# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: either this species is introduced to the region, or it does not occur in Europe at all. Assessed as Not Applicable.
EU 27 regional assessment: either this species is introduced to the region, or it does not occur in Europe at all. Assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
This species is described from Sicily, Italy, but this is very probably a label error. This is a Neotropical species. It is not listed in the Italian checklist (Gobbi and Platia 1995). Either this is an introduced species, or it does not occur in the European region at all.


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors consider T. fuscus (Goeze, 1777) as synonym of T. mauritanicus (Linnaeus, 1758). However, most recent authors consider T. fuscus as a valid species, clearly separated from T. mauritanicus based on ecological criteria (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient as more research on the taxonomic status ofT. fuscus andT. mauritanicus is needed as those two species are often confused with each other.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient as more research on the taxonomic status ofT. fuscus andT. mauritanicus is needed as those two species are often confused with each other.

range:
This species is known from western and central Europe, reaching some countries in southeastern Europe.

In  Hungary,T. fuscus is widespread all over the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain this species is present in the north-eastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004) occupying 25 localities/squares of 10x10 km between 200 and 1,600 m altitude (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is widespread and not uncommon throughout its range. Its population trend is stable. 

In Italy, it has been recorded only from the northern part of the country and these records are old. In France it is very common while in Germany is uncommon but found throughout much of the country. In Hungary, although never abundant, it is a common species with stable populations all over the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain is not scarce and found in 25 localities (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.T. fuscus is frequently confused withT. mauritanicus in France where it is found under bark ofQuercusandFagus. In Spain, it is a strictly forestal species found under bark or dead wood of broad-leaved trees (Castanea sativa,Fagus sylvatica,Olea europaea,Quercus spp.,Salix spp. andTilia spp.). This seems the most reliable criterium to differentiate it fromT. mauritanicus (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary, this species occurs  in many types of broad-leaved forests, with a preference to willow and poplar. It is also found in parks, roadside tree rows, wood pastures, poplar plantations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
There is no information about the threats to this species, although in Hungary this species is not threatened at all (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Research on the taxonomic status ofT. fuscus andT. mauritanicusis needed.   No specific conservation measures are in place. The species occurs in protected areas. It has not been included in the Red Book of the Invertebrate of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006).

redListAssessors:
Méndez, M., Dodelin, J., Schlaghamersky, J. &  Nardi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe, reaching its distributional limits within the southern states. In Spain and Portugal it is only known from the north. In Portugal it was recorded from the extreme north in the19th century (Oliveira 1893) but apparently not found since. In Spain it is present in the northern third of the country (Bahillo de la Puebla and López-Colón 2004); it is present in 26 localities/squares of 10x10 km between 700 and 1,500 m of altitude (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). In Britain it has a northern and western distribution extending across to the Weald in southern England, perhaps reflecting a need for hill terrain. In Ireland it is only known from the far south-east (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians and in the forest zone. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It is also reported from northern Africa (Tunis).

population:
This species is widespread in a few countries but more generally localised and relatively rare. In the Alps it is reported to be common. Although the species is not commonly found in Hungary, the known populations are strong and the species is not threatened (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Britain the species has a fragmented distribution, but with more than 40 small isolated populations across the north and west (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). Only known from a single population in the south-western part of Ireland discovered in 1898, and not reported since; if it still survives it must be a very small and isolated population (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is considered a rare species. Rarely cited in Spain and mainly single specimens, probably due to wrong sampling methods rather than low abundance (P. Bahillo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009).  In Denmark it is rare and local (Hansen 1996).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae and adults are found beneath loose bark on the decaying wood of a wide variety of trees - broad-leaves and conifers - and in the later stages of white-rot decay when the heartwood is dry and soft. The larvae are reported to develop in the fungusDaedaleopsisconfragosaonBetula,Salix, aspenPopulus tremula, or in the wood of these trees in Russia and the Ukraine, while they are more closely associated with oakQuercusin Britain. The adult is also often found on the fruiting bodies of fungi such asFomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus, Cerrena, Bjerkandera, Daedalea, Phellinus, TrametesandPleurotus, and are active usually in VI-VII. The life cycle is between one and two years. The larvae probably are sapro-xylo-mycetophagous, while the adult is mycetophagous (Nikitskyet al. 1996). The species is confined to ancient wood pastures and historic parklands in Britain (Alexander 2002). In Hungary it occurs mainly in mature oak forests with abundant dead wood and bracket fungi, sometimes in other forests (beech and hornbeam) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is present in forests at middle altitudes, related to fungi from which they feed (Bercedo Páramoet al. 2006).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. across Spain, Hungary and Britain). In the Britain the conservation status of this species is Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992). In Denmark it is listed as Vulnerable (1997). In Spain it is not included in the Red Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends, habitat and ecological requirements, threats and conservation status of this species. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in southern Russia.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species probably contains also Acme lineata car. subcostulata Pini, 1884. However, as the type material of this taxon could not yet be studied (Boeters, Gittenberger and Subai 1989), the decision had to be postponed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a restricted area with six localities in the Val Brembana, Northern Italy. Its extent of occurrence covers ca. 200 km2. There are no threats known for this species, even if its habitat might be impacted by  road construction. Intensive research is needed to gain reliable data on population sizes and trends. This species is considered Near Threatened (NT), because of its restricted extent of occurrence, where it is only known from six localities.

range:
This species is known from a restricted range in the province of Bergamo (Italy), from the Val Brembana and probably extends towards East in case the taxon Acme lineata var. subcostata proves to be a synonym of A. beneckei. Its extent of occurrence covers ca. 200 km2.

population:
There is no information available on the population trend.

habitat:
There is no information available on the habitat of this species. Inferring from closely related species, it probably lives in decaying material in rock crevices of larger limestone formations.

threats:
There are no threats known for this species. However, road construction in the narrow valleys may cause a serious decrease in available habitat area.

conservationAction:
There are currently no conservation actions known for this species. More research is needed to clarify population sizes and trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered a taxon separate from #Acicula lallemanti (Bourguignat, 1864) (Boeters et al. 1989).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO = 4,500 km2), it is only known from three locations and the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 km2. Its distribution area is fragmented and quarries are potential threats, # it is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily, Italy. It is recorded from three locations on the island: Palermo, Corleone and Siracusa. The distribution area seems to be seriously fragmented.

habitat:
There is no published information available on the habitat of this species. Inferring from closely related species, it very # probably lives in decaying material in rock crevices of larger limestone formations, or even subterraneously.

threats:
There are no threats known to this species. However, quarrying could destroy the habitat to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. This terrestrial snail lives in dry woodland areas and is usually found in leaf litter. There are no major threats to the species. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece. It is reported from the western part of the country and the Ionian Islands (Boeters et al. 1989).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend for this species. #

habitat:
This species is commonly found in shaded, humid environments such as woodlands. It is usually found in the leaf litter.

threats:
Destruction of this species' woodland habitat can reduce localised populations of the species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a disjunct range comprising two remote areas; one in Dalmatia (Croatia) and one in Italy. Only four locations are known, but due to the hidden life of this species, we can reasonably suppose that several undiscovered populations exist, thus the area of occupancy (AOO) might be higher than 20 km2 and/or the number of locations are more than five. At the moment there is no major threat. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Should a more direct threat impact the species (such as quarrying), then this species might qualify for a higher threat category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: # Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
The known range of this species is disjunct; there are records from Dalmatia (Peljesac peninsula, Korcula island) and from southwestern Italy (near Catanzaro) (Boeters et al. 1989).   It is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future within or out of the known range. There is no reason to suppose that the AOO, extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons such as through leaching from waste disposal sites. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
Each known occurrence of this species is out of protected areas. There is no information on conservation actions related to this species. More research is needed on the population size and on the distribution.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described in the genus Renea, but was recently correctly replaced in the genus Acicula (Gittenberger 2004). The correct name is thus Acicula douctouyrensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from its type locality which is a thanatocoenose (i.e.  a set of fossils brought together after death by sedimentary processes,  rather than by virtue of having originally lived there collectively). Such records are typical for small gastropod species, and the species location must lie somewhere within the river catchment, which is largely unthreatened. This species is therefore considered as #Data Deficient (DD), until further data on the locations and threats are available.

range:
This species is endemic to France. It is only known from its type locality which is flood line debris from the river in the valley of Douctouyre, close to the # village of Dun, Department of Ariège. The river valley runs through an area of limestone, with crags and escarpments covered in mixed deciduous forest, and the species could be located anywhere upstream of the bridge. Therefore the exact range of this species is unknown.

habitat:
The biotope of this species is not known, but all species of this family are ground-dwelling species.

threats:
The habitats within the valley and mixed deciduous forest on the valley slopes, and livestock farming in small patches, with few active threats operating, most of which are localized, hence the species is not likely to be threatened, although without knowing the site it is not possible to determine the threats precisely.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to this species.

useAndTrade:
This species is not subjet to any trade or use.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is declining in Ireland due to habitat loss but it is still common in the Pyrenees. Overall, it is not declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category so it is considered to be Least Concern (LC), but monitoring is recommended. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is present in Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Belgium and Germany.

population:
A widespread, but declining species that has had a 55% decline in records since 1980 in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). In France, it is relatively common in the Pyrenees and has isolated occurrences in other parts of the country.

habitat:
This is a tiny species living in  deep, stable leaf litter, moss or soil in wooded habitats on base-rich  soils. In Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) it is widespread,  sometimes common, in old woods or scrub in limestone areas  eg. central limestone plain. It is local and rare elsewhwere (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by logging and modern forest management.

conservationAction:
In Ireland this species is considered Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009). Habitat and population monitoring is recommended to measure any further declines in this species.

redListAssessors:
Rüetschi, J., Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Gargominy, O.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from only five locations, but there is no direct plausible threat at the moment. However, if a threat was to occur, then the species would directly qualify for a threat category. This species is therefore classified as Near Threatened. Research into the population size, distribution and trends of this species is recommended.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, located in Ipirus and the Ionian Islands of Kefallonia and Lefkada (Boeters et al. 1989).

population:
The species is #known only from a few localities. #There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species is found in shaded, humid environments such as woodlands. It is usually found in the leaf litter.

threats:
Destruction of this species' woodland habitat can #reduce localised populations of the species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern (Legakis #and #Maraghou 2009).  #There is no conservation action regarding the species. Due to there only being five locations known of this species it is recommended that there is more research into the population size, distribution and trends of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Acicula lineata has often been confused with Bulimus lineatus Bruguiere 1792 but this is now a conserved name (Falkner et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
There is not much information available about the population trend of this European endemic but it seems quite common in Switzerland. In other parts of its range it is under pressure from recreational activities, infrastructure development and changes in forest management, which can all lead to habitat declines. Overall, the species is classed as Least Concern (LC) but it needs conservation attention in parts of its range.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This European endemic species is widely distributed in central Europe, where it is found in France, Germany, Austria (Vorarlberg and Kaernten), Italy, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein (Falkner et al. 2001).In France it has a restricted distribution in the alpine areas, Mediterranean and Atlantic regions but is more widespread in the continental parts (Falkner et al. 2002).

population:
This species is difficult to find as it lives in litter and can only be found by sifting the substrate. Field surveys suggest that it is a rare species. There is not much information on the populations of this species available, however in Switzerland, this species has been well studied and is quite common.

habitat:
This alpine species is found in litter in woodland (Schlucht- und Blockwaelder) often with beech and maples, and in scree underneath rocks or cliffs, in places that are base rich. It can also occur in meadows.

threats:
The main threat to this species is changes in its habitat. In the alpine areas changes in habitat come from infrastructure development, particularly recreational infrastructure and roads, as well as through forestry management.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas such as Berchtesgarden National Park. In Switzerland it is considered potentially threatened. In Germany in both Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg it is considered endangered. (Falkner et al. 2003)Population monitoring and habitat protection are recommended for this species.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., Neubert, E. von Proschwitz, T.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has often been confused with Acicula lineata.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a mainly alpine distribution pattern, and is rare in its northern occurrences. In its main distribution area, north-western Italy, it is quite abundant, but there are threats to the species because of change of habitat structure by development measures, forestry management, and similar issues. However, it is known from a large area, with more than 35 locations. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, extending to Slovenia and Croatia and is endemic to Europe (Falkner et al. 2001). Its main distribution is in the southern Alps in the Tirol, Salzburg, Kaernten, Bayern and Baden-Wuerttemberg.

population:
This species lives in leaf litter and is hard to find, therefore, there is hardly any information available on its population size or trend. It seems to be rare in most of its range. It often occurs with Acicula lineata. In Slovenia, it is known from a few localities in the western part.

habitat:
This alpine species is found in leaf litter in woodlands in fresh and wet sites. It prefers maple, elm and ash forests, and is found in scree underneath rocks or cliffs.

threats:
The main threat to this species is changes in its habitat. In the alpine areas infrastructure development, particularly recreational infrastructure and roads, and forestry management are responsible for habitat changes. This species is more sensitive to drying out of their habitat through drainage or groundwater extraction.

conservationAction:
This species is included in some regional Red Lists. In Germany, in both Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg, this species is considered Very rare (Falkner et al. 2003). In Switzerland it is considered Endangered, in Austria it is considered Vulnerable (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) and in Slovenia it is considered Rare.Population monitoring and habitat protection are recommended for this species.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, M., Falkner, G. Neubert, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. It is known from three locations, with a small population (11 individuals) and a small number of mature individuals (four). It therefore can be considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. However, this is a subterranean species, and the current known population information could be affected by sampling #effect. The main threats are mining and quarrying. It is recommended that research is carried out to determine more about this species' #distribution, population, ecology and threats. #This is the rarest species of #Acicula #spp. The #species is classified as Vulnerable D2.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece. It is only known from three sites in Achaia, in the Peloponnese (Boeters et al. 1989).

population:
The species is known from a single area with three locations, and 11 individuals. This is probably a rare species. There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
The species was found at the foot of a rock in a rocky area, at 550 m above the sea level (Boeters et al. 1999).

threats:
Habitat destruction from mining and quarrying could potentially severely affect this species since it has only been found in three locations. The population of this species is very small with only 11 individuals found, therefore the species could potentially be seriously threatened.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Endangered #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). There is no conservation action regarding the species. More research is needed on the distribution, population, ecology and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an restricted area of occupancy (8 km2 ) based on four sites (locations) in Gibraltar and one site in Spain, hence it is known from only five locations. One locations on the The Upper Rock is fully protected, however Menez (pers.  comm., 2011) noted that Windmill Hill Flats is subject to new threats of habitat change, by the proposed construction of a wind farm and infrastructure in the habitat, which will provide most disturbance during the construction phase. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, given the intense development on the peninsula where most of the current fresh shells have been obtained.

range:
This species is endemic to Gibraltar and Spain. In Gibraltar, it is only known from four locations: Windmill Hill Flats, Mediterranean Steps, the slopes around Little Bay and the Europa Foreshore (Menez 2005). In Spain, there is a recent record of a dead shell from have reported a shell from in Genalguacil, in the valley of the Genal river (Malaga) (Gavira Romero et al. 2009). # As this record comes from floodline debris from the river, the exact location is uncertain, however this would extend the range, if the site can be found.

population:
Menez (2005) provides information on populations in Gibraltar. No living specimens have yet been found, however recent shells found at all four sites, indicating that the species are extant, # but living in subterranean habitats, so only found in litter and soil detritus. More work is needed to accurately assess population etc. of this species, as well as (indeed) to find live material (see above). Menez (2011, pers. comm., plans further research in 2011-2).

habitat:
This species is found in soil in rock crevices, scree and steppe (often with Acanthus mollis growing nearby) (Menez, pers. comm., 2010).

threats:
There are no threats to this species known on the Upper Rock, as it lies within a protected area, however the location on Windmill Flats was formerly liable to disturbance from the military for target practice resulting in trampling, vegetation being disturbed, and hence subject to frequent disturbance (Menez, pers. comm., 2011). Future plans for this site, provides new threats, as planning permission has been approved for major development near Windmill Hill (a power station) and this will possibly impact on land mollusc and other faunas in the vicinity (Menez, pers. comm., 2011).

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, however there are plans in place for some of the habitats. # Menez (2011) provided data on this species for the Gibraltar Biodiversity Plan (Menez in: Perez, CE. 2006. Biodiversity Action Plan: Planning for Nature. The Gibraltar Ornithological and # Natural History Society. Gibraltar) One locations on the The Upper Rock is fully protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range (EOO = 67000 km2). There are more than 35 known subpopulations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Commission.

range:
This species is endemic to the Northern and Eastern Carpathians. Published distribution records can be found in Soós (1943), Boeters et al. (1989), Lisicky (1991) and Wiktor (2004).There is a published occurrence in the Kaukasus Mts: Poti, debris of Rioni River (Jaczkiewicz 1974), the voucher material is in the IZPAN, Warsaw. Though, this occurrence is somewhat doubtful, it was not considered when the extent of occurrence was calculated.There are around 35 known locations, but due to the hidden life of this species this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), the extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating

population:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species is relatively rare within its range. Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a forest species, occurring under leaf-litter, among stones and decaying dead wood (Soós 1943, Lisicky 1991).

threats:
Deforestation is the main threat to this species, however this is not an ongoing threat. More specifically, compared to its relatively large geographical range, local logging activities does not affect the population significantly. #

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Poland. Most of the known sites are outside of protected areas. However, due to the relatively wide range (EOO = 67000 km2) and with no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or  the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating no conservation measures are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only a few # known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the species' area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in southern Italy. There is a remote distribution record in Montenegro, near Herceg-Novi (Boeters et al. 1989). Fauna Europaea also indicates this species from Greece. This record is based on a sample collected by Fauer (Epirus, 30 km North of Filipiada, Louros River valley), which could not be reinforced and thus it is considered doubtful (see notes in Subai (1993)). The Greek and Montenegrin occurrence was not considered when the extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated.There are six known locations, but due to the hidden life of this species, this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), the extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend. But there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or from other dangers such as through leaching from waste disposal sites. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points.   The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs. Known sites are outside of protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from few locations and has an area.  Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are   unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the   species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to a small area in the Appennin, Liguria, Italy.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, butpopulations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), this species lives in limestone crevices, close to small water currents running in open and rocky terrain, 30-50 cm deep, and also in small caves.

threats:
There are no threats known to this species, except quarrying.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. This species is only known from its type locality, 8 km southeast of Ramales de La Victoria (Cantabria, Spain). There is little information known about this species and more research on its distribution and habitat and ecology is recommended. This species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. This species is only known from its type locality, placed at 8 km southeast of Ramales de La Victoria (Cantabria, Spain).

population:
Only one damaged shell of a dead specimen has been collected. No live specimens have been reported.

habitat:
The habitat is unknown. It most likely lives in ground litter which is similar to the habitat reported for other species of the genus.

threats:
Due to the lack of data for the species, threats to the species are unknown.

conservationAction:
More studies are need to delimitate the geographic range and area of occupancy, as well as the habitat and ecology of the species, before recommending conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. #Although its area of occupancy is very reduced, the species lives in six locations, with no major threats affecting its population. #Fires, and the development of roads and other infrastructures can be indicated as threats. #Part of the population lives within a National park. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. It lives in Oviedo Province, where it has been cited in the Sella valley and Picos de Europa Massif (Boeters et al. 1985) and in the Nalon Valley (Gittenberger 1991), in one locality placed 100 km west #of Sella Valley.

population:
There are no population studies. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It lives in ground litter in areas of limestone rocky sustrate.

threats:
Threats include fires and the development of roads and other infrastructures.

conservationAction:
This species needs habitat preservation. Research on its geographic range, biology and population size is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain. The species is only known from its type locality, in the province of Asturias. It was sifted from sand in a fountain 1 km South of Grado, West Oviedo city. #The only data about this species comes from the collection of a few empty shells. This species is listed as Data Deficient. Research on the ecology and population size and trend of this species is recommended.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. The species is only known from its type locality, in the province of Asturias. It was sieved from sand in a fountain 1 km south of Grado, west Oviedo city.

habitat:
Only empty shells have been collected. Thus, there are not data about its habitat. Nevertheless, it probably lives in leaf litter on calcareous soils as it has been documented for other species of the genus.

threats:
It should be investigated where the species lives before defining threats. The threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Studies should be conducted about its range size, as well as its habitat and population size.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations with no known significant threats. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widely distributed in the northern part of Balkan Peninsula and extends to the Pannonian and the Carpathian biogeographical regions too.The borders of its range are the Mecsek Mountains #(Hungary), Apuseni Mountains and the Southern Carpathians (Romania) and the Crni Drin vally (Makedonia) in the South. Although Boeters et al. (1989) indicate that this species is from Croatia (Jasenovac, cit: Tomic (1959)), this record might refer to another Jasenovac, probably in Serbia and therefore the Croatian occurrence of this species needs confirmation.    Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, and there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely and therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs, however some of the known subpopulations occur within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is found at many sites. It is not thought to be threatened and is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This European endemic species has a split distribution, known from the Cantabrian range in northern Spain and from a distant location in the Eastern French and Spanish Pyrenees.

habitat:
This species is a ground-dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests, mostly under ivy.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is found at many sites. It is  not thought to be threatened and is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
The species is endemic to the Cantabrian mountains in northern Spain and the Pyrenees extending to the upper Garonne drainage in France. It is found at many sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to a relatively narrow range between Friuli Alps and the Istrian Peninsula. The number of known locations is over 15 and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southeastern Alps (Friuli Alps) and the Istrian Peninsula. Published distribution records for the species are at Sauris di Sopra, Forni Avoltri, Villa Santina, Höhle Fernitic near Trieste, Veliki dol near Trieste, Zagorje near Pivka, Porozina in Cres Island, Ucka gora in Istria, Buzet in Istria, Medveja in Istria, Veprinac in Istria, five km from Veprinac, Gornje Jelenje, Globocec, Pillersberg and Slepajama (Boeters et al. 1989). There are further unpublished records from east of Socerga; Istria and Mirna valley in Slovenia (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished).

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky habitats with an apparent preference for limestone areas. #

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. It is probable that some of the known subpopulations occur within protected areas.The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, any research activity should focus on these points. No conservation actions are thought to be necessary at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread. The population trends are unknown, but this species is not though to be in decline. Thus it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in France and also occupies the southern part of the Pyrenees in Spain. In France, it is common in the Pyrenees.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia. There are only five known locations, but there  are no direct plausible threats. Therefore this species is assessed as  Near Threatened (NT). Should a more direct threat impact the species such as  quarrying, then this species might qualify for a higher threat  category.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it has an extent of occurrence of 50 km2. It is present in nine sites, in particular near a camp site at Prapatna near Ston on the Peljesac peninsula, YH14; 0.5 km from Zaradeze in the direction of Orebic, Zagorje Mountains, Carovic Vrh (370 m alt.), Peninsula Peljesac, YH04; west of the village of Ponikve (450 m alt.), Peninsula Peljesac, YH14; on the slope above Trstenik (200 m alt.), Peninsula Peljesac, XH95 and one on Mljet island.

population:
There is no information on the population size. However, the population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, areas.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are through the destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites could also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known, therefore research activities should focus on these two areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an area of occupancy of 16 km2 and is found at only four locations. The population size and trend are currently not known but there are potential threats coming from urbanisation in the area. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species is also assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to Alpes-Maritimes in France. It is only known from five localities which correspond to four locations.

population:
There is no population data available for this species. It is only collected with a few specimen, nearly exclusively dead ones.

habitat:
This species is a ground-dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests, mostly under ivy. It might also live in drier Mediterranean habitats as recent finding suggest.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown. This species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this  region and by all the activities from the increasing population. If the dry habitats are confirmed to be suitable, then fire might pose another threat.

conservationAction:
The species is protected under the French law but does not occur in any protected area. Further investigation about the distribution, population trend and ecological requirements of the species as well as impacts of potential threats should be carried out.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe. The subpopulations from the northern occurrence are threatened by tourist activities and road constructions, for the remaining (much) larger area, there are no threats known. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in Austria, Germany (Bayern), Slovenia, Italy, Bosnia and Hercegowina, and Greece. # It is a European endemic. There are very few sites in Bayern with only two known sites with few individuals.

population:
This species is rare in Germany where it reaches the northern end of its distribution. There it has declined in the last 20 years. In Austria, the species is known from several localities, in Slovenia, it is widespread and quite common and not believed to be threatened.

habitat:
It is found in leaf litter in forests and scree; it is a calceophilous species.

threats:
The sites in Bavaria are threatened by tourism as the species sites are frequented by people and also by garbage disposal. One site is right next to a road and an enlargement of that road would threaten this population.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as R - extremely rare in the Bavarian Red List (Germany) and as Least Concern in Austria. It is found in protected areas throughout its range. More information about the species distribution is needed.

redListAssessors:
Neubert, E., Falkner, G., Falkner, M. von Proschwitz, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is only known from one site and it is threatened by human disturbance related to the recreational activities linked to the ecological trail of the Karpathian National Park. However there is no observed decline of habitat quality and the trend of the population size is not known. If the population is proven to be declining or if the habitat quality starts to decline, this species will directly qualify for a Critically Endangered (CR) Category under criteria B.

range:
This species is is endemic from Ukraine and is known only from the type locality - valley of the Zhenets River near Tatarov Village (Karpathian National Park).

population:
There are no # population data available.

habitat:
This molluscs was found in a damp leaf litter in a woodland.

threats:
The area is part of the ecological trail of the Karpathian National Park.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of this species. # Its range is included in the Karpathian National Park, but this does not prevent the species to be impacted by recreational activities. The range of this species should be specifically protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to south-west Portugal, where it is known from two  locations near the coast: Caldas de Monchique and Bensafrim (Holyoak and  Seddon 1985, Boeters et al. 1988). The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (8 km2) and is known from only two locations. The plausible threat comes from quarrying of the area, as it occurs in around limestone crags. # It is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2. The previous listing in 1996 was also Vulnerable (VU) D2, and there is little change to the status nor the knowledge for this species.

range:
This species is endemic to south-west Portugal, where it is known from two locations near the coast, Caldas de Monchique and Bensafrim (Holyoak and Seddon 1985, Boeters et al. 1988). The extent of occurrence is estimated as 300 km2 (based on 20 x 15 km area).

habitat:
The species was sieved from leaf litter and soil in a moist area close to the springs of Caldas de Monchique. It probably lies subterraneously.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Recommended actions include further survey work in the intervening region, as the species maybe more widespread within restricted range, and if so a revised conservation assessment would be merited.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy as it is known from a single location. Thus it can be considered to be  facing a high risk of extinction. However, this is a  subterranean species, and its small population can be, to a certain extent,  a #sampling #effect. Due to its rarity and single location, this species is particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and degradation and is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and is only known from one locality, from Milanovac Lake near Plitvice.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean parts of rocky, mostly limestone, areas.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are through the destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely as it is found in the Plitvice Lakes National Park.

conservationAction:
This species is found in the Plitvice Lakes National Park. The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known, therefore research activities should focus on these two areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously described as Acme microspira.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a typically disjunct distribution. It lives in a small area in Northern Italy as well as in the Bihor region, in Romania (Boeters #et al. #1989). #There are no major threats to the species. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species was assessed on the European level as Least Concern.

range:
This species has a typically disjunct distribution. It lives in a small area in Northern Italy as well as in the Bihor region, in Romania (Boeters et al. 1989).   The known Italian localities are the following: 2 km west of San Giovanni Bianco; San Pellegrino Terme (15  km north of Bregamo); Piazza; Camerato Cornello, whereas the known localities in Romania are the following: Vadu Crisului gorge, caves sourrunding Vadu  Crisului (Boeters et al. 1989), and Valei Butei  (Lengyel and Páll-Gergely 2010).    The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. This is mainly because of the small shell size, the species can be collected only from soil samples. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating. The potential range of the species is relatively unexplored, so it can be assumed that further subpopulations will be found, that will increase extent of occurrence as well.

population:
Due to the hidden life and small shell size of this species, there are no data on population trend. #However, the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species. Lengyel and Páll-Gergely (2010) found the species in the debris of a waterfall in the Valea Boghii.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in those countries where occurs. The Romanian populations can be found in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Corfu (Greek island in the Ionian Sea). It is relatively common and found in areas other than the type locality #(P. Subai pers. comm. 2010). The main threats to this species are deforestation and urbanisation, although it is not known how serious these threats are. This species is considered to be Near Threatened. # #It is recommended that research is carried out to determine more about this species' #distribution, population, ecology and threats.

range:
The species is endemic to the Greek Island of Corfu (Kerkyra) (Boeters et al. 1989). #This species is found in areas other than the type locality #(P. Subai pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species is #known #only from the island of Corfu (Boeters et al. 1989). However, this species is relatively common (P. Subai pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
The species was described from individuals found in soil substrate under Laurus shrubs in a dry valley (Boeters et al. 1989). This is one of the smallest land snails in Europe (size between 1.1 and 1.25 mm).

threats:
The ecology and the biology of the species is generally unknown. #Destruction of this species' woodland habitat can #reduce localised populations of the species. Possible threats are deforestation and urbanisation. However, since this species is only found from one area, #the reduction of the habitat that Platyla species are usually found could be a potential risk. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis #and #Maraghou 2009).  #There is no conservation action regarding the species. # #The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not well known, therefore research activities are recommended on populations studies and distribution and on the ecology of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously described as Acicula (Platyla) orthostoma.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is known from four locations on the Black Sea coast. However, there are no major threats affecting this species at the moment. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened. However, if a threat was to occur, this species could qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to Southeastern Bulgaria at the Black Sea coast. It has a very restricted area. #This species lives between 0 and 20 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007) #.

population:
Due to the hidden life and small shell size of this species there are no data on population trend. # #However, the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species was found only in fluvial debris as empty shells, but knowing related species, we might suppose, that it occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats or under decaying leaf litter.

threats:
This species most probably occurs in subterranean part of rocky habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical. Deforestation on its habitat can be a threat to this species, however this is not an ongoing threat.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria. The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known, therefore research activities should focus on these two areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. It is known from only one location. Thus it can be considered to be facing a high risk of extinction.  However, this is a subterranean species, and its small population can  be, to a certain extent, a sampling effect. #It is only found in one locality and has a small area of occupancy. #Due to its rarity and single  location, this species is particularly vulnerable to habitat  destruction and degradation and is therefore considered as Vulnerable D2. #It is recommended that research is carried out to determine more about this species' #distribution, population, ecology and threats.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the area of Lakonia in Peloponnese (Boeters et al. 1989). It is only found in one locality and has a small area of occupancy. The exact size of the area of occupancy is unknown.

population:
The species was described from a few individuals found in a single locality #(Boeters #et al. 1989). There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) areas.

threats:
Real potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. #The reduction of the habitat where #Platyla #species are usually found (forests), could be a potential risk. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). There is no conservation action regarding the species. # #The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not well known, therefore research activities are recommended on populations studies and distribution and on the ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are more than 15 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in Serbia and in the Banat and Apuseni Mountains in Romania. In Hungary it has been found in fluvial debris only so its presence there cannot be confirmed.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are known to be outside of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are three known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, and the province of Treviso. It is recorded from three locations representing three sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the leaf litter and soil of moist creek canyons or in the crevices of limestone walls.

threats:
There are no known threats affecting the species at the moment, except quarrying.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only around 15 known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from the western part of Greece and South Albania. Additional records are known from Epirus (Igoumenitsa area, Ioannina Lake), in Ithaki and Kefallinia Islands, as well as in Lakonia (Peloponnesos Peninsula) (Boeters et al. 1989, Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996). Compared to the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), the number of known locations is not very high, however, it might be underestimated due to the hidden life of the species.     The species is far from being well studied and its range and distribution needs to be studied in the future. At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone)  habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are  destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons.  However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely,  therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas. The geographic range and the existing subpopulations of this species are not exactly known and therefore any research activity should focus on these points. Conservation actions are currently not required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread across Europe. There are no major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species reaches the edge of its distribution in Scandinavia but is widespread in Central Europe. It is extending from Spain to the Balkans and Belarus. There are some isolated occurrence in St. Petersburg.

population:
There are no data on the population trends, but it is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in the crevices of rocks.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in the National Park Berchtesgarden.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Rüetschi, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a single location and a single sub-population. It inhabits a subterranean habitat, which is less affected by human impact, disturbance, ecosystem modifications, etc. However, quarrying and waste sites are potential threats. Due to its rarity and single known location this species is particularly  vulnerable to habitat destruction and degradation and is therefore  considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Montenegro. It is known only from one location: Montenegro, Radetina pecina, near Ilijino Brdo, 1300 m asl.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This species was found in the subterranean part of a rocky habitat. #

threats:
The main potential threat to this species are the destruction of the habitat by quarrying or construction works. Waste disposal sites can also have a negative impact on the species' habitat through leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Montenegro and its known site is not protected.The species is far from being well investigated, and due to its hidden life, it is conceivable that there is not only one sub-population. Research activity is urgently required and should focus on the exploration of the species' range and its sub-populations in order to determine if conservation actions are necessary for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from few locations and has an area.  Quarries and  road construction are potential threats, but they are   unlikely to  impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the   species is  listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in central East Sardinia.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable. The species seems to be frequent.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), this species lives subterraneously and was collected by sieving from soil samples.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was previously described as Acme similis.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is distributed in Italy and in the Balkan region (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo). #There are more than 50 known sub-populations and there is no reason to assume any decline. There are no major threats. This species is assessed as Least Concern.This species was assessed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
This species is distributed in Italy and in the Balkan region (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Kosovo). Boeters et al. (1989) listed more than 50 localities. Stamol  (2010) reported the species from Croatia. In Germany and in Great Britain the species is known from Pleistocene deposits. This species lives between 0 and 800 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Poppy 2007).

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species seems to be abundant. The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with mountainous limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones or at the base of rocks. However this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species (Grossu 1986).

threats:
This species is not sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
The species is not specifically protected anywhere, however several populations can be found in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are many known sub-populations (>50), but due to the hidden life of the  species, this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or  the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.  Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in the north-eastern part of Italy in Modena and Perugia and in the western and central areas of Slovenia (Boeters et al. 1989). In Slovenia, it is found in 50 sites, occurring in 24 UTM grid cells (10 x 10 km).

population:
The population trend is unknown. This species seems to be rare: between one to 25 shells were found in the soil samples.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are through the destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is relatively widespread but it is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. In a few cases the species has been reported in protected areas. No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from two locations, but the area of occupancy is supposed to be more than 300 km2. The range is not well studied, and the number of known locations/sub-populations as well as the area of occupancy might be underestimated. There is no major threat currently known to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to a small area in north-western Sicily, Italy. This species is recorded from two locations representing two sites. This species is assumed to # inhabit the limestone area in the north-western part of Sicily.

habitat:
This species is living in the soil litter in limestone areas, probably subterranean habitats.

threats:
There are no threats known affecting the species at the moment, except quarrying.


taxonomicNotes:
According to AnimalBase Project Group (2010), Bodon and Cianfanelli (2008)  published a very accurate study, but unfortunately missed to analyse the  degree of variation in the thickness of the cervical callus in the south of Italy  and Dalmatia. It seems that some Croatian specimens of P. elisabethae  have a broader cervical callus, like the Italian population.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from few locations and has an restricted area of occupancy of 16 km2.  Quarries and   road construction are potential threats, but they are   unlikely to   impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the   species is   listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
According to AnimalBase Project Group (2010), the species lives in the south of Italy (Campania, Basilicata).

habitat:
According to AnimalBase Project Group (2010), the species lives in leaf litter of deciduous forests, under limestone rocks and stones.

threats:
There are no known threats affecting the species at the moment, except quarrying and road construction.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this recently described species. More research is needed on the population and distribution of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only 15-20 # known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is sporadically distributed along the Dalmatian Adriatic coast from Omis in Croatia to Elbasan in Albania. The known distribution records are: North-East of Shkoder; Rutoci; Kameno near Herceg-Novi; Sutorina Mountain; Dobrota near Kotor; Kotor; Petovac; Virpazar; Velika Jama near Sokol; Ombla near Dubrovnik; Komolac near Dubrovnik; Sustjepan near Dubrovnik; Radmanove Mlinice near Omis; Omis, six km from Kucice (Boeters et al. 1989), Tamare; Mirake (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996), Rumija Mountais between Zoganje and Klezna (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished record).    There are 15-20 known locations of this species and no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. #

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons such as leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are outside of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has an area of occupancy of 8 km² and an extent of occurrence which is much less than 10 km². It is was reported from two collecting points in the 1980s which count as one location as they are in the same gorge. There is no information on the population trend and hardly any living specimen has been found. The habitat of this species is under threat from urbanisation and invasive plants. The species is therefore classed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: # Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
This species is endemic to the border area between France and Italy in the Alpes-Maritimes/Imperia province. It is known from only three collection points which correspond to one location. The last collections have been carried out in the 1980s. One of those collection point is the locus typicus in Gorge de Saint Louis and the species has never been collected alive in this place.

habitat:
This species is a ground-dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist Mediterranean deciduous forests, mostly under ivy.

threats:
This species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization of this  region and by all activities coming from the increasing population, e.g. there are parking lots and garages built into the gorge.The locus typicus (Gorge de Saint Louis) is invaded by invasive plants (e.g. Impatiens spp.) and the species can not be found there anymore. Invasive plants might pose the biggest threat to the species.

conservationAction:
It is protected under the French law, but does not occur in any protected area. Further investigation should be carried out to know if the species is still alive. It is classified as Endangered (highest category at that time) under the French national Red List (1994).


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, the localities are scattered. It is a rare species, but there are no adequate information on the population to assess its status. This species, as most Aciculidae, is very small and therefore difficult to sample. The threats are unknown, even if it is suspected that urbanization and human disturbance are affecting its habitat. The species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to the north-west of Italy (Piemont, Appenins and Liguria) and the south-east of France (Alpes-Maritimes).

population:
This is a rare species. There is no population trend data available.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown. This species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this region and by all the activities from the increasing population.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from two locations and is potentially threatened by quarries. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic for a very restricted area at Grotte di Bossea, Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy. This species is recorded from two locations and two sites (which might represent a single location only).

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky limestone areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is very rare and known only from 3 localities, in the  South-East of France from where it is endemic. It has been observed alive only once. No data are  available about the trends, but it might be threatened by the increased  urbanization taking  place in this region. This species is therefore considered as  Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species in endemic to Alpes-Maritimes (Gorbio and Monti), South-East France.

threats:
This species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization of this region and by all activities coming from the increasing population.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although this very rare species should receive more attention to find new subpopulations. There is also a need to monitor population trends.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has two accepted subspecies: Renea kobelti kobelti and R. kobelti albanica Boeters, Gittenberger Subai, 1989.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Montenegro and Albania. It is only known from five locations but there are no major threats affecting this species at the moment. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT). However, if a threat was to occur, this species could qualify for a higher threat category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The nominate subspecies occurs in the Kotor Bay area of Montenegro, whereas the subspecies #R. kobelti albanica #is distributed from the Rumija Mountains (Virpazar) to central Albania. The species occurs sporadically with known locations at #Kameno near Herceg-Novi, Dobrota near Kotor in the case of #R. kobelti kobelti #(Boeters et al. 1989), and at #Byshek spring near Elbasan, near Shkoder, Virpazar in the case of #R. kobelti albanica #(Boeters et al. 1989).

threats:
Potential main threats to this species are the destruction of the habitat by quarrying or by other reasons. Waste disposal sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through the leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and known subpopulations are outside of protected areas.  The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points.   #


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies: Renea moutonii moutonii (Dupuy, 1849) and R. moutonii singularis (Pollonera, 1905).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (313 km2) and a limited number of locations (less than 10). However, there are no population data available and it is unclear if its habitat is declining or not. Therefore the species is considered to beNear Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for criterion B. # If the habitat is proven to be declining, this species will directly qualify for a threatened category.

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is found in the Siagne and the Loup valleys, in the Alpes-Maritimes.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the population and on the distribution of this species. The species is protected under the French law.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extent of occurrence of 30 km2 # and is found  at only four locations. The population size and trend are currently unknown, but there are potential threats coming from urbanisation in the  area. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2

range:
This species is restricted to France (Paillon and Bevera valleys in the north-east of Nice) and Italy (near the French border).

conservationAction:
The species is protected under the French law.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several known subpopulations. There are no known major threats to the species at present and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is primarily distributed from Krain in the southeastern Alps to central Bosnia. The majority of known locations are in Slovenia, and in Croatia and Bosnia there are only sporadic occurrences.     There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, habitats. #

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky, mostly limestone, habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons such as through leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore these threats are mostly hypothetical at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs although some of the subpopulations live within protected areas. Due to the large and stable population no conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is classified as Least Concern (LC), although there is no up-to-date information on the current distribution and number of sites. There are 50 historic findings, and Italy is the main area of distribution. From there, no number of sites is available, but there is no information on any threads to this species known from this country. More research on the population distribution and trend are needed to make an informed assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: #Least Concern (LC) #at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species  is endemic to Europe and is native to Germany, Italy, Austria, Slovenia. There are around 50 occurrences recorded in those countries all of them quite small but some of those recordings are museum data from several decades ago. But there is no information on the actual number of sites. Taking into account that there might be more sites not found yet, it is still safe to say that the species has an area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km2.

population:
The species is difficult to find and field surveys only reveal a few individuals. Therefore there is hardly any population information available.There are three to four currently known sites in Germany. The main  distribution of the species is in Italy and there is no information for  this country. In Slovenia, it is found in the western part only near the Italian border.

habitat:
It is found in leaf litter in montane forests.

threats:
Forest management is the main threat especially heavy machinery that is compacting the soil or the logging of trees causes sunlight to dry out the humid soil that the species requires. Often clearing up of the litter is another practise that threatens the populations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as R - extremely rare in the Bayern Red List (Germany), as Rare in Slovenia and as Least Concern in Austria. It is found in the National Park Berchtesgaden, # in the National Park Julian Alps in Slovenia and in other protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Latest revision was done by Schütt (1977). Schütt distinguishes C. achaicum achaicum and C. achaicum diplestes (Westerlund 1894) as distinct subspecies. According to Fauna Europaea, the latter form, as well as coerulea A.J. Wagner 1897 and maxima A.J. Wagner 1897 are synonyms. Its system is based on shell morphology only, a modern revision, based on genital morphology and molecular data is necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 25-30 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a Greek endemic. According to Schütt (1977), this species is distributed on the Peloponnes peninsula (Greece). Schütt mentions 25-30 known locations, but this number probably underestimates the real number. The extent of occurrence is over 20,000 km2 with an area of occupancy of around 100 km2. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat and local events do not affect the whole population significantly.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Greece and its known sites are outside of protected areas.  The systematics of the group, where this species belongs to, is very out of date and probably incorrect, therefore it needs revision. Research activity should focus on this point.


taxonomicNotes:
Germain (1930) and Alzona (1971) list this species under the authorship of Pollonera. According to Falkner et al. (2002) this is the synonym of Cochlostoma simrothi. By contrast, Gargominy and Ripken (2006) believed that it is a distinct taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations/sub-populations is only one and area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but according to Gargominy and Ripken (2006) the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals neither decline or extremely fluctuate. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This is a French endemic. The type locality is "Habite entre la Giandola et Fontan" (Caziot 1908) [in France, Alpes Maritimes, Roya valley between la Giandola and Fontan]. According to Gargominy and Ripken (2006) it is restricted to "vallon de la Bendola" in the Valle da la Roya. The area of occupancy is thought to be 4 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 12 km2.

population:
Only one subpopulation is known. However, there might be further undiscovered subpopulations nearby. The only known subpopulation seemed to be stable according to Gargominy and Ripken (2006).

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or any other realistic threats. Only one sub-population is known, which lives within a protected area, so it is not threatened by complete or severe destruction of that rocky habitat (e.g. construction works, quarrying, etc.), only by disturbance from tourist activity, However, this does not seem to be a realistic threat now.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in France. However, its known subpopulation is within a protected area, the Alpes Maritimes National Park. This species is distinguished only by shell morphology. This should be reinforced by genital anatomy and molecular markers too before we can be sure if this is really a distinct species. Research activity should therefore focus on this point. Secondly, if this is really a narrow range endemic species, the only known subpopulation should be regularly monitored.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the Fauna Italia checklist (Bodon) Cochlostoma montanum (Issel, 1866) might be its subspecies or its junior synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 11 known sub-populations and probably this number is largely underestimated. Those sub-populations which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline and there are no significant threats to the species. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is an Italian endemic. According to Forcart (1965) its distribution is restricted to Calabria (Monte di Tiriolo and Monte di Stella). Paget (1962) (cited by Alzona 1971) indicates this species is also from Apulia. Recently, some new sub-populations were discovered in Campania, but the Calabrian and Campanian ranges are not continuous (Enrico Zallot personal communication). Until the existence of the Apulian sub-populations are proven, the area of occupancy (44 km2) # and extent of occurrence (7,200 km2) calculations are based only on certain distribution records.

population:
Despite the systematic uncertainty associated with this species, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. The two Calabrian sub-populations (Monte Stella and Monte Tiriolo) and some other Campanian sub-populations which certainly belong to this species were last visited in 2007 and seemed stable (Zallott personal communication).

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks. #

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat and local events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Italy but there is at least one sub-population which lives within a protected area: Parco del Cilento. It would be important to confirm (by genital morphological and molecular methods) the systematic position of Apulian and Campanian sub-populations. First of all, research activity should focus the systematics and the better exploration of the distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, Cochlostoma eupleurum Westerlund, 1885 is its junior synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from one location only, however its range is far from being well explored. Therefore it is possible that future studies will find further sub-populations and currently there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily (Italy). In the original description, there was no specific type locality mentioned. Only one sub-population is known, which has been discovered just recently (by F. di Libero; Enrico Zallot pers comm). The potential range of the species is quite unexplored, so it can be assumed that further sub-populations will be found that will increase the area of occupancy as well as the extent of occurrence, and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Only one sub-population is known. However, it can be supposed that there are further undiscovered sub-populations nearby. There is no information as to if the only known sub-population has shown the signs of fluctuation or decline. It is presumed to be stable.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification, it might be threatened only by complete or severe destruction of the habitat (quarrying, urban development, etc). Any threats should be taken seriously unless new sub-populations are discovered.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy, but the only known sub-population occurs within a protected area (Parco Naturale Regionale delle Madonie). The geographic range and number of sub-populations are not exactly known. Research activity should focus on the monitoring of the only known habitat and the exploration of the range and further sub-populations of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Alzona (1971), "Cochlostoma monterosato Bourguignat in Benoit (1875)" is a synonym of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are only a few known sub-populations, but this number is probably underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in north-western Sicily and has an extent of occurrence of 900 km2 and an area of occupancy of 25 km2. Its area typica is near Calatafimi. According to Enrico Zallot (pers. comm), further locations, where this species occurs are: Erice, Segesta, Mte Cofano, Mte Pecoraro, Mte Bonifato. Due to the fact that Sicilian Cochlostoma species are difficult to distinguish on a shell morphology basis, there might be further unpublished/unrecognised material in collections. For example, each C. alleryanum in the collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) was misidentified (E. Zallot pers. comm). Moreover, the potential range of the species is quite unexplored, so it can be assumed that further sub-populations will be found. There is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.     #

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that # potential habitats are not really sensitive, and therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks. #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. There is at least one population which lives within protected areas: that of # "Riserva Naturale Orientata Monte Cofano" Regional Reserve. The species' range is quite unexplored, so research activity should focus on this point, as well as the systematics of the group based on anatomy and molecular markers.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally, this species was described as a subspecies of C. septemspirale. Now, its distinct species status is generally accepted (Gittenberger 1971).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has at least 20 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern Alps in eastern Karawanken and Steiner Alps in Austria and the Julian Alps in Slovenia. It also has a remote occurrence in the western Dinaric Mountains (Sneznik in Slovenia). There are several published distribution records in Klemm (1973), Frank (1996), Bole (1994) and Gittenberger (1971) and some further unpublished material in the collection of the HNHM, Willy de Mattia (Trieste) and Enrico Zallot. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (80 km2), extent of occurrence (3,600 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its geographic range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 20 known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas) where it is usually found among or under stones or among leaf litter in shaded places at the base of rocks. This species is usually not found on the bare, exposed rock surfaces. It is often found in the same areas as Cochlostoma septemspirale.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by deforestation. Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Slovenia and Austria. There is at least one population that lives within a protected site (Logarska dolina Landscape Park in Slovenia). No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Though this species is a relatively narrow range endemic, there are at least 10 known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) this species is endemic to a narrow range in the western Alps in France (Alpes de la Savoie, Alpes Dauphiné between Grenoble and Aix-en-Bains), and INPN provides 10 known distribution records. Germain (1931) mentions two further locations in the Alpes Maritimes, which are not accepted by INPN, and are therefore not considered in this assessment (including area of occupancy and extent of occurrence calculations). Despite this species occurring within a narrow range there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (40 km2), extent of occurrence (2,400 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that # potential habitats are not really sensitive. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species it is associated with rocky woods (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found among or under stones; among leaf litter in shaded places at the base of rocks or trees or sometimes on the rock surface (Germain 1931).

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Sub-populations could in theory be threatened by deforestation. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat and local events do not affect the whole population significantly.   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in France. It is expected that part of the population occurs within protected areas (probably in the Parc naturel régional de la Chartreuse). No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Latest revision was done by Gofas (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened with a restricted range of around 15 km2 with only seven known localities. However, there are no realistic threats and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species occurs in northern Spain (Province Asturias) within a relatively narrow range. Gofas (2001) publishes seven distribution records (within a range of 15 km2). Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (15 km2), extent of occurrence (15 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not very sensitive to threats. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Spain. At least a part of its range is within a protected site (Picos d' Europa National Park).


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Fehér (2004), where the following subspecies were mentioned: C. auritum auritum, C. auritum drimmeri Varga 1998, C. auritum gjonii Feher 2004, C. auritum lamellatum Westerlund 1885 (syn: = alatum A.J. Wagner 1906), C. auritum meridionalis O. Boettger 1886 and C. auritum montenegrinum A.J. Wagner 1897.Recent molecular phylogenetic research has shown that C. auritum gjonii  does not belong to this species but a distinct, undescribed species (Z. Fehér unpublished data). Accordingly, C. auritum gjonii  was not taken into consideration during this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range with the extent of occurrence of around 2,200 km2. There are at least 50-70 known sub-populations and those sub-populations which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed mainly in the Montenegrian coastal zone. Northwards it reaches the southernmost part of Croatia (Konavli Mts) and southwards it extends to the north-western part of Albania (Tarabosh Mts and Kakaric). There are contradictory data regarding its Albanian occurrence: e.g. Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) incorrectly indicates this species from southern Albania (Mali Cikes) [that is actually C. tessellatum, deposited in NHMW, Fehér unpublished data]. There are at least 50-70 known locations (Fehér 2004, HNHM unpublished data), and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (250 km2), extent of occurrence (2,200 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are several known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Croatia, but not in the other two countries where it occurs. Several populations occur within protected areas in Montenegro (Lovcen National Park, Kotor-Risan Bay World Heritage Site and the planned Rumija Regional Park). Research activity should focus on the taxonomy of the species group where this species belongs to, with special regard to the systematic position of "C. auritum gjonii"


taxonomicNotes:
Latest revision was made by Gofas (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in northern Spain (in the Basque county, Cantabria and Asturia). Within its range, this species is not rare: at least 80 locations are published by Gofas (2001). Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (300 km2), extent of occurrence (8,500 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
According to Gofas (2001), this species prefers rocky habitats in limestone areas where it is usually found among mounds of loose large stones in shaded places at the base of rocks. This species is usually not found on bare, exposed rock surfaces. It is sometimes found in the same areas as Cochlostoma hidalgoi, but they are separated by the habitat type (C. hidalgoi prefers the rock surface).

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Spain, although at least a part of its populations live within protected areas in the Picos de Europa National Park andParque Natural de Fuentes Carrionas y Fuente Cobre-Montaña Palentina. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on Wagner (1897), Fauna Europaea distinguishes two subspecies within this species: C. braueri braueri and C. braueri latestriatum (A.J. Wagner 1897). In the view of Soós (1913) C. braueri latestriatum might be an abnormally built C. elegans.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known to comprise two subspecies. These subspecies have two remote and relatively narrow ranges. There are six to seven known locations/sub-populations. As there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).In the case of future research bringing significant changes in the systematics of this species/species-group and the position of C. braueri  latestriatum changes (either emerged at higher taxonomic level or replaced to another species) it would highly affect the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and the number of locations and therefore the assessment of this species should be reconsidered. If only the nominate subspecies was assessed the category could be upgraded..

range:
The species is a Croatian endemic. In the original description the only location for C. braueri braueri was: Klek Mt. near Ogulin and there were two locations for C. braueri latestriatum: Vaganski Vrh and Visocica in the Velebit Mts. In the collections of the Natural History Museum Wien (NHMW) (Vienna), IZPAN (Warsaw), Berlin Zoological Museum (ZMB) (Berlin) and the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) (Budapest) there are further material: C. braueri braueri: Grosse Kapella (=Velika Kapela Mts), Modrus, Bijele Stijene; C. braueri latestriatum: Visocica, 934 m.The two subspecies have distinct and remote ranges, therefore two distinct extent of occurrence polygons were drawn and the extent of occurrence was calculated accordingly (530 km2). This is not a frequent species, but the species' range and distribution is far from being well studied and further locations might be discovered in the future. At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is only partial information on population trend. The Klek population was checked in 2009 (E. Zallot) and the Visocica population in 2008 (L. Nádai). Being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not very sensitive and therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the national level in Croatia and at least part of the sub-populations for both subspecies live within protected areas (Bijele und Samarske stijene Strict Reserve, Velebit Nature Park). First of all, the systematic position of the two subspecies should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers to confirm or reject if they are distinct species and/or distinct conservation units as well as their relation with C. elegans (e.g. Soós supposed that C. braueri latestriatum is simply an abnormally built C. elegans). No conservation actions are required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Alzona (1971), Cochlostoma insubricum Pini, 1877 and C. canestrinianum Adami, 1886 are synonyms of this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs within a narrow range with a very restricted area of occupancy of 16 km2. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Habitat disturbance is also not a very serious problem at present. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to a narrow area in the south-western Alps in Italy (Prealpi Lombarde, Monte Presolana near Bergamo). In this mountain there might be some local sub-populations, but they probably form one large meta-population. There is material with the following data in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and in the private collections of Willy de Mattia and Enrico Zallot : "Pizzo della Presolana", "Piani di Vione", "Colere", "Mt. Presolana, 2,100 m asl." On the last visit in 2004 there were no signs that the area of occupancy (16 km2), extent of occurrence (40 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating (Willy de Mattia, pers. comm).   #

population:
Although it lives within a restricted range the sub-populations surveyed seemed to be stable at the time of the last visit in 2004 (Willy de Mattia, pers comm).

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or any other realistic threats. But it occurs within a narrow range which is a popular target for recreational activities such as mountaineering, trekking and rock-climbing so it might be affected by disturbance. In the latest assessment (2000), shell collecting was mentioned as a  potential threatening factor, but as a locally abundant rock-dwelling  species it can hardly be affected by shell collectors.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Italian Red List, but its range is thought to be outside of protected areas (www.parks.it). Being a narrow range species, habitat and population trends should be monitored regularly.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, it has two subspecies: C. cinerascens cinerascens and C. cinerascens beauforti (Clessin 1887).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 10-15 known sub-populations, which is probably an underestimation. Those sub-populations, which have been regularly visited in recent years, have not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in southern Dalmatia along the Adriatic coast south of Makarska and Brac Island down to Dubrovnik and the Konavli Mts. Wagner (1906) gives one location in Bosnia-Hercegovina (Ljubuski). The type locality of C. cinerascens beauforti  is "Jankao vrh Crivoscie" which probably refers to Jankov vrh in the Krivosije Mts, Montenegro (Stamol 2010). As regards its presence in Montenegro, neither in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) nor in the private collection of Peter Subai (Aachen) are records from Montenegro in spite of the fact that Montenegrian mollusc fauna is well represented in these collections. Therefore, the Montenegrian occurrence is believed to be uncertain which needs confirmation, and therefore not considered in the extent of occurrence calculation. There are at least 10 to 15 known locations, although this is likely to be an underestimation.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 10-15 known sub-populations and those sub-populations, which were visited in recent years, did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Croatia. However, some of the sub-populations live within protected areas, such as in Park Prirode Biokovo. No conservation actions are required at present.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea and Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (based probably on Falkner et al. 2002) it is a distinct species. In the view of Germain (1931: p.576) and Gofas (2001), however, it is the synonym of C. obscurum. This assessment is made on the basis of INPN records, however, as Cochlostoma is revised, a reconsideration of this assessment might be necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has at least six known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, this species should be assessed as Least Concern (LC). On the other hand, one might question its distinct taxon status, and in the light of the results of a revision (based on genital anatomy and molecular markers), a reassessment might be necessary in the future.

range:
According to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) this species is distributed in France in Burgundy, Yonne and Haute-Marne in at least six known locations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (25 km2), extent of occurrence (6,300 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Despite the systematic doubt, if this species is really a distinct taxon there is no reason to suppose that the number of its sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Although this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found among or under stones; among leaf litter in shaded places at the base of rocks or sometimes on the rock surface.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat and local events do not affect the whole population significantly.  .

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in France and, according to INPN, its known locations are outside of protected areas. It would be important to clarify the systematic position of this species (by genital morphological and molecular methods). First of all, research activity should focus on this point. No conservation actions are currently required however.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Schütt (1977).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has at least 10 known sub-populations and probably this number is underestimated because its potential range is unexplored. At least the sub-population in the Samaria Gorge lives within a protected area. On the other hand, in recently visited sub-populations it was hard to find live specimens. For now it can be supposed that it is a normal phenomenon of this species and therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, the population trends should be followed up, and if signs of decline are found the assessment category should be upgraded.

range:
This species is distributed in the western part of Crete Island. Schütt (1977) lists five locations and in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) there are further unpublished materials from five different sites. Its potential range is unexplored, so it can be presumed that there are further undiscovered sub-populations. On the other hand, this species does not appear to be abundant at all. According to personal communication with Barna Páll-Gergely and Péter Subai, this species is difficult to find within its range. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area occupancy (40 km2), extent of occurrence (1,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. Being a rock-dwelling species one might assume that potential habitats are not really sensitive. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.. However, this species is rare within its range and sub-populations are not abundant. According to Barna Páll-Gergely it was very difficult to find live specimens in the Samaria Gorge in June, 2006.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks. #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Greece. However, some of the sub-populations live within the Samaria Gorge National Park. The geographic range and number of sub-populations are not exactly known. Research activity should focus on the monitoring of the known sub-populations, in order to reveal if the low number of live specimens is a normal phenomenon or if there is a decline, and the exploration of the range and further sub-populations of this species. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, Cochlostoma agriotes Westerlund 1879, C. gualfinensis De Stefani 1879 and C. pinianus De Stefani 1879 are synonyms of this species.Alzona (1971) treats C. pinianum and C. agriotes as subspecies of C. gualfinense and C. crosseanum as the synonym of C. gualfinense pinianum. During this assessment, the Fauna Europaea concept was followed, However, a competent Italian expert of this group suspects that C. agriotes (=gualfinense) and C. crosseanum (=pinianum) might be distinct taxa (Enrico Zallot, pers comm). If this opinion was to be reinforced, a reassessment would be necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least seven known sub-populations, which is probably largely underestimated. The sub-populations which have been recently visited did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). During this assessment, the Fauna Europaea concept was followed,  However, a competent Italian expert of this group suspects that C. agriotes (=gualfinense) and C. crosseanum (=pinianum) might be distinct taxa (Enrico Zallot, pers comm). If this opinion was to be reinforced, a reassessment would be necessary.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy where there are at least seven known locations. According to Alzona (1971), it occurs in the Appennino umbro-marchigiano (C. agriotes) and in Tuscany (Valle della Lima; Valle del Corfino, and Canigiano) (C. gualfinense and C. pinianum). There are at least seven known locations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (30 km2), extent of occurrence (18,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating (Enrico Zallot, pers comm).

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that # potential habitats are not really sensitive. The sub-populations which were recently visited did not show signs of any decline (Enrico Zallot, pers comm), therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. However, at least some of the known populations are within protected areas such as Riserva Statale Pania di Corfino in Tuscany and Parco del Monte Cucco in Umbria. The systematics of this group (i.e. the relationship between C. crosseanum, C. agriotes, C. gualfinense and C. pinianum) should be clarified using anatomical and molecular methods. Research activity should focus on this point. No conservation actions are required at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened with a restricted area of occupancy of 15 km2 and there are less than five known locations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.  The caves are located near Kotor Bay, which is a tourist focal point.    So it is a potential threat in the future if caves where this species    occurs became targets of tourist activity. However, it is not thought  that to a plausible threat within the next 10 years. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species lives in some caves of the Radostak Mts. (=Monte Falcone) near Herceg-Novi, Montenegro. See Gittenberger (1976) for known locations. Some location data are not given precisely, therefore the number of locations are estimated at around three to five. Fauna Europaea incorrectly indicates that this species is from Croatia (see notes of Stamol 2010). At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Only a few sub-populations are known. Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in a karstic area where known locations are caves or near the entrances of caves. The species is most probably troglobiont, but there is little information on its ecology.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road constructions or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical. The caves are located near Kotor Bay, which is a tourist focal point. So it is a potential threat in the future if caves where this species occurs became targets of tourist activity.   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Montenegro and its sub-populations live outside of protected areas. However, the planned Orjen National Park might cover the known locations of this species, or at least a part of them (see Porej and Stanišić 2009).The systematic position of this species as well as its relationship to Cochlostoma erika would be important to study. The distribution range of the species should be better studied too. The known populations should be monitored if the potential threats became actual threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Following the concept of Wagner (1897, 1906) Fauna Europaea lists seven valid subspecies for this species: Cochlostoma elegans elegans (Clessin 1879), C. elegans imoschiense (A.J. Wagner 1906), C. elegans irregularis (A.J. Wagner 1897), C. elegans oostoma (Westerlund 1883), C. elegans similis (A.J. Wagner 1897), C. elegans spectabilis (A.J. Wagner 1897) and C. elegans tumida (A.J. Wagner 1897). These subspecies were described only on the basis of shell morphology. Later, Wagner's opinion has changed and he is inclined to think that C. elegans similis is the synonym of the nominate form and C. elegans irregularis is the synonym of C. spectabilis (correspondance with L. Soós (1916: 166)).A revision based on genital anatomy and molecular markers might clarify the systematics of this species as well as its relation to C. cinerascens and C. mostarense.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 25-30 known sub-populations. The sites which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Velebit Mts. in Croatia, between Senj and Obrovac. There are at least 25-30 known locations, but this number might be underestimated. Thus, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.  The subspecies C. imoschiense is known only from the vicinity of Imotski. This occurrence is nearer to the range of C. cinerascens than to the main range of C. elegans, therefore the extent of occurrence was calculated for two distinct polygons.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 25-30 known sub-populations and those visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the national level in Croatia and at least some of the sub-populations live within protected areas (such as in the Velebit Nature Park with the ssp. C. imotschiense occurring in Modro Jezero Natural Monument). The systematics of this species and its relation to C. elegans and C. mostarense should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of  occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number  of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. However, the number of known locations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2. The plateau is near the famous tourist focal point, Kotor Bay, and  near to the Montenegrin national monument, Njegus mausoleum. Any  construction work or disturbance might increase in the future in  connection with tourism, and it might have a negative effect on this  species. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Montenegro where it has been found in three locations within a narrow range (Popova Pecina, Duboki do Pecina and a unnamed cave near Krstac and Njegusi villages) (Gittenberger 1976). The species possibly lives in other nearby caves, but its range is very narrow. At the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in a karstic area where known locations are in caves or near to the entrances of caves. The species is most probably troglobiont, but there is little information on its ecology.

threats:
The known sub-populations live in caves beneath a karstic plateau. There is livestock farming on the plateau so one might presume that farming activity might pollute the groundwater which could in turn affect this species. However, this is not a particularly realistic threat. This plateau is near the famous touristic focal point, Kotor Bay, and near to the Montenegrin national monument, Njegus mausoleum. Any construction work or disturbance might increase in the future in connection with tourism. And it might have a negative effect on this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Montenegro. Its known site falls near the area of the Lovcen National Park, but probably is out of that (see Porej and Stanišić 2009). The geographic range and number of sub-populations are not exactly known. Research activity should focus on this point. The karstic plateau over the cave system, where this species lives should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Schütt (1977). Its system is based on shell morphology only so a modern revision, based on genital morphology and molecular data is necessary. #

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2. There is no recent information on population trends, however, we can suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations and the number of mature individuals are not declining or extremely fluctuating. # Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The type locality of this species is Greece: Evia (=Euboea Island), Mt. Delfi. Schütt (1977) mentions another location: "Euböa: Mt. Sukaro", which is hard to identify and indeed may refer to the same location as the type locality. Therefore, to our present knowledge this species occurs within a narrow range in Evia Island, Greece. There is no recent information about  the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations, but we have no reason to suppose that they are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
There is no recent information about the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations, but we have no reason to suppose that they are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. However, it would be threatened only by the total destruction of the habitat (quarrying, road construction, residential development, etc.). At the moment, this is considered to be rather an hypothetical threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Greece and its known range is outside of protected areas.The geographic range and number of sub-populations as well as the systematic position of this taxon are not exactly known. Research activity should focus on the exploration of the range of this species and its systematic position should be also clarified. The known population should be protected unless further sites are discovered.


taxonomicNotes:
Described by Fehér (2004). In the Fuchs collection, specimens from the type locality were indicated as "Auritus bischoffi", but this name has never been published.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is only one and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. However, the known location is on a tourist site with potential future threats to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is only found in one location, at the Byshek Spring in Central Albania. But regarding that Albania is relatively poorly explored, we can suppose that there might be further undiscovered locations nearby.

population:
Only one population is known, however, it can be supposed that there are further undiscovered sub-populations nearby. The only known population seemed to be stable at the time of the last visit in 2003.

threats:
Only one population is known, and is located in a touristic site, so it might be affected by the complete or severe destruction of that rocky habitat in the future (e.g. construction works, quarrying, etc.).

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania and its known site is outside of protected areas. The geographic range and number of sub-populations are not exactly known. Research activity should focus on the monitoring of the only known habitat and the exploration of the species' range. If no other sites are discovered the only known site should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range with at least ten known sub-populations, a number which is probably highly underestimated. The sub-populations which have been regularly visited in recent years have not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from northern and north-eastern Albania. In the collection at the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) there are material from at least ten locations and, according to field experience, it is very common in the limestone zones of the Munelle, Shent and Zebe Mts. There are further, sporadically distributed sub-populations in the Gjalica Mts.(Ura e Lapaves, Bicaj gorge) and one location is known between the Shent and Gjalica Mts. (in Tej-Drinit). Probably, it will be found in several further locations in the Munelle, Shent and Zebe Mts, so the number of locations could be over 25. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (100 km2), extent of occurrence (440 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. The sub-populations which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania. Its known sites are outside of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are necessary at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations/sub-populations is higher than five and the area of occupancy is higher than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the valleys of the Cinca River in the Pyrennées Mountains in northern Spain. Gofas (2001) published nine known locations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (40 km2), extent of occurrence (250 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Being a rock-dwelling species, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Spain. There is at least one population, at Anisclo gorge, which lives within a protected area (Ordesa National Park). No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of seven subspecies: Cochlostoma gracile gracile, C. gracile croaticum, C. gracile gracillima, C. gracile martensianum, C. gracile reitteri, C. gracile stussineri and C. gracile subaiorum.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range extent of occurrence and there are at least 100 known sub-populations, and the sites which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from the south-eastern Alps down to north-western Greece. According to Alzona (1971) it does not live in Italy, but it has been found recently in Italy near Gorizia (Willy de Mattia, unpublished). Fauna Europaea incorrectly indicates that this species is also from Romania. Distribution records are provided by: Wagner (1897), Klemm (1973), Soós (1943), Bole (1994), Schütt (1977), Fehér et al. (2001) and Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996). There are at least 100 known locations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (400 km2), extent of occurrence (100,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and the sites which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline.

conservationAction:
This species is protected only in Croatia among the countries where it occurs. Having a relatively large range   there are several sub-populations that live within protected areas. The systematic position of its subspecies and related species should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Schütt (1977). Schütt, as well as Fauna Europaea distinguishes C. hellenicum hellenicum Saint-Simon, 1869 and C. hellenicum athenarum Saint-Simon, 1869. Its system is based on shell morphology  only. A modern revision, based on genital morphology and molecular data  is necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 20 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Schütt (1977), this species is distributed in Central Greece (Parnassos Mts., Oeta (=Iti) Mts, Dirphi Mts, Delphi Mts, Tinos Island, Xeronisi Island, Euböa Island). Schütt mentions 20 known locations,  but this number probably underestimates the real number. Currently there is  no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (80 km2), extent of occurrence (21,000 km2) or the number of locations are  declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Greece, although at least some of the known populations live within protected areas (Parnitha National Park and Parnassos National Park).   The systematics of the group is very  out of date and probably incorrect and therefore needs revision.  Research activity should focus on this point. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea lists four subspecies within this species: C. henricae henricae, #C. henricae huettneri (A.J. Wagner, 1897), #C. henricae lissogyrus (Westerlund, 1881) and #C. henricae strigillatum (A.J. Wagner, 1897).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide area and is very abundant throughout its range. There are more than 100 known sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern and eastern Alps (Prealpi Venete Dolomiti, Alpi Carniche e Giulie in Italy, Karnten in Austria and north-western Slovenia). C. henricae huettneri has a somewhat distinct range in the vicinity of Hallstadt (Austria) and the nominate form has one known remote location in the Tirol (Reutte gorge). Some distribution records are published by Wagner (1897), Klemm (1973), Alzona (1971) and Bole (1994), but based on the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and the private collection of Enrico Zallot, the number of known locations/sub-populations is over 100 and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (500 km2), extent of occurrence (20,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species is very frequent. There are more than 100 known sub-populations and those sites which were visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Austria, Italy or Slovenia. Having a relatively large range there are several sub-populations that live within protected areas. No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Gofas (2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in northern Spain in Asturia, Cantabria and the Basque country. At least 100 Spanish locations are listed by Gofas (2001) and there is one population in France (Pyrénées Atlantiques: La Pierre St. Martin) according to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN). The species has an area of occupancy of 400 km2 and a projected extent of occurrence of 28,000 km2.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare and therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in France or Spain. Some of the known sub-populations occur within protected areas such as Urbasa y Andia, Parque Nacional de Picos de Europa, Parque Natural de Fuentes Carrionas y Fuente Cobre-Montaña Palentina. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Fehér (2004). The following subspecies are known: Cochlostoma hoyeri hoyeri; C. hoyeri csikii Fehér, 2004 and C. hoyeri lillae Fehér, 2004.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least ten known sub-populations and probably this number is largely underestimated. The sub-populations which have been regularly visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Central Albania. The subspecies C. hoyeri lillae and C. hoyeri csikii have only one known location each and the nominate form is known from at least ten sites (Fehér 2004 and Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), unpublished data). The extent of occurrence is projected to be 1,150 km2 and the area of occupancy is 50 km2.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania. But at least six known sub-populations live within protected areas: in Park Kombetar Mali Dajtit and in the protected site: Bardhet Bize. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on Bank (1988), Fauna Europaea lists Cochlostoma intermedium as an outright species. On the other hand, according to Alzona (1971), this is the synonym of C. septemspirale agardhi # (Pini, 1884) [which is in fact a synonym of C. septemspirale] and Fauna Italia doesn't list it among valid taxa. A competent Italian expert of this species group states that this is a synonym of C. septemspirale (Enrico Zallot, personal communication).

redListCategoryRationale:
A taxonomic uncertainty is associated to this "species", because it can be reasonably supposed that C. intermedium is the synonym of C. septemspirale. # As long as this taxonomic problem is unresolved, there is no sense to assess this as a distinct species and to initiate any conservation actions. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species, if valid, is found in Italy.

population:
Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, there is no reliable information.

habitat:
Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, there is no reliable information.

threats:
Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, there is no reliable information.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
In the concept of Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of two subspecies: Cochlostoma kleciaki kleciaki and C. kleciaki arnautorum (A.J. Wagner, 1906).However, the identity of the nominate form is unclear and its relationship with C. kleciaki arnautorum too. There are several taxa from Croatia to Greece with similar shell morphology and it is probable that some of their sub-populations were associated to this "species" while others are not. It seems improbable that all the material which was published as "kleciaki" are of the same species as there is such a scattered distribution within a large geographic range. The revision of this species' group, based on anatomy and molecular markers, is in progress (E. Zallot, W. de Mattia, Z. Fehér pers. comm.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the taxonomic confusion surrounding this species it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until the uncertainties are resolved.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Braun (1887) gives the type locality of C. kleciaki kleciaki as "Lesina" (=Hvar Island). Wagner (1906) gives two further locations: Krivosie Mt. (in Montenegro) and Biokovo Mt. near Makarska in Croatia. In the collection of the Natural History Museum Wien (NHMW) (Vienna) there is a further lot from "Trappani, Sabbioncello" (= Trpanj, Peljesac Peninsula) (det Wagner AJ). Schütt (1977) published another material originated from or determined by AJ Wagner as "Akarnanien, Pindus" in Greece.According to Wagner (1906) the sub-species C. kleciaki arnautorum lives in southern Montenegro and Northern Albania and there should be at least 15-20 known sub-populations (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), unpublished data).Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, we cannot exactly know which and how many species the literature records refer to. But as long as the forthcoming revision is completed, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and number of locations are calculated on the basis of the published records following the concept of Fauna Europaea. In this case we have no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or number of locations are declining or fluctuating.

population:
Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, there is no information about population trends. However, being a rock dwelling animal, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is probably an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, it should not be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, constructions, etc.). As long as taxonomic uncertainties are not clarified however, there is no sense to speculate on hypothetical threats.

conservationAction:
This taxon is protected at the national level in Croatia. First of all the taxonomic uncertainties should be clarified.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 28 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to south-eastern France. Distribution data are provided by Alzona (1971), Germain (1931), Gargominy and Ripken (2006) and the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) database. There are at least 28 distribution records and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (100 km2), extent of occurrence (6,200 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 28 known locations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in France. Some of its sub-populations live within protected areas however, such as in the National Park Alpes Maritimes. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
The latest revision was done by Gofas (2001), where three subspecies are distinguished: #Cochlostoma martorelli martorelli, C. martorelli montisiccanus (Bofill, 1890) and C. martorelli esseranum (Fagot, 1888).

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern Pyrennées Mountains in France and Spain. There are two known locations in France and at least 50 in Spain (Gofas 2001).  There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (200 km2), extent of occurrence (13,600 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are several known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Spain or in France. At least some of the sub-populations occur within protected areas: Parc Natural del Montseny, Parc Natural de la Muntanya de Montserrat, Parc Natural del Cadi-Moixeró in Spain. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, it has two valid subspecies: C. montanum cassiniacum (Saint Simon, 1878) and C. montanum montanum (Issel, 1866).During this assessment, the Fauna Europaea concept was followed.  However, a competent Italian expert of this group suspects that C. sospes, #C. montanum and maybe C, elongatum are distinct taxa (Enrico Zallot, pers comm.). If this opinion was reinforced, a reassessment would be necessary.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. The sites which have been recently visited did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).During this assessment, the Fauna Europaea concept was followed,   However, a competent Italian expert of this group suspects that C. sospes, #C. montanum and maybe C, elongatum  are distinct taxa and it is also feasible that this species complex  also aggregates some undescribed species (Enrico Zallot, pers comm.). If  this opinion was reinforced, a reassessment would be necessary.

range:
During this assessment, the Fauna Europaea concept was followed. According to that, this species is distributed in the Appennin Mountains, Italy. However, a competent Italian expert, Enrico Zallot, believes that in the Appennin Mountains, several species live (which were partly believed the synonyms of C. montanum, and are partly undescribed). If that were true C. montanum s. str. would occur within a much smaller range than it is believed now. Some C. montanum locations were recently visited and # those sub-populations seemed stable, therefore there is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy (50 km2), extent of occurrence (27,500 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. The sub-populations which were visited recently did not show signs of any decline. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Italy, however there are at least a few sub-populations that occur within protected areas. First of all the systematics of this species should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers and after this, the distribution should be explored. It is thought that no conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Since its description, there has been no revision in this species group. Its systematic relationship with C. cinerascens and C. elegans is unclear, and shell morphology does not provide enough information for doing that. Until its systematic position is revised using genital morphology and molecular markers, it is treated as a separate species and assessed accordingly.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened (EOO<5,000 km2 and/or AOO<500 km2) and there are less than five known locations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species was reported from three localities in the vicinity of Mostar (Bosnia-Hercegovina): Podvelez and the slope of the Hum Mountain near Mostar. In the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) there is an unpublished lot from nearby (Velez Mts. Humilisani village, East of Potoci, collected in 1999), which might also belong to this species. To our present knowledge, this is a narrow range endemic species. The potential range is unexplored, therefore it is not easy to determine the number of living sub-populations and as such the area of occupancy (12 km2) and extent of occurrence (280 km2) is just roughly estimated. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is only partial information on population trend. The Podvelez population was checked in 2000 and the Humilisani population in 1999. Being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not particularly sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or any other realistic threats. But only a few sub-populations are known, and are located near a large city, Mostar. Two of the known locations are hills around the city, which were used as military bases during the Siege of Mostar (1992). Probably this military activity did not affect the species as the Podvelez population was last found in 2000. Local sub-populations are threatened by the complete or severe destruction of that rocky habitat (e.g. construction works, quarrying, etc.), but these seem to be hypothetical threats now.   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Bosnia-Hercegovina and the whole population lives outside of protected areas. First of all, the species' systematic relationship with C. cinerascens and C. elegans should be clarified. Secondly, the potential range of the species should be better explored to see if any conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of two valid subspecies: Cochlostoma nanum nanum (Westerlund, 1879) and C. nanum dubia (A.J. Wagner, 1897).In the latest revision (Wagner 1897) C. stossichi was also considered as the subspecies of this taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 10-15 known sub-populations, a number probably largely underestimated. The sub-populations which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern Alps and the north-western part of the Balkans, from the Steiner Alpen in Austria and Krain in Slovenia and down to the Velebit Mts. in Croatia. The northern part of the range is inhabited by the nominate form whereas the southern part of the range is C. nanum dubia. There are at least 10-15 known locations (Wagner 1897, Bole 1994, Klemm 1973, Soós 1943 and unpublished material in the collections of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), Willy de Mattia and Enrico Zallot). There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (50 km2), extent of occurrence (11,500 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 10-15 known sub-populations and those which were visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at the national level in Croatia, but not protected in Austria or Slovenia. Some sub-populations occur within protected areas: such as in the Risnjak National Park, Velebit National Park in Croatia, Sneznik Natura 2000 protected area and Kamnik-Savinja Alps Natura 200 site in Slovenia. First of all the systematic positions of. C. nanum dubia and C. stossichi should be clarified. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 25 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in southern France in the northern Pyrennés Mountains: Haute-Garonne, Ariége and Aude provinces. Gofas (2001) published 25 locations. Further records are mentioned on the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) database. The species has an extent of occurrence of 3,500 km2 and an area of occupancy of 100 km2.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
According to the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) database, this species is not protected in France. Some of its populations live within protected areas such as in the Pyrénnées National Park. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Gofas (2001), C. obscurum and C. crassilabrum are distinct species, which was supported by allozyme data. On the other hand, Falkner et al. (2002) treats C. crassilabrum as the junior synonym of C. obscurum. In this assessment, the concept of Falkner et al. (2002) is followed.

range:
This species has two remote disjunct areas, one in Central France (Burgundy: Yonne and Cote-d'Or departments) and another in the Pyrenean Mountains and in Cantabria in Spain, with a 500 km gap in between. According to the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) database, there are at least 14 known distribution records in France, and according to Gofas (2001) there are several locations in Spain. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (500 km2), extent of occurrence (19,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in France or Spain. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas such as the Urbasa y Andía protected area in Spain and Parc National des Pyrénnées in France. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations/sub-populations is six and the area of occupancy is just 12 km2, but there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence,  number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature  individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is  assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in northern Spain (Cantabria). Gofas (2001) provides six distribution records, of which four are in a close vicinity, near Seldesuto and Alisas. Another location is "Valle de Asón" and a third one is Las Machorras in Burgos county. The extent of occurrence is 220 km2 and the area of occupancy is 12 km2.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific  information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species  it is known that potential habitats are not really sensitive,  therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations  or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely  fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Spain at the national level and its known sub-populations live outside of protected areas. However, no conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened as the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2 and there are less than five known locations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is a Greek endemic and was described from Epirus. Klemm (1962) provides three locations: Paraskevi (type locality), Katarrakti and Kataphigi. AnimalBase provides one another location (Vikos gorge), but those depicted specimens possibly belong to another species.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and only three sub-populations are known. However, it is supposed that there are further undiscovered sub-populations nearby and also the size of the range could be much larger. There is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not really sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks. So far, this species was found in high altitudes.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Greece and the known locations are not protected. First of all the systematic position of this species should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers, and second, the species' range should be better explored.


redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations/sub-populations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2. Although there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating, there are plausible future threats to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
According to Fauna Italia and Fauna Europaea, this is a Sicilian endemic species. Alzona (1971) gives the following locations: Monte Pellegrino near Palermo, Monte Gallo near Palermo and Isola di Favignana. There is another Sicilian location: Pioppo near Palermo (E. Zallot, pers comm.). Alzona (1971) mentions one location outside of Sicily: Campania, Monte S Angelo. As this record is not reinforced, the occurrence was not considered in this assessment. The area of occupancy is 16 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 120 km2.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not really sensitive, therefore, it is not thought that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or any other realistic threats. But only a few sub-populations are known; three of which are located around a large city, Palermo. So there is a plausible threat that the sub-populations might be affected by disturbance caused by recreational activity or by complete or severe destruction of that rocky habitat (e.g. construction works).   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. At least two sub-populations live within protected areas: Monte Gallo and Monte Pellegrino are regional reserves in Sicily. Research activity should focus on the better exploration of the species' range and its sub-populations, and known sub-populations should be monitored. If no further sites are found, the four known locations should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described by Schütt (1981) as a subspecies of C. achaicum.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened (EOO<5,000 km2 and/or AOO<500 km2) and there are only five known locations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of  occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number  of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern part of the Peloponnesos Peninsula (Greece). There are five published locations (Schütt 1981) but, considering how relatively unexplored that part of Greece is, there might be more than five extant sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (20 km2), extent of occurrence (700 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that # potential habitats are not really sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas including conglomerate. It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Greece and its known locations are outside of protected areas. It would be important to clarify the systematics by genital morphological and molecular methods of the species group. First of all, research activity should focus on this point.     #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. The number of known locations is more than 20 and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
This species is endemic to the Central part of the Pyrenées Mountains in the provinces Hautes-Pyrénées,  Pyrénées Atlantiques in France and Huesca in Spain. There are at least 20 known sub-populations (Gofas 2001, Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN)) and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (80 km2), extent of occurrence (1,800 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 20 known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
According to Gofas (2001), this species prefers rocky habitats in limestone areas, where it is usually found in shaded rock surfaces or among mounds of loose large stones in shaded places at the base of rocks.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Spain and France. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas: Parc national des Pyrénées in France, and in Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido in Spain. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species comprises two subspecies: C. patulum patulum and C. patulum fontqueri (F. Haas 1924). According to Alzona (1971), C. elongatum Pollonera 1907 is a synonym of the nominate form, and Alzona (1971) mentions also C. cazioti Pollonera 1907 as a subspecies.Talaván Gómez   T. (2006: 65) classified C. patulum fontqueri as a separate species but the differences between C. patulum and C. fontqueri were not explained. Italian and south-eastern French populations might be a distinct subspecies (Zilch 1958) or even a distinct species (Boato et al. 1985).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a wide range where it is frequent. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and probably this number is largely underestimated. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in southern France in the provinces of Rhone-Alpes, Provance-Alpes-Cote d'Azur and Languedoc-Roussillon. It was found also in Italy in Ligurian. The subspecies C. patulum fontqueri lives in north-eastern Spain in South Tarragona and North Comunidad Valenciana. According to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN), there are around 100 known locations in France. The area of occupancy is 400 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 90,000 km2.

population:
Within its range, this species is frequent. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Spain, France or Italy. Being very abundant and widespread there are likely to be some sub-populations that live within protected areas. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range where it is quite frequent. There are at least 60-80 known sub-populations and those which were recently visited did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southern and south-eastern part of the Alps at Prealpi Venete, Dolomiti and Alpi Carniche. Within this range, the species is quite frequent and there are at least 60 to 80 known locations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (300 km2), the extent of occurrence (8,100 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are several known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Those which were recently visited did not show signs of any decline.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas such as in Parco Nazionale Dolomiti Bellunesi, Riserva naturale Campobrun and Parco Naturale Regionale della Lessinia. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been described by Fehér (2004) with three subspecies: Cochlostoma pinteri pinteri, C. pinteri erossi and C. pinteri hanswagneri.Recent molecular studies have revealed that C. pinteri hanswagneri belongs to another species (Fehér in preparation, yet unpublished). Therefore, in this assessment only the nominate form and C. pinteri erossi are considered.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened (EOO<5,000 km2 and AOO<500 km2) and there are only five known locations. However, there are no significant threats known and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is known from Central Albania. There are two known C. pinteri erossi locations near Lunik, two known C. pinteri pinteri locations around the Shtylles pass, and a further one in the gorge of Guize Stream (Fehér 2004, the latter is an unpublished record). Only five locations are known, but that part of Albania is relatively unexplored, so there might be further undiscovered sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (20 km2), extent of occurrence (220 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not really sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania and its known sites are outside of protected areas. The geographic range and number of sub-populations are not exactly known. There is ongoing research on the molecular phylogeny of the species group where C. pinteri belongs to. Further research activity should focus on the exploration of the range and further sub-populations of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of three valid subspecies: Cochlostoma porroi porroi, C. porroi gredleri Westerlund, 1879 and C. porroi stabilei (Pini, 1884).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 15 known sub-populations but probably this number is largely underestimated. The sub-populations which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southern part of the Alps in Prealpi Lombarde and Alpi Retiche meridionali in Italy. There are at least 15 known sub-populations (Enrico Zallot and Willy de Mattia pers. comm.), but this number is probably well underestimated. The area of occupancy is 60 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 3,250 km2.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 15 known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas, such as in Riserva Naturale Sorgente Funtanì and Parco Alto Garda Bresciano. No conservation actions are required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The following subspecies are described: # Cochlostoma roseoli roseoli (A.J. Wagner, 1901), C. roseoli kiriense (A.J. Wagner, 1906), C roseoli prekalense (Polinski, 1924), C. roseoli rioliense (A.J. Wagner, 1914), # C. roseoli scutariense (A.J. Wagner, 1906) (see Fauna Europaea, or Fehér et al. 2001). Molecular and morphological data suggest (Fehér, unpublished data) that this system is untenable and this species needs revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 35-50 known sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Its type locality is "Hercegovina: Berušica near Avtovac". However, even if this refers to an existing sub-population, it should be a small, remote, sub-population. Since 1901, there is no published information as to if this location was successfully recollected and the existence of this population was reinforced. Therefore this is not considered in the extent of occurrence calculation.The main area of this species is in southern Montenegro and northern Albania between the lower Moraca and the Drin valleys. Despite of intense field activity in recent years (Zoltan Fehér, pers comm.), this species could not be found north-westwards of the lower Moraca valley.There are at least 35-50 known sub-populations (Fehér et al. 2001 and the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), unpublished data) and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (200 km2), extent of occurrence (2,400 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. The sub-populations which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania or Montenegro and it is outside of protected areas. There are described subspecies which are known from narrow ranges and  therefore one might consider them as conservation units which need to be  protected. However, the systematics at subspecies-level is out of date and probably incorrect, therefore it needs revision. Research activity should focus on this point. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 10 known sub-populations and probably this number is largely underestimated. Those sub-populations visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Sardegna Island where it is known from the vicinity of Dorgali from Monte Oliena, from the vicinity of Sant' Antioco, from the vicinity of Siliqua. In the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and of E. Zallott, there are further records from Cedrino, Mte Bardia, Capo Caccia, Ispingoli and Cala Fuili. Regarding that the potential range is quite unexplored this number might be an underestimation. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (40 km2) and the extent of occurrence (25,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there are no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. Some of its sub-populations live within protected areas, such as in Parco Regionale di Porto Conte and in Parco Nazionale del Gennargentu. As its range is quite unexplored, research activity should focus on the exploration of the range and further sub-populations of this species. No conservation actions are currently required. #


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of two valid subspecies: C. scalarinum scalarinum and C. scalarinum hirci (Hirc, 1885).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a wide range, there are several sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the western Balkans along the Adriatic coastal zone from north-eastern Italy, Slovenia and Croatia southwards to Albania and the Ionian Islands (Korfu, Kefallonia). There are sporadic occurrences in the Peloponnes Peninsula. This species also has a remote sub-area in southern Italy (Calabria). (Wagner 1897, Wagner 1906, Stamol 2010, Maassen 1980, Fehér et al. 2001, Schütt 1977, Rähle 1980). Although there are no published records from Bosnia-Hercegovina, it is probable that it occurs in the Adriatic coastal part of that country too. An occurrence in Kosovo is proved by an unpublished record (collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museaum (HNHM): between Cakor pass and Pec). The area of occupancy is 100,000 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 500 km2.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 100-150 known sub-populations and those which were visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
In the northern Adriatic part of its range, where it occurs in the coastal zone, this is an obligate rock-dweller, associated with limestone areas and usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks. In Albania, however, this species lives farther from the coast among the mountains, and in this part of the range it inhabits forests and shrubs, where it is usually found among or under stones; among leaf litter in shaded places at the base of rocks or sometimes on the rock surface.

threats:
This species does not seems to be sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations could hypothetically be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation, etc.) in the southern part of the range. Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Croatia. There are several sub-populations that live within protected areas. Although the sub-populations in southern Italy look morphologically identical to this species it should be confirmed or rejected by molecular methods too. The sub-populations in the southern part of the range (Albania, etc) are ecologically (in terms of habitat preference) different from the typical form. The systematic relevance of this difference should also be studied in the future. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea lists four subspecies under this taxon: Cochlostoma septemspirale septemspirale Razoumowsky, 1789, C. septemspirale bosniense Zilch, 1958, C. septemspirale heydenianum Clessin, 1879 and C. septemspirale riedeli Varga, 1980. Alzona (1971) believes that C. intermedium (Pini, 1884) is a synonym.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a wide range. There are several  sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored  do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as  Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is the most widely distributed Cochostoma species with an extent of occurrence of 550,000 km2. It lives in the eastern part of France (Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN)), probably in Belgium, in southern Germany (Kerney et al. 1983), in Austria (Klemm 1973), in northern Italy (Alzona 1971), in Switzerland (Turner et al. 1998), in Slovenia (Bole 1994), in Croatia (Soós 1994), in Bosnia-Hercegovina and Serbia (Tomic 1959) and in northern Montenegro (Varga 1980). The subspecies C. septemspirale heydenianum is distributed southwards from the Steiner Alpen, in Slovenia and in the Kapela Mts in Croatia. the subspecies C. septemspirale bosniense lives in eastern Bosnia, in Serbia and in Montenegro. The subspecies C. septemspirale riedeli was described from the Montenegrian- Serbian border zone. There are more than 200 known locations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its large range, this species is abundant. There are at least 200 known sub-populations and those which were visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated  with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually  found among or under stones or among leaf litter in shaded places at the  base of rocks. This species is usually not found on the bare, exposed  rock surfaces.

threats:
This species does not seems to be sensitive to ecosystem modification or  other realistic threats. Local sub-populations could hypothetically be  threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation  (deforestation, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large  number of sub-populations, local events do not affect the whole  population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in the countries where it occurs. Having a relatively large range there are several sub-populations that live within protected areas. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
In the view of Bodon et al. (1995) this is a subspecies of C. patulum, but Falkner et al. (2002) believes that it is a distinct species. Fauna Europaea follows Falkner's opinion.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is more than five. There are no known threats and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed within a narrow range in the south-western part of the Alps both in France and Italy in the valleys of Roya, Bevéra and Nervia Streams (Alzona 1971, Falkner et al. 2002, Gargominy and Ripken 2006). There are at least six known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (25 km2), extent of occurrence (130 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within this narrow range the known sub-populations are abundant (Gargominy and Ripken 2006: Fig 3) and stable and therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat and local events are not thought to affect the whole population significantly.   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy or France. Each known French sub-population live within the Parc du Mercantour and probably the the Italian sub-population lives within the borders of Parco Naturale Regionale delle Alpi Liguri. The systematic relationship between C. patulum and C. simrothi should be clarified on the basis of genital morphology and molecular markers. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
In Wagner's (1897) concept this is a subspecies of Cochlostoma nanum.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened and there are less than five  known locations. However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of  occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of  sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or  extremely fluctuating. Although there are potential risks to the localities, they are unlikely. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened  (NT).

range:
This is a narrow range endemic species, there are only a few known locations near Rijeka in Croatia: Skrljevo, Ponikve, Kukuljanovo, Recica Spring (Wagner 1897, Soós 1943). However, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (16 km2), extent of occurrence (65 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, constructions, etc.). Considering that this species has a narrow range and there are a few known locations near a large city Rijeka, this threat in the future is not absolutely improbable.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Croatia and the known sites are out of protected areas. It should be important to explore the potential range of this species, to identify and discover further sub-populations, to monitor their conservation status and to study the systematics of the species group. If no further sites are discovered, the four known localities may require protection.


taxonomicNotes:
Originally, it was described as a subspecies of C. gracile (Wagner 1897). Later, Wagner (1906) raised it to species level and described its further three subspecies: Cochlostoma cochlostoma mnelense, C. cochlostoma scalariniformis and C. cochlostoma zawinkanum. Fauna Europaea follows this concept, and the assessment was done according to it. However, it must be noted that a revision, based on anatomy and molecular markers, of this group is in progress (E. Zallot, W. de Mattia, Z. Fehér) and it seems that C. cochlostoma mnelenese and C. cochlostoma scalariniformis might be synonyms and they are not conspecific with the nominate form.

redListCategoryRationale:
This assessment was done according to the concept that this species is comprised of four subspecies. In this case there are more than 25 known locations. As there is no reason to suppose  that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the  number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating, the  species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).In case future  research results in significant changes in the systematics of this  species/species-group and the positions of subspecies  change (either raised to higher taxonomic level or synonymized) if might affect the area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence calculations as well as the number of  locations and therefore the assessment of this species should be  reconsidered.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from Slovenia (C. cochlostoma zawinkanus) to northern Albania (C. cochlostoma scalariniformis and C. cochlostoma mnelense). There are several known populations in Albania and Montenegro (C. cochlostoma scalariniformis) and there is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy (100 km2), extent of occurrence (46,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored and, also due to the taxonomic uncertainty, there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a rock-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are not sensitive, therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Croatia (named as Cochlostoma sturany). Some of the sub-populations might occur within protected areas, such as in the Velebit Nature Park. First of all, the systematics of this group should be clarified and then the range should be better explored. No conservation actions are necessary at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 30 known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in the south-western part of the Alps in France and Italy. According to the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN), Gargominy and Ripken (2006) and personal communication of Enrico Zallot, there are at least 30 known locations. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (120 km2), extent of occurrence (720 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are several known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in France or Italy. There are several sub-populations that live within protected areas: Parc du Mercantour in France, Parco Naturale Alpi Marittime and Parco Naturale Alta Valle Pesio in Italy. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Wagner (1897) distinguished three subspecies and Fauna Europaea follows this view: C. tergestinum tergestinum (Westerlund, 1878), C. tergestinum tortivum (Westerlund, 1885) and C. tergestinum grahovanum (A.J. Wagner, 1897). Boeckel (1939) considered also C. waldemari as a subspecies of this taxon.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the vicinity of Trieste in Italy, in the Istrian Peninsula, in Cres Island, in western Slovenia and in the Kapela Mountains in Croatia. Mildner (1997) has also reported an occurrence in Karnten (Austria). Fauna Europaea incorrectly indicates that this species is from Serbia and Albania (Fehér and Erőss 2009).

population:
Within its range, this species is very frequent. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and those which were visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is primarily associated with rocky (limestone) habitats. Usually, living specimens can be found on the rock surface but it can also be found in shaded crevices, among moss or under smaller stones at the bases of rock walls.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Croatia, but not in Slovenia, Austria and Italy. There are several  sub-populations that live within protected areas, such as in Triglav National Park, Skocjan, Juliske Alpe, Kamniske Alpe, Sneznik protected areas in Slovenia; Dobratsch in Austria and Ucka in Croatia. The systematic position of this species in terms of the validity of its subspecies and its relationship with other taxa of this species group (C. waldemari) should be clarified using anatomy and molecular markers. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, the following subspecies are described: Cochlostoma tessellatum tessellatum (Rossmassler, 1837), C. tessellatum densestriatum (P. Hesse, 1882), C. tessellatum excisum (Mousson, 1859), C. tessellatum griseum (Mousson, 1859), C. tessellatum moussoni (O. Boettger, 1883), C. tessellatum nordsiecki Schutt, 1977, C. tessellatum platanusae Klemm, 1962 and C. tessellatum tepelenum Feher, Eross   Varga 2001.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 100 known sub-populations and those which are regularly monitored do not show signs of any decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in southern Albania, in north-western Greece (Epirus) and on the Ionian Islands of Corfu, Zakynthos, etc. Around 50 distribution records were published by Sattmann and Reischütz (1988), Sattmann and Reischütz (1994), Reischütz and Sattmann (1990), Schütt (1977), Fehér et al. (2001). In the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) there are material from at least 50 unpublished Albanian locations.The number of known locations is at least 100, but, this probably underestimates the real value. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (400 km2), extent of occurrence (30,000 km2) are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania or Greece. Some of the sub-populations occur within protected areas, such as Park Kombetar Llogara, Bredhi Hotoves protected area and Uje i Ftohte protected area in Albania, and Ainos and Pindos National Parks in Greece. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Alzona (1971) the author is De Betta Martinati, 1855.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupation, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Prealpi Venete, Colli Berici and Colli Euganei Mountains in Italy. According to the personal communication of Enrico Zallot and Willy de Mattia, the are at least 20 known sub-populations. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (80 km2), the extent of occurrence (2,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are several known sub-populations and there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found among or under stones or among leaf litter in shaded places at the base of rocks. This species is usually not found on the bare, exposed rock surfaces.

threats:
Due to its habitat preference, this species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by deforestation. However, these events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Italy. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas, such as Parco Regionale dei Colli Euganei and Parco Naturale Regionale della Lessinia. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
Wagner (1897) has described this as a separate species. Boeckel (1939) recognized as the subspecies of C. tergestinum. Fauna Europaea lists as a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 20-25 known sub-populations and probably this number is largely underestimated. The sub-populations which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the south-eastern Alps (Karawanken in Austria and Krain and Juli Alps in Slovenia) and the neighbouring Dinaric Mountains, Kapela in north-western Croatia. There are more than 20-25 known locations (Klemm 1973, Bole 1994, Kerney et al. 1983, and unpublished records in the collections of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), Willy de Mattia and Enrico Zallot). Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (100 km2), extent of occurrence (10,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its range, this species does not seem to be rare. There are at least 20-25 known sub-populations and those which were visited in recent years, did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated with limestone areas where it can be found either on bare limestone rock walls or, in higher altitudes, in rocky grassland under stones.

conservationAction:
This species in not protected in Austria, Croatia or Slovenia. Some of the sub-populations live within protected areas, such as Triglav National Park, Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe Natura 2000 site and Snežnik Natura 2000 site in Slovenia. The systematic position of this species and its relationship with C. tergestinum should be clarified by anatomy and molecular markers. No conservation actions are required.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species involves three subspecies: C. westerlundi westerlundi (Paulucci, 1879), C. westerlundi yapigium (Westerlund, 1885) and C. westerlundi dionysi (Paulucci, 1879). In contrast, Alzona (1971) distinguishes C. westerlundi dionysyi and C. westerlundi yapigium as separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are at least 11 known sub-populations and probably this number is somewhat underestimated. The sub-populations which have been visited in recent years did not show signs of any decline. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southern part of the Italian mainland and in Sicily. The three subspecies have clearly separated ranges: C. westerlundi westerlundi lives in Calabria (typical locations are Monte Stella and Monte Consolino (Alzona 1971)), C. westerlundi yapigium lives in Apulia and C. westerlundi dionysii lives in Sicily (typical location is Syracuse). According to Enrico Zallot and Willy de Mattia (pers. comm.), there are at least three known and recently visited C. westerlundi dionysii sub-populations, two known and recently visited westerlundi sub-populations and six known and recently visited C. westerlundi yapigium sub-populations. But the species range is far from being well explored, so it is reasonable that further locations can be discovered in the near future. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (45 km2), extent of occurrence (11,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well explored, but the sub-populations which were recently visited did not show signs of any decline. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at the national level in Italy. At least two sub-populations live within protected areas in Sicily: Riserva Naturale Orientata Cavagrande del Cassibile and in the Riserva Naturale Orientata Pantalica,Valle dell'Anapo and Torrente Cava Grande. The systematic relationship between the three subspecies should be studied by genital morphological and molecular methods, in order to reveal whether or not they should be treated as distinct units of conservation. No conservation actions are currently required.


taxonomicNotes:
Giusti (1971) separated this species from the Cochlostoma genus and placed into a new genus; Toffolettia. This separation was based on the largely different structure of the genital apparatus. In the opinion of Falkner et al. (2002), Striolata is an older available genus name and Fauna Europaea follows that concept.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are more than five locations known and in the recently visited locations the individuals seemed to be abundant and stable. The present range of the species is not severely fragmented and some of the sub-populations occur within protected areas. Although historical data suggests that the present range is smaller than it was a century ago, there is no detailed information about this process. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC), but research activity should focus on rechecking the historical range and monitoring the known sub-populations. If a contraction or fragmentation of the range is found the species will need to be upgraded to a higher category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species has distribution records from the Ligurian Riviera (up to the Lower Roja (=Roya) valley) and from the Ligurian Mountains (Appennino Ligure, both in the south-western and the north-eastern slopes (Alzona 1971)) in Italy. There are some records from the 19th century, reporting this species from the vicinity of Nice, but attempt to rediscover this species in France in the past decades were failed (see also Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN)), and therefore Falkner et al. (2002) considers that this species is extinct in France. Enrico Zallot says (personal communication) that this species was found recently only east of Genova in the Ligurian Riviera. Therefore, it was not found recently in the northern slope of the Ligurian Mountains and west of Genova in the coast. This might be considered as evidence that the area of occupancy (30 km2), extent of occurrence (2,000 km2) or the number of locations are declining or at least fluctuating. However, the number of recent locations are still more than five.

population:
Historical records suggest that some decades ago, this species had a larger range and more existing sub-populations than now. Thus, one might conclude that there is a declining population trend. But this decline, if there was any decline, happened earlier than the past 10 years. Recently visited sub-populations in eastern Liguria seemed stable and abundant (Enrico Zallot pers comm).

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Italy or France. There is at least one existing sub-population that lives within a protected area: in the Parco Naturale Regionale di Portofino, south of Genova. Based on old literature records, this species probably had a larger range a century ago. Research activity should focus on the exploration of the old range, rechecking old distribution records and monitoring currently known sub-populations in order to confirm or debate if the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or the number of sub-populations are declining or extremely fluctuating. However, no conservation actions are required at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Subai (2011) A. armata is known from south-western Romania, eastern Serbia, and the northern parts of Bulgaria and the FYROM.

population:
Due to the extremely hidden life of the species (finding a living specimens is impossible), # there are no data on population size and trends. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of individuals declines or fluctuates extremely.

habitat:
This is a subterranean species, living in the cracks of limestone rocks, in the soil, between small pieces of stones, among roots.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.  It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by  quarrying, by road contructions or by other reasons. However the total  destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this  threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the coutries where it occurs, but some of the subpopulations inhabit protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from five locations and has an area of occupancy of 20 km2. Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are  unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the  species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species has a very limited area in Southwest Romania. Its presence is reported from the valley of the Cerna river and from the Domogled Mountains (Subai 2011).

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road contructions or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania, however most of the locations can be found within protected areas (Domogled Cerna– valley National Park).


range:
According to Subai (2008) the distribution of A. biarmata reaches the Island of Korcula, the peninsula Peljesac and the Croatian coast south-east of the Neretva valley. Additionally, it has been found in the mountains of the south-eastern part of Bosnia and Hercegovina and in western coastal parts of Montenegro.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs, but some of the subpopulations inhabit protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (2011) the right spelling of the species is Agardhiella caesa. The name "caesia" was used by Kimakowicz (1883).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively limited distribution area, but the habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Subai (2011), this species is known from south-western Romania in the southern Carpathians between Petrila and Baia de Aramă, and from a single record in the north-west of Bulgaria.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.   It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by   quarrying, by road contructions or by other reasons. However the total   destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this   threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
#The species is not protected at national level in Romania and in Bulgaria, but some of the subpopulations may inhabit protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from four locations and has an area of occupancy of 16 km2. Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species lives in the south-western part of Romania. This endemic species has a very narrow range (Baia de Aramă-Tismana-Motru Sec region).

population:
Due to the extremely hidden life of the species (finding a living specimens is impossible), # there are no data on population size and trends. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of individuals declines or fluctuates.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.  It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by  quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total  destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this  threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania. More research is need on the distribution and population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Montenegro. So far, this species is known only from four locations. However, due to the hidden life of this species, we might suppose that further undiscovered populations exist. There are no major threats affecting this species at the moment. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT). However, if a threat was to occur, this species could qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to caves around Virpazar in southern Montenegro at the western side of Skadar Lake. The four known localities are the following: Vilina pecina near Donja Seoca, Velika jama near Dupilo, Jabukov do pecina near Komarno (Subai 2008), and old tunnel between Boljevići and Tuđemili in the Rumija Mts (HNHM Collection). It is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend. But there is no reason to suppose that number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation or road construction. Waste disposal sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Montenegro. Its known sites are outside of protected areas. The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known, therefore research activities should focus on these two areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species (Subai 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of the species is not effected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the south-west of Romania, and is mainly recorded between both shores of river Mureş between Deva and Arad, and between the Danube and the Reşiţa (Subai 2011).

population:
The species has a very hidden (subterranean) lifestyle. We have no information on population trends, but there is no reason to assume that the population is unstable or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
The species has a very hidden (subterranean) lifestyle.

threats:
The habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity and therefore the species is not thought to be facing any specific threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania, but some of the sub-populations may inhabit protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from empty shells found in floodline debris, hence it could have come from anywhere in the river catchment. Therefore we have no information on the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, population trend, etc. Therefore this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is known from northwestern Albania. Empty shells have been found in three locations in the debris of the River Drim, upstream of Koman. As only empty shells were found in fluvial debris so far, we do not know exactly where this species lives. It is impossible to determine the number of living subpopulations and area of occupancy (AOO), and even Extent of occurrence (EOO) are just roughly estimated. However, there is no reason to suppose that the Extent of occurrence (EOO), Area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
So far, only empty shells of this species have been found in fluvial debris. Therefore it is impossible to infer population trend.

habitat:
This species was found only in floodline debris as empty shells, but based on knowledge of related species it is possible to infer that it occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation or road construction. Waste disposal sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through the leaching of chemicals. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in Albania and other known  sites are out of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is not any data on the number of sub-populations. These are the points that should be studied and clarified first.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2008), this species and Agardhiella biarmata are two distinct taxa. This view is in contradiction with Fauna Europaea, which considers these species as synonyms.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to the Montenegrian coastal area. The number of known locations is more than five and there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Montenegrian coast. The six known locations are the following: two locations near Igalo (Herceg-Novi), Kameno near Herceg-Novi, Njegusi near Kotor, Obodska pecina near Virpazar and 17 km W of Tudjemili in the Rumija Mts. (Subai 2008). This species is far from being well studied and new # locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.Fauna Europaea indicates records for A. formosa from Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia, but these records refer to occurrences of A. biarmata, thus in fact A. formosa lives only in Montenegro.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons such as leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical at present.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points.    The species is not protected at national level in Montenegro and its known sites are out of protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from three locations and has an area of occupancy of 12 km2.  Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are  unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the  species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species is endemic to a small area in the so9uth-western part of Romania, the known localities are around caves, between Baia de Aramă and the river Danube.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.   It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by   quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total   destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this   threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania, however most of the locations can be found within protected areas. More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively small distribution area but the habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Subai (2011), this species is known from the south-west of Romania and the north-east of Serbia, at both river shores of the Danube from Moldova Veche to Porţile de Fier. It was also recorded from the Nera Canyon close to Potoc.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.    It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by    quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the  total   destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore  this   threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania and in Serbia, however most of the locations can be found within protected areas. More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations of this species is at least five or six, and as there are no identified threats of significance there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Fauna Europaea indicates that this species is from Albania, however this data is thought to be incorrect (Fehér and Erőss 2009). The occurrence in Serbia is also doubtful. In the opinion of Subai (in prep.) this species occurs only in Romania. The Hungarian record is from fluvial debris so its place of origin is uncertain.Known locations: Kercesora in the Olt valley, Orlat West of Sibiu (Soós 1943), Olt valley, Bistrita valley, and Costesti in the Southern Carpathians (Munkácsy Museum Békéscsaba, unpublished data). The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on the population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species is found in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by road construction or by other reasons such as leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely and therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania. All known sites are probably outside of protected areas. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known, therefore any research activity should focus on that. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from the type locality. However, the habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. Until now, it is only recorded from the Iskar valley between Lakatnik and Ljutibrod (ca. 50 km north of Sofia) (Subai 2011).

habitat:
The species has a very hidden (subterranean) lifestyle. We have no information on population trends, but there is no reason to assume that the population is unstable or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
The habitat of the species is not effected directly by human activity.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range. There are only a few known subpopulations, but due to the hidden life of the species, this number is probably underestimated. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to P. Subai (2011), this species is known from the west to north-west of Bulgaria and the east of Serbia. There are two geographically close records known from Greece (Macedonia). The gap between both areas may be an artefact due to missing collection efforts.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly „hypothetical”

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in the countries where it occurs, but some of the subpopulations may occur in protected areas. The geographic range and the existing subpopulations of this species is not exactly known, therefore research activity should focus on these points.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species is complex and is not fully resolved yet. Fauna Europaea lists four subspecies: A. parreyssii parreyssii L. Pfeiffer, 1848, A. parreyssii armata Clessin, 1887, A.  parreyssii caesia Westerlund, 1876 [correctly: caesa] and A. parreyssii moldavica Grossu   Negrea, 1968. According to Subai (in prep.) A. armata and A. caesa are distinct species, and there are other undescribed forms which were previously associated with A. parreyssii. This assessment is following the Subai (in prep.) concept and only the taxon A. parreyssii sensu Subai is assessed.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomy of this species is complex. This assessment is following Subai (in prep.), who considers this species to be present in Bulgaria, Greece and Romania. It is known from more than 40 locations, some of them are from fluvial debris. There are no major threats known for this species and it inhabits subterranean habitats, which are less affected by human impact, disturbance, ecosystem modifications, etc. It is possible that future studies will find further sub-populations, and now there is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Fauna Europaea lists this species # from Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria and Hungary. This is however due to the different systematic concept. According to Subai (in prep.) A. parreyssii s. str. occurs throughout Bulgaria and in one part of Greece (between Xanthi and Drama). Fluvial debris data suggest that there is probably a subpopulation in the Southern Carpathians (Romania), too.Subai (in prep) records the species from more than 40 localities. Distribution records provided by Irikov and Georgiev (2008) and Grossu (1987) partly refer to other species.    Considering that most of the known locations have been discovered recently, it is probable that the species lives in several other locations, too. Its range is far from being well studied, and we see no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats, mainly in crevices (Deli 2010).

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by road construction or by other reasons such as leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely.   #

conservationAction:
This species is of "national conservation priority" in Bulgaria (Irikov and Georgiev 2008) but its known sites are not currently protected.The taxonomy, the geographic range and the existing subpopulations of this species are not exactly known, therefore any research activity should focus on these points.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
The habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity, but is known only from four locations and a small area of occupancy (AOO = 16 km2). Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is known from the south-eastern part of Serbia in the vicinity of the city of Pirot. From North-West Bulgaria, this species is recorded from river debris (Subai 2011).

threats:
The habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Serbia, but some of the subpopulations may inhabit protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from eight locations and has an area of occupancy of 32 km2. Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are  unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the  species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
According to Subai (2011), this species is endemic to south-western Romania. It is recorded from the Cerna valley and the neighbouring Mt. Domogled and several other valleys north and northeast of Baia de Aramă.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (limestone) habitats.    It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by    quarrying, by road contructions or by other reasons. However the  total   destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore  this   threat is mostly „hypothetical”.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from nine locations and has an area of occupancy of 36 km2. However, there are no major threats to the species, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This specie is known from northeast Serbia south of the Danube towards the Rtanj Mts. (= between Paraćin and Zaječar). The hitherto known western boundary of this species may be defined by a line between Ćuprija and Golubac.

conservationAction:
The species is not protedted at national level in Serbia, but some of the subpopuations may inhabit protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea refers to the subspecies #Agardhiella truncatella skipetarica #(Subai, 2008), but meanwhile, the subspecies is considered to a species in its own rights Subai (in press).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread, and although the currently known #distribution #is disjunct the species does not meet any of the threatened criteria. This species is listed as Least Concern. #Research activities are recommended on populations studies and distribution and on the ecology of the species.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from Croatia, Montenegro, north #Albania #and north-western Greece (Subai 2008, Feher and Eross 2009).

population:
There is no available information regarding the population trend of this species. This species is thought to be relatively common.

habitat:
The species is found #in limestone areas, close to streams in the soil of forested areas.

threats:
There is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. The ecology of the species is #understudied.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. Research activities are recommended on populations studies and distribution and on the ecology of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to South Dalmatia. The number of known locations is more than five and significant destruction of the habitat is not thought to be likely so there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to South Dalmatia (between the Peljesac  peninsula and the Kotor Bay). The six known localities are the following: Lapad near Dubrovnik, Komolac near Dubrovnik, Sobra in  Mljet Island (two known sites), Prapatna near Ston, Sutorina mouth near  Herceg-Novi (Subai 2008). The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or  extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons such as from the potential danger of leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely and therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical

conservationAction:
The species is protected at a national level in Croatia. Its other known sites are out of protected areas.    The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. Any research activity should primarily focus on these points, however no conservation actions are currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2008), this species and Agardhiella skipetarica are distinct species. This opinion is in contrast with Fauna Europaea that treats the latter taxon as the subspecies of the former one. During this assessment, Subai's view was followed and only A. truncatella was assessed.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is distributed from the southeastern Alps to northwestern Greece. The number of known subpopulations is over two hundred and there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from the southeastern Alps to Northwest Greece. According to Subai (2008) it is clearly an inland species that does not live in the coastal zone southeast of the Kvarner Bay to Greece .

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there is little data on its population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in the subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats and under stones in rocky grasslands.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats and under stones in rocky grasslands. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by road construction or by other reason such as through leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely and therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
Some of the subpopulations are known to occur within protected areas.Due to the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and stable populations there are no conservation measures currently needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from three locations and has an area of occupancy of 12 km2.  Quarries and road construction are potential threats, but they are  unlikely to impact the species on its entire range. Therefore the  species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
According to the original description (Deli 2010), the species is known from a narrow range between Valcele and Parvulesti, situated in the southern limestone region of the Valcan Mountains, Southwestern Romania.

population:
Due to the hidden (subterranean) life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
It is a recently described species, and not protected in Romania at national level.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to North Albania. The number of known locations is more than five and as identified threats are not thought to be significant there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives in North Albania. There are known subpopulations from the following sites: Zall-Rec in the Lura Mountains, Gurri i Arrenit, Gurore in the Valbona valley and Nanshene in the Shent Mountains. Furthermore, empty shells of this species were also found in the fluvial debris of the Drin River, upstream of Komani (Subai 2008, HNHM Collection unpublished data). It is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there is no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats.

threats:
This species occurs in subterranean parts of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying or by other reasons such as from leaching from waste disposal sites. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania. Its known sites are out of protected areas.  This is a recently discovered species. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. Any research activity should focus on these points. No conservation actions are required currently for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea list three subspecies: Argna bielzi bielzi (Rossmassler 1859), Argna bielzi euodon (Westerlund 1887) and Argna bielzi romanica (M. von Kimakowicz 1890).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. Although its habitat is vulnerable to human impact and ecosystem modifications, there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are significantly declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Commission.

range:
This species is of Carpathian distribution and is found in the Northern and the Eastern Carpathians (Soós 1943, Grossu 1987, Wiktor 2004, Lisicky 1991). Though Fauna Europaea list this species from Hungary, this record is based on fluvial debris collected material and therefore its exact origin is uncertain (Fehér   Gubányi 2001).There are numerous known locations, and due to the hidden life of this species this might be even higher. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

population:
Due to the hidden life of this species, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This is a woodland species (Soós 1943, Lisicky 1991) with a preference for deciduous forests of higher altitude where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood. This species is associated not only to limestone areas.

threats:
Disturbance of the forests through recreational activities and development, uncontrolled logging and deforestation are the main threats to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographial range of this species, local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
There is no information that the species is protected at national level in any of the countries where it occurs. At least a part of the known subpopulations are within protected areas however.Due to the large and stable population no further conservation measures are required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species with 3 subspecies: Argna biplicata biplicata, Argna biplicata excessiva (Gredler, 1856) and #Argna biplicata ulterior Klemm, 1962.

redListCategoryRationale:
Argna biplicata is widely, but scatteredly distributed; some of the isolated occurrences may be threatened but on a global scale no major threats are known to the species. It is thus assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
Argna biplicata has a large distribution with many isolated occurrences. The subspecies Argna biplicata biplicata is distributed from south-eastern France to Italy in the south-east reaching the province of Pescara; one very isolated occurrence has been reported from Spain (prov. of Valencia). The subspecies Argna biplicata excessiva occurs in northern Italy east of the Etsch valley and the adjacent parts of Austria and Slovenia; the subspecies Argna biplicata ulterior is only known from the Epirus (Greece).

habitat:
This species lives in litter in soil and rock fissures.

conservationAction:
The subspecies Argna biplicata excessiva is listed in the Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN).No conservation actions are currently required for the species as a whole.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Falkner, M. von Proschwitz, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to France and Italy and # is restricted to only three locations. It is very rare and no living specimen has ever been collected. The population size and trend are unknown, but there are potential threats coming from urbanisation in the area. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. However, more research is urgently needed to find an extant population.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to France and Italy. In France, it is found near Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, and in Italy, it occurs in Liguria.

population:
There are no population data available. No living specimen is known and fresh shelves are very rare.

habitat:
This species is a ground-dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of Mediterranean deciduous forests.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research is needed on the population, distribution and threats to this species. This species  should be protected under the national law in order to prevent a  human-caused extinction. # If a living subpopulation is found, its site should be directly protected.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies: A. ferrari ferrari and A. ferrari blanci, mainly found in France.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread through the southern side of the Alps. There are no major threats to the species, even if the intensification of forest use and logging are potential threats. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This European endemic is found in France, Switzerland and Italy. In France, it has two areas of distribution: one on the border of Herault and Gard and the other one in Alpes-Maritimes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. In Switzerland, it is restricted to valleys of southern Alps. In Italy, it is found in the Ligurian Alps, extending to Lombardia and Südtirol. The largest part of the range is in Italy.There is one doubtful museum record from Jativa (Valencia, Spain) but the species has never been collected again in Spain and therefore this record has not been taken into consideration for this assessment (A. Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species is locally abundant and the populations are stable in France and Switzerland. It probably disappeared from the Poschiavo valley (Switzerland) where it has last been found in the 19th century. There is no information about the Italian populations.

habitat:
This species is found in leaf litter and scree in humid decidious forests and prefers limestone substrate.

threats:
There are no actual known threats in Switzerland and France. Intensification of forest use and logging is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Swiss Red List as Vulnerable. It occurs in protected areas in France. Information on the population distribution, size and trend of the populations in Italy as well as potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found to be relatively abundant in the localities it is reported. There are no major current or future threats. #Research activities are recommended on populations studies and distribution and on the ecology of the species. #This species is listed as Least Concern. # #

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, restricted in the north-eastern part of the country (Thrace) (Subai 1999).

population:
There is no information regarding the population trend of this species. This species is thought to be relatively abundant.

habitat:
The species of the genus are usually found in humid and protected habitats such as places close to streams and in the soil of forested areas.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species at the moment, or in the near future.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO < 5,000 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO < 500 km2), a low number of localities (less than 10) and a continuous deterioration of suitable habitats. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy where it is found in the Venetian and Lombardian Prealps.

population:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, but the general trend is declining.

habitat:
This species is found in calcareous subterranean interstices. It is a troglophile species, which means that it is able to live its entire life in a cave.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the habitat deterioration and destruction. Particularly quarrying and road construction may lead to a serious decline in quality and/or availability of the habitat.

conservationAction:
Argna valsabina is officially listed as a priority species for Lombardia (Italy).


taxonomicNotes:
Speleodentorcula is a monotypic genus, i.e. it consists of a single species #(Gittenberger, 1985).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy. It is only known from a single location; a cave in Evvoia Island (Greece). The known population has a small number of mature individuals and thus it can be considered to potentially be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. However, there is no current acting threat and hence the species is considered to be Vulnerable D2. Mining and quarrying are the main potential threats. Research on threats is recommended.

range:
The species is known from a single cave in the island of Evvoia (Greece) (Gittenberger 1985).

population:
There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
It is found in caves, in areas of absolute dark sections at humid limestones (Gittenberger 1985). #The species is small in size (length: 4.2 - 5.2 mm and width: 2.4 - 2.7 mm).

threats:
Any alteration of the cave where the species is found can pose a direct #threat #for the species. There are no current threats, however mining and quarrying are both serious potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Critically #Endangered #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). There are no current conservation measures in action.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to and widespread in Europe. It is recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Moldova, Republic of, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in moist places hedges, temperate shrublands; it is hygrophilic.

threats:
There are actually no threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Abida ateni was considered to be a subspecies of Abida secale by Fauna Europeae (Bank et al. 2006). However, here, we follow Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) who consider them to be distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extent of occurrence of 11 km² and is only found at three locations. The population size and trend are currently unknown, but there are potential threats coming from quarrying and road enlargement. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This French endemic occurs in the Aspe valley, in the Western Pyrenees (Pyrénées Atlantiques).

habitat:
This species is a rock-dwelling species living on limestone.

threats:
Quarrying and road enlargement might affect the few known localities.

conservationAction:
The species is protected under the French law. However, there is no specific conservation plan for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively large extent of occurrence, it has a disjunct population between Spain and France and is found in a restricted area of occupancy (maximun 750 km²), between France and Spain, it is relatively common where it occurs. There are no major threats for this species. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to France and Spain. In France, it is found in the Eastern Pyreenes. In Spain, it occurs in the Basque country (Orduna).

population:
The population is disjunct between France and Spain. Where it occurs, it is realtively common. Population trends are thought to be stable.

threats:
There are no major threats. Quarrying and road enlargement might affect part of its subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is common where it occurs. There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to France (central and Western Pyrenees) and Spain (Eastern Cantabrians).

population:
There are no population data available, but the species is common where it occurs. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits karstic areas, living within crevices or under stones, although in humid environments it can be found on the rock surface.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species. Quarrying and road enlargement might affect part of its subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is common where it occurs.  There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern  (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted in France (Pyrenees-Orientales) and in Spain (Catalonia).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain and the French Pyrenees. It lives only in a small region, in La Garrotxa and Alt Empordá regions (Girona, north of Catalonia) as well as in the neighbouring French locality of Coustouges. #Although its extent of occurrence are very limited and the number of locations is below ten, there is not a continuous decline in distribution range, habitat or locations. If land-use management changed significantly, and range decline was observed then the species would meet the criteria for a threatened category. This species is listed as Near Threatened.This species was assessed at the European level as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and the French Pyrenees. It lives only in a small region, in La Garrotxa and Alt Empordá regions (Girona, north of Catalonia) as well as in the neighboring French locality of Coustouges.

habitat:
This species is found in soil with limestone substrate, under stones and dead leaves, as well as within rock crevices.

threats:
Fire can have severe impact on species range, as well as road and urban enlargement at a local scale.

conservationAction:
Conservation  actions should address habitat preservation. Protected areas of La Garrotxa allows the preservation of its habitat. More  research is needed to know the population size and trends, as well as  to ensure that the ecological requirements of this species are known and  that management plans incorporate this information. More information is needed on the extent of its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread, but subpopulations are somehow scattered. There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern  (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is found on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees mountains in France, with few localities in Andorra and in Spain (Catalonia).


range:
This species is restricted to central Pyrenees, in Spain and France.


range:
This species occurs in France, Andorra and Spain, where is is widepread: Lower Rhone drainage, Massif Central and Eastern Pyrenees (France); southern Pyrenees, most of Catalonia and Minorca in the Balearic islands (Spain).

habitat:
This species lives in places with calcareous substrate, being sheltered under stones, occasionally it can be found on the rock surface.


taxonomicNotes:
Abida vergniesiana was conisidered to be a subspecies of Abida pyrenaearia by Fauna Europeae (Bank et al. 2006). However, here, we follow Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) who consider them to be distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is common where it occurs.   There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern   (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species occurs in the central and western Pyrenees, mainly in France, with some subpopulations in Spain.

population:
There are no population data available, but the species is common where it occurs, especially in the central Pyrenees. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable.


taxonomicNotes:
Several subspecies have been described (Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of    the species is not affected significantly by human activity, therefore it  is   assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a widespread species, which is found from Spain to western Slovakia, Romania and England.

population:
There is no information on population trends, but there is no reason to assume that the population is unstable or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase, the species inhabits rocks and rock rubble in  forests (not too dark), in trees, on calcareous substrate or on meadows with bare rocks  showing through. It can be found above the timberline, up to 2,700 m asl. In France it is also found in dense populations in dry  and sunny meadows devoid of rocks. In Britain it is usually in unshaded  habitats.

threats:
It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by  quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. According to AnimalBase (2010) in central Europe it threatened by habitat  destruction in forest management, and in Britain by changes of land use. However the total  destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this  threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
Several sub-populations inhabit protected areas. The species is of Lower Concern in Austria, decreasing (4R) in Bavaria outside the Alps and Lower Concern in Germany (Reischütz 2007, Falkner et al. 2002). No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain, being limited to the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains, from Asturias and León in the west to Bizkaia and Álava in the east. #This species has a restricted geographic range, but    #it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. If land-use management changed significantly within the natural habitat of hills and mountains, and range decline was observed then the species could possibly meet the criteria for a threatened category. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain, being limited to the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains, from Asturias and León in the west to Bizkaia and Álava in the east. This species is mainly present in the north slope of the Cantabrian system.

population:
There are no population studies, but the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
It is found in soil with limestone substrate, under stones and dead leaves, as well as within rock crevices. In humid places it can be observed on the vertical wall surface.

threats:
There are no main disturbances to this species, apart from quarries, which have locally severe impacts.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused on habitat preservation. Population size and biology of the species have not been studied, and research on these aspects would be necessary, as well as a better estimation of the area of occupancy (AOO).It occurs in Natura 2000 sites, a national park and some local reserves.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,000 km²) and is found in about 8-9 locations. It lives in rocky areas, that are not significantly impacted by threats, even though quarries and road enlargement might impact some locations. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened, almost meeting the criterion B1.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is restricted to France (Upper Garonne catchment in Ariège) and Andorra.


redListCategoryRationale:
The range of the species is very small and is only found in four locations. There are not any plausible threats currently in action, or in the near future that could drive the taxon to extinction in a short time. If land-use management changed significantly, and range decline was observed then the species may need the thresholds for a threatened category. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, being restricted to La Garrotxa and Ripollés regions, in Girona (Catalunya).

population:
There are no population studies, but #the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
It lives on the surface of calcareous vertical walls. It is only active on rainy days.

threats:
Main threats are habitat degradation by quarries or road construction.

conservationAction:
Conservation  actions should address habitat preservation. Protected areas of La Garrotxa and Ripollés allows the preservation of its habitat. More research is needed to know the population size and trends, as well as to ensure that the ecological requirements of this species are known and that management plans incorporate this information. The extent of the distribution needs to be researched.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was studied intensively (Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010). Its more widespread subspecies is C. arcadica arcadica (Eastern Europe, Caucasus) and C. arcadica clienta (Middle Europe).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of     the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it   is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species lives in Sweden, and from Middle and Southern Europe to the Caucasus (Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010). It is also recorded from Turkey.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species inhabits dry and open habitats on  calcareous sub-ground and rock rubble, usually in mountains. In the Alps, it is #  restricted to rocky surfaces and walls directly exposed to the sun,  usually at south-exposed slopes. Exceptionally, for example during dry  weather periods, beech tree trunks up to 10 m distant from rocks  can be reached by the snails (Klemm 1951). In Bulgaria, it occurs up to 1,900 m.

threats:
It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.

conservationAction:
Due to its large distribution area, several sub-populations may inhabit protected areas. No conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is distributed across calcareous mountain in the provinces of Valencia and Alicante. There is high anthropogenic pressure in this area, and summer fires are affecting some populations of this species. The species does not yet qualify for the Vulnerable category but fires and human activities could quickly reduce the population and habitat of this species, therefore it is currently assessed as Near Threatened (NT B2b(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Iberia where it is distributed through the calcareous mountain ranges of the north-eastern Prebetic in the Spanish provinces of Valencia and Alicante.

population:
In the last 15 years, only nine extant populations of this species have been found.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous rocks, from the proximity of the sea up to an altitude of more than 1,000 m. Sometimes shells are covered in a powder similar in appearance to the rocks, which acts as a camouflage. This can also be observed in other species of Chondrinidae.

threats:
The main threats to this species are fires (particularly in the summer), quarrying, urban expansion, extension of roads, temperature extremes and drought.

conservationAction:
Some populations of this species are included in Nature Reserves. Nevertheless, the protection of this habitat and of the known populations are  recommended. More research is needed to survey old localities of this species, as only 9 living populations have been documented in the last 15 years.


range:
This species is restricted to France (Central and Western Pyrenees) and Spain (Eastern Cantabrians, Western and Central Pyrenees).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of      the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it    is   assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species is distributed in Central Europe, from Spain to Italy to Mid Germany and Austria. At least 100 sub-populations are known.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), this species occurs in dry open habitats,  characteristically at limestone rock faces and walls. It is rare above 2,000 m asl,  maximum up to 2,700 m, in Bulgaria 1,800 m. In the , it is restricted to  rocks directly exposed to sunshine, usually south-exposed rocks. It is only active on wet  surfaces or at high humidity. It feeds on endolithic lichens and algae.

threats:
It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly hypothetical.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from three locations and has a restricted area of occupancy of 12 km2. The threats are unlikely to affect the species over its entire range. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
The species is distributed in Italy: Bergamo, near the villages of Valbona, Rosciano and Ponteranica.

population:
There are no information on population trends, but there is no reason to assume that the population is unstable or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Italy.


range:
This species occurs on the northern slopes of Pyrenees, mainly in # France, with few localities in Spain.

conservationAction:
There is no specific conservation action in place for this species. However, it occurs in the core area of the Pyrenees National Park.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has two subspecies: #Chondrina calpica calpica (Westerlund, 1872) and Chondrina calpica altenai Gittenberger, 1973. The first subspecies is easily identifiable #by shell features #from the #most similar and geographically nearest species, #Chondrina granatensis #Alonso, 1974 and #Chondrina #maginensis #Arrébola   Gómez, 1998 (Arrébola and Gómez 1998). The second subspecies is only known from the surroundings of Ceuta in North Africa (Gittenberger 1973).

redListCategoryRationale:
Chondrina calpica #is considered as a Least #Concern #(LC) species at the European and EU27 (i.e. the 27 member States of the European Union) levels, based on the facts that its typical calcareous habitats is occupying a comparatively large area within its extent of occurrence and is well preserved in Andalusia #(i.e. large part of the locations are largely within areas managed by National and Regional Natural Reserves), each subpopulation studied is showing relatively high density of individuals and there are no known major threat to this species.

range:
Chondrina calpica calpica is distributed in some #provinces of Andalusia (south of the Iberian Peninsula) and in the north of Morocco. In Andalusia, its presence has only been confirmed in the western end of Granada, Málaga and Cádiz (Arrébola and Gómez 1998; unpublished data). The mentions of this subspecies in Jaén (Gittenberger 1973) belong to Chondrina granatensis #(Arrébola and Gómez 1998).Chondrina calpica altenai is only known from the surroundings of Ceuta, in North Africa (Gittenberger 1973).

population:
There are no studies and no data on the population trends. Since the known #subpopulations are composed from a great number of individuals and the calcareous mountains where the species lives are widespread in its distribution area, it is possible to infer a stable and numerous population.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous areas. It #adheres #to exposed rocks surface or is hidden in the crevices (less frequently, at the base of the rocks).

threats:
Currently, no major threats are known, but future studies are needed to know better the situation of this species (population, biology...).

conservationAction:
More studies should be conducted on the population estimates. Some of the subpopulations live in protected sites (areas managed by National and Regional Natural Reserves like #Grazalema or Torcal de Antequera). #This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucía).

useAndTrade:
This species is not utilized, as this shell size (small) and shape (taller than wide) are not accepted by Andalusian terrestrial snails consumers.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extent of occurrence of 16 km2 and is only found at four locations. The population size and trend are currently unknown, but there are potential threats coming from quarries and road enlargment in the area. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:  Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: # Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is # restricted to a small area across the French and Spanish border, in the Western Pyrenees.

threats:
Threats to the species are unknown. Quarrying and road enlargement might affect it.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,230 km²) and there are only 7 known locations. Some subpopulations might be threatened by quarries and road enlargement. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting the criterion B1.

range:
This species is endemic to France (Isère and Drôme).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research is needed on the distribution and population of the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Chondrina granatensis was originally described by Alonso (1974) as a subspecies of Chondrina farinesii. Arrébola and Gómez (1998) consider that the shell features of #Chondrina granatensis are different enough to justify its consideration as a separate species from the #Chondrina farinesii complex. Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) agree with the last authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is common where it occurs.   There are no major  threats, even if some subpopulation might be threatened. It is therefore listed as Least Concern   (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is widespread in France, Andorra and Spain, along the Mediterranean coast, from the province of Valencia to the Pyrénées-Orientales in France. There is another disjunct subpopulation in the Causses of Lozère (France).

population:
There are no population data available, but the population trend is assumed to be stable.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species. Urbanization, quarrying and road enlargement might affect part of its subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chondrina gasulli is endemic to Spain. It has a small Area of occupancy (AOO = 600 km2) and Extent of occurrence (EOO = 1,200 km2) and is found at a maximum of 10 locations. The population is thought to be declining due to housing developments and fires causing a decline in the quality of its habitat. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Iberia where it is distributed across the calcaerous mountain ranges of the north-eastern Prebtic in the Spanish provinces of Valencia and Alicante.

population:
The number of known subpopulations of this species is no greater than 10. There are no population studies, but the population is thought to be declining due to human activities and fire affecting its habitat..

habitat:
This species lives on calcareous rocks and is found between altitudes of 600 and 700 m. Sometimes shells are covered in a powder similar in appearance to the rocks, which acts as a camouflage. This can also be observed in other species of Chondrinidae.

threats:
The major threats to this species are fires and urban expansion (housing). Other potential threats are from quarrying and the extension of roads.

conservationAction:
This species is found in some regional parks. The protection of # this habitat and of the known populations is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species has a very restricted distribution but the populations are thought to be stable and there are no threats to the species. It is therefore classed as Least Concern (LC).In the EU27 it is only found in northern Italy but there is no information on the populations available and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species' current distribution is in the Southern Alps in Canton Ticino, Switzerland and adjacent areas in northern Italy, near Como. The extent of occurrence is around 2,000 km2. In Switzerland, 15 localities have been counted.

population:
The species is known to live in big populations on a single sites. Although there is not much information, the population is thought to be stable. #

habitat:
This species lives mostly on north facing carbonate rocks (Trias and Lias), and also walls.

threats:
There are not thought to be any actual threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It is classed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List (2002). The species is protected by national law. No conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to one very small site in France, which is currently not threatened, but there are potential threats such as quarrying or road enlargement. It occurs in a nature park, but this does not provide appropriate protection from those potential threats. Site protection is needed as otherwise this species could quickly become Critically Endangered or Extinct.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is only known from one locality in the Queyras, Hautes-Alpes, France (Gittenberger et al. 2002).

population:
This species has only been recently described and there are no population data available for this species.

threats:
Currently this species does not face any threat, but the whole known population might be extinct with a single quarrying activity or road enlargement.

conservationAction:
The site where the species occurs is a nature park, but it does not provide appropriate protection from potential threats. Site protection is needed as otherwise this species could quickly become Critically Endangered or Extinct. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described by Alonso (1974) as a subspecies of Chondrina farinesii. Arrébola and Gómez (1998) consider that the shell features of #Chondrina granatensis are different enough to justify its consideration as a separate species from the #Chondrina farinesii complex. Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) agree with the last authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are few threats to this species, as most of its range occurs in natural protected sites or in mountain areas not easily affected by human activities. As its extent of occurrence is currently estimated to be 10.950 km2, and there might be only 8 locations, this species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT). However if this species is found in additional locations, it might be downlisted to Least Concern (LC) in the future.

range:
This is an Iberian endemic species, that extend from Sierra Elvira and Sierra Harana in the Granada provinces to Sierra de Cazorla and Sierra de Segura in Jaén and Sierra de Alcaraz in the Albacete provinces. More localities will probably be discovered if its range is methodically #sampled.

population:
There are no population data about this species.

habitat:
This species mainly lives on calcareous rock walls #or in rock crevices. It is also found under stones in limestone mountains (Ruiz et al. 2006).

threats:
As most of its range occurs in protected places far from most human influences, #threats to this species are linked to recreational activities and fires.

conservationAction:
No special conservation actions are needed, but more research on the population and the ecology of this species would be recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north slope of the Cantabrian mountains (north Spain), from the central region of Asturias in the west to Aralar Mountains, Navarra, in the east. In Asturias and Cantabria it inhabites from the coast to inland regions, while in the Basque country and Navarra is restricted to inland zones. #Its distribution is restricted to a small geographical area, but there are no significant population or geographic range reductions. Protected areas where the species is found supports habitat conservation. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the north slope of the Cantabrian mountains (north Spain), from the central region of Asturias in the west to Aralar Mountains, Navarra, in the east. In Asturias and Cantabria it inhabites from the coast to inland regions, while in the Basque country and Navarra is restricted to inland zones.

habitat:
It inhabits karstic areas, living on the rock surface in open places, or protected under stones.

threats:
The species lives mostly in mountain areas. Thus, the only threats are construction of quarries or roads, activities that have local impacts.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should address habitat preservation.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has two subspecies: Ch. kobeltoides kobeltoides #Gittenberger 1973 and Ch. k. cliendentata #Gittenberger 1973.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain. #Although geographic range is restricted to a small area, it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. Protected areas where the species is found supports habitat conservation. #This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the north of Spain. It lives in a small region from Asturias and León in the west to the westermost part of Cantabria and Burgos is the east. Chondrina kobeltoides kobeltoides is restricted to the cantabrian slope of this region, while Ch. k. cliendentata inhabites the south slope (mountains of the north of Duero basin).

habitat:
It inhabits karstic areas, living on the rock surface in open places, or less frequently protected under stones.

threats:
The species lives mostly in mountain areas. Thus, the only threats are construction of quarries or roads, activities that have only local impacts.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should address habitat preservation. Research is needed about population size and ecology.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Portugal. Its range is extended along the limestone region of the country, from Braga in the north to Arrábida Mountains in the south. #Although the geographic range is restricted to a small area, it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Portugal. Its range is extended along the limestone region of the country, from Braga in the north to Arrábida Mountains in the south.

threats:
Main threats comes from road or quarry constructions, as well as from residential construction and tourist growing.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be adressed to habitat preservation. Research about population size, ecology, and the range delimitation should be conducted.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described by Arrébola and Gómez (1998) as belonging to the genus Chondrina using shell and #anatomic #features. Morphological and genetic studies confirm that this species belongs to this genus (Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010) and not to the genus Rupestrella as indicated by other authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
Even though more research is needed on #Chondrina maginensis, it is currently listed as Vulnerable D2, based on # #its restricted range, despite the sampling efforts done in the area during the last years and on the increased risk related to droughts and fires in this region.

range:
The species is known only from the north slope of the sierra Mágina in the province of Jaén (Andalucia, Spain). Arrébola and Gómez (1998) cited the species in two localities #separated by #only 6 km, while #Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) have added two more #localities, both very close to the type locality (4 and 5 km respectively). #A recent finding of this species, about 45 km away from the type locality, expands slightly the restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (Ruiz and Arrébola unpublished data).

population:
There are no population data for this species. However, its density seems to be lower than the ones commonly observed for other species of the same genus in Spain.

habitat:
This #land snail #lives on limestone walls, #like other species of this genus, but often in narrow rock #cracks or cavities that offer protection against the sun. Its shell is usually covered with fine material #(dust, lichen) that possibly serves to protect #individuals from the sun. The peristome (i.e. the margin of the opening of the shell) #strongly #adheres #to the rock with abundant dry #mucus. This species seems therefore to be #well adapted to dry environments.

threats:
The main issue is its limited range and its apparent low density, which make this species specially vulnerable to stochastic events. Long dry periods and fires are potential future threats.

conservationAction:
The main threats to this species are not known. More research on the population and ecology of this species is needed, as well as on its main threats. Part of its range occurs in protected areas, but its habitat should be further protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Genetic analysis of Chondrina spp. are currently under way.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to Europe, where it is divided into four subspecies. There are several sites in France and the populations are stable here. Declines have been measured in other parts of its range where quarrying has been identified as the main threats. Overall, the threats are not likely to put the species in a threatened category in the short term and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). For this species it would be recommended to assess the different subspecies separately as all of the occurrences are isolated from each other and some of the subspecies are very restricted and subject to threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Chondrina megacheilos is divided into four subspecies which occur very isolated from each other:The subspecies C. m. caziotiana is only found in the southern Alps in France, just about extending into Italy. This French subspecies shows high variability and genetic studies are needed.C. m. burtscheri is found in Bürs, Austria.C. m. megacheilos occurs in Switzerland in the Tessin and in Bergamasker Alps in the east.The fourth subspecies is undescribed and is found in the Parque Nazionale in Maiella, Italy.

population:
In Switzerland, there are nine locations and it is Critically Endangered and the trend is declining. In France, it can be found in a restricted area of 8,000 km2 and it is found in many places and the populations are stable. It is probably declining in Italy and there are two localities in Austria but the trend is not known.

habitat:
This is a rock dwelling species found mainly on calcareous rocks up to an altitude of 2,500 m.

threats:
The main threat to the subspecies in Switzerland is rock quarrying. There are no major threats to the subspecies in France.

conservationAction:
In France this species is under national protection and it occurs in the Mercantour national park. Parts of its range in Switzerland are in protected areas. The site at Maiella in Italy is also a national park and in the protected area Alpe Maritime near the border to France. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Turner et al. 1998). Habitat and population monitoring is recommended, particularly of the subspecies present in Switzerland.

redListAssessors:
Gargominy, O., Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Rüetschi, J.


range:
The species lives in the central western parts of the Southern Alps (Lago di Como to Friuli). Kokshoorn et al. (2010) gives additional localities: Bellumo and Bergamo.

threats:
It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly „hypothetical”.

conservationAction:
The species is possibly not protected at national level in Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
The habitat of the species may be affected by human activity and the species is known only from the type locality. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
According to www.animalbase.org and Kookshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) the species is known only from Alpi Apuane, Italy.

threats:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010): Chondrina oligodonta (Del Prete, 1879) is currently the only chondrinid species that has been placed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable in 2000, since “This species has a small range and declining quality of habitat, combined with possible competition from other species, therefore making it Vulnerable”. Its occurrence is restricted to the Alpi Apuane in Italy, which are well known for the origin of the Carrera marbles. Quarrying of these marbles presently poses the greatest threat to the species. In Europe, this is exceptional however, so that most Chondrina species are not endangered by any direct anthropogenic factor.

conservationAction:
Chondrina oligodonta is currently the only chondrinid species that has been placed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable (Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010). More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species and its site should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Basque mountains (north Spain), from the Burgos-Álava border to Aralar mountains (Navarra). The geographic range is very small, as is its area of occupancy. The population is severely fragmented, but it does not meet VU D2 criteria. There is no continuing decline or extreme fluctuations in range or number of locations, while population size reduction has not been observed. If distribution range or number of locations are reduced in the future, then the species could be classified in a higher threat category. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the Basque mountains (north Spain), from the Burgos-Álava border to Aralar mountains (Navarra).

habitat:
It inhabits karstic areas, living on the rock surface in open places, between 800 and 1,500 m.

threats:
The only threat to the species is from global warming.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be addressed for habitat preservation. Research about population size and ecology is needed. The extent of the range should be better defined.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea and the latest revision (Nordsieck 1970) this species is comprised of the following subspecies: Chondina #spelta spelta H. Beck 1837 (synonyms: C. spelta #minor Rossmassler, 1837, C. spelta #muehlfeldti Kuster, 1848, C. spelta #nana Potiez   Michaud, 1838 and C. spelta #obscura Kuster, 1843), C. spelta #anodon H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #bosnica H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #croatica H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #fuchsi H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #heterodon H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #obsoleta Klemm, 1962, C. spelta #serbica H. Nordsieck, 1970, C. spelta #sutjeskae H. Nordsieck, 1970 #and #spelta #ventilatoris Westerlund, 1875 (synonym: C. spelta #major Kuster, 1843).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: As there are probably more than 5 sub-populations in Greece, this species is also considered as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is distributed in the western Balkan Peninsula from Croatia to Epirus in Greece, along the Adriatic coast. Inland its range extends to Bosnia and Serbia. There are several known locations (Nordsieck 1970) with the HNHM Mollusc Collection describing 150-200 unpublished distribution records. This indicates that within its range this species is very frequent and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species seems to be abundant, therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the bases of rocks.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the large range and the large number of existing subpopulations, such drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.   #

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Croatia. Some of the subpopulations occur within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and common where it occurs.   There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern   (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is mostly restricted to the southern slopes of the Pyrenees in Spain. It extends along the coast of Catalonia (Spain). Some scattered localities occur in France (Pyrénées-Orientales, Hautes-Pyrénées and Pyrénées-Atlantiques)


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are considered within G. braunii, differentiated on the basis of shells shape and sculpture: G. b. braunii (Rossmässler 1842), and G. b. marcusi Gittenberger Ripken 1993.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a wide distribution range in Spain and is common in the mountain areas of the Ebro basin with close localities in Andorra and France. #Main threats are habitat degradation by urban enlargement, quarries and road constructions, but these activities have only a local impact. #This species is listed as Least Concern. #The geographic range of the sub-species #G. b. marcusi #is much smaller, and should be classified as Near Threatened. More studies are needed to know the area of occurrence of #G. b. marcusi. This species was assessed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is found in Spain, Andorra, and the southernmost part of France close to the Pyrenees (Hautes Pyrénées and Pyrénés Occidentales). In Spain, G. b. braunii is widely distributed along the mountains of the Ebro basin, from North Burgos, Basque country, Navarra, and La Rioja, to Aragon and Catalonia. Also present in the upper Duero basin, in Burgos and Soria. It is particularly common in the valleys placed South of the Pyrenees. #G. b. marcusi is endemic to the South of Valencia and North of Alicante. The extent of occurance of G. b. marcusi is nearly 200 km2.

habitat:
This species lives in calcareous open places with rocky substrate, living at the base of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. It is found most frequently protected under leaf litter or stones.

threats:
Main threats are habitat degradation by urban enlargement, quarries and road constructions, but these activities have only a local impact.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions should be focused on habitat preservation. Research about population size and ecology are needed. The area of occupancy of G. b. marcusi should be investigated in order to better define the threat category of this subspecies with very limited distribution range. G. b. braunii occurs in the French Pyrenees National Park.


taxonomicNotes:
The species have several subspecies (Fehér et al. 2010, Kokshoorn and Gittenberger 2010), including Granaria frumentum illyrica.

range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species is distributed in Central and Southern Europe from France to Romania.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in dry open calcareous habitats:  very characteristically on sunny slopes with low grasses, grasslands,  rock rubble, walls. It is sensitive to the modification of its habitats. It occurs rarely  above 1,000 m asl, in Switzerland it is not found above 800 m, but in Bulgaria, it occurs up to 1,500 m.


taxonomicNotes:
There are 2 subspecies: Granaria stabilei stabilei and G. stabilei anceyi.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and is common where it occurs.   There are no major  threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern   (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species occur in the Southern Alps in France and Italy. In France, a distinct subpopulation is also found in the Ste-Victoire and Ste-Baume mounts (Bouches-du-Rhône and Var), which is recognized as a different subspecies, Granaria stabilei anceyi.

habitat:
This species is a rock-dwelling species living on limestone. This species is found from 800 to 2,600 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the lack of information regarding the population and distribution of the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The current distribution is known from Roussillon in southern France, to Vallis in Switzerland and northern and central Italy.

population:
There is little information on this species. However, populations in Switzerland, although not thought to be numerous, are thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in warm and dry biotopes, and is mainly associated with Xerobromion (montane xerophile calcareous grasslands) or carbonate-boulders, but also drywalls. It may also be found amongst bushes or in open forests.

threats:
The main biotopes are endangered by building works and agriculture through the intensification and extensification of the poor grassland.

conservationAction:
Due to the lack of data on the population and its distribution, research and monitoring is required in this area. It is suggested that the known locations should be conserved and treat it as a Xerobromion (montane xerophile calcareous grasslands).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of      the species is not affected directly by human activity, therefore it    is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010), this species has by far the widest distribution of all chondrinids. It has even been reported from Ascension island, in the middle of the Atlantic ocean (7.94W 14.36S) (Ashmole and Ashmole 1997). The species is found in Portugal and Spain, in the Mediterranean zone and eastwards to Iran and Afghanistan (Gittenberger 1973: 40) and the Arabian peninsula (Neubert 1998: 365, fig. 51; 367, fig. 52). The record from northern Somalia (Verdcourt 1963: 408–409; Gittenberger 1973: 40) is based on the description of Granopupa somalensis Verdcourt, 1963. However, that species should be classified with Rupestrella. Hence the southernmost records for Granopupa are from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species inhabits dry and sunny habitats. It is often very abundant, on the ground below limestone rocks and in crevices. In the south of Switzerland , it occurs on south-exposed slopes, up to 1,400 m altitude.

conservationAction:
Due to its large distribution area, several subpopulations may inhabit protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Pending a revision of all North African related taxa, Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) follow Arrébola and Gittenberger (1993) and consider only one species, #R. dupotetii, without any subspecies. The type locality is Béjaïa (Bougie), Algeria. The shell is slender conical, with very convex whorls covered with an irregular (very) coarse radial sculpture. There are no apertural teeth. #Despite the fact that #R. dupotetii #has much taller initial whorls than juveniles #Chondrina #sp., it can easily be confused when shells are covered with mud (Arrébola and Gittenberger 1993).

redListCategoryRationale:
Rupestrella dupotetii is classified as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, as it is only known from two locations in Spain and the possibility of a rescue effects from the North African sub-populations is very limited. However, #limestone habitats are well represented in #this region and the range of this species is probably larger. Furthermore, these #calcareous areas are generally well preserved and don't face many threats, even though part of the distribution of this species is experiencing a decline in the quality of the habitat. Therefore, more research is needed on the population, distribution and ecology of this species, as well as on the conservation status of the North African sub-populations.

range:
Besides the two records of the species in Andalusia, Spain (Arrébola and Gittenberger 1993), J.S. Alba has recently discovered two new subpopulations (pers. comm. 2010) in the Malaga province (Spain). Apart from the Spanish records, this species seems to be widely distributed in Algeria and Morocco. In North Africa, the upper altitude limit is more than 1.000 m (Holyoak and Seddon 1986; #Arrébola and Gittenberger 1993).

habitat:
This species is usually found on limestone rocks.

threats:
Due to its very restricted distribution in Europe, this species is very vulnerable to #any stochastic event, such as fires. #Furthermore, #Cerro de San Anton (Málaga), which shows a high diversity of animal species, including #R. dupotetii, #is not protected and is threatened by habitat destruction in relation to #urbanization.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program"  #promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Research on the population and #ecology #of this species is needed. Where necessary #(i.e. Cerro de San Antón), its habitat should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010), the species has two subspecies: R.homala massae Beckmann, 2002 and R. homala falkneri Beckmann, 2002.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is assumed to be less than five and the two subspecies are known only from the type localities. Quarries and road constructions might be potential threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
The species lives in Italy (Sicily). According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) the type locality is Italy, Sicily, Galdo mountain. The type locality of R.homala massae is the Cófano mountain, at the castle, province of Trápani and that of R. homala falkneri # is Termini, near the road to Caccamo.

threats:
It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons.


redListCategoryRationale:
The habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity, but is known only from the type locality. Quarries and road construction are potential threats. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
The species is known only from the type locality (near Agrigento, south Sicily, Italy).


taxonomicNotes:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) there is one subspecies described: Rupestrella occulta gibilfunnensis  (De Gregorio, 1895) (the type locality is the Gibilforni mountain, near  Palermo, in Sicily, Italy). According to www.animalbase.org the species needs to be  revised.

range:
The species is only known from one locality: Taormina castello, Sicily, Italy.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, there are two valid subspecies: Rupestrella philippii philippii and Rupestrella philippii moraguesi (Kobelt, 1886).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. #Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations there are no known major threats to the species or its ecosystem. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Commission.

range:
This is a circum-Mediterranean species also known from Northern Africa and the Asian part of Turkey (med. coastal area). The subspecies #Rupestrella philippii moraguesi #occurs only in the Balearic Islands. #There are many known locations with the HNHM Mollusc Collection mentioning 125 from different countries.    There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found in crevices or on the bare rock surface.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas. However, regarding its large range and large number of subpopulations it can be reasonably supposed that some of the subpopulations live within protected areas. No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of      the species is not directly affected by human activity, therefore it    is   assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species occurs from the Balkans and Turkey to the southern Crimea and Israel.

habitat:
The species lives on limestone habitats.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) R. rupestris (Philippi, 1836) have four subspecies: R. rupestris coloba (Pilsbry, 1918), R. rupestris margritae Beckmann, 2002, R. rupestris carolae Beckmann, 2002 and R. rupestris lamellosa Beckmann, 2002.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species inhabits a relatively large area in western Sicily. The habitat of the species is not affected directly by human activity,    but three subspecies are known only from the type localities. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) the type locality of R. rupestris is Palermo and Sciacca. The type locality of R. rupestris coloba is Sicily. According to Beckmann (2002) this subspecies is restricted to the island of Lévanzo off the westcoast of Sicily. R. rupestris margritae # lives in the province of Palermo, Isola delle Femmine, on rocks of the castle tower in the town, # R. rupestris carolae lives in the province of Palermo, Cefalù, castle mountain in Sicily and R. rupestris lamellosa lives in the province of Agrigento, Sciacca (Sicily).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from only two valleys with an extent of occurrence of 57 km2 and an area of occupancy of less than 12 km2. Potential threats are road enlargement and quarrying and the sites are currently not protected. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.this species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is found in only two valleys (Cians and Daluis Gorges). The extent of occurrence is 57 km2. The area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 12 km2.

population:
The populations are thought to be stable but no extensive monitoring is in place to undermine this assumption.

habitat:
Solatopupa cianensis is a rock-dwelling species that is adapted to a very peculiar type of red rock ("pelite"). It is more humidity-dependent than other Solatopupa spp.

threats:
Potential threats are quarrying and road enlargements.

conservationAction:
It is protected under French law, but it does not occur in any protected areas. Protection of its two sites is recommended, especially as it also hosts another mollusc Macularia saintivesi, which is endemic to the same two valleys.


redListCategoryRationale:
Solatopupa guidoni is endemic to Corsica, Elba and Sardinia. It is found in 19 sites in Corsica with knowledge of two localities being threatened by infrastructure development and tourism. The population trend in Corsica is unknown and there is no information available about size, trend or threats to the populations in Italy. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD). More research is needed to clarify the distribution and the threads to this species.This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This European endemic is found in Sardinia, Elba and Corsica. The subspecies S. guidoni simonettae is found in Sardinia and Elba. S. guidoni guidoni is found in Corsica with scattered occurrences over all of the island, but it is still unclear why it is found in some places and not in others.

population:
There is no information on the population trend, but it is thought to be stable. In Corsica, there are 19 localities.

habitat:
The species is limited to limestone rocks, which are very rare in Corsica. It is a rock dwelling species.

threats:
In Corsica, the site at Corte is threatened by urbanisation and tourism activities (this locality is near a tourist attraction and herbicides are being applied and the rocks are being cleared for health and safety reasons). The site at Bastia is threatened by road enlargement. There are other undisturbed sites or the threats are not known.

conservationAction:
This species is protected under the French law. There are no specific protection measures in place, but awareness has been raised among officials about the existence of this species. The two threatened localities in Corsica should receive monitoring and appropriate protection. # The conservation status in Sardinia and Elba needs to be researched.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010) for a long time, S. juliana has been considered only a synonym of S. similis.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a relatively large distribution area and the habitat of the species is not effected directly by human activity. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Dr. M. Bodon and Prof. Dr. F. Giusti in Kokshoorn and Gittenberger (2010), this Italian endemic species is known from the extreme southeastern part of the province of La Spezia in Liguria, many localities in Toscana, and very few places in Lazio, as far south as the province of Latina.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species. Snails inhabit exposed rock faces.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is classed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no information on the population or on the threats to this species. European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
The main distribution of the species is in east Liguria, Italy. # The few French records under the synonym Pupa amicta L.Pfeiffer 1854 are doubtful (Falkner et al. 2002) and recent investigations did not confirm the records of S. pallida for France.

population:
There is no available information on the Italian sub-populations, but there are probably more than 20 localities.

habitat:
They are found on exposed calcareous rocks with lichens. Preferably situated in steep cliffs or canyons as they need a certain amount of air humidity.

threats:
There is no information on the threats available.

conservationAction:
More research on the population trend and size, the potential threats as well as preservation of the habitat are needed.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., Gargominy, O. von Proschwitz, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
This narrow endemic is found on the border between France and Italy. The area of occupancy is below 20 km2 and the number of locations is four. The populations are threatened by road enlargements and quarrying, the current population trend is unknown. This species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species was also assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This mollusc is a narrow endemic to France and Italy, where it occurs in the Alpes Maritime along the border between France and Italy. The area of occupancy is below 20 km2.

population:
There are four localities in the French Valley of Royas and two localities in Italy. In the past, a larger distribution was suspected as suggested by one record from 1908 (Falkner et al. 2002).

habitat:
It is a Mediterranean rock-dwelling species on limestone. The populations are scattered and the reasons for this fragmentation are not known.

threats:
Quarrying and road enlargement might affect the few known localities. One road enlargement project has already been stopped because of the existence of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is protected under French law and the local administration is aware about the existence of the populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread pioneer species that colonises rocky habitats after degradation such as the banks of newly built roads. The populations are stable and there are no threats. It is therefore classed as Least Concern (LC).This species is also assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
It is endemic to Spain, France, Italy and Switzerland.

population:
Solatopupa similis is a pioneer species and the populations are stable in France. It is very rare and occurs at only a few sites in Switzerland.

habitat:
Solatopupa similis is a pioneer species that is the first species to colonise a degradated rocky, exposed habitat. It is a rock-dwelling species and is always found on limestone. A typically Mediterranean species.

threats:
There are no major threats for the species.

redListAssessors:
Gargominy, O., Falkner, M. von Proschwitz, T.


range:
The species lives in the north and the west of the Mediterranean region,  on the Atlantic coasts of Belgium and South England. It is introduced to the Eastern  Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey). It also occurs in Northern Africa. In Spain (Salamanca, Zaragoza, Huesca) and south of Ireland, it also  occurs far from the coast. This snail may have entered the British Isles in the late prehistoric  period (Kerney 1999) but for present purposes is regarded as a native.  Inland, it is scattered across the south central plain of Ireland and is  common everywhere on the coast (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
Cochlicella acuta is well known on coastal sands or well-drained limestone pastures inland. It is very widespread in the loose sand or sparsely vegetated areas of coastal  dunes and inland in limestone quarries and dry pastures in the southern half of  the island (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures required.


range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in the European coastal regions from the north of  Portugal to the north-western part of the Mediterranean, it is introduced in Belgium, Britain (Cornwall and Wales) and throughout the Mediterranean region (also in Algeria and Egypt). In  Spain, it is also found in the interior (Albacete, Ebro valley, Cantabrian mountains,  not above 700 m asl, not in the Pyrenees).

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in sandy and dry habitats in coastal vicinity and on dunes with grass cover. It lives on the soil between plants and is probably frost sensitive.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local   sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe   destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire,   mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large   number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole   population significantly.


range:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in the Mediterranean region. It is rare in Cyprus and does not occur in the north of Italy. It also lives in Tunisia and Algeria.

habitat:
According to AnimalBase (2010), the species lives in sandy habitats at beaches between plants. It is restricted to localities in coastal vicinity and requires higher temperatures than the other Cochlicella species. It lives in large colonies.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local    sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe    destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire,    mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the  large   number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the  whole   population significantly.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a replacement name for Helix canariensis Mousson, 1872 (see Seddon and Aparicio 1998).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the east coast of Gran Canaria. Although this  area is quite well researched, there is only one location known for this species (Seddon and  Aparicio 1998). Obviously, # this species lives  in a very restricted area, and the area of occupancy (AOO) can be considered  to be very small (less than 10 km2). The habitat is seriously threatened by continuing constructions. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii, iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the east coast of Gran Canaria. Although this area is quite well researched, there is only one location known for this species (Seddon and Aparicio 1998). Obviously, # this species lives in a very restricted area, and the AOO can be considered to be very small (less than 10 km2).

population:
There is no information available on on the population size of this species.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal).

threats:
The coastal area is subject to heavy urbanisation, logging, and road construction. These threats might impact the population of this species.

conservationAction:
Protection of the habitat against ongoing construction is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a considerably large range in Gran Canaria (in terms of island species). Its range is under various protection schemes and it does not face any threat. It is therefore considered Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the west coast of Gran Canaria and lives in an area of ca. 100 km2.

conservationAction:
More than half of the distribution area of this species is situated within the Riserva Natural Especial de Güigü, Parque Natural de Tamadaba, # and the Parco rural del Nublo. Thus no particular conservation actions are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described from Lanzarote, but it actually lives only on Fuerteventura. This is probably due to a confusion of museum labels.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a very restricted area in the central part of the Jandia Pensinsula on Fuerteventura, with one location and seven sites. The species is threatened by uncontrolled goat grazing, and thus is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species lives in a very restricted area in the central part of the Jandia Pensinsula on Fuerteventura.

habitat:
This species is a rock dweller; the habitat consists of lichen-rich vulcanic rocks including a sparse grassy vegetation.

threats:
The main threats are from goats and tourist recreation, although the impact on the habitats is more uneven and hence the species is assessed on limited range.

conservationAction:
This area is already under protection. However, it is highly recommended to control the grazing by goats. A removal of these animals from the area would be the most efficient measure to be taken.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was never found back since its description. It had been considered a synonym of Monilearia caementitia (see Bank et al. 2002), but after check of the type specimens it has been raised to a species in its own rights (Fauna Europaea version 2010, http://www.faunaeur.org).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has never been found back since its description in 1872. There is no information available that could be used for a Red List assessment. Thus, this species is listed as data deficient (DD).

range:
This species is described from Gran Canaria without any further specification.

population:
There is no information available on on the population size of this species. #

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions. More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Lanzarote. It lives in a restricted area along the Riscos from Risco de Famara to Mirador del Rio. There are two isolated sites recorded from the lowlands east of the Riscos (Ibanez et al. 2006).

habitat:
This species is a rock dweller on lichen-rich vulcanic rocks.

threats:
There are no threats to this species known.

conservationAction:
The major parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


range:
This species is widespread on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.

threats:
This species is susceptible to ongoing agricultural and touristic activities as well as grazing by goats. However, there are no data on any major influence of these threats to the population.

conservationAction:
Parts of the known range of this species are under protection schemes.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a substitute name for Helix lemniscata Webb Berthelot, 1833 (see Bank et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence of 150 km2. Parts of the distribution area, particularly the lowlands, are under  threat because of increasing spread of urbanisation of the city of Las  Palmas de Gran Canaria. These activities are increasing, and may drive considerable parts of subpopulations of this species into problems. For this reason, this species is here listed as Near Threatened, almost meeting the criteria B, but further monitoring is recommended, which may lead to a higher threat category.

range:
This species is widespread in the northeast of Gran Canaria (El Monte district).

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal and Piso infracanario).

threats:
Parts of the distribution area, particularly the lowlands, are under threat because of increasing spread of urbanisation of the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

conservationAction:
Small parts of the distribution area are under protection (Paisaje # protegido de Pino Santo and Roque Nublo).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in a moderately large area on Lanzarote. However, the area of occupancy is restricted (45 km2) and the population is considered as severely fragmented. Potential threats to this species are tourist and agricultural  activities, urbanisation, and road construction, which might affect some subpopulations of the species; the destruction of its entire  habitat is not very likely. For this reason, this species is listed as Near threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.Monitoring of the subpopulations is recommended. If a further decline can be observed, this species qualifies for Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
This species is widespread on Fuerteventura. However, the area of distribution is quite fragmented, the only larger continuous area is found on the Jandia Peninsula.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are touristic and agricultural activities, urbanisation, and road construction. However, it affects only some subpopulations of the species; the destruction of its entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
Little parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes (northern Jandia Peninsula). The major part of the distribution are is not covered by any conservation measure. Monitoring of the subpopulations is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread. The only known threat is restricted to the pine forest subpopulations. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. It lives in higher altitudes in the central part of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local pine forests (Pinar) and in the relics of Laurel forests (Laurisilva), which is restricted to the northern parts of the island.

threats:
The main threat for this species are wild fires in the pine forests.

conservationAction:
The range of this species is partly protected by Natural Parks.


range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands. It inhabits all islands except Lanzarote.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal) to the Fayal-Brezal.

threats:
There are no significant threats to this species known.

conservationAction:
Huge parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a restricted area on the north-east part of Tenerife (extent of occurrence of 100 km2), but it is known from 16 locations. Its range is currently under pressure because of rapid and increasing urban development (city of St. Cruz de Tenerife). It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It lives in the southern parts of the island (southern slopes of Anaga Mountains, St. Cruz).

threats:
This species is declining due to urbanisation, as well as quarrying close to the city for building stone, road construction.

conservationAction:
Roughly one third of the population is under local conservation. Enlargement of existing protected areas is needed, and the further development of the city of St. Cruz has to be regulated.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed on its distribution and taxonomy. For this reason, this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. Besides the type locality in the south of the Island (Pinar de Tarajana), there are no published records of this species. However, it can be inferred that is is probably more widespread in the southwest of Gran Canaria (Groh pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
This species lives in the local pine forests (Pinar).

conservationAction:
The expected area of distribution is not under local protection. Further research is needed on its distribution and taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (8 km2) and is known from only one location. Its habitat is already severely impacted by touristic infrastructure. There is no data whether there are surviving subpopulations still existing, or whether the species is gone extinct; the species is considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It is restricted to the area beyond the dune of Maspalomas stretching towards Arguineguin (Wollaston 1878).

threats:
The type locality of this species (described in 1878) is most probably destroyed by construction of hotels and other tourist infrastructure in the municipality of Maspalomas and Playa del Inglés.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation known for this species or the area.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a small area on Lanzarote. It is known from four locations, the area of occupancy is 16 km2. There are no major threats affecting this species at the moment. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT). However, if a threat was to occur, this species could qualify for a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to the central and northwestern part of Fuerteventura.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal). This is a ground dwelling species living under stones and in the soil.

threats:
There are no threats to this species known, only small parts of the range can possibly be affected by agricultural activities.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range (one location and an area of occupancy of 4 km2), with a small population which is currently threatened as a result of military activities, as it lies within a military training area, with future threats from urban expansion if the military training area designation is removed. Recommended conservation actions include the designation of a 'reserva natural' for the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It lives restricted on La Isleta, a peninsula north of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

habitat:
This is a ground-dwelling species found in typical lowland canary island vegetation often under stones or within stone walls.

threats:
The major threat comes from habitat destruction as the result of military activities within the military range. In the future there are proposals to remove the military range and use the site for urban expansion.

conservationAction:
The habitat requires conservation in order to protect the species. Further data would be required for long-term monitoring of the habitat trends. This species is not listed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish Red List by Verdu and Galante (2009) and is not on the register of Endangered Species for Canary Islands. Actions recommended include the provision of a protected area from Monte del Faro to Montana Colorada.


taxonomicNotes:
Until recently, the taxonomic status of this species had been unclear, and its provenance has been unclear (Bank et al. 2002). However, new investigations suggest that this taxon in fact is a member of the genus Monilearia (unpublished data, Ibanez, Alonso and Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura and probably to Lanzarote. On Fuerteventura, it occurs in a quite large range in the central part of the island. The species is common and widespread in its area of distribution.

population:
There are no data on the population trend.

conservationAction:
Parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has not been recorded since its description in 1878.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on the distribution, habitat, taxonomy and population size of this species. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria without any specific locality. Besides the description in 1878, there are no additional published records for this species.

habitat:
The species can be expected to live under xeric conditions (Wollaston 1878).

threats:
There are no threats known to this species, because of the general lack of information about this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions to this species, because of the general lack of information. Further research is need on the distribution, habitat, taxonomy and population size of this species.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife and lives in the central part of the Anaga Mountians.

habitat:
This species lives in the humid parts of the local Laurel forests (Laurisilva).

conservationAction:
The whole range of this species is under protection.


taxonomicNotes:
Ena elongata #(Kobelt 1877) has been attributed to the genus Ena based on shell characters (Bank Menkhorst 1992, Hausdorf 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is restricted to a small area of occurrence, on the mountain Taygetos in Peloponnese. Kobelt (1876) reports that a large number of individuals were collected. Nevertheless, it has not been found since then and recent studies on the population status of the species, as well as its habitat and ecology, are lacking. #The current, quite limited, information is inadequate for a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. This species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
The species is endemic to the Peloponnese (Taygetos Mt.) in Greece (Kobelt 1877).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is largely unknown. The species was found under stones in the Taygetos mountain in Peloponnese (Kobelt 1876).

threats:
Since the habitat and the ecology is #understudied it is #difficult #to assess the possible current or future threats for the species. Grazing and fire could potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009).  #Although Taygetos mountain is included #various protection schemes (e.g. Natura 2000, Site: GR2550006), there is no conservation action regarding the species. More research on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the species is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there is no known threat to this species across its whole range. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is endemic to Europe. It is widespread in central and eastern Europe, with some fragmented subpopulations in western Europe. It is recorded from Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate mature forests, in rock crevices or in the leaf litter. Under humid conditions, the species climbs on the trunks of trees, preferably on those of beech wood.

threats:
There are no known major threats to this species. Deforestation can be a threat to this species locally.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species and none are needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species currently subdivided into three taxa: Ena m. monticola, Ena monticola dryops (E. von Martens, 1889, and Ena monticola klissurica Bank Menkhorst, 1992.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece. It is quite widespread. It is not used or traded and there are no threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece. It is present in a large part of the mainland, e.g. Epirus, Central Greece, Peloponnese (Sattmann and Reischütz 1994).

habitat:
This is a soil-dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence of any direct threats for the species.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action regarding the species. #


taxonomicNotes:
The subspecies Ena subtilis corcyrensis (Mousson 1859) lives in Albania (Fehér Erőss 2009) and in Greece (according to the collection off the HNHM).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Croatia, Bosnia, #Republic of Makedonija, #Greece and Albania. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several  known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species in known from Croatia and Bosnia to the Republic of Makedonija and Greece (www.animalbase.org) as well as in Albania (Fehér and Erőss 2009).

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not appear to be rare. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.). Considering that it inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected. Due to the large range of the species it is likely that several sub-populations inhabit protected and #inaccessable habitats.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was previously described as Bulimus bicallosus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria and Turkey. It is known from several sites and has a large distribution. #The species seems to be relatively rare within its geographical range. It lives in humid habitats which are affected by human activity. #However, the population trend is thought to be stable. #This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
The species is distributed in southeast Bulgaria and mainly the European part  of Turkey. According to Schütt (2001) the following locations are known in Turkey: Kadiköy, Büyükdere (in the Asian part), Belgrat Ormani, Tekirdag, Sariyer; whereas in Bulgaria it lives in the southeastern part of the country, along the Black Sea coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975). The species was recently found in the Rodope Mts, Bulgaria (Irikov and Mollov 2006). This #species lives between 0 and 700 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007), however this range can be  wider in Turkey.

population:
The species seems to be relatively rare within its geographical range. It lives in humid habitats which are affected by human activity. #However, the population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs on mountain slopes, hillsides and open grasslands and shrublands, always in a dry environment. However, according to Schütt (2001) and www. animalbase.org, the species lives in humid habitats in valleys and  river plains. However, according to Irikov and Mollov (2006), 'within a hornbeam formation in soil furrows dug up by the rain on a steep slope of south-western layout with xerothermic conditions, xerophilic, thermophilic, drought-resistant'. The presence of this species in wet habitat needs further investigation.

threats:
There are no major threats presently known for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Bulgaria and in Turkey.

redListAssessors:
Pall-Gergely, B., Feher, Z., Neubert, E. Reischutz, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and abundant and there are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is reported from Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Turkey (Bank and Hovestadt 1991, #Schütt 2001).

population:
The species is widespread and locally abundant. #There is no available information on the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This is a soil-dwelling species usually found in open, xeric habitats.

threats:
The destruction of the species habitat, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs only in the coastal area of Cyprus. The total area of Cyprus is 9,248 km2. Due to the increase in tourist activities and development, particularly in the coastal areas of the island, there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and quality of habitat. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, almost qualifying for B1b(i, ii, iii).

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Bank and Hovestadt 1991).

habitat:
This is a soil-dwelling species, usually found in open habitats close to the coastal area.

threats:
The alteration of land-use of the coastal areas due to the increasing tourist activities in Cyprus, along with grazing and fire can potentially restrict the subpopulations of the species. #

conservationAction:
The species is reported from at least five Natura 2000 sites in Cyprus (see #http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/287139/sites).


taxonomicNotes:
This polytypic species is subdivided into two subspecies:Euchondrus nucifragus nucifragus (L. Pfeiffer, 1848), and Euchondrus nucifragus lehari (Wallner, 1943).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Cyprus and is quite widespread and abundant. It is not used or traded and there are no current threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, known from a wide number of locations across the island (Bank and Hovestadt 1991).

population:
The species is quite abundant. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species currently or in the near future. #

conservationAction:
The species is reported from a significant number of Natura 2000 sites on Cyprus (see #http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/). There are no conservation actions in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a common species endemic to Cyprus. There are no known threats and it is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, found in the south-west part of the island (Bank and Hovestadt 1991).

population:
The species is quite common. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is a soil-dwelling species usually found in open habitats.

threats:
Alteration of natural habitats, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species currently or in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is reported from at least eight Natura 2000 sites in Cyprus (see #http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/). There are no conservation actions in place or required.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet’s (1860:179) Bulimus pruninus variety ξ alabastrinus was raised to specific status by Martins (1989) and restricted to Terceira Island. Recorded from Pico Island by Nobre (1924) as Bulimus pruninus; unpublished molecular research has shown the specimens from Pico Island to be conspecific with those from Terceira.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs on Terceira and Pico islands and has an extent of occurrence of 5000km2. It occupies a wide range of habitats, and has adapted to disturbed environments and is not facing major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on Terceira and Pico islands, Azores, Portugal. It was recorded for Pico island by Nobre (1924) as Bulimus pruninus, Martins et al. (2006) as Napaeus cf. alabastrinus, and Cunha et al. (2010).

population:
#On Terceira this species is relatively common near the town of Praia da Vitória (Fonte Dionísio, Cabo da Praia) and is also found in Quatro Ribeiras and Raminho. # A small colony near Angra do Heroísmo (Silveira), situated by the side of the road, has not been seen since 1987. On Pico this species is rare; found only near Cais do Pico, Terra Alta and on Cabeço do Monte Escuro (near Piedade).

habitat:
Although not commonly found, N. alabastrinus occupies a wide range of habitats, from clumps of reeds in dune areas, hydrangeas and stone walls by the road side to mixed forest of Pittosporum undulatum and Accacia.

threats:
Due to its capacity to adapt to disturbed environments, no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife. It has not been recollected since its description in 1857. Its exact distribution, population and threats are unknown. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic from the Agna mountains, in Tenerife.

population:
The species has not been recollected since its description by Grasset in 1857.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is likely to be rocky slopes.

conservationAction:
The region where this species occurs is protected. More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present on at least four island in the Azores: Faial, Terceira, Graciosa and Pico (Extent of #occurrence #= 7500 km2), is adapted to disturbed habitats and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on Faial (type locality), Terceira, Graciosa and Pico islands, Azores, Portugal. Backhuys (1975) and Cunha et al. (2010) mention this species respectively for seven and eight of the nine Azores islands; however, unpublished, preliminary anatomical work indicates that its distribution should be restricted to the aforementioned islands (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010)

population:
It appears that this species is not widespread in Faial, its type locality, for it has only been found in few colonies in Horta and surrounding areas, mostly on stone walls (15 m). In Terceira it appears to be restricted to Praia da Vitória (17 m) and Fonte Dionísio (350 m), on stone walls. It is common in Graciosa, from near the sea in Praia (10 m) to Serra das Fontes and Pico Timão. In Pico it was found in Santa Luzia (130 m) and near Cabeço do Caminho Escuro (450 m).

habitat:
Napaeus atlanticus lives mostly associated with dry habitats, preferring heaps of rocks and stone walls.

threats:
Napaeus atlanticus can live in habitats disturbed by human activity, so no specific threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the eastern part of the island of La Gomera. It has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (12 km2) and is known from only three locations. However, there are not threats known to this species. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the eastern part of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from three locations and five sites.

conservationAction:
Approximately half of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread on Tenerife, and there is no known major threat to the whole population of this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the southeastern coast of the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from 19 locations and 32 sites.

population:
The population size is supposed to be slightly declining due to its presence in expanding industrial and urban areas.

threats:
Some subpopulations are affected by destruction of the habitat by urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
A few subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northeast of the island of Tenerife. This  range of this species is slightly fragmented, the most continuous area  is found in the eastern Anaga Mountains. This species is recorded from 14  locations and 30 sites. This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat besides the fact that parts  of the range of this species are located in the developing areas of the  island, viz. La Laguna, St. Cruz de Tenerefe, and Candelaria, which  might cause a problematic situation for these subpopulations. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC), but monitoring of these affected subpopulations is required.

range:
This species is endemic to the northeast of the island of Tenerife. This range of this species is slightly fragmented, the most continuous area is found in the eastern Anaga Mountains. This species is recorded from 14 locations and 30 sites.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are stable.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal and infracanario) and reaching towards the fringes of Laurisilva and Fayal-Brezal.

threats:
There are no significant threats to this species known. However, parts of the range of this species is located in the developing areas of the island, viz. La Laguna, St. Cruz de Tenerefe, and Candelaria, which might cause a problematic situation for these subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Almost half of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife and lives on the northern slopes of the Anaga Mountains. There are currently no threats known to this species, but the increasing urbanisation and its effect on the species should be monitored. However, this species is relatively widespread, and it is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife and lives on the northern slopes of the Anaga Mountains. This species is recorded from 6 locations and 11 sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), exceptionally in pine forests.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by the increase of the urban area of Bajamar and subsequent road construction.

conservationAction:
The eastern subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species has a restricted distribution (five locations), its population trend is believed to be stable and there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the southeastern parts of the # island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from five locations and eight sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), pine forests and even in Fayal-Brezal.

conservationAction:
Small parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it is scattered but widespread in the north of the island (Henriquez et al. 1993) and so is not considered to be threatened. It is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it is scattered but widespread in the north of the island (Henriquez et al. 1993).

habitat:
This species occurs in a wide range of habitat, from lowland shrub-vegetation over Pinar and Laurisilva forests, between 400 and 1,500 m asl.

threats:
There are some localised threats, such as logging, tourist activities or road construction, but none is impacting the species on its whole range.


taxonomicNotes:
This genus has been revised by Ibanez et al. 2003.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is proposed as Vulnerable # (VU) D2, as it is restricted to a small area (3 locations with an area of occupancy of 12 km2) with disturbance from recreational activities leading to   declining quality of habitat. However, given the abundance of the species and the fact that the habitat quality is not  declining significantly at all sites, it is not considered to qualify for an Endangered category.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is restricted to a small region on the east coast of Gran Canaria.

population:
There are no population data, but the population is thought to be declining, due to the declining quality of habitat.

habitat:
This species inhabits the piso basal in dry conditions.

threats:
The maint threat is the disturbance from recreational activities leading to declining quality of habitat.

conservationAction:
Gomez Moliner et al. (2001) considered this species to be Vulnerable A2c (Version 2.3). # No actions were proposed other than conservation of the habitat. This species would benefit from limiting the impact of tourist activity and habitat monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura where it is restricted to a small area of eastern Jandia mountains (3 locations with an area of occupancy of 20 km2). It is impacted by goats disturbing the habitat and hotel construction within the coastal part of the range are considered to be future threats, hence the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura.

population:
This is a recently described species, so there are no population trend data.

habitat:
This species lives in a shrub dominated psammophilous vegetation of the lowlands and piso basa. There is an observed decline in the quality of habitat with low to moderate impact on the species.

threats:
Goats, tourism activities and in lowland areas by coast hotel construction are the main threats.

conservationAction:
The species was listed by Ibanez et al. (2003) was Vulnerable (B1 + B2c, version 2.3). Conservation actions should include the protection of the area and habitats and the future monitoring of the habitat, as well as the reduction of the impact of the goats on the habitat and the restriction of tourist activities to defined areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, where it is widespread. It is not facing any major threats and hence considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species in endemic to the Canary islands where it is widespread all around La Gomera.

habitat:
This species occurs in the typical lowland-vegetation of the Canaries (Piso basal and Piso infracanario).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura where it is restricted to a small area of western Jandia mountains. However, it is not facing any major threats and hence considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura where it is restricted to a small area of western Jandia mountains.

habitat:
This species occurs in and under lichen-rich rocks within sparse grass- and shrub-vegetation at the high region of the Jandia Peninsula.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is proposed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is restricted to a small area with disturbance from goats leading to  declining quality of habitat, however it does not meet the level for endangered at present given the abundance of the species within some sites and the fact that the habitat quality is not declining over the whole range of this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Fuerteventura where it is restricted to a small area of central Jandia mountains.

population:
Populations can be abundant but localised.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are two known sites in one location and the area of occupancy is smaller than 10 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. This species is only known from its type locality in the northwestern area of La Gomera.

habitat:
This species lives on steep cliffs of volcanic rock, exposed to wind and fog emerging from the ocean. Animals hide in small cavities, lichens being the only vegetation on the rock faces.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and abundant within its native range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs in the Crimean Peninsula, in Ukraine.

population:
The population of this species is thought to be stable.

threats:
Steppe habitats are impacted by agricultural activities.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and abundant. It is now even considered as an alien invasive species in the Black Sea Region. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is native from Crimea, in Ukraine. However, it is now a widespread alien species in the Black Sea region.

population:
The population of this species is increasing.

habitat:
This species occurs in steeps and urbanized areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread and abundant within its native range. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found in the Crimean Mountains, in Ukraine.

habitat:
This molluscs is living in cracks in rocks and under calcareous plates.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution and population size of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is thought to be relatively widespread within its range. In Turkey it is reported to quite abundant and based on the available information, although it is only reported from one location in Cyprus. There are no threats to the species. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from Greece (Kastelorizo Island, Megisti), south-west #parts of Turkey (Antalya) #and Cyprus (Bank and Hovestadt 1991, Schütt 2001).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. This species is thought to be widespread throughout its range. However, #it is only reported from only one location #in Cyprus (Bank and Hovestadt 1991).

habitat:
This species is soil-dwelling, usually found in in xeric shrublands (Bank and Hovestadt 1991).

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct current threats for the species in the near future. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. #There are no known threats for this species. It is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, and is found in the region of Epirus (Klemm 1962).

habitat:
This species is mainly found in limestone areas in shrublands.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct current threats for the species in the near future. #

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. #There is limited information for the species' taxonomic status, distribution and ecology and is inadequate to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. This species is listed as Data Deficient. #More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology.

range:
Chondrula bergeri belongs to the species widely distributed on the Greek mainland, and the islands of the Greek coast (e.g. Aigina, Evvoia) but not on the Turkish mainland (Heller 1976b). Nevertheless, the species has not been reported from any recent field studies from any part of the #mainland, and thus the exact distribution of the species remains unknown.

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is not known.

threats:
Due the limited knowledge of the ecology of the species, #possible threats cannot be clearly identified.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place regarding the species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, the author is Westerlund, 1887 but AnimalBase suggests the author is Küster, 1870. Its systematic position is doubtful, with even Fauna Europaea (ver. 2.2) mentioning it twice; once as a synonym for Chondrula tridens tridens and once as a distinct species. #Until a systematic revision confirms the validity of this species, it should be treated with reserve.

redListCategoryRationale:
A taxonomic uncertainty is associated to this species because there is a reasonable doubt that Chondrula consentanea is just a synonym of Chondrula tridens. # As long as this taxonomic problem is unresolved, there is no sense in assessing this as a distinct species and to initiate any conservation actions. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to Westerlund 1887, it was found in Dalmatia (Ragusa, Lakroma and Cattaro = Dubrovnik and Lokrum in present Croatia and Kotor in present Montenegro). Jaeckel et al. 1957 also mentions its presence in Albania, but without any specific data (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996).

population:
Due to the systematic uncertainties, there are hardly any data on this species including population trend. But if considered as a valid taxon there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dweller.

threats:
This species occurs in the subterranean part of rocky (mostly limestone) habitats. It is a potential threat to this species if the rocks are destroyed by quarrying, by road construction or by other reasons. However, the total destruction of the whole habitat is not very likely, therefore this threat is mostly #hypothetical.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. Most of its sites are thought to be out of protected areas.The main problem is the taxonomic uncertainty which should be resolved first of all.


redListCategoryRationale:
The number of currently known locations is less than five, and known area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. There is no major threat to this species, therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is known from a relatively narrow range in the coastal region of South Albania. Beside its type locality (Llogara pass), two further locations were published recently by Fehér and Erőss (2009); 2 km West of Maja e Qorrës (1840 m asl.) 1 km SE of Maja e Klogjurit (1779 m asl.). These new records extended the known range of the species eastwards and at the same time it suggests that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of locations are still underestimated.

population:
The discovery of new subpopulations suggests that the number of subpopulations might be underestimated, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones or at the base of rocks.

threats:
Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Since this species mostly inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points. # The species is not protected at national level in Albania.


taxonomicNotes:
According to www.faunaeur.org this species has three subspecies: cazanikensis A.J. Wagner 1914   (present in the former Yugoslavia), macedonica A.J. Wagner 1914 (present in the Greek mainland and in Macedonia) and procheuma A.J. Wagner 1914 (present in Macedonia).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widely distributed and there are about 40 known subpopulations and there is no reason to assume any decline. There are no major threats to his species. Therefore this species is listed as Least Concern.This species was listed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
This species is known from the following localities: Rep. Makedonija: Kaplan southeast of  Skopje; Kosovo: Katlanovska banja; Greece: "Kerečkoi" near Thessaloniki. # According to Irikov and Erőss (2008) the species lives in Bulgaria. According to  Damjanov and Likharev it lives in Stryma (BG), in Dubrovnik (CRO) and  in Macedonia and Greece. This species lives between 500 and 1,000 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007). There are about 40 samples in the collection of the HNHM, mainly from Macedonia.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not seem to be rare. The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas, where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level where it occurs. Some populations can be found in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Damjanov   Likharev (1975) and Schütt (2001) Chondrula tricuspidata (Küster 1841) is a subspecies of Ch. microtragus, whereas www.faunaeur.org  distinguished them on species level. Chondrula tricuspidata (Küster 1843) lives mainly in the Asian part of Turkey.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives from Albania to the European part of Turkey, in the north to the coastal region of Romania, and in the south to Northern Greece. # #There are about 40 known subpopulations and there is no reason to  assume any decline in the population. There are no major threats. This species is assessed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
According to the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum and Schütt (2001) this species lives from Albania to the European part of Turkey, in the north to the coastal region of Romania, and in the south to Northern Greece. This species lives between 0 and 1,000 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007).

population:
Within its large and continuous range this species does not appear to be rare. #The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with dry limestone areas, where it is usually found under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, mining, etc.). Ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat at the current time.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected where it lives. It has a relatively large range and inhabits mainly dry rocky habitats, where human impact is not a serious danger.


taxonomicNotes:
Westerlund (1894) reports Buliminus (Chondrulus) munitus. #

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. #The species is known from one location on mountain Taygetos in Peloponnese. There is a lack of recent studies on the population status of the species, as well as its habitat and ecology. #The current quite limited information is inadequate to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction. This species is listed as Data Deficient. #More research is needed on the distribution and ecology.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the mountains of Taygetos (Peloponnese) (Westerlund 1894).

habitat:
Little #is known about the habitat and the ecology of the species. Most probably this species has the same habitat as other Chondrula species, i.e., rocky areas with low vegetation (grassland or shrubland). It was found on a mountain top.

threats:
Since the habitat and the ecology is #understudied, it is #difficult #to assess the possible current or future threats for the species. Nevertheless, #grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although the Taygetos mountains are included in various protection schemes (e.g. Natura 2000, Site: GR2550006), there is no specific conservation action regarding the species. #More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, Chondrula peloponnesica #Gittenberger 1984 should be allocated to #the genus Mastus. This remains to be studied; Gittenberger (1984) noted that #the distribution of the species and its #systematic position is still uncertain.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. However it is relatively abundant and there are no direct current threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, reported from south-eastern Peloponnese (Gittenberger 1984).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of the species, but it is quite abundant.

habitat:
Little #is known about the habitat of the species. It was found on a rocky slope.

threats:
There is no evidence for any direct current threats for the species in the near future. Nevertheless, further study is needed in order to assess the extent of the species' distribution.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #There is no conservation action regarding the species. #More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The findings of Sattmann and Reischütz (1994) have #extended the known distribution of the species #(Reischütz and Sattmann (1990) #northward to the Albanian #border. #Sattmann and Reischütz (1994) also note that it is possible to be also present in the Albanian mountains. Thus, although the species is known from a restricted number of locations, doesn't fulfil any of the threatened criteria. This species is not used for any purpose or trade. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is considered to be endemic to Greece, Epirus (Reischütz and Sattmann 1990, Sattmann and Reischütz 1994). The species #may reach the #mountains of southern Albania (Sattmann and Reischütz 1994), although this needs to be verified.

population:
There is no information on the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
The species is known from rocky slopes and and has a wide altitudinal range (650 - 2,100 m) #(Reischütz and Sattmann 1990, Sattmann and Reischütz 1994).

threats:
Currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on the distribution of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea, as well as Alzona (1971), lists two subspecies: C. quinquedentata quinquedentata (Rossmassler, 1837) and C. quinquedentata pelagosana (Sturany, 1901). In the faunistical literature some authors treat this as a distinct taxon, others consider it as a synonym. Faunistic records should be treated with reservation.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are little information on this species regarding the border of its range southwards and the number and distribution of its subpopulations.In spite of this, it seems to have a relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and is probably not rare within that. Moreover it can be supposed that it is not vulnerable to any ongoing threats. For these reasons it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
According to AnimalBase, this species occurs from north-eastern Italy to Dalmatia and Bosnia. Fauna Europaea lists this species from Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Montenegro and Albania. Though Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) list this species from Albania, they treat it as a synonym of Chondrula tridens. In fact at this time, there is no firm evidence that this species lives in Albania and no specific locations were recorded. #According to Manganelli et al. (1995) in Italy it is distributed in only a few locations in the east in part of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. #According to Alzona (1971) the nominate form is distributed in the vicinity of Trieste, in the Istrian Peninsula and southwards to Dalmatia, the subspecies #C. quinquedentata #pelagosana occurs in Isola di Pelagosa (=Palagruza). #Soós (1943) does not mention this species from the Croatian coast.In the collection of HNHM, the species is common in #the following Croatian locations: Sv Kriz near Senj, Senj, Starigrad in Hvar Island, Sv Marija National Park in Mljet Island, Omis, Ombla near Dubrovnik, Metkovic, Sobra in Mljet Island, Rijeka and #Medugorje #in Bosnia-Hercegovina.

population:
There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem  modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be  threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat  (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species is quite widespread, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is  only a hypothetical threat at present.

conservationAction:
In Croatia, the subspecies #C. #pelagosana #is protected. Most of the known sites are thought to be out of protected areas.There is little information on this species regarding the border of its  range southwards and the number and distribution of its subpopulations. Research activity should focus on these points as well as to resolve the current taxonomical issues.No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Damjanov Likharev (1975) and Schütt (2001) consider this species as the subspecies of Chondrula microtragus (Rossmassler 1839), whereas www.faunaeur.org distinguishes it on species level.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives mainly in the Asian part of Turkey and the neighbouring parts of Turkey (Vil. Bursa). It can be also found on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria. There are about 20 known sub-populations and there is no reason to   assume any decline in the population. There are no major threats to this species. This species is assessed as Least  Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
The species lives mainly in the Asian part of Turkey and the neighbouring parts of Turkey (Vil. Bursa). It can be also found on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria.

population:
Within its relatively large range #this species does not appear to be rare. #The population is thought to be stable.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the  complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed  by erosion, fire, mining, etc.). Ecosystem modification is only a  "hypothetical" threat at the current time.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be declining in Central Europe, and there is little information on the subpopulations in the Balkans. It currently does not qualify for a threatened category, however the species habitats are under pressure from changes in habitat from grazing, eutrophication and fire, and from conversion to agriculture. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting the criteria A2c, at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
In Europe this species  is found in central, south and south-west Germany, south and east France, Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.The species is also recorded from the Caucasus, north-eastern Turkey, Iran to Turkmenistan (Kopeth Dag).

population:
In Europe, the species is rare and field surveys suggest that the subpopulations are declining and have disappeared from several sites. In Austria, historically the species was known from more than 100 sites but # now it is restricted to two very weak subpopulations. It is difficult to define the actual distribution on the Balkans as there have only been occasional recordings.

habitat:
This species is found in scrub and dry semi-arid unimproved grasslands with rocks, sometimes in open forest, and fringe vegetation of dry and warm places.

threats:
Deterioration of the habitat is the main threat to this species. This is mainly through an increase in grazing activities that leads to scrub encroaching. Eutrophication due to agriculture also leads to changes in the vegetation, which then cannot be used for the species any more. Change of grassland to agricultural land is another reason for the loss of habitat. Particularly in the Balkans, fire may also be a major threat to the species, as open grass land is often completely burned down by the local population.

conservationAction:
The species is large and is often included as a species to look for in field surveys. It is probably included in some protected areas. This species is included in some regional Red Lists. In Germany in Baden-Wuerttemberg it is considered Extremely rare and in Bayern it is considered Critically Endangered and the subspecies eximia is considered Extinct (Falkner et al. 2003) In France this species is still present in eastern parts but it might have become extinct from the most western parts of its distribution. In Austria it is considered # Critically Endangered (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). Recommended conservation actions are research and monitoring of the populations.


taxonomicNotes:
Schütt (2001: 108) allocates this species in the genus Ljudmilena followed by Kebapci (2007). However, this allocation has been hypothetical and needs corroboration by either anatomical or DNA-based research.

redListCategoryRationale:
In Europe, this species is only found on one site on the Lesvos island in Greece and it is a rare species. It is also found on the Turkish coast and there might be some migration between the two sub-populations, but at the moment there is no evidence of this. There are no major threats and therefore this species is listed as Least Concern. It is recommended that research is carried out on the taxonomy and the distribution of this species.Chondrula werneri is considered as Vulnerable D2 at the European level since it is only found at one site in Europe.

range:
The systematic position and the distribution of this species are unclear. This species is found in Greece and Turkey. According to Fauna Europaea the species is present in the north Aegean Islands. The reports for the species are for the island of Lesvos and for the western Turkey (Izmir, Bursa and Antalya) (Schütt 2001, Kebapci 2007).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. It is thought to be rare in Greece only found at one location.

habitat:
The habitat of the species is not known. Its habitat is likely to be similar to other Chondrula species, i.e. rocky areas with low vegetation (shrublands or grasslands).

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Waste sites can also have a negative impact on the species habitat through leaching of chemicals. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The systematic position and the distribution of the species are unclear. More research in these areas are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Bulgaria (surrounding Varna) and along the Black  Sea coastal areas in Turkey, eastwards to Sinop. Most of the populations  can be found in Turkey where the species is widespread and very common, and where it occurs in big populations in dry shrub and calcareous areas. These localities are not seriously effected by human activity. The Bulgarian locality seems to be isolated from the Turkish ones, but it is also unlikely affected. There are no major threats to this species. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in Bulgaria (surrounding Varna) and along the Black Sea coastal areas in Turkey, eastwards to Sinop. Most of the populations can be found in Turkey where the species is widespread and very common. This #species lives between 0  and 20 m above sea level is Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007), however they live in a much wider elevation range in Turkey.

population:
The species lives in dry places (steppe and shrub vegetation) in most cases in huge populations. There is unlikely that human activity has serious impact on the habitat of the species. #The population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species is found in dry shrub, weed and steppe vegatation, often on and around limestone rocks and buildings.

threats:
The species lives in areas which are not seriously affected by human impact. There are no major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected where it lives. The Bulgarian localities (near Varna) seem to be separate from the Turkish populations.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is also  known under the name Chondrus zebrula (Férussac 1821). The subspecies Ch. zebrula tantalus (L. Pfeiffer 1846) has wider geographic range in Turkey, and according to Damjanov   Likharev (1975) it lives in Bulgaria. The third subspecies, Ch. zebrula spoliatus (L. Pfeiffer 1846) lives in Greece, and in Izmir, Turkey (Schütt 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Greece (Aegean islands), in the Rodope Mts. and in Central Anatolia. #It is known from a large area where it  occurs in big populations in dry shrublands. These  localities are not seriously effected by human activity. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
According to Schütt (2001) this species lives in Greece (Aegean islands), in the Rodope Mts. and in Central Anatolia. This #species lives between 300  and 2,000 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007), however this range can be wider in other countries. Reischütz (1988) gives several locations from Northern Greece. According to www.animalbase.org the species also lives also in Serbia.

population:
The species lives in dry places (steppe and shrub vegetation) in most cases in big populations. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in open habitats or under Mediterranean shrubs, among limestones or on calcareous substrate. This species is xerophilic, thermophilic, drought-resistant and distributed in heterozonal mountain sites #(Irikov and Mollov 2006).

conservationAction:
The species lives in a very big area across several countries. Some populations can be found in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and in northern Albania. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
The species lives in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and in northern Albania. According to www.animalbase.org the species lives in "Bosnia to Albania and Rep.  Makedonija", however in the comprehensive work of Stankovic et al. (2006) the species is missing for the list of the Macedonian fauna.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of the species is not exactly known. Known subpopulations occur out of protected area, however, it can not be excluded that some undiscovered sub-populations live in protected areas. Research on the distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is #found in Greece (East Aegean Islands) and the south and south west part of Turkey. #The species is quite #abundant and widespread. There are no current threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.  #This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in Greece (East Aegean Islands) and the south and south west part of Turkey (Heller 1976, Schütt 2001, Örstan and Yildirim 2003, Triantis et al. 2008).

population:
The species is quite abundant. #There is no available information on the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in limestone areas, in a variety of environments.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict populations, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place or needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) recognizes two subspecies: Jamina quadridens quadridens and J. quadridens elongata.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a large distribution which extends from France through to Austria and Romania in the east. The population of the species is not known and there is no data on overall population trend but the extent of occurrence (EOO) is greater than 20,000 km2. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species has a large distribution in Europe which extends from Lorrain and Palatinat in France in the north-west to Austria and Romania in the east. In France only the subspecies Jaminina quadridens elongata is known to occur.

population:
The population of the species is not known and there is no data to determine any trend in the overall population. However, some edge populations show a certain, sometimes severe, decline.

habitat:
This species is associated with dry grassland and poriferous calcareous soils.

threats:
This species is sensitive to both overgrazing from livestock and the encroachment of shrubs or other vegetation on their grassland habitat.

conservationAction:
The species is assessed on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) as Endangered (EN) and is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) on the German Red List (Category 1).There are no conservation actions currently required on a regional level for this species.


