red Data Book (2009).  #In Ireland it is considered "Near Threatened" due to a loss of 25% of the sites where the species has been recorded since 1980 (Irish Red List for Non-marine Mollusca 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been treated as a variation of Canariella hispidula by Ibanez et al. (1995). However, currently this form is considered as a separate species (Bank et al. 2002).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives on the southern # and eastern slopes of the caldera of Tenerife from the coast to moderate altitudes. This species is recorded from 12 locations and 35 sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal) and Fayal-Brezal.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, and road construction. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The subpopulations living in the northern parts of the distribution area are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only present on a small area of the north coast of El Hierro in the Canary Islands where it is found in 4 - 6 locations. The major threats lie from #agricultural impacts, urban development and road development change habitats especially in the coastal zone.  #This species is close to meeting the threshold for Endangered, should the rate of change to the habitat accelerate on the island. However, for the moment, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
The species is only present on a small area of the northern coast of El Hierro in the Canary Islands where it is found in 4 locations.

population:
There are no population trend available. This species is rare, the population is dispersed in the north and north-west of El Hierro in 4 locations (8 sites).

habitat:
This species occur in degraded lowland vegetation (Piso Basal) and is a ground-dweller.

threats:
The major threats lie in the change of habitat, related to agricultural impacts, urban development and road development, especially in the coastal zone.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a restricted range, with seven sites on the coastal areas of Gomera. The known threats comprise increasing urbanisation, road construction and agriculture, which affect the quality and quantity of habitats in the south of the island. The species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), but in case of continuing threats, the available habitats and hence the species could rapidly decline, which might cause a change of status to Vulnerable (VU)B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the southern and western parts of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from seven locations and seven sites.

threats:
This species is threatened due to urbanisation, road construction and agriculture. This particularly relates to the subpopulations in the south of the island.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. The subpopulations require future monitoring and probably conservation measures have to be considered.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Least Concern (LC), as it is widespread and common where it occurs.Seddon (2008) suggests the subspecies C. abjectus abjectus is Least Concern (LC), as although the species meets the range restriction criteria for Vulnerable B, the widely scattered sites (23) and availability of habitat suggests this species is not at present at risk. Nevertheless, land management is required to ensure the species continues to prosper. The subspecies on the Desertas, C. abjectus nesiotes is suggested as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii), as it is restricted to Bugio and one site on Deserta Grande where the habitats have been much impacted by the goats. However the pest species has been actively reduced as part of conservation management plans reduced the degree of habitat change and soil erosion which should benefit C. abjectus nesiotes in the longer term (Seddon 2008). #Recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.The species assessment has changed from Near Threatened to Least Concern, as there is new information on the extent of the range and the relative abundance of the species with detailed quantitative surveys reported in 1999.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran Islands, where there are two subspecies, one from Porto Santo and the other from Bugio (Desertas) (Cameron and Cook 1999, Seddon 2008). On Porto Santo this species has a restricted distribution and it is present in  four areas, mainly at the western end of Porto Santo, but extending to  two hills of eastern Porto Santo (Seddon 2008). On Porto Santo, these sites are widely scattered sites and the species is abundant where found. C. abjectus nesiotes is restricted to Bugio and one site on Deserta Grande (Cameron and Cook 1999)

population:
There are no data on the population trends from the Desertas subspecies, but the Porto Santo subspecies was once very abundant (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones on scree slopes and at the base of crags.

threats:
Disturbance of the habitat and changes in land-use management, for example, over-grazing by livestock, trampling, and loss of land through touristic and urban developments are threatening this species. The spread of Theba pisana #and rodents is also a problem.

conservationAction:
Recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.


taxonomicNotes:
Walden (1983) recognized a varietal name used by Wollaston, Caseolus commixtus var. pusilla, as meriting specific status, giving it the name baixoensis. Seddon (2008) reports difficulty separating Caseolus baixoensis Walden, 1983 and Caseolus compactus vigiae Walden, 1983, and in the absence of type material of the latter considered that these may be conspecific.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species meets the range restriction criteria for Vulnerable B, one confirmed location and possible impact due to recreational use. Seddon (2008) suggested Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainties, however due to the precautionary principle a suggested listing of Vulnerable (VU) D2 is proposed, for the single known site. Recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations #as well as more taxonomic research on the status of the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran islands; it is only known from Porto Santo, where its complete range is uncertain, although there are reported records the South-East hills behind the harbour (Seddon 2008).

population:
There are few specimens known for this species and hence the status is uncertain.

habitat:
The single known site is grassland with rocky areas.

threats:
The main threat is changing land management, for example overgrazing by livestock, and possible impact from recreational activities (creation of footpaths along coastal ridge).

conservationAction:
Recommended  conservation actions include management of the protected areas for  maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to  ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations #as well as more taxonomic research on the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was previously listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 (version 2.3; # IUCN 1996), the latest evaluation suggests it could meet the criteria for Endangered # (EN) B1ab(iii) or Vulnerable (VU) D2 (version 3.1) depending on the severity of threats to these locations. # All recent records are only from three locations; the populations on Pico Branco and Ilhau de Cima are the safest, as there is no possibility of building development. # The third location on the mainland is most susceptible, from habitat loss from coastal erosion or habitat degradation due to invasive species (plants), fire or tipping or loss of populations due to introduced rodents. Given the maintained presence in low density at the three locations, the species should be maintained as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran islands where it is only known from Porto Santo, around Pico Branco, the southeast end of the island and the Ilhau de Cima (Seddon 2008) with similar distribution since 1878 (Wollaston 1878). Recent records (Field records 1984-1998) confirm the species is still living in all these locations.

population:
Populations have been small since 1880's, although there is a possible decline of the mainland populations.

habitat:
Caseolus calculus lives at the base of grasses and herbs and on rocky slopes.

threats:
The population on the mainland coastal area is most susceptible, from habitat loss from coastal erosion or habitat degradation due to invasive species (plants), fire or tipping or loss of populations due to introduced rodents.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. Recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is very rare and localised, although survey work in the 1990’s found new sites. Although much of its distribution falls within protected areas the impact of the fires in August 2010 may well have impacted this species, and as such surveys are urgently needed to review the status of this species. It is now considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).The species was originally assessed under the name Lemniscia calva and was last assessed as Vulnerable, based on surveys in the late 1990's indicating a narrow range and potential threats. # The species has been revised as a result of recent changes to the habitats.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands. It is only found in the central part of Madeira, usually at intermediate to high elevations (from 600 m asl). #  It is found on the summit ridges around Pico Areiro and Pico Ruivo where it is uncommon (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
The species is found under stones on steep grassy slopes, amongst Sempervivum on crags at high elevations and in the litter of ledges and at the base of perpendicular crags

threats:
As the habitats fall within protected areas, the threats in recent years have reduced, however the recent fires and storms # have lead to potential destabilisation of habitats.

conservationAction:
Much of its distribution falls within protected areas however, the  fires in August 2010 may well have impacted this species, and as such  surveys are urgently needed to review the status of this species. Seddon (2008) suggested the status should be Endangered B2ab(iii) (version 3.1).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to  Porto Santo (Madeira, Portugal), where it is widespread on the main island. It is found at  12 locations and about 30 sites, mainly on the eastern side, but also on  three of the offshore islets and isolated sites at the west end of the  island. Even though it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence of 100 km2), the population is thought to be stable and there are more than ten locations and the quality of the habitat is not declining enough to impact significantly the whole species. The species should be monitored for future declines, as if significant  development took place it would merit a higher listing.The species was previously listed as Vulnerable on the basis of its small restricted range. # Further quantitative survey data shows the species to be present on three of the offshore islets, which are protected sites with minimal threats , and as such this species has a revised listing as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran islands where it is only found on Porto Santo, where it is widespread on the main island. It is found at 12 locations and about 30 sites, mainly on the eastern side, but also on three of the offshore islets and isolated sites at the west end of the island (Cameron and Cook 1998, Seddon 2008).

population:
The species is locally abundant and as such is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland where it is found on the underside of stones, on scree slopes and at the base of crags.

threats:
The population on the mainland are most susceptible from habitat loss from tourist development or habitat degradation due to invasive species (plants), fire or tipping or loss of populations due to introduced rodents.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. # This species is widely distributed on Porto Santo, so recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
On Porto Santo, this species has an restricted extent of occurrence ( EOO of 100 km2), with 10 localities (and more than 20 sites), however although habitat has declined over last 30 years, it does not meet the small number of localities for a higher threat category, or the Vulnerable D2 category following the changes to the criteria since 2000. The present population abundance and  habitat, suggests that it is not highly threatened as it is fairly widespread at the eastern end of the island. However these mainland populations  are most susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat  degradation and impact of non-native species. Hence, the species would move to a more threatened category should habitat degradation  accelerate. #The species should be monitored for future declines, as if significant development took place it would merit a higher listing.  #The IUCN Red List criteria have changed since 2000, hence this species is now considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Madeiran islands; it is only known from the small island of Porto Santo, where it is widespread at the eastern end of the island.

population:
The species is frequent in samples from the 10 locations, so the species is viewed as stable.

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones on scree slopes and at the base of crags within grassland.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Council of Europe Berne Convention Appendix 2, and later on the EUHSD annexes II/IV. # It was originally listed by IUCN 1990 as Rare, the species was not assessed for the 1996 list and placed as Near Threatened in 2000. # The placement on the EUHSD annexes means an SAC should have been created for this species. Part of Porto Santo is now a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Porto Santo, and hence has a restricted range. However the present population abundance and habitat, suggests that it is not highly threatened as it is fairly widespread with three subpopulations on different islets. The mainland populations are most susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species. However, the species is currently viewed as Least Concern (LC), based on current habitat and threats, but could move to a more threatened category should habitat degradation accelerate.The confirmation of three subpopulations on different islets reduces the threat of extinction, and so this new data lead to the downlisting from the previous assessment of Near Threatened to Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands. It is is only known from Porto Santo, where it is widespread, mainly on the lower slopes and coastal grasslands, especially on the eastern end of the island, and it is also present on the two offshore islets of Ilheu de Baixo and Ilheu de Cal (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species is thought to be stable. It is often frequent at suitable site (Cameron, pers.comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
The presence of large populations on two off-shore islets and populations on Pico Branco means that part of the range is protected. Hence no further conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as Helix innominata Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 15 [= NS., 9] (6): 412, on the basis that this name has priority over Caseolus compactus (Lowe, 1831). Gray refers to G. B. Sowerby I, 1824, Zool. J., 1 (1): 58, pl. 3 fig. 8 "Another minute species which we have represented at f. 8 is common at Porto Santo". Seddon (2008) invoked articles 23.9.1.1 and 23.1.9.2 of ICZN to preserve the established usage of Caseolus compactus (Lowe, 1831) since 1848, suggesting that all papers citing Caselous compactus and its subspecies use this name, and none have used Helix innominata.Mandahl-Barth (1943) listed three subspecies whereas Walden (1983) list five, with additional taxa from Porto Santo. Cameron et al. (2006) showed some are conspecific within the subfossil deposits on Porto Santo. Further research may show that the geographically separate subspecies should be treated as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Madeiran islands where different subspecies are found on Madeira and Porto Santo. The range data combined are under 100km2, however the fairly widespread distribution, # the number of locations, the presence in degraded habitat and the population abundance, suggest that the species is not highly threatened, and as such it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). There are two Quaternary fossil  taxa, but data from Cameron et al. (2006) suggests that these were not  extant within historical times, and hence these subspecies do not meet the criteria for  IUCN Extinct (version 3.1)

range:
Caseolus innominatus compactus (= C. compactus compactus) (Seddon 2008, Plate 25F Map 91) This subspecies is endemic to Madeira on the Pta da Sao Lourenco so it has an area of occupancy of 36 km2, but with more than 10 localities.Caseolus innominatus portosanctanus (= C. compactus portosanctanus) (Seddon 2008, Plate 23F Map 159) This subspecies is endemic to Porto Santo where it is widespread at both ends of the island so it has an area of occupancy of 28 km2, but with more than 10 localities.There are quaternary subspecies on both Madeira and Porto Santo, that are also listed as parts of the species however, the data from Cameron et al.  (2006) suggests that these were not extant within historical times, and  hence do not meet the criteria for IUCN Extinct (verson 3.1).

habitat:
Caseolus innominatus compactus is found on the underside of stones on rocky and grassy slopes.Caseolus innominatus portosanctanus # is found on the underside of stones on slopes and at base of crags.

threats:
The species is locally abundant, and although there are declining quality of habitats in some parts of the range, the species seems able to tolerate some disturbance, and hence at present these declines are not impacting the species.

conservationAction:
This species is widely distributed on the eastern peninsula of Madeira and Porto Santo, so recommended conservation actions include management of the protected areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat and subpopulations.Taxonomic actions include the examination of the two different subspecies to determine that the species limits are correctly identified.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) considered this species was Vulnerable, as it was known from seven sites in two different areas, with a limited distribution in a region under pressure from residential development related to tourism. These mainland populations  are most susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat  degradation and designated protected areas would be required to protect these species from habitat loss.The species was previously assessed as Conservation Dependant, a category that no longer exists. # The species is reassessed as for the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii); D2 # based on its restricted range, number of localities and threats of  habitat loss  from tourist  development or habitat  degradation due to  invasive  species (plants),  fire or tipping or loss of  populations due  to  introduced rodents. Conservation actions recommended include resurvey at known sites, as well as habitat management plans that include the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands and is only known from Madeira, where it is rather localised, found mainly along the coast from Funchal to Canico (Seddon 2008). The distribution seems to have changed little since T. V. Wollaston collected the species in the period 1860-1870 (Seddon 2008). Paiva's records from Deserta Grande were thought to be improbable by Wollaston (1878) and Cameron and Cook (1999) did not record the species in their surveys on the Desertas. Seddon (2008) listed seven sites on Madeira, in two different small areas, but as threats are very localised, each site is considered separately.

population:
There is little data to establish population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones on dry slopes and amongst leaf-litter of herbs and low shrubs (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The populations are most susceptible from habitat loss from tourist development or habitat degradation due to invasive species (plants), fire or tipping or loss of populations due to introduced rodents.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, however #designated protected areas would be required to protect these species from habitat loss.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii), as it is known from two locations on the Jandia peninsula, with a range extending to the steep slopes, where the goats are reducing the quality of the habitat. This medium-sized species is less impacted than the Hemicylca paeteliana, which also lives on the Jandia peninsula. There is currently no legal protection for the taxon and recommended conservation actions include the control of the goats and the provision of a protected area status for the Jandia peninsula.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is only found on the Jandia peninsula on Fuerteventura where it was recorded from 7 of 15x1 km squares surveyed, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 11 km2 # based of steep slopes that were not surveyed.

population:
This species is medium-sized and thus these are less susceptible to disturbance by trampling by goats.

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species which occurs on rocky slopes with typical montane vegetation with the species living on stones, in crevices and on crags/walls. #The species lived on lichens.

threats:
The species is threatened by goats trampling. #Future threats from hotel developments and road linkages if the peninsula is developed.

conservationAction:
The habitat of this species and the Jandia peninsula should be protected. Tourist development, as well as the trampling by wild goats should be restricted. More research is needed on the population and distribution of the species, and habitat trends should be monitored. This species is listed as Endangered on the Spanish Red List by Verdu and Galante (2009), but is not on the register of Endangered Species for Canary Islands, so there is no legal protection.


range:
This species is endemic to the central part of the island of La Gomera.

habitat:
This species lives in Laurel forests (Laurisilva).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been treated as a variation of Canariella hispidula by Ibanez et al. (1995). However, currently this form is considered as a separate species (Bank et al. 2002). This species is polytypic and comprises the nominal subspecies and C. fortunata beata Wollaston, 1878.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from 9 locations and 14  sites, the extent of occurrence is 400 km2, however, the area of  occupancy is quite limited to 36 km2. However, part of the species distribution occurs in a a protected area, and hence the threats related to the increasing urbanisation (and the resulting decrease in habitat quality and availability) affect half of the population. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives on the east coast of the island. This species is recorded from nine locations and 14 sites, the extent of occurrence is 400 km2, however, the area of occupancy is only 36 km2. The distribution area of the nominal subspecies is severely fragmented (half of the sites known for this species are impacted).

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction. This particularly concerns the nominal subspecies, which lives in the fast developing south-eastern coastal area around St. Cruz de Tenerife. The subspecies C. f. beata is not affected since it lives in a protected area on the southern slopes of the Anaga mountains.

conservationAction:
The subpopulations of the subspecies C. f. beata lives in a protected area on the southern slopes of the Anaga mountains. The nominate subspecies is not protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread on the Teno mountains of Tenerife. There are no major threats and therefore the species is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is widespread on the Teno mountains of Tenerife, in the Canary islands (Spain).

population:
This species is widespread and the population is estimated to be stable.

habitat:
This species occur from dry open rocky drifts over the dry lowland-vegetation with shrubs (Piso basal) up to the dry laurel-forests (Laurisilva).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Clearing of forest might impact the species locally.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are needed, even if the conservation of the biotope is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread on the island. The population size can be estimated as low to very low. Most of the subpoulations live in protected areas, and there are no threats to this species known. Therefore it is assessed as Least concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It inhabits the central and northern part of the island. This species is recorded from 12 locations and 17 sites.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. However, there are only a few living animals were recorded in the course of the last 20 years, although the island was visited by several malacologists. The population size can be estimated as low to very low.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), # Laurel forests (Laurisilva), lowland vegetation and Fayal-Brezal.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been treated as comprising five clades which can be distinguished by shell morphology, distribution and habitat (Ibanez et al. 1995). However, currently this form is considered as a separate species (Bank et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the southeastern coast of the island of  Tenerife and inhabits an area from Candelaria to St. Cruz de Tenerife. Its extent of occurrence is 125 km2 and it occurs in seven locations. Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction and # particularly by extension of the industrial zone  of St. Cruz de Tenerife. Additionally, the low coastal areas are target  of tourism related construction activities, and thus may severely  impact the subpopulations of this species. This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(i,ii,iii). This species almost qualifies for Endangered in case of ongoing destruction of habitat and loss of locations.

range:
This species is endemic to the southeastern coast of the island of Tenerife and inhabits an area from Candelaria to St. Cruz de Tenerife.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction and particularly by extension of the industrial zone of St. Cruz de Tenerife (which is one of the fastest growing urbanization area in the east coast). Additionally, the low coastal areas are target of tourism related construction activities, and thus may severely impact the subpopulations of this species.

conservationAction:
This species is not living in a protected area. Monitoring of population size and trends are suggested.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to El Hierro, in the Canary islands. It is only known from 3 locations in a small area (6 x 2km) and is sensitive to the disturbance of the habitat due to goats and urbanization. Conservation actions would be protection of the area and regulation of grazing by goats. This species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is present in El Hierro, and only known from a small area (6 x 2 km).

population:
There is a slow decline of the population based on evidence from dead shells (Groh, pers comm., 2010).

habitat:
This species lives under stones in low vegetation.

threats:
The area where the species is found is subject to impact by goats grazing and trampling and by expansion of the adjacent urban areas (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
Moliner Gomez et al. (2001) list the species as sensitive to the disturbance of the habitat due to goats and they recommend the protection of the habitat. Conservation actions would be protection of the area and regulation of grazing by goats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), as it is known from one locations on the Jandia peninsula where the goats are reducing the quality of the habitat. This medium-sized species is less impacted than the Hemicycla paeteliana, which also lives on the Jandia peninsula. There is currently no legal protection for the taxon and actions recommended include control of the goats and the provision of a protected area for Jandia peninsula.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands where it is restricted to the Jandia peninsula in Fuerteventura. The area of occupancy is 4 km2 and it is thought to be a relict distribution (Groh, pers. comm., 2010), based on the subfossil distribution.

population:
This species is medium-sized and thus these are moderately susceptible to disturbance by trampling by goats. The population is thought to be stable to slightly decreasing.

threats:
The species is threatened by overgrazing and goats trampling. #Future threats from hotel developments and road linkages if the peninsula is developed.

conservationAction:
The habitat of this species and the Jandia peninsula should be  protected. Tourist development, as well as the trampling by wild goats  should be restricted. More research is needed on the population and  distribution of the species, and habitat trends should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Tenerife. Its distribution area is fragmented with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 250 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km2. Despite its restricted range, this species is considered Least Concern (LC), because all subpopulations are under protection and face no threats.

range:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Tenerife. Its distribution area is fragmented with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 250 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km2.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from six locations in a small area of the Anaga Mountains (area of occupancy of 48 km²), in an degraded forest area which requires habitat conservation, management and restoration in order to protect the species. This species is listed as 'Sensitive to habitat disturbance' on the Spanish Red List by Gomez et al. (2001). Actions recommended include the provision of a protected area for this area of Anaga mountains. The species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands where it is restricted to Tenerife, known only on the northern slopes of the Anaga Mountains. Only known from northern slopes so restricted to this area.

population:
This species is thought to be stable, as it mostly occurs in protected area of Laurisilva and Fayal-Brezal in the Anaga mountains.

habitat:
This species lives in the edges of the laurisilva forest degraded with small bushes of tree heather (Erica arborea). It is restricted to this vegetation on steep slopes.

threats:
Impact of forest management on the laurisilva zone over less than 50% of the area leads to some decline of the habitat.

conservationAction:
The habitat requires conservation, management and restoration in order to protect the species. This species is listed as 'Sensitive to habitat disturbance' on the Spanish Red List by Gomez et al. (2001), but is not on the register of Endangered Species for Canary Islands, nor the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2006) and there is no legal protection. Actions recommended include the provision of a protected area for this area of Anaga mountains.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread on Gomera and is not considered as threatened. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is widespread on La Gomera. This species is recorded from 11 locations and 14 sites.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. However, the population is probably stable ot only slightly decreasing due to threats in the coastal areas in the south of Gomera.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), hidden under rocks or burrowed in the soil.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to northeastern coastal area of the island of  Tenerife. This species is recorded from 12 locations and 35 sites. The western subpopulations may be threatened by destruction of the habitat due to urbanisation and road construction. The major part of the subpopulations are under protection with flourishing subpopulation sizes. This species is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to north-eastern coastal area of the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from 12 locations and 35 sites.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend. The species is abundant with flourishing subpopulation sizes.

threats:
The western subpopulations may be threatened by destruction of the habitat due to urbanisation and road construction.


range:
This species is widespread on Fuerteventura, Lanzarote including the smaller islands in the north.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by grazing, urbanisation, and road construction. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from one location on the Teno peninsula. This medium-sized species is not significantly impacted by the threats, but recreational activities is a potential threat and so the species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
The species is known from one location on the Teno peninsula in Tenerife. #Originally this species was described based on subfossil material, however it is now known living from this small region.

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species which occurs on rocky slopes with typical piso basa vegetation with the species living amongst the roots and in crevices. #The species lived on plant detritus.

threats:
Minor levels of threat due to disturbance of the habitat due to small scale developments for recreational use of the area.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only present in the northern Teno Mountains on Tenerife where it is known from four locations, but it may be more widespread between the sites as the species is difficult to detect as it lives at low density (Groh, pers. comm., 2010). Habitat #disturbance due to the extraction of timber for agriculture use of laurisiliva forest could cause fluctuations in the populations and as such this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).

range:
The species is only present in the northern Teno Mountains on Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Groh et al. 1994), but maybe more widespread between the sites (Groh, pers. comm., 2010) because of presence of habitats of laurisiliva forest, which potentially could be colonised.

population:
This species is difficult to detect because of low population density. Living animals have only been once detected at one site, so trends cannot be given

habitat:
This species occurs in Laurisilva forest where it is ground-dwelling in leaf-litter and under stones.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the disturbance due to the extraction of timber for agriculture use of laurisiliva forest which could cause fluctuations in the populations.

conservationAction:
The species is only present in the northern Teno Mountains on Tenerife in the Canary Islands where Moliner Gomez et al. (2001) suggested it was sensitive to the alteration of the habitat. Its habitat should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only present in a small area which is under pressure from encroaching urbanisation and road construction. Based on the existing information and the fact that this species occurs in one location with an area of occupancy of 4 km2, # the species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It lives in a small coastal area in the north of the island. This species is recorded from one location and three sites.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by urbanisation and road construction in the nearby Vallehermoso. It can be inferred that the increasing construction activity will severely damage the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. The ongoing and probably increasing threats by urbanisation and road construction need to be monitored in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are four # known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It lives restricted to a single valley in the north of the island. This species is recorded from four locations and five sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a # relatively small area, but there is no known major threat to this species. Its area is fully protected. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives in a small area on the northeastern part of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar).

conservationAction:
The complete distribution area is under local conservation schemes.


range:
This species is endemic to the southeastern part of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from seven locations and 16 sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of the island of La Palma. The range of this species is very restricted, with an extent of occurrence of # 100 km2 and an area of occupancy of 4 km2. There are four known locations, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the north of the island of La Palma.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of the Iberian peninsula. #Although this species has a restricted range, it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. #Agriculture and forestry and urban development are the main threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the north of the Iberian peninsula. The range extends over the Cantabrian-Mediterranean transition zone from northwest Huesca to north Burgos.

habitat:
It lives in open and sunny places, mainly in meadows. It is also found in forests and riverbanks.

threats:
Agriculture and forestry and urban development have reduced some of the natural habitat. Fire is another threat for sub-populations.

conservationAction:
The extension of its current range indicates that no conservation plans are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is known from a quite large area in central and northern Portugal, its distribution pattern is scattered, the sub-populations seem to be severely fragmented. An ongoing threat to this species is the enormous land use and devastation by eucalyptus plantations, which even after harvest of the trees are almost useless for the species. However, for the moment, it is still listed as Least Concern (LC). If the extent of occurrence or the number of locations decrease due to the threats, then it might qualify for a higher category.

range:
This species is known from Portugal from south of Lisboa to Porto e Norte, possibly also in Galicia. Although widespread, this species is only known from scattered and isolated subpopulations.

habitat:
This xerophilous species occurs mainly in Mediterranean shrubland.

threats:
The main thread to this species are eucalyptus plantations, which destroy large parts of the potential and actual habitat of this species. Another thread are road constructions which separate and isolate subpopulations, and devastate potential habitats for the species.

conservationAction:
A few parts of the subpopulations might be under local conservation schemes, but the majority is not protected.


taxonomicNotes:
C.camporroblensis has been cited in Catalonia (Province Tarragona) by Altmira (1959) and Bech (1990), and in Andalusia by Alonso (1975). These records are now thought to be erroneous, and this species is not present in these areas of the Iberian peninsula.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and the threats it faces are relatively localised and unlikely to impact it significantly through its whole range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
C. camporroblensis occupies almost the entire Iberian Sierra, from Soria to Cuenca in Castilla-La Mancha, Valencia and Castellón in Valencian Community, and the Community of Aragon through the provinces of Zaragoza and Teruel.

population:
There are no data available for this species.

habitat:
This species lives at the base of the steppe vegetation, in mountain pastures and under stones.

threats:
The threats to this species are fires, quarries, urban expansion and the extension of roads.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are needed. Research relating to the population and distribution of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently only known from Albania and is known from at least four locations and even though the known area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, the Korab and Shkelzem Mountains are quite unexplored, so it can be supposed  that the number of locations and the area of occupancy is higher. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). In the case that further subpopulations are discovered in the future, it should be reassessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species has been described from the Korab and Shkelzen Mountains from high altitudes (1800-2000) between Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. According to recent faunistical investigations in the Korab Mountain this species can be found from 1460 m, but it seems to be associated with limestone areas. As the distribution of high altitude limestone areas is patchy in North Albania, we can suppose that the species range is disjunct.Neither Stankovic et al. (2006) nor Fauna Europaea mentions this species from Macedonia, however, in the Korab Mountain it was found very near the Macedonian border, so it can be supposed that occurs in Macedonia as well.

population:
Despite its relatively narrow range, the species does not seem to be rare. Thus, there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas where it is usually found under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species does not appear to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering that this species does not inhabit easily accessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification are relatively unlikely at this moment.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania and its known sites are out of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and therefore therefore research activity should focus on that. No conservation actions are required currently.


taxonomicNotes:
Candidula claudia (Sacchi, 1954) is a synonym to this species. The form C. scissa (Paulucci, 1881), originally described as a variety of C. cavannae, is considered to belong to the form group of C. grovesiana.Sacchi has described C. claudia from Capri and the peninsula Sorrent, but this species is anatomically and conchologically identical with C. cavannae, and thus has to be regarded as a younger synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
The occurrence in two widely disjunct areas, each with few isolated populations and the observed decrease, place the species near to the category Vulnerable (VU). Considering the lack of knowledge about the actual distribution and populations size, this species is assessed Near Threatened (NT) almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy. It was originally regarded to be endemic to the Matese mountains. Sacchi has described C. claudia, now a younger synonym of C. cavannae, from Capri and the peninsula of Sorrent. There is no knowledge, whether the two sub-areas are disjunct relics of a former continuous distribution or whether the species is present on the mountains between the two separated occurrences. The number of locations is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky alpine grasslands and calcareous scree in sub-alpine and alpine altitudes.

threats:
Tourist activities like skiing, mountain biking, hiking and climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality. Another threat to this species is pasturing that might lead to alteration of the natural vegetation with adverse effects. These threats, particularly the intensity of land-use, is supposed to be stable or even increasing in the Apennines.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, G., Falkner, M. Hallgass , A.


range:
This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is recorded from the southern parts of the country.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, most subpopulations known have ususally many mature specimens (Kittel, pers. comm., 2011).

habitat:
This species lives in Mediterranean shrubland and prefers limestone areas. It inhabits stone walls and crevices of larger boulders.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the Gran Sasso in Italy. It is protected by the regulations of the Parco Nazionale of the Gran Sasso, but the only two locations and the potential impact of increased drought justify an assessment of Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the Gran Sasso, Italy. The species is only known from the central chain of the Gran Sasso above 2,300 m in the regione Abruzzi. It is is recorded from two locations representing two sites resulting in an area of occupancy of 8 km2 and the extent of occurrence of 200 km2.

habitat:
This species lives in crevices of limestone rocks with landslip.

threats:
The species is only endangered by natural factors. An ongoing decline caused by a general climatic desiccation in Central Italy in the last two decades was observed.

conservationAction:
The total area is situated in the highly protected central zone of Parco Nazionale Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Hallgass , A.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species has been reported from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, it has been reported that Candidula gigaxii was known at four Irish sites in Cos. Kildare and Roscommon discovered in  the nineteen -thirties but the species has not been seen since (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
C. gigaxii is confined to dry, warm soils, for instance on glacial eskers in midland counties. It prefers, short, well-grazed grassland (Byrne et al. 2009), and can be found in open dry areas on calcareous ground.

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Data Deficient (Byrne et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
C. grovesiana is taxonomically inhomogeneous and seems to represent a group of distinct species or at least a Rassenkreis, which is in urgent need of revision; the well differentiated form C. scissa (Paulucci, 1881), originally described as a variety of C. cavannae (Paulucci, 1881), belongs anatomically to the grovesiana-group (unpublished data of A. Hallgass).

redListCategoryRationale:
The area of occupancy is 80 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 2,000 km2. There is an observed ongoing decline attributed mainly to climatic desiccation, but also to habitat degradation by man. It is considered as severely fragmented. As there are considerable differences between single sub-populations, the loss of only one sub-population might lead to a noticeable decrease of genetic diversity. The species is thus assessed as Endangered (VU) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy (Abruzzi). The species and its forms are distributed over the Maiella massif and the Montagne del Morrone (type locality: Monte Morrone) in the Parco Nazionale della Maiella, nearly on all high mountains of the Parco Nazionale d'Abbruzzo, and on the summits between the two parks. C. [grovesiana] scissa is a very localised summit form which occurs above 2,700 m on the Monte Amaro (Maiella massif), surrounded by typical C. grovesiana. Special forms are known from the Monte Marsicano (1,950 m), and from the Gole del Sagittario (Alzona and Alzona Bisacchi 1938).

population:
There is no information available on the population size, but the trend within the sub-population is decreasing (Hallgass pers. observ.). There has been a remarkable decline in population densities observed over the last two  decades, and apparently caused by a general climatic desiccation.

habitat:
The species is confined to calcareous biotopes and lives on rocky grassland and sparsely vegetated scree in the sub-alpine and alpine zones up to the summit region.

threats:
The main actual threat to the species seems to be a remarkable decline in population densities observed over the last two decades, and apparently caused by a general climatic desiccation. Another threat, even in the national parks, is from tourism and pasturing. Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of biotope quality and pasturing might lead to alteration of the natural vegetation with adverse effects, and the intensity of land-use is supposed to be stable or even increasing in the Apennines.

conservationAction:
The sites in the Parco Nazionale della Maiella and in the Parco Nazionale delle Abbruzzi are protected; the Gole del Sagittario is a nature reserve.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the    species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore it       is   assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in Portugal, north-western Spain, the British  Isles (including the Isle of Man, the Hebrides, the Orkney Islands and the Shetlands), western France, Belgium, western  Netherlands, East Holstein, East Denmark and Öland.

population:
There is no information on population trends, however, #the population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
Candidula intersecta is a xerothermic species requiring dry, fairly warm conditions and is found widely on coastal dunes, also on dry field margins, waste places and quarries inland (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). No conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, found in central Greece (Attiki) and Peloponnese (Hausdorf 1991). #There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, found in central Greece (Attiki) and Peloponnese (Hausdorf 1991).

habitat:
This species is found in a variety of vegetation types, #usually #in open, xeric environments.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain and is widely distributed in the upper and middle valley of Ebro, from pre-Pyrenees to the Iberian system. #This species has a restricted range, but it does not meet either  population decline or range decline criteria. #Main threats are agriculture and forestry activities, fire and urban development. However, this species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and is widely distributed in the upper and middle valley of Ebro, from pre-Pyrenees to the Iberian System.

habitat:
This species lives in open and sunny places with herbaceous vegetation, found under stones.

threats:
The main threats are agriculture and forestry activities and urban development. Fire is another threat for sub-populations.


taxonomicNotes:
Gittenberger (1993) indicated that this species probably constitutes a species complex given the wide conchiological variability presented, but currently this is still to be confirmed. Some records for this species from Portugal have to be corrected due to confusion with C. intersecta.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it is widely distributed from the Algarve northwards to the district of Porto. The threats it faces are not likely to impact it significantly over its whole range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it is widely distributed from the Algarve northwards to the district of Porto.

population:
The population trends of this species are currently unknown.

habitat:
This species lives in ruderal habitats, open forest, grassland, edges of rivers even in dunes under the stones or on the stems of vegetation.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fire and disturbance from human activities.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place. # Research relating to the taxonomy and the geographical distribution of the species is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 40 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
This species is distributed through Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania northwestern Greece and southeastern Serbia. There are at least 40 known locations (Damjanov and Likharev 1975, Hausdorf 1991, Fehér and Erőss 2009) and new # locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.  .

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas) where it is usually found in crevices, under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications which affect either the rocks or the vegetation in their habitats, such as mining. Considering the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in those countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are outside of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation measures required for this species at present.


taxonomicNotes:
The type locality is Mansilla de la Sierra (La Rioja).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is not facing any major threat. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
C. rocandioi is an northern Iberian Peninsula endemic species living in the northeastern edge of the Duero plateau and the North of the Iberic System. It has been mentioned in the east of León, north of Palencia, south of Cantabria, north and south-west of Burgos, west of La Rioja, Soria and one locality in Zaragoza (Puente 1994).

habitat:
According to different authors summarized in Puente (1994), this species lives in different habitats like #ruderal vegetation, banks, rocky areas, pastures and, preferentially, xerophilous grasslands.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures.


taxonomicNotes:
Gittenberger (1985) after anatomical examination of two specimens of Xeroplexa setubalensis (type species of Xeroplexa, Monterosato1892) from the locus typicus noted that it corresponded to Candidula (Kobelt 1871), so Xeroplexa must be considered a junior synonymn of Candidula.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a Portuguese endemic restricted to the Serra da Arrabida. It has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 100 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO = 10 km2), and one location. The main threats to this species are fires, road  construction and tourism, which cause a  decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. Significant parts of the area have been destroyed by a fire in 2004, and it is to assume that the population of this species has been heavily affected. Therefore it is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii). More research on the population size, the distribution  and the effects of human disturbances and the recent fire event is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal where it is only known from the Serra da Arrabida near Setúbal, on the right bank of the Sado river estuary.

population:
There are no population studies of this species but because of the serious fire in the Serra da Arrabida park in 2004, the population is thought to be severely affected.

habitat:
This species is found on Sclerophyllous shrubs higher than 3 m and in Quercus faginea (Oak), Olea europaea (Olive), Ceratonia siliqua (Carob), Acer monspessulanum # (Maple) and Pinus halepensis (Pine) forests, as well as rocky outcrops.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fire and disturbance from human activities. The impacts of these threats are compounded by the limited number of localities, the fragility of the habitat, and the limited dispersion of this species.

conservationAction:
All the populations are included in the protected area the  Serra da Arrabida, however there is still a need for a conservation plan. This area is a Biogenetic Reserve established by the Council of Europe. It is  classified as a Site of Special Interest for Nature Conservation. New  sampling efforts are needed to determine the population size as  well as measure the effects of human disturbances on the populations.


taxonomicNotes:
An anatomically well differentiated undescribed species, which has previously been confounded with C. spadae, has been recognized by A. Hallgass between Monte Catria and Gualdo Tadino in the border region of Marche and Umbria (Hallgass pers. comm. 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
The fragmented distribution area, especially in the Abruzzi mountains along with the tourist development and the presumed climatic changes threaten the species. The new species in the Monte Catria mountains is also threatened by sport activities (skiing, king quad and mountain bike). This species has a restricted extend of occurrence (EOO= 16,000 km2). Therefore, despite the lack of knowledge about the correct actual distribution, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU), B1ab(iii).The taxonomic uncertainties with regard to the new species and the disjunct occurrence on the Gargano promontory and the observed decline represent strong reasons for further intensive research.

range:
This species is endemic to Central Italy. This species is endemic to the central Apennines, perhaps with a disjunct extension to Gargano (Forcart 1965). The distribution area is fragmented and reaches from the Monti Sibillini (type locality: Monte Vettore) southward to the Monti Reatini, the Gran Sasso, and the Monti della Meta (Mainarde) (Giusti 1973). Records from the northern area, which had formerly been ascribed to C. spadae, belong to an undescribed distinct species (Hallgass pers. comm. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) has been calculated as 16,000km2 in case the records for this species from Gargano prove to be reliable.

population:
The population size is unknown but the trend is decreasing. Hallgass observed a remarkable decline in the last two decades, caused by a general climatic desiccation in Central Italy (Hallgass pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
The species lives on rocky grassland in the sub-alpine and alpine zones up to the summit region.

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism and pasturing. Tourist activities like skiing, king quad and mountain bike, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality. Another threat to this species is pasturing that might lead to alteration of the natural vegetation with adverse effects, and the intensity of land-use is supposed to be stable or even increasing in the Apennines. Hallgass observed a remarkable decline in the last two decades, caused  by a general climatic desiccation in Central Italy (Hallgass pers. comm.  2011).

conservationAction:
A part of the known occurrences is situated in the Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, Parco Nazionale delle Abruzzi, and Parco Nazionale del Gargano. Research into the distribution of the species and the impacts of the identified threats should be done. The apparent decline should also be monitored.The taxonomic uncertainties with regard to the new species and the  disjunct occurrence on the Gargano promontory and the observed decline  represent strong reasons for further intensive research.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, M., Falkner, G. Hallgass , A.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, reported from a number of islands in the Aegean Sea (Cyclades-east Aegean Islands) (Mylonas 1982, Triantis et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Until recently, this species was affiliated to the family Sphincterochilidae (genus Sphincterochila) (Alonso et al. 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is a local endemic taxon to Lanzarote. It is only known from the  Isthmus de la Pared. Living specimens are only known from a single site (with an area of  occupancy of four km2). It is not threatened, the habitat is in good condition. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is a local endemic species to Lanzarote. It is only known from the Isthmus de la Pared. Living specimens are only known from an area of occupancy of four km2.

population:
There is no information available on on the population size or trend of this species. However, there is only one population known with living specimens, all other records come from fossil sites.

habitat:
This species lives exclusively on sand dunes with meagre grass vegetation.


habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in dry meadows and open  lowlands with rocks, south-exposed limestone rocks, dry walls (also in  gardens and vineyards). In Switzerland, it is found up to 2,400 m altitude. Animals  are also active in the winter season.

conservationAction:
There are no ongoing, or required conservation actions.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) and Cameron et al. (2006) considered that Caseolus punctulatus and Caseolus solidus (now listed as Caseolus setulosa)  #were probably just ecologically different subpopulations of the same species, however Bank et al. (2002) listed them as separate species, and hence Fauna Europaea has them both listed as valid taxa.  #If they are both separate species, then both will qualify as Least Concern, as they are both widely distributed in suitable habitats.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Madeiran islands where two different subspecies are found on Porto Santo.  #It is often abundant at sites. The mainland populations are susceptible, given the multiple threats  causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species. However, the present population abundance, the fairly wide distribution, number of sites and presence in degraded habitat, suggests that not highly threatened. # However, the species is currently viewed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is restricted to Madeiran islands where two different subspecies are found on Porto Santo.

population:
This species is thought to be stable. It is often abundant at sites.

habitat:
It occurs in arid zones close to the ground, under rocks.

threats:
Habitat loss from tourist development or habitat degradation due to invasive species (plants), fire or tipping or loss of populations due to introduced rodents are affecting part of the range of this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, however none are considered necessary, other than taxonomic work to verify the presence of two distinct species.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) and Cameron #et al. (2006) considered that #Caseolus punctulatus #and #Caseolus solidus #(now listed as Caseolus setulosa)  #were probably just ecologically different subpopulations of the same species, however Bank #et al. (2002) listed them as separate species, and hence Fauna Europaea has them both listed as valid taxa.  #If they are both separate species, then both will qualify as Least Concern, as they are both widely distributed in suitable habitats.

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is restricted to the Madeiran islands where it is found on Porto Santo. It is often abundant at sites. The present population abundance, number of sites and presence in degraded habitat, suggests that not highly threatened as it is fairly widespread at 11 sites on the island. These mainland populations are susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species. However, the species is currently viewed as Least Concern, based on current habitat and threats, but could move to a more threatened category should habitat degradation accelerate.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; it is only known living on Porto Santo, although the status is uncertain, as Cameron et al. (2006) considered it conspecific with C. punctulatus. #

population:
The taxon is common in suitable habitats.

habitat:
The taxon is found in largely sandy, bare areas with some grasses and low bushes.

threats:
These mainland populations are susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species near coasts in grassland areas and close to tourist developments.


redListCategoryRationale:
The last population surveys in 1986-1999 shows that the species population at the single site continues to be stable. In 2000 the species assessment was changed from Vulnerable to CR based on the increased traffic of tourism, the potential tourism developments in the eastern bays of the island (P. Craze pers. comm. 2000) and the lack of protection for the mainland of Porto Santo. There is a need to resurveys these populations to confirm that developments over the last 10 years have not impacted the species. Porto Santo now has designated protected areas, which should lead to a re-appraisal of the relative threat to the species, once the surveys have been completed, however, the assessment is left at Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii) until this information is available.

range:
Caseolus subcalliferus is endemic to Madeira, # where it is only known from Porto Santo, on the eastern peninsular of Pico Branco (Seddon 2008). Here is it recorded from three closely adjacent sites in one location (Cameron et al. 1996, Seddon 2008).

population:
There are no recent data on population trends, but it has always been a rare species, based on limited records from the literature (Wollaston 1877, M. Seddon, pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This terrestrial species was described by Wollaston (1878) as living on upper parts of various plants including Juncus maritimus.  Recent surveys have only found the species in areas of conifer plantation, where it was aestivating at up to 2 m up on the branches.

threats:
These populations are most susceptible to  habitat loss  from land-use management (building, road or path construction) or  fire. Habitat  degradation due to  invasive  species (plants) or loss of  subpopulations due  to  introduced rodents are secondary threats.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2 under the name Caseolus sphaerula. Habitat management plans to maintain the status of the habitats, reduce likelihood of fire and impact of recreational use on habitats in the area.


range:
This species is widespread in Western Europe: it occurs from Spain to the United Kindom.

population:
The are no population data, but the trends are thought to be stable.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Sicily, Italy, where it is only known from one location. All alterations of the biotope, such as tourism development or road construction, is affecting the quality of its habitat and can lead it to the extinction. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
The species is endemic to Sicily (Italy) and at present living specimens are known from only one locality, San Vito Lo Capo, north of Trapani. Other shells, corresponding perfectly to those of San Vito Lo Capo, were found in a nearby site, Mércate Gnarosa, by I. Sparacio.

habitat:
This is a xeroresistant species occurring in natural habitats on calcareous substrata.

threats:
All alterations of the biotope, such as tourism development, pasturing, quarrying and road construction, can lead to the extinction.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. The population trend should be monitored and the site protected.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon has been defined by a Lectotype designation by Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (1986).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from one site, which is under heavy anthropogenic pressure. It is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Messina, Sicily, where it is only known from a small sector of the sandy beach near the strait of Messina.

habitat:
This species occurs in sandy biotopes on primary dunes with sparse vegetation.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the deterioration of biotopes by anthropogenic pressure.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Sicily and the Maltese islands. There are no major threats. It is thus listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is found in Sicily and the Maltese Islands. It is also present in Libya (where it is probably introduced); the indication as endemic to Malta in "Muticaria" (2009) is misleading.

population:
There are no data available. But this is a very widespread and abundant species in Sicily and in the Maltese Islands. The origin of the Libyan populations is uncertain and probably due to recent introduction.

habitat:
C. caruanae is an ubiquitous species, which inhabits natural and anthropogenic sites; it can be found under stones, on walls and rock faces, under plants and bushes and on the stems of low vegetation.


range:
Cernuella cisalpina is a European Mediterranean endemic. It has been introduced to Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. #In Europe, the species has many synonyms and has been confused with other species of Cernuella in particular with Cernuella virgata. This species is distributed by cars where it attaches to the car and then gets transported widely.

population:
The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in dry soil habitats with few vegetation, also in cultivated regions.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions required.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has been described in Lieferung 3/4 of vol. 1 of the Neue Folge of Rossmässler's Iconographie, which appeared on 24 Dec. 1883, and should be cited with that year.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is one of the few endemics of the peninsula of Salento with a very restricted distribution area (extent of occurrence is 2,500 km2). The intensification of agriculture and tourist development are impacting the quality of the habitat. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
Cernuella hydruntina is endemic to the peninsula of Salento, in Italy. it is a narrow range endemic which occurs only in the north-eastern part of the peninsula of Salento; most finding places are situated in the province of Lecce, only once the species has been found in the province of Brindisi at Torre Santa Sabina in dunes.

habitat:
This is a xerotolerant species which lives in open biotopes like dunes, garigues, pastures, and extensively cultured areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species are the alterations of the biotopes, due to the intensification of land use for agricultural purposes, bushfires, and afforestation of the dunes by pine trees

conservationAction:
The site where this species occurs should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
As Helix metabola is based on juvenile specimens which belong to Theba pisana (as already remarked by Kobelt), the appropriate name for the endemic Cernuella of Lampedusa is C. lampedusae (Kobelt, 1890). The taxonomic position and specific validity are questioned (Cianfanelli 2002). In the Italian checklist this species is not mentioned, not even as a synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
Irrespective of the taxonomic consideration, Cernuella metabola (or C. lampedusae as it should better be named) is an endemic island organism which a priori deserves protection. It has a restricted distribution, which encompasses a small number of sites, but the population density is rather high. The land use and the biotope deterioration on the island are progressive and restrict more and more the possible habitats for molluscs. This justified an assessment as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species is endemic to Lampedusa (Italy), where it has a scattered distribution over the whole island. Material with fresh shells from five sites dating from the 1990th is represented in the Collection K.-H. Beckmann (Museum Stuttgart).

habitat:
This snail occurs in wild grassland, edges of cultivated land, and Mediterranean garigues.

threats:
Urbanisation and tourism development are impacting the species, as well as agriculture. Another threat is its replacement by the introduced ubiquitous forms of Cernuella virgata.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of      the   species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore it      is   assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in the north of Spain, south of France and central Italy. It has been introduced to Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic and Poland.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in rocky dry grasslands and wastelands, open habitats, gardens, also roadsides, climbs tree trunks and herbal plants for aestivation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the existing subpopulations of the species are rich in individuals, it is known from just three locations in a small, isolated areas (with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2), which, due to the identified threats from agriculture and development, are at serious risk of extirpation by single events. The loss of a large part of the historically known distribution area has been documented and is a clear proof of the impact of the urban and agriculture development. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv).

range:
This species is endemic to north-west Sicily, Italy. The localities seem to have always been scattered and isolated one from each other. In the course of the last 150 years, the species seems to have disappeared from the larger western part of its distribution area. The historical extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated as 10,000 km2 with nine locations, six of them are lost. Therefore the current inferred EOO is 1,000 km2 and the AOO is 12 km2.

population:
The existing populations are rich in individuals, but there is no data on the population trend available.

habitat:
This species lives in dune habitats on calcareous substrate close to the sea, on the soil or among low vegetation and stones.

threats:
The dune habitats to which this species is bound, are increasingly threatened by human pressure. The main threats to the species is increasing land use through urbanisation along the coast, and agriculture activities. During the last 150 years, a large part of the distribution area and at least six credibly documented occurrences have been lost.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered (species minacata) in the Italian check-list of 1995. The three known sites require protection from the real threats of habitat destruction.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, G. Falkner, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there are no known threats to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in southern Europe, and locally abundant. It has been recorded from Albania, Andorra, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.In Ireland, like other xerophilous (adpated to dry environments) hygromiids this species is  found inland only in the south central plain and is entirely coastal  elsewhere.  In north-east Ireland it is rare and known only from  Ballycastle Golf Course, Co. Antrim and Greencastle Point, Co. Down (Byrne et al. 2009).This species lives circum-mediterranean and is also recorded from North Africa, the Near East and Turkey.

habitat:
This species lives on the vegetation of sand dunes directly at the coast, but also penetrates the coastal hinterland as long as it falls under a maritime climate regime. It is usually found clustered on tall vegetation or partially buried in sand  or soil in dry grasslands or coastal dunes.  It has spread to some degree in Ireland during the historical period by  colonising the ballast and dry slopes skirting railway lines (Byrne et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution range is restricted, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2 and the species is known from only six locations. The major threats are from recreational activities and ongoing land use by pasturing. Only the occurrences in the Monte Pollino massif are protected, the others are situated in natural parks with heavy tourist development. Therefore, the low number of locations leads to an assessment as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy where it is known from an extent of occurrence of 12,000 km2 and an AOO of 24 km2. Over a considerable time span, the only known localities of this species have been the Monte Pollino, Calabrian slope (type locality: Passo del Colle del Dragone), Lagonero and Monte Sirino in Basilicata and the Monte Autore (Monti Simbruini) in Latium (Manganelli and Giusti 1988). Two new sites have been detected by A. Hallgass in the Antiappenino laziale: Monte Semprevisa (1,536 m asl) in the Monti Lepini and Monte Petrella (1,533 m asl) in the Monti Aurunci (A. Hallgass pers. comm. 2011). The distribution area is fragmented.

habitat:
The species is found on the Monte Pollino at 1,600-1,900 m asl. It lives between rocks on small grasslands patches with plantain and Sempervivum tectorum. This is a species of the alpine summit area of larger mountains.

threats:
Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality. Another threat to this species is pasturing that might lead to alteration of the natural vegetation.

conservationAction:
The occurrences in the Monte Pollino massif are situated in the Parco nazionale del Pollino.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, M. Falkner, G.


taxonomicNotes:
This widespread species inhabiting mountain areas has some gaps in the distribution and may be split into cryptic species in the future.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread, its population seems stable and there are no major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This widespread species is found in the eastern and southern Pyrenees and in the Alps from Tuscany (Italy) to south Kaernten in Austria.

population:
There is stable subpopulations throughout its range; it is found at numerous sites.

habitat:
It lives in leaf litter in humid forest areas often near rivers in the bottom of valleys. It occurs in coniferous montane forests and in gorges.

conservationAction:
In Switzerland, this species is classed as Near Threatened (NT) on the Swiss Red List (Turner et al. 1998). Taxonomic research is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a limited range on a small island, where it is known to be rare, and possibly at a low density. Change of its habitat due to overgrazing and fire are potential threats to the species. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
#This species is endemic to the island of Montechristo (Italy). It is only recorded from its type locality at Cala Maestra, on Isola di Montecristo, Arcipelago Toscano (Italy)

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but from field observations, low population densities can be assumed.

habitat:
The species lives on granitic ground under stones, fallen tree trunks and in leaf litter, particularly in damp shady sites with macchia vegetation and abundant Ailanthus glandulosa vegetation (Giusti and Manganelli 1990, Manganelli et al. 2001).

threats:
The main threat to this species is any structural change of its habitat like overgrazing and fire. It is unknown whether the threat are actually impacting the species, but a single event can erase the whole population.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under the law of the Regione Toscana (Legge Regionale 6 aprile 2000 n. 56). It was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 by Manganelli et al. (2001); this assessment has also been incorporated in the subsequent versions of "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". The island is highly protected under the legislation of the Parco Nazionale del Arcipelago Toscano


redListCategoryRationale:
Cryptosaccus asturiensis is endemic to the Somiedo Valley, Spain. It has a very restricted area of occupancy and extent of occurrence but the populations are stable and there are no current major threats. Future enlargment of roads and wild fires could affect this species' habitat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. Its range is restricted to the Somiedo Valley, reaching to Picos Albos, in the southeast of Somiedo.

population:
No population studies have been conducted on this species, but it is assumed to be stable. The density seems to be low. Ten specimens/sampling hour #were collected in the locus typicus.

habitat:
The  habitat of this species are cliffs and limestone walls, where specimens can be  found (depending on weather) directly on the walls or in crevices with chasmophytic vegetation. Given the  characteristics of the habitat (vertical walls), sampling efforts have been limited to the base of walls, but we assume that it also lives in other inaccessible parts  of these walls.

threats:
Threats to this species are habitat alteration by fires or by enlargement of roads. Nevertheless, Somiedo is a valley with few human interferences.

conservationAction:
This species needs habitat preservation. It is currently found within in a regional park. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Atlas of Endangered Invertebrates of Spain (2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Corsica (France), where it is found at 50 localities. There are localized threats, but they are not likely to cause a decline rapid enough to qualify for a threatened category in  the near future. Its habitat is protected in Corsica. This species is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
Cyrnotheba corsica is endemic to Corsica (France), where it is found in the whole island.

population:
The species is found at many sites, but the populations have very few individuals and the trend is unknown. In the last ten years the species has been systematically mapped. The number of currently known sites is ca. 50 localities.

habitat:
It is a ground-dwelling species that is found under leaf litter and prefers humid places. It occurs in forest fringes, open forest and generally under trees including moderately disturbed habitats.

threats:
Cutting of the forest and fires destroy the habitat of the species as it reduces the leaf litter available and affects the humidity conditions. Pesticide and herbicide application might locally affect the populations as it is toxic for the species and they dry out.

conservationAction:
The species is protected under French law. It is found in places with large granite rocks and this habitat is protected in Corsica.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that the status should be Vulnerable B1ab(iii) # based on the fact that recent records are only from three locations in two small regions (3 km x 3 km) on Porto Santo. The habitats are grassland with threats including possible impact from introduced species, Theba pisana and the rodents which predate on landsnails. Other threats include changes of land-use impacting the grassland. # However, given that these populations have been stable for the last 30 years and that the decline of the habitat quality is not impacting significantly the species, this species has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is restricted to three locations in two small areas on the island of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no recet data on population trends, although this species is abundant in suitable localities (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found on ground, on rocks and amongst low growing grasses and herbs in Porto Santo.

threats:
The grassland species has possible threats including impact from introduced species, Theba pisana and the rodents which predate on landsnails as well as changes of land-use possibly impacting the grassland due to tourist activity.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions for this species, although Porto Santo does now have protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank reviewed the nomenclature of the species and established bulverii as the original spelling of the species name although most authors in the last 80 years have used the bulweri spelling. # Seddon (2008) noted that 'there has been debate since the 1860s as to whether D. bulweri and D. albersi are one or two species. Wollaston (1878) maintained two species based on Lowe's descriptions commenting that both were found together. D. albersi was treated as subspecies of D. bulweri by Mandahl-Barth (1950), but as separate species by Walden (1983). # Nobre (1931) and Bank et al. (2002) view albersi as a synonym of bulweri. # Seddon (2008) reviewed # extensive material in Museum collections and suggests that the two forms are not separable on a consistent basis, therefore albersi is placed as a synonym of bulweri. # Wollaston (1878) noted the similarity to D. lyelliana from Deserta Grande.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted area of occupancy of 8 km2. There is concern for the survival of this species, as this large helicid has multiple threats: there are problems of competition with other introduced helicids such as Theba pisana, impact of over-grazing within the habitat on the lower slopes of the hills #and evidence that a rodent is predating on this species as well as others with similar shell size and form (Seddon 2008). Although the species is found around the base of two hills, it is considered as single location, as rodents are predating on the species across the range. On a precautionary approach, the species is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). Conservation actions needed include removal of the rodent predation as well as protection of the habitat.The previous assessment for this species was based on the A criteria, however there is insufficient data on population trends to establish whether the loss of the mature adults continues to meet the decline rates for Critically Endangered, hence more data is required on this species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands and it is restricted to eastern end of Porto Santo where it is mainly found on the lower slopes around two hills, both in close proximity (Seddon 2008).

population:
The species suffers from predation by introduced rodents and adults are impacted. The species is not abundant and #it is thought to be a slow-maturing species which is more vulnerable than the smaller-bodied gastropods, as their reproductive success is impacted by loss of adults. # Many shells can be found in small clusters with their apices eaten out, and this species has a less robust shell than the other taxa, so is easier to break into.

habitat:
This species is found on the ground, on rocks and amongst low growing grasses and herbs in Porto Santo.

threats:
This large-shelled gastropod has multiple threats: there are problems of competition with other introduced helicids such as #Theba pisana, #impact of over-grazing within the habitat on the lower slopes of the hills (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010) and evidence that a rodent is predating on this species as well as on others with similar shell size and form (Seddon 2008). The rodents predate on adults; # these slow-maturing species are more vulnerable than the smaller-bodied gastropods, as their reproductive success is impacted by loss of adults.

conservationAction:
Further monitoring on population status and impact of rodents is required to establish future trends in decline.


taxonomicNotes:
Mandahl-Barth (1950) recognised six subspecies including D. pulvinata which Walden (1983) raised to species level. Bank et al. (2002) still recognise 4 subspecies from the islets, D.c.maxima (Ilheu de Ferro), D.c.calcigena (Ilheu de Baixo), D.c.barbozae (Ilheu da Fonte d'Areia).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to the Madeiran islands where it is found at 36 different sites on Porto Santo and 3 offshore islets. It is often abundant at sites. The present population abundance, widespread distribution over the island, number of sites and presence in degraded habitat, suggest that this species is not highly threatened. The mainland populations are susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species. However, the species is currently viewed as Least Concern, based on current habitat and threats.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran Archipelago, where it is found on Porto Santo and islets of Ilheu de Ferro, Ilheu de Baixo, Ilheu de Nordeste, Ilheu da Fonte d'Areia. # It is quite widespread on the south-west and south-east parts of the mainland of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species is common in suitable habitats.

habitat:
This species is found on the ground and amongst low growing grasses and herbs in sandy areas in lower parts of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. Habitat degradation and impact of non-native species might impact the species locally.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place and none needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to a single island, with an area of occupancy of less than 12 km². It is known at 6-10 locations (14 sites) and most of the recent records are from slopes, hill-tops and ridges within small region at east end of Porto Santo suggesting that the species could be vulnerable to changes in land-use or extensive fire damage. The presence of some locations separated from the main cluster of locations has given the revised listing of Near Threatened. The rate of habitat decline is considered to be slow, so if this accelerates, then the species would qualify for Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo (Madeiran islands), and is also known as fossil on Ilheu de Baixo. It is present at 14 sites within a restricted area of occupancy of less than 12 km².

population:
There are no data on recent population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in rock crevices, amongst stems of shrubby plants and under stones.

threats:
The major threats are from grassland fires disturbing the habitat and killing off the adults within these populations.

conservationAction:
The species range lies partly in a protected area on Porto Santo; further research required on population trends and impact of introduced rodents.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested this species should be considered as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) (version 3.1). The extent of occurrence is under 100 km2 and it is only present on one island where overgrazing by goats has lead to  massive changes in vegetation and stability of the slopes in last 150  years. There is concern for the survival of this species, as there are no known sites for the species, the island has been subject to much change in vegetation as the result of overgrazing and the species was not recorded in recent surveys by Ripken and Oliver in 1994 or by Cameron and Cook in various surveys (1999) in spite of the large fairly conspicuous shell. This suggests that it is either very rare or possibly extinct. The species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it was reported to be restricted to Deserta Grande (Wollaston 1878). Cameron and Cook (1999) did not record this species in their survey work in 1994-8 and it was not recorded by Oliver in his surveys in 1994 (M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species was not recorded in recent surveys by Ripken and Oliver in  1994 (Oliver pers. comm. 1995) # or by Cameron and Cook in various surveys (1999) in spite of  the large fairly conspicuous shell. This suggests that it is either very  rare or possibly extinct.

habitat:
The habitat is uncertain, but likely to be amongst rocks on grassy slopes or within scree.

threats:
The species is only present on one island where overgrazing by goats has lead to massive changes in vegetation and stability of slopes in the last 150 years.

conservationAction:
Surveys are needed to determine if the species is still extant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Madeiran islands where it is found at widely scattered locations in the coastal regions of Madeira. It is often abundant at sites. The present population abundance, number of sites, the widespread presence over the island and its presence in degraded habitat, suggests that this species is not highly threatened. The mainland populations are susceptible, given the multiple threats causing habitat degradation and impact of non-native species. However, the species is currently viewed as Least Concern (LC), based on current habitat and threats.

range:
This species is restricted to Madeiran islands where it is found at widely scattered locations in the coastal regions of Madeira.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland, scrub and open sandy areas, where it is found on the ground, amongst low growing grasses and herbs and under stones.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) notes that the latest evaluation suggests this species meets the thresholds for Endangered B1ab(iii) (version 3.1). All recent records are only  from the small region (3 km x 3 km) near Fonte de Areia on Porto Santo,  just north of the airport strip. The habitats are sand dunes subject to  wind erosion and recreational disturbance on the dunes. The species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)  based on the current degree of disturbance at the site.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is found on Porto Santo (and adjacent rocks according to Wollaston 1878, p. 178) but it is localised to the area around Fonte de Areia (Seddon 2008).

population:
The species can be abundant where present.

habitat:
The habitats are vegetated stabilised sand dunes north of the airstrip.

threats:
The habitats are sand dunes subject to wind erosion and recreational disturbance on the dunes.

conservationAction:
It is difficult to manage a dune ecosystem, but an area which is designated as "traffic-free" should be put in place to minimise the disturbance to the habitats, as trampling and dune-buggies are probably the greatest threats to the species (Groh, pers. comm., 2010). # Thereafter habitat monitoring is required to ensure that the 'traffic free zone' has lead to reduction of the disturbance of this site.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present over most of the eastern part of the island, however the total extent of occurrence is 16 km2 and the species # is vulnerable to predation by small rodents, so Seddon (2008) suggested the species should be assessed as Near Threatened. # The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, and as such the quality of the habitat has declined over the last thirty years, although the main area falls within a designated protected area and the species is abundant within its range. Given the current range, the habitats which have stabilised # and the current stable situation, the species assessment is revised as Least Concern (LC).

range:
#This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, where is only found on Porto Santo on the hills at the eastern end of the island, but where it is abundant (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, however the species was recorded as local but abundant in 1980-1990's (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is usually found besides and under rocks on grassland slopes.

threats:
The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, and as such the quality of the habitat has declined over the last thirty years (Seddon 2008) and the species is vulnerable to predation by small rodents.

conservationAction:
Survey on the impact of rodents on adult populations as well as control of rodents are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) noted that this species is on the European Union and Habitats Directive Species Annex II and IV which means that a SAC should be designated for this species. Latest evaluation suggests it meets the criteria for Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) (version 3.1). All recent records are only from Garajau, a single area on the south side of Madeira, where habitat area and quality has been reduced through a building development above the cliffs for residents and tourists. The habitats are under pressure due to continued development, although main habitats are on the sea-cliff beneath where possible threats include invasive plants, fire and tipping. # The previous assessment was Endangered (IUCN 1996), but the knowledge of range was more limited and recent survey shows that it is restricted to Garajau, so the revised assessment is based on new data.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it has always been rare. Seddon (2008) notes that is restricted to the south coast of Madeira (Cabo Garajau to Cabo Girao) and similar range was reported by Wollaston (1878), Paiva (1866) and Nobre (1931). Paiva's records are from west of Funchal, whereas Wollaston's records all come from the Garajau area. Recent records (NMW database, field records 1984, 1995) confirm the species is still living on sea-cliffs by Cabo Garajau (Seddon 2008).

population:
Estimates of population size by field recording suggest that the species is not common at the site.

habitat:
Discula tabellata lives in crevices of bare rock faces, on dry stone walls and at the base of grasses and herbs on cliff top boulders.

threats:
All recent records are only from Garajau, a single area on the south side of Madeira, where habitat area and quality has been reduced through a building development above the cliffs for residents and tourists. The habitats are under pressure due to continued development, although main habitats are on the sea-cliff beneath where possible threats include invasive plants, fire and tipping.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the European Union Habitats Directive Species Annex II and IV, which means that a SAC should be designated for this species. Further conservation actions required are a habitat monitoring programme for the species (as a proxy for population trends).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a total extent of occurrence of 42 km2 with the four isolated sub-populations, three on  a small hillslope area at the eastern part of the island. The habitat  has been subject to changing land-use practice, and declined in quality  over the last thirty years. The main range remains vulnerable to rodent predation,  fires and other land management changes. It has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B1a b(iii).l

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo. There are records from the mainland where the species is now largely restricted to the east end of the island, but fossils show it was formerly widespread (Cameron et al. 2006). This species has a total area of occupancy of 16 km2 with the three isolated sub-populations, on two different hillslope areas at the eastern part of the island, and another at west end of the mainland opposite Ilheu de Baixo.

population:
There is no recent population trend data for this species. It is known to be impacted by rodent predation.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland with herbs, on coastal cliffs, rocky slopes and summits. The habitat  has been subject to changing land-use practice, and declined in quality  over the last thirty years. The site behind the harbour and at the west end of the island are the most vulnerable populations.

threats:
These small populations are vulnerable to rodent predation, fires and other habitat loss from tourist developments (hotels, recreational areas, roads).

conservationAction:
None of the range falls within a designated protected area. Conservation actions include habitat monitoring for indication of population trends, as well as population monitoring to establish impact of the predation on the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been listed since 1980s, and still remains rare, as well as susceptible to predation from non-native species. The area of occupancy is under 10 km2, and hence meets the threshold for Critically Endangered, as the two closely located sites (Seddon 2008, map 174) are considered a single location given the threats of fire and predation from non-native species. There is concern for the survival of this species, as there are potential problems of changing land-use and evidence that a rodent is feeding on other species of Discula with similar shell size and form. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is restricted to Porto Santo, on the north side of the main island. Waldén (1983) believed the species might be extinct but Seddon (pers. comm. 1992) noted it was still present in a small region of headland where originally found by Wollaston (1878), and the finding was reported in Wells and Chatfield (1992) where the species was noted to be present on dry  stony ground on the headland of Pedragal in an area of 10 m2 only. Another site was located close by during Cameron and Cook's surveys and mapped by Seddon (2008).

population:
The species is very rare. It is usually found in specialist surveys targeted at the species.

habitat:
This species is found # in grassland areas on cliffs, where it's found under stones or in small scree areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fire and predation from non-native species, in two closely sites on small headland, which is considered to be a single location.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. At present the range does not lie in a designated SPA, and so protected area management is needed, as well as management of the introduced predators (rats) that are feeding on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Fontaine et al. (2007) # listed  this species as Extinct, however, there have been relatively few surveys  in these islands over the last 50 years, as the islands remain in  private ownership. The island has been subject to much change in vegetation since the  introduction of goats, and the species was not recorded in surveys by  Cameron and Cook (1999). It is likely that the species is extinct, given the  size of the shell, however, given the conservation actions in recent  years and the planned programme to restore vegetation, as well as the  high cliffs that are inaccessible, it is considered more prudent to list  the species as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to Desertas (Madeiran islands); Wollaston (1878) reported that it was scarce on Bugio in the 1860s. Cameron and Cook (1999) did not record this species in their survey work and hence the species may be extinct or extremely rare now on the island.

population:
This species has not been recorded for over 50 years and was reported to be rare over 140 years ago (Wollaston 1878). Wollaston (1878) described the species as living amongst lichens on the  sea-cliffs, however these # cliffs are quite inaccessible, and hence difficult  to sample, although the species has a large, conspicuous discoid shell.

habitat:
Wollaston (1878) described the species as living amongst lichens on the sea-cliffs. These # cliffs are quite inaccessible, and hence difficult to sample, although the species has a large, conspicuous discoid shell.

threats:
The island has been subject to much change in vegetation since the introduction of goats, which lead to soil erosion and changing vegetation.

conservationAction:
It is likely that the species is extinct, given the size of the shell, however, given the conservation actions removing the goats in recent years and the planned programme to restore vegetation, so further surveys are recommended at regular intervals for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an area of occupancy of under 75 km2, and has been recorded at around seven sites along an area of the coast that is under pressure from a building development for residential use and tourism.  #The species qualifies as Vulnerable B2, based on the continued decline of habitat in the region, the threats and the small range, however the rate of decline and the tolerance to disturbance suggest that the species should be listed as Near Threatened (NT), although if some protected habitats were established, then the species could be downlisted to Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago, where it is restricted to a small area on the southern coastal slopes between Funchal and Ribeira Brava on Madeira.

population:
The populations seem to be able to tolerate some disturbance.

habitat:
This species is found co-existing with Disculella madeirensis on the underside of stones and in litter at the base of crags. It is often present in disturbed habitats around walls and on roadsides.

threats:
This region of the coast is under pressure from a building development for residential use and tourism as well as access roads.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations. #


taxonomicNotes:
Waldén (1983) recognised two subspecies of Disculella madeirensis. Wollaston (1878) viewed both as distinct and separable species, although Lowe has obviously considered them to be conspecific. The two subspecies are not known to be found together at a site, but it seems possible that they are distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was originally assessed as Rare in the earlier Red Lists (1994), as it had a small area of occupancy, however detailed surveys in the 1980's showed that it was present in suitable habitats along the south coast of Madeira, and hence it was revised to Least Concern in subsequent revisions of the Red List categories and criteria (1996, 2000). It is now listed as Least Concern (LC).The subspecies #Disculella madeirensis #madeirensis #was considered by Seddon (2008) to be #Least Concern (version 3.1) as it has an area of occupancy of c. 60 km2, but is known at over 16 sites along the coast. It is considered not to be threatened at present due to its presence in disturbed and undisturbed habitats of habitats, along the area of souther coast.The subspecies Disculella madeirensis taeniata (Webb   Berthelot, 1833) is considered by Seddon (2008) to be Near Threatened (version 3.1) as it has an area of occupancy of c. 28 km2, and is known at over 9 sites along the coast, in a region that is less developed. It is considered not to be threatened at present due to the lack of decline in quality of habitat, however as it is more restricted it should be reviewed periodically in the event of development along the coast.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; it is only known from Madeira, where it is widespread especially on the southern side at low elevations (Seddon 2008).  #The subspecies D. m. taienata is only known from the western region north of Ponto da Pargo to Paul do Mar (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no detailed information on population trends, however the #populations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is present in grassland, scrub and partly disturbed habitats, it is found on the underside of stones, on scree slopes and at the base of crags.

threats:
It is considered not to be threatened at present, but should be reviewed periodically in the event of loss of habitat due to residential, agricultural and industrial development along the coast.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known specifically for this species and none considered necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also known as Ochthephila #spirulina not Disculella (amendation by Walden 1983).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species was originally assessed as Vulnerable in the earlier Red Lists (1994), as it had a small area of occupancy, and it was considered as Vulnerable (B and D) #in subsequent revisions of the Red List categories and criteria (2000). The species #Disculella spirulina #was considered by Seddon (2008) to be #Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (version 3.1) as it has an area of occupancy of under 60 km2, and is known from 5-10 locations along the coast. It is considered more rare than the other species of Disculella, as it is found in lower abundance at sites. # #Although there is still plenty of habitat suitable, the restricted distribution and habitat disturbance grant this species the status of Vulnerable (VU) D2. If part of the region was protected, then #the reduced risk of disturbance would probably allow the species to be considered as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago, where it is restricted to the southwestern coast of Madeira, between Paul do Mar and Ponto do Pargo (Seddon 2008).  #There are at present between 5 and 10 locations (assuming some locations are less accessible and have not been recorded) in this small area of occupancy.

population:
The population trends for this species are not known.

habitat:
This species occurs in grassland, scrub and #on rocky slopes, where it is typically found on the underside of stones and in litter at the base of crags (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The main threats are habitat disturbance, agricultural improvement of grassland (pesticides) and fire. Building development for tourism in the region of Paul do Mar over the last ten years, has reduced the habitat quality in the area.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring is required at selected sites to ensure # disturbance is not impacting the species. # There are few protected areas in the range of this species, and establishment of a small area would benefit the species through reduction of the impact of development for tourism.


taxonomicNotes:
A synonym of this species is #Helix podolica Westerlund, 1897.

range:
This species is endemic to and widespread in Europe. It is recorded from Andorra, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Moldova, Republic of, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.According to #Kantor et al (2009), this species is also found in the #East-European Plain to 61° N in the north, to the Black and Caspian seas  in the south, to left bank of the Volga in the east; isolated findings  #are recorded from the Ural (Belaya River basin and vicinities of Ekaterinburg).

habitat:
This species is known from hedgerows and temperate shrublands and forests, and also from open rocky areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was formerly recorded in Andalusia as Ganula lanuginosa (Boissy, 1835) due to the great shell similarity and lack of anatomical studies (Muñoz et al. 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to southern Spain and Gibraltar. It has a very restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and is only known from nine locations. The main threats to this species are urbanisation and tourism developments as well as road construction and agriculture, causing a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. This species has been found to live in urban areas, but it is not clear if it is able to adapt to these conditions or not. More samplings efforts would be needed ,  mainly in inland areas within natural protected  sites, to know  its true habitat and ecology preferences. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
All known localities are in the provinces of Cadiz in the Southernmost corner of the Iberian Peninsula, concentrated in a small region around the northern side of the Straight of # Gibraltar. #All the records from the southern Iberian Peninsula referring to #G. lanuginosa #have been assigned to #G. gadirana (see Taxonomic notes) (Muñoz et al. 1999). #There are older records for Helix lanuginosa #and other related species from northern Africa (from Morocco to the north-western part of Algeria, with one record in Tunisia). Taking into account that G. gadirana has been an overlooked species identified as H. lanuginosa, there is a possibility that some of the African records belong to G. gadirana #(Muñoz et al. 1999).

habitat:
Ganula gadirana has been found under stones, half buried in the ground or on herbaceous vegetation associated with Mediterranean bushes and is usually close to permanent (or almost permanent) rivers and streams (Muñoz et al. 1999). The localities where it has been cited are mainly related to ruderal areas, specially along roadsides and highways, in the proximities of livestock and agricultural farms and, less often, edges of natural areas of scrub under woods (Quercus genera) where the specimens are not easy to find. Although most of the records are in strongly human-modified sites, the natural habitat could be Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.

threats:
Although the current data are inconclusive on the habitat of the species, its appearance in ruderal areas and high anthropogenic influence is interpreted as the result of human pressure on its natural habitat. Urban development, tourism and the consequent increase in human activities in G. gadirana's area of occupancy # (Tarifa, Algeciras, Los Barrios, etc.) have caused a strong pressure on the species and threaten its population. #Some of the cited subpopulations have been recently surveyed and no individuals were found.

conservationAction:
This species has been classified as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red book of Spanish Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2006) as well as in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).It is not uncertain if the species is well adapted to live in human-modified sites or if it is only resisting and declining there,  which is the most probable situation. More samplings efforts would be needed, mainly in inland areas within natural protected  sites, to know its true habitat and ecology preferences.


taxonomicNotes:
Locus Typicus: L'ile Majorque à Palma (Mallorca).

redListCategoryRationale:
Ganula lanuginosa #is considered as a Least Concern species. It is endemic from Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands and has therefore a relatively restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 16,000 km2). However, it occurs in a wide range of ecological conditions and habitats, part of its range in the Balearic Islands belongs to ANEI (natural areas of special interest) and there is no indications that the population is declining, is fragmented, or is facing specific major threats.

range:
This species is autochthonous from southern half of Sardinia (Italia) from where it was introduced by human in historic times to Balearic Islands, Mallorca and Menorca, and  #more recently Ibiza according to Anderson (in Beckmann 2007). It is also living in Corsica. The records of Helix lanuginosa #and other related species from northern Africa (from Morocco to north-western Algeria, with one record from Tunisia) and south of Iberian Peninsula correspond to other species (Muñoz, Almodóvar y Arrébola 1999, Puente 1994).

habitat:
G. lanuginosa is found in a wide range of habitats. It likes ruderal biotopes (i.e. roadsides), gardens, meadows and Mediterranean forests, where it can be found under stones or in leaf litter (Puente 1994). In Mallorca, where G. lanuginosa is abundant, it can be found in both dry areas with less human influence or in orchards where the number of specimens can be high. In Menorca, it is less abundant than in Mallorca and it generally occurs in sites where the humidity and vegetation persist throughout the year, as well as in dry and rocky areas, sometimes close to the sea (J. Quintana pers. comm.).

threats:
This species is well adapted to human-modified habitats and the most important threat would be the use of biocides, specially in roadsides and rocky walls where it is living.

conservationAction:
The use of biocides should be controlled and more research is needed on the ecology, population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The only site where the species was recorded in the last century has never been relocated despite intensive searching over the last 40 years. The distribution of land-snails on the island is well known, hence, as the species is large and conspicuous, the species is probably extinct, but listed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct as the valleys are extremely steep, and hence there remains a possibility that the species has an extremely limited distribution in a remote area which was incorrectly described by Wollaston and Lowe in the original species description.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands where it is mainly found as a Quaternay fossil at the east end of Madeira (Seddon 2008). Wollaston (1878) has a single record of the species from 1860, where it was found by Reverend Lowe in the Ribeira do Fayal at the foot of perpendicular crags along the new levada called the levada da Fajaa dos Vinhaticos. Since 1980, there have been numerous unsuccessful attempts to locate this site by various collectors such as Waldén, Seddon, Killeen, Colville, Coles, Cameron and Cook (Seddon and Cameron pers. comm. 2008).

population:
This species has not been collected since 1864 and may be extinct.

habitat:
The only records are from moist soil surface amongst tufts of ferns, grasses within area of heather and Vaccinium with few laurisilva trees at foot of perpendicular crags (Wollaston 1878).

threats:
As this species has not been recorded for nearly 150 years the threats are difficult to establish, however at the time of the last record there was considerable habitat disturbance due to construction of the irrigation levadas on Madeira.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Species and Habitats Directive, but has never been relocated despite extensive searches over the last 40 years.


redListCategoryRationale:
Geomitra grabhami has not been recorded since the 1980s and its status is uncertain. At the time of description, the species was common on the north end of Deserta Grande according to Wollaston (1878). It is possible that the impact of grazing has modified the habitats in this area. Cameron and Cook (1999) surveyed ten sites on Deserta Grande, as well as making earlier collections in 1970 and 1981 and failed to find the species. #Regnier et al. (2009) listed this species as Extinct, however, although there have been recent surveys that failed to find the species, given the amount of inaccessible slopes and the fact that the goats have been removed from Deserta Grande, which will allow the stabilisation of the vegetation and gradual return to past vegetation on the slopes, the species is still considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct, until further data shows the recovery of the vegetation has not lead to recovery of the species. Further work on rehabilitation of the plant communities on the islands are ongoing, and this may benefit the land-snail populations (D. Teixeira pers. comm. 2010).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands. It is known from the northern end of Deserta Grande, where it was recorded by Groh and Hemmen (1986), but not refound by Cameron and Cook (1999). The species has had a similar distribution for over 100 years (Wollaston 1878).

habitat:
This species was originally described as living amongst lichen growing on rocks (Seddon 2008).

threats:
Currently overgrazing by introduced goats has been reduced, but it originally caused ground instability and erosion which covers the entire island. The vegetation is gradually recovering.

conservationAction:
The goats have been removed from Deserta Grande, which will allow the stabilisation of the vegetation and gradual return to past vegetation on the slopes. Hence the species is still considered as possibly extinct, until further data shows the recovery of the vegetation has not lead to recovery of the species. Further work on rehabilitation of the plant communities on the islands are ongoing, and this may benefit the land-snail populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is protected by listing on the Council of Europe Berne Convention Appendix 2, and later on the EUHSD Annex II/IV. It was originally listed by IUCN 1990 as Rare, and upgraded to Endangered for the 1996 list. #Seddon (2008) proposed a listing as IUCN status Endangered B2ab(iii) (Version 3.1). #The small area of habitat (area of occupancy) suggests that the species is extremely vulnerable to further habitat change as there is Opuntia scrub on the fringes which may become a problem unless controlled. Other problems include tipping and dumping from roads on the coast. As such the species still qualifies as IUCN status Endangered B2ab(iii), on the basis of two known sites, small area of occupancy and declining habitat quality.

range:
This species is endemic to the main island of Madeira, known only in the vicinity of Canico to Gaula on the coast of southeast Madeira (Seddon 2008). #Nobre (1931, p. 114) lists a number of sites including Ribeiro do Porto Novo and Canico to Gaula. # #It was not found by Cook et al. (1990) during their surveys at the extreme eastern end of Madeira. Seddon and others have recently live-collected the species in a small valley within the vicinity of Canico (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010). Groh and Hemmen (1986) illustrate material from Faja do Mar, in west Madeira (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no information on population trends, although the species is rare and very localised, and hence usually only found in targeted surveys. It is thought to be declining.

habitat:
Information resulting from recent surveys (1991-1999) show that this species still occurs on north-east facing scree slopes near Porto Novo, with ground cover of shrubs including Euphorbia piscatoria, Aeonium glutinosum. These slopes are somewhat disturbed by human activity, with evidence of dumping (now restricted).

threats:
The species lives on slopes that are somewhat disturbed by human activity: tourist developments, extension of airport access roads, illegal dumping (now restricted) and introduced vegetation (Opuntia).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. # This listing on the EU Species and Habitats Directive requiring designation of a protected area (pSAC). Further work is urgently needed on habitat and population monitoring for this species, as the areas where the species is now found are now extremely disturbed habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Geomitra tiarella #was listed in 1994, based on a very restricted range, and when the new Categories and Criteria were introduced in 1996, the species maintained the Endangered status on the basis of limited area of occupancy, number of sites and declining habitat quality. The species is still only known from #a small area of occupancy, with four locations along the coastal cliffs and is still viewed as susceptible to habitat degradation on the areas adjacent to the main road and hence it is assessed at Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, where it can still be found living on the north coast of Madeira between Sao Vincente and Porto Moniz (Seddon 2008). Wollaston (1878) commented on the low numbers of specimens found, with the most abundant finds of 120 shells just east of Sao Vincente; this pattern remains today (M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010). It was abundant in the Quaternary fossil deposits at Canical.

population:
This species has always been rare in samples but was recorded by Seddon (2008) and by Cameron and Cook (1998).

habitat:
This species is found on coastal cliffs and steep slopes, amongst short turfed grasses and herbs and amongst leaf-litter on rock ledges. It is also present on rock surfaces on cliffs.

threats:
The major threats come from habitat degradation due to presence of roads and tunnels along this part of the coast, with possibility of road widening, pollution from run-off from the road. Also introduction of non-native plants and molluscs to the habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Species and Habitats Directive requiring designation of a protected area (pSAC). At present there are no known conservation action plans for this species, and at present the main part of the range does not fall into a protected area. Invasive species need to be controlled, more research is required on the population and distribution of this species, as well as monitoring of its habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
It is unknown whether this overlooked species is still present on offshore islets. The threats and population size and trend are unknown. Therefore this species is considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran island. It is found on the Ilheu dos Embarcadores off the Pta da Sao Lourenco, East Madeira (Seddon 2008). Groh (pers. comm., 2010) has recorded two fresh shells from the peninsula but the origin is uncertain. Quaternary fossils from deposits at Canical on the Pta da Sao Lourenco are abundant.

population:
It is unknown whether the species is still present on offshore islets, where it was last recorded in 1896, but Groh recorded two fresh-looking shells from the mainland, although their origin is uncertain, as these could have been transported by gulls.

habitat:
The habitat is nknown, but likely to be rocks within grassland and rocky slopes.

threats:
The main threats are unknown, as the status on these islets is uncertain.

conservationAction:
A survey on the offshore islets is required to determine whether this species is still extant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is native to the Rhone valley in France. More information on the species ecology, number of sites, population trends and potential threats to the species in order to assess the threat of extinction for this species, therefore it is currently considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to France where it has a very restricted distribution and is only found in Ardeche. It has been been introduced into Germany by a nature lover who transported them from France to Germany and established them there. It has also been introduced to Haute-Garonne in France.

population:
In France, it is present in the lower part of the Rhone valley where it is rather rare and scattered. The current population trend is unknown. The number of collections has decreased in the last decades which could indicate a population decline but could have other reasons too.

habitat:
This species is found in dry areas in Mediterranean shrubland and grassland.

threats:
There is habitat loss taking place but the causes if this are not known. In one site parking of vehicles is degrading the habitat quality.

conservationAction:
There is a lack of information relation to this species. Research is needed on species ecology, number of sites and population trends and potential threats to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Locus Typicus: Dans L'Alentejo, du côté de Mertola et de Portalègre (Alentejo).

redListCategoryRationale:
Helicella cistorum is considered as a Least Concern (LC) species, as it is relatively well-adapted to disturbed areas, # part of its range is largely within areas managed by National and Regional Natural Reserves and no special or specific threats are known.

range:
This species is endemic of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been cited in 92 grids of 10 km2 #in the provinces of Huelva, Sevilla, Córdoba, Jaén, Cáceres, Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, in Spain, as well as the Algarve and Alentejo in Portugal.

habitat:
H. cistorum shows a predilection for Mediterranean shrubs (i.e. Cistus spp.), associated or not with hardwood (Quercus spp. like holm oak and cork) and with frequent low herbaceous cover. It is also found in ruderal vegetation, gardens and orchards in mountain environments. This species can live in certain severe conditions of aridity, sheltered under stones or in rocks crevices. It is common to find isolated individuals. In Andalusia, it is mainly distributed in the Sierra Morena, on soils generally acids and poor in calcium (it seems to be indifferent to calcium) (Muñoz 1992, Puente 1994; Arrébola 1995).

threats:
Apart from fires, common during the summer months, no general special threats are known for this species. The ecological and habitats preferences of the species and the fact that a large part of its range is in protected natural sites partially characterized by #inaccessibility #and/or unsuitable for human settlements and activities, reduce potential threats.

conservationAction:
It would be recommended to conduct biological studies and population estimates, as well as some species and habitat monitoring. #Some of the subpopulations live in natural protected sites (Natural Parks: Aracena, #Sierra Norte, Despeñaperros, Cardeña y Montoro...). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively restricted rang (extent of occurrence = 15,000 km²), but there are more than 10 known locations and the species is common where it occurs. Even if fires of xerophilous grasslands can impact the species, it is not believed to have a significant impact over its whole range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern  (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This snail is found in the Cantabrians mountains and South-western Pyrenees. It occurs mainly in Spain with some subpopulations in France.

population:
There are no population data available. The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits xerophilous grassland and rocky shrublands.

threats:
There are no major threats. Fire of xerophilous grasslands can impact the species locally.


redListCategoryRationale:
Some publications show that the population is decreasing locally, but the species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species lives in western Europe (in Scotland, northern  England, Wales, Cornwall and northern Ireland, but not Shetlands), in  the north to southern Scandinavia, in the east to central Germany and Austria  (western Niederösterreich) to France and northern Spain.

population:
This species is declining in southern Britain, but to date there is no  evidence of decline in Ireland. This species has declined by over 60% in distribution since 1980, primarily within the central limestone plain of Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). The species was not assessed as endangered since the coastal populations appear stable. However, for the rest of the distribution area, the size and trend within the sub-populations are stable.

habitat:
Like the other xerophilous helicids, Helicella itala is found in all kinds of dry, open habitats such as calcareous grassland and dunes. It can disappear rapidly from a site with abandonment and the cessation of grazing (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
Habitat loss and changing agricultural practice in grasslands are the major contributing factors in H. itala decline (Byrne et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
According to Gittenberger (1991), Helicella juglans differs conchologically from Helicopsis cypriola in several characters, #but none of these differences is very conspicuous.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, reported from various areas of the island (Gittenberger 1991). #This species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, reported from various areas of the island (Gittenberger 1991).

habitat:
Mainly found in open xeric shrublands, as well as city parks and gardens (Gittenberger 1991).

threats:
Currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Natura 2000 site (Kavo Gkreko, CY3000005). There is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species has been discussed for a long time (end of the nineteenth century until a few years ago), and some authors have considered it a junior  synonym of Helicella itala  (Linnaeus 1758) or Xerosecta cespitum. Falkner et  al. (2002) consider that it is a valid taxon and different from H. itala.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the confusion of the taxonomical status of this species with Helicella  itala this species is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD). New studies, principally molecular, are needed to confirm its taxonomical status. After this, research to ascertain its true geographical distribution and threats to this species are necessary to decided the conservation status of this species.

range:
This species is known from the French Pyrenees (Hautes Pyrenees and Ariege in: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed]. 				    2003-2010), Andorra (Bertrand 2000) and Spain, in areas currently  unconfirmed. New sampling efforts are necessary to know its full distribution in in these countries.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is currently unknown.

conservationAction:
Due to the confusion concerning the taxonomic status no conservation measures are needed, however taxonomic research is highly recommended to verify or falsify the validity of this taxon.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species' range is limited to the north of Spain. The main threats are activities that reduce habitat such as urban and agriculture development. However, these are acting on a localised level. The population appears to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the North of Spain. It has a wide distribution from León in the West to W Navarra in the East. It is absent from the Cantabrian slope, being  common in the Duero Valley and in the upper Ebro Valley, getting as far  as Valladolid, Segovia, and Soria in the south. There are two additional  localities in Zaragoza (Faci 1991) isolated from the main distribution range.

habitat:
It lives in riparian habitats and also appears in ruderal lands. This species is more frequent above 700 m asl.

threats:
The main threats are those activities that would eliminate the habitat such as urban and agriculture development. Fire is another threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation action plans are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the East of the Basque country and north of Navarra. It lives in the mountain systems of Aitzgorri, Aralar and in Lindux mountain. #The area of occupancy for this species is less than 300 km2. There are three sub-populations without migrants. Nevertheless, there are no threats to this species. More studies need to be done on the exact area of occupancy and there is a possibility that this could be a threatened species. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the East of the Basque country and north of Navarra. It lives in the mountain systems of Aitzgorri, Aralar and in Lindux mountain. The area of occupancy (AOO) has been calculated based on the area in the mountain systems where it lives.

habitat:
This species is found in dry and sunny places with xeric herbaceous vegetation in karstic areas, being sheltered under stones.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires and infrastructure construction, which can decrease the extension of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Natural reserves ensures protection of the species. Detailed studies about distribution are needed to better delimitate its extent of range.


taxonomicNotes:
Since the early twentieth century, some authors considered this species to be a synonym of Helicella itala (Linnaeus 1758). However, Falkner et al. (2002) found morpho-anatomical differences in specimens from # its locus typicus that allows them to consider it a valid taxon and different to H. itala.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to conchiological confusion with Helicella itala for a long time the geographical distribution, population trends and threats to this species are unknown. Therefore it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending # research in these areas to allow the true conservation status of this species to assessed.

range:
This species is distributed along the Atlantic coast of Spain and France from Asturias, in Spain to the French Basque ledge, although its extent may be greater due to confusion with Helicella itala.

conservationAction:
Currently no conservation measures are needed, however taxonomic research is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The generic/subgeneric status of this species must be confirmed. Comparative anatomic and genetic studies including closest species and genera (even North Africans) could be explanatory.

redListCategoryRationale:
The expansion of intensive agriculture (greenhouses) is  causing the decline in the quality and area of the habitat of this species (inland steppe and coastal dunes). #Helicella stiparum #survive in isolated subpopulations, in the last altered remnants of habitats. The different level of drought cause  fluctuation in the population size. The overexploitation of aquifers  for irrigation purposes, amplifies the mentioned effect, reducing the  water availability for the species and the vegetation that supports it. If this situation does not change, this species could disappear  in the near future. It is therefore listed as Endangered B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic of the Andalusia province of Almería (south of Spain). It is restricted #to a small and #progressively modified area, not far from the coastline in El Ejido, Almería, Viator, Benahadux, Berja (Puente 1994, Arrébola 2001, Arrébola and Ruiz 2008, Ruiz et al. 2009).

population:
There are few population data about this species. However, it seems that the largest subpopulations in size and extension occur in the coastal strip, divided in two isolated groups. #The first (western) extends between Roquetas de Mar and Guardias Viejas, and includes the natural site Punta Entinas-Sabinar. #The second (eastern) is between the airport of Almeria and Cabo de Gata, comprising part of the Natural Park Cabo de Gata-Nijar. Considering the whole range, the densities are considerably higher in steppe areas (coastal or not) than in the coastal-dune environments (Ruiz et al. 1999).

habitat:
Helicella stiparum lives in steppe areas with coastal influence, high insulation, very dry soils and #xerophyte #shrubs, with the presence of stones (limestones) where it hides (Arrebola 1995, Ruiz et al. 2006). It is also present in small coastal sandstone cliffs and coastal dune environments, sheltered in herbaceous and shrub vegetation. #On the coast, it does not appear in saline soils or associated with halophytic vegetation. Towards #inland, # #it has not colonized  #the surrounding mountains environments (Sierra de Gador and Sierra Alhamilla). #Life cycle is unknown, although, as in other #xerothermophilous #species studied in the area, aestivation can last several months (May to October) and reproduction is #mainly in autumn, after the first rains (Ruiz et al. 2009).

threats:
Habitat: The progress of the greenhouses has led to a loss and/or a severe #transformation #of nearly 280 km2 of steppe. #13% of the whole disturbance has happened between 1991 and 1999 (36.4 km2). #On the coast, the urbanisation is also growing and an increase of 6.2 km2 in the built surface occurred from 1991 to 1999, of which more than 50% have led to loss of natural habitat. #The urban growth is estimated at 14% between 1991 and 1999. #Between 1999 and 2002 the expansion of "Almerimar" urbanization has reduced virtually the species habitat to the natural protected site "Punta Entinas" (aerial land of Andalusia 2004). The natural protected surface actually cover only 27.6% of the occupation recorded in 1999. Population: Although the species is well adapted to the typical aridity of the area, the different level of drought cause fluctuation in the population size. The overexploitation of aquifers for irrigation purposes, amplifies the mentioned effect, reducing the water availability for the species and the vegetation that supports it. Subpopulations living in agricultural areas are exposed to land and water pollution by pesticide treatments. In this context, H. stiparum #is gradually replaced by other snails species that are more resistant to these pollutions, such as Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758), Theba pisana (Müller, 174) or Otala lactea murcica (Rossmässler, 1854).

conservationAction:
This species has been classified as Endangered in the Red Book of Spanish Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) as well as in the Red Book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Arrébola and Ruiz 2008). It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). It is needed to develop and implement an integral recovery plan for the west coast of the province of Almería that would #benefit not only H. stiparum but other threatened species in this area, i.e.: the terrestrial snails Iberus g. gualtieranus (Linnaeus, 1758), Xerosecta adolfi (Pfeiffer, 1854), Theba subdentata helicella (Wood, 1828), Xerotricha mariae (Gasull, 1972), Hatumia cobosi (Ortiz de Zárate, 1962), #Xerocrassa cobosi #(O. de Zárate, 1962) #and #Iberus gualtieranus mariae #(Cobos, 1979) (Ruiz et al. 1998). In this plan, the necessary steps to ensure the conservation of the species should be defined, such as the protection of the #scarce coastal dune systems and steppe areas that still remain, especially the left side of the Andarax river mouth where it is necessary to know the real situation of the subpopulation. Other important conservation measure would include the implementation of habitat protection standards, the assessment and monitoring of the general urban plan in some municipalities (Roquetas de Mar, El Ejido, Almería, etc.) and the control of new irrigation concessions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to a small region in north Burgos and western Alava. #This species There are no current major threats, however if land-use management changed significantly within the habitat this species could become threatened. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to a small region in north Burgos and western Alava.

habitat:
This species is found in xeric grasslands and ruderal areas, with calcareous substrate.

conservationAction:
The habitat of the species is currently well preserved. Thus, no further conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Prieto (1986) and Puente (1994) considered this a synonym of Helicella itala (Linnaeus 1758). Nevertheless, Gittenberger and Carr (2002) after the finding of a second population consider that H. valdeona is a valid species, differring from H. itala by conchological and anatomical characters.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. The species is known only from two localities placed in Picos de Europa Massif in the north of Spain - Santa Marina de Valdeón and Fuente Dé. Both the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy #are very restricted, less than 7 km2. There are only two locations defined, but more research is need to better determine its area of occupancy. There is no population decline in the area, however fires are a potential future threat to this species and its habitat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. The species is known only from two localities placed in Picos de Europa Massif in the north of Spain - Santa Marina de Valdeón and Fuente Dé.

population:
There are no population studies, but the population trend is assumed to be stable. #Gittenberger and Carr (2002) say that it is locally abundant.

habitat:
This species lives on the herbage growing on lower mountain slopes.

threats:
The most significant threats #to this species are grazing and fires.

conservationAction:
The species lives within a National Park, the highest form of protection of natural areas in Spain. Research is needed on taxonomy, population size and the distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
Soós (1943) believes that #Helicopsis #talmacensis is not synonymous #to this species, but that it is a subspecies of H. instabilis. In this assessment however, H. #talmacensis records are also considered.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Transilvanian Basin where it inhabits grassland biotopes along the valleys of the main rivers. #Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species' habitat preference is prone to human impacts. #Due to the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of known locations (14) this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, it is necessary to monitor the habitat and population trends. If this monitoring would show that there is serious decline in the area and/or the quality of the habitat and it would affect the number of existing subpopulations, the assessment should be altered to Vulnerable (VU).

range:
This species is a Romanian endemic, distributed in lower altitudes along rivers in the Transilvanian Basin. Distribution records are from the following locations: Berethalom (type locality) [=Biertan], # Szászsebes [=Sebes], Szászfenes [=Floresti], Déva, Nagyenyed [=Aiud], Kolozsvár [=Cluj], Talmács [=Talmaciu], Bázna, Szamosújvár [=Gherla] (Soós 1943); Baisoara, Alba Iulia, Medias, Ibasfalau and Sigishoara (Grossu 1983). According to Soós (1943) this species is of patchy distribution.There is little information on the present status of these subpopulations and therefore it is uncertain that each of them still exists.

population:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species has a habitat preference for lowland river valleys, which are much affected by human impact. However, there are no data on population decline or extreme fluctuations.

habitat:
This species is distributed along the river valleys in the Transilvanian Basin and inhabits grassland biotopes.

threats:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species typically inhabits grassland in river valley lowland which is prone to be affected by human impacts such as industry, constructions, agriculture and various other ecosystem modifications. However, there is no information to assess any impact this has on local subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species typically inhabits grassland in river valley lowland which is prone to be affected by human impacts. #However, there is no information to suggest how much this has affected the local subpopulations. Research activity should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite abundant, present in a significant number of localities on Cyprus. #There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, distributed in the south west part of the island (Gittenberger 1991).

population:
The species is quite abundant, reported from a significant number of localities. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in open xeric habitats.

threats:
Touristic activities, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is reported from three Natura 2000 sites (see http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/). There is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
It is possible that, in different Black Sea countries, this name is used for different species, especially in Ukraine and Bulgaria.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomy of this species is unsure. It is possible that the same name is used for different species in different Black Sea countries, especially in Ukraine and Bulgaria. Thus, the population size and trends are unknown, as well as the main threats. This species is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is found in the Crimean Peninsula, the Western Rhodopes and the Black Sea coasts.

habitat:
This molluscs is found in the steppes, the marine coasts and the mountains.

threats:
The major threats for this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, population, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread and abundant species within its native range. The existing threats are unlikely to impact significantly the species across its whole range. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

population:
There are no data on # the population of this species.

habitat:
This molluscs is found in Steppe localities - under stones and in the soil.

threats:
The quality of steppe habitats outside the protected areas is reduced in connection with the extension of agriculture and urbanisation.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, found in central Greece and Peloponnese (Hausdorf 1990). #There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, found in central Greece and Peloponnese (Hausdorf 1990).

habitat:
This species is found In high mountains above 1000 m alpine meadows and rocky elevations (Gittenberger 1993).


taxonomicNotes:
Grossu (1983) mentioned two names as "forms": f. bakowskiana Clessin and f. pulchella Kimakowicz, whereas Helicopsis instabilis jachnoi Clessin  as a sub-species. The database of Fauna Europea (www.faunaeur.org) and the  book of Damjanov and Likharev (1975) does not mention sub-species or  forms of the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several   known subpopulations. It inhabits open, dry places, where human  activity is not a serious danger. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is found in Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova.

habitat:
The species is xero-tolerant and it occurs in open habitats.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level where it lives, however some of the sub-populations are likely found in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was only known from one locality - Gaspra Village (Southern Coast of the Crimean Peninsula). Recent investigation have failed to record it in this locality. It is therefore considered as Extinct (EX).

range:
This species was only known from one locality - Gaspra Village (Southern Coast of the Crimean Peninsula). Recent investigation have shown its absence in this locality.

population:
This species was reported from only one locality - park of the village Gaspra. Recent survey failed to find it again.

habitat:
This species was found in the park on stones and herbs.

threats:
The area is a place of excessive recreational influence now.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures recommended.


range:
This species is widespread in the Crimean Mountains, in Ukraine, and was also found in the Steppe Crimean Peninsula.

habitat:
This species occurs in the steppes - under stones and in the soil.

threats:
The quality of the steppe sites outside protected areas is reduced in connection with the growth of agriculture and urbanisation.

conservationAction:
More research is need on the population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three subspecies: Helicopsis striata austriaca, H. s. hungarica and H. s. striata.Helix muehlfeldtiana Rossmässler, 1837 is considered a junior synonym of Helicopsis striata (O. F. Müller, 1774). Records for this taxon from Balkan countries refer to H. striata or other species (A. and P. Reischütz, pers. comm., 2011; Neubert 2011, pers. comm., 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has undergone a considerable decline in many countries of the European Community. As shown by the Swedish conservation measures, it is possible to directly support the survival of this species. Similar measures should be implemented in Austria and Hungary to save the remaining endemic subspecies. Despite of the decline and the partly dramatic loss of subpopulations in Austria and Hungary, this species is listed as Least Concern (LC), becauseno reliable data are present on the status of the major part of the supopulations of this species living in easterneuropean countries. These remaining subpopulations should be monitored, and it is recommended to assess the current situation of the species in Poland, Czech Republic, and Ukraine.

range:
Helicopsis striata is a steppe species that has a very fragmented distribution and is found in Central and eastern Europe to the regions around the Black Sea, such as Ukraine and Moldovia (Kantor et al, 2009). The western-most border of its range is in eastern France (Colmar) and western Germany (Saarlouis). There is an isolated occurrence in Sweden which is the northernmost site.Outside Europe, this species also occurs in the western part of Turkey, where it has a scattered distribution (Hausdorf, 1990).

population:
This species has undergone a wide decline over several decades as its habitat, steppes, have disappeared throughout Central Europe. The species is possibly extinct in France, the last observation having been in 1953 (Falkner et al. 2002). In Sweden, the populations declined until the 1990 but now the populations are stable thanks to conservation measures. In Austria, the subspecies H. striata austriaca which is endemic to this country, is now only present at one site where a relatively stable sub-population remains. The subspecies H. striata hungarica is extinct in Austria. Historically it has been recorded from many sites in marshes, but now there is only one extremely weak subpopulation of the subspecies H. striata striata present.In Hungary, the species is present but there are no recent data on the actual distribution of the species (Fehér pers. comm. 2010). The same is the case for Slovenia. In Germany, the species is very rare. No data are currently available concerning the situation of this species in Poland, Czech Republic, and Ukraine.

habitat:
This species is living in open dry calcareous habitats, in steppes, limestone pavements. Some sites in Austria are in military training areas which are kept open. It can also be found in sand pits after quarrying.

threats:
Abandonment of grazing and the subsequent encroachment of bushy vegetation is the main threat to the species. # Urbanisation is also impacting the population of this species.

conservationAction:
It is necessary to keep the habitat open # for the species survival. It is found in protected areas in Sweden. The decline in Sweden was stopped by a LIFE project that opened the habitat. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Swedish Red List and # in Austria: Critically Endangered for the subspecies austriaca and striata and Regionally Extinct for hungarica.


redListCategoryRationale:
As the species is widely distributed over all the Eolian Islands and is locally abundant, it doesn't seem to be threatened at the moment. The endemic occurrence in a small archipelago deserves nevertheless some attention. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Eolian Islands, Italy. The number of locations is unknown.

habitat:
This is a species resistant to drought. It lives in mediterranean shrubland under stones, dry leaves and pieces of wood, often together with Xerotricha conspurcata.

threats:
This species may be threatened by alteration of biotopes, particularly through increasing tourist activities on the islands. However, these threats are not known to impact the species at the moment.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank et al. (2002) retain three taxa, Steenbergia pauperculum, S. desertae, and S. duplex   following the belief that the conchological forms identified are   distinct species. In contrast, Cook and Lace (1993) suggest that the   variability in conchological forms relates to incomplete speciation.   There have been further investigations into the anatomical and genetic   variability of these taxa on Porto Santo. Lace (1992) showed that there  are euphallic (fully hermaphrodite) populations  and hemiphallic  (lacking male distal genitalia) populations. Neither Cook nor Lace  followed Mandahl- Barth (1950) in considering Steenbergia duplex and Steenbergia desertae  as distinct species, instead placing the shell forms as a single  species (Cameron et al.  1999). Further research by Craze and Lace (2000) show that there are   distinct associations with habitats, they suggest that the toothed and   untoothed populations represent sandy and rocky populations as opposed   to those from more vegetated sites. There are other conchological   differences in the taxa, notably the granular surface sculpture, but it   is possible that further work may resolve this taxonomic issue.

redListCategoryRationale:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as endemic to Madeira, where it is  present at the eastern end only, and on the Desertas.  However the  taxonomic issues discussed in taxonomic notes, led Cameron and Cook  (1999) and subsequent unpublished surveys (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010)   and Seddon (2008) to conclude that only one species Heterostoma paupercula was present on Madeira and the Desertas. No conservation action are in place, but it requires further research to  determine the status as a valid species. # It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), but if considered a valid species then it is abundant in the  grasslands and open sandy areas with no specific threats, so would become Least Concern.

range:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as endemic to Madeira, where it is present at the eastern end only, and on the Desertas.  However the taxonomic issues discussed in taxonomic notes, led Cameron and Cook (1999) and subsequent unpublished surveys (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010)  and Seddon (2008) to conclude that only one species Heterostoma paupercula was present on Madeira and the Desertas.

population:
If considered a valid species, then it is abundant in the grasslands and open sandy areas.

habitat:
If considered a valid species, then it is abundant in the grasslands and open sandy areas.

threats:
If considered a valid species, then it is abundant in the grasslands and open sandy areas with no specific threats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation action in place, but it requires further research to determine the status as a valid species, then it is abundant in the grasslands and open sandy areas with no specific threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as endemic to Porto Santo.  However the  taxonomic issues discussed in taxonomic notes, led Cameron and Cook  (1999) and subsequent unpublished surveys (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010)   and Seddon (2008) to conclude that only one species Heterostoma paupercula  was present on Porto Santo. No conservation action in  place, but requires further research to  determine the status as a valid  species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), but if considered a valid  species then it is abundant in the  grasslands and open sandy areas with  no specific threats, so would become Least Concern.

range:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as endemic to Porto Santo only. However the taxonomic issues discussed in taxonomic notes, led Cameron et al. (1996, 2006) and subsequent unpublished surveys (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010) and Seddon (2008) to conclude that only one species Heterostoma paupercula was present on Porto Santo.


taxonomicNotes:
Schileyko (2005) noted that the generic name Heterostoma was preoccupied by a Trematode name, and hence replaced the generic name with Mandahl-Barth’s Steenbergia for the other two taxa that are currently regarded as conspecific.Bank et al. (2002) retain three taxa, Steenbergia pauperculum, S. desertae, and S. duplex  following the belief that the conchological forms identified are  distinct species. In contrast, Cook and Lace (1993) suggest that the  variability in conchological forms relates to incomplete speciation.  There have been further investigations into the anatomical and genetic  variability of these taxa on Porto Santo. Lace (1992) showed that there are euphallic (fully hermaphrodite) populations  and hemiphallic (lacking male distal genitalia) populations. Neither Cook nor Lace followed Mandahl- Barth (1950) in considering Steenbergia duplex and Steenbergia desertae  as distinct species, instead placing the shell forms as a single  species (Cameron et al. 1999). Further research by Craze and Lace (2000) show that there are  distinct associations with habitats, they suggest that the toothed and  untoothed populations represent sandy and rocky populations as opposed  to those from more vegetated sites. There are other conchological  differences in the taxa, notably the granular surface sculpture, but it  is possible that further work may resolve this taxonomic issue.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widely distributed on the Atlantic islands (Madeira, Porto Santo) in dry grassland areas and does not face any major threat. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Atlantic islands. It is known from the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Bank et al. 2002). On Madeira, it is widely distributed on the eastern end of Madeira, Desertas and Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

population:
The population is thought to be stable; it is usually abundant in suitable habitats.

habitat:
This species is found amongst short turfed grasses and under rocks.

threats:
There are no threats known to be impacting the species, which is relatively abundant in suitable habitats and tolerant of minor disturbance.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions considered necessary, as the species is abundant, however further research is necessary to establish the status of the two forms/species S. desertae, and S. duplex, as these are not considered valid species by Cameron and Cook (1999) or Seddon (2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Before the revision of the Hygromiid family (Nordsieck 1993), this species was called #Metafruticicola kusmici. Some authors incorrectly treat this species and Hiltrudia mathildae as synonyms (Maassen 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range of around 10,000 km2 #with around 70 known subpopulations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The main range of this species includes South Montenegro and Northwest Albania and it extends to the territory of Bosnia too (Maassen 1995; Fehér and Erőss 2009) with #known remote locations in Mljet Island (Croatia) far from the main area. There are several known subpopulations mentioned by Maassen (1995) and Fehér and Erőss 2009). There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within the main range it does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas, however there are no further conservation actions required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors incorrectly treat this species as the synonym of #Hiltrudia kuzmici, however according to Maassen (1995), they are distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range of around 9,000 km2 with around #100 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives in Dalmatia and Hercegovina with its range extending between Sibenik and Čavtat along the coast. Inland it reaches Bilek, Imotski and Podvelez. Fauna Europaea incorrectly reports this species from Albania (Fehér and Erőss 2009). There are several known subpopulations (Maassen 1995) and there is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or  extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within the main range it does not seems to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas, however due to the distribution of the species and the stable population there are no further conservation actions required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in Italy and Slovenia, north-west  of Croatia, south-east of France, south of Switzerland, Sicily, Corsica, but not Sardinia. it is introduced to France, England and central Europe. It is probably native in Italy and  in the adjacent regions of Slovenia-Croatia and southern France, possibly to the north-east of Spain  (first record there by Graells in 1846). It was first observed in Hungary in the  1930s. it appeared in north-west France in the 1940s and spread rapidly, today  it is found almost in the entire country. It was introduced to Cornwall before 1950 with  nurseries or garden plants and is still spreading rapidly; it has recently  reached Devon and the London area. it was first recorded in Germany and the  Netherlands in the 1990s.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species prefers pen habitats, lives among low  shrubs and herbs, often at small water currents or in river valleys. In  Switzerland, it is almost exclusively found in cultivated habitats, in gardens with shrubs and herbs, rarely in natural forests, up to 900 m asl; it is  probably not native there. In England, it occurs among grass, Urtica dioica, Hedera  helix, umbellifers and similar plants on roadsides, under stone walls  and in gardens. In Germany, it is in disturbed habitats of densely populated  regions, rarely surveyed by malacologists, so the species is probably much more widely  distributed than currently known.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local  sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe  destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire,  mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large  number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole  population significantly.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists two associated subspecies: Hygromia limbata limbata and Hygromia limbata sublimbata Bourguignat, 1882.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed and as no significant threats have been identified it is not thought to be threatened. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.It has to be stressed that the nominotypical subspecies is widely distributed and therefore not threatened. However, the local endemic subspecies H. l. sublimbata is under serious pressure.

range:
This species is known from western France, through Andorra to north-eastern Spain but has also been introduced in the UK. The subspecies Hygromia limbata sublimbata has only been found in a very limited area south of Poitiers, France.

population:
The exact population size is unknown and there is no data on population trends, however the subspecies Hygromia limbata sublimbata is thought to be in decline and is only known from one site.

habitat:
The species is known from moist shrubland, riparian forests and submontaneous rocky biotopes. The subspecies Hygromia limbata sublimbata is specialised to warmer and dryer slopes with Boxus trees.

threats:
Any overall threats to this species are currently unknown, however the subspecies Hygromia limbata sublimbata is under pressure due to its proximity to a major city.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been revalidated by Falkner et al. (2002). Its taxonomic validity needs to be fully investigated, especially at the molecular level.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in France, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and in  Spain, across the border. It has a restricted extent of occurrence of  about 1,500 km² and is known from less than 10 locations: Arneguy,  Hendaye (possibly extinct), Bayonne (possibly extinct), Vallee du Clain  (France) and unclear localities in Spain. Its habitat is threatened by urbanization, logging and recreational activities. The taxonomy of this species needs further revision. In the current state of the knowledge, it is considered as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii, iv).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii, iv)EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii, iv) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is found in France, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and in Spain, across the border. It has a restricted extent of occurrence of about 1,500 km² and is known from less than 10 locations: Arneguy, Hendaye (possibly extinct), Bayonne (possibly extinct), Vallee du Clain (France) and unclear localities in Spain.

habitat:
The specis inhabits forested habitat and mesophilous shrubland.

threats:
As the species is confined to a small area, it can be impacted by recreational activities, logging, urban development and other human activities. The past extension of the species went probably up to the coast, but nowadays, there is no adequate habitat left for this species in the coastal area of this region. Surveys by Falkner et von Proschwitz in 1995 failed to find any specimen in the Hendaye area (Falkner et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
More research is needed to clearly establish the taxonomic validity of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 300 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 16 km²). Global warming; overgrazing, logging and recreational activies ar potential threats to this species. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. If the quality of the habitat is proven to decline or if the threats impact more significantly this species, it would directly qualify for Endangered, under the criteria B.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic from the Pyrenees in Ariege (France) and Andorra.

habitat:
This is a mountainous species, living mainly in forested habitat.

threats:
The threats are unknown. Global warming, overgrazing, logging and recreational activities are potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no consevation actions. More research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies: Hystricella bicarinata bicarinata and Hystricella bicarinata aucta (Wollaston, 1878). Cameron et al. (2006) has recently reviewed the status of this form whilst in consideration of the status of Hystricella oxytropis finding that it is distinctly smaller than Hystricella bicarinata.

redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested the species should be assessed as Near  Threatened. #It meets the general criteria for listing #as it has a total extent of occurrence of 10 km2, however it is present over the eastern part of the  island and in these sites, it is abundant. The habitats have been subject to changing land-use practice, and  as such the quality of the habitat has declined over the last thirty  years. There has been development of tourism on the main island, and recreational activities may impact some sites,  #however as the species is abundant within its restricted range, the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The two subspecies are both endemic to Porto Santo (Seddon 2008); one is only found subfossil (Cameron et al. 2006). The living subspecies has a total extent of occurrence of 10 km2 but is present over the eastern part of the  island and in these sites it is abundant.

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, however #the species is abundant within its range (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found under stones on grassland.

threats:
The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, and as such the quality of the habitat has declined over the last thirty years, although the main area falls within a designated protected area and the species is abundant within its range.

conservationAction:
This species is widely distributed on eastern Porto Santo, so recommended conservation actions include management of the grassland areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected areas to ensure no loss of further habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested the species should be listed as Near Threatened (version 3.1) as it meets the criteria Vulnerable B1b(iii) but not the number of localities (criterion B1a). This species has a total extent of occurrence of 16 km² with the main population at numerous sites on three hills in the eastern part of the island. The quantitative surveys undertaken in the late 1990s suggest that the populations are reasonably abundant in spite of the habitat quality that declined over the last thirty years following increased tourism and recreational activities, as well as changing in grazing practices. # Hence the abundance of the species within its range and the presence of protected area status for part of the range suggest that, unless the number of sites or the habitat quality declines further, the species no longer meets the higher threat categories. Therefore, based on the new population data, # this species is now considered as Least Concern (LC). It is noted that should the rate of change in habitat quality start to impact the species it would immediately qualify as a higher threat category.

range:
This species is restricted to Porto Santo, where it is abundant on the mountains in the northeastern part of the island, around Pico Branco and Pico do Conçelho (Seddon 2008). The distribution seems to have been similar in Wollaston’s time over 130 years ago (Seddon, pers. comm, 2010).

population:
The quantative surveys undertaken in the late 1990's (Cameron, pers. comm., 2010) suggests that the  populations are reasonably abundant in spite of the habitat quality that  declining over the last thirty years following increased tourism and  recreational activities, as well as changing in grazing practicesThere is no additional data on population trends, however #the species is  abundant within its range and believed to be stable (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species occurs under stones on grassland.

threats:
The habitat quality has been declining over the last thirty years following changing land-use practice including increasing in tourist developments.

conservationAction:
This species is widely distributed on eastern Porto Santo, so  recommended conservation actions include management of the grassland  areas for maintenance of this species and monitoring of the protected  areas to ensure no loss of further habitat. Research actions include population monitoring and habitat monitoring, especially for the populations near to tourist facilities.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a total area of occupancy of 8 km2 with the main population on a small hillslope area where the species is found in the western part of the island, with an additional small subpopulations near the eastern coast where the habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, and as such the quality of the habitat at the site has declined over the last thirty years, although the main area falls within a designated protected area. However, the current threats are mainly to the coastal sites, and so the other  subpopulations are thought to be less threatened (Cameron and Groh, pers.  comm., 2010). Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable D2. Should the threats impact the other subpopulations, then the species would directly qualify as Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo, # Madeiran # islands. It is restricted to the west end of the island, around Pico d'Ana Ferreira, with one record from the east end of the island. It is rarely found as a Quaternary fossil, possibly reflecting range restricted distribution through time (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species when present, can be abundant, however it is very localised.

habitat:
This species is found under stones on grassland, and in scree, leaf-litter at base of small rock crags or in quarries.

threats:
The species is found in the western part of the island, with an  additional small subpopulations near the coast where the habitat has been  subject to changing land-use practice due to hotel and villa construction, and use of sand deposits for small quarries, and as such the quality of the  habitat has declined over the last thirty years. # The areas behind are used for recreation as well as grazing land and although the main area  falls within a designated protected area, the major threats would be change of land-use (construction) or invasive plants.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. This species is present in a small grassland on western Porto Santo, so  recommended conservation actions include management of the grassland  areas for maintenance of this species and to ensure no loss of further habitat and possible selection of part of the range as a protected area. Research actions include  population monitoring and habitat monitoring, especially for the  populations near to tourist facilities.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that the species should be considered as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (version 3.1). This species has a total area of occupancy of 8 km2 with the main populations on two hills where the species is found in the eastern part of the island. The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, and as such the quality of the habitat has declined over the last thirty years. However, the decline in habitat has not significantly impacted the species in the last 10 years and the species is relatively abundant where it occurs (Cameron and Groh, pers. comm., 2010). Therefore the species is now viewed as Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo in the Madeiran islands. It is restricted to the east end of the island, with a total area of occupancy of 8 km2 with the main populations on slopes of two small hills (Seddon 2008).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, however can be locally abundant.

habitat:
This species occurs under stones on grassland (Seddon 2008).

threats:
The major threats lie in habitat loss through land-use change or grassland fires.

conservationAction:
The species would benefit from grassland management and reduction of risk from grassland fires, as well as reducing impact of recreational activities in the habitats. Habitat monitoring is required to evaluate conservation status in the future, as if these activities are not impacting the species, then it could be downlisted.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested a revised assessment of Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) (version 3.1)  given the survey work by Cook and Cameron (1999-2001; # Cameron, pers. comm, 2010) confirming the small extent of occurrence (under 10 km2) and declining quality of habitat. However the offshore islet where it is present is now protected, and hence the quality of habitat is probably not declining over the whole range of the species and a lower risk of extinction is now thought more appropriate, hence it is confirmed as listed as Vulnerable D2; no change from previous Red List assessments.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands: it is restricted to the islet of Ilheu de Cima, south-east of the main island of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species is only present on an offshore islet and there are no recent data on population trends.

habitat:
This species is found beneath large blocks of basalt scattered on the grassy slopes (Seddon 2008).

threats:
Although the vegetation on the island has been subjected to grazing, at present the levels of threat to the species are uncertain.  #Any activity that disturbs the vegetation around the basalt blocks where the species is found could lead to disturbance of the species.

conservationAction:
This  species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex II and  the Council of Europe Bern Convention Appendix 2. At present the range lies in a protected area. Further research on habitat status and monitoring would be recommended for this species which is found in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a single location. Its habitat (and therefore potentially the species) is realistically threatened by modification of the habitat structure due to economic or tourist exploitation of the sand dunes, or forestation with pine trees. Therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia (Italy). It is only recorded from southwestern Sardinia from a restricted dune stretch, called "Is Arenas", in the estuarian area of the small coastal rivers Riu Piscinas and Riu Naracauli in the municipality of Arbus, province of Cagliari. The type locality is called "Cuccurru Pranu". This species is recorded from one location and one site.

habitat:
The species lives in sand dunes with natural vegetation, at the base of bushes or under sparse plant cover; usually hidden in the sand during the day (Giusti and Manganelli 1998, Manganelli et al. 2001).

threats:
The main threats to this species are changes in habitat structure like economic or tourist exploitation of the sand dunes, or forestation with pine trees.

conservationAction:
This species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 by Manganelli et al. (2001); this assessment has also been incorporated in the subsequent versions of "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". The known site is in urgent need of protection as there are realistic threats known.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is often referenced in the literature as Cernuella usticensis (Calcara, 1842).

redListCategoryRationale:
Despite the low densities the population trend seems at the moment to be stable. Although there is no actual information on a noticeable decline, the restricted occurrence of this species on only one small island which is under heavy anthropogenic pressure leads to an assessment as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Ustica (Italy) off Sicily. This species is recorded from one location and one site.

habitat:
This species lives in open and sparsely vegetated biotopes with typical Mediterranean macchia plants on volcanic substrate near the coast.

threats:
The major threat to this species is reduction of the available habitat by increasing land use like housing areas, etc.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the Cordo-Sardinian complex. There is a large distribution through Sardinia, with a further nine  known sites in the southernmost region of Corsica. The population size  is not known and there is no data on population trend, although the  Corsican population is thought to be partly declining. However, in Sardinia the species is widespread and common and the total extent of occurrence (EOO) is over 25,000 km2. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species is endemic to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy).

population:
There is a large distribution through Sardinia, with a further nine known sites in the southernmost region of Corsica. The population size is not known and there is no data on population trends, although the Corsican population is thought to be partly declining.

habitat:
This species is found in leaf litter and herbaceous layers in semi-open biotopes.

threats:
The major threats to this species are overgrazing and exploitation.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place or required for this species at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are more than 40 known subpopulations. Those subpopulations which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Carpathis Basin. It is distributed in the southeastern part of the Great Hungarian Plane, in the western part of the Apuseni Moutains (Codru-Moma, Padurea Craiului and Zarand Mountains) and in northeastern Hungary (Fehér et al. 2009). There are several known  subpopulations (Fehér et al. 2009) and there is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or  extremely  fluctuating.

population:
Hungarian subpopulations are regularly monitored and are stable. However, Romanian subpopulations were discovered more recently so there is no information concerning these trends.

habitat:
Generally this species inhabits temperate forests, including gallery forests as well as Robinia and Populus plantations

threats:
Deforestation is the main threat to this species, however this is not an ongoing threat. More specifically, compared to its relatively large geographical range, local logging activities do not affect the population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is listed by the Annex II of the EUHSD, and is strictly protected in Hungary. In Romania it is not protected due to its recent discovery. Being an Annex II species, habitat trends and population trends are regularly monitored in Hungary. In Romania, the main task should be the surveying of its range, establishing the number and distribution of the subpopulations.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) noted that this species is apparently allied to Caseolus calva rather than to Lemniscia michaudi. Bank et al. (2002) placed the species in the genus Caseolus, but did not give any grounds for this revision. Wollaston (1878) and Pilsbry (1893-1895) also commented on the lack of similarity to the type species from Porto Santo, so on the basis of shell characters to other Caseolus species, the view of Bank et al. (2002) is used.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a total area of occupancy under 10 km2 with only one area where the species has been found alive. Like for L. calva, habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice, with footpath creation and changing vegetation, and as such the quality of the habitat has declined. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) # B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands; Wollaston (1878) only found this species on the north-east side of Madeira in Ribeira do Fayal. It has not been found in recent surveys, and hence the localities have not been confirmed. However, it is abundant in the fossil beds of Caniçal, suggesting it was once more widespread on Madeira (Cook et al. 1993).

population:
It has not been found in recent surveys, and hence the localities have not been confirmed.

habitat:
This species is found under stones on steep grassy slopes, amongst Sempervivum on crags at high elevations and in the litter of ledges and at the base of perpendicular crags (Wollaston 1878) .

conservationAction:
Further surveys are required to establish whether this species is extinct.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) proposed an assessment of Vulnerable B2ab(iii). This species has a total area of occupancy of 24 km2 on six hillslope areas where the species is found at the east end of the island. The habitat has been subject to localised changing land-use practice and some development on the island, although some areas are now defined as protected areas and hence the habitat degradation has stabilised in these zones. The revised assessment is Near Threatened (NT), as parts of the range are protected, and the species has been resilient during past habitat changes. The species is still considered to be potentially susceptible to habitat degradation if current landscape management regimes change, and hence it is retained as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, it is restricted to Porto Santo, where it is found at the eastern end of island. Wollaston (1878) notes that Paiva’s record from Canary Islands is erroneous.

population:
There are no recent data on population trends, however the species is present at lower density than other species in the same family.

habitat:
This species is found in grass tussocks, amongst rocks and litter and in screes, mainly in unshaded areas.

threats:
The habitat has been subject to changing land-use practice (grazing and recreational use) and some  development (roads and hotels) on the island, and as such the quality of the habitat has  declined, although some areas (Pico Branco) are now defined as protected areas.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for the species, although part of the range falls into a Site of Conservation Interest (SCI) (Pico Branco) and so this area has an habitat management plan.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet (1860) extended the range of L. azorica to Santa Maria as variety γ minor, which Backhuys (1975) elevated to subspecific level; the latter author extended the range of the species to Flores island. van Riel et al. (2005), using molecular data, found evidence for specific separation of the populations from Santa Maria (L. minor Backhuys1975) and Flores (undescribed), as well as for splitting the eastern population of São Miguel from the western population, the latter being L. azorica. The subgeneric status of the Azorean Leptaxis is in need of revision (Bank et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This endemic species is relatively widespread on São Miguel island, Azores. There is no major threat, as it is a quite adaptable species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of São Miguel, in the Azores (Portugal). #Until proper taxonomic treatment is given to van Riel et al.’s (2005) evidence of east-west separation in São Miguel, and thus properly assessing the range for each taxonomic unit, the range of L. azorica should include the entire island.

habitat:
This species lives in the forests and native vegetation, preferentially at high altitudes (for example Pico da Vara, north 37º 48' 24"; west 025º 12' 43"; 1050 m), but has also been found at lower altitudes (for example near Mosteiros, north 37º 52' 31"; west 025º 49' 28"; 240 m).

threats:
This species is widespread on São Miguel, and has quickly adapted to forest of introduced species (e.g. Cryptomeria), therefore no threats are foreseen.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place, but more research on the taxonomy is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet and Drouët’s (1857) original description does not mention type locality, so “The Azores” is currently accepted. Morelet (1860) only found it in Caldeira das Sete Cidades, São Miguel, thus restricting the type locality.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to #the Sete Cidades volcanic complex, on the western tip of the São Miguel island. It has an Extent of #occurrence of less than 100 km2 and an Area of occupancy of less than 100 km2. It is very rare and is threatened by the fragmentation of its habitat. It occurs in forested ravines and its #population is now considered to be #severely #fragmented. It is therefore assessed as #Endangered #(EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)).

range:
L.caldeirarum is only found on São Miguel island, Azores.

population:
Restricted to the Sete Cidades volcanic complex, on the western tip of the São Miguel island. Morelet (1860) stated that this species was very rare; Backhuys (1975) did not find any specimens. Data resulting from a survey (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010) showed that it is indeed very rare and that it lives around the crater of Sete Cidades, from about 500 m (rim of the crater) to about 150 m (Candelária, north 37º 49' 56"; west 025º 49' 43").

habitat:
Leptaxis caldeirarum lives in secondarily forested areas and native vegetation, where it is extremely rare. In secondarily forested areas, it was collected near Mosteiros (north 37º 52' 31"; west 025º 49' 28"; 240 m) and Candelária (north 37º 49' 56"; west 025º 49' 43"; 150 m), two separate ravines descending from outside the crater to the sea. There is no reliable information on the distribution of the species amidst native vegetation, except that it is extremely rare.

threats:
The rarity of this species was recorded since it was first found (Morelet 1860). It was re-discovered in the 1980s and remains extremely rare. The exiguity of its range and the severe habitat fragmentation within it due to human activity (clearing forest for pasture) may be a severe threat. It has been found living in stands of native vegetation, where it also remains apparently extremely rare, although no quantitative studies are available.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is recommended that the remaining natural habitat surrounding the outside of the crater be protected from further clearance by human activities.


redListCategoryRationale:
Leptaxis drouetiana is endemic to two islands in the Azores; Faial and Pico, with an extent of occurrence of 1200km2. It is a relatively common species (on Faial) which is adapted to a range of habitats and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered # as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on Faial island (type locality) and Pico island (Martins et al. 2006), Azores (Portugal).

population:
Morelet (1860) makes no mention of the rarity of the species, but Backhuys (1975:237) stated that “it is said to be very rare”. However, it is found frequently throughout Faial island (Cunha et al. 1994). On Pico island it was found only in two sites: Chão Verde, Cais do Pico (N 38º 29' 00"; W 028º 17' 05"; 550 m) and Cabeço do Caminho Escuro, Piedade (N 38º 25' 25"; W 028º 05' 28"; 450 m) (Martins et al. 2006)

habitat:
On Faial island, Leptaxis drouetiana lives in native vegetation as well as in secondarily forested areas, sometimes in heavily disturbed environments, such as giant reed (Arundo donax) rows dividing fields. On Pico island, it was found in secondary forest of Pittosporum undulatum, Accacia melanoxylon and interspersed Erica scoparia azorica, with undergrowth of Hedychium gardneranum.

threats:
Due to its wide range of habitats, no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggested that this species should be listed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (version 3.1) due to small number of known localities (under eight), some of which are threatened by declining quality of habitat due to tourist development and changing water management affecting microclimate. This species has a restricted extent of occurrence of 300 km² and is known from less than ten locations, it is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago, recorded as living and subfossil on Madeira, with possible subfossil records from Porto Santo (Cameron et al. 2006, Seddon 2008).  #It is known from four main valleys, three in central Madeira and one at the north coast, with several closely located sites within these valleys (Seddon 2008, map 112, p. 175).

population:
There are no recent data on population trends, but the species is often rare, present only with a few individuals per sample, so it is assumed to live at low density.

habitat:
This species is found in the laurisilva forest at intermediate and high elevations. Wollaston (1878) also describes the species as abundant in the chestnut woodland above Funchal, however this was not found in surveys in Cameron, Cook or Seddon over the last 40 years. It is usually amongst leaf-litter on rock crags, in deep crevices on crags or at the base of trees.

threats:
There has been some changes in the habitats on the northern valleys over  the last 100 years, relating to off-take of water for irrigation to the  south side of the island. # There is also some development for tourism along the  tops of the valleys via the levadas. However, much of the laurisilva forest is now in protected areas, hence the loss is more minimal. There may be some impact from storms in February 2010 and the fires in August 2010.

conservationAction:
No conservation action plan is known for this species, however part of the range does lie in a Special Protected Area (Laurisilva of Madeira) as well as in Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) ( Maciço Montanhoso Central da ilha da Madeira).  #Habitat monitoring for impact of severe weather events on the species habitat and possible impact of predators (rodents) on this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank et al. (2002) list the species as Helix (Helicogena) groviana A. Férussac, 1832, on the basis that the name L.  #undata (Lowe) is preoccupied by Helix undata (Gmelin, 1791). However, Waldén (1983) noted the assertion by Cockerell (1922) that “Helix groviana Férussac” as a senior synonym of undata is unfounded; in his view the name is a misspelling of H. groyana Férussac 1821 which is a nomen nudum. Given the large number of papers that had used L. undata as the valid name since Cockerell (1922), Seddon (2008) continued to use Leptaxis undata #(Lowe).There are two island subspecies recognised, which Cameron and Cook (1999) treated as full species:Leptaxis #groviana #leonina #Lowe, 1852 Bugio Leptaxis #groviana #vulcania #Lowe, 1852 Deserta Grande and Chão #

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed and hence is not viewed as threatened, so it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). #Research to establish the status of the population on the Desertas would be useful to determine whether these subspecies merit full standing as distinct species.Leptaxis groviana #leonina Lowe, 1852 #Cameron and Cook (1999) confirm that this taxon is still widespread on Bugio and treated it as a separate taxon. #The populations on Bugio are range restricted and merit Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1), given changing habitats. #Leptaxis #groviana #vulcania #Lowe, 1852 Cameron and Cook (1999) confirm that this taxon is still widespread on Deserta Grande and Chão and treated it as a separate taxon. #The populations from Deserta Grande are also range restricted and in an area of habitat decline after grazing (Cameron and Cook 1999) and as such merit Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1).

range:
The species is found on Madeira and the Desertas (Seddon 2008). On Madeira, it is mainly found on the south and south-east coastal habitats and occasionally inland in valleys, and isolated locations on the north and western coasts, where it is often found in disturbed habitats (Seddon 2008, map 115, p.175).There are two subspecies recognised from the Desertas, that merit further investigation:Leptaxis #groviana #leonina #Lowe, 1852 #Cameron and Cook (1999) confirm that this taxon is still widespread on Bugio.Leptaxis #groviana #vulcania #Lowe, 185 Cameron and Cook (1999) confirm that this taxon is still widespread on Deserta Grande and Chão. #

population:
The species can be common where there are suitable habitats, and appears to be stable.

habitat:
This species is widespread; it is found on the underside of stones and amongst grasses in shaded and unshaded areas (Seddon 2008) and is tolerant of disturbance, as it is found in gardens and arable land. #

threats:
There are localised threats to the species, from habitat loss related to increased tourism development and road construction it is not believed to be threatened over the range.

conservationAction:
The species is widely distributed and hence general conservation actions to maintain habitat will be beneficial to this species. Research to establish the status of the population on the Desertas would be useful to determine whether these merit full standing as distinct species.

useAndTrade:
The species is not known to be traded, although it is occasionally offered for sale by shell dealers.


redListCategoryRationale:
Seddon (2008) suggests a listing of Least Concern (version 3.1). Although the geographical range is restricted, the widespread nature of records in northern Madeira suggests that the species will only become vulnerable to extinction if a disease becomes established in the populations or there is a dramatic change in habitat quality.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, and has not been recorded from Porto Santo or Desertas (Seddon 2008). Wollaston (1878) suggested that Paiva's record from an islet off Porto Santo was probably erroneous. A record from the Azores is erroneous (Backhuys 1975).  #On Madeira, it is mainly found in the central valleys and along the northern coasts of the island, from intermediate altitudes down to the coast (Seddon 2008).

population:
This species is not abundant at sites (Seddon 2008).

habitat:
This species is found in damp shady gullies and ravines in intermediate and higher elevations, usually in woodland.

threats:
There are localised threats to the species, from habitat loss related to increased tourism development and road construction. However, the species is not believed to be threatened over its whole range.

conservationAction:
Although often uncommon at a site, the species is widely distributed and hence general conservation actions to maintain habitat will be beneficial to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet (1860) extended the range of L. azorica to Santa Maria as variety γ minor, which Backhuys (1975) elevated to subspecific level. van Riel et al. (2005), using molecular data, found evidence for specific separation of the populations from Santa Maria. Backhuys (1975) states the type locality as “Azores, Santa Maria, Ribeira Almagreira”; however, just after that statement, the author mentions the 2 specimens from Pico Alto as “paratypes”. Ribeiro, Almagreira is at the footsteps of Pico Alto; for that reason, although confusing, this locality imprecision is not worth correcting.

redListCategoryRationale:
The area from where L. minor has been recorded is small (extent of occurrence = 97 km2); although there is continuous forest, it is mostly secondary forest used for resources, which is liable to be cut down in the future. On the lower half of Pico Alto cattle affect the forest habitat through grazing and trampling, and may exclude the species from lower altitudes, further restricting its habitat. Therefore it has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is found on #o the Pico Alto complex on #Santa Maria island, Azores.

population:
This species is restricted to the Pico Alto complex on Santa Maria island, where it is not commonly found; although it is more frequent at higher altitudes.

habitat:
Leptaxis minor lives on the native vegetation at the top of Pico Alto, as well as in the secondary forests of Cryptomeria, Pittosporum and Accacia that cover most of the mountainous complex.

threats:
Leptaxis minor is relatively uncommon and highly restricted, but it has adapted to secondary forests where there is a thick undergrowth of Hedychium. However the secondary forest is liable to be cut down, and on the lower half of Pico Alto, there is cattle that is let to enter the forest of Pittosporum, thus destroying  the habitat by grazing and trampling, excluding L. minor from lower altitudes, further restricting its habitat.

conservationAction:
Pico Alto is a protected area; however careful monitoring to avoid destruction of the habitat should be a priority.

useAndTrade:
There is no use and trade # information for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Nomenclatural comments: Bank et al. (2002) recognised that #Helix nivosa #var. #planata #(Lowe, 1855) is preoccupied by #Helix planata #Maton   Rackett, 1807, and hence gave it a new name.Mandahl-Barth (1950) recognised three subspecies from different islands. As these forms are distinct as well as geographically isolated all three are discussed here:Leptaxis nivosa nivosa (Sowerby, 1824)Leptaxis nivosa calensis (Bank et al., 2002)Leptaxis nivosa craticulata (Lowe, 1852) #

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo (Madeiran Islands), where it is abundant and widespread over the island, and although there is some evidence of rodent predation, the species is still abundant, and hence is assessed as Least Concern (LC).The two range restricted subspecies merit review, as these maybe distinct species, and as such, these may be threatened by rodent predation, although both lie in protected areas, so habitat disturbance is limited. Seddon (2008) suggested these should be assessed as Vulnerable D2 ( #Leptaxis nivosa calensis #Baixo VU D2; #Leptaxis nivosa craticulata #Fora, #VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to Porto Santo (Madeiran Islands), where it is abundant and widespread over the island. #Mandahl-Barth (1950) recognised three subspecies from different islands. As these forms are distinct as well as geographically isolated all three are discussed here:Leptaxis nivosa nivosa #(Sowerby, 1824) occurs on the main island, #and abundant and widespread,Leptaxis nivosa calensis #(Bank et al., 2002) is only found on the Ilhéu de Baixo, Porto Santo,Leptaxis nivosa craticulata #(Lowe, 1852) # is restricted to the Ilhéu de Fora, Porto Santo.

population:
Widespread and abundant on the main island, this species can be the dominant species in a sample.

habitat:
This species is found on the underside of stones and amongst grasses on grassy unshaded areas.

threats:
L. nivosa #is common in suitable habitats on the main island, and, as such, although there are localised threats to the species, from habitat loss related to increased tourism development, recreational use of the island and road construction, it is not believed to be threatened over its whole range.  #Rodent predation is known on this species, but given the abundance on the mainland, at present this has not impacted the species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, although part of the range falls into Sites of Community Importance (Ilhéus do Porto Santo, Pico Branco). Further research is required to review the taxonomic status of the two island subspecies, as these are all distinct in shell morphology, and as such merit review to establish whether these maybe distinct species.


taxonomicNotes:
This once enigmatic species, originally described as a “Bulimus” and placed with the Napaeus-group, was recognized as an unusually shaped Leptaxidae by Backhuys (1975), who erected for it the genus Helixena. Molecular work by van Riel et al. (2005) has recognized it as a true Leptaxis, with an unusual shell.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Santa Maria island so has a small extent of occurrence (97km2), however it is abundant and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is only found on Santa Maria island, Azores.

population:
Leptaxis sanctaemariae is common throughout Santa Maria island (Martins et al. 1991).

habitat:
Leptaxis sanctaemariae is commonly found in forested areas, preferring clumps of undergrowing Hedychium gardneranum, but also frequently found under dead leaves and loose stones.

threats:
Due to the extent of its range and its abundance, no threats are foreseen.


taxonomicNotes:
Waldén (1983) notes that this name is not preoccupied by Helix erubescens (Solander) Lightfoot 1786, as he argues that description appears to be unidentifiable. Bank et al. (2002) use the name L. simia, on the basis that the name is preoccupied. Seddon (2008) noted that given the use of erubescens (Lowe, 1831) in numerous papers over the last 120 years, it would appear that Bank et al. (2002) could have argued to keep the name on the basis of stability, and used article 29.2 to set aside Helix erubescens (Solander) Lightfoot, 1786 as a nomen oblitum.Mandahl- Barth (1950) treats Madeiran forms as four distinct subspecies:Leptaxis simia advenoides (Paiva, 1867) – Distribution: Madeiran Islands (Portugal)Leptaxis simia hyaena (R.T. Lowe, 1852) – Distribution: Madeiran Islands (Portugal)Leptaxis  #simia portosancti (Wollaston, 1878) – Distribution: Madeiran Islands (Portugal)Leptaxis simia simia (A. Férussac, 1832) – Distribution: Azores (Portugal), Madeiran Islands (Portugal).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found on each island group in Madeira, and is also introduced on the Azores.  #L. simia is common in suitable habitats on the main island, and as such although there are localised threats to the species, it is not believed to be threatened with extinction, and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Each of the island subspecies are considered to have restricted ranges, with some threats from predation and fires, and hence they merit listing as Vulnerable D2 (Leptaxis #simia #advenoides #Chao VU D2; #Leptaxis #simia #hyaena #Bugio #VU D2; #Leptaxis #simia #portosancti #Porto Santo VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas). Martins (pers. comm., 2010)   also believes that it has been introduced in the Azores: São Miguel island, (Morelet 1860) and Terceira (Simroth 1887).The four subspecies have different distributions on the Madeiran archipelago, and are listed separately herein, as future research may confirm some of these as distinct species. Leptaxis simia simia occurs in the Azores (Portugal) and in the Madeiran Islands (Portugal). Leptaxis simia advenoides is only found on Ilhéu de Chão, Desertas, Madeiran Islands (Portugal) (area of occupancy of less than 4km2) (Cameron and Cook 1999)Leptaxis #simia #hyaena is a larger more globular subspecies, which is only found on Bugio, Desertas, #Madeiran Islands (Portugal) (area of occupancy of less than 20km2) #(Cameron and Cook 1999;  #Antonio Domingo Abreu, pers. comm., 1995). Leptaxis #simia #portosancti # is a keeled form of this species, which is only known from Porto Santo, where it is restricted to the summit of Pico do Facho, #(area of occupancy of less than 20km2) (Cameron et al. 2006, Seddon 2008)..

population:
On Madeira, Leptaxis simia #is relatively common, although never found in abundance (Seddon, pers. comm., 2010).On the Azores, Leptaxis simia is relatively rare; Morelet (1860:154) found it first associated with orange orchards, but without specifying where; however, he also mentions a shell found near Furnas lake. This species was also found in secondary forests near Vila Franca do Campo (400 m) and Água d’Alto (300 m) (Martins, unpublished information, 2010).

habitat:
On Madeira, the species is found in the Laurisilva zone at intermediate elevations as well as in rocky areas (Cliffs, Crags) in deep valleys and along the coast.  #On Porto Santo, it is found around small crags on the peak of Pico Facho and on the Desertas on rocky slopes. #On the Azores Leptaxis simia was # first found associated with orange orchards, but now it is also found in the secondary forests of Pittosporum and Accacia.

threats:
L. simia #is common in suitable habitats on the main island, and as such although there are localised threats to the species, from habitat loss related to increased urbanisation and road construction, it is not believed to be threatened over its whole range.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, although part of the range falls into a  #Special Protected Area (Laurisilva of Madeira; Ilhas Desertas) and other parts into Sites of Community Importance (Maciço Montanhoso Central da ilha da Madeira, Achadas da Cruz). Further research is required to review the taxonomic status of the three island subspecies, as these are all distinct in shell morphology, and as such merit review to establish whether these maybe distinct species.

useAndTrade:
There is no known trade in this species, although shells are sometimes sold by shell dealers.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet (1860:158) acknowledged that he did confuse the shells of L. terceirana with those of L. caldeirarum, which he had described earlier (Morelet and Drouët 1857), and that his 1860 species was erected upon specimens removed from the L. caldeirarum type series.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Terceira and Graciosa island, Azores (Extent of occurrence = 3000 km2). It is adapted to a wide range of habitats and faces no major threats, therefore is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on Terceira island (type locality) and Graciosa island (Martins et al. 1989), Azores.

population:
Morelet (1860:159) states that the species is very abundant, although Backhuys (1975: 238) failed to collect it; it has been collected in Fonte Dionísio (N 38º 43.680'; W 027º 07.331'; 350 m) and Pico da Serreta (N 38º 45'; W 027º 21'; 200 m) on # Terceira island. On Graciosa island it is has been reported from Pedras Brancas (N 39º 02.420'; W 028º 00.030'), Feteira (N 39º 02.440'; W 028º 00.480'); Ribeira da Luz (N 39º 01.190'; W 027º 59.060') and Pico Timão (N 39º 02.250'; W 028º 00.650) (Martins et al. 1989)

habitat:
On Terceira island, Leptaxis terceirana lives in secondarily forested areas and in disturbed environments such as the side of the road under hydrangeas, stone walls or amidst the herbaceous vegetation. On Graciosa, it was found in secondary forest of Persea indica, Pittosporum undulatum and Myrica faya, with undergrowth of Hedychium gardneranum.


taxonomicNotes:
Seddon (2008) reported that Wollaston (1878) and Walden (1983) noted that var. subdubia is apparently intermediate between L. wollastoni and L. nivosa; both authors nonetheless treated wollastoni as a distinct species. The intermediate is only found on a very small area on Pico do Concelho, whereas in most parts of their ranges the two species are clearly and distinctly separable. The subfossil shells from the Quaternary deposits below Pico do Concelho are larger than the living shells.Two different subspecies are recognised by some authors: Leptaxis wollastoni forensis (Wollaston, 1878). Mandahl-Barth(1950) treated  #the population of this islet (Islet of Ilheu de Fora off its eastern coast) as a distinct subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to two locations, Pico do Conchelo on Porto Santo and Ilheu de Fora, with an area of occupancy of under 12 km2. # At both sites it is vulnerable to predation by introduced rodents, as well as changes in grassland management and burning. # On the mainland threats of disturbance from tourism developments have been reported (Craze, pers. comm., 2006), however this area is now partly protected which will minimise further impacts.Seddon (2008) proposed the species should be assessed as Endangered B2ab(iii), an assessment confirmed by the evaluators, with comments that each subspecies (subpopulation) merits an assessment as Critically Endangered, and that the decline in mature individuals, provides a revised assessment as #Endangered #B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran archipelago; it is restricted to the eastern part of the island of Porto Santo where it is found in two locations, one on an off-shore islet (Fora) and one on the mainland on Pico do Concelho (Seddon 2008, p. 83). # Each subpopulation is considered to be a separate subspecies by Mandhal-Barth (1950).

population:
The species is not common in the area on #Pico do Concelho. It is is quite small, and other species of #Leptaxis #(L. nivosa), tend to be more dominant.

habitat:
This species is found in open grassland under rocks and in rocky areas on the eastern summit of Pico do Concelho.

threats:
This species is vulnerable to predation by introduced rodents and changes in grassland management and burning. #

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring for impact of grassland management changes, recreational activity or fires on the species habitat and possible impact of predators (rodents) on this species are recommended.

useAndTrade:
There is no known trade in this species, although shells are occasionally offered by shell dealers.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of the species was clarified by Fehér et al. (2009a) and Fehér et al. (2009b).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in the Eastern and the southeastern Carpathian mountains in Romania (Fehér #et al. 2009). #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations and the number of sub-populations might be much higher. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern and southeastern Carpathian mountains in Romania (Fehér et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species prefers coniferous and mixed forests with wet stream banks with dense vegatation.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Romania, however several known sub-populations are found in protected areas (eg. the Bucegi National Park).


taxonomicNotes:
The correct spelling of the specific name is "transsilvanica" (Fehér et al. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range (EOO = around 14000 km2), there are more than 35 known subpopulations and those subpopulations which were studied recently did not show signs of decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
Lozekia transsilvanica occurs in the Southern Carpathians, to the west of the Fagaras Mountains, at Turnu Rosu (= Rothenturmpass), #in the north-eastern part of the Apuseni Mountains (Gilau Mountains, Cheile Turzii) and in north-eastern Hungary (Medves, Mátra and Bükk Mountains). Its range extends somewhat to Slovakia (Medves Mountains) (Fehér et al. 2009).

population:
There was a recent study (Fehér et al. 2009), when numerous subpopulations mentioned in the literature were successfully recollected.Population trends are not monitored in Hungary, but experts infer that Hungarian subpopulations are stable.

threats:
Deforestation is the main threat to this species, however this is not an ongoing threat. Due to its relatively large geographial range, local logging activities do not affect the population significantly.

conservationAction:
Several Hungarian subpopulations live in protected areas and/or in Natura 2000 sites. It is thought that some of the Romanian subpopulations also occur in protected sites. At present, no further conservation actions seem necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain and northeast Portugal (Bragança) and widely distributed through the central part of the Cantabrian region, north slope, from Sierra de Courel (Lugo) to the western most part of Biscay. There are no known major threats. #This species is present in some natural reserves. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species was assessed at the European level and listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and northeast Portugal (Bragança), widely distributed through the central part of the Cantabrian region, north slope, from Sierra de Courel (Lugo) to the western most part of Biscay.

habitat:
This species is common in forest, meadows and areas with rocky substrate, in humid places.

threats:
The threats to this species are habitat alteration.

conservationAction:
This species is widely distributed though the north of Spain and therefore no conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus is in need of an extensive revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is abundant. There are no threats and it is not used or traded. #Research is needed on the taxonomy of this species. #This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
#This form is endemic to Greece, distributed in the Cyclades (central Aegean Sea) (Mylonas 1982).

habitat:
The species is found mainly under stones, in piles of stones and under shrubs (Mylonas 1982).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although it is present in areas included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #Research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is distributed in Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Cyprus (Schütt 2001). #This species is widespread and quite abundant. There are no threats to this species and it is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Cyprus (Schütt 2001).

population:
The species is quite widespread. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The species is found mainly under stones, in piles of stones and under shrubs.

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, found in islands of the Cyclades and eastern Aegean Islands, such as Astypalaia (Triantis #et al. 2008). #The species is widespread and quite abundant. There are no threats to this species and it is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in islands of the Cyclades and eastern Aegean Islands, such as Astypalaia (Triantis et al. 2008).

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although it is present in areas #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete. #The species is quite abundant. There are no threats to this species and it is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete (Vardinoyannis 1994).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete, reported from various areas of the island (Vardinoyannis 1994). #This species is quite abundant. There are no threats to this species and it is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, reported from various areas of the island (Vardinoyannis 1994).

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. # #


taxonomicNotes:
The genus #Metafruticicola #needs to be revised, especially in the Greek area. #According to Kobelt (1876), the species is considered a synonym of #Metafruticicola lecta.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. There is limited information for the species, both taxonomy and distribution. This species is listed as Data Deficient. #Research is recommended on the distribution, taxonomy and population trends of this species.

range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is endemic to Greece, reported from the islands of Naxos and Crete (Schultes and Wiese 1990).

habitat:
The problematic taxonomic position of the species is not allowing any discussion in respect to habitat and the ecology of the species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. #Research is recommended on the distribution, taxonomy and population trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is limited information for the species, both taxonomy and distribution. This species is listed as Data Deficient. #Research is recommended on the distribution, taxonomy and population trends of this species.This species has been assessed as Data Deficient at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is present in Cyprus, Crete and the eastern Aegean Islands (i.e Dodekannese Islands). The species has not been reported from the western coasts of Turkey and this is probably due to the problematic taxonomy of the genus.

habitat:
This species is found mainly under stones, in piles of stones and under shrubs.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. Research is recommended on the distribution, taxonomy and population trends of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete, distributed across the island (Vardinoyannis 1994). There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, distributed across the island (Vardinoyannis 1994).

population:
The species is quite abundant across Crete (Vardinoyannis 1994). #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is distributed in north-western Greece and south-central Albania (Subai 1999, Feher and Eross 2009). # #There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is distributed in north-western Greece and south-central Albania (Subai 1999, Feher and Eross 2009).

population:
The species is quite abundant. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. # #

habitat:
The species is found mainly #under shrubs, #under stones and in piles of stones.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. #


redListCategoryRationale:
The current, quite trivial information for the species' distribution is restricting our ability for a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. So the species could be assigned to the Data Deficient category. #Nevertheless, the available information indicates a widely distributed species across the Aegean Sea #Islands. # #There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is distributed across the Aegean Islands, from Crete to the the island in the north. There is also possible the species to be represented only from fossils in Turkey (Schütt 1996). #These reports have to be confirmed after the revision needed for the genus is applied.

habitat:
The species is found mainly under stones, #in piles of stones and under shrubs.


range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is distributed across the Aegean Sea Islands. Similarly, #Schütt (1996) suggested that the reports of the species from Turkey, should be included in #M. proclivis #and thus the species should be considered as being restricted to the Aegean Islands. These reports have to be confirmed after the revision needed for the genus is applied.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete, restricted in the mountains of #Psiloritis and Lefka Ori (Vardinoyannis 1994). #There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, restricted in the mountains of #Psiloritis and Lefka Ori (Vardinoyannis 1994).

habitat:
The species is restricted in mountainous areas of the Crete, #found mainly under stones, in piles of stones and under shrubs.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a large distribution, large number of sub-populations and is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications so threats to it are localised. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
According to AnimalBase (2011) the species lives in the Canary Islands to Israel and  Lebanon. In Italy it is only found at a few localities (west Liguria, island of  Capraia, Versilia), and in Spain it is mainly found in central and eastern areas. It was probably originally a west Mediterranean species, that has been historically introduced to the east Mediterranean.

population:
There is no information available on population trends, but there is no reason to assume that the population is unstable or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2011), this species lives from lowlands to high altitudes in mountains. It is xerotolerant (tolerant of dry conditions).

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe   destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire,   mining, etc.). Considering the large distribution and number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole   population significantly.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted in a small area of north-west part of the country (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990). #There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted to a small area in the north-western part of the country (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990).

population:
The species has a restricted number of individuals in its population. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The species has been found in a meadow (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990).

threats:
The available information for the ecology of the species is quite restricted and there is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #No conservation action is currently applied regarding #Monacha aniliensis. #


redListCategoryRationale:
Even though this species occurs in a relatively restricted area, it is adapted to human-modified environmeent and doesn't seem to face major threat. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
M. atacis is known from three departments in the French North-eastern Pyrenees. The species is most common in the department of Aude. A few localities are known in the departments of Ariège and Tarn-et-Garonne (Gittenberger and De Winter 1985, Falkner et al. 2002). The Spanish occurrence mentioned in Fauna Europaea v2.3 (Bank et al. 2006) are doubtful.

habitat:
M. atacis is a Pyrenean gastropod. It inhabits the calcareous mountains of the Eastern French Pyrenees, both in natural and man-made habitats. It is also found among short vegetation, in meadows, in limestone ridges, along rivers and roads. It is found to live in a mixed population with Monacha cartusiana. (Gittenberger and De Winter 1985).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions. More research is needed to confirm the taxonomic validity of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted area (extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km²) and it is only known from three locations. The quality of its habitat if declining, due to the changes in agriculture practices. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species occurs in France, near Bourges (Cher). It has a very restricted distribution (EOO of about 95 km²).

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in dry meadows.

threats:
Abandonment of agricultural land and the resulting change in vegetation might affect it.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. More research is needed on the population, distribution and taxonomy of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is under taxonomic investigation, and particularly the identification of records of this species from eastern Europe have to be corroborated.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there are no known threats known to it. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in western Europe and scattered in some areas in eastern Europe. It is recorded from Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

habitat:
This species lives in ruderal areas, roadside ditches, hedges, and sometimes on dunes.


taxonomicNotes:
Only "typical" specimens can be distinguished from M. solidior (Mousson) (Hausdorf 2000, Irikov 2008). Unquestionable determination is based on anatomical characters only.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Turkey and Bulgaria. This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
The only "typical" specimens can be distinguished from M. solidior (Mousson) (Hausdorf 2000, Irikov 2008). Unquestionable determination is based on anatomical  characters only. Therefore, the exact range of the species is unknown.The species is known from several subpopulations in Bulgaria (collection of the HNHM and Irikov 2008) and from northwestern Turkey (Hausdorf 2000). Sturany and Wagner (1914) reports the species from Greece, Chalkidiki and there is one sample in the HNHM from there as well. However, according to Hausdor (2000) the sample of Sturany and Wagner "almost certainly do not belong to this species".

habitat:
This species inhabits shady habitats, below shrubs in forests, also in dry habitats, up to elevations of 600 m in Rodopi and up to 1000 m in Central Balkan National Park.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Turkey and in Bulgaria. However due to its relatively large distribution, some sub-populations most likely occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
In the south-eastern Balkans (particularly Bulgaria and Greece), this species may be confused with other, conchologically very similar species. Records from these areas need corroboration by anatomical studies.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there are no known threats known to it. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

population:
The size and trends within the sub-populations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives on meadows and in hedges, it prefers open habitats. In the northern parts of its distribution area, it lives only in dry and sunny places.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widely distributed being found in the Mediterranean part of France as well as in Corsica and in areas of lower altitude in northern Italy, and there are no identified threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is found in the Mediterranean part of France as well as in Corsica and in areas of lower altitude in northern Italy; mainly Padan Plain. It should be noted that Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species erroneously from Spain and the Balearic Islands.

population:
The population of this species is unknown and there is no data available on population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in open, dry, shrubby biotopes with scattered herbaceous layer. It also occurs in heavily anthropized and cultivated areas.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place or required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species cannot be distinguished by shell characters from the similar #Monacha cartusiana (Müller 1774), therefore the "dry samples" from southeastern Europe are taxonomically doubtful.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several  known subpopulations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species is also assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species lives in Greece (Thasos) (van Leeuwen 2005) #and Crimea (Hausdorf 2000). Welter-Schultes (1996) reports the species from Albania. Several localities are known from Bulgaria (Irikov 2008) and from Turkey (Hausdorf 2000). This species lives in Greece in the Dodecanese Islands, in the Greek mainland and in Macedonia (FYROM). However, the annotated checklist of Macedonia (Stankovic et al. 2006) does not contain the species.

habitat:
This species prefers shady habitats, below shrubs in forests and also dry habitats.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of subpopulations, local events would not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected. However due to its large distribution, some subpopulations occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered as a synonym of M. gregaria by Giusti (1973). In the Italian checklist (Manganelli et al. 1995), the species is again recognised as valid, but with the remark that it needs urgently a systematic study.

redListCategoryRationale:
This endemic species has a restricted area of distribution (extent of occurrence of about 750 km2) and is found in few sites. In the surroundings of Palermo especially, the species is threatened by urbanisation and tourist activities and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B. Should the number of locations be less than ten, then it would qualify for a threatened category.

range:
The species is endemic to Sicily, where it occurs in a limited area in the North-west, around Palermo and in the adjacent part of the Madonie.

habitat:
This snail inhabits open and half-open natural and anthropogenic biotopes like garrigues, grassland and pastures. It is also found in ruderal vegetation.

threats:
The main threats are the loss of habitats due to urbanisation and development in the environs of Palermo and tourist activities in the Madonie mountains.

conservationAction:
Sub-populations in the Monte Pellegrino are partly situated in the nature reserve and those of the Madonie are partly covered by the Parco delle Madonie which protects the vegetation.


redListCategoryRationale:
The fact that the species is favoured by human activities indicates that it in the near future it is unlikely to face any direct threats. #The species is quite #abundant, there are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete Island. Mainly distributed in the west part of the island (Vardinoyannis 1994, Hausdorf 2003).

habitat:
The species is found in many of vegetation types of the region and is significantly favoured by human activities #(Vardinoyannis 1994).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #No conservation action related with the species is currently applied


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic of a single island of the Aegean Sea (Evvoia), Greece. There is limited information on this species and it is inadequate to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. This species is listed as Data Deficient. Research is recommended on the taxonomy, distribution and population trend of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the island of Evvoia (Kobelt 1877).

habitat:
The species' habitat and ecology is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in Evvoia island where the species is distributed that are included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. More research on the taxonomy, the distribution, biology and threats for this species is needed.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is thought to live within a relatively wide range and according to the material in the Natural History Museum of Skopje (Stojkoska pers. comm.) there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating and the #species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, it might be advisable to handle as Data Deficient (DD) before the taxonomy of this "species" is clarified.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE).

range:
The type locality of this species is Skopje. There are two further published distribution records in Macedonia: East of Prilep and Trkanje valley (Roding 1966). Fauna Europaea indicates this species from Serbia and Montenegro as  well. According to Stankovic et al. (2006) there are voucher specimens in the Natural History Museum of Skopje. According to E. Stojkoska (personal communication) this species is not rare in Macedonia and it was collected in several locations in the surroundings of Skopje, on the lowland in the Vardar Valley and Pelagonija Valley and also in the mountains (Bistra, Galicica, Belasica, etc.) to the altitude of 1600 m and there is also material from the Moraca valley (East Stojkoska, pers. comm.). In the light of the fact that this species was not reported from the neighbouring countries (Tomic 1959, Irikov 2008) its frequency is dubious and questions the reliability of the faunistic records as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) calculation. Therefore the extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated only on the basis of published records. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
According to Stojkoska (pers. comm.) this species inhabits grasslands, as well as rocky habitats in the mountains.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation, but considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of known subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Macedonia. Some of the subpopulations live in protected areas such as Galicica National Park, Pelister National Park and Mavrovo National Park. The geographic range and especially the taxonomy of this species is not exactly known, therefore, research activity should focus on that. No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite abundant. There are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in north-western Greece and southern Albania (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990, Dhora 2009, Feher and Eross 2009).

habitat:
The species is #usually #found under stones and piles of stones but also on plants. It is met in a #variety #of habitats, usually in #open grassy spaces, cultivations and other #anthropogenic #systems.

threats:
Currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. #


