# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gymnadenia rhellicani is often abundant where found with quite a large distribution area in Europe. The existing threats for the species and its grassland habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Gymnadenia rhellicani is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Gymnadenia rhellicani is a Central European alpine zone species, and occurs from the Alps to the Carpathians. The species is found in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France and Italy. It can be found from 1,000 to 2,800 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Gymnadenia rhellicani is rather local and often abundant where found. It sometimes occurs in large numbers in the Alps; but is very uncommon in the northern Apennines. There is no information on population size and trend but local declines have been noted. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Gymnadenia rhellicani typically grows in short grassland and alpine meadows, and it #prefers dry to moist, often calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from mid-June to mid-August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Gymnadenia rhellicani is locally declining due to agricultural use, conversion of meadows into arable land, and abandonment of grazing activites which causes competition with other plants as well as overgrazing. Furthermore, this orchid suffers from collection, urbanisation and tourism. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is listed as Least Concern in the red lists of France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (regional red list of Bavaria - Ahlmer 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia rhellicani; Protection of the habitat, especially the alpine meadows from ploughing, agricultural use and conversion to arable land. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Management of appropriate levels of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

useAndTrade:
Collection has been described as a threat for this species but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This orchid is endemic to Sweden with a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,776 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km². It is found at five localities and the population is severely fragmented. The species is rare and there are only about 4,000 mature individuals. However, the population is stable at the moment and it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching B1a+2a.

range:
This plant is endemic to northern Sweden where it is only found in a few places around Åsele and Lycksele in the county of Västerbotten. It occurs at five locations, with an EOO of 2,776 km² and an AOO of 48 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010).

population:
The species is rare and the number of mature individuals is estimated to be 4,000 (2,000-7,000). The population is severely fragmented but there is no evidence of significant population changes (ArtDatabanken 2010).

habitat:
This orchid grows mainly in unmanaged mesic grassland (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and on calcareous alpine meadows just above the tree line (ArtDatabanken 2010).

threats:
Potential threats are changes of agricultural land use and collection of the plants (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Gymnadenia runei is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Gymnigritella runei. All orchids are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Near Threatened in the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010).

useAndTrade:
Plants are taken from the wild, although it is not known if the level of collection is causing a decline in the population.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gymnadenia stiriaca is extremely local and very rare where it occurs with a small distribution area in three locations in Austria (Dachstein, Salzkammergut and Grazer Bergland). The extent of occurrence is 2,905 km² and the area of occupancy is below 500 km². The populations and their habitat are declining due to plant collection, recreational activities and inappropriate levels of grazing. Therefore, Gymnadenia stiriaca is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Gymnadenia stiriaca is a European endemic that is only found in Austria, known from a few sites in three areas: Dachstein, Salzkammergut and Grazer Bergland. The species can be found from 1,800 to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The extent of occurrence is 2,905 km² and the area of occupancy is below 500 km².

population:
Gymnadenia stiriaca is extremely local and very rare, known from few sites and forms few groups with low density. The population size is not known, and the population is decreasing due to numerous threats (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Gymnadenia stiriaca can be found in short, calcareous alpine grassland. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from mid-June to mid-August (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Gymnadenia stiriaca is threatened by recreational activities and like all grassland orchids, it requires a specific level of grazing; too little and the species suffers from invasion of more competitive plants; too much and the diversity of the species is lost (Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia stiriaca (Delforge 1995): Protection of the grassland from recreational activities and trampling. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Ensure appropriate levels of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
Gymnadenia widderi is very local and extremely rare where it occurs, known from a few sites in three fragmented areas in Europe: Styria in Austria, Bavaria in Germany and Abruzzo in Italy. The area of occupancy is below 500 km² and the subpopulations as well as their habitats are declining due to recreational activities, tourism, and inappropriate grazing management. Therefore, Gymnadenia widderi is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Gymnadenia widderi is a European endemic, currently known from a few sites in Styria in Austria, Bavaria in Germany and Abruzzo in Italy. The species can be found from 1,500 to 2,200 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Gymnadenia widderi is very local and extremely rare, known from a few sites in three areas and forming groups with low density. The population size is unknown and the population is decreasing due to numerous threats. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002). In Bavaria, it is found in only two sites in the Alps (Ahlmer 2010).

habitat:
Gymnadenia widderi can be found in short, calcareous alpine grassland. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from June to August. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Gymnadenia widderi is potentially threatened by recreational activities and tourism. Like all grassland orchids this species requires a specific level of grazing; too little and the species suffers from invasion of more competitive plants; too much and the diversity of the species is lost. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This plant is listed as Endangered in the regional red list of Bavaria (Ahlmer 2010). The following actions are recommended to protect Gymnadenia widderi: Protection of the grassland from recreational activities and trampling. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Ensure appropriate levels of grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
Habenaria tridactylites is endemic to the Canary Islands and is found on La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria. It is locally abundant throughout the majority of its distribution and  is suspected to be the most common orchid on the Canary Islands. The number of individuals declined in the past as its habitat, Laurisilva forest, disappeared. However, it is now included in several protected areas and not included in the national catalogue of threatened species or in the national red list. Therefore, this orchid is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This orchid is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) and is found on La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). A further subpopulation was found in Lanzarote in 1983 which was formed by only  six individuals. Its current presence in this island is uncertain. This plant is found between 400 and 1,000 m asl (Grupo Orquideófilo Canarias 2002).

population:
It is locally abundant throughout the majority of its distribution and is suspected to be the most common orchid on the Canary Islands. The total number of individuals has generally decreased due to the reduction of its habitat (Laurisilva forests) (Grupo Orquideófilo Canarias 2002). The current population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This orchid occurs on moist crags within Laurisilva forests and also within scrublands in less humid environments. It has also become adapted to areas under human influence, such as edges of mountain roads. It flowers from November to April and remains underground during the summer (Grupo Orquideófilo Canarias 2002).

threats:
There is no information on direct threats to this species but its habitat, Laurisilva forests, has declined in the past (Grupo Orquideófilo Canarias 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).It occurs in several protected areas such as Paisaje Protegido de Pino Santo, Paisaje Protegido de Las Cumbres, Reserva Natural Integral de Barranco Oscuro and Reserva Natural Especial de Azuaje (Gran Canaria), Paisaje Protegido de Orone (La Gomera), Reserva Natural Integral de Tibataje (El Hierro) and Paisaje Protegido Costa Acentejo (Tenerife).It was identified as a Near Threatened species by TPU-Consejo de Europa in 1983 and included in the "Orden de 20 de febrero de 1991, de la Consejería de Política Territorial, sobre protección de especies de la flora vascular silvestre de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". However, it is not included in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands of 2010 and neither in the former catalogue of threatened species.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on the use of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hammarbya paludosa is widespread in Europe. It is common and of Least Concern in the north but becomes rare towards the south of its range as evidenced in its listing as threatened in many national red lists. The main threats are eutrophication, drainage, drought, and inappropriate levels of grazing. However, it is unlikely that those threats will lead the species to extinction at European scale and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Conservation measures are needed and recommended in the southern half of its distributional range.

range:
Hammarbya paludosa is found in the circumpolar zone of Eurasia and North  America, and extends from temperate and boreal Europe from Britain, Ireland and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. The species occurs north to the Faeroe  Islands and Scandinavia, and south to the mountains of France, the Italian Alps, and the Balkans. The species can be found up to 1,100 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Hammarbya paludosa is widespread and rare, even very rare in southern Europe. The population is decreasing with extreme  fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The overall population size is not known. In Britain, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 61% and in Ireland it was 66%. It is now extinct in most of England. In Russia and adjacent countries the species usually forms small populations of up to 20-30 individuals and rarely more with low density of 0.2-0.3 individuals per m². (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Hammarbya paludosa typically occurs in bogs (associated with a good cover of Sphagnum), marshes, boggy banks, overgrown lakes and can be found among grasses and small shrubs. Occasionally, Hammarbya paludosa is found in running water on the edge of stony tracks. This orchid requires constant moisture in acidic water and cannot resist even a short drought. It grows in full sunlight and is very rarely found in slight shade. Flowering time is from late June to mid-September. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008)

threats:
Hammarbya paludosa is declining due to eutrophication, drainage and drought. Inappropriate grazing such as either a lack of grazing to maintain the open sward or overgrazing may cause suitable habitat to vanish. Furthermore, the plant is affected by urbanisation, extension of infrastructure, tourism and plant collection. (Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as threatened in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Meijden 2000) and is included in several national red lists with the following category:Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Hungary (Király 2007)Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (level 2 - Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and on the Carpathian Red List (Witkowski et al. 2003)Vulnerable in Lithuania (level 2 - Rašomavičius 2007)Rare in Estonia (Lilleleht 2008)Near Threatened in Denmark (NERI 2007) and Finland (Rassi et al. 2010)Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Hammarbya paludosa;     Protection of the habitat, especially the wet lowland, drainage of habitat should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying out of the sites. Ensure appropriate levels of grazing.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap  and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Herminium monorchis is widespread and locally abundant in Europe with populations that can host several hundred to several thousand individuals. The populations are declining throughout their range due to agricultural intensification and use of  fertilisers, overgrazing, afforestation, drought, urbanisation and tourism. This orchid has gone extinct in five European countries and is listed as threatened on ten more national red lists. It does not seem to be abundant anywhere and information from a few countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Romania is missing. In order to assess this species, the rate of population decline and the timeframe of that decline needs to be collected at European level and this species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient until this information becomes available.

range:
Herminium monorchis is an Eurasian species that occurs in Central and West Europe, but is is absent from the extreme north and some regions of the Mediterranean. The species occurs north to Scandinavia, southern Finland and the Baltic  States, and it ranges south to southeast France, Italy and the Balkans, with isolated populations in northwest Turkey and the Caucasus. The species can be found up to 2,400 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Hammarbya monorchis is locally abundant in temperate Europe, localised in the boreal zone. Often the subpopulations are aggregated and the number of the plants in a  habitat can range from several hundred to several thousand individuals.  The trend of the population is decreasing and declining in many sites due to numerous threats. In Britain, for example, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 69% and it is now extinct in many areas in England. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Typical habitats for Hammarbya monorchis include short grassland, marshes, dune slacks, slopes and fens. It prefers dry to damp, chalk or limestone, calcareous to neutral substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from May to the beginning of August (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Hammarbya monorchis is decreasing due to the ploughing of grassland, agricultural intensification, extensive use of fertilisers which leads to changes in vegetation dynamics and competition, overgrazing, afforestation, and drought. Further threats are urbanisation, expansion of infrastructure and tourism. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is threatened in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Meijden 2000) and listed in several national red lists under the following categories:Regionally Extinct in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), Hungary (Király 2007), and Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Critically Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Lithuania (level 1 - Rašomavičius 2007), and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010)Endangered in Denmark (NERI 2007), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and on the Carpathian Red List (Witkowski et al. 2003) Vulnerable in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010), United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Near Threatened in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Hammarbya monorchis;     Protection of the habitat, especially the grassland and lowland from ploughing up, agriculture uses and extensive use of fertilisation.Water regime must be ensured and drainage of habitat should be avoided as the species is very sensitive to drought. Maintain a moderate level of grazing to avoid scrub encroachment.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
It is closely related to H. hyrzinum and was often confused with this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This European endemic orchid has a wide range and stable populations in most parts of its range although there are declines in other parts. It is subject to several threats including intensification of agriculture, forest management, land abandonment, invasive species, and collection. However those threats are not likely to cause significant population declines in the near future and the species is therefore listed as Least Concern. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range and continuous monitoring of the populations is recommended.

range:
This orchid is a European endemic and is found in Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia. The Czech Republic is at the boarder of the distribution.

population:
The population is stable in parts of its range, but there is an overall decline.In Slovakia, there are approximately ten localities, stable and increasing at some localities, and the populations are rather small. In Hungary, it grows in 20-25 localities and has been stable in the last 10 years, but there was habitat loss before that. In Czech Republic, there is one locality with 30-40 individuals. The Italian populations are stable. Austria hosts at least 50 localities and the bigger populations are stable. The populations in Slovenia are slightly declining, there the plant is scattered in the vine growing regions.

habitat:
This orchid is found in open oak forests and dry grassland. It often occurs in secondary habitats such as road sides, vineyards and abandoned mines. It can be found from lowland to hill regions.The following habitats from the Habitats Directe are suitable for this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens

threats:
There are several threats to this species. Change in land use such as abandonment of grassland on slopes leads to succession and therefore competition for this orchid. A similar threat is posed by the introduction of invasive species, namely Robinia sp., that cause shading. The intensification of agriculture, high rates of fertilisation, and inappropriate forest management lead to a degradation of the species habitat. Threats to the species itself are wild boars that eat the plants and collectors that pick it for ornamental use. Mining is a local threat in some areas.

conservationAction:
Himantoglossum adriaticum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).It is included in several national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic and SlovakiaEndangered in Austria and HungaryVulnerable in SloveniaNear Threatened in CroatiaIt is under national protection in Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. Throughout its range it is found in protected areas. In Slovakia, the species is found in two Natura 2000 sites (81% of all localities) and also in small scale nature reserves. In Slovenia, Austria and Czech Republic it it also occurs in Natura 2000 sites. In Hungary, 50% of localities are in protected areas and more than 50% in Natura 2000 sites but the two biggest populations are not in a protected area.Monitoring is taking place in some sites in Austria and Slovenia and future monitoring of the localities is recommended.

useAndTrade:
It is collected from wild populations for ornamental purposes.

redListAssessors:
Dostalova, A., Montagnani, C., Hodálová, I., Jogan, N., Király, G., Ferakova, V. & Bernhardt, K.G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Himantoglossum affine is very local and very rare with a fragmented distribution. The species grows as solitary individuals in small groups with an area of occupancy below 500 km². The population is decreasing due to collection, inappropriate forestry management, consumption by animals and tourism. Therefore, Himantoglossum affine is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Himantoglossum affine is an eastern Mediterranean species. The species occurs in southern Anatolia and extends from the Peloponnese (Tayegete) to Iran. It also grows in the Crimean mountains in Ukraine. The species can be found up to 1,500 m altitude (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). The area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
Himantoglossum affine populations are very fragmented, very local and very rare. The species grows as solitary individuals in very small groups. The population is decreasing due to numerous threats (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Himantoglossum affine is typically found in thickets, maquis, open woodland especially among oak and pine. It #prefers dry calcareous soils. This species grows in mid-shade and flowers from May to July (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Himantoglossum affine suffers from numerous anthropogenic threats especially collection of the tuber for salep production or the whole plant for horticultural purposes, inappropriate forestry management, consumption by animals, and tourism (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). # The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum affine:     Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from inappropriate management.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and from collection.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This plant is also collected for use in horticulture.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Himantoglossum caprinum is local and rare with a fragmented distribution. # The species grows often as solitary individuals in very small groups and the population is decreasing. The main threats are afforestation, intensive grazing, but also the abandonment of pastoral  systems and competition. There is no information available for a part of its range, in particular for the Ukraine and ex-Yugoslavian countries. Therefore, Himantoglossum caprinum is assessed as Data Deficient.In the EU 27, the area of occupancy is potentially close to reaching 2,000 km². As the habitat and number of individuals are continuously declining and extreme fluctuations have been observed, the species is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(iii,v)c(iv).

range:
Himantoglossum caprinum is a Balkan species native to the Czech Republic, Greece and Crete, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary and Ukraine, extending into Asiatic Turkey and the Caucasus. The species can be found up to 1,500 m altitude # (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Himantoglossum caprinum is very fragmented, local and rare. The species grows as solitary individuals in very small groups. The population is decreasing in numerous sites due to numerous threats and extreme fluctuations have been noted. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). In Slovakia, the species reaches the northern border of its range and occurs at five localities in the Podunajská nížina Lowland, the Malé Karpaty, Považský Inovec and Tribeč Mts. The subpopulations only host very few individuals, often one to two plants only, which do not appear every year. The number of mature individuals and the number of subpopulations have considerably decreased over the last decades (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).The number of individuals in Hungary is less than 500 with a decreasing population trend  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Bulgaria, it is found in many locations and is probably the centre of distribution of the species. The subpopulations are decreasing and are quite small. Most of them have not more than 100 individuals and only some reach up to 300 individuals. In Bulgaria, less than 5% of the total population are flowering at one  time. Plants can survive as tubers below ground without developing  overground parts. There can be very strong population fluctuations in  the number of individuals (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Himantoglossum caprinum grows in short, poor grassland, woodland edges, forest-steppes, and open woodland such as oak groves. It #prefers dry and calcareous soils. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from June to August (Delforge 1995, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens

threats:
Himantoglossum caprinum is threatened by afforestation, intensive grazing, abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent competition. It is furthermore affected by tourism and plant collection. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).  In Bulgaria, afforestation with pine trees was the main threat in the past. Collection is still a minor threat today. The species can withstand moderate grazing but intensive grazing leads to declines. Today, the main threat is abandonment of grazing which reduces the population numbers (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010). In Slovakia, abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent succession of natural vegetation increases the competition with woody shrubs and herbs. Forest plantations, soil erosion, and plant collection are further threats (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Similar threats have been described from Hungary (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is also listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Slovakia, the species is considered as Critically Endangered. All the  populations are included in three protected areas (SACs) (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Hungary, the species is classed as Endangered on the national red list (Király 2007). In Bulgaria, it is listed as Vulnerable B2b(ii,iv)c(iv) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and is protected under national law. It is found in three natural parks, at least three natural reserves and some protected areas, and it is furthermore included in many Natura 2000 sites (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010). In Serbia, it is also estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum caprinum;    Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from inappropriate management and afforestation.Moderate grazing and support of pastoral system to limit the spread of woody shrubs and herbs. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and from collection.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This orchid is also collected for ornamental use.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Himantoglossum comperianum is very local and very rare with few locations (Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Rhodes and Crimea). The species grows often as solitary individuals in very small groups with an area of occupancy below 500 km² and a severely fragmented distribution area. There is a continuing population decline due to collection, afforestation, intensive grazing, abandonment of pastoral systems and competition. Therefore, Himantoglossum comperianum is assessed as Endangered.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum comperianum;   Protection of the habitat, especially the woodland from inappropriate management.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and collection.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
Rhizomes were collected for the orchid trade   (Morgan and Leon 1992). The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Himantoglossum hircinum is rather rare and local where it occurs but has a large distribution area. The existing threats, especially increased droughts and collection of the species, are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Himantoglossum hircinum is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Himantoglossum hircinum is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species found in southwest and southern Europe. The species occurs north to the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, south to northern Spain (very scattered in central and southern Spain), Italy (absent from the centre) and Sicily, and east to the Balkans and to Greece. The species also occurs in North Africa and can be found up to 1,800 m altitude # (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Himantoglossum hircinum is rather rare and local. The population has a decreasing trend. In Britain, for example, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 82.5% ; no figures are available for other parts of its range. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Himantoglossum hircinum grows in short grassland, garrigue, banks, scrub, field margins, woodland edges and rarely dunes. It prefers dry calcareous substrates and grows in full sunlight; the flowering time of the species takes place from May to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Himantoglossum hircinum is locally declining on many sites due to infrastructure expansion by opening new roads and widening of existing roads, urbanisation and tourism, climate change as the species is very sensitive to drought, collection of the plant for horticultural use, abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of scrub and competition. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at the national level such us Belgium where it is also threatened (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and Luxembourg. It is included in a few national red lists:Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Near Threatened in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum hircinum:       Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from collection.Moderate grazing by cattle twice a year to keep competitive plants at bay.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Water regime must be ensured as the species very sensitive to droughts. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This plant is collected for horticultural use.


redListCategoryRationale:
Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is endemic to Tenerife where it is rare and found in only three locations. The extent of occurrence is 291 km² and the area of occupancy is 13 km². The trend of the population is decreasing due to infrastructure expansion, agriculture, and collection of this orchid. Therefore, Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 800 to 1,300 m altitude. The extent of occurrence is 291 km² and the area of occupancy is 13 km². (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Campo et al. 1996, Delforge 1995)

population:
Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is very rare and is only known from three subpopulations. One subpopulations has more than 1,000 individuals, whereas the second hosts over 300 and the third one counts only 12 individuals. The population has a decreasing trend (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Campo et al. 1996, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is typically found in open garrigue, old terraces, woodland edges and open woodland often with pine. It prefers slightly acidic lava rubble substrates and grows in full sun to mid-shade. Flowering time is from December to February (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Campo et al. 1996, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is threatened by the expansion of infrastructure by opening new roads and paths, ploughing, tourism and mostly the collection of this rare plant (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Campo et al. 1996, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is listed as Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in Spain  (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Moreno 2008). #  The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum metlesicsianum;   Protection of the habitat.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals of the species through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Campo et al. 1996, Delforge 1995)

useAndTrade:
The species could be collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Himantoglossum robertianum is rare but has a large distribution area. The population size and trend are unknown but the species is subject to several threats such as infrastructure expansion, agricultural use of its  habitat, climate change, collection. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future, in particular as in some areas the population is increasing. Therefore, Himantoglossum robertianum is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Himantoglossum robertianum is a Mediterranean species found from Portugal and Morocco to Anatolia, extending on the Atlantic coast to northern Spain. # The species can be found up to 1,700 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Himantoglossum robertianum is rather widespread but rare. The population size and trend are unknown. The species is on the increase again in some areas, it expands for example northwards into the Rhone Valley.  (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is assessed as Least Concern on the French red list (UICN France et al. 2010).  The following actions are recommended to protect Himantoglossum robertianum;   Protection of the habitat, especially the grassland from ploughing and other agricultural activities. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from collection.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Limodorum abortivum can be rather abundant in the south but becomes very rare and localised in the north with an overall very large distribution area. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future and therefore, Limodorum abortivum is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Limodorum abortivum is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, occurs east to Iran and the Caucasus and reaching Belgium in the north. It grows also in Russia and the mountains of Crimea in Ukraine and can be found up to 2,300 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Limodorum abortivum is sometimes rather abundant in the south, but very rare and very local in the north. The overall population size and trend are not known but it usually grows in small groups with low density (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Limodorum abortivum is found in short grassland, banks, scrub, fringes and thermophilous woodland. It prefers cool and calcareous substrates (rarely siliceous). This species grows mostly in mid-shade and flowers from April to July. (Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Limodorum abortivum is affected by land uses changes, intensification of agriculture, extensive use of fertilisers and inappropriate forest management. Additional threats are urbanisation, tourism and plant collection by garden lovers (Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in the following national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Critically Endangered in Czech Republic  (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Endangered on the Carpathian Red List (Witkowski et al. 2003)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)The following actions are recommended to protect Limodorum abortivum;   Protection of the habitat from agricultural use and extensive use of fertilisers. Appropriate forest management.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Management of cattle pasture.Control and management of salep production.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Limodorum trabutianum is very rare and localised. The species requires a specific shady habitat and usually grows in small groups of less than 250 individuals with low density. The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats especially recreational activities, agricultural use of the land and inappropriate forestry management. However, there is currently no evidence for the number of locations or if the populations are severely fragmented. Therefore, Limodorum trabutianum is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii,iv,v).

range:
Limodorum trabutianum is a west Mediterranean species reported from Italy, France, Portugal and Spain, and extending its range into North Africa. In Italy, it is rather common in Sardinia, but rare in  Tuscany, Umbria, Latium, and the island of Pantelleria. In France, it is found  in Charente, west Pyrenees and Alps. On the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs in at least 15 provinces in Spain and in at least three regions in Portugal. The species can be found up to 2,300 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Castroviejo et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Limodorum trabutianum is very rare and localised. The overall population size is unknown but it usually grows in small groups of estimated less than 250 individuals with low density. The population is decreasing (Bournérias and Prat #2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Limodorum trabutianum is typically found in short grassland, banks, scrub, and open woodland. It prefers cool and calcareous substrates (rarely siliceous) and grows mostly in shade. Flowering takes place from April to June (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Limodorum trabutianum is threatened by land uses changes, intensification of agriculture and use of fertilisers, and inappropriate forest management. Furthermore, urbanisation, tourism, in particular winter sport in the mountains, are affecting this orchid. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected at regional level in France and is listed as Data Deficient in the national red list (UICN France et al. 2010). The following actions are recommended to protect Limodorum trabutianum:     Protection of the habitat from agricultural use and extensive use of fertilisater. Appropriate forest management.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Management of cattle pasture.Control and management of the salep production.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is widespread in Europe and neither its geographic range nor the size of the populations fall within any of the threatened categories. However, there have been severe population declines throughout its range and it is still at least slowly declining in most countries. The rate of the decline has not been determined at European level but it could reach the threshold for Vulnerable under A. Moreover, the halt of the declines is due to the current conservation and protection measures in place and the rate of decline would become more severe should those measures be stopped. This orchid is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Liparis loeselii is widespread across Europe   and extends its range into Central Asia and North America. It became extinct in Bulgaria and Norway where it was last seen in 1936 (Artsdatabanken 2010).In Czech Republic, it can be found in the northern central part of the country. There are less than ten locations (13 including microlocalities) in the country covering an area of 13 km². In Slovakia, it is known from only on three localities, two of them on  the Záhorská nížina Lowland and one in the Nízke Beskydy Mts in Čertižné  (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Hungary, it can be found on four  localities with an area of occupancy under 10 km². It is restricted and fragmented. Three more  localities were recorded in the 19th century and one disappeared in the  last twenty years.In Lithuania, it is more common in the southeastern and western part of the country, but is missing from the central part. In total, it has been recorded in 50-60 localities - its habitat is not very common.In Poland, there are approximately 200 historically known localities. After 1980 however, the species was observed in 50 scattered localities in lowland Poland, especially in young glacial lakeland areas. The most abundant populations of the species occur in the peatlands of Augustowska Forest and Sejny Lake District, and in Gniezno Lake District (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).In Switzerland, it is scattered throughout the lowlands with a geographic range of 160 km². The number of locations is unknown. In Sweden, it is found at 100 localities with a restricted area of occupancy of 400 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010).

population:
The total number of individuals will be beyond any threshold for a threatened category. This orchid has undergone severe declines in the past and is still declining in most countries of its range.In Czech Republic, there are around 1,000 individuals remaining with a declining population trend. In Slovakia, one site hosts 0-10, the second has c. 50-400 and the third locality hosts approximately 50 plants. In the past, the species was known from 20 localities and the populations have therefore been declining (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Hungary, the total population counts 2,540 - 2,800 individuals, however, strong  fluctuations have been registered. One locality can shelter 1,000 individuals in good years  (Velence Lake) and at others only one hundred individuals or dozens of  them can be observed. The habitat conditions  have remained stable during the last ten years but the population size  suffers severe changes.In Lithuania, it is very difficult to count the number of individuals but the populations are slowly decreasing. The species can grow isolated or forming groups of up to one hundred individuals or more. In Sweden, 35,824 individuals have been reported (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are declining due to reductions in its area, habitat quality, as well as number of mature individuals (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Switzerland, the total population is estimated between 1,000 and 3,000 individuals (about more than 200 in each locality). There has been a strong decline in the past and the population is still declining but less severe. The populations are fragmented. There are less than 1,000 individuals in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).From Denmark 1,449 individuals have been reported in 2001 (NERI 2007).Further population information has been provided for other countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 1010-1420 individualsBelgium: 5 - 8 individualsEstonia: 1,000 - 5,000 flowering stemsFrance: 60 localitiesGermany: 248 localitiesItaly: 28 localitiesLithuania: 38 - 63 localitiesLatvia: 60 - 70 localitiesNetherlands: 20,000 - 50,000 individualsSlovenia: 24 localities

habitat:
This perennial geophyte is characteristic for wetlands with neutral or alkaline (calcareous) soil. It can be found in wetlands such as transitional mires, fens, peatland and lakeside marshes. This plant prefers open, sunny places. In Czech  Republic, the  best populations are on secondary stands resulting from peat mining in an  extensive way. In Hungary, it was reported occurring on floating mats of vegetation in deep-inundated reedbeds with species such as Thelypteris palustris and Carex pseudocyperus. In Switzerland, it is present in Caricion davallianae.It is not a long living species but the individuals can remain at a  juvenile status without reproducing for some years (less than five).  Regeneration is mainly by seeds, but it can also propagate asexually.  # This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): # 2190 Humid dune slacks7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion7230 Alkaline fens

threats:
The main threats are natural  succession due to decreasing grazing activities and subsequent invasion of reeds and tall  herbs that lead to increased competition. Changes to the hydrological regime such as the construction of new channels or drainage systems are furthermore destroying the habitat. So is the use of fertilizers in agriculture that can lead to eutrophication of the water bodies. The species can withstand extensive peat  mining but an intensified use of its habitat leads to its disappearance.

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).This orchid is included in several national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and NorwayCritically Endangered in Czech Republic, Finland, HungaryEndangered in Austria, Belarus, Germany, Russia, the United KingdomVulnerable in France, Lithuania, Sweden and SwitzerlandNear ThreatenedData Deficient in Croatia    In Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, all the locations are within Natura 2000 sites and other protected areas. This orchid is found in numerous protected areas throughout its range and is often protected by national law.In Lithuania, Hungary and Switzerland, management plans for example targeting the control of potential competitive shrubs and monitoring activities are in place.

useAndTrade:
It is not currently known if this species is collected from the wild.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Malaxis monophyllos is relatively widespread and rather rare. Most populations are estimated to host 200 individuals within 100 m². The species is a weak competitor and the trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats especially land use changes, grazing, inappropriate forest management and recreation.   The area of occupancy of the species is below 2,000 km² but there is currently no evidence for the number of locations or if the populations are severely fragmented. Therefore, Malaxis monophyllos is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v).

range:
Malaxis monophyllos is a boreal Holarctic species. It covers Europe, a considerable part of Asia and northwest North America. In Europe, it occurs from Finland and Norway to northern  Italy and the Balkan Peninsula; it is absent from Britain and Ireland. The species can be found up to 1,900 m altitude (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Malaxis monophyllos is relatively widespread and rather rare. The species grows more often as single individuals or in small groups, and large aggregations are very rare. Most populations are estimated to host 200 individuals within 100 m² #as the species is a weak competitor. The population is decreasing and may disappear very quickly. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Malaxis monophyllos is found in damp meadows, woodland margins, flushed slopes, bogs in conifer and deciduous forests, peat bogs and fens. It likes damp to wet, neutral or slightly alkaline soils and grows in mid-shade and more often in moderate humidity conditions. The flowering time of the species is from June to August (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Malaxis monophyllos is locally declining on many sites due to land use changes, cattle pasture, intensification of agriculture, extensive use of fertilisers which increases the spread of competitive plants, and inappropriate forest management. Further threats are posed by urbanisation, tourism, in particular winter sport activities in the mountains, and plant collection by garden lovers (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in several national red lists:Extinct in Hungary (Király 2007)Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010)Vulnerable in Lithuania (level 2 - Rašomavičius 2007), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Rare in Estonia (Lilleleht 2008)Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Malaxis monophyllos:     Protection of the habitat, especially the damp meadows from agricultural use including fertilisaters. Appropriate forest management.Management of cattle pasture.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Control and management of the salep production.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neotinea lactea is local with a scattered but relatively wide distribution. The population is not very fragmented. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. However, as the species is declining very quickly in some locations, local conservation measures are urgently recommended. For the moment, Neotinea lactea is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neotinea lactea has a fragmented distribution from the central to the east Mediterranean region. It occurs in the Pyrenees through to the south of France and Corsica to Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, through Croatia, Albania and Greece including the Aegean islands and Crete. The species can be found up to 1,800 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Neotinea lactea is local with a scattered distribution. The overall population size and trend are unknown but locally declines have been noted (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

habitat:
Typical habitats for Neotinea lactea are short, poor grassland, open garrigue, scrub, olive groves, phrygana and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline and often calcareous soil. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from February to April (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

threats:
Neotinea lactea is locally declining in particular in coastal regions due to urbanisation and tourism construction projects. Also contributing to habitat degradation are agricultural land use and fertilization. This orchid is also affected by collection by horticulturists and digging and consumption by animals (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Vulnerable on the French red list (UICN France et al. 2010). The following actions are recommended to protect Neotinea lactea:     Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agriculture uses and extensive use of fertilisation; and from urbanisation. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This orchid maybe collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neotinea maculata has quite a large distribution area. Although the overall population trend is decreasing, the existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Neotinea maculata is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species is declining very fast in some sites and local conservation actions are therefore needed.

population:
Neotinea maculata is rather widespread and rather rare. The trend of the population is decreasing and the declines appear to be ongoing on many sites. For example, in Ireland the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 46% of the historical range and it is extinct in Britain, previously being known only from the Isle of Man. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in the national red list of Croatia as Near Threatened (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and classed as Least Concern on the French national red list (UICN France et al. 2010). The following actions are recommended to protect Neotinea maculata;     Protection of the habitat, especially the pastures from improvement, trampling and overgrazing. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Moderate grazing.Ensure enough supply of sun light to the forest floor.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Neotinea tridentata is widespread but rather rare. The species appears locally to have weak and small populations where the number of mature individuals is estimated to be often less than 250 and the trend of the populations is decreasing due to numerous threats including collection for salep and intense agricultural use of the habitats which has led to extinctions. However, the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline fast enough to qualify for a threatened category. Therefore, Neotinea tridentata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neotinea tridentata is a Central and South European species. It occurs north in Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, and extends eastwards to Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Crimea Peninsula, the Caucasus and northeast to the Black Sea areas of Turkey with a separate area to the south of Lake Van. In the west it occurs in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic  islands. The species can be found up to 1,600 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Neotinea tridentata is widespread but rather rare. The population size is unknown, but the populations have a decreasing trend. The species appears locally to have weak and small populations where the number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 250. (Bournérias  and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Neotinea tridentata is typically found in short, poor grassland, open garrigue, unimproved meadows, maquis, shrubland, woodland edges and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline to weakly acid substrates and grows in full sunlight to mid-shade. Flowering time is from March to June-July (Bournérias # and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed in several national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Vulnerable in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Hungary (Király 2007)The following actions are recommended to protect Neotinea tridentata:     Protection of the habitat, especially the pastures from ploughing, agricultural uses and fertilisation. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Maintenance of specific biotopes by sheep grazing or mowing has led in some places to considerable increases of the populations.Control of the tuber collection.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Bournérias # and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

useAndTrade:
The tubers are collected after flowering or fruit maturity as a # a source of 'salep', a fine white to  yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding  it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made  into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the  same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used  to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future  2010). This orchid is collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neotinea ustulata is widespread and sometimes abundant in the mountains, rare elsewhere, very rare in the Mediterranean, but with an overall large distribution area. Locally the populations are decreasing rapidly and many sites have vanished e.g. in England, Estonia and Luxembourg. Overall, #the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Neotinea ustulata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neotinea ustulata is confined to Europe and extends slightly into western Siberia. It occurs north to Denmark, southern Sweden, Estonia and the St Petersburg region of Russia and south to northern Spain, Italy, northern Greece, Bulgaria and the Ukraine. It is also found in the Caucasus. In the south of its range it is mostly found in the mountains and is absent from the Mediterranean lowland. The species can be found up to 2,400 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Neotinea ustulata is widespread and sometimes abundant in the mountains, rare elsewhere, very rare in the Mediterranean zone. The population size is unknown but the populations are decreasing rapidly and many sites have vanished. In Britain, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 79% and the total population is estimated to be about 1,000 flowering plants. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Neotinea ustulata is found in short grassland, garrigue, marshland, dry shrubland, alluvial meadows, woodland edges and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline to acidic and often calcareous soils and grows in full sunlight. Flowering time is from April to August (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Neotinea ustulata is locally declining on many sites due to agricultural intensification, lack of traditional mowing cycles of meadows, changes of land management, intensive use of fertilisers which increases competition by other plants and climate change as the species is extremely sensitive to extreme temperatures. Collection of the tuber or the whole plant is a further threat as is consumption by animals (in particular by sheep and rabbits). Furthermore, the species is affected by urbanisation, tourism, and related infrastructure development (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Critically Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005)Endangered in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Denmark (NERI 2007)Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)  The following actions are recommended to protect Neotinea ustulata;   Protection of the habitat, especially the pastures from ploughing, intensive use of fertilisers and agricultural use. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals, trampling and collection.Maintenance of specific biotopes by light spring grazing or mowing.Control and management of species collection.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Bournérias and Prat2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very   nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to   yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding   it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made   into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the   same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used   to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a  Future  2010). This orchid is collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neottia cordata is widespread and common in the boreal zone, less frequent in the subarctic zone, rare and local in southern Europe. The trend of the population is unknown but the existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Neottia cordata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neottia cordata extends south to the Pyrenees, northern Italy, northern Greece, Crimea and the Caucasus and northern Turkey, and north to Greenland, Iceland and northernmost Scandinavia. The species can be found up to 2,300 m altitude and above 1,000 m in the south of its range (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Neottia cordata is widespread and common in the boreal zone, less frequent in the subarctic zone, rare and local in southern Europe where it is only found in the mountains. The overall population size and trend are unknown, but local declines have been noted. In Britain, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 44.5% and in Ireland, it was 50%. #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Neottia cordata is typically found in wet moorland, peat bogs, short pastures, damp woodland, mossy ground under pine trees and often grows with Sphagnum mosses. It prefers damp to wet, acidic soils and grows in full sunlight to shade. It flowers from May to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Neottia cordata is declining locally due to agricultural use of lowlands, deforestation, habitat loss due to urbanisation, tourism and related infrastructure development. Consumption by animals and trampling are further threats. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Neottia cordata;     Protection of the habitat, especially the lowland from ploughing and agricultural use.  #Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals and trampling.Control and management of the salep production from tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.&#(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neottia nidus-avis is widespread but rare with a large distribution area. Although the populations are currently declining, the existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Neottia nidus-avis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neottia nidus-avis occurs in Europe and western Siberia. In Europe the species is found in Scandinavia and Finland and south to the Mediterranean including Italy, Greece, Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia and the Balearic  Islands, and eastwards to Crimea and the Caucasus; it is mainly restricted to the mountains in the south of the range and absent from the Mediterranean lowland. The species can be found up to 2,000 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Neottia nidus-avis is widespread but rather rare. The populations are decreasing and the overall population size is unknown.  In Britain the total loss of individuals between 1500 and 1999 was 54% and in Ireland, it was 45.5% of the area. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Neottia nidus-avis is found in dense beech woods, shady old hedges, mixed broad leaved woodland in hazel coppices and conifer forests. The species prefers chalk and limestone soils and also grows in clays and sands that have a chalky or limestone component. It grows in shade, even tolerates heavy shade and flowers from May to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Neottia nidus-avis is declining locally due to the conversion of deciduous woodland into conifer plantations, the use of heavy machinery in forestry operation, and activities that increase the amount of light reaching the forest floor. In addition, this orchid is affected by urbanisation, tourism, and related infrastructure expansion, as well as plant collection. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Near Threatened in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Least Concern in Czech Republic (Rare - Holub and Procházka 2000), Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Hungary (protected but not rare - Király 2007), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)The following actions are recommended to protect Neottia nidus-avis;   Protection of the woodland from being converted into conifer plantations.Cease of heavy machinery use in forest operations.  #Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Neottia ovata is widespread and common with a large distribution area. Local declines have been noted but the existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Neottia ovata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Neottia ovata is a European species but the range extends into Asia. In Europe the species is found north to Iceland, northern Scandinavia and south to the Mediterranean including Italy, Greece, and eastwards to Crimea and the Caucasus. The species can be found up to 2,400 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Neottia ovata is very widespread and common in the temperate zone, but rare in Mediterranean Europe. The size and trend of the populations is unknown. In Britain, the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 27.5% and in Ireland, it was 29% of the area. #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Neottia ovata is found in a wide range of habitat including grassland, garrigue, shrubs, bogs, dune slacks, fens and woodland. It prefers dry to wet, slightly acidic soils and often calcareous soils and grows in full sunlight to shade. Flowering time is from May to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Neottia ovata is declining locally due to extreme temperatures, agricultural use of lowland and deforestation. Urbanisation, trampling and tourism are affecting this species (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Near Threatened in the national red list of Belarus (Ermakova 2005), but is classed as Least Concern on most other national red lists. The following actions are recommended to protect Neottia ovata:     Protection of the habitat, especially the lowland from ploughing and agricultural use.  #Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.&#(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Neottianthe cucullata is rare and local with a very narrow ecological range and weak resistance to pressure and threats. The species forms large populations with extreme fluctuations in number of individuals and density in the territory of Russia. It is found at three locations only in Poland. The area of occupancy #is below 500 km² and the trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats especially woodland management, causing an increase in the amount of light reaching the forest floor, the use of heavy machinery in forestry operation, and weather conditions. Therefore, Neottianthe cucullata is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Neottianthe cucullata is a temperate Eurasian species from the Baltic to Japan. The species covers central and eastern Europe and has its western  limit in Poland. It can be found up to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2011, Snowarski 2011, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Neottianthe cucullata is rare and local. As far as population size is concerned, the species forms large aggregations of 2,000 individuals in some provinces in Russia and the maximum density of such populations may vary between 120 and 10-12 individuals per square meter. Sharp fluctuations in number of individuals and density were observed in the species localities studied in the territory of Russia (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008). In Poland, there is a very small number of sites (up to a dozen) in three locations, a large decrease in the number of sites is observed due to numerous threats (Snowarski 2011).

habitat:
Neottianthe cucullata grows in a narrow ecological range and is found particularly in conifer forest and more rarely mixed or oak woodland. It prefers damp, acidic to weakly alkaline soils and also sandy and clay-sandy substrates and grows in mid-shade to shade. It flowers from June to end of August (Delforge 1995, Snowarski 2011, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Neottianthe cucullata is declining and the population is undergoing extreme fluctuations due to numerous anthropogenic threats especially woodland management, causing an increase in the amount of light reaching the forest floor, the use of heavy machinery in forestry operation, and weather conditions. Furthermore, this orchid is affected by urbanisation, trampling and tourism development (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Endangered on the red list of Belarus (Ermakova 2005) and of Lithuania (level 1 - Rašomavičius 2007). The following actions are recommended to protect Neottianthe cucullata:    Moderate woodland management.Cease of heavy machinery use in forest operations. # Creation of natural reserves or protection zones.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Snowarski 2011, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008, ).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys apifera occurs in numerous sites in Europe and the existing threats for the habitats or the species are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys apifera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys apifera is found throughout the Mediterranean, including the Levant, and in Atlantic western Europe north to the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Denmark. This species is found from sea level to 1,800 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Ophrys apifera is widespread and present in several locations in the Mediterranean region. The trend of the populations remains unknown.

habitat:
Typical habitats of Ophrys apifera include edges of woods, open deciduous and pine forests, verges, garrigue, grassland, reed swamps and stabilised coastal dunes. The species is commonly found as a pioneer plant in abandoned quarries, railway embankments and roadside verges. Ophrys apifera grows in dry to wet calcareous and on alkaline dry to swampy soils in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species is relatively late, from April to July and the peak time is from April-June (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).   #

threats:
Urbanisation, construction work and residential building are affecting this species. Plant collection is a threat to Ophrys apifera (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).Ophrys apifera can be protected in two fundamental ways through specific protection of the living individuals of the species or through protection and management of the habitats of the species:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

useAndTrade:
The root of this orchid is edible when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white, very nutritious powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. This salep can be made into a drink or added to cereals and bread. Its preparation is similar to that of arrowroot. The plant is also of medicinal use, for example, to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal. Many Ophrys spp. are collected for their attractiveness (Plants For a Future 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
In some areas in southern Peloponnese, Ophrys argolica forms hybrids with O. spruneri and in the northern parts hybrids with O. oestrifera.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Ophrys argolica has most of its distribution area in southern Greece. The extent of occurrence is under 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km². The population trend is unknown but the scattered localities host only very small populations. The species is threatened by uncontrolled building work, tourist pressures, human influences and the use of herbicides and pesticides which reduce the pollinators. Therefore, Ophrys argolica is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. It is found on the Peloponnese, Atica (near Athens) and at one site in Kythira Island (Tan and Iatrou 2001). It is found at less than ten localities and the estimated area of occupancy is less than 500 km²  and the extent of occurrence is under 20,000 km².

population:
Ophrys argolica is quite local and often rare. The population trend is unknown but the scattered localities host only very small populations (Phitos et al. 1995, Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Ophrys argolica grows in grassland, garrigue and old, pesticide-free olive groves, roadside slopes, coniferous woodlands, meadows, open oak and pine woods. It is mainly found on limestone and grows in calcareous, dry to moist soils, rarely wet in full sunlight to light shade (Tan and Iatrou 2001).

threats:
Ophrys argolica   has most of its distribution area in southern Greece. However, the species in the region is subject to threats such as urbanisation, construction work, residential building, and tourism activities. The use of herbicides and pesticides affects the species indirectly as this leads to a reduction of pollinators (Phitos et al. 1995, Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected (67/81) at national level and listed as Vulnerable in the Greek Red List (Phitos et al. 1995).   #The habitats on the region and the species attractiveness are subject to threats. Therefore, we can protect the species by:      Protection of the living individuals through legislation and legal protection which ban the species not to be picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Type of habitat management that imitates the traditional agriculture or forestry of the locality of the species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).The species tolerates extensive grazing, this could be used   to prevent successional vegetation developement in certain habitats and to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species (Phitos et al. 1995, Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

useAndTrade:
Many Ophrys spp. are collected for their attractiveness.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Ophrys atlantica is a Mediterranean species that has most of its distribution area in North Africa. In Europe, it is only found at one site in Malaga, Spain. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 995 km² and 280 km² respectively. The population trend is unknown but the habitat of this species, deciduous forests and pine forests as well as scrubby grassland, are declining due to agricultural expansion as well as infrastructure development. This orchid is also taken from the wild by collectors. A rescue effect from the North African populations is unlikely. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Ophrys atlantica is a western Mediterranean species and is almost limited to the northern parts of Morocco and Algeria and possibly Tunisia. In Andalusia, Ophrys atlantica occurs very locally in the province of Malaga, Spain. The species is found from sea level to 1,500 m (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007). The extent of occurrence has been calculated as 995 km² and the area of occupancy as 280 km².

population:
This species is present in a small locality in southern Spain. The trend of the populations is unknown but the species' habitat continues to decline.

habitat:
Typical habitats include open deciduous woods and pine woods, garrigue and scrubby grasslands. It prefers alkaline dry to cool soil and grows in dry to somewhat moist ground. It is found in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering takes place from March to June - early in Spain and late in North Africa (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

threats:
This species requires specific habitats and therefore it is assumed that the species is declining with the impoverishment of natural environments. One cause is the excessive agricultural use of the species habitats. Urbanisation, construction work and building in connection with tourism continue to expand in the region. Plant collection also poses a threat to this orchid.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is classed as Data Deficient on the Red List of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).      This species can be protected in two fundamental ways through specific protection of the living individuals of the species or through protection and management of the habitats of the species:Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
The root is edible when cooked and is also a source of 'salep', a fine  white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and  grinding it into a powder. This salep is said to be very nutritious and  is made into a drink or added to cereals and bread. Many Ophrys spp. are collected for their attractiveness (Plants For a Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Ophrys bertolonii is widespread and present in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys bertolonii is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys bertolonii is found in the central Mediterranean and is mostly occurring in Italy, from the river Po to Sicily. The species occurs from Istria in Croatia to Montenegro in the Balkans as well as the Ionian island  of Corfu and is found from sea level to 1,450 m altitude    (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

population:
Ophrys bertolonii is quite widespread and fairly common, usually spotted in several locations in the central  Mediterranean region. The trend of the populations remains unknown. Some authors recognize a range of segregate taxa. (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Typical habitats where Ophrys bertolonii can be found are roadside verges, garrigue, grassland, olive groves and open places in forest and maquis.  Ophrys bertolonii grows in dry to moist, calcareous soil in full sunlight. The flowering time of the species is from March-April to June with a peak time in mid-April to mid-May (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Ophrys bertolonii is threatened by urbanisation, construction work, residential building, and plant collection (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Vulnerable on the Croatian red list (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Recommended conservation actions for Ophrys bertolonii are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys bombyliflora is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys bombyliflora is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys bombyliflora is found throughout the Mediterranean except for the very easternmost regions. The species occurs up to Rhodes in the east, in western Anatolia, westwards up to the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and is very rare on Lesbos and Samos. This species is found from sea level to 900 m altitude    (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Vulnerable on the Croatian red list (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys bombyliflora are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys ferrum-equinum has most of its distribution area in Greece and is fairly widespread in the eastern Mediterranean although its population trend is unknown. The current threats for the habitats and the species are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys ferrum-equinum are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys fuciflora is quite widespread and very common in Central Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future.

range:
Ophrys fuciflora is found throughout Central Europe, in the central and eastern Mediterranean and extends further east to Iraq.   The species is European, especially central European, from the United Kingdom through to Romania and to the Italian Peninsula, Sicily and Sardinia, very rare in southern France. Ophrys fuciflora appears to be absent from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands as well as from the major part of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is found from sea level to 1,500 m altitude (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Vulnerable on the Croatian red list (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys fuciflora are:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys fusca is fairly widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Vulnerable on the Croatian red list (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys fusca are:Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys insectifera is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys insectifera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys insectifera is a central European species, stretching from Ireland and the mountains of northern Spain east to the Apennines, Romania, northern Greece and the Ukraine. In the northeast there are outliers in Norway and the Moscow area. Ophrys insectifera is the most northern of the Ophrys species. It is found from sea level to 1,700 m altitude  (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

population:
Ophrys insectifera is widespread in the central European region but sometimes quite rare. The trend of the populations remains unknown (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995). It is locally declining, for example, in the United Kingdom.

habitat:
Ophrys insectifera can typically be found in fens, grassland, verges, open pine woods and wooded meadows, rarely on peat-bogs. This orchid grows in dry to wet, calcareous to neutral soil in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from May to July (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

threats:
Ophrys insectifera is affected by urbanisation, construction work and residential building (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Critically Endangered on the Bulgarian red list (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Vulnerable on the Croatian red list (Nikolić and Topić 2005), but Least Concern on the French red list (UICN France et al. 2010). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys insectifera are:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Ophrys kotschyi includes the southern part of mainland Greece, a number of islands in the southern part of the Aegean Sea and Cyprus.   The area of occupancy is below 500 km² but the species is found at more than ten locations and is not severely fragmented. The habitat of this species; roadside slopes, grassland, garrigue and old, pesticide-free olive groves, open pine woods are declining due to tourism, urbanisation, infrastructure development and human habitation. Ophrys kotschyi is also collected from the wild for its attractiveness. Therefore, Ophrys kotschyi is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(iii,v).

range:
The geographical range of Ophrys kotschyi includes the southern part of mainland Greece, a number of islands in the southern part of the Aegean Sea and Cyprus. The species is found from sea level to 1,000 m altitude (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

population:
The population size in Cyprus has been estimated at around 2,000 individuals. This was estimated accurately only once in 2004-2006 at most but not at all the known localities of the species, so the population trend cannot be determined (Commission of the European Communities 2009). # In Cyprus, it has been found in 30 localities. The subpopulations are usually small with about 50 individuals. There are a few sites with more individuals: Mammari with 500 plants, Mitsero and Kato Moni with 200 plants, Alambra with 200 plants and Akrotiri Peninsula with 300-400 plants (Tsintides et al. 2007).

habitat:
Typical habitats of Ophrys kotschyi include grassland, garrigue and old, pesticide-free olive groves, open pine woods, roadside slopes. This species grows in calcareous, dry to moist soils in full sun to light shade. The flowering time is from mid-February to early May with a peak from mid-March to mid-April   (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995). This species can occur also at wet places with moderate saline influence under planted acacia or pine. It has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines

threats:
Ophrys kotschyi requires specific habitats and therefore it is assumed that the species is declining with the impoverishment of natural environments, urbanisation, construction work and residential buildings. The increase in tourism activities and collection of the species poses major threats (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ophrys kotschyi is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Vulnerable C2a(i) on the Red List of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).    The species can be protected in two fundamental ways through specific protection of the living individuals of the species or through protection and management of the habitats of the species:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Type of habitat management that imitates the traditional agriculture or forestry of the locality of the species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ophrys lunulata is endemic to Sicily. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be 10,348 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,997 km². It is known from 16 localities but it is not clear how many locations there are. The population is stable at the moment, but the habitat is suspected to be declining due to urbanisation and infrastructure development. Collection of this orchid is a further threat. Therefore, Ophrys lunulata is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Ophrys lunulata is endemic to Sicily and frequently occurs in the southeast and around Palermo. Other records from Calabria, Elba,  Malta, the Eolian  Islands and Sardinia have not been verified. The species is found from sea level to 800 m (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be 10,348 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,997 km².

population:
This species has been recorded in 16 localities within the Italian islands with a stable population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). But the species' habitat continues to decline (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007). #

habitat:
Typical habitats of the species are meadows, grassland, garrigue and open woods. It grows in dry to fairly moist, calcareous to slightly acid soil in full sunlight to semi shade. The flowering takes place in March and April with a peak in the first half of April (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995). This species is characteristic of the Habitats Directive habitat 6220 "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats for this species are urbanisation and tourism, as well as collection of this orchid (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ophrys lunulata  is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and  under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European  Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Recommended conservation measures for this species are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of the localities.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys lutea is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys lutea is assessed as Least Concern.

habitat:
Typical habitats of Ophrys lutea include guarrigue, maquis, grassland, roadside slopes, light-open pine and oak woods, as well as pesticide-free olive-groves. It grows in dry to moist, preferably calcareous soil in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from January to May, with a peak in March-April. In some years, flowering individuals may be found by the coast as early as December (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).  # # #

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Endangered in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), but as Least Concern on the French red list (UICN et al. 2010). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys lutea are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys reinholdii has most of its distribution area in Greece. The area of occupancy might be small and below one of the thresholds but the species has been described as common on Rhodes. The population trend is unknown but the habitat of this species; roadside slopes, garrigue, scrubland, and oak woods are declining due to tourism, urbanisation, and infrastructure development. However, at the moment it is not believed that the existing threats for the species and the habitat are likely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future, especially if the recommended conservation measures are being applied. Therefore, Ophrys reinholdii assessed as Least Concern.

range:
The total range of Ophrys reinholdii extends from the Balkan Peninsula to Cyprus, southern and southwestern Anatolia, Iran and Iraq. It can be found in the southwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Ionian Islands and on the Aegean Islands.   It is common on Rhodes (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007). In 2003, a small population was discovered in southeastern Bulgaria (Bergman et al. 2004). The species is found from sea level to 1,300 m altitude, in Bulgaria it is distributed between 260 and 390 m.

population:
Ophrys reinholdii is fairly widespread and rather rare in Europe. The trend of the populations is unknown but the species' habitat continues to decline (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).  In Bulgaria the species was found with a limited population of two individuals in 2003. This population was found during 2004 in the far southeast of the nature park Strandzha with 53 individuals, distributed in small groups of two to seven individuals (Bergman et al. 2004).

habitat:
Typical habitats include garrigue, scrubland, old olive groves, graveyards, roadside slopes,  and open to rather dense pine and oak woods. Ophrys reinholdii grows in dry to moist, calcareous to slightly acid soil in full sunlight to partial shade. The flowering takes place from March to May with a peak in April in the Aegean  Islands (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995, Bergman et al. 2004). In Bulgaria, the flowering time is from the first ten days of April to the second ten days of May (Bergman et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ophrys reinholdii is a species of high conservation value and the following conservation actions are recommended:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys scolopax is widespread and present in several locations in the Mediterranean region and Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys scolopax is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys scolopax is found throughout most of the Mediterranean and further east to the Crimea, Iran and the Caucasus. This species is widespread and occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and the Italian Peninsula. In the northeast, it reaches Hungary and Romania. The species is absent from Cyprus and some other islands as well as from the Mediterranean coast of the Levant. It is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude  (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Ophrys scolopax is typically found in garrigue, open pine and oak woods, grassland, roadside slopes,  and olive groves free of pesticide, fertiliser and mechanical treatment of the soil. It grows in dry to moist soil in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time is from March to June with a peak time in April in most places (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Least Concern on the French red list (UICN et al. 2010). Recommended conservation measures for #Ophrys scolopax are:  Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning; to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys speculum is widespread throughout the Mediterranean and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys speculum is assessed as Least Concern.

habitat:
Ophrys speculum is typically found in guarrigue, poor grassland, roadside slopes, open pine woods, fallow fields, scrub and pesticide-free olive-groves. It grows in dry to moist, preferably calcareous soil in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species is from late February to early May, with a peak from mid-March to mid-April (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).  # # #

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Vulnerable on the French red list (UICN et al. 2010).Ophrys speculum can be protected in two fundamental ways through specific protection of the living individuals of the species or through protection and management of the habitats of the species:Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Type of habitat management that imitates the traditional agriculture or forestry of the locality of the species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys sphegodes is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys sphegodes is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys sphegodes is found from southern England across central and southern Europe and the Levant to the Caucasus and northern Iran. This species occurs from sea level to 1,400 m altitude (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

population:
Ophrys sphegodes is quite widespread and fairly abundant in Europe. It is not well known due to confusion with other taxa, and some authors recognise many segregate taxa. The trend of the populations remains unknown (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Ophrys sphegodes can be found in guarrigue, roadside slopes, grassland, open woods, as well as pesticide-free olive-groves. It grows in dry to moist, preferably calcareous as well as slightly acid soil  in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time is from February to June-July, with a peak in March-April (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).  # # #

threats:
Ophrys sphegodes is affected by urbanisation, construction work, residential buildings and plant collection (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys sphegodes are:      Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys sphegodes ssp. mammosa is rather widespread and sometimes abundant, the trend of the population is unknown. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys sphegodes ssp. mammosa is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This taxon is native to southeast Europe, the Caucasus, and the Levant (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). In Europe, it is found on the Balkan Peninsula and in Crimea, Ukraine. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
The subspecies is rather widespread and sometimes abundant (Delforge 1995). In Bulgaria, for example, there are 70 localities which are clustered close together  in the eastern Rhodopian Mountains, all the others are  fragmented. There are less than 100 individuals in each location, some with single individuals. In the eastern Rhodopian Mountains, larger populations can be found (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This plant is found in dry Mediterranean type grasslands (Thero-Brachypodiata), in shrubby pastures, garrigue, scrub and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline soils. This taxon grows in full sun to mid-shade and flowers from March to May. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008)

threats:
The main threat in the past was collection of this plant. Afforestation with pine plantations destroyed dry grasslands. Very intensive grazing can become a threat to the species, but nowadays the abandonment of grazing is more critical.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria, it is listed as Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iv) on the national red list (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and protected under national law. A small part of the Bulgarian populations is included in protected areas.The following actions are recommended to protect the subspecies: Protection of the habitat from trampling.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Moderate grazing.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.

useAndTrade:
The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a   fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the   tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance   which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be   prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the   salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal   (Plants For a Future 2010). It was locally used for syrup as medicine against throat pains although this type of use is decreasing in Bulgaria and Turkey.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophrys tenthredinifera is widespread and occurs in several locations in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys tenthredinifera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys tenthredinifera is found throughout the Mediterranean, where it is fairly common in the western and central parts and decreases towards the east. The species is very rare in several Aegean islands and in Cyprus it is known from only one locality. This species is found from sea level to 1,800 m altitude. (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Ophrys tenthredinifera can be found in guarrigue, grassland, open pine woods, as well as old olive-groves, and on  roadside verges. It grows in dry to cool, calcareous to slightly acid soils in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from February to May, with a distinct peak from mid-March to mid-April (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).  # # #

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Recommended conservation measures for this species are:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Protection of these species localities through legal nature conservancy.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species occurs in numerous sites in Europe but its population trend is unknown. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Ophrys umbilicata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ophrys umbilicata is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean and from the Aegean basin to southern Iran. This species is quite local and sometimes abundant, it occurs in Albania through Greece, Cyprus eat to the Levant but is missing in Crete. This species is found from sea level to 1,200 m altitude (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Typical habitats for Ophrys umbilicata include grassland, garrigue, roadside slopes,  light-open pine woods and cypress groves as well as pesticide-free olive groves. Ophrys umbilicata grows in dry to somewhat moist, often calcareous soils and rarely on sandstone in full sunlight to light shade. The flowering time of the species takes place from February to April with a peak time in late March and early April. (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007, Delforge 1995).

threats:
The natural vulnerability of Ophrys umbilicata, collection of the species and threats to its habitats such as urbanisation, construction work and residential buildings are affecting the species (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Recommended conservation measures for Ophrys umbilicata are:    Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Introducing informal and inexpensive management contracts with the owners of species localities.Moderate grazing or forestry, mowing or recurrent burning to prevent the vegetation to become dominated by more robust and competitive species. Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics (Pederson and Faurholdt 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis anatolica is very rare and local where it occurs but the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Orchis anatolica is assessed as Least Concern.

threats:
Orchis anatolica declined and became rare particularly in Turkey due to its extensive use and the ongoing practice of digging up tubers for the production of salep. On Cyprus and Crete the species is under threat and classified as not common due to hybridization with Orchis quadripunctata. In addition, this species is vulnerable to other threats such us tourism, land use changes, deforestation and expansion of villages and infrastructures (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis anatolica:  Improve the management of the habitat.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.             (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis anthropophora is widespread and rather common in the centre and west of the range, rare in the north of the distribution area where isolated occurrences are threatened. Its population trend is overall decreasing, however new sites have been found. The existing threats for the species are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Orchis anthropophora is assessed as Least Concern.

threats:
Orchis anthropophora is submitted to numerous threats such us competition with other species due to shrub encroachment, overgrazing, ploughing, building sites and tourism. In addition to that, the clearing of road verges and the application of herbicides and pesticides affects this plant. On the other hand, the quantity of new sites has grown a bit lately (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at the national level such us Belgium, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, and at the regional level in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis anthropophora;   Improve the management of the habitat, especially road verges and open habitat from agricultural use.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Monitor grazing to stop overtaking of small populations and to limit the competition with other species.Fence the vulnerable sites.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                 (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
Orchis brancifortii is local and very rare where it occurs. It is endemic to the eastern half of Sardinia, northern Sicily and an isolated population in Calabria. Although, its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively, the species is stable at the moment and not endangered due to the fact that most of the sites are difficult to access. Grazing by goats takes place and is beneficial to the species as it keeps natural vegetation succession at bay. No major threats have been reported. Therefore, Orchis brancifortii is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis brancifortii is endemic to the eastern half of Sardinia and northern Sicily. The species is mainly limited to these Mediterranean islands but is also known from an isolated location in Calabria. It can be found from 200 to 1,300 m altitude (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Orchis brancifortii is local and very rare where it occurs. Populations with a large number of specimens (>100) are rare. At the moment, the populations seems to be stable and not endangered; this is due to the fact that locations close to the coasts which could be damaged by tourism are rare and its biotopes can only be affected by grazing goats (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Orchis brancifortii typically occurs in sparse grassland, maquis, open garrigue, scrub and open woodland. It prefers dry, stony and mostly calcareous substrates. The species can be found in the highly eroded surfaces in karst and in open fissures where some humus has accumulated. This species favours full sunlight to mid-shade and the flowering time takes place from April to June (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Orchis brancifortii is local and very rare where it occurs but does not face any major threats. Its localities are largely inaccessible apart from goats but grazing is beneficial as it protects against overgrowth (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis brancifortii:  Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                 (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis italica is rather local but sometimes abundant. Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy exceed 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future, especially if the recommended conservation measures are being applied. Therefore, Orchis italica is assessed as Least Concern.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis italica;     Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland and woodland from infrastructure expansion and fires. Monitor the grazing to stop the overtaking of small populations and to limit the competition with other species.Fencing off vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Rossi 2002)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis mascula is widespread, sometimes abundant in the west of the range and is the third most widespread species of orchid. Declines have been noted as well as a number of threats but the existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis mascula is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis mascula is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. The species ranges from the Canary Islands and North Africa to north of the Arctic Circle and occurs north to the Faroe Islands, Norway, central Sweden and the Baltic States. The species is poorly known in the southern and eastern limits due to confusion with closely related species. However, eastwards the species extends to at least Italy and has recently also been observed in Bulgaria and Anatolia. This orchid is probably absent from Central Europe and it may be replaced by Orchis ovalis, sometimes treated as O. mascula ssp. signifera. The species can be found up to 3,000 m asl (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

population:
Orchis mascula is widespread and sometimes abundant in the west of its range. The Early-purple Orchid is the third most widespread species of orchid. However, as far as population size is concerned, the species has vanished from 28% of its historical range in Britain and 21% in Ireland. The trend of the population remains unknown on other places but declines appear to be ongoing on many sites (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Orchis mascula grows in short, poor grassland, garrigue, damp meadows, alpine pastures, rocky mountain ledges, roadsides verges, limestone pavements, deciduous woodland, woodland edges and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, acidic to calcareous soils, on chalk or limestone substrates. This species favours full sunlight to shade and flowers from April to June (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

threats:
Orchis mascula is declining in population size and number of locations due to numerous anthropogenic threats such us destruction of woodland or conifer plantations, the loss of grassland habitats due to ploughing and agricultural use. The species is tolerant of light grazing but overgrazing poses a threat. Furthermore the use of fertilisers, production of salep from the tubers, building sites, forest fires and tourism activities, all affect this orchid (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at national level such us Belgium and Luxembourg and at regional level in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis mascula;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland from ploughing and agriculture uses; and the woodland from “coniferisation” and fire and fencing of the vulnerable sites. Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Monitor the grazing to stop overtaking the small populations and to limit the competition with other species.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                     (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
Orchis mascula ssp. scopulorum is endemic to the Central  Mountain Massif  on Madeira. A major fire raged in those mountains in summer 2010  which could have badly affected this taxon. Its conservation status is  therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can  confirm the presence of the populations.

range:
This plant is endemic to the central mountains of the island of Madeira, Portugal. The taxon can be found from 1,000 to 1,800 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence is 294 km²    (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

population:
This taxon is very local but sometimes abundant in its sites. The populations were believed to be increasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994). The main range of this taxon is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this taxon. Its current population trend is unknown. Before the fire, it was listed as Vulnerable D1 which indicates that there were less than 1,000 mature individuals (Jardim et al. 2006).

habitat:
Orchis mascula ssp. scopulorum grows in grasslands, rocky slopes, banks, cliff fissures and scree. It prefers damp acidic soils. This taxon grows in full sun to mid-shade and it flowers from May to June. It grows within the Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Delforge 1995, Press and Short 1994).

threats:
The main threats to this taxon are invasive species and recreational activities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There was a major fire in summer 2010 that potentially had severe affects on the population (F. Fernandes and J. Carvalho pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is also listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis mascula ssp. scopulorum; Protection of the habitat from trampling. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.  Protection of the living individuals through legislation and legal protection which ban the taxon from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis militaris is local and rather rare where it occurs but is widespread in Europe. Population declines have been noted and there are several threats affecting the species habitat. However, the existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Orchis militaris is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis militaris is a Euro-Siberian species. In Europe, the species ranges in the north from England, northern Germany, southeast Sweden and Estonia to northern Spain, central Italy, the Balkans and European Turkey. In Russia, the species extends east to the Altai Mountains and Lake  Baikal. It can be found from sea level to 2,200 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

population:
Orchis militaris is local and rather rare where it occurs. As far as population size is concerned, in Greece the total number may be no more than 500 individuals. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1986 was 84%. The trend of the population remains unknown in other places but many sites have been declining everywhere (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Orchis militaris inhabits short, poor grassland, unimproved meadows, scrub, woodland glades, woodland edges, rough field and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline soils. This species favours full sunlight and flowers from April to June and sometimes to July at higher altitudes (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at the national level such as Belgium, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, and at the regional level in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis militaris:  Improve the management of the habitat, especially the open habitat, fencing of sites.Restrict the use of fertilisers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.               (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis pallens is rare and local with a very scattered distribution area but it occurs in many European countries. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy exceed the threshold of 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis pallens is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species is declining quickly in Central  Europe and would require closer attention in this area.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis pallens:  Protection of the habitat, especially the former coppicing of woods on which the species depends. Raise public awareness about deforestation and fire.Protection of the population from wild animals such as badgers and wild boar; fencing off vulnerable sites.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which ban the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Orchis patens is rare and local where it occurs with a low number of individuals in three locations (Savona, Genoa, La Spezia). The extent of occurrence is smaller than 5,000 km². This plant is threatened by tourism activities and plant collection. Therefore, Orchis patens is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Orchis patens has a very disjunct distribution consisting of two completely distant and isolated locations: one in the Atlas  Mountains in northern Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), and one in Liguria in Italy (Savona, Genoa, La Spezia). The species has never been reported between these two separated locations. It can be found up to 1,600 m altitude in the Atlas and up to 600 m in Liguria. The geographical range of Liguria is about 5,420 km² and therefore, the area of occupancy is assumed to be less than 5,000 km² (Conti et al. 1992, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Orchis patens is rare and local, found in three locations in Liguria. The species is found only in low numbers and the trend of the population remains unknown (Conti et al. 1992, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Orchis patens grows in short grassland, slopes, olive groves, woodland edges and open woodland with chestnut, oak or cedar trees. It prefers dry to moist, slightly acidic or alkaline substrates and favours full sun to mid-shade. The flowering time is from end of April to mid-June (Conti et al. 1992, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Orchis patens is strongly threatened due to its narrow range and few locations. Further threats are posed by tourism activities and plant collection (Conti et al. 1992, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in Liguria.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis patens;   Protection of the habitat and the few locations by fencing. Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.             (Conti et al. 1992, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis pauciflora is rare and local where it occurs. The distribution area is not very big but the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy exceed 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis pauciflora is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis pauciflora is a central and eastern Mediterranean species, found from Corsica in the northwest to Crete in the southeast. The species appears in all the regions of central and southern Italy, but not on the islands. It can be found up to 1,800 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Orchis pauciflora is rare and local. As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting was ever made, but the population has a declining trend (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Orchis pauciflora inhabits short, poor grassland, garrigue, shrubland and open woodland. This plant prefers dry, very rocky biotopes, often calcareous and stony substrates. It grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from the beginning of March to the beginning of April (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004).

threats:
Orchis pauciflora is rare and local where it occurs but does not face major threats. However, a number of factors lead to population and habitat declines such as the expansion of infrastructure including for tourism (hotels and their facilities), recreational activities, plant collection, and deforestation (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis pauciflora;   Protection of the habitat, from ploughing, agricultural uses and infrastructure expansion. Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis provincialis is rare and local where it occurs but has a very large distribution area. Many of the populations are stable. The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future, especially if the recommended conservation measures are being applied. Therefore, Orchis provincialis is assessed as Least Concern.

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis provincialis;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open woodland from deforestation and development. Forestry management that stops overgrowth and closing up of forest.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) C2a(i)Orchis punctulata is present in Cyprus, Greece, Ukraine  and European Turkey. It is  local and very rare where it occurs with a low number of individuals in few locations. The area of occupancy is assumed to be smaller than 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. This orchid is threatened by grazing, fire, tourism and plant collection. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable at European level.In Greece, the number of mature individuals is less than 250 and the species is continuing to decline. On mainland  Greece, the occurrences seem  to have gone extinct and on  Rhodes, Lesbos and Imroz only  individual plants were  reported. It is therefore assumed that there are less than 50 individuals in each subpopulation. Orchis punctulata is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the EU 27.

range:
Orchis punctulata is an eastern Mediterranean species that occurs west to Thrace on Greece and Rhodos island, north to the Crimean Peninsula and east to Asiatic Turkey, the Levant, and Iran. In Europe, it is present in Cyprus, Greece, Ukraine and European Turkey with an assumed area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km². It can be found up to 1,400 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Phitos et al. 1995).

population:
Orchis punctulata is local and very rare where it occurs. As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting has ever been made but the populations are very small with a few individuals. However, the overall trend is decreasing due to numerous treats but some populations are stable as they occur in protected areas. In Greece, the occurrences seem to have  died out as the last discoveries reported were those by W. Luders 1993 and  B. Biel 2000. On Rhodes, Lesbos and Imroz only individual plants were  reported (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Phitos et al. 1995).

habitat:
Orchis punctulata grows in short grassland, garrigue, maquis, scrub, Mediterranean dwarf shrubs, open woodland, forest margins and abandoned cultivated areas. It prefers dry to moist alkaline substrates and is found on limestone soils. This species grows in full sun light to mid-shade and flowers from mid-February to June (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Phitos et al. 1995).

threats:
Orchis punctulata is very rare and the existing occurrences are declining due to numerous anthropogenic threats fires, grazing by sheep or goats which seem to like the taste of this species, deforestation, tourism, urbanisation, building projects, expansion of infrastructure and plant collection especially in unprotected sites (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Phitos et al. 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Orchis punctulata is included in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine and Greece.  The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis punctulata;  Protection of the habitat, especially the open woodland from deforestation, development and fire. Monitor the grazing by sheep and goats. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Raise public awareness.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Phitos et al. 1995)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis purpurea is widespread and rather rare where it occurs with a very large distribution area beyond any of the thresholds for a threatened category. The existing threats for the species and the habitat are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis purpurea is assessed as Least Concern.

population:
Orchis purpurea is widespread and rather rare. As far as population size is concerned, in Britain it is nationally scarce and has been lost from 57% of the historic range, although it currently appears to be expanding its range. Overall, the trend of the population is declining due to numerous threats (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at the national level such us Belgium, Luxembourg and at the regional level in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis purpurea;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland from ploughing, agriculture uses and fertilisation; and the woodland from fire and deforestation. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis quadripunctata is local but often occurs in considerable populations with a large distribution area. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy exceed the thresholds of 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The species is locally threatened on many sites but at the European level, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis quadripunctata is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis quadripunctata is a central and eastern Mediterranean species. The species occurs west from Mount Gargano and Campania in Italy, to Cyprus in the east, and from Dalmatia in the north to Crete in the south. The species is absent from Sicily and Sardinia. It can be found up to 1,600 m altitude (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Orchis quadripunctata is local but often occurs in groups. As far as population size is concerned the species is found in very considerable populations with many individuals. The trend of the population is unknown (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Orchis quadripunctata typically grows in short grassland, garrigue, maquis and open woodland. It prefers dry, mostly alkaline, calcareous and limestone substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from mid-March to end of May (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Orchis quadripunctata is threatened by the collection of the tuber for the production of salep, digging and consumption by animals (wild boar, rabbits, slugs and muntjac), as well as ploughing and agricultural use of its habitat. Tourism furthermore impacts on this plant (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis quadripunctata;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland from ploughing, agricultural uses and fertilisers; and the woodland from fire and deforestation. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                 (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Orchis simia is rather scattered and rare where it occurs but has a large distribution area that is beyond any of the thresholds for a threatened category. The species is locally threatened in many sites but at European level the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Orchis simia is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Orchis simia is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. The species ranges from southern  Europe and the Mediterranean region, including the Balearic Islands, the Aegean Islands, Crete and Cyprus, north to Hungary, southern Germany, the Netherlands and England. In the east it extends to Syria, Turkey, the Crimean Peninsula, Caucasus, Iran and Turkmenistan, and southwards into North Africa: Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The species can be found up to 1,550 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Orchis simia is directly affected by the collection of the tuber for the production of salep (especially in Turkey where the species is considered as endangered) or for horticulture, digging and consumption by animals (wild boar, rabbits, slugs and muntjac), and overgrazing by sheep and goats.Its habitat quality and extent is declining due to natural succession of the woodland  causing a decrease in the amount of light reaching the forest floor, re-forestation, ploughing, agricultural use including the intensive application of fertilisers. Urbanisation, building projects (e.g. the new organisation and consolidation of the wine-growing area in Kaiserstuhl/Germany), infrastructure development, and tourism all lead to habitat loss (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected in several countries at the national level such us Belgium, Luxembourg and at the regional level in France.   The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis simia;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland and downland from ploughing, agriculture uses and extensive use of fertilisation; and the woodland. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Site management including moderate grazing by sheep and goats, and habitat clearance to allow enough supply of sunlight to the forest floor.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                     (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Orchis sitiaca is endemic to Crete, local and rather rare where it occurs with a small and restricted distribution area and severely fragmented populations. Its extent of occurrence is 4,971 km² and the area of occupancy is 112 km². The main threats are a lack of grazing, tourism activities and plant collection. Therefore, Orchis sitiaca is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Orchis sitiaca is endemic to Crete where it appears in almost all the central and eastern mountains. It can be found up to 1,400 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lyrintzis and Papanastasis 1995). Its extent of occurrence is 4,971 km² and the area of occupancy is 112 km².

population:
Orchis sitiaca is local and rather rare where it occurs with a small and restricted distribution area. As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting was ever made and the trend of the population remains unknown. The species can establish considerable colonies but the populations are severely fragmented (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).

habitat:
Orchis sitiaca grows in grassland, garrigue, meadows like phrygana, scrub and more rarely pine woods. It prefers dry to moist, slightly acidic to alkaline soils. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from beginning of April until beginning of May (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lyrintzis and Papanastasis 1995).

threats:
Orchis sitiaca has very limited habitat available and it is considered to be potentially threatened due to the difficulties to keep suitable habitats open by grazing. Digging and consumption by animals, tourism and plant collection are also contributing to the decline in numbers (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lyrintzis and Papanastasis 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis sitiaca;   Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland from grazing.Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lyrintzis and Papanastasis 1995).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Orchis spitzelii is very rare and local with less than 100 individuals in many locations. The area of occupancy is below 500 km² and the populations are threatened by tourism, annual winter sport activities and plant collection. However, the number of locations is not known and the population is not severely fragmented. Therefore, Orchis spitzelii is assessed as Near Threatened approaching B2ab(iii,v).

population:
Orchis spitzelii is very rare and local. As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting has ever been made but the number of locations and the number of plants found at each site are very restricted and often less than 100 individuals. The populations with more than 100 individuals are very rare exceptions. The trend of the population is decreasing (Bournérias #and Prat  2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Orchis spitzelii is typically found in short mountain grassland, mountain meadows, scrubs, pine woods and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline, often calcareous soils, substrates well covered by snow. This species grows mostly in mid-shade and the flowering time is from mid-May to end of June (Bournérias and Prat  2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Orchis spitzelii is affected by annual winter sport activities and tourism. The species itself is threatened by collection for decorative purposes and collection of the tuber for the production of salep. Digging and consumption by animals furthermore disturbs this plant (Bournérias #and Prat  2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), Spain (Moreno 2008) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Endangered in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Vulnerable in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)The following actions are recommended to protect Orchis spitzelii;   Protection of the habitat, especially the mountain grassland from recreational activities. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                    #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Platanthera algeriensis is very rare and local, with often less than 100 individuals in each location. The total number of locations is not known but the area of occupancy is less than 500 km². The populations are severely fragmented and are threatened by tourism and plant collection. Therefore, Platanthera algeriensis is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Platanthera algeriensis is a western Mediterranean species. It ranges from the Moroccan and Saharan Atlas, east to Algeria, and in Europe, it has been reported from southern Spain, Corsica and Sardinia. The species can be found between 700 and 2,000 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Platanthera algeriensis is very rare and local and the populations are severely fragmented. The overall population size is unknown but the populations have often less than 100 individuals in each location. In Spain, there is only one population with few individuals in the Sierras Beticas (Cabezudo et al. 2005). The trend of the population remains unknown but declines have bee noted on many sites. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Platanthera algeriensis is found in bogs, marshes, wet meadows surrounding springs and streams and boggy depressions in the mountains. It prefers damp or wet acidic substrates and grows in full sunlight. Flowering time is from the end of May to the end of July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Platanthera algeriensis is potentially threatened by collection by horticulturists. It furthermore suffers from habitat loss due to tourism, trampling and infrastructure expansion. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is listed as Vulnerable on the French red list (UICN France et al. 2010). It is classed as Data Deficient on the regional red list of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).  The following actions are recommended to protect Platanthera algeriensis;   Fencing the vulnerable sites.Protection of the habitats from trampling. Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                 (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Platanthera bifolia is widespread and sometimes quite common but is declining rapidly in parts of its range. The main threats are changes to land use management. Overall, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Platanthera bifolia is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Platanthera bifolia is widespread in Europe and Asia and also found in North Africa. In Europe, the species can be found north to the Faeroe Islands and northern Scandinavia. South the species extends to Spain, Italy, northern Greece, and eastwards to Crimea and the Caucasus. It also occurs on the Balearic  Islands, Corsica, Sardinia,  Sicily and the Aegean islands. The species can be found up to 2,500 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Platanthera bifolia is widespread and sometimes quite common. The  population is declining # and many populations have been  lost or appear to have only a handful of individuals in each  population. The species has declined greatly in the United   Kingdom with a loss of 64% of the historical range and 48.5% in Ireland. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Platanthera bifolia is found in a wide ecological range including short grassland, moorland, heathland, margins of valley bogs, marshes and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, often calcareous and open chalk, neutral or mildly acidic soils. This species grows in full sunlight to shade and flowers from May to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Platanthera bifolia is declining rapidly in some areas especially due to the outright destruction of heathland with urban and infrastructure development and agricultural use of the habitat. The 'improvement' of pastures and hay meadows and the clearance or ‘coniferisation’ of woodland are also responsible for this rapid decline. The habitat is furthermore degrading due to the lack of grazing which leads to the encroachment of shrubs and competition for this orchid. Overgrazing on the other hand, also poses a problem. Collection of the species for ornamental purposes leads to species loss. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed on several national red lists:Vulnerable in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Hungary (where it is also protected - Király 2007), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)The following actions are recommended to protect Platanthera bifolia;     Protection of the habitat, especially the heathland and moorland from ploughing, agricultural use and urbanisation. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Weak trampling, e.g. during mushroom collection could favour the population.  # Moderate management of grazing.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex-situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics&#(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Platanthera chlorantha is widespread but populations are declining and many populations have been lost and are small. The main threats are clearance or 'coniferization' of woodland, destruction of grassland by agricultural improvement, urban and infrastructure development. Overall, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Platanthera chlorantha is assessed as Least Concern but deserves local conservation efforts in parts of its range.

range:
Platanthera chlorantha is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. It is almost confined to Europe, occurring north in Scandinavia, southern Finland and the Baltic States. The species is found south to the Mediterranean, including Corsica, Sicily, the Aegean Islands, Cyprus and possibly Sardinia. It occurs eastwards to central European Russia, Crimea and the Caucasus. Platanthera chlorantha is also found in North  Africa in Tunisia and possibly Morocco and in Turkey, northeast Syria and northwest Iran. It occurs up to 2,300 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Platanthera chlorantha is widespread but populations are declining and many populations have been  lost and appear to have only a handful of individuals in each  population. The species has declined greatly in United Kingdom with a loss of 46% of the historical range and 53.5% in Ireland. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Platanthera chlorantha is found in a variety of habitats such as short grassland, damp meadows, fens, deciduous woodland, woodland edges and open woodland. It #prefers dry to damp, often calcareous (chalk, limestone and bas-rich clays), alkaline soils. This species grows in shade to full sunlight and flowers from late May to late July. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Platanthera chlorantha is declining rapidly on many sites due to clearance or 'coniferization' of woodland and the destruction of grassland by agricultural improvement, urban and infrastructure development. The development of a dense woodland canopy suppresses flowering as the species needs light. Lack of grazing leads to increased competition, but overgrazing also has detrimental affects and the collection of the species for decorative uses has negative impacts. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Vulnerable in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Germany (level 3 - Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005)Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Hungary (Király 2007) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), France (UICN France et al. 2010), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)The following actions are recommended to protect Platanthera chlorantha;     Protection of the habitat, especially the pastures and hay meadows from ploughing, agricultural use and woodland from urbanisation. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species.Clearance of dense woodland canopy to ensure enough supply of light even after an interval of more than 50 years can ensure a dramatic reappearance of flower spikes.Moderate management of grazing.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                       (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Platanthera hyperborea has its only European occurrence in Iceland where it is rather widespread and abundant. The trend of the populations is unknown. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future and therefore Platanthera hyperborea is assessed as Least Concern.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Platanthera hyperborea is found in North America in the subarctic to cold temperate zones, east to Greenland and Iceland, west to Japan and Kamchatka. In Europe the species is found only in Iceland but is not known to occur elsewhere. (Delforge 1995,  The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Platanthera hyperborea is rather widespread and abundant in Iceland. The population size and trend remain unknown (Delforge 1995).

habitat:
Platanthera hyperborea is typically found in short, poor grassland, grassy slopes, Sphagnum bogs, roadside ditches, fens in the taiga and tundra. It prefers damp to wet acidic soils in full sunlight. Flowering time is from mid-June to the end of July (Delforge 1995).

threats:
Platanthera hyperborean is affected by tourism, recreational activities, and consumption by animals (Delforge 1995).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Platanthera hyperborea  (Delforge 1995):   Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals, trampling and recreational activities.Create natural reserves.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.


redListCategoryRationale:
Platanthera micrantha is local and rather rare with a small distribution area. The trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats and the populations are severely fragmented as the habitat is being lost in between species sites. The extent of occurrence is only 2,346 km² and there are less than five locations. The species is threatened by the destruction of the habitat to create pastures, road construction, invasive plants, tourism and plant collection. Therefore, Platanthera micrantha is assessed as Endangered.

range:
Platanthera micrantha is endemic to the Azores. The species is absent from Gracioso. It can be found from 200 m to 1,400 m altitude and the extent of occurrence is about 2,346 km² (Delforge 1995, Haggar et al. 1989, Schäfer 2005, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Platanthera micrantha is local and rather rare. The population is estimated between 50,000-70,000 individuals. The trend of the population is decreasing due to numerous threats and the populations are severely fragmented as the habitat is being lost in between species sites. (Delforge 1995, Haggar et al. 1989, Schäfer 2005).

habitat:
Platanthera micrantha is found in specific habitats including volcanic craters, juniper rainforest and amongst Sphagnum in herbaceous maquis with the heather Erica azorica. It prefers damp and acidic substrates and grows in full sunlight to mid-shade. It flowers between May and June (Delforge 1995, Haggar et al. 1989, Schäfer 2005).

threats:
The habitats of Platanthera micrantha have been drastically reduced in the past and the stands of temperate juniper rainforest are still being destroyed to create pastures and construct new roads in the central regions of the islands. The low altitude habitats on all of the islands are rapidly invaded by exotic plant species like the Himalayan Hedychium gardneranum, the Australian Pittosporum undulatum, and the American Lantana camara, an important threat to native flora and vegetation. Further threats are posed by deforestation, tourism and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Haggar et al. 1989, Schäfer 2005).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Platanthera micrantha:   Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agricultural use and infrastructure expansion. Invasive species control and eradication.Fencing the vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. (Delforge 1995, Haggar et al. 1989, Schäfer 2005). #


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D1 EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) DThis taxon has an arctic distribution and has European occurrences in Finland, Sweden, and Norway. This orchid is very rare. The number of mature individuals is estimated  at 200 in Sweden, less than 50 in Finland, and between 50 and 250 in Norway. The Swedish populations are stable, but the Norwegian ones are declining. The taxon is under threat from tourism, trampling, collection, infrastructure, and overgrazing by deer. Due to the low number of individuals it is assessed as Vulnerable.In the EU 27, the total number of individuals does not exceed 250 and the taxon is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This orchid has a Euro-Siberian distribution in the boreal and arctic zones, extending to the temperate zone of Asia. In Europe, it occurs on two adjacent premises in the Abisko National Park in Torne Lapland, in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. In Europe, only the subspecies oligantha is present. The taxon can be found between 500 and 1,200 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
This orchid is very rare. The number of mature individuals is estimated at 200 in Sweden and there is no evidence of significant population change (ArtDatabanken 2010). One locality has been found in Finland with very few individuals (less than 50) (Rassi et al. 2010). In Norway, it was known from 12 localities in the past and has been refound at six of those. It was furthermore detected at three new sites. However, the total number of individuals is less than 250 and some subpopulations are declining (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
The taxon grows in Arctic and subarctic tundras, alpine and subalpine grasslands. It prefers damp, alkaline or decalcified and often calcareous substrates and grows in full sunlight to mid-shade. Flowering time is from May to July (Delforge 1995). It can be found in calcareous mountains, in heaths, birch woods, often on sloping ground where water flows laterally through the soil     (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
Although Platanthera obtusata oligantha grows in a national park, the taxon is still under threat from increasing tourism in the area. The habitat of the taxon is sensitive to trampling by people. Collection of this orchid remains a threat as it is extremely rare. Infrastructure development such as the new rail tunnel through Njulla and new roads (Kiruna-Narvik Road) are, potentially, going to cause declines in habitat quality and numbers of individuals. Overgrazing by deer has been described as reducing numbers in Norway. (Delforge 1995, ArtDatabanken 2010, Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Critically Endangered in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), and Endangered in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010). Many sites are situated in a national park. It is recommended to take ex situ conservation measures, and to monitor and survey the known subpopulations and sites.

useAndTrade:
There is no collection for horticultural trade as the localities of the taxon are kept secret in Sweden and Norway.


range:
This orchid has a Euro-Siberian distribution in the boreal and arctic zones, extending to the temperate zone of Asia. # In Europe, it occurs on two adjacent premises in the Abisko National Park in Torne Lapland, in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. The taxon can be found between 500 and 1,200 m altitude. (Delforge 1995, Euro+Med 2009, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

habitat:
The taxon grows in Arctic and subarctic tundras, alpine and subalpine grasslands. It prefers damp, alkaline or decalcified and often calcareous substrates and grows in full sun light to mid-shade. Flowering time is from May to July (Delforge 1995). It can be found in calcareous mountains, in heaths, birch woods, often on sloping ground where water flows laterally through the soil     (Morgan and Leon 1992).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Platanthera obtusata ssp. oligantha is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the  Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural  Habitats (Bern Convention). This orchid is listed as Critically Endangered in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), and Endangered in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010). Many sites are situated in a national park. It is recommended to take ex situ conservation measures, and to monitor and survey the known subpopulations and sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Pseudorchis albida is rather widespread and sometimes abundant  in the mountains but rare elsewhere where it occurs. Population  size is unknown but the trend is assumed to be declining. The main threat to the species is habitat destruction caused by urban or other development or agriculture. This orchid is included as threatened in many national red lists but is also listed as Least Concern in at least two countries. Although threats are present, the species is still very widespread in Europe and the risk of extinction is therefore low. #Pseudorchis albida is assessed as Least Concern but with a clear need of conservation measures in those areas where the populations are declining.

range:
Pseudorchis albida has an ‘amphi-Atlantic’ range and is found in northeast North America and Europe. In Europe, it is found in two separate areas. In the north the species occurs in Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, Denmark, Scandinavia (north to northernmost Norway) and northern Russia. In the south the species occurs in the Pyrenees, Massif  Central, Corsica, Alps, Apennines, Balkans, and east to Ukraine. However, between these two separate areas, there are some scattered records, e.g. in Bulgaria, Greece, and the United Kingdom. It is extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands. The species can be found up to 2,700 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Pseudorchis albida is rather widespread and sometimes abundant in the mountains and rare elsewhere. The overall trend of the population is unknown but local declines have been noted in many sites. For example, the species has vanished from 66% of its historical range in Britain and underwent a loss of 70% in Ireland. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Pseudorchis albida is found in poor, short grassland, montane fens, hill pastures, hay meadows, road verges, banks, streamsides, grassy ledges, partially shaded shrub and sometimes in open woodland. It prefers dry to damp, acidic to alkaline soils, full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from late May to mid-July depending on altitude and latitude (Bournérias  and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Pseudorchis albida is locally declining due to habitat destruction from forestry, urbanisation, tourism, and associated infrastructure development, agricultural improvement and overgrazing (Bournérias  and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Near Threatened in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)  The following actions are recommended to protect Pseudorchis albida;   Protection of the habitat from ploughing, agricultural use and overgrazing. Fencing vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals of the species through legislation and legal protection which ban the species not to be picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                   (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Although the habitat preference of and threats to Serapias bergonii are known, there is very little information available regarding its population abundance and whether individuals show a fragmented distribution. Without this important information, it is not possible to assess the species at present, and therefore it is Data Deficient.

range:
Serapias bergonii is an eastern Mediterranean species. The species is found east to Antioch in Turkey and west to Calabria in Italy and Sicily. # The species can grow up to 1,500 m altitude (Delforge 1995, # GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Serapias bergonii is rather widespread and often abundant where it occurs. The population size and trend remain unknown because of the uncertainty of the taxonomic position of this orchid. In Italy, it can be stated that it has been reported so far only from a few locations in the Salento, in southern Apulia, and in Sicily. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias bergonii is found in short, poor grassland, damp meadows, coastal garrigue, scrub, field margins, olive groves and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline to slightly acidic, often calcareous and sandy soils. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from the beginning of March to May (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias bergonii is under threat from extensive hybridisation with closely related taxa and agricultural use of meadows. Urbanisation and construction works are further threat as is the collection of this orchid (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).   The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias bergonii;   Taxonomic researchProtection of the habitat from ploughing and agricultural use. Fencing the vulnerable sites.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics. #(Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Serapias cordigera is rather local and sometimes abundant with quite a large distribution area. The population is decreasing due to species collection and habitat loss. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Serapias cordigera is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Serapias cordigera is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. The species ranges east to Crete and Anatolia, west to Portugal and north to Finistère in France. # (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Serapias cordigera is rather local and sometimes abundant in its sites and is found rather dispersed than grouped. Size of the population remains unknown but a decline appears to be ongoing in many sites. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias cordigera is typically found in grassland, damp meadows, scrub, terraces, maquis, olive groves, garrigue and open woodland. It prefers dry to moderately wet, mostly acidic, siliceous or schistose and often calcareous soils. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from April to June. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias cordigera is locally declining due to its collection for the production of salep or for horticultural use, digging and consumption by animals, overgrazing, ploughing and other agricultural use of the meadows. Urbanisation, tourism, and associated infrastructure expansion are additional threats. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Serapias cordigera is listed as Vulnerable on the French Red List (UICN France et al. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias cordigera;   Protection of the habitat from ploughing and agricultural use. Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics # (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).                    &#


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Serapias lingua is rather widespread and often abundant where it occurs with a large distribution area. The existing threats for the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline severely in the near future. Therefore, Serapias lingua is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Serapias lingua is a Mediterranean species that occurs east to Greece, west to Portugal and north to France and the United Kingdom where it found at a single site on Guernsey and in Devon (UK). It extends its range into North Africa. The species can be found up to 1,200 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
Serapias lingua is rather widespread and often abundant where it occurs. The population size and trend remain unknown. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias lingua is found in short, poor grassland, garrigue, scrub, dune slacks, olive groves, damp meadows, marshy meadows and open woodland. It #prefers moist to wet, alkaline to acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from March to June. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias lingua is subject to various threats such as collection of the orchid for salep production or horticultural use, digging and consumption by animals, ploughing and other agricultural use of its habitats. It is furthermore impacted by urbanisation, tourism, and related infrastructure development. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Serapias lingua is included in the national red list of France as Near Threatened (UICN France et al. 2010).  The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias lingua;   Protection of the habitat, especially wet meadows, from ploughing and agricultural use. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Legislation to ban collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Serapias neglecta is rather local and rare where it occurs with small populations and a restricted distribution area. The population is decreasing and the area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km². The species is threatened by collection of salep, ploughing and other agricultural uses, extensive use of herbicides, pesticides, urbanisation and tourism. However, there is currently no evidence for the number of locations or severe fragmentation and therefore, Serapias neglecta is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii, v).

range:
Serapias neglecta is a Mediterranean species which is found in coastal zones of the Var in France to Elba in Italy. The species also occurs in Greece and is found in Croatia. The species can be found up to 600 m asl (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Flora Croatica Database 2004, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Serapias neglecta is local and rather rare where it occurs with small populations. The trend of the populations is decreasing due to numerous treats.(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias neglecta is found in dry to moderately wet grassland, damp meadows, garrigue, scrub, olive groves and open woodland. It prefers moist to damp, alkaline to slightly acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and it flowers from March to June (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias neglecta is locally declining due to the collection of the species for salep production or horticulture, digging and consumption by animals, ploughing and other agricultural uses of the habitats and extensive use of herbicides and pesticides. Additional threats are posed by urbanisation, tourism and infrastructure development. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Serapias neglecta is listed as Near Threatened on the national red list of France (UICN France et al. 2010).  The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias neglecta:   Protection of the habitat, especially wet meadows, from ploughing and other agricultural uses. Moderate use of herbicides and pesticides.Fence vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.The species tolerates extensive grazing.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Introduction of legislation to ban collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.                     (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is a potential source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This orchid is collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
Serapias nurrica is local and very rare where it occurs with a very narrow distribution area. #The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the population is suspected to be severely fragmented. The species is threatened by urbanisation, tourism and plant collection. However, there is currently no evidence for a continuing decline and therefore, Serapias nurrica is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii,v).

range:
Serapias nurrica is a central-west Mediterranean species. It occurs in Sardinia, southern Corsica, northwest Minorca and a few locations in Sicily and Calabria in Italy. The species can be found up to 200 m altitude (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Serapias nurrica is rather local and very rare where it occurs. Population size and trend are unknown. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias nurrica prefers dry acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and flowers from April to June. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias nurrica is threatened by the collection of the species for salep or horticulture, and digging and consumption by animals. Additional threats are posed by urbanisation, tourism, and associated infrastructure development. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included as Vulnerable in the national red lists of France (UICN France et al. 2010) and Spain (D2 - Moreno 2008).  The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias nurrica;   Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Introduction of legislation to ban collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics.                  (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

useAndTrade:
The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is a # potential source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010). This orchid is collected for its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
Serapias olbia is rather local and rare where it occurs with a restricted distribution area. The area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² and the range of the species is very narrow in few specific locations and  the species is threatened by infrastructure development, tourism, and  plant collection. However, there is no information on the population trend available and no indication for a continuing decline. Therefore, Serapias olbia is assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Serapias olbia occurs in Italy and France, in the coastal departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes. There are reports from Corsica and Asturias but these probably refer to occasional hybrids or hybrid swarms. #The species can be found up to 200 m asl (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

population:
Serapias olbia is very local and very rare where it occurs. Population size and trend are unknown (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

habitat:
Serapias olbia is found in damp dune slacks, meadows and coastal garrigue. It prefers dry to damp, often siliceous or sandy and acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and it flowers from March to May (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

threats:
Serapias olbia is threatened by collection for salep production and for horticulture, infrastructure development, and tourism. The species is also threatened by the digging and consumption by animals. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The plant is listed as Near Threatened in the national red list of France (UICN France et al. 2010).The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias olbia;   Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics #(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serapias parviflora is widespread but rather rare where it occurs with a large distribution area. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Serapias parviflora is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Serapias parviflora is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found in Europe and North Africa. The species ranges east to Cyprus and the Aegean Islands, north to France, west to the Iberian Peninsula and to the Canary Islands. It is also found on many of the Mediterranean islands, e.g. Crete, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic  Islands. In the United Kingdom, the species is known from a single site in southeast Cornwall and is only dubiously native. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Serapias parviflora is widespread but rather rare where it occurs. In the United Kingdom no more than ten plants have been counted and in France the population does not exceed 250 individuals. The overall population trend is unknown but ongoing declines have been noted in many sites. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
Serapias parviflora is found in poor grassland, garrigue, scrub, damp coastal meadows, olive groves and open woodland. It prefers dry to damp, alkaline to slightly acidic substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and it flowers from March to June (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Serapias parviflora is locally declining due to collection for salep production or horticulture, digging and consumption by animals, overgrazing, ploughing and other agricultural uses of the habitat. It is also affected by urbanisation, tourism and associated infrastructure development (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The plant is listed as Near Threatened in the national red list of France (UICN France et al. 2010).  The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias parviflora;   Protection of the habitat from ploughing and other agricultural uses. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Introduction of legislation to ban collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics.(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Serapias vomeracea is widespread  with a large distribution area but rather rare where it occurs. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Serapias vomeracea is assessed as Least Concern.

population:
Serapias vomeracea is rather widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs. The trend and size of the population remains unknown (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in the following national red lists:Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)Vulnerable in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010)  The following actions are recommended to protect Serapias vomeracea;   Protection of the habitat from ploughing and other agricultural uses. Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Control and management of salep production from the tubers.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Spiranthes aestivalis is widespread but rare in the north of its range. The species is declining rapidly in some localities but has stable populations in other parts of its range. This orchid has gone extinct in four countries. Main threats to the species are habitat destruction due to drainage and urbanisation, agricultural use of its habitat including the use of fertilisers, and afforestation. There are serious population declines as evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in several national red lists, but the overall rate of decline is not known. More information on the current population size and trend is needed to determine the overall rate of decline and whether this species would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.  Therefore, Spiranthes aestivalis is assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Spiranthes aestivalis is a Mediterranean-Atlantic, Central and South European species that extends to North Africa. It is found north to Germany and northwest France, east to the Czech Republic and the Balkans, and south to the Mediterranean, including the Balearic  Islands, Corsica and Sardinia. It can be found up to 1,400 m asl. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

population:
Spiranthes aestivalis is widespread but rare and very rare in the north of the range, declining in much of Europe. The population has been measured in some European countries using different units (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 330-440 individuals, unknown trendFrance: 117 localities, negative trendGermany: 58 localities, stable trendItaly: 63 localities, stable trendSlovenia: 1 grid, unknown trendSpain: 151 localities, unknown trendIn Switzerland, the area of occupancy is 117 km² and there are some fairly large populations of several thousand individuals. This species is extinct in the Netherlands, Hungary, Belgium and the United Kingdom. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

habitat:
This species grows in sunny spots in humid substrates, neutral to acid soils, oligotrophic or mesotrophic. It also grows in damp depressions of coastal dunes, peatlands, damp grasslands Molinia caerulea and sub-steppe areas of annual graminoids within the Thero-Brachypodiea.   This plant occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)2190 Humid dune slacks3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)7230 Alkaline fensThis orchid prefers full sunlight and flowers from May to August. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

threats:
Spiranthes aestivalis is threatened by habitat destruction, ploughing, and extensive application of fertilisers, drainage, urbanisation and collection of the species for herbaria. Moreover, afforestation and shading affects this species. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

conservationAction:
Spiranthes aestivalis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is included in the following national red lists:Extinct in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Hungary (Király 2007), the Netherlands (Meijden 2000) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)Endangered (level 2) in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996);Vulnerable in France (VU A2ac+4ac; UICN France et al. 2010) and in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)The following actions are recommended to protect Spiranthes aestivalis;     Protection of the habitat from ploughing, extensive use of fertilisers and other agricultural uses; Fencing of vulnerable sites.Ensure adequate sunlight.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Continuing management and mowing of the fens and avoidance of eutrophication.Maintenance of # a suitable water regime: drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring. Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).

useAndTrade:
Individuals are collected as herbarium specimens.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Spiranthes romanzoffiana is very local  and extremely rare. The species has disappeared from known  localities but has also been found at new sites in the north of its range. Fluctuations in numbers of mature individuals have been observed at known sites. The area of  occupancy of the species is approximately 150 km² and the species requires an adequate grazing regime. Overgrazing, slugs, changes in management regime such as drainage or increased use of fertilisers are affecting this plant. It is protected in the UK and Ireland and several of its sites are in the Natura 2000 network. This orchid is dependent on the current protection in place. Therefore, Spiranthes romanzoffiana is assessed as Near Threatened, approaching Criterion B2b(iii,v)c(iii,iv).

range:
Spiranthes romanzoffiana is found in a few sites in Ireland, Northern Ireland and western Scotland but is more widespread in North America. It was known from one location in England where it has not been found for several years. The species can be found up to 240 m asl. (Delforge 1995, Environment   Heritage Service and National Parks   Wildlife Service 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004). The area of occupancy is estimated at 150 km².

population:
Spiranthes romanzoffiana is very local and extremely rare. In Britain the species is very scarce; in Scotland the population is estimated to hold 1,100 individuals. In Ireland most of the populations are small and scattered but some of the largest produce from 100 to 200 spikes. A continuing decline has been noted in the Irish populations. The species tends to vanish unpredictably and often very rapidly from known localities. On the other hand, new locations are still being found (Delforge 1995, Environment   Heritage Service and National Parks & Wildlife Service 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

habitat:
Spiranthes romanzoffiana grows in open grassland, peat bogs, coastal marshes, bogs and damp meadows close to lakes and rivers. It prefers damp to wet, acidic substrates. This species grows in full sun and it flowers between August and September (Delforge 1995, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is listed as Least Concern in the UK red list (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is listed as Rare on the Irish national red list (Curtis #and McGough 1988). It is protected in the UK and Ireland. Most of the Irish sites are included in protected areas.   The following actions are recommended to protect Spiranthes romanzoffiana;   Fencing vulnerable sites to protect the species from wild animals.Ensure adequate levels of grazing.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Maintenance of a suitable water regime: drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring. Raise public awareness.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.(Delforge 1995, Environment & Heritage Service and National Parks & Wildlife Service 2005, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Spiranthes sinensis is local but often abundant. The population size is unknown but the species forms large aggregations except for the northern border of it distribution. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Spiranthes sinensis is assessed as Least Concern.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Spiranthes sinensis is one of the most widespread species of orchids, occurring in Asia, Australia and Europe. It reaches Europe in East European Russia and extends to Siberia and the far east of Russia, including Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril  Islands, Japan, China, Korea, countries of southeast Asia and Australia. The species can be found up to 2,500 m asl. (Delforge 1995, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Spiranthes sinensis is local but often abundant. The population size is unknown but the species often forms large aggregations. The population is known to be decreasing in the northern border of its area but not in the main part of it distribution. (Delforge 1995, # Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Spiranthes sinensis grows in quite variable ecotopes. It occurs often in disturbed habitats and is found on flushed slopes, damp grassland, fens, river banks, around waterfalls, road sides and forest glades. It prefers wet, acidic to alkaline substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and flowers from July to August. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Spiranthes sinensis is affected by numerous anthropogenic threats including drainage, ploughing, urbanisation, weather conditions and plant collection (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)  The following actions are recommended to protect Spiranthes sinensis;  Protection of the habitat from ploughing and other agricultural uses.Ensure sufficient supply of sunlight.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Maintenance of a suitable water regime: drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in springRaise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collectionsMonitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate the population size and study their dynamics(Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Spiranthes spiralis is rare throughout its range but has a large distribution area. The trend of the population is unknown but the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Spiranthes spiralis is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Spiranthes spiralis is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, almost confined to Europe with some outposts in North Africa. The species is found north to the United Kingdom and Germany, east to western Ukraine and south to the Mediterranean. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Spiranthes spiralis is widespread but rare throughout its range. The trend of the population remains unknown but the species is able to colonise new sites. In Britain the total loss of the species between 1500 and 1999 was 55% and in Ireland it was 71%. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Spiranthes spiralis is found in short grassland, close-cropped vegetation on grassland, abandoned cultivation, dunes, marshes, garrigue, road verges and open pinewoods. It prefers dry to damp, slightly acidic to alkaline, often calcareous substrates. This species grows in full sunlight and the flowering time is from August to October (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Spiranthes spiralis is under numerous threats including competition from taller and more vigorous herbs and grasses which is often caused by grassland improvement with fertilisers; ploughing of pastures, overgrazing (by sheep and especially by rabbits), mowing of pastures in late summer and shading. The species is also impacted by urbanisation, tourism and plant collection (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Regionally Extinct in Denmark (NERI 2007)Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000)Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Near Threatened in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Hungary (Király 2007), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)  The following actions are recommended to protect this species:   Protection of the habitat from ploughing and improvement by fertilisers. Fencing vulnerable sites.Moderate grazing and cease late mowing in summer.Ensure enough supply of sunlight.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics #(Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Harrap and Harrap 2009, Lang 2004, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Steveniella satyrioides is rare and local with three locations in a small distribution area in Europe. The area of occupancy is 116 km². It is threatened by deforestation, ploughing, urbanisation and tourism. Therefore, Steveniella satyrioides is assessed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Steveniella satyrioides is a Caucasian species. It occurs in eastern Turkey (Anatolia), Ukraine and Crimea, the Caucasus, and northern  Iran. It occurs at only three locations in Ukraine and the area of occupancy is 116 km². The species can be found up to 2,000 m asl (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

population:
Steveniella satyrioides is rare and local. The population size is unknown but the population has a decreasing trend (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

habitat:
Steveniella satyrioides is found in short grassland, woodland edges, hazel plantations, alongside mountain paths and tracks, and in open deciduous and coniferous woodland. It prefers dry to damp, calcareous to neutral substrates. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and the flowering time is from April to June (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

threats:
Steveniella satyrioides is threatened by soil improvement by fertilisers, ploughing of marshes, deforestation, urbanisation, and tourism (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the  Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern  Convention) and is included in the red data book of Ukraine.   The following actions are recommended to protect Steveniella satyrioides;   Protection of the habitat, especially the marshes, from ploughing, agricultural uses and extensive use of fertilisers; and the woodland from deforestation. Fencing vulnerable sites.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics #(Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Traunsteinera globosa is rare but with a large distribution area in Europe. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Traunsteinera globosa is assessed as Least Concern.

threats:
Traunsteinera globosa is threatened by overgrazing, ploughing of meadows, erosion, urbanisation, and tourism (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is included in the following national red lists:Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Hungary (Király 2007)Least Concern in France (UICN France et al. 2010), Germany # (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)  The following actions are recommended to protect Traunsteinera globosa;   Protection of the habitat, especially the mountain edges and low altitude marshes, from ploughing, agriculture uses and intensive human traffic. Fencing vulnerable sites.Moderate grazing and mowing.Sympathetic management of isolated populations.Raise public awareness.Protection through legislation which bans collection of the species.Ex situ conservation: artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.Estimate population size and study their dynamics (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. S. angustifolium has been shown to hybridise with S. emersum (S.×diversifolium Graebner), although this hybrid may be common, it is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
According to Cook and Nicholls (1986), "S. angustifolium is a holarctic species with a circumboreal distribution. It is commoner in suboceanic regions and is rare (or perhaps under-recorded) in continental Eurasia. In Europe it is widespread and common in the north, extending beyond the arctic circle. In central and southern Europe it is confined to higher land in the Alps and the mountains of Portugal, Spain and Macedonia". Outside Europe it occurs in Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Hokkaido, the mountains of Honshu and throughout much of North America.

population:
Most populations of S. angustifolium appear to be stable, however it is included on three national red lists. It is extinct in the Czech Republic.

habitat:
S. angustifolius is confined to acid oligotrophic water bodies, occurring in large lakes, ponds, ditches and streams, growing at depths of 30-150 (-250) cm (Cook and Nicholls 1986).

threats:
There are no known major threats to the survival of this species, although it is likely that there have been some losses due to drainage and habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
S. angustifolium is listed as Rare in the Red data Book of Estonia and Near Threatened in the Swiss Red Data Book.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. S. emersum has been shown to hybridise with S. angustifolium (S.   ×diversifolium Graebner) and S. gramineum    (S.×speirocephalum   Neuman in C.J.Hartman). Although these hybrids may be common, they are not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
S. emersum occurs mainly in Europe, with scattered records east through the Caucasus and Russia to Kamchatka, China and Japan, it is also found in northern North America. In Europe, it is common in the west and centre, north into Scandinavia but is less frequent in the Mediterranean, it occurs throughout European Russia.

population:
S. emersum is widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
S. emersum typically occurs in the margins of lakes and in the slower reaches or backwaters of large lowland rivers, it will also occasionally occur in canals and smaller ponds. It is most frequently found in mesotrophic to eutrophic systems in deep silt and usually in fairly shallow water. Cook and Nicholls (1986) consider that it is a poor competitor and this is why it is not more often dominant.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.Six subspecies are recognised by Cook and Nicholls (1987), of which four occur in Europe: ssp. erectum, ssp. microcarpum (Neuman) Domin, ssp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt. and ssp. oocarpum (Celak.) Domin.

range:
S. erectum is widespread throughout Europe, east to Japan and the Korean Peninsula, it occurs throughout much of China and Mongolia south to the Himalayas and throughout much of the Mediterranean Basin. It is also found over a small area of western North America.

population:
S. erectum is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
S. erectum typically forms narrow, more or less linear monospecific stands along the margins of lakes, rivers and canals, usually on the edge of deep mesotrophic to eutrophic water.

useAndTrade:
The species can be partially used for making baskets and mats.


range:
According to Cook and Nicholls (1986) "S. glomeratum has a disjunct distribution. It is common and abundant in lowland and southern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland; eastwards it extends from White Russia to the Urals". It is absent from Siberia and central Asia occurs in China and from Kamchatka south to the mountains of Honshu. There is also a single confirmed record from Labrador, Canada.

population:
There is very little information available on the stability or status of S. glomeratum populations. It is listed on two European Red List - as Endangered in Estonia where it is not otherwise considered to occur and in Latvia where it is very rare and grows as small groups in stagnant waters (V.   Rašomavičius pers. comm. 2010). Most populations are therefore understood to be stable. Cook and Nicholls (1986) described it as "widespread [..] but by no means common only occasionally is it locally abundant".

habitat:
S. glomeratum is described by Cook and Nicholls (1986) as "a species of shallow water in pools, small ponds, streams and ditches which may dry out in summer". They also describe it as typical of mesotrophic waters avoiding acid oligotrophic water and calcium-rich water.

conservationAction:
S. glomeratum is listed as Endangered in Estonia and in Latvia. More information on the population size and trend as well as potential threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.S. gramineum has been shown to hybridise with S. emersum (S.×speirocephalum   Neuman in C.J.Hartman) and S. angustifolium. The latter hydrid has been shown to outcompete S. gramineum, resulting in populations of S. angustifolium mixed with S. angustifolium × S. gramineum (Cook and Nicholls 1986) and therefore this hybrid could pose a threat to the survival of the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats, although a level of conservation concern is indicated in Norway and Estonia.

range:
The main centre of distribution of S. gramineum is in areas bordering the Baltic Sea, however it has also been recorded from scattered sites across Russia to Kamchatka (Cook and Nicholls 1986).

population:
There is little information available on population trends in S. gramineum. Rintanen (1996) suggests that although there were small changes in population between the 1930s and 1980-1985 in 113 Finnish lakes, overall the population remained stable.

habitat:
S. gramineum apparently shows a strong preference for oligotrophic lakes, being rarely found in pools or ditches (Cook an Nicholls 1986), Nurminen (2003) suggests that it is less likely to occur in eutrophic bays of lakes and will occur in the meso-oligotrophic to oligotrophic areas.

threats:
It is not known whether there are any threats to the species apart from hybridisation potentially.

conservationAction:
S. gramineum is listed as Least Concern in Finland, Sweden, the St. Petersburg region of Russia and Estonia, but Vulnerable in Latvia by Heino and Toivonen (2008). It is listed as Near Threatened in Norway (Kålås et al. 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. It is likely that S. hyperboreum hybridises with S. natans, hybrids are rare and are unlikely to affect either the survival of the species or this assessment.

range:
S. hyperboreum is a pan-boreal species which is widespread in North America (mainly Canada and Alaska), Scandinavia, Arctic Russia east to Kamchatka, with outlying populations in the Italian Alps (Cook and Nicholls 1986).

population:
There is little information available on the status of or trends in European populations of S. hyperboreum, but it is listed as Least Concern in the Swedish and Finnish Red Lists (Heino and Toivonen 2008).

habitat:
S. hyperboreum occurs in shallow, mesotrophic to oligotrophic, flat-bottomed gravel-bed water bodies in the Taiga, Tundra and high Alpine zones.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.It is likely that S. natans hybridises with S. hyperboreum, hybrids are rare and are unlikely to affect either the survival of the species or this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened as it is widespread but showing an unquantified decline through much of its range. More information and monitoring are needed to determine whether the species qualifies for a threat category under Criterion A.

range:
Sparganium natans is a Euro-Siberian species. Its occurs throughout most of Europe, western Asia, Japan and North America.

population:
S. natans is apparently widespread in Poland (Schnittler and Günther 1999). A significant decline in the south and lowland areas of the UK appears to be continuing, although it is listed as Least Concern by Cheffing and Farrell (2005). It is included at some level of threat in ten countries and apparently extinct in Luxembourg. In Hungary, 14 of 15 former populations have been lost, but two new populations have been found in the last ten years (G. Király pers. comm. 2010). Therefore, whilst there appear to be no empirical data, it must be assumed that this species is in decline through the central European part of its range.

habitat:
S. natans typically grows in mesotrophic to oligotrophic water which may be slightly acid (Cook and Nicholls 1986) to highly calcareous (Preston et al. 2002) over base-rich substrates (Cook and Nicholls 1986) in bays and inlets of lakes, pools, ditches and peat-diggings, less frequently in small streams. It will occur in large sedge (magnocaricion) habitats with species such as Carex elata and C. paniculata.

threats:
The decline in the UK is attributed to loss of wetland habitats over much of the area from which this species has gone combined with continuing eutrophication, it is likely that these two causes operate throughout the range of the species.

conservationAction:
S. natans is listed as:Extinct in Luxembourg (Schnittler and Gunther 1999), Critically Endangered in Serbia (Stevanovič 1999) and in Czech Republic (Procházka 2001),Endangered in Germany, Slovakia, Austria (Schnittler and Gunther 1999) and former Yugoslavia (Stevanovič 1999) and Vulnerable in Spain (Moreno 2008), Switzerland, Hungary (Schnittler and Gunther 1999) and Turkey.It is recommended to protect the species habitat and to monitor the population trends. More information about the threats is needed.


range:
T. angustifolia has a circumboreal distribution, from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Caucasus, the Middle East, Siberia and Kazakhstan to China and Far Eastern Russia, as well as North America south to Mexico. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
T. angustifolia is classed as Near Threatened in Switzerland, otherwise it is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
T. angustifolia typically grows in mesotrophic or eutrophic water on the margins of ponds, lakes and to a lesser degree rivers, canals and ditches.

useAndTrade:
There is a low-level of trade for pond and landscape planting, it is not clear whether this has any effect on wild populations, but is very likely to obscure the native distribution of the species.


range:
T. domingensis has a subcosmopolitan distribution, occurring throughout apart from extreme northern and southern latitudes. It occurs in North Africa and Africa south of the Sahara, including some Indian Ocean Islands, from Europe east through the Caucasus, the Middle East, Mongolia and Kazakhstan to Far Eastern Russia, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. It also occurs throughout much of the Indian Sub-continent and south through Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea, as well as Australia and some Pacific Ocean islands but apparently introduced to Hawaii. It occurs in southern North America and in Central and South America. It occurs throughout Mediterranean Europe north to southern France, Romania and the Ukraine, it has apparently been introduced to Switzerland.

population:
T. domingensis is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
T. domingensis typically occurs in canals, ponds, ditches, springs and the margins of lakes and rivers.


range:
T. latifolia has a subcosmopolitan distribution, including North and East Africa, from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus, Middle East and Kazakhstan to the Russian Far East from Kamchatka to Sakhalin Island, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula as well as North America, Mexico and southern South America. It has apparently been introduced to Australia and Hawaii. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
T. latifolia appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
T. latifolia typically grows in the margins and shallow water of eutrophic lakes, marshes, rivers, ponds and ditches.

useAndTrade:
T. latifolia is widely sold for landscape and garden ponds, its leaves are used in the confection of braids, and its rhizome is edible and seen to be of medicinal interest (rich in astringent and diuretic substances).


range:
T. laxmannii occurs from Europe through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Himalayas in Pakistan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, China and Japan. In Europe, it is apparently native to the eastern Balkans and east into European Russia, the Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula but introduced to many other countries in Central Europe.

population:
T. laxmannii is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia, otherwise it appears to be widespread with stable populations, although often scarce throughout its native range in Europe and appears to be frequently introduced from cultivation.

habitat:
T. laxmannii typically occurs in shallow water in the margins of pools and ponds, apparently particularly in water bodies remaining from abandoned sand or gravel extraction. It has also been reported from artificial ponds, inland inundations, rice fields, and channels.

conservationAction:
T. laxmannii is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
As with most Typha species, there is a low level of trade in T. laxmannii for landscape planting, it is not clear whether this trade affects wild populations but it has certainly resulted in the introduction of T. laxmannii to a number of countries.


taxonomicNotes:
Treated by some authors as Typha minima ssp. gracilis (Ducommun) K.Richt. This species was most likely introduced from eastern Russia and China (maybe 50 years ago). It is a garden plant that escaped (T. minima). In Austria, there are hybrids.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #The taxonomy of this species needs to be clarified as it is suspected that it might not be of native origin in Europe. If the introduction to Europe can be confirmed, the species would be assessed as Not Applicable for Europe and the EU 27.

range:
T. lugdunensis occurs in southern France and southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Austria and parts of the Middle East and China. However, it was probably introduced to Europe.

population:
There is no readily available information on population trends in T. lugdunensis.

habitat:
T. lugdunensis typically grows in the margins of marshes, ditches and streams.

conservationAction:
No information available. Research to define the taxonomic status and origin of the European populations is needed.

useAndTrade:
T. lugdunensis is widely sold for landscape and pond planting, it is not clear whether this trade has an effect on wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #    This species is considered to be Extinct, Critically Endangered or Endangered as a consequence of population declines in a wide number of countries throughout its range. However, it is currently not possible to define the rate of decline and there is information missing from some countries. The current populations should be monitored and information on the population size and trend should be collected. It is probably Vulnerable under Criterion A4c.

range:
T. minima occurs from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Mongolia, Pakistan and Kazakhstan to China. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the centre and south to the Mediterranean.

population:
T. minima is classed as Extinct in Hungary, Liechtenstein, and the Czech Republic, Critically Endangered in Austria, Croatia and Germany, Endangered in Greece, Serbia and Switzerland. It appears likely that it is declining throughout its European range.In Hungary, there were formerly up to five known localities, on the Danube and Draba rivers, however it has not been seen since the 1940s and is probably extinct. It is found in only one locality in western Greece in the Peloponnese, at the Kladeos river banks on alluvial deposits. There it forms dense stands but the size of the population is unknown. It has recently been discovered in southern Albania at the Devolli river and is classed as new for the Albanian flora (Mullaj and Tan 2010).

habitat:
T. minima typically grows in gravels on  the margins of calcareous rivers, particularly in braided channels and oxbows, as well as in ditches, ponds and marshes. It is thought to depend on disturbance such as fluctuating water levels or regular cutting of vegetation   (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
T. minima is most significantly threatened by river regulation and uncontrolled extraction of river gravels. Local threats include the intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers in Greece for example.New populations from garden centres sold as T. minima are T. lugdinensis, but they are used sometimes for recovery programmes in secondary habitats. Hybridisation and outcrossing might become a problem.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  T. minima is classed as Extinct in Hungary and Liechtenstein, Critically  Endangered in Austria, Croatia and Germany, Endangered in Serbia, Greece (B2ab(iii), D2) and Switzerland  and is protected in the Rhône-Aples region of France. Information on its status and conservation needs in other countries is lacking.It is suggested to monitor the populations, increase awareness of the local community, and to collect seeds for ex situ conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #    This species is considered to be Extinct, Critically Endangered or Endangered as a consequence of population declines in a wide number of countries throughout its range.  However, it is currently not possible to define the rate of decline and  there is information missing from some countries. The current  populations should be monitored and information on the population size  and trend as well as the causes of the declines should be collected. It is probably Vulnerable under Criterion A4c.

range:
T. shuttleworthii occurs in Europe, the Caucasus and Turkey in Asia. In Europe, it occurs from France east through the Czech Republic and Hungary to Romania and the Ukraine.

population:
T. shuttleworthii is classed as Extinct in Hungary and maybe be so in France where it is under national protection, it is classed as Critically Endangered in Serbia, Endangered in Austria and Germany, Vulnerable in Albania and Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia.A record cited as Hungary is in fact in Slovenia. The record for Budapest is probably an error and consequently this species should not be listed as occurring or having occurred in Hungary (G.   Király pers. comm. 2010).There is at least one current population in the Rhodopi Mountains in Bulgaria (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2010).In the Czech Republic, it is found at seven localities now, most of them are in the Moravian part, but it was believed to be extinct before.

habitat:
The species occurs in non-calcareous ditches, ponds and marshes (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
In the Czech Republic, eutrophication and aquaculture pose the main threats to the species. For the other countries in its European range the threats are unknown. The outcrossing with populations introduced from garden centres into man-made ponds is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  T. shuttleworthii is classed as Extinct in Hungary, but the record for  Budapest is probably an error and consequently this species should not  be listed as occurring or having occurred in Hungary (G.   Király pers.  comm. 2010).It is classed as Critically Endangered in Serbia, Endangered in Austria and Germany, Vulnerable in Albania and Switzerland and Data Deficient in Croatia. In France, it is under national protection. The conservation needs of this species and potential threats are poorly known.Some localities are included in protected areas (e.g. Czech Republic).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in 145 communes with a total of 65,000 individuals estimated, and an extent of occurrence of 25,000 km². The trend of the populations is not known but they are suspected to locally decline in the southeast. The main threats are infrastructure development in urban and industrial areas  (ports), and modification of the hydrographic functioning such as  construction of embankments, creating shipping lanes, or reclamation of  land from sea. However, the species is still quite abundant and it is not suspected that the current threats lead to severe declines in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is found along the western coastline of France. Its extent of occurrence is 25,000 km².

population:
The species has been found in 145 localities during recent surveys and may total more than 65,000 individuals. The knowledge about this species has been recently greatly improved from 2004-2008 so the overall population trend is not known. However, a possible decline in the Loire estuary and southeast part of the distribution area are suspected. Annual variations in numbers of individuals are reported in the Loire estuary.

habitat:
This plant grows along the edges of rivers and estuaries (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010)   and can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels  91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

threats:
The main threats to this species are forest exploitation without replanting, infrastructure development in urban and industrial areas (ports), and modification of the hydrographic functioning such as construction of embankments, creating shipping lanes, or reclamation of land from sea (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Angelica heterocarpa is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  It is protected at national level in France (Annexe 1). Conservation actions are conducted in Nantes and southwest estuaries, coordinated by the Botanical Conservatories of Brest and Sud-Atlantique.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)A. palustris is an Eurasiatic species extending from central  Europe to east Siberia. In Europe, its range extends from the Baltic  states to Serbia in the Balkans and from east Germany to Russia in the  east. Changes to its habitat threaten this species such as modification of the hydrographic functioning of  water courses, modification of cultivation practises, forest plantations or urbanisation. The extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and number of mature individuals exceed the thresholds for any of the threatened categories. The population trend is unknown but is suspected to decline evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in several national red list. There is no information on whether the species has strong and abundant populations anywhere. More information on the overall rate of decline within three generations is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
A. palustris is an Eurasiatic species extending from central Europe to east Siberia. In Europe, its range extends from the Baltic states to Serbia in the Balkans and from east Germany to Russia in the east.In Hungary it is found in the northeastern lowland areas at 15 to 20 localities. In Ukraine, it grows in the lowland part from the zone of deciduous and mixed forests across the forest-steppe zone to the steppe zone. Most of the populations are concentrated in northeast Ukraine, east of the Dnieper. Some isolated localities are found in Volhyinian Polesie and at the Black Sea shore in Chersons’ka and Mykolaivs’ka regions.In Poland, around 100 localities have been reported in the past in the central part of the country with the most populations being found in the Wielkopolska Lake District, Kujawy Lake District and Lublin Upland (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Slovakia there is a single (but not verified) locality on the Záhorská nížina Lowland near the village Vysoká pri Morave, found in 2000. In the past the species occurred on the Záhorská nížina Lowland near Plavecký Štvrtok. A dubious historical record of the species' occurrence is from the Trnavská pahorkatina Hill Land near the village of Trnávka (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
A. palustris is a monocarpic plant. This fact, and the influence of changing weather conditions cause fluctuations in the number of individuals.The following population information is available (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Czech Republic: 1,000-3,000 individuals (fertile and sterile individuals counted)Estonia: 6,000-10,000 shootsHungary: 70,000-100,000 individualsLatvia: 20 localitiesPoland: 10,000-15,000 individualsIt is estimated to be Vulnerable in Serbia (V. Stevanović pers.comm. 2010).For Germany, it has been reported from 12 localities in the east and centre   (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). It is still present in the federal estates Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Thüringen, Sachsen-Anhalt and is probably extinct in Berlin and Sachsen.In Ukraine, the populations are found in very small sites. In Slovakia, an exact number of individuals at the one locality is not known, the author of the finding  characterized the population in a published study as “rather small“ (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
This herbaceous plant flowers from June to September. It is mainly found in meadows such as fen meadows and bogs with Betula pubescens.In Ukraine, it grows in wet bogs and meadows, in ecotones among alder forests and bogs, in flood-plains of rivers as component of the communities of Molinietum coeruleae, and Caricetum acutiformis associations (Vinichenko 2006). In Slovakia, the species occurs on wet, often fen, meadows on neutral to moderately alkaline, mineral-rich soils, with a high organic carbon and calcium content and sometimes in moderately salted soils, in the lowland vegetation belt. The species requires a high underground water table but does not tolerate long-term flooding (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

threats:
The main threats are modification of the hydrographic functioning of water courses such as drainage and management of water levels, canalisation. The modification of cultivation practises, such as the abandonment of pastoral systems, an increased use of pesticides and fertilisers, leads to vegetation succession and increased competition. Habitat conversion into forest plantations or urban areas pose problems to this taxon (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Angelica palustris is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This taxon is included in several national red lists:Belarus: Vulnerable (Ermakova 2005)Croatia: Data Deficient (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000)  Germany: It is classed as Endangered in Germany   (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Hungary: Strictly protected and Endangered (Király 2007) due to the small area in Hungary. All populations are in Natura 2000 areas. Slovakia: The species occurs in one Natura 2000 site covering 100% of its  localities and it is classified as Critically Endangered (Mereďa and  Hodálová 2011).Russia: Categorized Least Concern (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).In Ukraine, it is protected in a hydrological reserve (Zokarnice Vorozbjanslij) and in a landscape reserve (ZokuznikVerchnjojesmonskij).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species only occurs in a single site and the total number of individuals is very small and fluctuates in number. The most recent census counted 98 individuals, although many were young plants which never reached reproductive age. In other years the total population numbered less than 60 individuals, again not all reaching maturity. Given the threats facing this species, a continued decline in number of individuals is predicted.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands, and occurs in the north-east part of the island of Minorca. Here it is only found in two small areas separated by a rocky zone about 200 m wide.

population:
The total population numbers less than 100 individuals in an area of just a few dozen square metres.

habitat:
A. bermejoi is a herb that grows in stream beds that dry out in summer and occasionally during dry winters. It grows on acidic soil which accumulates in small rock depressions, and requires only moderate sun exposure.  This perennial plant reproduces from seeds but can also reproduce vegetatively from stolons, which are horizontal stems creeping just above the ground having the capacity to take root and form new plants. There is evidence that the two subpopulations on either side of the rocky zone are genetically different, but the importance of this for the long-term maintenance of the entire population has yet to be assessed. This species benefits from nitrogen provided in seabird droppings.

threats:
The species is threatened both directly and indirectly. Its habitat is extremely unstable with available water and nutrients varying greatly from year to year. A. bermejoi does not support competition from other species very well, including competition from native carpet-forming species as well as introduced alien species such as Carpobrotus edulis. It is directly threatened with trampling by fishermen and hikers, as well as motorbikes on the beach.  Climate change may cause changes in its habitat. For example, several consecutive dry years will weaken this species and favour the development of opportunistic, more competitive species. Any wild collection of A. bermejoi represents a potential threat.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed in Annex I of the Spanish royal decree 439/1990 which grants it protection in its natural site. Internationally, A. bermejoi is included in two legal documents: Appendix I of the Bern Convention and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, where it is listed as a priority species.  In situ: Since 2003, the University of the Balearic Islands has started a rehabilitation programme for A. bermejoi in its natural habitat with financial support from the MAVA foundation. A programme to eradicate all species of the introduced and invasive Carpobrotus has been undertaken since 1996 in natural areas of the Balearic Islands, with mixed success. Since 2002, the eradication programme has focussed on sites with rare species such as A. bermejoi.  Ex situ: Seeds of this species are stored in the Sóller Botanical Garden seedbank, located on Majorca, where the plant is also under cultivation.  Actions Needed It is essential that the small area where this species grows be protected from trampling and motorbikes. To make conservation actions more effective, studies on population dynamics (recruitment and mortality) and reproductive biology of this species are needed. (Re-)introduction of this species to suitable habitats to increase its number of populations and its survival chances is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is Near Threatened because the populations are threatened by agricultural development and decreasing. With an area of occupancy below 2,000 km² but more than ten locations it nearly qualifies for Criterion B.

range:
Apium crassipes is a Mediterranean endemic that is found in Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, south Italy (Pontin marshes only), Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt.The area of occupancy is smaller than 2,000 km² and may well be smaller than 500 km². Hence, although the extent of occurrence is large, the occupied area is generally very small.

population:
The populations of this species are unequally distributed across the Mediterranean Region. A. crassipes is common in Sardinia, rather rare in Corsica (although found in >20 locations), rare in Italy (one location) and Sicily (1-2 locations).

habitat:
A. crassipes is a perennial species. It grows to between 10 and 40 cm in height and is found in marshes, small streams, wet meadows and pools in Corsica. In Italy this species is found in stagnant waters. Its flowering season is generally between April and July in Corsica and Italy.

threats:
Apium crassipes is threatened along the coastline of the Mediterranean region due to agricultural developments. Another major threat to the species' survival in Italy has arisen due to draining of the Pontin marshes, which are home to the only known population of A. crassipes in mainland Italy.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on this species. Education on conservation of A. crassipes and implementation of legislation on a national and international level is required to ensure this species remains unthreatened.


conservationAction:
A. graveolens is classed as Critically Endangered in Sweden, but this is understood to refer to a very small native population in the south and at the northern limits of the native range of the species, rather than a decline.   There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.&#Apium inundatum has been shown to hybridise with A. nodiflorum (A. ×moorei (Syme) Druce) but the hybrid is very infrequent, it is unlikely to affect the survival of the species or this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with mainly stable populations and does not face any major threats.

range:
Apium inundatum is endemic to western Europe, occurring from the Iberian Peninsula north to Sweden and east to Slovakia with its southeastern populations in Sicily.

population:
There is little information on trends, but populations of A. inundatum appear to be stable.

habitat:
Apium inundatum typically occurs in a wide variety of oligotrophic base-poor or occasionally calcareous water bodies, including streams, lakes, ponds and flushes as well as occasionally in dune slacks.

conservationAction:
Apium inundatum is classed as Endangered in Sweden and is protected in the Ile de France Deartment of France.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name. A. nodiflorum has been shown to hybridise with A. inundatum (A. ×moorei (Syme) Druce) but the hybrid is very infrequent, it is unlikely to affect the survival of the species or this assessment.

range:
A. nodiflorum occurs from the Azores and Canary Islands to North Africa, east to Turkey and north to Estonia. It is naturalised in North America (California). It is widespread in central and western Europe, becoming less common in the east and south.

population:
A. nodiflorum is widespread and abundant throughout much of its range and the populations are stable in most parts apart from western Central Europe where they suffer from eutrophication and are declining.

habitat:
A. nodiflorum occurs in a wide variety of wetland habitats usually on nutrient-rich, neutral soils, such as the margins of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, canals and ditches as well as in marshy grassland and anthropogenic habitats such as gravel pits.

threats:
At the Central European margins of its distribution, eutrophication has been noticed as threat factor. But in most parts of its range there are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species.

conservationAction:
A. nodiflorum is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, and as Vulnerable in Germany. Conservation measures on a local to national scale seem appropriate there and elsewhere in Central Europe. In Bulgaria, it is protected by the national Biodiversity Act.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name, however widespread misunderstanding of the distinction of this species from A. nodiflorum means that some records may be erroneous.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened because although there is no good evidence of a widespread decline and it does not meet the criteria for a threat class, it is certainly very rare, vulnerable to casual land-use modification and if a decline occurs would rapidly meet the criteria for classification as Vulnerable B2b(iv).

range:
A. repens occurs in Europe and North Africa. In Europe, it occurs in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain including the Canary Islands, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

population:
The overall population trend is difficult to define as it is declining in some parts but stable populations have been observed in others. A. repens is scarce throughout  its range with very few populations in each country of occurrence.     Austria: Occurring at 12 sites.France: Apparently scattered throughout, it has national protection, as well as protection in two regions: Bourgogne and Picardie; it has not been found recently in the Mediterranean part of France. Population and extent declining everywhere in the country.Germany: Known from one or more site(s) in lake Müritz near Waren,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.Hungary: The species can be found in six locations, three on the southcentral part of the country and three on the northwest, next to the border with Slovakia. Remarkable fluctuation in number of individuals from one year  to another.Italy: Apparently extinct.Poland: Between 1985 and 2000 the species was observed at 9 localities in Gniezno Lake District and 2 localities in Leszno Lake District (Natura 2000 Shadow List in Poland). The largest population is situated on Brenno Lake in Leszno Lake District. It consists of several hundreds of flowering and fruiting individuals. A systematic observation proves that the population is stable. At the other locality in the Leszno Lake District the species has probably become extinct. A size of 9 closely situated populations in Gniezno Lake District varies from several to several dozen individuals.Portugal: It is found in Baixo Alentejo, but the  presence  in Algarve is unconfirmed.Slovakia: About 15 locations (one between Vel'ky Grob and Puste Ul'any; two in Dolny Sta'l; five in the vecinity of the Danube-Podunajska' lowland; Bratislava-Petrzalka, Dobrohost, Bodiky, Zemianska Olca, Bu'c; six-eight in Nitra, Boheov, Kl'ucovec).Slovenia: Populations found along  the Drava river in 2004.  Spain:  Very scarce  in central Spain, but present at a reasonable number of  sites. There has been a decline of more than 30 percent in the last 10  years.Switzerland: Found at one site.United Kingdom: Two populations, one  found since 2005. The population of Apium repens has varied widely from year to year in its numbers and its distribution. Summer fouling (soil anoxia) in some years caused loss of mature plants which were made up by vegetation spread and by seedling emergence in July and August. Germination during June- August was abundant in some years, often following soil anoxia events. For reasons which are unclear, flowering varied between sites and years.In Bulgaria the species has not been recorded for a long time but it  is known to be present in the country and therefore included in the  national red list. In Denmark Apium repens in classed as Regionally Extinct.

habitat:
A. repens is a pioneer species that characteristically occurs in wet grassland, the margins and into the channels of streams, in oxbows and on bars of larger rivers, usually in meso-trophic or eutrophic conditions. It is therefore probably dependent upon naturally meso-eutrophic floodplain wetlands with a degree of natural dynamism or grazing by large herbivores.Apium repens flourishes where there is plenty of light, including high levels of summer sunshine, and the soil is moist. It tolerates winter- flooding but it and its associated species are killed by early summer- flooding with soil anoxia. On these occasions there is an increase in the extent of bare ground and annual species as well as A. repens germinate. Grazing is essential to keep down the accompanying vegetation and does not inhibit A. repens which generally lies below the level of grazing teeth (McDonald and Lambrick 2006).

threats:
The main threats to A. repens are uncontrolled exploitation of river floodplain habitats, including river channelisation, drainage of oxbows and agricultural improvement of pasture.In the UK, summer flooding causes loss of plants but is beneficial because it opens the sward created associated bare ground thus providing germination sites. However, too many of these events may deplete the seedbank. Grazing is essential to maintain a low sward with trampled areas and provide plenty of light. The invasive alien Crassula helmsii is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
Apium repens is listed under the Annex II of the Habitats Directive because of its scarcity and decline in Europe (McDonald and Lambrick 2006). Monitoring will need to be continued under present protocols at existing sites. Further monitoring of the restoration site at Langel Common, to be followed, if the species does not reappear, by a reintroduction at this or another site.Categorized Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia and in Switzerland.Apium repens has been included within the Species Recovery Programme between 1995-2005 in the UK.


redListCategoryRationale:
Athamanta cortiana  is endemic to the Alpi Apuane in north Italy where it has a very restricted range with an extent of occurrence of 68 km2. It grows in 33 isolated and severely fragmented subpopulations in which about 5,200 individuals  have been recorded. 90% of these individuals are concentrated in two  populations: Pania and Passo delle Pecore. There are sometimes  strong fluctuations in the reproductive success. The habitat of the species is declining due to mining and some populations have disappeared due to global warming. It is therefore classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to north Italy where it is restricted to the mountain range Alpi Apuane (Pignatti et al. 2001). Recent surveys confirmed 33 subpopulations on the Alpi Apuane (Ansaldi et al. 2010). The extent of occurrence is 68 km2.

population:
Not more than 200 individuals have been recorded by Pignatti et al. (2001). Ansaldi et al. (2010) reported that Athamanta cortiana grows in 33 isolated subpopulations in which about 5,200 individuals have been recorded. 90% of these individuals are concentrated in two populations: Pania and Passo delle Pecore.There are sometimes strong fluctuations in the reproductive success. For instance non of the plants produced flowers in 2006 (Bacci 2006).

habitat:
The species grows on rocky slopes of Alpi Apuane between 1,500 and 1,900 m asl. and reaches the lowest altitude in northwestern slopes. It grows in the Valeriano-Saxifragetum Barbero   Bono 1973 (Ansaldi et al. 2010). This plant occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are mines. The exploitation of white Carrara marble is a good example   (Pignatti et al. 2001). Other threats are posed by global warming as some low altitude termophilous populations disappeared, and probably intrinsic low density of the populations and the poor recruitment as in some years there was no flower production  (Ansaldi et al. 2010).

conservationAction:
Athamanta cortiana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). With the exception of those populations inside the marble quarries, the species grows in protected areas, i.e. the Regional Park of Alpi Apuane and in the SCIs Monte Sagro (IT 5110006), Monte Tambura - Monte Sella (IT 5120013), Monte Sumbra (IT 5120009), Monte Corchia - Le Panie (IT 5120014).

redListAssessors:
Ansaldi, M., Bacci, S., Carta, A. & Bedini, G.


range:
B. erecta has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, occurring throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe east to China and throughout central and western North America north to British Columbia and Ontario as well as East Africa from the Nile Delta south to South Africa. It is naturalised in Australia. In Europe, it occurs from southern Scandinavia east to the Baltic States and south to the Iberian Peninsula, throughout central Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and the Balkans to European Turkey.

population:
B. erecta is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, becoming less common in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and the Mediterranean Basin.

habitat:
B. erecta is a perennial and geo-helophyte species that grows in slow or still waters, including lakes, pools, marshes, streams and ditches. It is most typical of calcareous water.

conservationAction:
Berula erecta is listed as Near Threatened in Estonia and Endangered (B2abi,ii,iii,iv,v) in Norway. It is categorized Least Concern (LC) in the Czech Republic (Čeřovský et al. 1999). There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
The leaves of the species are edible and it is sometimes used in green salad. It is also of medicinal use, e.g. for treating rheumatism (Plants For A Future 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Bunium brevifolium is endemic to Madeira Island. It has been recorded in four localities. The subpopulations are very sparse  and small and the estimated number of mature individuals is less than  1,000 (Jardim et al. 2006). The  main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain  Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which  could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the subpopulations. Due to the low number of individuals and localities, it would be at least Vulnerable D1+2.

range:
Bunium brevifolium is endemic to Madeira Island.

population:
It has been recorded in four localities. The subpopulations are very sparse and small and the estimated number of mature individuals is less than 1,000 (Jardim et al. 2006). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010, which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
This plant is found on soil terraces in Madeira's central mountain ridge (Jardim et al. 2006). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6180 "Macaronesian mesophile grasslands" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There was a major fire in the Central Mountain Massif in summer 2010. Apart from that most recent threat, the species suffers from recreational activities and related infrastructure development, natural catastrophes such as landslides and competition with native and exotic species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Bunium brevifolium is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The area where B. brevifolium occurs is under protection of the Parque Natural da Madeira and it is included in the Natura Network 2000. Conservation is dependent mainly on habitat conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bupleurum capillare is endemic to Greece and found at two locations  on Mt Parnassos and four locations on Mt Gkiona. The area of  occupancy is 12 km² and the extent of occurrence is 268  km². The population trend is unknown, but the species habitat is threatened by winter tourism and the construction of winter resorts. There has no continuous decline been noted. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Bupleurum capillare is an endemic species to Greece. There are two locations (one subpopulation) on Mount Parnassos and three locations (two subpopulations) on Mount Gkiona. A new subpopulation was found on Gkiona in summer 2010. The area of occupancy is 12 km² (1x1 km grid) and the extent of occurrence is 268 km².

population:
In 2003, the total population size was 5,758 individuals plus 2,000 – 10,000 individuals at one location on Gkiona where the population was not counted. The size of the new subpopulation of Gkiona is not known.

habitat:
The species is found at road cuttings (old and recent), abandoned and non intensively cultivated vineyards and olive groves, stabilised scree, at flat or steep sites, on limestone, at altitudes from 500-1,200 m.

threats:
The main threat is posed by winter tourism on Parnassos and the construction of winter resorts.

conservationAction:
Bupleurum capillare is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is listed in the National Red Data Book as Vulnerable D2 (Georghiu et al. in: Phitos et al. 2009) and protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81. A small part of the subpopulation on Parnassos and a small part of the subpopulation on Gkiona are included in Natura 2000 areas.

redListAssessors:
Georghiou, K., Delipetrou, P., Ioannidou, E. & Karetsos, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classed as Critically Endangered because it is restricted to a scattered population on a small islet of 12 km² with an even smaller area of occupancy. The main threats to the habitat are human disturbance, grazing and fire. Especially the latter can wipe out the whole population.

range:
This small shrub is endemic to the island of Marettimo (part of the Egadi archipelago, just west of Sicily). It grows in 11 localities on the northern side of the island in an area of 7 km². The extent of occurrence is less than 100 km².

population:
The population size is estimated to be 300-500 individuals. The population trend is probably stable.

habitat:
This small, cushion-shaped perennial shrub grows on calcareous cliffs at an altitude of 20-600 m, preferring north-facing slopes and growing in the cracks of limestone rock faces.  This species is considered to be a paleoendemic, which means that it was once much more widely distributed than today, and probably grew throughout the mountains of the Mediterranean when the region had a tropical climate. The plant reproduces from seeds only, a common characteristic of plants growing in such habitats. Mist is probably its main source of water.

threats:
Despite growing on largely inaccessible cliffs, it is threatened by human disturbance, grazing wild animals, and fire. Given the tiny population and extent of habitat, just one catastrophic event could decimate the remaining population.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention (ratified by Italy in 1997).  It is also listed in the Top 50 Mediterranean Island Plants (Montmollin De and Strahm 2005). In situ: The whole area of Marettimo Island is included within the SCI (Site of Community Importance) of "Isola di Marettimo" (ITA010002) and within the proposed Marettimo Nature Reserve.  Ex situ: Seeds are conserved in the germplasm bank of the Department of Botanical Science of Palermo University. Plants are cultivated in the botanic gardens of Florence and Palermo.  Actions Needed The species would benefit from the entire island being designated as a nature reserve, which would help to control grazing and fires. Its collection should be prohibited.

redListAssessors:
Cuttonaro, P., Gianguzzi, L. & Romano, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bupleurum handiense is listed as Endangered because of its restricted geographic distribution with an extent of occurrence below 5,000 km2 and an area of occupancy of 11 km². Decreasing trends have been observed in its distribution, including the number of subpopulations, and its population size, mainly due to grazing.

range:
Bupleurum handiense is endemic to the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 300 and 800 m asl. The species is found in two locations, distributed into four subpopulations in Lanzarote, and two in Fuerteventura. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 11 km² (Martín Osorio et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence is below 5,000 km2. Regressive patterns have been reported for its area of occupancy (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
The population size has been determined to be 510 individuals (305 in Lanzarote and 205 in Fuerteventura) (Martín Osorio et al. 2006). Some subpopulations present a typical pyramidal age structure where the presence of young non-reproductive individuals is predominant. The populations are slightly decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).   #

habitat:
The optimum habitats for the species are associations of shrubs such as Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis. Under human and predators pressure the species may appear sheltered in cliffs and crags within rupicolous communities. In Lanzarote it grows mainly along with Euphorbia balsamifera, Kleinia neriifolia and Lavandula canariensis, and within the association Reichardio famarae-Helychrysetum gossypini. In Fuerteventura it can be found in communities characterized by the presence of Euphorbia canariensis, and in "Monteverde"  shrublands along with Maytenus canariensis, Visnea mocanera and Echium handiense.

threats:
The main threats to this species are intensive grazing and habitat quality loss. Changes in land use into crop areas have also been reported as a threat (Martín Osorio et al. 2006). #

conservationAction:
The species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed ad Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is listed as species “Vulnerable” in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands.  All the subpopulations of the species in Lanzarote but one are within the protected area Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo, also a SCI, and have been classed ZEPAs. In Fuerteventura, the subpopulations are within the Parque Natural de Jandía and SCI de Jandía, and have also been classed as ZEPAs.    The collection and storage of plant material in germplasm banks, the implementation of environmental education programmes and the development of population monitoring plans are the main actions proposed in order to ensure the conservation of the species. The subpopulation of Barranco de Vinámar, Fuerteventura, should be fenced.

redListAssessors:
Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Alcántara Vernet, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bupleurum kakiskalae is endemic to the mountain range of  Levka Ori on the island of Crete where it occurs at only two isolated locations with an area of  occupancy of 8 km² and an extent of occurrence below 100 km². The populations are severely fragmented and undergo extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals but there is no evidence for a continuing decline. The total number of mature individuals is not known but probably below 250 in total. The main threats are a low probability  of genetic exchange within the populations, cliff instability which is worsened by rock climbers, and occasionally the grazing by goats. This species is therefore classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Endemic to the island of Crete, at Kakoskalo in the mountain range of Levka Ori, in the Samaria gorge. A second  location was recently (2007) found at Melindaou Mt (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009). The plant occurs at only two isolated locations with an area of occupancy of 8 km² and an extent of occurrence below 100 km².

population:
There are only two isolated locations with a small number of mature individuals in each, so the population is most probably fragmented. Fluctuations of the number of mature individuals have been observed. The quality of the habitat is degraded but not under continuous decline. Also, there is no evidence that the population size is under continuous decline. At Samaria gorge, there are 47 mature plants and 41-46 rosettes were counted by telescope in 2005 but it is estimated that the total number of mature plants is larger because only part of the cliff was visible. The exact number of individuals at Melindaou is not known (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009)

habitat:
This perennial herb occurs in crevices of steep limestone rocks. Given that only a small number of individuals remain and the fact that the plant flowers only once during its lifetime, there are very few individuals which flower at the same time (between 0 and 20, depending on the year). Seed production and the establishment of seedlings is therefore extremely variable. It seems to have very strict ecological requirements.

threats:
The main threats facing B. kakiskalae are the low probability of genetic exchange within the population due to the small number of individuals flowering at the same time, and cliff instability, as the substrate on which it grows collapses periodically. Goats may also graze any accessible plant. A further threat is posed by rock climbing that leads to further erosion and habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
Bupleurum kakiskalae is included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ac(iv)+B2ac(iv);D1 in the Red Data Book of Greece (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009). It is also protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/81. In situ: a microserve of 1 ha has been established at Samaria gorge. The plant is included in a Natura 2000 site which gives it indirect protection. Ex situ: the plant is cultivated successfully at the botanical gardens of the Forestry Department of Chania at the nearby village of Poria and at the locality Xylokastro.Actions Needed Studies on the biology and ecology of this species must be continued to properly define the conservation measures needed. Additional fieldwork is required to determine whether any other populations exist, and to identify cliffs with similar properties to those of Kakiskalo as areas where potential introductions might be undertaken. Regular collection of seeds should be made in order to conserve the widest possible spectrum of genetic material. The site must not only be protected from goats, which have access to certain individuals, but also from botanists who may remove individuals for collections.


range:
Carum verticillatum is endemic to western Europe, occurring from Spain and Portugal north through France and Belgium to Germany and the Netherlands. It is extinct in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).

population:
Carum verticillatum appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
Carum verticillatum typically occurs on acid soils in pastures, wet heathland, marshes and the margins of streams.

conservationAction:
Carum verticillatum is protected in Ile de France and Alsace, but there are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


habitat:
C. virosa occurs in shallow water on the margins of still or slow-flowing water bodies such as lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. It will also occur in wet meadows, in tall-herb fen, marshy pasture and mud and occasionally in deeper water on floating mats of vegetation (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
Cicuta virosa is classed as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland, Vulnerable in Greece and Nationally Scarce in the UK, it is protected in France in the Departments of Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, Auvergne, Franche-Comté, Lorraine and Picardie. In the Czech Republic, it is categorized Endangered (EN) (D.  Turonova pers. comm. 2010). No other conservation measures are in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus aureus Desf. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Daucus aureus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
D. aureus is native to Cyprus, Italy and Spain, as well as to northern Africa and parts of western temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Cyprus, this species is found in the Larnaca, Nicosia and Kerynia areas (Botanical divisions 4, 5, and 7) (Meikle 1977).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Cyprus, it has been recorded as rare (Meikle 1977). It is thought to only occur at five localities.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, it grows in cultivated areas from sea level to 100 ft (Meikle 1977).

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.    EURISCO reports 15 germplasm accessions of D. aureus held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, none of these are reported to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
D. aureus is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus broteri Ten. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Daucus broteri is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats throughout most of its range, as well as its in situ conservation.

range:
D. broteri is native to southeastern Europe as well as to temperate Asia and north Africa (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Cyprus, it is recorded from Paphos, Troodos and Larnaca (Botanical divisions 1, 2 and 4) (Meikle 1977). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, this species grows in cultivated and waste ground, in vineyards and on roadsides at an attitudinal range of 100–4,500 ft (Meikle 1977).

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of D. broteri held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe: one from Cyprus and the other from Greece. Both are stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
D. broteri is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus carota L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated carrot, D. carota. Thirteen subspecies are native to Europe: D. carota ssp. azoricus Franco, D. carota L. ssp. carota, D. carota ssp. commutatus (Paol.) Thell., D. carota ssp. drepanensis (Arcang.) Heywood, D. carota ssp. gadecaei (Rouy & E.G. Camus) Heywood, D. carota ssp. gummifer Hook. f., D. carota ssp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell., D. carota ssp. hispidus (Arcang.) Heywood, D. carota ssp. major (Vis.) Arcang., D. carota ssp. maritimus (Lam.) Batt., D. carota ssp. maximus (Desf.) Ball, D. carota ssp. rupestris (Guss.) Heywood, and D. carota ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Daucus carota is widely distributed Europe with stable populations. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, this species is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, monitoring of population trends and habitat deterioration is needed at the subspecies level.

range:
D. carota is native to Europe, temperate Asia and northern Africa, and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). One subspecies (D. carota ssp. azoricus) is endemic to the Azores. Three subspecies of D. carota occur in Denmark; however, D. carota ssp. carota and D. carota ssp. sativus are both introduced—only D. carota ssp. gummifer is native (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010). This species is widespread in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), Great Britain, Northern Ireland and Ireland (Preston et al. 2002) and present throughout the Netherlands but less so in the north eastern part of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
This species is widespread throughout its range, with a stable population trend. However, Preston et al. (2002) note that it has declined at the northern fringe of its range.

habitat:
D. carota is found in banks, fields and waysides across Europe (Polunin 1969). It is found in dry rough open areas in the Mediterranean, often in waste places and roadsides and field margins including sandy and stony pastures (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004, Fletcher 2007). It prefers quite infertile, well-drained and calcareous soils in the UK, and can be found within habitats such as on chalk downs, grassland on roadsides, waysides and railway banks, quarries, chalk and gravel pits, and waste ground (Preston et al. 2002). In the Netherlands this species occurs in grasslands with humid and dry, moderately fertile basic soils, and in grasslands which can be humid or dry on poor basic soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.This species is well represented in ex situ germplasm collections. EURISCO reports 4377 germplasm accessions of D. carota held in European genebanks, 408 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 294 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
Wild populations of D. carota may contain important genes for the improvement of carrot.

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Korpelainen, H., Draper, D., Labokas, J., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus crinitus Desf. is a tertiary wild relative of carrot, D. carota L. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Daucus crinitus is assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed overall large population, because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category and because it is not subject to any major threats. Further germplasm collection and ex situ storage is however required.

range:
D. crinitus is native to southern Spain and Portugal, as well as to north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It grows in grasslands, cultivated land, drylands, degraded shrubland, cultivated field margins and on roadsides—mainly in acid soils.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.   EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions of D. crinitus held in European genebanks, one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession originates from Spain and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Further collection and ex situ storage is required.It occurs in many protected areas but is probably not actively managed.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota (Maxted et al. in prep.).


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus durieua Lange is a tertiary wild relative of carrot, D. carota L. (Maxted et al. in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Daucus durieua is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread and common in the Iberian Peninsula and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Research into its population status in Cyprus and the Canary Islands is however needed, as well as a review of its ex situ conservation status.

range:
D. durieua is native to southwestern Europe (Portugal and Spain), western Asia (including Cyprus), northern Africa and Macaronesia (Tenerife) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Izquierdo et al. (2004), it is probably introduced in Tenerife.In Cyprus, it has been recorded at two localities with the last record dating back to 1974. During the national Red List assessment in Cyprus it was not adequately searched for and was therefore classified as Data Deficient (Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
It is widespread and common in the Mediterranean region. Further surveys are required to ascertain its population status in Cyprus.

habitat:
It is found in ruderal areas and cultivated land, pasturelands, open grasslands, on rocky, calcareous, granitic and shale soils. In Cyprus it is found on dry, stony hillsides from 150 to 300 m (Meikle 1977). In Iberia it occurs from 100 to 1,700 m asl (Pujadas Salvà 2003).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species but livestock grazing is a minor threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.Further studies are needed into the distribution and population status in Cyprus and the Canary Islands and its ex situ conservation status needs to be determined as no germplasm accessions of D. durieua are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus glaber (Forssk.) Thell. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.Some authors considered that Daucus littoralis is a synomym of D. glaber.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Daucus glaber is regionally assessed as Least Concern because although some subpopulations in Cyprus are threatened by development for tourism, it is not thought that this species is at risk of extinction. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species and population monitoring is recommended.

range:
D. glaber is native to Cyprus in Europe, as well as to western temperate Asia and parts of north Africa (Israel and Egypt) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Cyprus, this species is found in Ktima, Yialia, the coast near Dhavlos and near Rizokarpaso (Miekle 1977).

population:
Miekle (1977) noted that this species is rather rare in Cyprus.

habitat:
It grows in sand and sand dunes near sea level (Meikle 1977). It is an annual or bi-annual plant which flowers from April to June.

threats:
The main threat is development for tourism and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Population monitoring is needed.

useAndTrade:
It is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota. It is used as a medicinal plant # for essential oil.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus guttatus Sibth. & Sm. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L. Two subspecies are native to Europe: D. guttatus Sibth. & Sm. ssp. guttatus and D. guttatus ssp. zahariadii Heywood.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Daucus guttatus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information  is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and  potential threats throughout most of its range, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
D. guttatus is native to southeastern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Cyprus, it has been recorded at only one locality in Rizoelia National Forest Park (Tsintides et al. 2007).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Cyprus, the population is estimated to comprise around 4,000 to 6,000 plants (Tsintides et al. 2007). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, this species has been found on dry slopes among sparse phrygana vegetation and in field margins at altitudes of 0–100 m (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
In Cyprus, it is threatened by forestation, and recreational and park development activities (Tsintides et al. 2007). Further research is needed to gather information about the threats to this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.D. guttatus is listed as Vulnerable in the The Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007)..The subpopulation in Cyprus is in Rizoelia National Forest Park which is a Natura 2000 site (Tsintides et al. 2007).EURISCO reports five germplasm accessions of D. guttatus held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All four of these wild accessions originate from within Europe. One originates from Albania (stored in the Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and the other three originate from Greece (two are stored in the Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany and the other is stored in Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
D. guttatus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus halophilus Brot. is considered in some taxonomic treatments as a subspecies of D. carota (D. carota ssp. halophilus (Brot) A. Pujadas). The taxon is closely related to carrot, D. carota L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Daucus halophilus is assessed as Data Deficient. It is suspected that the population has decreased due to a decline in the quality and extent of habitat during the past 30 years, and that it may be continuing to decrease due to continued coastal development; mainly for tourism. However, analysis of the currently available data does not indicate that the population may have declined by as much as 30% (i.e. the minimum threshold to assess the species as Vulnerable). Further, despite the extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be 9,156 km² (i.e., below the minimum threshold of 20,000 km² to assess the species as Vulnerable), there are insufficient data available to conclude that the population is severely fragmented, or that the number of locations ≤10, and it is not known whether there are extreme fluctuations in the population. The available data are also insufficient to justify assessing the species as Near Threatened. A survey is therefore needed to collect the necessary data to reassess this species.

range:
D. halophilus is endemic to Portugal where it occurs along the west coast, extending from the north to the south, as well as in the western part of the southern coast (Magos Brehm 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,156 km²—this  was estimated from herbarium specimens collected between 1956 and 2005;  specimens collected before 1956 were not included in the calculation. Note that this species occurs exclusively along the coast and as the EOO was estimated from the area of the convex polygon that encompasses the locations of occurrence, it also includes areas inland that are probably unsuitable for the species; therefore, the EOO value is likely to be over-estimated.

population:
There   is no detailed information about the population of this species. However, given that it occurs along the coast where tourism has been increasing (and hence the quality and extent of habitat has been decreasing) during the past 30 years (and continuing), it is suspected that the population is decreasing.

habitat:
It is found in steep coastal areas, fossile dunes (Pujadas Salvà 2003), grassy areas near coastal cliffs, limestone, together with Crucianella spp., Helichrysum spp., Iberis spp. and Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (Magos Brehm 2009). It grows in luvisol, cambisol and podzol and tolerates both acid, neutral and alkaline soils; however, a higher number of populations are associated  with luvisol, and with acid soils. The taxon grows in  temperatures ranging from 12.5–17.5ºC, with a higher number of  records in the range of 16–17.5ºC. Radiation has been recorded in the  range of 140–165 Kcal/cm² with incidence in 155–160  Kcal/cm² and sunlight of 2,400 to >3,000 hrs, with a higher number of records at 2,800–2,900 hours. It is found at  sites with <400–1,200 mm of rainfall (with a higher number of records  at sites with 400–700 mm) and 50–75 rainy days. The sites have <1–10 days of frost, with higher number of localities with <1 day (Magos Brehm 2009).

threats:
Although specific threats have not been recorded, some of the  populations occur in areas where tourism and urban expansion have been  intensive—at least in the last 30 years. Further, since the species occurs in areas where invasive species are a problem, it is suspected that invasive species are an additional threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of D. halophilus stored in the Genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.The species has been successfully propagated in  vitro and plants regenerated both by shoot proliferation and  somatic embryogenesis (induced in cotyledons and root segments) (Tavares et al. 2010).  Plants obtained by these two methods have been successfully  acclimatized and reintroduced in their natural habitats, showing that in vitro propagation is a useful tool to be used in the in situ management of the populations of this species (Tavares et al. 2010). Apart from this reintroduction project, populations are not actively conserved in situ,  although it has historically been recorded  in at least five conservation  areas across its range.Given the lack of detailed information on both the  presence and health of the extant populations of the taxon, surveying and monitoring is needed. Since some of the  populations occur within conservation areas, active in situ conservation (with a  management plan) should be undertaken in these areas.

useAndTrade:
A close wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota. It is a salt tolerant species and therefore is a potential donor for salt tolerance genes (Tavares et al. 2008). The same authors also showed that the oils of D. halophilus have a strong anti-fungal activity against dermatophyte strains. Further, the species can be used in restoring impoverished saline soils and to sustain sand dunes near the coast (Tavares et al. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus involucratus Sibth. & Sm. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Daucus involucratus is relatively widespread and locally abundant and is not facing any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is however needed to ensure access to material for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
Native to Greece (including Crete), Cyprus and western Turkey (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), as well as to the East Aegean Islands (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

population:
This is a relatively widespread and abundant species—the population is stable.

habitat:
It can be found on dry rocky slopes and open pine forests (Miekle 1977, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). In Crete it grows at altitudes of 0–1,450 m in calcium rich areas, rocky crevices and scree, as well as near the seashore (Turland et al. 1993). It is also present in garrigue.

threats:
Increase in frequency and intensity of fires might impact this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports five germplasm accessions of D. involucratus stored in European genebanks; however, the origin of these accessions is Turkey (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed. It is known to occur in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus littoralis Sibth. & Sm. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.Some authors consider Daucus littoralis to be a synonym of D. glaber.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Daucus littoralis is an occasional species found in littoral regions in various parts of the Greek mainland and East Aegean Islands. Although some subpopulations  are threatened by development for tourism and recreational activities, it is not thought that this  species is at risk of extinction. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least  Concern (LC). Germplasm collection from the European subpopulations is however a priority for this species and the implementation of a population monitoring programme is recommended.

range:
D. littoralis is native to Greece (mainland and East Aegean Islands), as well as to parts of north Africa and west Asia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

population:
This is an occasional species found in littoral regions in various parts of Greece.

habitat:
This species grows in coastal sands (Fragman et al. 2001).

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions held in European genebanks; however, none of these originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection from the European subpopulations and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  A population monitoring programme also needs  to be implemented.

useAndTrade:
It is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota and is used as a source of essential oil.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus muricatus (L.) L. is a wild relative of carrot, D. carota L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Daucus muricatus is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. In view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
D. muricatus is native to Corsica, Italy, Portugal and Spain in Europe, as well as north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). However, according to #Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010) this species is not present in Corsica.

population:
This species is common and widespread where it occurs.

habitat:
D. muricatus is a ruderal plant, found in dry open areas, including slopes, roadsides and garrigue (Mediterranean scrub vegetation) (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004).

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Some subpopulations of D. muricatus occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 27 germplasm accessions of D. muricatus held in European genebanks, 23 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 18 originate from within Europe: 16 from Greece (all of which are stored in Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Poland), one from Portugal (Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and one from Spain (stored in Comunidad de Madrid, Banco de Germoplasma, Spain) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
D. muricatus is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota.


taxonomicNotes:
Daucus setifolius Desf. is a tertiary wild relative of carrot, D. carota L. (Maxted et al. in prep.)

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Daucus setifolius is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed large overall population, because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category and because it is not subject to any major threats. A review of its ex situ conservation status is however required to ensure that germplasm is readily available for future potential use for crop improvement.

range:
D. setifolius is native to Portugal and Spain (southwest) and parts of north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
It is widespread in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal it occurs in the centre–south of the country (Pujadas Salvà 2003).

habitat:
It grows in scrublands and on slopes and roadsides, in acid or serpentine soils.

conservationAction:
The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. No germplasm accessions of D. setifolius are reported by EURISCO to be stored in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of its ex situ conservation status is required and germplasm collection and storage should be undertaken if necessary.It is known to occur in protected areas but is probably not monitored or actively managed.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to carrot, D. carota (Maxted et al. in prep.).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The area of occupancy (AOO) is potentially smaller than 2,000 km² and there is a decline in the number of mature individuals, the quality of its habitat and the extent of the area of occupancy. The populations are fragmented in parts of their range and face different threats such as land abandonment, collection, recreational activities, and grazing. The species is included in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
Eryngium alpinum is native to Austria, Liechtenstein, Croatia, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Slovenia   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Easily recognizable and remarkable for its intense blue colour, the  plant is emblematic of the alpine flora (Gaudel et al. 2000). The plant is cultivated and has been observed to escape from gardens. In France, it is found in two regions: Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur. It occurs at 42 localities which equal 38 locations. In Austria, it extends from Voralberg to Liechtenstein and from Kärnten to Slovenia. In Switzerland, the AOO is 74 km², but it is not clear whether it is introduced or native. There are a few small subpopulations scattered in the Alps in Slovenia and some are locally extinct. In Italy, there have also been local extinctions and the plant is now found in eight localities.The AOO might be less than 2,000 km², but there is not enough supporting data for this assumption.

population:
The population of this species has been declining over the last decade and are fragmented in parts of its range.There is little information on subpopulations in the different countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  In Austria, 1,000 to 2,000 individuals have been counted with a declining trend. The subpopulations are also declining in Italy and in Slovenia, and both countries reported local extinctions. In France, there are several thousand individuals (5,000 estimated in Fournel population) with a declining trend. The populations in Switzerland are stable but this is due to introductions.

habitat:
Eryngium alpinum is found in open habitats such as avalanche corridors or hayfields at  altitudes between 1,500 m and 2,000 m asl (Gaudel et al.  2000). It grows mostly on limestone. Eryngium alpinum  prefer moist or even wet conditions, mostly in tall herb communities on  more or less well-watered ground and well-supplied with nutrients (Wörz  2006).  4070 Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels6520 Mountain hay meadows

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of alpine pastures and traditional land use which causes habitat closure. Collection for ornamental purposes and collecting of the seeds leads to population declines. Recreational activities such as skiing are degrading its habitat. Spring grazing could impact on the reproductive success.

conservationAction:
Eryngium alpinum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  In France, it is listed on the national list of protected plant species and several localities are in national parks of Vanoise, Mercantour, Ecrins, nature reserves, protected areas, and Natura 2000 sites. In Slovenia, it is protected. The Italian subpopulations are partially included in protected areas and the plant is classed as Vulnerable on the national Red List. In Austria and Switzerland, it is classed Vulnerable in the national Red Lists and protected. Ex situ collection of the seeds is taking place in Austria and Italy. The management of pastures and control of wild collections are recommended.

useAndTrade:
It is collected for ornamental purposes in the wild, but is also cultivated.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Bernhardt, K.G., Jogan, N., Montagnani, C. & Gigot, G.


range:
E. corniculatum is a steno-Mediterranean species. Its distribution is limited to the west of the Mediterranean basin occurring in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Morocco.

population:
The species is fairly common in the Mediterranean region, occurring in numerous locations in the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal and Spain, it is relatively common, occurring in 121 sites essentially concentrated in the east of the peninsula (14 provinces in Spain and seven provinces in Portugal). In Italy, it is only known from Sardinia.

habitat:
It is an annual to biennial herbaceous plant (Therophyte) that is found in temporary pools, lagoons and along riverbeds. Flowering occurs during summer (June-July).

threats:
This species does not face any major threats.

redListAssessors:
Lansdown, R., Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., Rhazi, M. & Flanagan, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern for the moment as although it has a restricted range, it is not uncommon in the Iberian Peninsula. However, its habitat is degrading due to a high demand for water which is expected to increase in the future. The populations should be monitored as this species could qualify for Near Threatened or a threatened category if this trend persists.

range:
Eryngium galioides is endemic to the western half of the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, it occurs in the provinces Alto Alentejo, Algarve, Beira Alta, Baixo Alentejo and Beira Baixa. In Spain, it is found in Avila, Badajoz, Cadiz, Caceres, Cordoba, Guadalajara, Huelva, León, Madrid, Salamanca, Sevilla, Toledo, Valladolid, and Zamora (Castroviejo et al. 2003).

population:
Eryngium galioides is widespread and not uncommon in southwestern Spain and Portugal.

habitat:
Eryngium galioides is an annual plant that occurs in temporary pools.

threats:
The drying of streams and pools as a consequence of water abstraction for irrigation poses a threat to this species. Eutrophication as a consequence of fertilizers and livestock is another problem. Destruction of habitats by building infrastructure (in coastal regions).

conservationAction:
Eryngium galioides is listed as Vulnerable B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) by Cabezudo et al. (2005). Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Eryngium viviparum is listed as Endangered due to its highly restricted area of occupancy, of less than 80 km² (the real area of occupancy in France is 1 km², while a conservative estimate for the Spanish  populations is 72 km²). It has more than ten locations, but is now considered as severely fragmented, as numerous subpopulations have been lost. The extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy, the number of locations and of sub-populations, quality of habitat, as well as the number of individuals has drastically decreased in the last ten years, becoming reduced to a single population in France, 16-18 populations in Spain and one current population in Portugal. Around 35% of the Spanish subpopulations and 50% of the French sub-populations disappeared in the last ten years.

range:
Eryngium viviparum is native to France, Spain and Portugal. In France, it is only found in Morbihan at a small site of 1 km². In Spain, it is present in Galicia and Castilla y León. It occured in the north of Portugal, however the populations in Portugal are considered to be extinct (Reduron 2007). Therefore, the estimated area of occupancy may be 80 km².

population:
The species has undergone a very strong decline over an already small area. Only a few localities remain in the world. The decline has been spectacular in Bretagne, where the plant was abundant 50 years ago with around 50 sites in Brittany between 1975 and 1980 (Half of the localities have been lost in the last 10 years). Populations at Séné et de Saint Philbert have apparently disappeared, and the species has not been seen since at most others. There is now only a single confirmed site in France, with 200-1,500 individuals depending on the year. Although this number may appear high, wetland degradation can lead to the rapid loss of a large number of plants (Reduron 2007). In the Iberian Peninsula, 93% of the population occurs in northwest Spain with 20 subpopulations (eight additional localities have disappeared in recent years), with over 15,000 individuals, mainly in Galicia as a very scattered population; 57% of the population is considered to be threatened and approximately 2% is on the verge of extinction. In Portugal, the population at the locus classicus in Portugal is considered to be extinct, but a new small population has been discovered in the Serra da Nogueira (Reduron 2007, ICN 2006). This population is small with a very low number of individuals and also faces a high risk of extinction (ICN 2006).

habitat:
The natural habitat of E. viviparum comprises acid depressions in the Atlantic heaths, where it is a pioneer species, intolerant of competition. These sites are generally exploited as winter-inundated pastures, where poaching by cattle enables the plant to survive. In Brittany, the soil is derived from granite (granulite) which results in grey clays irregularly blue or iron-stained, brown soils with elements of quartz and upper organic horizons; such soils tends to retreat in times of drought; their pH is around 6.5. The species colonized temporarily submerged soils, dry during the summer.  This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)

threats:
Pools supporting this species tend to disappear due to natural succession of the habitat (invasion by Molinia) and due to a variety of anthropogenic modification and degradation of the habitat; such as drainage and cultivation of maize, conifer plantation, urbanisation, disposal of organic wastes and decline in grazing. Sand extraction is also problematic in some part of its range.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In France, it is protected at national level (Annex I). In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and protected # at regional level in Galicia and in Castilla y León. It is listed as Endangered on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and on the French Red List   (Olivier et al. 1995). In France, there is a Species Recovery Action Plan from the CBN of Brest to reinforce the last locality and to search for seeds and plantlets in the soil of the previous localities. If this fails, some cultivated individuals might be reintroduced in the previous localities. One locality occurs in a protected area in France, others are included in national parks in Spain.The creation of micro-reserves, the monitoring and restoration of the habitat and the translocation of some individuals are the recommended conservation measures.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ferula latipinna is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy calculated to be around 15 km². It presents a fragmented distribution, on two different islands. The impact of its main threat described in the past, grazing, seems to be in regression, but new anthropogenic impacts such as the development of infrastructures have appeared.

range:
Ferula latipinna is found in the northern part of La Palma and in the northeastern part of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain. It is distributed throughout 11 locations: six in La Gomera and five in La Palma. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be between 14.5 and 15.25 km² (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Recorded populations of this species draw out a total number of 6,258 individuals: 3,576 in La Palma and 2,682 in La Gomera, with a stable or slightly increasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in rupicolous communities of Greenovio-Aeonietea and degraded shrublands of Myrico fayae-Ericion arboreae. It can act as a pioneer species with species of Sonchus and Aeonium (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Grazing, construction of infrastructures and changes in land use, have been described as factors affecting the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), but the impact of grazing has been reported to have decreased. Road expansion works are currently affecting some subpopulations (J. Reyes-Betancort pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Seeds from one subpopulation are stored in the germplasm bank of Jardín de Aclimatación de La  Orotava (ICIA-ESP 117-). It occurs at least in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial del Guelguén.    Seeds from one subpopulation affected by the construction of a road in La Palma were collected and some individuals were produced in nursery to be re-introduced afterwards.Research about the genetics of the species should be developed to clarify whether the subpopulations of La Palma and La Gomera belong to the same species (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Ferula orientalis is a Eurasian  species that reaches Europe in Bulgaria and the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. Degradation of natural habitats is a threat in the Ukraine, but the populations in the biosphere reserve Ascania Nova  are in a good status with a stable trend and many individuals. Other  populations are small in sites and number of individuals. The species is assessed as Least Concern at European level as the Ukrainian populations are classed as not threatened.For the EU 27 member state Bulgaria, no information on the population size or trend and potential threats is available. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient but will very probably be highly threatened as it has been listed Critically Endangered in the national red list.

range:
Ferula orientalis is a Eurasian species that is found in Bulgaria and the Ukraine in eastern Europe and extends into western Asia and the Caucasus where it is present in Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq and Turkey   (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In the Ukraine, it grows in the Crimean peninsula, in the Cherson and Zaporizza regions.

population:
In the Ukraine, the populations in the biosphere reserve Ascania Nova are in a good status with a stable trend and many individuals. Other populations are small in sites and number of individuals. There is no information on the size or trend of the Bulgarian populations available.

habitat:
Ferula orientalis is found in steppe communities in salty places in Ferulo-orientali-Agroporetum pectinati associations.

threats:
In the Ukraine, the degradation of natural habitats is the main threat.

conservationAction:
Ferula orientalis is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) in the Bulgarian Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). In Ukraine, the plant is not included as threatened in the national red data book and it is found in the biosphere reserve Ascania Nova.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the Carpathian basin and found in Hungary, Slovakia and Romania. It is known from five  localities in Hungary, two localities in Slovakia and one in Romania and has a severely fragmented distribution. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km². The overall population trend is decreasing as the species are threatened by grazing by mouflon, natural succession, trampling,  and mildew infection of seeds. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Carpathian basin and found in Hungary, Slovakia and Romania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).  The AOO is estimated to be less than 100 km² in total and less than 10 km² in Hungary. In Hungary, it is known from five localities in the mountains and it is fragmented. The plant has been found in only one locality in Romania, in the Cheile Turzii Gorge, in Transylvania (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Slovakia, which is at the northern limit of the range, there are three subpopulations on two localities in the Slovenský kras Karst: one subpopulation above Pašková village (the Koniarska planina Plateau) and two subpopulations above Slavec (the Plešivecká planina Plateau) (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
In Hungary 5,000 to 6,000 flowering stems have been recorded   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovakia the number of flowering individuals in the (micro) localities  ranges from 4-159, the number of sterile individuals from 275 to 756. Subpopulations were artificially reinforced by the planting of  individuals cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef  Šafárik University in Košice from locally sourced seeds. In spite of efforts to preserve the species, the number  of subpopulations has been decreasing and the species is  in danger of extinction. (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The overall population trend is decreasing and it is severely fragmented.

habitat:
Ferula sadleriana is found in grasslands and forest edges but also in secondary habitats such as road sides and stone mines.In Slovakia it occurs on limestone and dry rock slopes immediately under the plateau edges with steppe grassland, scrub to forest-steppe vegetation in the altitudes of 480-620 m (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)

threats:
The main threat is grazing by mouflon in Hungary. One population was threatened by a stone mine, however the stone mine has been abandoned. Natural succession on the secondary sites (such as road sides) and human trampling are potential threats.In Slovakia the plant is threatened by the encroachment of woody plants and expansive herbs, grazing and trampling by animals (especially by the introduced mouflon), and mildew infection of seeds (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Ferula sadleriana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Hungary, it is strictly protected and classed as Endangered on the national Red List (Király 2007). It is found in several botanic gardens as it is easy to cultivate. Most populations are found in protected areas (more than 95% of individuals are in protected areas in Hungary).The species occurs in two Natura 2000 sites covering 100% of its localities in Slovakia and it is classified as Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).Conservation measures that are needed is appropriate protection against grazing such as fencing.

redListAssessors:
Király, G., Ferakova, V., Mereďa, P., Hodálová, I. & Eliáš, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Hladnikia pastinacifolia is native to Slovenia and has a stable population. Threats described for this species are abandonment of pastoral systems, general forestry management and recreational activities. There is not enough information available to assess the threat status of this species and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
This species is native to Slovenia with a geographic range of 125 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
There is no information on the ecological requirements available.

threats:
Threats described for this species are abandonment of pastoral systems, general forestry management and mountaineering and rock climbing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Hladnikia pastinacifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.Information on the number of locations, size of the populations and existing as well as required conservation measures is needed.


range:
H. vulgaris occurs from the Iberian Peninsula north to Scandinavia and east to the Caucasus.

population:
H. vulgaris is widespread and abundant throughout much of its European range, however it is classed as Critically Endangered in Croatia, Vulnerable in Switzerland and Near Threatened in Norway.

habitat:
H. vulgaris grows in carr, mires, fens, fen-meadows, swamps, marshes, in soakways and along spring-lines, and in dune-slacks and wet hollows in stabilised shingle, occasionally in deeper water. It is often, but not always, associated with peaty soils.

conservationAction:
Hydrocotyle vulgaris is categorized  Critically Endangered in Croatia, Vulnerable in Switzerland and the Czech Republic, Near  Threatened in Norway and protected under regional legislation in France, no other conservation measures are considered necessary.

useAndTrade:
The leaves of this species are edible when cooked (Plants For A Future 2009).There is low-level trade in H. vulgaris for landscape and garden ponds, particularly due to efforts to control sale of H. ranunculoides, however this trade is considered insufficient to threaten wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Laserpitium longiradium is listed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy around 1 km² and one single restricted location known. Negative trends have been reported for the extent and quality of its habitat due to grazing and fires.

range:
This species distribution is confined to Sierra Nevada mountain range in the province of Granada, Spain. Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy has been estimated in around 1 km² (Gutiérrez et al. 2004, Iriondo et al. 2009).

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 658 individuals (Gutiérrez et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species normally occurs in the undergrowth of forests with high presence of deciduous species   (Gutiérrez et al. 2004), in shady sites facing north, on calcareous soils. It grows along with species such as Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea, Acer opalus ssp. granatense, Sorbus aria, Crataegus granatensis, Amelanchier ovalis, Lonicera arborea, Lonicera splendida, Berberis hispanica, Ononis aragonensis, Lapsana communis, Paeonia coriacea, Nepeta granatensis, Cytisus scoparius ssp. reverchonii and Delphinium emarginatum ssp. nevadense.

threats:
The main threat to this species is grazing and a high fire risk. Colonization of new areas is a major problem as there is very few suitable habitat (Gutiérrez et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as pririty species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as CR A3cd; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Its population occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada (proposed SCI) (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). A recovery programme is being developed by the regional government (Junta de Andalucía). It is being cultivated in the botanic garden Jardín Botánico de la Cortijuela (Sierra Nevada, Granada). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de Sierra Nevada.Herbivores exclusion areas should be established. Annual population monitoring should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Blanca, G., Lorite, J. & López, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Monizia edulis is endemic to  Madeira and Deserta Grande where it covers a geographic range  of   226 km². The habitat of the species, rocky cliffs, is declining due to infrastructure  development, recreational activities and the invasion of exotic species. Collection, fires, droughts, storms, and landslides are all further threats to this species. Despite an increasing trend, the total population counts less than 50 mature individuals and this plant is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Monizia edulis is endemic to Madeira and Deserta Grande, Portugal. It is found at two localities in Madeira: in the Central Mountain Massif and in an islet of the north coast, and on rocky cliffs in Deserta Grande up to 300 m asl (Jardim et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

population:
The population counts less than 50 mature individuals but has an increasing trend (Jardim et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This plant grows among Macaronesian endemic flora on rocky cliffs and on terraces with soil accumulations (Jardim et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). It is characteristic of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to infrastructure development, recreational activities and the invasion of exotic species which leads to increased competition. This plant is also collected. Fires, droughts, storms, and landslides can all affect this species (Jardim et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Monizia edulis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Conservation measures that are needed for this species are habitat protection, restoration, and management, species recovery programmes, and public awareness campaigns. The biology and ecology of the species, population dynamics, and the level of harvesting should be studied (Jardim et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
The area where it is found is very limited, the population is fragmented, and the number of mature individuals is in decline. Small, isolated subpopulations cover an area of less than 1,000 m², which makes this species very vulnerable to extinction.

range:
Naufraga balearica occurs only on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Another subpopulation of what is believed to be the same species was discovered in 1981 on the western coast of Corsica (France), between Cargèse and Piana, but this had disappeared by 1983 despite intensive field surveys. Its indigenous status is unclear (Jeanmonod and Gamisans 2007).It has been estimated that its extent of occurrence is 8 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  #

population:
The species is known from less than five localities and the population is severely fragmented. There has been a decline in number of mature individuals of 50% or more in the last years (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
This herbaceous species is found at the base of coastal cliffs to the north of the island. It usually grows in shady cracks in boulders where a little calcareous soil or clay has accumulated, and needs humid conditions.  This species is the only representative of the genus Naufraga. While the plant can reproduce from seed, it can also form new individuals vegetatively from its lateral shoots. The flowers have been shown to be pollinated by ants, which is very rare in the plant kingdom. By having tiny flowers grouped close together and near the ground means that ants can quickly visit them to seek nectar, and thus transfer pollen from one flower to another.

threats:
Naufraga balearica is sensitive to droughts, mainly in spring. Repeated droughts over the last 20 years have resulted in a continuous decline in the numbers of individuals. With climate change, a scenario of a warmer, drier regime puts this species at risk. Some other species living in association with N. balearica are more drought-resistant, thus have benefited from drier conditions and provide increased competition.  Naufraga balearica is also threatened by intensive trampling by goats, although grazing may also reduce the competitive pressure from other species. In the 1980s plants were removed by collectors, which may explain the decline in the original population.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed in Annex I (in danger of extinction) of the Spanish royal decree 439/1990, which grants it protection in its natural habitat. Internationally N. balearica is included in two legal documents: Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive as a priority species.   In situ: In 1997 within the framework of an EU LIFE project entitled "Conservation of natural habitats and plant species in Corsica", several projects were undertaken which included habitat protection, land acquisition, and restoration work for this species. A reintroduction attempt on Corsica using material from the Geneva Botanic Garden was unsuccessful. On the Balearic Islands, a conservation programme undertaken by the Universitat de les Iles Balears and financed by the MAVA foundation has been launched in 2003.   Ex situ: Material collected from the Balearic Islands is being cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Sóller on Majorca (Spain). Corsican material (all of the same provenance) has been cultivated in the botanic gardens of Geneva, Brest and Porquerolles since 1981, the year when the population on Corsica was discovered.  Actions Needed Research is needed to understand the reproductive biology and environmental constraints for this species in order to undertake better management. Permanent plots are needed to monitor population numbers over time and the effect of climate change. Research will also help guide re-introduction attempts to Corsica, where ideally Corsican material should be used. In addition, the management and ownership issues of the sites where it either grows or once grew need to be resolved to guarantee the long-term survival of this species.


population:
O. aquatica is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, Critically Endangered in Norway, Near Threatened in Finland, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout much of its European range.


redListCategoryRationale:
Oenanthe conioides is endemic to the Elbe floodplain in Germany and has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 2,000 km². There is no information available about the size of population or number of localities or whether they are severely fragmented or fluctuating extremely, but they have been declining in the past. The main threat is habitat and range loss caused by flood control measures and improved ship navigation and those threats are likely to return. The species is therefore classed as Data Deficient and more information is needed as it is likely to qualify for a threatened category.

range:
Oenanthe conioides is endemic to Germany   where it can only be found at the river Elbe and its distributaries under tidal influence, in the federal estates Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, and Niedersachsen (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008). Its EOO is around 2,000 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no information on the size of the population or number of localities available. Subpopulations have been lost in the past.

habitat:
Oenanthe conioides grows on areas influenced by tides with periodically flooded mud flats or sometimes also sandy soils. It can temporarily inhabit newly dredged areas. This species is a pioneer on sites that are poor in or free from vegetation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).

threats:
The main threat is a loss of its tidal habitat. A significant number of localities was destroyed or degraded in the past due to measures to improve flood prevention or the navigation of ships. Further construction in this area poses a significant threat.

conservationAction:
Oenanthe conioides is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is classed as Critically Endangered (level 1) in the German Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). A monitoring programme is in place. Protection of the remaining sites and ensuring natural dynamics of the Elbe floodplain are most important to conserve this species. This includes that no construction on its sites should take place and that degraded habitats should be restored (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).Information on population size,  number of localities, whether they are severely fragmented or  whether there are extreme fluctuations, or the rate of decline in the last three generations is required, in order to carry out a threat assessment


redListCategoryRationale:
Oenanthe divaricata is endemic to Madeira with a stable population of around 10,000 individuals. There are no major threats to the species but it can potentially  be affected by plant collection, recreational activities, changes to  hydraulic systems, erosion, landslides, and competition with exotic and  native species. However, those listed threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future and it is therefore classified as Least Concern.

range:
Oenanthe divaricata is endemic to Madeira Islands in Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 744 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that there is a population of around 10,000 individuals which is believed to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species is characteristic of the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to the species but it can potentially be affected by plant collection, recreational activities, changes to hydraulic systems, erosion, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Oenanthe divaricata is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

useAndTrade:
Plant collection has been described as a potential threat but the purpose is unknown.


range:
O. fistulosa has a predominantly European distribution, extending beyond the region only into North Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus. It occurs throughout much of central and southern Europe and throughout much of the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
O. fistulosa is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Sweden and Vulnerable in the United Kingdom and in Germany, however it appears to be widespread and fairly abundant throughout the rest of its range and quite common in the Mediterranean.

habitat:
O. fistulosa most often grows in the inundated margins of ditches and streams or in hollows in wet pasture in the floodplains of large rivers, usually in fairly nutrient-rich habitats.

conservationAction:
O. fistulosa is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, Endangered B2ab(iii,iv,v) in Sweden and Vulnerable (A2c) in the United Kingdom and Germany, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Oenanthe fluviatilis is classed as Near Threatened because outside its strongholds of the United Kingdom and Ireland, it has shown a widespread and dramatic decline. Even in the UK, there was a significant decline in the first part of the 20th century (Preston et al. 2002) which may be continuing. It is most likely to approach Red List classification as Vulnerable A2c.

range:
Oenanthe fluviatilis is endemic to western Europe, occurring from Ireland and the United Kingdom east to Germany and south to northern France.

population:
Oenanthe fluviatilis is apparently extinct in Germany, extremely local in Belgium and Near Threatened in Denmark. It is locally frequent in the United Kingdom and France, but is protected at a regional level in Alsace and Lorraine.

habitat:
Oenanthe fluviatilis is typically found in in clear, meso-eutrophic water of calcareous streams and rivers as well as in some artificial water bodies. #

threats:
Oenanthe fluviatilis has declined throughout much of its range, some of this decline is due to loss of habitat and some due to increased navigation pressure on waterbodies.

conservationAction:
Oenanthe fluviatilis is apparently  extinct in Germany, extremely local in Belgium and Near Threatened in  Denmark. It is locally frequent in the United Kingdom and France, but is  protected at a regional level in Alsace and Lorraine.Monitoring of the remaining populations and their habitat is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
The accepted name in Italy is Petagnea gussonii. Petagnaea saniculifolia is not listed in Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010), the International Plant Names Index (2010), or the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Sicily where it is found at 21 localities,  with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km² and an area of  occupancy below 500 km². The population size is unknown, but the populations are believed to be stable. This species' habitat extent and quality are declining due to woody plantations, livestock, fires, groundwater extraction, modification of water  courses or management of water levels. This species is classed as Least Concern as although it has a restricted range, there are 21 localities and the populations are stable. However, the habitat is declining and it could soon qualify for Near Threatened or a more threatened category.

range:
This plant is native to Sicily, Italy. It is found at 21 localities, with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km² and an area of occupancy of 25 km².

population:
The population size is unknown, but the populations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 3120 "Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the West Mediterranean, with Isoetes spp." (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Habitat loss due to woody plantations, livestock or fires are an important threat. Groundwater extraction and modification of water courses or management of water levels are further leading to habitat decline   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Petagnia saniculifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Some localities are included in protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,v)This Mediterranean endemic has a European occurrence in Corsica and Sardinia where its range is restricted and the area of occupancy is smaller  than 500 km². It is found in nine localities in Sardinia and in 29 localities in Corsica. The number of mature individuals is declining and the populations are severely fragmented. A decline in the area of occupancy and in the quality and extent of the habitat have also been noted due to urbanisation, tourism infrastructure development, recreational activities,  trampling and the replacement of native vegetation with  exotic and sometimes invasive species (Carpobrotus sp.). It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
In Europe, this plant is only found in Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) but it is furthermore native to Algeria and Tunisia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The area of occupancy in Corsica is 5-10 km², it can therefore be assumed that the overall area of occupancy is smaller than 500 km².

population:
In Sardinia, the species has been recorded in nine localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Corsica, it has been found at 29 sites in two communes with about 12,000 individuals. The number of mature individuals is declining. The Corsican  populations are all very localized around the Gulf of Porto-Vecchio and are sometimes very  close to each other. The seeds are dispersed by wind and therefore the plants grow fairly isolated from each other. On the other hand, the expansion of populations outside the  existing sites is very weak with no establishment of new populations in nearby dune environments (Bensettiti et al. 2002). This affect is worsened by urbanisation and the populations are therefore severely fragmented. The Corsican and Sardinian populations are also quite far from each other.

habitat:
Rouya polygama is a perennial plant that is only found along coasts in fixed sand dunes and sandy-gravelly beaches and seems to withstand salt spray. This plant is an element of back dune vegetation as well as a pioneer plant in open areas. It grows well in light to semi-shade (Bensettiti et al. 2002). The species occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats in both islands   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2210 Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster

threats:
On Corsica and Sardinia, the species is found in areas that are under much pressure from the tourist industry and from urbanisation. The destruction of its habitat for holiday homes, recreational activities, trampling by tourists and the replacement of native vegetation with exotic and sometimes invasive species (Carpobrotus sp.) affects the populations (Bensettiti et al. 2002, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Rouya polygama is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Corsica, it is nationally protected and there are two localities with re-introduced R. polygama on the territory of the Conservatoire du Littoral. All the localities of the species are on private land and therefore difficult to protect but negotiations with the landowners about appropriate protection measures are underway. The eradication of invasive species is necessary to conserve this Mediterranean endemic. Re-introductions and monitoring of the populations is recommended (Bensettiti et al. 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Seseli intricatum is listed as Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 9 km² and an extent of occurrence lower than 10 km². Its population is distributed into five locations and regressive trends have been observed for the extent and quality of its habitat. Deforestation is the main threat affecting the habitat of this species and therefore its conservation.

range:
Seseli intricatum is endemic to Sierra de Gádor, in the Spanish province of Almería (Mota et al. 2004). Its presence has been reported in five locations, and its area of occupancy is 9 km². Its extent of occurrence is lower than 10 km².

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 5,428 individuals (Mota et al. 2004). The population tends to fluctuate especially remarkable in dry years.

habitat:
This herb grows in mountainous woodlands in north facing rocky cliffs (Mota et al. 2004). Accompanying species are Quercus faginea, Acer granatense and Quercus rotundifolia.

threats:
Main threats to this species are deforestation, fires, road development, grazing and demographic extreme fluctuations (Mota et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Habitat conservation plans should be developed and grazing species controlled. Population monitoring should be developed, as well as research about its population dynamics. Fruits should be gathered and stored in germplasm banks.

redListAssessors:
Mota Poveda, J., Aguilera, A.M., Giménez, E., Jiménez Sánchez, M.L., Merlo, M., Pérez García, F.J., Posadas, L., Rodríguez-Tamayo, M., Sola, A.J. & Soria, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Hungary where it is only found in the  Transdanubian Mountain Range (Dunántúli-középhegység), but there it is  frequent with a stable population. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,948 km². The plant is subject to various threats such as natural succession, human habitation and tourism, planting of Pinus nigra, and damages caused by wild animals, however, most of the localities are in protected areas. It is precautionary classed as Near Threatened as there are threats present and the populations might only be stable because they are protected. If the populations stay in good shape and if the protection is effective, the species can eventually be downgraded to Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Hungary where it is only found in the Transdanubian Mountain Range (Dunántúli-középhegység), but there it is frequent. Its EOO is 5,948 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that the population in Hungary is stable and has between 50 million and 150 million individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6190 "Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are natural succession, human habitation and tourism, planting of Pinus nigra, and damages caused by wild animals.

conservationAction:
Seseli leucospermum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is strictly protected in Hungary and most of the localities are in protected areas. The plant is listed as Near Threatened on the Hungarian Red List (Király 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread, however there is some evidence of a general decline, not just in the habitat preferred by S. latifolium, but in the species itself.

range:
Sium latifolium occurs from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to China. It has been introduced to Australia. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
S. latifolium is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and the United Kingdom and Endangered in Austria and Finland, but otherwise it appears to be reasonably widespread and abundant.

habitat:
S. latifolium typically grows in wet tall-herb fen and reedbeds, often on the margins of lakes and large rivers, but also in ditches.

conservationAction:
S. latifolium is classed as Critically Endangered in  Switzerland and the United Kingdom (D2). It is categorized Endangered in Finland, Austria and the Czech Republic and it is protected in the Franche-Comté and Picardie regions of France,  but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category. There is a need for more research on the population size, trend and the habitat requirements of this plant.

range:
S. sisarum occurs from Europe east to the Middle East and Siberia. In Europe it is native to Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and European Russia and has been introduced to France.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of S. sisarum, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. Information on the population size and trend and the species ecological requirements are needed.

useAndTrade:
S. sisarum was once widely cultivated for its edible roots, however it has somewhat gone out of fashion, although it is likely that the true native distribution of the species is obscured by relict populations from former cultivation.


taxonomicNotes:
Treated by some as Caropsis verticilatinundata (Thore) Rauschert.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a relatively small area with an area of occupancy smaller than 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented. It has quite a narrow ecological tolerance and has clearly declined throughout much of its range due to threats such as pollution, changes of the hydrological regime of water bodies, and infrastructure development. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the west of France. In Spain, it is only present in Huelva and in Portugal it can be found in Baixo Alentejo, Beira Litoral, Douro Litoral and Estremadura (Castroviejo et al. 2003). The area of occupancy is below 2,000 km² and the populations are severely fragmented.

population:
In France, 25 localities are known from 20 communes, maybe more in Aquitaine (lack of prospections), no sensus data, except one population with 500,000 individuals estimated. The trend of the populations is declining. The Portuguese records are from historic collections and it is possible that the plant is now extinct in Portugal. In Spain, it is only present in the province Huelva and is classed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List which indicates a declining population trend (Moreno 2008). A detailed survey in the Parque Nacional de  Doñana in southwest Spain, led to more populations being found. However, Doñana is a strictly protected area and most wetlands in the Mediterranean are of declining habitat quality. Overall, the populations are therefore assumed to be declining.

habitat:
T. verticillato-inundata occurs in seasonally or occasionally permanently inundated water-bodies at 0.5-1 m of usually acid water on organic loam or sometimes sandy substrate, on the margins of marshes, lakes, wet clearings in scrub, often with Baldellia ranunculoides, Hydrocotyle vulgare, Hypericum elodes and occasionally Drosera intermedia, as well as in swards of Eleocharis multicaulis, between stands of Myrica gale (Reduron 2007). This species needs to be out of the water to flower, like other aquatic Umbelliferae, so the habitat behaves like temporary water-bodies.It occurs in the following Habitats Directive habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009): #2190 Humid dune slacks  3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

threats:
The main threats in France are drainage, agriculture, and forest plantings. Further threats include water and soil pollution due to the use of fertilisers and pesticides, urbanisation, road and tourism infrastructure, infilling of water bodies, changes in the hydrological regime such as stabilisation of the water levels.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is under national protection in France. In Spain, it has been listed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B (Moreno 2008).Monitoring of the populations and its habitat are strongly recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only found in one locality but this is within a protected area, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore classed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the Ukraine. It occurs only within the forest reserve within the Ukrainian steppe reserve in the Donetsk region, department Kamennye mogily (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
Achillea glaberrima is a narrow endemic of the granite rocks in southeast Ukraine. Only one single population is known within a Ukrainian steppe reserve. The populations have been described to have a good recruitment and to be rather stable (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). The number of individuals is estimated to be eight to nine million and the density is 35 individuals/m².

habitat:
This perennial herb flowers from June to August and bears fruits in July to September. It is found on granite slopes in a community belonging to the Sedo-Scleranthetea class where it grows in fissures of cliffs as isolated individuals or small groups.

threats:
There are no major threats to the species as it is included in a protected area and protected from human influence.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is currently protected within a Ukrainian steppe reserve. It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) where it is classed as rare. Ex situ protection is carried out in the Donezkij Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, in the National Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv, and in the Botanical Garden of Kyiv University.

useAndTrade:
A cultivar named "Gold Spray" exists from this species (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Achillea thracica is endemic to Bulgaria and Romania. In Bulgaria, it is classed as Critically Endangered as it is  known from only one locality with an area  of occupancy of less than 10 km². This population has 3,000 to 4,000  individuals but its trend is unknown. The main threat are lack of habitat management, widening of the road where the population is found and intensification of the traffic, and potentially intensive agriculture and  infrastructural development. There is no information on the number of subpopulations, their size and trend or potential threats available for Romania. Therefore this species is classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria and Romania. In Bulgaria, it is known from the Thracian plain and there is old data for the Tundza hilly country. There is only one recently confirmed known locality. The area of occupancy is less than 10 km².

population:
In Bulgaria, there is one fairly large population with 3,000 to 4,000 individuals. There is no information on the populations in Romania. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in dry grassland along roads and in shrubby pastures between 150-500 m.

threats:
The main threat is a lack of management (e.g. abandonment of grazing) causing overgrowing with shrubs that leads to fragmentation of the population. A large part of the population is along silt roads. A small widening of the road and intensification of the traffic might cause a serious decline in the population. Intensive agriculture and infrastructural development could be potential threat (close to a major city). There is a possible use as medicinal plant, but this is not known.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria it is protected and listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iv); C2a(i) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is currently not found in protected areas but there are efforts to protect its sites. Ex situ conservation of seeds the seeds is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Andryala crithmifolia is endemic to Madeira and is found at two localities only. The total number of mature individuals is estimated to be between 50 and 250 mature individuals and it undergoes extreme fluctuations. It occupies one protected area under the auspices of the Natura 2000 Network and a second area with no legal status of protection. The two sites are severely fragmented. Those areas are subject to various threats such urbanisation, landslides, competition with exotic vegetation, waste disposal, and roads. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
A. crithmifolia is endemic to Madeira, Portugal where it is found at two localities only. It has an area of occupancy of 10 km².

population:
The distribution of this large perennial or biennial has always been very small. It is known from two populations, one is rather sparse and widely spread on the large cliffs of Cabo Girão. This population was estimated to about a hundred mature plants in 1998, from the summit  down to the rocky bottom of the cliffs (30-400 m). It is certainly viable since the cliffs act as a natural protection and most of them are out of reach. The second population occurs at Funchal on the cliffs of Pináculo down to the bottom of the cliffs. This population was estimated to be less than 50 mature plants in 2006 (Jardim et al. 2006). The total estimated number of mature individuals is between 50 and 250. Both populations are far apart from each other, separated by dense urban areas and with no genetic exchange between them. They are therefore severely fragmented.The populations had a stable trend in the last 20 years but are undergoing extreme fluctuations. As an biennual or short perennial plant it undergoes fluctuations depending on the specific variation of climatic conditions. The fluctuations are becoming extreme as the conditions favourable for this species are also favourable for the invasive species which become more abundant and pose strong competition on the sites (J.A. Carvalho and F. Fernandes pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species is found on rocky slopes at the south coast of Madeira. It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Formerly, the plant was probably widespread along the southern coast which is now densely populated and also invaded by exotic species (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Major threats are the collection of this plant, urbanisation, waste disposal, roads, landslides and competition with exotic vegetation (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The two populations are located on very steep cliffs with a history of some large landslides that can affect the population size significantly and, therefore, the long term survival of the population. On the other hand, the location of these two populations on inaccessible places for humans reduces its chance to be affected by human activities.

conservationAction:
Andryala crithmifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Despite the need for taking steps to remove the exotic species, the steepness and instability of the cliffs makes it an extremely difficult task to carry out. Plants from the two populations are in cultivation (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Seeds have been collected along the cliffs and conserved in the seed bank of the Madeira Botanical Garden (Jardim et al. 2006) along with cultivation of plants in the Botanical Garden of Madeira (J.A Carvalho and F. Fernandes, unpublished data).


