# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
Radoman (1985) considered the species to be close to#Ohridohauffenia depressa, which is lives sympatrically within part of the range.

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohauffenia rotonda is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is restricted to a single site, Lake Ohrid, with an area of less than 358 km2. The quality of habitat has been decreasing due to pollution and habitat degradation. It is a rare species usually found in low density and restricted to the littoral zone between 0 and 3 m depth, where current threats are affecting its habitat.

range:
Ohridohauffenia rotonda is endemic to Lake Ohrid and thus only known in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is recorded on the south-eastern shore from Gorica Hill, near Ohrid town, to St. Naum (Radoman 1985) and from the north-west shore (Hauffe T. pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is only found in a few locations and mainly in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater species only found in edges of the lake in the littoral zone on banks and on stones.

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load changes the lake bed, smothering the rocks with cover of fine sediment. The water quality is also changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) leading to habitat degradation. As eutrophication continues, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod.#


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohauffenia sanctinaumi is considered to be Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is strictly restricted to the feeder spring system (three springs) on the edge of Lake Ohrid, where it is only found in low abundance and where the extraction of water, as well as pollution from the groundwater, aquaculture and solid waste, is leading to a decline in habitat.

range:
This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is found in   the Feeder springs (at St. Naum, Tusemista and Zagorican) on the south-east side of Lake  Ohrid, but not within the adjacent northern springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). In this area there are   a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from Lake Ohrid. As most of the springs come from the same ground-water sources they are considered as three locations.

population:
This species is found only in a few locations and mostly in low abundances.

habitat:
This species is restricted to springs adjacent to the shores on the south-east of Lake Ohrid and is mainly found on stones nearby direct spring effluents.

threats:
This species has a restricted range and is possibly threatened due to habitat degradation from extraction of domestic water and 'improvements' to habitats where it lives, in order to improve water quality for domestic use. In addition these springs are fed from groundwater sources that are linked to Lake Prespa where there is declining water quantity and quality.# In that lake, eutrophication due to waste water, fish breeding, tourism and waste disposal (Tusemista) is impacting water quality.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known forthis species, although in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM),  some sites are located in the Galicica National Park. Habitat monitoring would be recommended in order to evaluate changes in the status of this species. Information to increase awareness of the impact of regular cleaning of these sites and other forms of spring-site management on the species would be beneficial.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis lives below 25 m depth in Lake Ohrid and has not be found in recent intensive surveys since 2003.# However this may be related to sampling difficulties, as this species is sub-littoral, living at low abundance and is known to have a patchy distribution. Consequently the absence may be related to the sampling efficiency, and given the slow decline in habitat quality at depth in the lake it is classified as Data Deficient (DD) rather than Endangered.# Surveys are recommended to target this species in order to assess the current status.#

range:
Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which lies between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.   It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid between 25 and 40 m depth, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985).

population:
Despite recent surveys, this species has not been found since 2003 (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a sub-littoral species found through the sub-littoral zone of the lake below 25 m depth (Radoman 1983)

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. As surveys have not recorded this species is recent years, it is recommended that targeted surveys are conducted to assess the species status.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohoratia carinata is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is known from endemic to Lake Ohrid (one location, with an extent of occurrence of   358 km2) where the quality of habitat has been decreasing due to water pollution and sedimentation. It is restricted to the littoral zone between 0 and 3 m where current threats are most impacting this habitat in the lake.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found restricted to the rocky eastern and south-western shore.

habitat:
This species is resting on the stones in a narrow lacustrine belt at the south-eastern shore of the Lake.

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  #


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohoratia polinskii#is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only found in four locations. The habitat decline is related to the Albanian springs, which represent a small percentage of the total population, and the current level of threats are not likely to impact all the sub-populations within the near future unless the levels of pollution continue to increase. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the rate of decline in water quality or the water temperature changes significantly in Lake Ohrid.#

range:
This species in present in Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, near St Naum and in springs at St Naum (a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from the main lake (Radoman 1985). It is also recorded from Zagorican# (a group of springs about 2 km from lake with temperature of 12.5 °C) (Radoman 1985) and   Tušemišta     (a group of springs about 200 m from edge of Lake Ohrid).

habitat:
This species is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake near sublacustrine springs and cold water springs and lives on stones and rocks. This species needs a precise narrow water temperature range and has a low tolerance to temperature changes.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However these threats only appear to be impacting individuals in the Albanian springs, which represent only a small number of the total population.

conservationAction:
This species is present in the Galicica National Park in FYROM.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohoratia pygmaea is a locally abundant species in Lake Ohrid. The subpopulations suffering a decline are only those related to the Albanian springs, which represent a small percentage of the total population in the Ohrid catchment, but where water capture and pollution has lead to decline in habitat quality. However, the current level of threats are not likely to impact all the sub-populations within the near future, hence it is classified as Near Threatened, almost qualifying for B1. Should the quality of habitat decline in the Lake Ohrid, this species would qualify for an Endangered category.

range:
This species is endemic to Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is found along the edges of Lake Ohrid# and in adjacent springs at St. Naum (a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from Lake Ohrid) and Zagorican# (a group of springs about 2 km from lake with temperature of 12.5 °C) (Radoman 1985). Recent surveys were not able to find this species at the latter site, but did find it at Tusemista.

habitat:
It is found in springs and a freshwater lake, most abundantly in the Chara zone, as well as more sparsely on the sandy bottoms.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However these threats are only impacting individuals found in the Albanian springs, which represent only a small percentage of the total population.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Galicica National Park, and so part of the range is protected. Lake Ohrid is under a Memorandum of understanding for catchment management between Albania and FYROM. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ohridohoratia sturanyi##is considered as Near Threatened (NT), as although its restricted range falls under the criteria for Vulnerable D2, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly#impacting this species. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature change significantly or an invasive species impacts on this species.

population:
This is one of the most frequent and widespread #hydrobiids of Lake Ohrid.

habitat:
This species is found in the littoral zone of the lake, amongst the Chara meadows and on stones/rocks.

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.  #

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of five spring snails that described in this genus, and restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. It is most closely related to O. miladinovorum (Radoman 1985).

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohrigocea karevi is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the area of the lake it inhabits is only 358 km2, it is present only in one location and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species).

range:
Ohrigocea karevi is endemic to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid. It is restricted to sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985).

population:
This species is rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased frequency of fires in the region are threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) that coats the habitat where the species lives and feeds.  #

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species.#It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue. Monitoring of habitat quality (water, sedimentation) would assist in determining future trends for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of five spring snails that described in this genus, and is restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. It is most closely related to O. karevi (Radoman 1985).

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohrigocea miladinovorum is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2, and where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). As such this species is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Ohrigocea miladinovorum#is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid, where it is only found in the sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985).

population:
This species is rare in survey samples (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).#

habitat:
This species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed.

threats:
#The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased frequency of fire in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species.#It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank (2006, Fauna Europea project) list two synonyms: O.prlitchevi Had?i??e, 1959, and O.sandanskii Had?i??e, 1959. Bank in Fauna Europea is considering it as part of the Genus Ohrigocea, whereas other authors classified it into the Genus Dolapia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohrigocea ornata#is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of just 358 km2, and where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). As such this species is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid. It is restricted to sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985). #

habitat:
This species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed#(C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Pollution, from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake, is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which feed the aquifer of# Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in the lake (Matzinger et al. 2006). Increased frequency of fires in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation)#(C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of five spring snails described in this genus, and restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific.

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohrigocea samuili is endemic to the Lake Ohrid catchment, and hence is present only in one location (under 500km2) where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore classified as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) and could become more endangered if the rate of decline in water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.#Habitat monitoring is recommended to establish changes in habitat quality and the conservation status of this species.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It has a wider distribution range than other Ohrigocea species. #

population:
This species is not very abundant (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This species lives in a freshwater lake, where it prefers the rocky shores of the littoral zone.

threats:
Lake Ohrid is among the nutrient-poor (so called oligotrophic) lakes (Matzinger et al. 2006) and as such the species are adapted to these conditions. Recent surveys of the lake suggest that complete nutrient-enrichment (eutrophication) is taking place, from domestic water pollution and agricultural run-off.#In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.# Habitat monitoring is recommended to establish changes in habitat quality and the conservation status of this species.   #


taxonomicNotes:
This is one of five spring snails that is described in this genus and is restricted to Lake  Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Ohrigocea stankovici is endemic to Lake Ohrid#and to the feeder spring systems on the southern edge of the lake,#and hence is present only in four locations, where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore classified as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) and could become even more threatened if the rate of decline in water quality in the lake, the springs are disturbed or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, and to the feeder spring systems on the southern edge of the lake. It is found at four locations including the lake and three independent feeder spring systems. It has a wider distribution range in the catchment area than other species in the genus Ohrigocea.

habitat:
This freshwater species is found on hard substrates (stones and rocks) in lake margins and in springs.

threats:
Lake Ohrid is among the nutrient-poor (so-called oligotrophic) lakes (Matzinger et al. 2006) and as such the species are adapted to these conditions. Recent surveys of the lake suggest that complete nutrient-enrichment (eutrophication) is taking place from domestic water pollution and agricultural run-off.#In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod.   The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Galicica National Park. There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.################################


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described by Boeters and Falkner (2003), but Bertrand (2004) states it is hardly distinguished from P. vervierii.

redListCategoryRationale:
Palacanthilhiopsis margritae is restricted to a single location in southern France and given that this location is not really impacted by human activities, but there are future threats of water extraction, then the species is considered as Vulnerable (Vu D2).

range:
Palacanthilhiopsis margritae is known only from the type locality in department Ardèche, southern France.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited degrading habitats. However, this region of France is relatively free of human pressure.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii was originally listed as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996), using the IUCN Categories and Criteria version 2.3. It is now considered as Vulnerable B1ab(iii), as its extent of occurrence is 3015 km2, it is found in 6 locations and there is a continuing decline of the habitat quality.

range:
This species is endemic to France, known from the Departments of Ardeche and Gard.

conservationAction:
This is a nationally protected species. Its habitat (8310-4) is protected under the EU Habitat Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from Kephalonia and Levkada. There is a lack of information regarding the distribution, population habitat and threats of this species therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. Schütt (1980) listed it from the island of Kephalonia and Levkada.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, distribution, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there are no recent detail on the distribution, population or threats on this species.# Its status is uncertain and the species is then classified as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Paladilhiopsis bosniaca is listed as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is known from the Travnik area, however there is no recent detail on the distribution.

threats:
There are no data on threats to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research needs to be carried out on trends and status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are little data available on this species and as such the status is uncertain.# It is then listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

habitat:
This species inhabits in freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends and status.


taxonomicNotes:
Urbanski described buresi with a diacritic mark hence Bank (pers. comm., 2010) has pointed out that correct spelling according to ICZN Article 32.5.2# would be buresi not bureschi, so Paladilhiopsis bureschi should be corrected in Paladilhiopsis buresi.#

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhiopsis bureschi#is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), as it may be subject to the pollution caused by potential visitors to the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water source is modified in the future.#

range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria, known from a stream in Temnata Dupka cave at Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. The cave is about 800 m in length. Even though, the location of this site is only few kilometres outside  the dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region,  we considered this species to be Mediterranean, based on climatic and geological similarities of the region  with the Mediterranean.

habitat:
This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment). #

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are known for the area. Habitat should be monitor.

useAndTrade:
This species does not have any commercial use.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are currently listed for this species in Fauna Europea:Paladilhiopsis grobbeni#grobbeni (Kuscer, 1928)Paladilhiopsis grobbeni#anzeianum Schutt, 1962

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently regarded as Vulnerable D2, due to the restricted range (2 locations) and the possible threats to the locations from overabstraction of water, groundwater pollution and disturbance of the habitat.

range:
Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Croatia and Slovenia. #The type locality for this species was the cave Raja peč near Sevnica and springs in surroundings (Slapnik pers. comm. 2010), and it is believed to be restricted to these sites (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs and caves.

threats:
The major threat to the species is pollution of the groundwaters feeding the springs, with agricultural sources. A secondary threat may be the use of the cave for tourist purposes, with possible changes to the microhabitats to the cave.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Bole and Velkovhr 1986, Bole 1992) and later#assigned a status of# Vulnerable for the Slovenian Red List (Slovenian Gazette, September 2002).                Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status.#


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is found in only one spring location with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km². The species has not been collected in recent years, and there are some suggestions that it may be extinct as several of these springs have been dry at various periods since the 1980s. However, as Albrecht et al. (2006) point out, although there is strong evidence that to suggest that the species maybe extinct, more survey efforts need to be made at suitable times when the water levels are high to try to find this species and establish whether it has survived.The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), pending further data to confirm its status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)) Europe: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from spring on northeast side of Amitfea, Perama, sited on the northeast side of Lake Pamvotis, in the region of Epirus.            Szarowska and Falniowski (2004)  noted that this spring dried out at the beginning of the 1980s, although Peter Reischütz collected it in the late 1980s (Reischütz pers. comm. 2009, Reischütz, P.L. and Sattmann, H. 1990). Hence at this time the loss of this spring was not permanent. Regnier et al (2009) listed the species as extinct, based on the information from Szarowska and Falniowski (2004), however this was an error, as it has been recorded after they believed it had become extinct. Albrecht et al (2006) point out that there maybe some confusion in the locations for this species, and thus it could be suggested that inability to locate a certain species at one site is certainly no conclusive evidence for its extinction.

habitat:
It lives in the subterranean karstic caves associated with the springs along the northern shore of Lake Pamvotis (Schutt H. in Frogley and Preece 2007).

threats:
The major threats to this species have already caused its probable extinction. The springs where the species was originally found dried up in the late 1980s due to over-abstraction of water (Reischutz pers. comm. 2009). It has not been collected in recent years, however efforts need to be made at suitable times when the water levels are high to resurvey for this species to establish whether the species has survived.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed to confirm whether or not this species is extant. If the species is found to be extant then site and water management combined with communications to spring users are needed to ensure the habitat does not deteriorate further and the species does not become extinct.

redListAssessors:
Reischutz, P., Falniowski, A. Régnier, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single location in northern Greece. The species has not been seen during recent surveys at the site and# decline has been observed in another spring-snail species, Graecoanatolica macedonica,  at the site. Since no shells of this species have been recorded in the  last visits to the site (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010) and the other  adjacent springs have been observed to dry out, it may be that  fluctuating water levels due to abstraction and drought have caused the decline of the spring-snails at this site. On a precautionary basis this species has been listed as Critically Endangered, and urgent surveys are recommended to determine the current status of the species in the springs and in the surrounding groundwaters. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))EU27: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known only from springs at Agios Nikolaos near Naoussa (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). It is only known from these springs, and was never found in the adjacent springs close by (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There are no population data for this species, however Reischutz (pers. comm. 2010) reports that no shells were found on the last visit to the site in 2009 and other species present in the spring had undergone decline as well, and so a population decline is inferred.

habitat:
The species was found at freshwater springs. It may be restricted to these springs or may also be found in the the underlying subterranean waters feeding the springs.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain, although decline has been observed in other spring-snail species, Graecoanatolica macedonica, at the site, and no shells of this species have been recorded in the last visits to the site (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). As the other adjacent springs have been observed to dry out, it may be that fluctuating water levels due to abstraction and drought have caused the loss of the spring-snails at this site. The area is an important agricultural zone for fruit trees and the off-take for agriculture and pesticides may also have an impact on the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, distribution, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave and Underground Fauna (in press). However, at present there is no plausible threat to the site. Therefore this species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. If the habitat starts to decline, then the species would immediately qualify as Critically Endangered.

range:
Paladilhiopsis pretneri#is endemic to Croatia, where it is only found in one location, a cave system at Velika spilja iznad zaseoka Antunavici, at the edge of the Biokovo Nature Park.

habitat:
This species is present in freshwater subterranean habitats restricted to a cave system.

threats:
The site is close to a Natural Park, but doesn't lie within the protected area and there is little or no disturbance in the cave. There is a small village below the site, but it is not currently impacting the cave (Janzic pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. The conservation of this species at this site would be improved with an educational awareness campaign about the site and its importance for the species. A programme of systematic habitat monitoring to pick up changes in the micro-climate and changing habitat quality is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three subspecies known for this species:Paladilhiopsis robiciana robiciana Slovenia, ItalyPaladilhiopsis robiciana illustris CroatiaPaladilhiopsis robiciana kostanjevicae Slovenia, Croatia Paladilhiopsis robiciana trebnikanum Slovenia This species is possibly close to the limits for Vulnerable B2ab(iii),  as there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of  groundwaters and habitat monitoring and review of distribution of the  different subspecies would be recommended.

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhiopsis robiciana is considered Near Threatened in Italy, based on the limited range, small number of sites and no known threats. In Slovenia it is listed as Vulnerable. This species is a candidate for Vulnerable B2ab(iii), as there are several locations with possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters. No data is available on the subspecies distributions, but these may have a higher threat level, based on their more limited range.# If these subspecies are elevated to species during taxonomic review, then they should become candidates for a higher threat category. This species is possibly close to the limits for Vulnerable B2ab(iii),  as there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of  groundwaters. Habitat monitoring and review of distribution of the  different subspecies is recommended.

range:
Paladilhiopsis robiciana is recorded from Italy, Slovenia, Croatia.# In Italy it is found in the northeast of Italy, where it is recorded from 5 localities (Extent of occurrence of 400 km2), but some sites have multiple outflows. All localities have been surveyed in last 40 years, as the species was first recognised in Italy in 1973. In Slovenia, it is recorded from the springs in northwest Slovenia. One subspecies is known from Croatia.

threats:
The major threats to this species are overabstraction of water during the summer periods, causing a drop in the water table and degradation of habitats through temporary drying.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation  action plans known, however habitat monitoring is recommended.# This species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy, based on limited range and a small number of sites but there are no known threats. In Slovenia, one subspecies (P. robiciana kostanjevicae) is present in the River Krka catchment, which is a  Natural Monument. According to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka  River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72  and ) is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area   potential Site of Conservation Interest.##

redListAssessors:
Cianfanelli, S., Slapnik, R., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Lajtner, J. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is viewed as Near Threatened (NT), as it is known from two locations, separated by about 200 km, and where at present there are no significant threats to the locations. However if tourism at Durmitor starts to impact the site, then the species will qualify for Endangered (B2ab(iii)) if shown to be one species, and the sub-population at Durmitor Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii)) if shown to be a distinct species.# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) as neither of the countries of occurrence are members of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).If subsequent research on these two sub-populations shows that both are distinct species, then the assessment would be Near Threatened (NT) for both species at the Global, European and Mediterranean levels.

range:
This species was found in former 'Yugoslavia' in Durmitor Mountains, now Montenegro. It was originally only present in one temporary cold water spring. However, Feher and Eross (2009) have recorded the species from an additional site in Albania, and these records have been confirmed by Bodon, but the record is based on shell characters only.

habitat:
This species is found in temporary cold water springs. The sub-population in Albania is found in a spring in a karst area in a cave.

threats:
The spring in Durmitor Mountains is frequently visited by tourists, however, there is currently little impact on the site. This is in a National Park, and the site is protected. In Albania, the spring is inside a karst area, within a cave. This cave is not used by tourists and has no known threats.

conservationAction:
Further research is required on the taxonomic status of both subspecies, as the range is disjunct. Habitat monitoring to establish potential future threats at either site is recommended, as this would require a revised conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhiopsis solida#is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank#et al, 2006; Fauna Europea), and Croatia (Sket pers.comm. 2010). However, there are no recent data on distribution, population status and trends or threats to the species and as such it is not possible to make a conservation assessment for this species. This species is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Paladilhiopsis solida is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina# (Bank et al, 2006; Fauna Europea) and is known from Herzegovina near Mostar and Popovo polje and near Split (Croatia) (Sket pers.comm. 2010).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation action plans in place for this species. Population trends, distribution and threats need to be researched.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is currently listed from the region of  Montenegro, but there is  no current data on the threats to this species and it is possibly more widespread, so it is therefore considered that this  species should be listed as Data deficient,  pending a review of the  taxonomic status and distribution. It is known at present from a single location, the groundwater system underlying the Tara Valley, and hence it could qualify as Vulnerable D2 or Critically Endangered, if the threats and range were investigated further.

range:
Paladilhiopsis tarae is listed by Bank et al. (2006; #Fauna Europea) as an endemic species for Montenegro. Vladimir Pesic notes that this is a groundwater species, found in the canyon of river Tara.

population:
There is no recent data on population status for this species.

habitat:
This species is present in karstic groundwater water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).

threats:
There is no recent data on threats to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions specific for this species, although the only known site lies in a protected area.A r eview of the taxonomic status and distribution is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhiopsis thessalica#is endemic to Greece (Bank#et al. 2006) where it has been recorded from three springs, two sites closely located and another one further south-west. #It is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis, using the current distributional data, as there is a threat from water abstraction in this tourist area, although it is possible that it is more widely present, with little recording effort in this region.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)

range:
Paladilhiopsis thessalica is endemic to Greece (Bank et al. 2006). #The species was described from springs at Agia Paraskevi, close to Tempe and later recorded from springs at Pyrgetos (Schütt 1980).#The Tempe valley is 10 km long and as narrow as 25 m in places, with cliffs nearly 500 m high, the#Pineios River flows down it. #The springs at Pyrgetos lie south-west of Thessalonkii, on the slopes of Mount Olympus.

habitat:
#This species inhabits freshwater springs.

threats:
One spring lies in the tourist valley of Tempe, and as such, water resources are under pressure from abstraction for human use.# Furthermore there are pressues, as there are a lot of human activities requiring the use of water, such as agriculture, forestry, stock farming, hunting and recreation, and as such there is considerable pressure on water stocks (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
Τhe village of Pyrgetos and Ag. Paraskevi (valley of Tempi) are parts of the protected sites GR1420001 “Kato Olympos” and GR1420002 “Delta Pineiou-Tempi” of Natura 2000 network, however there are no conservation actions in place for this species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). Research is needed on the distribution and population of this species as there has been little recording effort in this region, and the species may be present in more sites than currently known. Due to the pressure from water abstraction in the area habitat monitoring is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a range restricted species, found in a small region of Italy, but common in the area and considered to be Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy and is found in the alpine regions of Veneto and Lombardy, where it is locally common and some sites have multiple outflows.

population:
No data on populations trends are available, however, this is a locally common species.

habitat:
This species lives in groundwaters in karst. Some sites have multiple outflows. It feeds using scrapers.


taxonomicNotes:
According# to Szarowska (2006) this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica malaprespaensis (Mikri Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica macedonica (Prespa Lake), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella (Radoman 1973), which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece where it is described from only one location and has a extent of occurrence of 39 km². There is a decline in habitat quality and extent in relation to pollution (from agriculture and mining) and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)).

range:
This species is only found in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. The surface of this lake has been reduced from 55 km² in the 1950s to 39 km² in 2007 (Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This is not a common species and the current population trends are unknown (Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species lives in the littoral zone of the freshwater lake where it is found on hard substrates (rocks and stones).

threats:
Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening Parabythinella graeca, which lives in the littoral zone of a large freshwater lake. Water abstraction for filling the reservoir of a hydro-power plant is also resulting in additional major fluctuations of the water level (up to 30 m) (Skoulikidis et al. 2008). Run-off from mining in the south reaches the lake through the river Pentavrisos, carrying heavy metals and sediments. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail.

conservationAction:
The distribution of this species lies within a protected area, as Lake Vegoritis is included in the Natura 2000 network (site GR1340004-Limnes Vegoritida-Petron) (Radea pers. comm. 2010). However, at present there is    no species-specific conservation action in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides used for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Measures also need to be taken to reduce the contamination resulting from the open cast mining.


taxonomicNotes:
According# to Szarowska (2006) this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica malaprespaensis (Malo Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica graeca (Vegoritis), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella Radoman, 1973, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)), as it is endemic to the Prespa Lake (shared by Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece), the extent of occurrence is 254 km² and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution.This species has also been assessed at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (i.e. looking only at the situation in Greece): The species' area of occupancy is less than 10 km², it is known only from the lake (one location) and there is a continuing decline of the habitat quality. Even though immigration from sub-populations in Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) might be possible through passive dispersion (water birds), it is expected that this immigration will decrease, as the conditions are worsening in all the species range. There are no information on the sub-population dynamic and therefore no change in the regional category is applied. The species qualifies for Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) at the regional level.

range:
Parabythinella macedonica is endemic to Lake Prespa, found in Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece. The main distribution is found on the western shore of the lake.

population:
The species is generally relatively common in the lake. Inter-annual population fluctuations are known for species of Marstoniopsis (Falniowski and Wilke 2001) and may also apply to this species (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This freshwater species lives along the littoral zone on rocky shores within the lake.

threats:
The major threats to this species are habitat loss due to abrupt drop of water level (of several metres), caused by excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers. These water levels changes impact Parabythinella macedonica which is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake. Pollution caused by intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake.    In addition, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, whic h are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.


taxonomicNotes:
According# to Szarowska, 2006 this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica macedonica (Lake Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica graeca (Vegoritis), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella Radoman, 1973, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Parabythinella malaprespensis is#only known from a single lake with a small extent of occurrence (under 100 km2)#which has been declining in size and in the habitat quality due to over abstraction of water and eutrophication. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii) and at present there are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.#

range:
Parabythinella malaprespensis is restricted to the small Prespa Lake (Mikri Prespa) between Albania and Greece. Recent surveys have not found this species in the Albanian part of the lake, however this was the type locality, so the species was present in the Albania during Radoman's surveys in the 1980's, suggesting that the extent of occurrence has decreased in the last 30 years.#

population:
This is a rare species that was previously more common and more widely distributed.

habitat:
This species lives in the littoral zone of large freshwater lakes, where it is found on hard substrates like stones and rocks.

threats:
Habitat loss due to the abrupt drop in water level (of several metres) caused by excessive abstraction of water for agriculture coupled with low inflow from the catchment due to extremely dry summers, is the major threat to this littoral species. In addition, pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no targetted conservation actions in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertiliser, pesticide and herbicide use for agriculture purposes needs to be drastically reduced.#  #


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a range restricted species, found in a small region of central Italy, however it is found to be common in the area and considered to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List. Although there maybe localised future threats to sub-populations within the region, at present the species is considered stable, although habitat monitoring would be recommended to establish changes to the sites that may impact the species, especially if exploitation of the water sources continues over the next few decades.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is widespread but local in the Appenninic regions of Abruzzo, Marche, Campania and Lazio.# It is known from at least 26 locations in the region,

habitat:
This species inhabits spring waters where it feeds using scrapers.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally synonymised with Peringia ulvae. Falkner et al. (2002) reviewed the status and considered that it should be#regarded as a valid species.#

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been recently revalidated, but its population size,  population trends, threats and extent of occurrence are still unclear.  It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: The formal  assessment for France would be Vulnerable D2, as it occurs only in restricted area in Corsica. However, due to the misidentification issues, this species is classified as Data Deficient (DD).# European regional assessment: The formal  assessment for France would be Vulnerable D2, as it occurs  only in restricted area in Corsica. However, due to the  misidentification issues, this species is classified as Data Deficient  (DD).# Mediterranean regional assessment: This species has been recently revalidated, but its population size, population trends, threats and extent of occurrence are still unclear. There are old records from Algeria and France, however the north African records require review, and the Corsican records whilst validated, may be under-recorded. The specie sis therefore also considered as Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean level.

range:
This species is present in Algeria and France (Corsica) (Falkner et al. 2002). It has been misidentified with Peringia ulvae and therefore its actual distribution is unclear. #It is present in at least 3 locations on Corsica, but due to misidentification issues, it maybe more widespread (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species lives in coastal freshwater and brakish waters.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, the population trends and the distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Peringia ulvae, more widely known as Hydrobia ulvae,#is a widespread species found along the Atlantic coast, from Scandinavia into the Gulf of Bothnia and south to Morocco. It is locally abundant where present, with millions of individuals in brackish estuaries where it is found in the shallow muddy substrates. The conservation status of this species is Least Concern (LC), although as#it is a major food-source for wading birds it is listed on some countries Biodiversity Action Plans to recognise this important function. This species has also been assessed at a regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Least Concern (LC).

range:
This is a widespread species found along the Atlantic coast, from Scandinavia, and into the Gulf of Bothnia, along the coast (Belgium, Netherlands and the UK and Ireland), south to the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and to Morocco. The presence in the Mediterranean has been reported widely, but there are taxonomic issues with species that have been synominised and then spilt again (e.g. Peringia mabilli) so the distribution in the Mediterranean is less clear.

population:
There is no detailed population data available for this species, but the species is generally abundant throughout the range, although it is a species that has flutuations in population numbers.

habitat:
This species lives in coastal freshwaters and brackish waters, usually on muddy substrates at the shallow edges and in brackish water parts of large estuaries.

threats:
The main threats to this species would be very localised and include habitat changes to tidal areas, such as construction of tidal barrages and oil pollution from ships using ports.

conservationAction:
This species is a major food source for wading birds and consequently it is listed on some countries Biodiversity Action Plans to recognise this important function. No conservation measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pezzolia radapalladis is a small spring-snail which lives in the groundwaters in a karstic region in a small coastal area in the region of Liguria, in Italy.# It is known from three locations, one of which has multiple outflows. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in water abstraction for domestic supplies (habitat degradation). it is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is found at three locations: three valleys in the region of Liguria (Rapallo, Camogli and Avegno), all within 10 km² (Bodon et al. 2001).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. The exact status of population is unknown, although the species has been collected on a regular basis from outflows in the area of Rapallo.

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found in groundwater and springs.

threats:
The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources) and over abstraction of water for domestic supplies. Some of the outflow points may be disturbed during improvement for the off-take of water (habitat degradation)#(Ruffo and Stoch 2006, Manganelli#et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
Pezzolia radapalladis is not a protected species in Italy, but one site lies in a protected area. There is a WWF document promoting the conservation of the region, which includes this species, as a notable species requiring protection (WWF 2009). More research on the trends of the population and the habitat is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy, but is borderline for this status, and could be considered Least Concern given the range and number of localities. At present, a precautionary attitude to risk is taken, and the species is assessed as Near Threatened (B2biii), based on the degradation of habitats with the major threats from pollution and overabstraction of water. #Should the number of known sites increase in the region or the rate of impact of the known threats decelerate then the species may qualify for Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of western Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The range lies close to the Slovenia border, but there are no records listed, it is thought to be endemic to Italy. It is recorded from 12 localities in the region.

habitat:
This species can be found in groundwaters of karst regions.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known although the species is listed as#Near Threatened in Italian Red List (Manganelli et al, 2001). It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Plagigeyeria deformata is considered as a valid species, but has never been collected alive, so the genus name is uncertain.

redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria deformata is only known from the type locality in the Rhone Valley, France, where it is found in subterranean habitats. This cave system is vulnerable to water pollution (domestic sewage, nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). In the future, lack of water in the aquifer changing habitats and ranges may be another threat as the aquifers become overexploited. The species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).

range:
This species is restricted to the Rhône valley, southern France. It is only known from one aquifer, on each side of the Rhône river.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic sources #(sewage and run-off) or agricultural#sources#(nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). Lack of water in the aquifer changing habitats and ranges maybe another threat if the aquifers become overexploited.

conservationAction:
It is protected by law in France. More research on taxonomy and population size and trends is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria edlaueri is recorded from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank#et al, 2006; Fauna Europea), and Croatia (Sket  pers.comm. 2010). However there are no recent data on distribution, population status and trends or threats to the species and as such it  is not possible to make a conservation assessment for this species. If the range is confirmed as widespread between these points, the species will qualify as Least Concern. At the moment, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Plagigeyeria edlaueri is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between Metković and Bileća (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends, distribution, taxonomy and threats.


taxonomicNotes:
There are 2 described subspecies: the nominate form lives probably in Serbia, and the subspecies procerulus lives in Bulgaria.

redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria gladilini is present in at least two site in the region, and is considered as Vulnerable D2, as one of these sites may be subjected to the pollution caused by future visitors of the cave. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future. The status of the populations are the other site is unknown.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Mediterranean regional assessment: As one of the sites is probably present within the Mediterranean biogeographical region, is considered as Vulnerable D2, as one of these sites may be subjected to the pollution caused by future visitors of the cave, and given the pressures on water supplies it is probably declining in quality of habitat. This decision has been taken based on climatic and geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.EU 27 regional assessment: This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU) D2

range:
This species is known to live at least in 2 locations, one in Bulgaria, and the second one is the former Yugoslavia, probably in Serbia. The status in Montenegro (Fauna Europea, 2006) is uncertain.

population:
There are no data present on the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).

threats:
In Bulgaria, one site is considered as possibly threatened, as it is in a tourist area, and it is thought to be susceptible to pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures known for the species in Bulgaria. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria klemmi is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and although the species is protected in Croatia, there are no known  conservation actions and further data is required on distributions and  threats to make a fresh conservation assessment. Therefore this species is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as neither country where the species is present is a member of the European Union.

range:
Plagigeyeria klemmi is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, however there is little data on modern distributions (Bank et al. 2006).

habitat:
This species is reported from freshwater springs.

threats:
As there is little data on modern distributions, the threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Croatia, however there are no known conservation actions. Further data is required on distributions and threats to make a fresh conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD), at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species was described from the 'former country of Yugoslavia" and its current status is uncertain. Further data is required on its range.

population:
There is no recent population trend data for this species.

threats:
As the current range of the species is unknown, we cannot establish the threats for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known actions for this species. Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria montenigrina#is endemic to Montenegro. It is known only from the type locality, a spring in Obodska Pećina cave close to Skadar Lake, with threats of groundwater pollution that are operating at the site. #The presence at a single site and the threats to this site merit a high listing for the species. #However, should other sites be found then the listing would need review. It is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Plagigeyeria montenigrina is#endemic to Montenegro, known only from the type locality, a spring in Obodska Pećina cave near Rijeka Crnojevića, area of Skadar Lake. #Not found in recent surveys in the springs of the surrounding areas (Pesic pers. comm. 2009)

threats:
Seepage of waste water into underground waters that are the habitats for this species.

conservationAction:
Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that are impacting this species as well as further survey data on the population status.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria mostarensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea), known only from springs just south of Mostar. There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species, and as such it could be listed as Data Deficient or Vulnerable D2.# Given the lack of specific data on threats it is left as Data Deficient pending additional information.

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea), known only from springs Buna and Bunica, south of Mostar.

habitat:
There is no information on habitat for this species.

threats:
There are no information on the threats for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures. more research on the population, distribution and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies recognised for Plagigeyeria nitida:Plagigeyeria nitida#nitida Bosnia and Herzegovina and CroatiaPlagigeyeria#nitida angelovi Croatia

redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria nitida#is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no recent information on the status or threats for the entire species. However there are threats to the subspecies#Plagigeyeria nitida angelovi#found at one site in Croatia. #This subspecies has been listed as Critically Endangered (B2abiii) in Croatia, as result of loss of groundwater supply as well as pollution.

range:
This species is restricted to Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. There are two subspecies currently recognised:Plagigeyeria nitida#nitida known from hinterland of Metković in Bosnia  Hercegovina and Croatia.Plagigeyeria#nitida angelovi is#restricted to#Croatia, where it is restricted to the Ombla source (rivers Dubrovnik) in Dubrovnik (Schutt 1972, 2000; Bole and Velkovrh 1986 cited in Croatian Red List, 2010, in press)

population:
There are no data available on population trends.

habitat:
This species inhabits in freshwater karst cave habitats.#The only detailed information from Croatia is for the subpecies from Ombla, where it is not known whether species inhabit the fast-flowing cave streams or stagnant waters (Slapnik pers. comm. 2010)

threats:
No threat information are available for this species, however the subspecies angelovi is threatened at the Ombla site. Hydroelectric operations in the area of Popov fields have decreased the flow of underground water and there is a threat to groundwater pollution with contamination from waste water and solid and liquid municipal waste, due to landfill in the area.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. This species requires more research on population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. Further research is required to enable a full conservation assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD), at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species was described by Bole and Velkovrh (1987) from the former country of Yugoslavia, and the current status is unknown. Further data is required on the range.

threats:
As the current range is unknown, it is not possible to establish threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Plagigeyeria#Tomlin, 1930 was a replacement name for Geyeria Wagner, 1914, non Buchecker#et al.#1876. It was originally listed as#Geyeria plagiostoma Wagner, 1914.#

redListCategoryRationale:
There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species and as such, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD). #If the species is found to be restricted to Vrelo Bosna, then a higher threat status should be considered for this species.

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there is no detailed information on current distribution. Wagner described it from type locality of Bosna springs. The spring, Vrelo Bosne, is at the#foothills#of the Mount#Igman, on the outskirts of#Sarajevo (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is no data on recent population trends

habitat:
This species is known to to be a freshwater spring snail.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. This species requires more research on population trends, distribution and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina,  and there are two subspecies known, one from Croatia and the other from  Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Full details on the distribution are uncertain and although the species is listed on the Croatian List of Threatened Species there are no known actions for this species. Further data is  required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution,  population trends and threats. The species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as neither country where the species is present is a member of the European Union.

range:
This species was described from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there are two subspecies known, one from Croatia and the other from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

population:
There is no known data on population trends of this species.

habitat:
This is thought to be a species found in freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Croatian List of Threatened Species, however there are no known actions for this species. Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria stochi is endemic to Italy where it is specifically found in the alpine region of western Friuli-Venezia Giulia where it is found in subterranean groundwaters. This species is considered Vulnerable D2, as it is threatened by its restricted range and potentially degradation of the habitat, as living in groundwaters the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution. No conservation measures have been implemented although the species is listed nationally as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia.# It is only known from a small area, c. 25 km x 15km where it is recorded at three locations.

habitat:
This small freshater species is found in groundwaters in rocks.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006).#                 Living in subterranean habitats which are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.    (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No species-specific conservation measures are known. The species was considered to be Near Threatened for the Red List of Italy. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas, however habitat monitoring would be recommended for this species.

redListAssessors:
Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Cianfanelli, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria tribunicae is endemic to Bosnia  Herzegovina. There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species, and as such it could be listed as Data deficient.# However the species is restricted to the type locality, which is now below the man-made lake, and the species status is  uncertain (Sket 2010 pers. comm.), so this species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

range:
Plagigeyeria tribunicae was described in early 1980's from the cave Dejanova pećina in Bileća, E Hercegovina, and#is endemic to Bosnia Hercegovina (Sket, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends.

habitat:
This species is believed to be a freshwater spring-snail.

threats:
The only known locality is now below the man-made lake, and as such the springs where the species may have been recorded have been destroyed, and the species status is uncertain (Sket, 2010 pers. comm.).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for this species. Survey work is required to establish whether the species is still present at springs around the last known location, and if refound then monitoring will be required and possibly site protection.


taxonomicNotes:
There are four subspecies known for#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#in addition to the nominate race: Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#pageti Schutt, 1960;#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#vitoja Reischutz #Reischutz, 2008,#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#zetadidyma Schutt, 1960. Most of these subspecies are restricted to single sites in Montenegro, although one P. z.#zetatridyma#Schutt, 1960 extends to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

redListCategoryRationale:
Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona has 3 subspecies, in addition to the nominate race. Most of these are only known from their type locality (single sites), and as such total range for the species is still restricted (under 5 locations). #The major threats to these springs#are that the sources are captured; infiltration of waste water from the local industry in the upper part of the river Zeta and influence of hydro-power on the regulating water flow in middle and downstream part of the river. The species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona occurs in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most of these subspecies (Plagigeyeria z. pageti, Plagigeyeria z.vitoja) are restricted to Montenegro, although one P. z. zetatridyma Schutt, 1960 extends to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona zetaprotogona is restricted to Montenegro, known only from the type locality (source of river Zeta near Tunjevo village). The Zeta River is the most significant tributary of the Morača. The Perućica#Hydroelectric power plant#near Nikšić #uses the waters of the Zeta River to generate power. After that, the river#meanders#through the#Bjelopavlići Valley, until it empties into the Morača a few miles north of Podgorica.#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#is restricted to the spring at Vitoja.#

population:
In one of the sites, Vitoja spring,#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#is frequently obtained in samples, and as such is not rare although the population trend is not known.

habitat:
This species inhabits in springs which flows directly out of the ground, the water directly forming a stream (rheocrenic springs) and it may be present in subterranean areas as well.

threats:
One of the sites (Zeta spring) has been captured. #In the upper part of river Zeta, the Perućica#Hydroelectric power plant#near Nikšić #uses the waters of the Zeta River to generate power#which greatly influenced water level regime in the summer period (Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona zetadidyma).#Additional problems come from waste water from the city polluting groundwater. #For the other subspecies#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#the spring is planned to be capture for local drinking (Vitoja).#No information is present for the third site.

conservationAction:
Ecosystem management projects are being implemented in the Skadar lake.#On-going transboundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. Habitat should be monitor.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from a single location in Spain,  and could be threatened, however the lack of data on its distribution and threats to  these sites, suggests the species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD),  pending better information on these aspects. If it is shown to  be restricted to a single site the species may qualify for Vulnerable or  even Critically Endangered depending on the severity of the threats.

range:
This recently described species is currently only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring at Zaspi-Iturieta, Amezqueta, Guipúzcoa in northern Spain.

threats:
The threats to the species are unknown, although possible threats include over-exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwater.

conservationAction:
There are currently no known conservation actions, however further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species and threats are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from a single location in Spain, and could be threatened, however the lack of data on its distribution and threats to these sites, suggests the species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better information on these aspects. If it is shown to be restricted to a single site the species may qualify for Vulnerable or even Critically Endangered depending on the severity of the threats.

range:
This recently described species can be found in north-eastern Spain where it is currently only known from the type locality Cueva de Allí, Allí, Larraún, Navarra [UTM: WN903602, 630 m ASL].

habitat:
This species is found in a freshwater spring in a cave.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, although possible threats include over-exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwater.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known, although the species is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Arconada et al. 2009). Further information is required on threats and population status in order to determine the status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pontobelgrandiella nitida is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is endemic to Bulgaria, known only from 2 sites and it may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.

range:
Pontobelgrandiella nitida is endemic to Bulgaria and is restricted to 2 freshwater springs, one in Polaten and the second in Glozhene in the district of Teteven in Bulgaria (Stara Planina Mountains).#Even though, the location of the 2 sites where this  species is present are only few kilometres outside the border of the  Mediterranean biogeographical region, this  species is considered here as Mediterranean . This decision has  been taken based on climatic and geological similarities of the region  with the Mediterranean.

population:
There is no data present on the population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are known for the area. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe and is on the increase in all suitable habitats. It is an introduction, through  the movement of ballast water in ships, and originated in New Zealand, and as such is listed as Not Applicable (NA) at the European level, the level of the 27 member states of the European Union and at the Mediterranean level.

range:
This species is widespread in Europe. It is an introduction, through the movement of ballast water in ships, and originated in New Zealand. Bank et al. (2006) now recognise the species in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine and Bulgaria.

population:
A species on the increase in all suitable habitats. In some regions in Spain the species is described as a pest (Soler et al.  2006). A species as prolific as this has potential to be a biofouler at  facilities drawing from infested waters (D.V.Damme pers. comm. 2011).  Abundant populations of introduced P. antipodarum may also outcompete other grazers and inhibit colonization by other macroinvertebrates (Kerans et al. 2005). In Europe, P. antipodarum causes declines in species richness and abundance of native snails in constructed ponds (Strzelec 2005). Data on this species is present on many web-sites dealing with invasive species

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in lakes, ponds, rivers, lagoons, canals, estuaries, ditches, water tanks and reservoirs and can tolerate saline water (up to 26 psu). It can withstand poor water conditions, is found in turbid or clear water and can live in sewage.

threats:
An invasive species that potentially threatens other species in similar habitats and tolerates poor water quality, so no threats in all regions.

conservationAction:
An invasive species that potentially threatens other species in similar habitats and tolerates poor water quality, so no conservation actions in any regions.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies close to a sister species Prespolitorea valvataeformis Radoman 1973, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater Lake Prespa.

redListCategoryRationale:
Prespolitorea malaprespensis is described from only one location and has a extent of occurrence of less than 100 km² and there is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (B1ab(ii,iii)). There are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.

range:
Prespolitorea malaprespensis is restricted to the smaller Prespa Lake, Mikri Prespa, between Albania and Greece. Recent surveys have only found it in within the Greek part of the lake (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This littoral species lives on the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline of the lake.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. As a consequence, the type locality, on the Albanian side, has been converted to land. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.  An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies close to a sister species Prespolitorea malaprespaensis Radoman 1973, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater Lake Mikri Prespa.

redListCategoryRationale:
Prespolitorea valvataeformis is described from only one location, a freshwater lake,# with an AOO of less than 10 km2 and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and over-abstraction of water, changing the habitats along the lake shoreline where the species lives. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is restricted to the Prespa Lake, between Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece.

habitat:
This littoral species lives on the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)  and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to France, where it is listed on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) as present in the department of Var, but with no locality or date. More data is  required on the populations, distribution, habitats and threats, in  order to make a conservation assessment of the taxon, hence it is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is listed on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) as present in the department of Var, but with no locality or date.

habitat:
The habitats are not known for this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. More data is required on the populations, distribution, habitats and threats, in order to make a conservation assessment of the taxon.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania where it is restricted to a few springs around a lake. The lake is used as a resort, and as such there is a possibility that there has been some off-take of water, and therefore on a precautionary basis the species is assessed as Vulnerable D2, pending a full assessment of the impact of water off-take on the habitats and hence species as well as fuller resurveys to establish whether it is more widespread around the lake.The species is also assessed at regional level:European regional assessment:#Vulnerable D2

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it has only been collected from the freshwater springs of Techirghiol Lake, where it seems to be a rare species as there are only a small number of samples.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs around a lake. #The lake is highly saline and is used as a resort for health visitors taking the waters.

threats:
There is no data on the threats to this site or species, however the#the lake is used as a resort for health visitors taking the waters, so it is possible that the water supplies for the hotels use the spring for water or the groundwaters supplying the springs, and as such the species may be vulnerable to over abstraction of water from the springs or their feeder sources.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed on the distribution and impact of the off-take of water #to this species as this is currently unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from a single locality on Mallorca (Balaeric Islands, Spain), and so is a candidate for a threatened category, however, the range of the species has only recently been established and the population trends and threats remain uncertain so currently it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research.

range:
This recently described species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location - Brunnen in Deia, Mallorca 39.746°north, 2.649°east (Beckmann 2007).

population:
This species was recently described so the population trends are not known.

threats:
The species is recently described and the threats to the site are unknown.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this recently described species. Further research is required on the distribution, population status and threats to the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Crete (Kriti), Greece. There is no recent data on the distribution, populations or threats to this species, hence it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). The are no known conservation actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete (Kriti), Greece. There is no recent data on the specific distribution of this species.

population:
The population trends for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.

habitat:
The habitats for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.

threats:
The threats for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.

conservationAction:
The are no known conservation actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the population trend, distribution, and threats are required to make a revised conservation assessment and determine conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to four sites on the island of#Chios, and as such has a restricted range with threats of over-abstraction of water, as well as increased frequency of droughts reducing recharge to the springs, hence it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2). Further research is  needed to get better data on population trends, distribution and# threats, and habitat  monitoring is required to establish whether the species merits a  higher threatened listing.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the island of Chios (Schütt 1980). Schütt (1980) recorded it from 4 spring sites on the island (Berg Elias, Kipperi, Thimiana, Wikion).

threats:
No specific threats are known to these sites, however, springs are vulnerable to exploitation for water sources for villages, and increased frequency of drought has an impact with the loss of springs in the region.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Further research is needed to get better data on population trends, distribution and threats. Habitat monitoring is required# to establish whether the species merits a higher threatened listing.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no recent data on range, population trends or threats to this species. Therefore it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. More research on population, distribution and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Giusti, Managanelli and Schembi (1995) considered the Croatian and Italian sub-populations to be distinct species. There is doubt about the identity of the sub-populations from Puglia.#

redListCategoryRationale:
There is considerable confusion in the literature about the identity of Pseudamnicola conovula, and the identity of the Italian and Croatian species (See Falkner and Boeters 2003 for a discussion). #For the purpose of this threatened species assessment, this species assessment is for the populations of 'Pseudamnicola conovula' found in region of Pag, Croatia.#There are a few springs containing this species, and these are under pressure from water abstraction, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2, on a precautionary basis, however, the listing requires review, once a taxonomic revision of this group has been undertaken.

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Croatia. #At present, this assessment follows the species concept of Giusti#et al#(1995) who considered the Croatian populations to be#Pseudamnicola conovula and the other records from Italy a different species. #Hence#this species is considered to be endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the island of Pag; #it has since been recorded from other springs close by, on the Island of Cres, Krk and Rab (Radoman, 1985).# There is some uncertainty about the validity of some records #attributed to this species, as some literature cites records from the Vjosa River, Albania (Bequiraj et al, online paper: http://www.balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1190.pdf). Other records include Dolines in Apulia, Italy (Ariani et al, 2000).

habitat:
This species is thought to inhabit freshwater springs.

threats:
These springs are under pressure from water abstraction on the subpopulations on the island of Pag.

conservationAction:
The species is found in freshwater springs which are not protected habitats in Croatia. If it is shown to be restricted to Croatia, a programme of habitat protection might be required, give the levels of water abstraction in the region.                 Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status and taxonomic research to determine the nature of the other island populations.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of the species requires review, as it is only known from a few records.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it is listed for the River Danube, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.The species is also assessed regionally as:European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Romania where it is only known from the River#Danube in Sulina area (station 153, PhD. Rodica Leonte; Ciocou, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
The habitat of this species is Riverine, and according to Ciobiou (pers. comm., 2010) it is found both in fresh and brackish water ecosystems.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, but there is a lack of information relating to its population, habitat and threats, therefore it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the population, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudamnicola#falkneri is endemic to Spain. On the updated Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) the species was#placed as Data Deficient (DD) by Arconada et al. (2009). However it is included as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii), D2) on the Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) because of its fragmented distribution area, as it restricted to 2 springs northeast of Granada (type locality).# Published data shows that it is present at two more locations, one spring in Sierra de Castril and another in Albacete province. Current surveys (ongoing) have extended the number of known locations (Delicado, Ramos and Machordom, unpublished, 2010) with 1 additional location in Grenanda (with 5 springs around Orce, Granada), 3 additional spring sites in the Sierra de Castril (Granada), 2 more localities in the province of Albacete and one locality in the province of Almería, a new record for this province. This brings the total number of locations to 11, scattered over a wide area. However, as many of these small freshwater springs are currently exploited, and given that the species is close to meeting the threshold for Vulnerable over its range, it has been listed as Near Threatened (NT B2b(iii)).# A loss at any one of these locations would# lead to the species meeting the Vulnerable category.

range:
This species is endemic to southern Spain, where it is known from the Provinces of Albacete and Granada (Boeters 1970, 1988). In Granada it is recorded from Cerro de la Virgen between Galera and Orce (2 springs; Type locality) and Fuente de los dos Caños (Valle del río Castril) and the Fuente en la Ermita de las Santas. This species is also known# from one spring in Sierra de Castril and one in Albacete province.  Current studies in progress (Delicado, Ramos and Machordom, unpublished) have recorded the species in 5 springs around Orce (Granada), 3 more springs in sierra de Castril (Granada), 2 more localities in Albacete and one locality in Almería.

population:
There is no data on population status for this species, but it has been recorded during surveys in the last 10 years.

habitat:
Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) falkneri is found in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation. They are fragile ecosystems placed in very arid areas with scarce water resources and intensive agriculture.

threats:
The 3 spring-sites in Andalucia  are found in fragile ecosystems due to the arid environment and the scarcity of domestic water (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). These  features, along with the increased intensity of agriculture with the off-take of water for irrigation, are placing pressure on these populations.# The major threats lie in 'cleaning’ vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats, and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs. #In addition pollution of the water source from agricultural sources from the fields around the villages is a marginal threat. There is a possibility that the sites are vulnerable to stochastic events such as fires causing increased sediment loads or road accidents causing pollution events adjacent to the spring sites. The sites adjacent to roads are also vulnerable to road widening schemes.

conservationAction:
The species is currently listed as Vulnerable in the Province of Andalucia and Data Deficient in the National Red List.# It lives in freshwater in springs close to human habitation, which are sources of domestic water for these villages.# The major threats lie in 'cleaning’ vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats, and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs, hence good management of the sites to benefit water supplies and biodiversity are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudamnicola#gasulli is  endemic to Spain and has an area of occupancy of 44 km2. On the updated Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante  2009) the species was#placed as Data Deficient# by Arconada et al. (2009). However it is included as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii); D2) on the  Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008), because of its fragmented distribution  area. The sites in Ibiza and Murcia have been lost, possibly due to competition with an invasive species. Elsewhere in Andalucia, the species is known from 9 locations scattered over a wide area. However, as many of these  small freshwater springs are currently exploited, and given that two locations have been lost the  species now meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v)) over it's  range.# The species has been assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v))

range:
Pseudamnicola gasulli is known to occur in 9 localities in Almería,#one locality in Murcia#as well as the type locality in Ibiza (Balearic Islands) (Arconada et al. 2008, Delicado et al. in press):  Río Santa Eulalia, a la altura del hotel Fenicia, Santa Eulária des Riu, Ibiza (Islas Baleares) (UTM grid square: 31SCD71) (Type locality)   Rambla del Puerto de la Cadena, Cuevas del Almanzora (Murcia) (UTM grid square: 30SXG69)    ###### Fuente Alamo, Cuevas del Almanzora (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG03)    ###### Fuente en una plaza de Huércal-Overa, Huércal-Overa (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG93)  ###### Manantial Rambla de Yesos, Alboloduy (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWF39)    ###### Manantial del castillo de cala San Pedro, Cabo de Gata, Las Negras (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S590928/4084872)   ###### Manantial en la rambla de Retamar (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S563601/4079018)   ###### Acequia en los Molinos del río Aguas, próximo a Sorbas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG80)   ###### Acequia de la Serrata de Turrillas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S561885/4102943)   ###### Manantial de las Cuevas de los Medinas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S563376/4085436   ###### Manantial del valle de cala San Pedro (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S591108/4085294)  #

population:
In the 80s, this species was described in several localities in the provinces of the Balearic Islands (Ibiza), Murcia and Almeria. In the last 5 years, these locations have been visited again by Delicado and the species was not refound at springs in Ibiza nor in Murcia. Thus, no specimens were found in 2008 in the type locality, the river Santa Eulalia in Ibiza. It is suggested that this species may have been displaced by the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith 1889), since in the sampled section the invasive species was very abundant. The town is very close to the mouth of the river and is also very close to a playground. In the town of Murcia, the Rambla del Puerto de la Cadena, the causes of the disappearance of Pseudamnicola gasulli appear to be the same as in Ibiza, as a large population of P. antipodarum was found. In addition, the low water flow presented by the town and its location close to the city of Murcia and# parallel to the highway, could have caused further deterioration of the habitat. The Red Book of Invertebrates of Andalucia (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) classifies this species as "Vulnerable" as there is a high risk of extinction in the wild in the towns of Almeria. Although it has increased the number of locations in the province in recent years with respect to the redescription of the species in 1988 (Boeters, 1988), these localities are very fragile due mainly to human action. On a recent visit (2005) to the population of San Pedro Creek (Natural Park of Cabo de Gata-Nijar) no live specimens were found in the main spring next to the castle. This spring flagship, the only natural spring that exists in Cabo de Gata, is currently deteriorating by improper use by tourists. Due to the deterioration suffered by the upwelling and its waters, the population of P. gasulli is extinct in this spring, but there are still some individuals in a second upwelling and intermittent piped a few yards down there. Recently, in 2009, another spring was located in the creek farther from the beach and with fewer environmental problems, with a population of P. gasulli. These populations could recover with suitable conservation action. Other recent data (2006) confirms the abundance of individuals in a population near Almeria, the Rambla de Retamar. However, in other locations only shells have been found (Serrata Alboloduy ditch of Turrillas) and the source of the Cuevas de Medina, which had water in 1995, is known to be dry in at least 2006.

habitat:
Pseudamnicola (Pesudamnicola) gasulli lives in streams and ditches associated with watercourses, provided clean water and oxygen, which have enough vegetation and organic matter for food. Some of these places are close to the coast, in limestone areas and in areas with abundant gypsum. In these areas the water that flows from the springs is quite warm, for example in San Pedro Creek the water comes out at 21°C. Individuals are located mainly stuck to the stones, leaves and branches of the submerged vegetation and even half-buried in silt. They are fragile ecosystems# in very arid areas with scarce water resources, intensive agriculture and human activities including tourism.

threats:
In two locations where the species has been lost it may have been displaced by the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith 1889). The major threats to the other locations are                 human use of the water. Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) gasulli# inhabits extremely fragile ecosystem in Andalusia, where populations occupy sites that are subject to pronounced aridity, where in addition there is a growing demand for water by increasing urban area of intensive agricultural uses (greenhouses) and leisure. The presence of populations in artificial habitats is also a major risk due to the fluctuating nature of them. Casing and cementing the traditional ditches and cleaning of arched fountains and pools is also common. The alteration of water regimes, the discharge of aggregates and contaminants of all types and the loss or degradation of vegetation of the seashore are standard practice in certain sites that can lead to local extinction of this fragile species. There is also a threat from the misuse of the springs near the coast, where tourists and bathers wash dishes and clothes, irreversibly altering the water, the substrate and the flora and fauna of freshwater.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as 'Data Deficient' in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). The Red Book of Invertebrates of Andalucia (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) classifies this species as "Vulnerable". In the 'Catálogo Regional de Especies Amenazadas de Castilla-La Mancha', it was listed in the category, “de interés especial” , a species of special interest. The majority of the sites need careful water management to ensure flow throughout the year, as well as a good strategy to maintain supporting habitats (i.e. not concreting the sites over).


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is only known from a single locality, and so is a candidate for a threatened category, however the range of the species has only recently been established and the population trends and threats remain uncertain, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Data is needed on distribution, population  status and current threats to this species to undertake a revised assessment of the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location - La Granja bei Esporles, Mallorca 39.671°north, 2.559°east (Beckmann 2007)

population:
As a recently described species there is no population data for this species.

threats:
As a recently described species there is no data available on current threats to these freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
As a recently described species there is no data available on conservation actions, however data is needed on distribution, population status and current threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species distribution is currently under review, as new records from the region of Madrid have been added to the past records from Burgos and Zaragoza, suggesting that it is widespread but localised in northern Spain. As such it was listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) as Data Deficient (DD), however, the range suggests that it probably qualifies as Least Concern (LC), but in view of the uncertainty, the assessment of Data Deficient (DD) is followed.The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found in the Provinces of Burgos and  Zaragoza (Boeters 1987). In Madrid, it#  has been# found in the stream Sepulchre and Laguna de San Juan de las Huertas (Soler et al, 2006). Delicado (pers. comm., 2010) reported the presence of this species at Calamocha and  Caminreal (Teruel).

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs, ponds and small streams with slow flow and still water (Soler et al, 2006)

threats:
There is no specific data on threats to this species, although pressure on water resources from extraction from domestic supplies is a generalised threat to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as 'Data Deficient' in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). Further data is required on population trends, habitat decline and potential threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is only known from the type locality. Only shells were found for the original description and attempts to survey since have not given positive results,  although it is possible that the species is found only in the  interstitial part of the groundwater system, and hence it will be difficult to sample. The outflow spring has  recently been altered, hence the possible threats to the species. The species was listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Andalucian Red Data Book (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) and Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). The species is listed here as Vulnerable (VU D2), as at present it is only known from one site, which is vulnerable to disturbance and pollution, however should it be found to be more widely distributed in the local area, then the conservation assessment will need to be reviewed.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Vulnerable (VU D2)Europe:# Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is only known from la Fuente at Carmonilla de Loja, Granada, Province of Andalucia in southern Spain (Arconada in Barea-Azcón#et al.#2008) (Fuente La Carmonilla,#Loja, Granada (UTM: UG9913), 520 m ASL).

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs where they are found in interstititial waters but possibly also present in groundwater.

threats:
There are no data on specific threats to the species, however it is likely to be suffering as the result of habitat degradation due to off-take from water sources for domestic use.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) but is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Andalucian Red Data Book (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). It has  been recommended to implement appropriate measures for the protection of the  spring (i.e. not cleaning and not cementing the bottom of it, to avoid  eutrophication and pollution of the water and avoid overexploitation of  the source).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Lake Razelm, near the Black Sea coast in Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorized as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)European: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it is endemic to the Razelm Lake (Museum Collection: station 33 collected by PhD. Rodica Leonte, Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
The habitat for this species is unknown, but believed to be living in the brackish water of Razelm, on silty or sandy bottom (Cioboiu, pers. comm., 2010)

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is currently listed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on the restricted extent of occurrence (of 200 km²) and area of occupancy (90 km², as well as the restricted number of localities and the threats from use of the water for recreational purposes and potential of pollution. If the number of known  sites decreases in the region or the rate of impact of the known threats accelerates then the species may qualify for Critically Endangered.

range:
Pseudamnicola lucensis is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to two sites, the type locality of the thermal waters of the Bagni di Lucca (Tuscany), where it is known from three outflow points in the basin and another spring at Piteglio about 20 km East of the original locality.

habitat:
This species inhabits springs and thermal waters.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000). This species is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Manganelli et al. 2000). Bagni di Lucca is an active tourist site for thermal waters, and has been exploited for centuries. The species still survives in some parts of the site with recent collections in 2000 and 2001 (Bagni Caldi and small streams).

conservationAction:
The species is currently listed as Endangered in Italy, however no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status. Extending programmes of awareness of importance of freshwater biodiversity, as these are having impact in parts of Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List  (Verdú and Galent, 2009). It is known from three provinces, and in one, Andalucía, the species has been assessed and is considered  Near Threatened (NT) due to pressure on water resources. At present the species has not been reviewed across the other regions, although there are known pressures on the water resources within these regions (Provinces Almería and Jaén).# Hence, at present the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), although, it may qualify as Near Threatened (NT), once the other parts of the range have been assessed.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and is found in freshwater springs in the Provinces of Granada, Almería and Jaén (Arconada and Ramos 2003).

habitat:
The habitat for this species is freshwater springs.

threats:
No specific threats known to this species, however the general threat of overabstraction of water for domestic supplies and agricultural purposes is a problem within the region.

conservationAction:
This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). In Andalucia, the species is considered Near Threatened (NT), due to pressure on water resources. No conservation actions are known and further information is required on  threats and population status in order to determine the status of this  species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Psedamnicola macrostoma is endemic to Greece. Formerly this species was more widespread around Athens, however urban encroachment has impacted this species, and it is now considered to have a very restricted range. This species may possibly be present at one remaining site, however this spring was altered when a deep and broad drainage ditch was dug through it (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009). The status of the island populations that were recorded by Schütt (1980) are unknown. This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of knowledge regarding the population status' of the many recorded island subpopulations. It may qualify for Vunerable (VU) if research shows some of these sites to have been lost.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and was described from 'Attika'; Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) considered that this referred to springs in the vicinity of Athens. Schütt (1980) listed springs in Athens, Kifissia, Pereas, Marathon and Phaleron, but Swarowska and Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) considered that these sites were now lost . The species had also been recorded from Vravona, however this spring was changed, after a deep and broad drainage ditch was dug through it (Falniowski pers. comm, 2009).Schütt (1980) also listed sites on Apikia (Insel Andros); Wulakias, Hermopolis (Insel Syra); Argolis, Epirus, (Insel, Milos); Xirokastello, (Insel Zakynthos); Vasiliki, (Insel Levkas); Sidari (Insel Korfu), however there is no data on the status of these subpopulations.

population:
The population status of the species at the site near Athens is unknown, since the spring habitat has been changed. The population status' of the other subpopulations is also unknown.

threats:
The major threat to this species is the loss of habitat through changes in water courses and urbanisation around major cities.

conservationAction:
Further research is required to establish if this species is still extant at the island sites and whether any taxonomic changes will change knowledge of the distribution. If sites are found where the species still exists, then conservation plans will need to be put in place for habitat protection and monitoring. This species was listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as extinct, however the basis for this assessment was absence at the type locality, so the assessment as Extinct was not based on a full assessment of the range.


redListCategoryRationale:
The literature suggests that this species is only known from two locations in the north-west of Cyprus, and given that one of the sites is a tourist destination, it is vulnerable to disturbance. On a precautionary principle the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), but should the range be more widespread, the species will need review.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus, where it was described from Yalia in north-west Cyprus. Mienis (1989) extended the range to include the springs at Aphrodites Baths near Polis.# Other springs between these sites may also contain this species, but there is no data to confirm this comment.

population:
The current population trends of this species are unknown.

threats:
The springs at Aphrodites Baths are exploited as a tourist destination, and thus the populations may be vulnerable to habitat modification, to improve access to the sites and also through pollution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Taxonomic review of the species is suggested, as well as habitat monitoring for the known locations to detect future changes in the status of these sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters, this species is widespread and is considered to be Least Concern, (Manganelli et al. 2001).

range:
This species is widespread throughout Italy, mainly on the western central and southern regions, western side of Sicily and Sardinia. It is also listed as present on Malta (Bank et al. 2006), although the status is uncertain.

habitat:
This species inhabits streams and rivers.

threats:
There are localised threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al. 2001), however they will not significantly impact this species across the range.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Least Concern on the Italian Red List.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudamnicola navasiana is currently widespread, but localised in northern  Spain. It was listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and  Galante 2009) as Data Deficient (DD), however, the range suggests that it  probably qualifies as Least Concern (LC). Due to this uncertainty and the lack of information on population trends, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further data.

range:
Pseudamnicola navasiana is endemic to northern Spain. There are more than 25 sites recorded, with records from the provinces of Cuenca (Fuente del Piejo o del Piojo, Monteagudo de las Salinas; Fuente de los Tilos, near Vadillos; Valdemeca a Huerta del Marquesado) Albacete (Minateda, near Agramón), and Guadalajara (Fuente en Medranda; Laguna de Somolinos; Fuente en El Olivar; Arroyo de la Vega, Durón; Regato que va al río Escabas, Tragacete; Fuente de Casa Viejas, El Perchel; Fuente en el camino de Brihuega a Valdesaz; Río Tajo, Morillejo). In the province of Zaragoza, it is only known from a single location, a spring 2 km from the centre of Bulbuente (Catalogue of Threatened Fauna of Aragon).

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, but it has been recorded during surveys over the last 10 years.

threats:
There are localised threats due to off-take of water (domestic and agricultural use) and as well as pollution (nitrates), however these are not considered to threaten the species over the entire range at present.

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and  Galante 2009). In the 'Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Aragón' this species is considered to be vulnerable to habitat disturbance at the single site in the province, which has been protected. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the localised threats from water abstraction and pollution.


taxonomicNotes:
The nomenclatural status of this species was recently reviewed by Falkner and Boeters (2003);# this is not the same species as Bythinella orsinide Charpentier, 1835 reported from Tunisia.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is probably endemic to Italy. As Falkner and Boeters (2003)  point out the actual type locality of the species is uncertain due to  confusion with the labelling and the original description and Falkner and Boeters (2003) have not succeeded in finding the "right" location, so they can only correct the erroneous locality data of coast, and offer "Abruzzo" as the correct locus typicus. The type  material was collected as dead and weathered shells which were filled with a marl-like fine gray sediment. There is no recent  data on the distribution, populations or threats to this species, hence  it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). There are no known conservation  actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the  population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a  revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.

range:
This species is probably endemic to Italy; the distributional data is based on museum label data, Falkner and Boeters (2003) provided some review of the data, and it would seem that Sicily is unlikely, but there's another species with the same name but different author from Tunisia... so the exact distribution is unclear. As Falkner and Boeters (2003) point out the actual type locality of the species is uncertain due to confusion with the labelling and the original description. The  original label of the collector (A. Orsini), in the Charpmentier collection given as locality "Lake Delfico. Abruzzo" which Kuster then wrote as# "Ascoli in the Papal States". Falkner and Boeters (2003) have not succeeded in finding the "right" location and the lake is not in the immediate area of ​​Ascoli-Piceno, so they can only correct the erroneous locality data of coast, and offer "Abruzzo", as there is no more precise location of the correct type locality. The type  material was collected as dead and weathered shells which were filled with a marl-like fine gray sediment.

population:
The population size and trend are unknown, as the type locality has not been determined and the species has not been recollected since its first description.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is uncertain, as, although it# has been listed as a lake in the type description, there the location has not been refound.

threats:
The threats are unknown, as the type location is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation  actions for this species, however further survey work in Museums and possible distribution sites to establish the current status of the species and the  population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a  revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Romania where it has been collected from the Danube Delta and the lower course of the Danube (Ciobiou, pers. comm., based on Museum Collections, 2010).

population:
There is no current population data on this species.

habitat:
The species is lives in fresh water, on silty bottom of rivers, which are rich in plants and especially algae.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, however there is water pollution in the Danube, as well as river channel management programmes with dredging, but the impact on the species is not known.

conservationAction:
The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from springs on the centre of Karpathos, Greece. Recent data on the status of these populations suggests it is only common at one spring, hence the species is considered Vulnerable (VU D2), although should there be new data on threats to the sites and status of the populations, then the species may qualify as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from springs at Aperion, on the island of Karpathos. It has been reported from 3 other nearby springs in addition to the type locality (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009).

population:
This species is only known to be abundant at one of the four sites where it has been found (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This species is found freshwater springs.

threats:
The major threats to the species are extraction of water from the springs for domestic and other purposes, as well as changes in the hydrological regime impacting the groundwater recharge.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to monitor the impact of water extraction in the area.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is complex, as it was described by Paladilhe from the Hautes-Alpes in the 19th century, but the locations of the type locality is doubtful and has never been found again in this area. Subsequently the name was applied to a population from  department of Bouches-du-Rhône by Boeters (in Falkner et al. 2002). The conservation assessment of Pseudamnicola pisolinus is based on the concept used by Falkner et al (2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
The conservation assessment of Pseudamnicola  pisolinus is based on the species concept used by Falkner et al (2002). On a precautionary basis Pseudamnicola pisolinus is threatened as it is known from only one location, where it is vulnerable to human activities. At present the threats are insufficient to justify the highest level, so it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.# However, it could rapidly turn to Endangered or Extinct if the threats for this his single location become reality. More survey is needed to clarify the species distribution.

range:
In this assessment Pseudamnicola pisolinus is considered to be endemic to Department of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France, based on Falkner et al. (2002).

threats:
Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicides and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions. More survey is needed to clarify the species distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD). Given the likely range, it is a candidate for Least Concern (LC), although better data on distribution and abundance is required to confirm the status.

range:
This species is endemic to Romania, where it is one of two endemic species that are found in Lake Razelm complex.# It is also recorded from some pools located on Caraorman Levee, c. 30 km north in the Danube Delta (Ciobiou pers. comm. based on Museum Data 2010).

habitat:
It lives in the brackish water from Lake Razelm, on bottoms covered by silt, as well as smaller pools.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, although the lake complex where the species is found is a major tourist destination.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a restricted range and is found in an artificial habitat (water trough), it has recently been described, and hence may be present at other water sources in the vicinity, so it is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD). If found to be restricted to this area, with the potential threats of pollution and water abstraction the species would qualify as Vulnerable (VU D2) and possibly a higher threat category.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it was recently described from a water-trough on the street by Menfi near Sciacca in Sicily (Italy).

population:
There is no data on population status, as it is a recently described species.

habitat:
This freshwater snail is found in a water trough and may live in adjacent springs feeding the trough.

threats:
The threats to this species are disturbance to the habitat and pollution as the species lives in a water-trough beside a road.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, further data on range, population and threats are required for a full conservation assessment.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is considered to be Near Threatened in Spain (Verdú and Galante 2009), at present it is still widely distributed in Spain, in both the mainland and on the islands, and hence the documentation suggests that it probably should be listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, pending more data on loss of sub-populations over the last three generations.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is widely distributed in the Mediterranean zone from northern Spain (Boeters 1988), Madrid, Balearic Islands, Valencia and Catalonia (Arconada and Ramos 2003). The species has also been recorded from the Moyen Atlas in Morocco (Pan-African assessment 2009).

population:
There is no data on population trends of this species available.

habitat:
This species is found in slow flowing waters or still waters, such as freshwater springs, streams and lakes.

threats:
Some habitats are declining due to off-take of water and drought during summer periods.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Near Threatened in Spain (Verdú and Galante 2009). No conservation actions are known, although further information is required on threats and population status in order to determine the status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Schutt (2000) lists the following synonyms for Orientalina troglobia (Bole 1961), which if correct, would place this species in the genus Radomaniola. However, this is likely to be on the basis of shell characters and hence requires review.#Pseudamnicola troglobia Bole,#1961#Biol. Vestnik, 9: 61, Abb. 2 (Crnulja ponor pri Turkoviih).Horatia (Horatia) knorri Schutt,#1961#Arch. Moll., 90(1/3): 75, 76, Abb. 1 (Ombla-Quelle bei Dubrovnik).Orientalina troglobia, – Bole  Velkovoh,#1986#Stygofauna Mundi, Mollusca: 198.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudamnicola troglobia#was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000) and as such is a candidate for Least Concern. This species could be a candidate for Data Deficient as there is inadequate information on suitable habitat and threats, however, due to the known widespread distribution, this species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is listed in Fauna Europea as restricted to Bosnia  Hercegovina and Croatia. Schutt (2000) Pseudamnicola troglobia#was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000).

population:
This species was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000).

habitat:
This species is thought to inhabit subterranean habitat and freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) from FYROM  (otherwise known as Macedonia). There is little data on recent  distribution and as such the species is poorly known. There are no known conservation actions for this species and survey work  is required to confirm distribution, population trends, habitat trends  and threats to enable a full conservation assessment for the species, as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) from FYROM (otherwise known as Macedonia). There is little data on recent distribution and as such the species is poorly known.

population:
There is no recent data on populations of this species.

habitat:
The species is thought to be a freshwater spring species.

threats:
As the detailed range of the species is not known, the threats to the species are uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species and survey work is required to confirm distribution, population trends, habitat trends and threats to enable a full conservation assessment for the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is relatively limited in its range, it is known from several sites over the region and is not believed to be facing major threats in some of the Alpine regions. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy specifically found in the alpine regions of#southern Piemonte and the western Liguria, where it is restricted in range. In Piemonte it lives in the springs of the Bossea Cave#which outflow through the Corsaglia torrent, about 30 m below the entrance of the cave, although it has not been found in the subterranean complex of this cavity. It may also be present in the main branch of the hypogean stream of the Caudano Caves. It is known from over 25 sites in this region, some of which are springs, others are in caves.

population:
There is no population trend information.

habitat:
This freshwater species lives in groundwaters, present in cave springs and in hypogean streams of karstic cavities.

threats:
The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in over abstraction of water for domestic supplies#(Manganelli et al.2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are known and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three species listed for this genus, and two species are difficult to distinguish:#Pseudohoratia brusinae and P. ohridana. Consequently records based on shell characters should be treated with caution.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudohoratia brusinae is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and hence is present only in one location. Although there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution, it is not thought that the rate of decline in the quality of the lake water in the sublittoral zone is likely to significantly impact this species, although it could in the future if the pollution increased. If there is a change in the rate of declining quality of habitat, for example if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, then this species could very quickly become Endangered. For the moment, it is listed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Pseudohoratia brusinae is endemic to Lake Ohrid and recorded from both Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
Pseudohoratia brusinae found in low numbers and is considered to be rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
According to Radoman (1983) this freshwater lake species is found in the sub-littoral zone, however Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted that it was rare.

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which could impact this gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, however the level of impact in the deeper water of the sub-littoral zone is not as great as in the littoral zone.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and# more than one species might be conspecific (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009). Further research is needed to solve this issue. Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.     ################################


redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudohoratia lacustris#is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and hence is present only in one location, with two sub-populations where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution. However, as the rate of decline in the quality of the lake water in the sublittoral zone is unlikely to significantly impact this species over the next ten years, it is listed as Vulnerable D2. If there is a change in the rate of declining quality of habitat, for example if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, then this species could very quickly become Endangered.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. As it prefers habitats such as the#Chara beds and fine gravels, the#rocky shores in the east and in the west of the lake separate two sub-populations (on the northern and on the southern shores).

population:
This species can be locally abundant (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This species is found in a freshwater lake where it is restricted to the belt of Characea and fine gravels.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the high human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing suitable habitats. However, as this is a sublittoral species it is thought that it is largely unaffected.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.


taxonomicNotes:
Nomenclatural notes: Bank (2006, Fauna Europea project) has listed the species as P. ochridana. Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) note that the species name is wrongly spelled, and recommend that it should be amended to P. ohridana. Bank (pers. comm., 2010 advised that the name is used correctly, as Radoman (1983) later changed the name to P. ohridana, altering the specific name to the current spelling of Lake Ohrid, but in error, and hence the name should be listed as a synonym.Taxonomic issues: Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) note that  is difficult to distinguish between P. brusinae and#P. ochridana. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pseudohoratia ochridana is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only known from one location and is rare in survey samples, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water in the sub-littoral zone is not likely to be significantly impacting this species currently. However, this could change if pollution levels continue to rise. This species could very quickly become Endangered if the rate of decline in the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, and as such this species require monitoring on a regular basis.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found in sub-littoral zone between 30 and 50 m depth, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985).

population:
The species is rare (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater species living in the sublittoral zone of the lake between 30 and 50 m depth (Albrecht et al. 2009).

threats:
Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Although these threats are leading to an ongoing deterioration in habitat quality, and the rate of change at present is not having a major impact on population levels.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and# more than one species might be conspecific, hence further research is needed to solve this issue. Habitat monitoring is required to determine future changes in the status of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is only one known population of Pseudoislamia balcanica, which consists of just a few subadult specimens, found at Lake Trichonis, Greece. Its extent of occurrence is 94 km². The species is under threat from multiple changes in the waters of the lake. The most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake. Other threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content from agricultural sources. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it is now only known from the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009), but was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985).

population:
This is a rare species, and the current population trend is unknown.

threats:
Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the north-eastern edge of the Trichonis Lake has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and the construction material washed into the lake deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.

conservationAction:
The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a Natura 2000 site. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Only four species are currently placed in this genus.# Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid.# This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with P. jablanicensis and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in one lake, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be currently impacting this species significantly. However, this could change if pollution levels increased. This species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al., pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others will need to be reviewed.

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

population:
This species is locally very abundant in survey samples.

habitat:
This freshwater species found in the sandy parts of the littoral zone of the lake.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation to this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the high human populated northern and southern shallow bays could decrease the suitable habitats for this species in the littoral zone, however there is no evidence that this is currently impacting the species.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring in the littoral zone would allow the conservation status to be assessed in the future, so that changes in status can be quickly seen.


taxonomicNotes:
Only four species are currently placed in this genus. Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with P.   grochmalickii and P. sanctinaumi, in which case its Red List status will need to be reviewed.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis is endemic to springs, which were dammed during the 1960s to form a small lake of approximately 6 km2, which has disturbed the ecology of the ecosystem. This species was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were found. Recent surveys found it once in 2004. Major threats to this species include damming and subsequent changes to the ecosystem. Further threats from exploitation of new lake and habitat degradation from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009), in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

range:
Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis was endemic to springs at Sum, about 4 km west of the Struga town, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).# These were dammed during the 1960s to form a small artificial  lake, and this species was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were been found. Recent surveys have found it once in 2004.

population:
This species was endemic to these springs, and was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were been found. In 1985 Radoman reports two shells from the bottom of the small lake, but was uncertain whether the species would survive to the future (Radoman 1985). Recent surveys have found this species again in 2004, but it is still a very rare species.

habitat:
This species lived in freshwater springs on soft substrate, but these habitats have been flooded to make a small artifical lake.

threats:
These springs were dammed during the 1960s to form a small lake, which has disturbed the ecology of the ecosystem. Further threats exist from the exploitation of the new lake and habitat degradation from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution. Water abstraction for drinking water is a further threat to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Surveys and habitat monitoring are recommended, once the species status is confirmed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species lies close to its sister species at the Ohrid Lake (Wilke et al., 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrgohydrobia prespaensis is  known from a single lake with an extent of occurrence of less than 300  km2 where there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with  pollution and over-abstraction of water. It is therefore considered as  Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:At the EU27 level, the species has an extent of occurrence of less  than 100 km2, with only one location and a decline in the habitat  quality, but immigration from the sub-populations in the other parts of  the lake is likely to happen. The species is therefore considered as  Endangered (B1ab(iii)) at the EU27 level too.

population:
This species is locally abundant. It has a patchy distribution.

habitat:
This littoral species lives beneath rocks on sandy substrate.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.


taxonomicNotes:
Only four species are currently placed in this genus. Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with the two spring-snail species P. jablanicensis and P.   grochmalickii , in which case its Red List status will need to be reviewed (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrgohydrobia sanctinaumi#is considered as Vulnerable, D2 as the current rate of decline in the quality of spring water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly. However, with increased development in the area there may be soon be greater levels of water pollution, and this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii and P. jablanicensis (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed.

range:
This species is endemic to the St. Naum feeder spring system in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
This is a very rare species in recent sampling (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a freshwater spring-snail living on soft substrate.

threats:
Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the waters of Lake Prespa, which in turn feeds the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load which could potentially impact this species (Matzinger et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
The springs where this species lives are in the Galicica National Park. Habitat monitoring is recommended for this species, unless future taxonomic research shows it to be conspecific with sister taxa in Pyrgohydrobia.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and the type locality, Limni Pamvotis, however, Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).    The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality   in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Frogley   Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty  shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is  extant or a  subfossil species.

population:
There is no population data available on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrgula annulata is viewed as widespread, and hence is at less risk than  other more restricted range species, although it is considered  Vulnerable in Italy due to habitat degradation from pollution and  recreational activities. As a larger freshwater species it is easily monitored for future changes.

range:
This species is reported from southern Europe and has a disjunct distribution. In Italy it is found in the northern-central part where it is present in the eastern-most large lakes (Lago de Garda, Lago di Tenno, Lago di Massenza, Lago di Cavedine, Lago di Endine, Lago do Toblino, Lago d'Idro).# Manganelli et al. (2001) suggest that it is present in 32 locations in the region.# It has been recorded from Lake Skadar (Jacobi 1978), in Montenegro  Albania. Although it is suggested as being present in Ombla springs in Dalmatia (Croatia), these records require further confirmation, as most other sites are large lakes. It is known as a Quaternary fossil in Italy (Settepassi and Verdel, 1965).

population:
There is no recent data on population trends on this species.

habitat:
Shallow water at edge of lakes and other slow flowing situations (river mouth entering lakes), where found under stones on bed of lake/river.

threats:
This species is viewed as widespread, and hence is at less risk than other more restricted range species, although it is considered Vulnerable in Italy due to habitat degradation from pollution and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
This species requires research on population trends and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece, where it was described from Lake Pamvotis, however, Griffiths  Frogley (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality  in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species.

population:
There is no population data for this species as it has never been seen living.

habitat:
The habitat for this species is unknown as it comes from sediments at the bottom of the lake.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the status of this species, as it maybe subfossil, and if so requires no conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and the type locality, Limni Pamvotis, however, Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).  The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Bank (2006) notes that this species is only known from empty shells and further investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a subfossil species.

population:
There is no data available on population for this species.

habitat:
This is probably a freshwater lake species, but the details are unknown.

threats:
This is probably a freshwater lake species, but details are unknown, and as such it is difficult to know the threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Feher and Eross (2009 a,b) note that R. curta and R. albanica were found syntopically in the Syri i Kaltër spring, which is evidence that they are distinct species and not subspecies, as was assumed by Radoman (1983). According to Bodon (pers.comm cited in Feher and Eross, 2009 a,b ), R. albanica is possibly the junior synonym of Hydrobia haesitans (Westerlund, 1881), but this could only be decided by an investigation of topotypical Hydrobia haesitans (Levkas Island, Greece).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Albania and Greece where it is a widespread species found across different spring habitats. This species faces only localised threats, and given the current wide range in Albania therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Data deficient (DD):# insufficient data on number of sites and trends, but should probably be a candidate for# Least Concern.Europe: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is recorded from Albania and Greece. According to Feher and Eross (2009) this species was known from two Albanian localities: Golobarda spring near Korçë (type locality) and Trifti spring near Zvirinë (Radoman 1983).# According to new data, it seems to be widespread in Albania. They identify other subpopulations on the basis of the material, collected in the Trifti spring.

threats:
A widespread species in a variety of spring habitats, with only localised threats.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions known for this species. However, further research on the distribution and trends in Greece is required to confirm that status as 'Least Concern' and to establish if the species Hydrobia haesitans Westerlund, 1881, from Levkas Island In Greece is conspecific with this species (Feher and Eross, 2009a,b).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no recent data on range, population trends or threats to this species. If the species is confirmed as being present at the three sites only, and if the threats to these sites are known then it would be a candidate for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
Radomaniola bosniaca# is endemic to west Bosna in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where Radoman (1983) listed it for 3 different locations: Miljevci village (by the road between Sanski Most and Bosanska Krupa, a closely adjacent spring at Podbrnjaca and another spring at Neteka, near the source of the River Una. There is no recent data on the range of the species.

population:
There is no population trend data for this species, although Radoman (1983) reported that it was common at one of the three sites.

habitat:
This species is thought to be restricted to freshwater springs.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species, however, it does require more research on population trends, distribution and threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al. 2000) based on restricted range and threats to the sites, however, at a Global level it qualifies as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on its restricted range and the spring waters it inhabits being subject to human exploitation (Manganelli et al. 2000). A programme of habitat monitoring would be required to establish rates of decline.

range:
Radomaniola callosa is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the provinces of Pescara and L'Aquila (Manganelli et al. 2000), in the Appennine region of Abruzzo. It is restricted to a few springs in Abruzzo and the type locality was a small spring near Caramanico (Pescara).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area but there is no recent data on population trends.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). The spring waters it inhabits are subject to human exploitation (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic review of the species is suggested, as well as habitat monitoring for the known locations to detect future changes in the status of these sites.

useAndTrade:
The species is not known to be traded or utilised.


taxonomicNotes:
Szarowska (2006) noted that the name Orientalina Radoman, 1978 was preoccupied and proposed a replacement name for the genus as Radomaniola Szarowska, 2006.# Taxonomic research is currently ongoing on this group which may lead to revision of species limits and their distributions. Bank et al (2006) lists the following subspecies#:  Radomaniola curta anagastica (Radoman, 1973) Montenegro  Radomaniola curta bermius (P. Reischütz, 1988) Greece   Radomaniola curta germari (Frauenfeld, 1863) Croatia  Radomaniola curta kicavica (Radoman, 1973) Macedonia   Radomaniola curta mostarensis (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina  Radomaniola curta narentana (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina  Radomaniola curta pivensis (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro.

redListCategoryRationale:
Radomaniola curta is widespread in the Balkan Region and is present in various types of freshwater habitat. This suggests that this species is unlikely to become extinct, although localised threats exist to subspecies due to their restricted ranges and threats from habitat degradation. Therefore, it is considered as Least Concern. Some of the subspecies may be threatened, as these have small ranges, however, these have not been considered in this assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the Euroepan UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  #

range:
This species is broadly distributed in western and southern Balkans (Radoman 1985) including Montenegro, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). Radoman (1985) noted that it was present in the springs adjacent to Lake Ohrid, not within Lake Ohrid.

population:
The species is generally abundant in the spring it is present in.

habitat:
This species is found in springs and flowing waters.

threats:
Localised threats exist to subspecies due to their restricted ranges and threats from habitat degradation from spring exploitation, as well as from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution.

conservationAction:
Some sub-populations might be present in protected areas (in Montenegro). However, the majority of the populations are not and there are some genetic variations (sub-species). A sustainable management of springs (in particular regulation of spring capture) and revitalisation of springs destroyed are needed for ensuring the survival of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The name of the genus was previously Orientalina.

redListCategoryRationale:
Radomaniola elongata#is known from a single spring at Lake Skadar, Montenegro, where it has a declining population at its only known locality.#There is a small population living amongst damp mosses, which are most susceptible to changes in habitat during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring, as this#spring has been captured for local drinking purposes.# It is an exclusively crenobiontic species.# In addition there is rapid eutrophication in Skadar Lake which is connected with spring in the main part of the year (V. Pesic, pers. comm., 2009). It is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from a single site on Vranjina island in Lake Skadar. Despite research in the region, it has not been found in nearby springs.

population:
The observed population levels of this species are declining (V. Pesic, pers. comm., 2009), based on a two year study of the site. There is a small population living amongst damp mosses, which are most susceptible to changes in habitat   during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring.

habitat:
This species lives amongst the mosses in the spring on island Vranjina in Lake Skadar, Montenegro.#During 2 year research in the region, there were observed changes in habitat   during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring.

threats:
The water has been captured for local drinking, a rapid process of eutrophication in Lake Skadar which is connected to the springs during the major part of the year.

conservationAction:
Species is protected by National Legislation in Montenegro and lives within a National Park. On-going transboudary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Radomaniola lacustris is endemic to Montenegro. It is restricted to a small area of beach habitat on the lake edge, and is notable as it is the only member of the genus#Radomaniola#that does not live in a spring. #The area has#declining habitat quality, as the lake continues with moderate levels of eutropication. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), as the littoral zone is subject to lake level changes and habitat degradation.

range:
Radomaniola lacustris#is only known from small area of beach on the edge of Lake Skadar near Murici, Montenegro.

population:
Unknown. There is no data present about the population.

habitat:
Radomaniola lacustris lives in freshwater habitats on the edge of a sandy beach on Lake Skadar. According to Radoman (1983), this is the only lacustrine form in this genus.

threats:
The threats to this species are mainly resulting from habitat degradation due to eutrophication of Lake Skadar. The littoral zone is subject to lake level changes and habitat degradation.

conservationAction:
Research on the Skadar lake is needed. The species is protected nationally in Montenegro.#On-going transboundary projects (IBA) focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area.


redListCategoryRationale:
Radomaniola montana is found in montane springs between the Adriatic  region and the Skadar (Skutari) Lake catchment. Given that there is inadequate data and information on population and threats, it could be listed as Data Deficient. Nonetheless, as it is frequent in the region, it is considered to be Least Concern. However, this is another species that is under review.

range:
Radomaniola montana is endemic to Montenegro. It was originally described from the Lukavac Brook, 15 km from Budva. Other records in Radoman (1983), list the species from Studenac spring (in Braići village close to Budva), Vrelo podgorska (Podgor village), Tomići village spring, 3 springs in the region of Crmnica (in the Skutari Basin) and Skruca and other springs in the region of Dobra voda, between Bar and Ulcinj. Radoman noted that the range occupied the mountains between the Adriatic region and the Skadar (Skutari) Lake catchment.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from only a single site in Bulgaria and is threatened by pollution of the spring waters, so may qualify as Critically Endangered (CR), however it has recently been described, and as such the species may be present in other closely adjacent springs. Consequently it is currently listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), until more survey data can confirm it is restricted to this single site.

range:
This recently described species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it was found in a#small spring (water source), in the tributary of the Pavelsko village main river (West Rhodopes), south of the village.

population:
This species was recently described, so there is no data on population trends.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs. It lives in springs that are visibly rich in calcium (stone surfaces were covered in a thick stratum of calcium carbonate, which also acted as a cement sticking the stones together) with a lot of rotting plant matter, with# a temperature of 8.4° C, and oxygen content of 7.2 mg/l. The spring was filled mainly with dead leaves of Juglans regia, which was growing nearby.

threats:
The main threat to the site is pollution of the spring waters from both agricultural and domestic sources.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect potential habitat degradation from pollution which could potentially cause population declines.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is rare in samples, and hence it is difficult to evaluate the status of the species, so it is placed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better data on distribution and impacts of the threats on the populations in the underlying groundwaters. The species may qualify as Near Threatened, as the status in Germany is Rare but in Bayern it was 4S.

range:
This species is endemic to Germany and is considered to be rare (Falkner et al. 2003) and is found in springs and groundwaters of Munchner Stadtgebiert (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).

population:
This species is considered to be rare (Falkner et al. 2003) but current population trends are not known.

habitat:
This species is found in springs and groundwaters of Munchner Stadtgebiert (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).

threats:
The major threats lie in groundwater pollution from agricultural and domestic sources and over abstraction of water from the underlying groundwaters.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions specifically for this species, however surveys and water management plans would be likely to be beneficial to the species. The Red List status in Germany is Rare but in Bayern it was 4S (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed by Fauna European for Bulgaria,#the taxonomy of this  species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the  exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon. Currently it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Although this species is listed for Bulgaria, the taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon.

conservationAction:
The taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from one location in Croatia. Although all the underground fauna of Croatia is protected, the species is at risk of extinction through the indirect causes of habitat degradation, such as sewage and pollution, which is not currently being prevented. Therefore it is assigned a  status of Critically Endangered# (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
The species in endemic to Croatia and is only known from the cave site at Tounjčica.

threats:
In 2003, this site was considered to be within the top 10 threatened karst areas in the world. The species is facing multiple threats, all of which have the potential to threaten this species. Dam construction in the past has altered the hydrological systems, lowering water levels in the cave system. Uncontrolled disposal of waste from local towns is impacting habitat quality at the site. Sewage is discharged directly above the cave system, and seeps down into  the water, degrading the water quality. There is active quarrying  ongoing above the cave, with possible impact, degrading habitat quality.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a  status of Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red  List of Cave Fauna (in press). Although all the underground fauna of Croatia is protected, the indirect causes of habitat degradation, such as sewage and pollution are not being prevented, so that the habitat quality is changing. A better system of managing sewage disposal is needed as well as monitoring habitat quality and#population trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a wide area from Italy to Bosnia  Hercegovina and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to springs and groundwater catchments as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the species is considered Least Concern.

range:
This species is found in Italy, mainly in the northern regions where it is widespread, and the range extends eastwards# to Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia Hercegovina.

population:
There is no population trend data on this species.

threats:
Threats to this species include groundwater pollution and groundwater abstraction.

conservationAction:
Assessed as Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al, 2000).

redListAssessors:
Seddon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a wide area, and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to springs and groundwater catchments as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the species is considered Least Concern. Survey work is recommended for this species, at a suitable time of the year, to establish the full range and threats to the species, as it is possible that if widespread loss could be demonstrated over recent years and so a higher threat category would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

range:
This species is endemic to Slovenia and Croatia (Fauna Europea, Bank et al. 2006).#Sadleriana s. sadleriana#was described from Studenica (a pool on the river) in the village of Dol near Borovnica. It is described as being widespread in the region,#and is present in the drainage basins of the Sava River, Ljubljanica River, Kupa River, and Una River. Sadleriana s. robici#(Clessin, 1890) is more restricted, being found in Krka River Drainage, at several springs near the source.

habitat:
This species inhabits freshwater springs and possibly groundwater feeding those springs.

conservationAction:
This species is considered to be Vulnerable in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
Currently this species is reported from a wide area and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to groundwater as sources of water for local villages and towns, and from drought phases in the summer the species is considered Least Concern. However, there is some suggestion that (Bole  Velkovrh, 1986 and unpublished data of Sket, pers. comm, 2010), it may only be known from south-eastern  Slovenia and adjacent Croatian area. Survey work is recommended for this species, as a suitable time of the year to establish the full range and threats to the species, as it is possible that if widespread loss or if it is restricted to s smaller part of this range then a higher threat category would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: As the data for Slovenia are limited, this species has been assessed as Data Deficient at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Sadleriana schmidtii is recorded from Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina and Slovenia (Fauna Europea, 2006). It was first described from a spring at Susica, near Novo Mesto and is a subterranean form (Radoman 1985).                 According to Bole  Velkovrh (1986) and Radoman (1985) and some unpublished data (Sket pers. comm 2010), it may only be known from southeaster Slovenia and adjacent Croatian area.

threats:
Although there are threats to groundwater as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the threats are localised.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for this species. This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a restricted area where it is known from five localities. As such, given the threats to springs as sources of water, and drought phases in the summer, when the springs temporarily dry out, the species is considered at risk. Therefore it is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2. Survey work is recommended for this species, at a suitable time of the year, to establish the full range and threats to the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from five locations. Radoman (1983) lists the species from Vrelo, the main source of the Gacka River, Pucirep in village near Tonkovici, in the east part of the Gacko Polje. He also suggests that it is confined to the Gacko Polje, with additional locations at Majerovo (sping), Klanac in the Zagrevici village and the spring in Lesce village.

population:
There is no data on recent population trends.

habitat:
The species is known from freshwater springs and possibly can be found in groundwater feeding these springs.

threats:
The major threats to this species lies in water abstraction to supply the local village, summer droughts and pollution from adjacent fields.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species, although most of the underground fauna of Croatia is protected. More research is needed on distribution, population and habitat trends and threats, as well as review as to whether protected area status will benefit the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006) as it found in areas which are greatly affected by anthropogenic activity,# pollution and urbanization (Ferreri pers. comm. May 2009). Moreover, its ecological resources are competitively exploited by invasive species (Potamopygrus antipodarum), thus reducing its chances of survival (Dario Ferreri pers. comm. May 2009). Where populations of this species inhabit river mouths, they may be affected by anthropogenic river bank damage and/or cementation (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in Idume Creek, Torre Castiglione and Bambinello Spring (Wilke 2003), in the Apennines region of southern Puglia.

habitat:
This species inhabits coastal springs, river mouths and oligohaline (i.e. with limited amount of salt) groundwaters in rocks.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ferreri in prep.; Ruffo and Stoch 2006). It is also found in areas which are greatly affected by anthropogenic activity, and is therefore threatened by pollution and urbanization (Ferreri in prep.). Morever, its ecological resources are competitively exploited by local, sympatric species (Hydrobia ventrosa, Mercuria similis, Islamia pusilla, and Helobia stagnorum) as well as by invasives (Potamopygrus antipodarum), thus reducing its chances of survival (Ferreri, in prep.). Where populations of this species inhabit river mouths, they may be affected by anthropogenic river bank damage and/or cementation (Manganelli et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#It is assessed as Least Concern in the Italian Red List. More research is needed for population and habitat trends.


taxonomicNotes:
Four subspecies are currently recognised for this species.# The nominate race apfelbecki (Brancsik, 1888), Sarajana apfelbecki driniana Radoman, 1975 ,# Sarajana apfelbecki erythropoma (Schütt, 1959) and Sarajana apfelbecki travnicensis (Radoman, 1975). In this assessment they are all treated as subspecies, however, should any review show that these subspecies merit elevation to species status, then the threat assessment will need to be revised.

redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is known from river catchments close to Sarajevo, and there are several subspecies in the different catchments, it is believed to be widespread in the region, and as such, is likely to be Least Concern. However, due to inadequate information on habitat suitability and population, this species should really be listed as Data Deficient.Should a review of this species and the subspecies show that there is more than 1 species present, then the data would need to be re-examined, as several subspecies are very restricted, and may merit listing.#

range:
This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is known from the catchments around Sarajevo (Radoman 1983). The type locality of the nominate race was a spring near Vrelo bosna (Vruci), close to Sarajevo. Radoman (1983) listed springs at Mokro, Borim (Vruci) and Gornje Bradina for the nominate race. Radoman (1983) listed sites for subspecies S. a.#erythropama Schutt 1959 from a captured spring Knjeginjace (6 km from Sarajevo and 2km from Miljevci) and another spring close by (200m);#S. a.#travnicensis Radoman, 1975 from Plava voda, a stream in Travnik town, as well as 3 springs within 10km of the town, Vašljiva voda 2km west at Lovrić, Šujica River between Kupres and Livno, and Basinac);#S. a.#driniana Radoman, 1975 from drainage of the Drina River (5 sites, Kaostica village, Čatin potok in Brodari Village 300m above Drina River, Višegrad and Perucac).

habitat:
This is a species that inhabits freshwater springs.

threats:
The major threat to water sources in the region is water extraction for domestic supplies.# Although several of the sites are already exploited as water sources for the local villages, the overall trend is uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions, however, taxonomy and distribution will need to be researched.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sardohoratia islamioides is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to western Sardinia. It is known from 3 localities, where it is only present in the interstitial waters, and as such is considered to be very vulnerable to disturbance, either from pollution of the water, or from disturbance of the springs (Manganelli et al. 1998).# As one location has possibly been lost due to modification for water abstraction, the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to western Sardinia. The type locality is the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne, at San Giovanni, 100m ASL (UTM 32 T NK4260). Also known from a spring on right bank of Cedrino River, S. Leonardo (3km upstream of Orosei, UTM 32 T NK5771) and Spring San Giuseppe, Siniscola (UTM 32 T NK5790) at 55m ASL (Manganelli et al, 1998). The possible loss at the type locality was noted by Manganelli et al. (1998).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low and the loss of one sub-population suggests a decreasing trend.

habitat:
This species is restricted to interstitial waters of a spring within a karstic region (Manganelli et al. 1998). It is a strict stygobiont (i.e. species generally restricted to subterranean groundwater habitats and characterized morphologically by loss or severe reduction of eyes and pigment). Like most spring-snails, the species feeds using a radula, scraping rock surfaces.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. #The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al., 2000).# The species requires a programme of habitat monitoring and survey work to establish population trends at the last two known sites, as well as information about potentially damaging actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sardohoratia sulcata is restricted to a single site in Sardinia, where it is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch, 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 1998, 2000).# Given that it only occurs at a single site, it is considered very vulnerable to any human activity that would disturb the groundwater system or the spring. Most records are before 1995. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over. Hence, this species is listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in western Sardinia, where it is only found in the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne', at San Giovanni, 100m ASL (UTM 32 T NK4260) (Manganelli et al, 1998).

population:
This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. Most records are before 1995. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this  species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it  was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented  over.

habitat:
This species is restricted to interstitial waters of a spring within a karstic region (Manganelli et al, 1998). It is a strict stygobiont, i.e a species restricted to subterranean groundwater habitats and characterized morphologically by loss or severe reduction of eyes and pigment.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch, 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 1998, 2000).# GIven that it only occurs at a single site, it is considered very vulnerable to any human activity that would disturb the groundwater system or the spring. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over. Hence, this species is listed as Critically Endangered.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli#et al., 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Endangered for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in prep.).# There is an uncertainty over the range just over the border in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as such, on# a precautionary basis, given that the status in Croatia as endangered, it is believed to be present at less than 5 locations, and as such it listed as Vulnerable. However, if it is shown to be only present in the two caves currently known, then the Endangered status will be confirmed.

range:
Saxurinator brandti is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is regarded as rare and difficult to find.#This slim troglobionte species is has been found rarely in sediments flushed from the underground karst waters at Ombla (Schutt 2000). Sket (pers. comm. 2010) notes it is found in the region of Metković in Herzegovina (in#Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Dalmacija, Ombla spring in southern Dalmacija (in Croatia). However the range in Bosnia and Herzegovina is uncertain, and although it is believed to be restricted in range to a small area, surveys are needed to confirm this. #

habitat:
This species was found in detritus expelled from the cave at Ombla and it is presumed to be a groundwater species.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the population and distribution, especially as the range in Bosnia and Herzegovina is uncertain, and although  it is believed to be restricted in range to a small area, surveys are  needed to confirm this.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed on Fauna Europea for Montenegro, there is no recent data on distribution, threats or status of this species. This species is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is listed for Montenegro, but there is no recent data on range or distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research on population trends, distribution and threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Croatia, where it is associated with a single cave system. The site lies close to a major road, with threats from  pollution in the run-off from the road. In addition, there is ongoing  tourist development in town, with pollution from uncontrolled discharge  of untreated sewage and water abstraction to feed the domestic supplies  from the groundwater feeding the springs. Therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is found in Croatia, where it is known from one location in a cave system at Mühlquelle in Izvor kod Mlina u Zatonu Malom. It is not possible to enter the cave system as it is closed.

population:
There is no current population trend data for this species.

habitat:
It is known from a freshwater spring emerging from a cave at sea level.

threats:
The only known site lies close to a major road, with threats from pollution in the run-off from the road. In addition, there is ongoing tourist development in town, with pollution from uncontrolled discharge of untreated sewage and water abstraction to feed the domestic supplies from the groundwater feeding the springs.

conservationAction:
This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). The species was assigned a status of Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2010, in press). Actions needed include channelling at the edge of the road to control water run-off near the the springs, as well as treatment and control of sewage. It is not possible to monitor the populations, as the site is not accessible, hence water quality and habitat change should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia, and is a range restricted species, believed to be found only at the type locality. It has not been recently found and although the species is on the list of  protected species in Croatia, new survey data are required on  distribution, population status, habitat trends and threats in order to  make a conservation assessment of this species, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, currently known only at the type locality, but further data is required from collections to establish the range.

population:
No specimen of this species have been found# recently and as such the population trends are uncertain.

habitat:
This species has not been recently found and as such the habitats and the trends are uncertain.

threats:
This species has not been recently found and as such the threats are uncertain.

conservationAction:
Although the species is on the list of protected species in Croatia, new survey data are required on distribution, population status, habitat trends and threats in order to make a conservation assessment of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Saxurinator montenegrinus is only known from the two localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one locality in Montenegro, where it is a crenobiotic species. The major #threat to the localities where the species is found lies in over-abstraction of water sources for the local populations water supply. This specie sis therefore considered as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
Saxurinator montenegrinus is known only from three localities, two in Bosnia-Herzegovina, source of Čepelica river near Bileća town (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and a source near Stepen (near Bosnia-Montenegro border) and another in Montenegro, where it was found in a cave at Risan in Boka Kotorska (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There are no data on the population trends or size.

habitat:
This species inhabits springs, which flows directly out of the ground, the water forming directly a stream (rheocrenic springs).

threats:
Both springs which are the only known localities of the species have been captured for provision of water for domestic purposes.

conservationAction:
No known conservation actions for this species and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status. Developing programmes of awareness of importance of freshwater biodiversity and the restricted range species in Montenegro and Bosnia  Herzegovina


redListCategoryRationale:
Saxurinator orthodoxus is only known from the type locality.# This site# has been captured to provide drinking water.# In the upper part of River Zeta the problem is infiltration of waste water from local industry of Nikšić city; furthermore the water in upper part of the river Zeta is used for hydro-power “Perućica” (the most important one in Montenegro) which greatly changed the water level regime in the summer period, leading to declining quality of habitat since the species was first described. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
Saxurinator orthodoxus is endemic to Montenegro, known only from the type localities (Sources of River Zeta near Straganik and Tunjevo).

population:
No information available on population or population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species is found in Rheocrenic springs, possibly subterranean.

threats:
This species is only known from the type locality.# This spring has been captured for it's water.# In the upper part of River Zeta the problem is infiltration of waste water from local industry of Nikšić city; furthermore the water in upper part of the river Zeta is used for hydro-power “Perućica” (the most important one in Montenegro) which greatly influenced water level regime in the summer period. This has lead to declining quality of habitat since the species was first described.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review as this species has been identified on basis of shell morphology, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was described by Schütt (1960) from the former country of  Yugoslavia. This species requires  recent data to validate the distribution of this  species, as well as data on population trends, habitats and threats, so  that a conservation assessment can be made.# Hence the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species was described from the former country of Yugoslavia however Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have noted there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species.

population:
This species was described by Schütt (1980) from the former country of Yugoslavia, and Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have noted there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species.

threats:
This species was described by Schütt (1980) from the former country of Yugoslavia, however there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species and hence it is not possible to establish the threats.

conservationAction:
This species requires recent data to validate the distribution of this species, as well as data on population trends, habitats and threats, so that a conservation assessment can be made.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Croatia with an area of occupancy of 72 km2. It is known from two locations, one of which is threatened by a range of recreational uses that are degrading the habitat quality inside the cave. This cave is one of the most important caves for high diversity of endemic fauna in Croatia and requires legal protection to be enforced, and active habitat management for species diversity as well as tourism revenue. The presence at two locations, small area of occupanyc and ongoing threats means the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia and found in two locations, an anchialine lake (landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean) within cave Šipun in Cavtat (town), and in a cave near Obrovac (Spilja kod Obrovca, National Park, Krka) (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in freshwaters within cave systems; one site has an an anchialine lake (landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean) within the cave.

threats:
In the coastal area Sipun cave, is a tourist cave, of relatively small size, with extensive lighting operations and large numbers of visitors. This has created# poor environments for the snails including warming cave habitats, light pollution changing water quality, increases in the concentration of carbon-dioxide and waste. The lake where the species is found has become polluted. A future problem lies in the unknown impact from road construction. There are 14 other endemic species restricted to this site, and there is an impact from collectors, as uncontrolled access to the site, and illegal collecting is known.

conservationAction:
One site, Cave Sipun is protected as a geomorphologic nature monument and is managed by Dubrovnik-Neretva County. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. It is# listed as threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna  (in press). In the species account for the Red L:ist of the Underground Fauna of Croatia it is noted that Cave Sipun is an exceptionally sensitive cave system with the highest number of described species in Croatia, hence the proposed conservation actions for the cave are:closed access to the cave through a gated entranceestablish a permanent monitoring scheme of the caveset up monitoring for monitoring quantity and quality of water ex-situ conservation storage in gene banks educational programmes to raise awareness of the threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
Spathogyna fezi is endemic to Spain, where it is known from two locations. At one site, springs within a gorge, there is known habitat loss, and sub-populations have not been recently recorded, however some habitat is not accessible, so the species may still be in both locations. As such it is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, and was originally known from a single location in the province of Cuenca at Yemeda. In 1990 a population was discovered in Castellon, which has been recently identified as also belonging to this species (Arconada and Ramos 2002). No new sites have been found for this species, although additional surveys have been undertaken (Ramos pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Visits to the la Fuente del Roble, in Yémeda (Cuenca) have shown the populations remain abundant. The status of the populations Fuente de la Pena, in Navajas (Castellon) is very small, and recent surveys have not relocated the species, although the location is in a canyon with multiple springs and waterfalls, so it may be present is low density. Orti-Martinez (pers. comm. 2009) reported that the source at de la Pena has been altered since 1990, and hence the site might also be lost.# There is low population recruitment and low population density.

threats:
These species are sensitive to alterations of their habitat. The key threats to the survival of this species are related to factors that produce the disappearance or degradation of habitat. The major reasons include over-exploitation of water resources which dries out the springs and over-exploitation of groundwater. Other reasons for habitat alteration include the processes of water pollution by agricultural activity and environmental or industrial waste discharges. The construction of infrastructure for water extraction could completely change this springs. Other threats include prolonged periods of drought and forest fires.

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Endangered on the National Red List for Spain (Verdu and Galante 2009). It is also on the regional protected species lists for Castilla-La Mancha.There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish the extent that the water quality and quantity is declining. The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stankovicia baicaliiformis is endemic to Lake Ohrid where it has a very restricted and patchy distribution range of less than 10 km2. The quality of habitat is declining due to pollution and the substrate it lives on is replaced by mud, limiting the habitat available for this freshwater snail. Repeated surveys carried out since 2004 have searched for this species, but did not find it. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).#

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). This species has a patchy distribution, and is localized vertically (restricted to a bathymetric depth) and horizontally (restricted area in the north-east of the lake).

population:
This species is known to be very rare in survey samples (C. Albrecht, pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This freshwater lake species is from the sublittoral zone where it is recorded from Dreissena shell belts. The substrate has changed from sandy to mud due to accumulation of organic material (Albrecht pers. comm., 2009).

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod.   #

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat trends is recommended for this species to check for changes in distribution and habitats.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously placed in genera Macedopyrgula Radoman, 1983 and Trachypyrgula Radoman, 1955, but now considered part of genus Stankovicia (Bank et al. 2006, Fauna Europea).

redListCategoryRationale:
Stankovicia pavlovici is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only known from Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2, but where the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly  impacting this species at present. However, an increase in the levels of pollution could have a very detrimental effect, and this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.

range:
This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is mainly found in the littoral zone and the Chara meadows above 30 m depth# (Radoman 1985).

population:
This is generally found in low abundances in survey samples.

habitat:
This freshwater snail is mainly found in the littoral zone of the lake on various substrates like Dreissena shells, stones and gravel, and rarely within the Chara meadows above 30 m depth.

threats:
The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. However these threats are not thought to be currently impacting this species, although they may if pollution levels increase.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously placed in genera Macedopyrgula Radoman, 1983 and Trachypyrgula Radoman, 1955, but now considered part of genus Stankovicia (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea).

redListCategoryRationale:
Stankovicia wagneri is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only known from Lake Ohrid, where  the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be  significantly  impacting this species at present. However, an increase  in the levels of pollution could have a very detrimental effect, and  this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality  or the water temperature changes significantly.  #

range:
Stankovicia wagneri is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is mainly found in the deeper parts of the lake, below 30 m depth# (Radoman 1985).

habitat:
This lacustrine freshwater species lives in the sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) could also impact this small gastropod. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat trends is recommended for this species to check for changes in distribution and habitats.  ###########


redListCategoryRationale:
Strugia ohridana is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in one restricted location, the rate of decline in the habitat quality appears to be slow in the subterranean part of the spring system. However, this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature change significantly.

range:
Strugia ohridana is restricted to a large cave-spring, from which the Sum brook originates, south of Zagracani, about 4 km from Struga town, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)(Radoman 1983). The range is difficult to estimate, as this species lives in subterranean groundwaters, potentially occupying the whole subterranean system, which is inferred to be less than 100 km2.

population:
The population trends are unknown. Recent surveys did not find it in the cave but this is a subterranean species that is difficult to sample.

habitat:
This subterranean species lives in a cave system, on stones in a spring with a constant temperature.

threats:
The water extraction for domestic use is restricting the habitat available for the species at certain periods of the year. However, this species is probably present in the subterranean cave system, where no threats are thought to occur.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Critically Endangered Bab(iii) (Possibly Extinct) based on the loss of the habitat at the type locality. There is no data to suggest that the species was once more widespread, and as such it is considered a threatened species. Surveys are recommended to determine whether the species is still extant.

range:
This species is known from Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River. The river was dammed in its upper course which apparently changed the river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski) intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik) (Szarowska pers. comm. 2009). The sites have been searched and fresh shells have been found occasionally, in spite of speculation that the species may have only been recorded from sub-fossil shells (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River.

threats:
The upper course of the river where this species is found was dammed which has lead to habitat loss, through changing the habitat to a series of stagnant pools intercut with dry river bed.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. Further surveys are recommended to determine whether the species is still extant. If the species is found to be still extant habitat restoration maybe required as much of the habitat has been altered.


taxonomicNotes:
The Nova spring population (Benifaió, Valencia) was tentatively assigned to#Tarraconia  gasulli, and if subsequent research shows that it belonged to a different species, then this would reduce the number of subpopulations. This site has been lost, and the subpopulation is thought to be possibly extinct.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is in marked decline. It can only be considered as abundant in just one locality (La Esperanza spring) and in the vicinities of the ditches fed by the spring. It must be considered as extirpated in other cited localities, such as Nova spring (Benifaió), spring at Ermita de N.ª Sra. de La Esperanza, and El Bañador (Altura). It is very scarce in the 50 Caños spring (Segorbe).The loss of three subpopulations over the last 15 years, and probable loss of another, suggests that the species only remains stable at the spring at La Esperanza (Navajas, Castellón) and in the ditches emerging out from this spring. Consequently the species now qualifies as Critically Endangered.The species is also assessed at regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv)).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found only in the Valencian Autonomous Community. Presently it is recognised in five springs, all localised within a small area.

population:
This species is in decline, both in terms of populations and the number of locations. The only stable subpopulations remain at the spring at La Esperanza (Navajas, Castellón) and in the ditches emerging out from this spring. The species has never been found living at the type locality, 'El Bañador' (Altura, Castellón).Recently it has become extinct at three other sites. Originally rare at 50 Caños spring (Segorbe, Castellón), no living specimens have been found in recent surveys, so it must be considered as declining, possibly extinct at this site. The spring at Ermita N.ª Sra. de la Esperanza was replaced by a new one with a tap, to provide drinkable (chlorinated) water and this led to the disappearance of the subpopulation at this spring. Finally, it is currently extinct in Nova spring (Benifaió, Valencia), which became completely dry in 2008.

habitat:
This species lives in springs and irrigation ditches, with clean water and plenty of aquatic vegetation. These are well oxygenated waters (6.4 to 7.8 mg/L), with high calcium content (between 114.70 and 156.32 mg/L), pH between 7.08 and 7.39, and water temperatures from 17.1 to 18.3ºC, depending on the locality.

threats:
At every locality where this taxon was cited (including the 50 Caños spring, according to consulted sources), the water comes from La Esperanza spring. This spring supplies the municipalities of Navajas, Altura and Segorbe with domestic water supplies. The spring is also the only locality from which specimens and/or their shells are dispersed around this area by means of out-flowing ditches and other springs, that use the same artesian source     The scarce number of currently known populations makes this species’ populations quite sensitive to any disturbance of its habitat.    The seasonal droughts, as well as over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers (mainly by the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides) pose a serious risk for the future of this species; for example, a petrol station was built eight years ago on one site, and two years ago a trailer park was built on another site. Also the restoration and cleaning of the spring, the water sources and the ditches spouting out from them, must be monitored, as these can severely impact the population numbers. Climatic change, namely decline in precipitation levels may also lead to declining populations, as the springs dry out, for example, those in the vicinity of Nova spring (Benifaió, Valencia) became dry during 2008.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Spain and lives within a protected area, the enclave called La Esperanza (Segorbe, Castellón), which was given status as "Paraje Natural Municipal” (Municipal Natural Park).Valencian Government Council Agreement, 27 January 2006 (published in Valencian Official Gazette –DOCV- nº 5187, on 31 January 2006).The Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009) placed the species as Vulnerable A2c+4bc, based on past loss of subpopulations and future loss of subpopulations.The following actions are recommended:Performing a management plan for this species including the study of both its biology and ecology.Informing local people about the importance of this endemism, involving them in its preservation.Increasing the availability of tough substrates, which could facilitate a rise in the number of specimens.Avoiding the extraction of substrate and mud from the water sources, and also preserving a minimum of water flow in the springs and ditchesThe following activities could potentially lead to decline in populations: pollution and over-exploitation of the aquifers, pollution dumping at the water source, cleaning and restoring springs, creating irrigation ditches and reservoirs, disturbance of the ecosystem by human presence and activities, and the extraction of specimens for commercial purposes (collecting).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from a small range where it is known at two locations with an extent of occurrence (EOO = 200 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 8 km²). One location is liable to disturbance, whereas the other location lies within a national park. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on the potential disturbance to these locations, given the pressure on water resources for domestic and agricultural sources, and the increased frequency of drought events. The species has one sub-population which lies within a protected area designated as part of the Natura 2000 network.The species is also assessed regionally:EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, and is known from two localities, both in the Ebro Delta in Province Tarragona. The two sites are at Ullal de Baltasar, which lies within the Parque Natural del Delta de Ebro and the Acequia La Carroba, between San Carlos de La Rapita and Tortosa. (Arconada et al. 2009)

habitat:
The habitat for this species includes freshwater springs and subterranean habitat.

threats:
The major threats to this species come from alteration of the habitat, either by changing water quality of the underlying aquifer as result of agricultural run-off (pesticides, sedimentation), changes to the hydrological regime (water abstraction from the aquifer) or changes in the aquatic vegetation of the areas where the species is found (Arconada et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed by the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009) as Endangered (EN A2ab; D). One of the sites where this species is found at Ullal de Baltasar (UTM 31TBF90) lies within the Parque Natural del Delta de Ebro. This is a Natura 2000 protected area (Directiva 92/43/CEE), and hence the site lies under strict protection, as part of the reserve. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the pressures from water abstraction and agricultural pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is close to qualifying as Vulnerable, as it is listed from less than 10 locations by Radoman (1983), however these are widely scattered over the Kosovo river catchments with an inferred extent of occurrence of 10,800 km2, and as the species is a subterranean species it may be present more widely than the current known sites suggests. The springs themselves are thought to be exploited by the local residents for their domestic water supply, and as such there may be disturbance of the site, including improvement of the water abstraction through concreting part of the spring site. Some residual threats lie in the nitrates and pesticides present in the water, however the extent of this threat is unknown.# As such the species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria B, pending revised data on distribution, population trends and threats.

range:
Radoman (1985) describes the species as restricted to the Kosovo Basin. The type locality was freshwater springs near Cma Zemlja, six km west of Nerodimlje, Kosovo, Serbia. Other locations were 12-13 km west of Urosevac town, a spring as Pridvorica village (near Velji Brijeg), prings at Ribraric-Kosovska Mitrovica, a spring at Crnoljevo village, Gornja Mahal (by the road between Stimlac and Prizren), and a spring between Mala and Velika Reka, at the source of the Nerodimka River (Radoman 1983).

population:
There is no recent data on the status of these populations.

habitat:
Although Radoman (1985) described it as restricted to freshwater springs, it is a subterranean species that it also found in springs (Radoman, 1983).

threats:
Most springs are exploited by the local residents for their domestic water supply or for agricultural purposes and hence the major threat is over-abstraction of water. In some parts of the range water pollution from agricultural sources may also be an issue.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place, although the species was proposed as an addition to the Emerald List of protected species for Serbia and Montenegro, and it listed as a protected species in the First National Report of the Republic of Serbia to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). Further data is need on population status, distribution, habitat trends and threats to confirm the conservation assessment of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Noted as a "Hydrobia-like terrestrial gastropod" by# Kabat and Hershler (1993), the status remains uncertain.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is poorly known and requires review. At present it is only known from the type locality in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere   reserve, so habitats lie in a protected area. However data is required  on taxonomy, population status, habitats and threats to make a revised  conservation assessment of this taxon. As such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is only known from the type locality, Ugolskoe Forestry, Karpatsky Natural Reserve, Tyachev District, Zakarpatskaya Region, Carpathian Mountains, south-western Ukraine (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
No recent data on the status of this species, however shells resembling this species were found in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Rakhiv rn Transcarpathian Region) (Sverlova and Gural 2009)

habitat:
Noted as a "Hydrobia-like terrestrial gastropod" by# Kabat and Hershler (1993), the habitats and system remains uncertain.

threats:
The species is found in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere reserve, so threats are likely to be minimal, however details of threats have not been assessed and hence are unknown.

conservationAction:
The species is found in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere reserve, so habitats lie in a protected area, however data is required on taxonomy, population status, habitats and threats to make a revised conservation assessment of this taxon.


redListCategoryRationale:
Trachyochridia filocincta is endemic to Lake Ohrid and has a very restricted and patchy distribution range of less than 10 km2. Its habitat is declining, due to pollution, and the substrate it lives on is being replaced by mud, limiting the habitat available for this freshwater snail. Recent surveys have searched for this species, but did not find it. It is therefore considered Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake  Ohrid, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). This species has a patchy distribution, and is localized vertically (restricted to a bathymetric depth) and horizontally (restricted area in the north-east of the lake). Its vertical distribution seems to be disjunct, between the "shell zone", between 20 and 35 m and then 70 to 80 m.

population:
This is a rare species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This sub-littoral species is described from Dreissena shell belts. The substrate has changed from sand to mud due to accumulation of organic material (C. Albrecht# pers comm. 2009).

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed, as well as habitat monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
Trichonia trichonica is described from two locations (Lake Trichonis and Lake Pamvotis), but within the last 30 years no single specimen or even shells of this species were recorded in Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) and so it is considered lost from this location. Based on the Lake Pamvotis spring location it has an area of occupancy of 4 km² and there is a decline in the habitat quality caused by pollution. Threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii)).Regnier et al. (2009) suggested that this species was extinct, based on information in Szarowska and Falniowski, A. (2004) but this was an error, as there are other records from Lake Pamvotis suggesting there is another location (Frogley and Preece 2007), so as such, these sightings review investigation, as do other small lakes in the region.This species is also assessed at regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. Radoman (1983) reported populations from the north-eastern shore of Lake Trichonis near Mirtia. Schütt (1980) described it from the south coast, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009). It was recently described from Lake Pamvotis (Frogley and Preece 2007).

population:
The population status of this species is unknown. Radoman (1983) reported populations from the northeastern shore near Mirtia and Schütt (1980) from the south coast, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009).

habitat:
This sublittoral species is restricted to rocky banks.

threats:
Heavy pollution related to intensive agriculture practice (Lake Trichonis) and settlements (Lake Pamvotis) in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lakes. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.

conservationAction:
Lake Trichonis is a Natura 2000 site. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes, as well as sewage, need to be drastically reduced. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the effects of agricultural and domestic pollution. #


taxonomicNotes:
Turcorientalia hohenackeri is also known under the genus#Belgrandiella, subgenus Turcorientalia. #There are two subspecies recorded:##Turcorientalia hohenackeri#hohenackeri##and Turcorientalia hohenackeri#marginata, both from Greece.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are no recent records for this species, although it has been recorded in the 1980s from nine widely scattered locations and has an area of occupancy of 900 km2. A precautionary listing of Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) has been given to the species, based on the lack of recent records, and the medium to high pressures on water resources in the region. #The major threats lie in capture of water sources for drinking water and disturbance of sites which lie in close proximity to sites developed for tourist activities.The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))Europe: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))

range:
Turcorientalia hohenackeri#is endemic to Greece, where it is known as two different subspecies, one on the mainland and the other on the islands in the Aegean sea. #There are no recent published records confirming the presence of these subpopulations.The records for#Turcorientalia hohenackeri#hohenackeri#include 7 scattered localities:Thessalia (central Greece) [in Velestino Makrinitsa#(Mount Pilion), Vrissia (Farsala), Almyros] on island of Euboea (Loutra#Aidipsou) (Schütt 1980)#Thraki (north-east Greece) #(a spring near the delta of#Nestos and another spring nearby Paradeisos Nestou)#(Schütt 1980)#central and east Makedonia, north Greece [a spring#near the road of #Olympiada-Arnea (Chalkidiki) in 1985), and another#spring nearby Nea Zichni in 1982] (Reischütz 1988)#Thasos (north Aegean Sea) (Reischütz 1983)The records for#Turcorientalia hohenackeri#marginata#include 2 scattered localities:Schütt (1980) found it at springs in Avlochades, Aghios Ioannis (north Euboea, Aegean Sea)Frank (1987) at springs in#south-east Scopelos (North Sporades, Aegean Sea).

population:
This species has not been recently collected, so there is no data on population trends.

threats:
#All the known sites lie in areas which are subjected to anthropogenic pressures such#as water over-abstraction (for water supply and irrigation), construction#of houses and hotels, road works and tourism.#The tourism pressure could be considered as medium to high (according to#the data from Hellenic Tourism Organization (EOT) and the local#authorities (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Data is needed on population status at the known sites and habitats require monitoring to assess the current status and monitor changing habitats.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece but is relatively widely distributed and has an Area of occupancy of 900 km2. It is not facing major threat at the moment, although there is tourist pressure in the region, therefore it is currently considered as Least Concern (LC).The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Least Concern (LC)Europe: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranen: Least Concern (LC)

range:
This species is endemic to Greece. It is recorded from freshwater springs on the mainland by#Schütt#(1980) and#Reischütz and Reischütz (2004). #Radea (pers. comm. 2009) provides the following list of sites from the literature:Springs near Piana (Arcadia, Peloponnisos) (Schütt 1980)Springs#near Levidi (Arcadia, Peloponnisos) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2004)Springs at Metoxi (Achaia,#Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at the the village Lambia (Ilia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at the Monastery of#Dimiovas (Messinia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Patra (Achaia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Amphissa#(Phokida)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Agrinio (Aitoloakarnania)#(Schütt1980)Springs on the island of Kos#(south-east Aegean Sea) between the villages Asphendiou and Zia#(Schütt1980)A recent resurvey at#Levidi in May 2009 failed to locate the species in Levidi, but further surveys are planned in the region of Arcadia in 2010 (Radea pers. comm. 2010)

population:
There is no recent data on population trends, although the species was recorded at some sites in 2004.

threats:
#These freshwater springs lie mainly in mountainous and wooded regions with many ravines and springs. The tourist pressure could be considered as low to medium (mainly ecotourism) according to#Hellenic Tourism Organization (EOT) and the local authorities (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). As such although there are risks of temporary drying through drought phases, there is currently little evidence of decline, however the lack of recent survey data suggests that the species should be subject to a monitoring programme.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to monitor the impact of tourist pressure.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed from Ukraine, where it is present in#  Dniepr-Bug Liman and elsewhere it is recorded from the Caspian  Sea. There are no known conservation actions for the species and little data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections. More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and Not Evaluated (NE) at the level of the27 member states of the European Union, although given the small range within Europe, it may well be Not Applicable (NA), given that the main range is in the Caspian Sea.

range:
This species is listed from Ukraine, where it is listed by Son (pers. comm. 2009) as present in#  Dniepr-Bug Liman (Ukraine) and the Caspian Sea. According to Kantor et al. (2009), the species is present in brackish waters of north-western Black Sea Maritime Territory (Dnieper-Bug and Dniester limans), as well as the Caspian Sea.

population:
Son (pers. comm. 2009) noted that the species is declining in Dneiper Limans.

habitat:
In Europe, this species is found in the brackish water lagoons on edge of Dnieper Basin (Son pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main threats lie in declining quality of habitat due to river channel management (dredging) and water pollution from industrial sources.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species and little data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections. More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as endemic to Ukraine where it is known from the delta of Dnieper River (Alexenko and Starobogatov 1987, Anistratenko 1998a), however no data is available on its population, habitat or threats. Son (pers. comm. 2010) considered that this species                may be Extinct, but the further research of its typical habitats are necessary to demonstrate that it is absent from the above sites.   Due to the lack of information relating to this species it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).The species is assessed at regional level as:Europe: Data deficient

range:
This species is endemic to Ukraine where it is known from the delta of Dnieper River (Alexenko and Starobogatov 1987, Anistratenko 1998a).# There are no recent records to confirm where in the delta of the Dneiper River (Son, 2010 pers. comm.).

population:
There is no data is available on the current population status of this species.

habitat:
The habitat for this species is unknown, but believed to be from the delta of the Dneiper River, so probably brackish water species.


taxonomicNotes:
The generic status of the species is uncertain, and it was listed by Kantor et al. (2009) as Pyrgula dimidiata, and by Ciobiou (pers. comm, 2010) as Micromelania dimidiata. According to Kantor et al. (2009), Sitnikova and Starobogatov (1998) listed Micromelania dimidiata var. eucalia as a valid species of the genus Turricaspia but failed to discuss of the taxonomic basis for the generic allocation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found as dead shells, and maybe subfossil in Romania, whereas it's main distribution is given as the Caspian Sea. Given the lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
The species is an endemic species in the Pontic Basin and in Romania, only dead shells from the sediments of Razelm Lake have been recorded (Ciobiou, pers. comm. 2010). Elsewhere it is recorded from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; 35- 200 m depths (Kantor et al. 2009)

habitat:
The habitat for this species in Romania is unknown, as only dead shells have been collected, however in the Caspian Sea it is known from bottom sediments to 200 m depth in brackish waters.


taxonomicNotes:
This species requires taxonomic revision using molecular systematics, as the species limits may require revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Turricaspia ismailensis is endemic to Ukraine and Romania.# In Ukraine where it is only present in two brackish water lakes that are interlinked with# an Area of occupancy of 400 km2, is present in one location and is facing threats from pollution. In Romania there are at least 3 known locations, all in close proximity in the Danube delta therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii)). Son (pers. comm. 2010) suggests this species maybe extinct in Ukraine, and that surveys are required to confirm that the species is still present in the upper lakes of the Danube delta. The main threats to this species are from pollution from heavy industry,  sewage from domestic sources, agriculture in the catchment and dredging  in the channels.The species is also assessed regionally as:Europe: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))

range:
This species is endemic to Ukraine and Romania.## In the Ukraine it is known from Yalpug and Kugurluj estuarine lakes near Danube River. Son (pers. comm. 2010) comments that the species is either rare or possibly no longer present at the site.# In Romania, it has been collected from the lakes-limans Ialpug, Katalpug and from the Danube Delta, near Sulina.

population:
There is no data is available on the population status of this species.# In Sulina there are large populations, which are predominated by juveniles).

habitat:
It lives in the little brackish water of the limans, on the bottoms covered by silt or shell remains.

threats:
The main threats to this species are from pollution from heavy industry, sewage from domestic sources, agriculture in the catchment and dredging in the channels.

conservationAction:
There is no data is available on conservation actions for this species. Son (pers. comm. 2010) suggests that this species may be extinct in the Ukraine lakes, therefore surveys are recommended to confirm its presence. If the species is extant, management of the catchment to control the effects of pollution and habitat monitoring to measure its impact are recommended.In Ukraine where it is only present in  two brackish water lakes that are interlinked with# an Area of occupancy  of 400 km2, is present in one location and is facing threats  from pollution therefore it has been assessed as Endangered (EN  B2ab(iii)). In Romania, the status is Data Deficient, as there is no recent information on populations or threats to these sites.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) with various synonyms. Synonyms: borystenica Lindholm, 1929; grigorievi Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987; milachevitchi Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ostroumovi Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ukrainica Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987.# Kantor et al. (2009) considered these synonyms as valid species. This species needs a major review, and as such the information is given on each species pending such a review.

redListCategoryRationale:
Euxinipyrgula lincta is assessed as# Least Concern (LC) based on the wide distribution for the aggregated dataset for all the forms (borystenica#Lindholm, 1929;#grigorievi#Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987;#milachevitchi#Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ostroumovi#Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966;#ukrainica#Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987.) #If further review shows these species limits should be revised, this would not necessarily change the assessment, unless one of these populations is found to be very restricted. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Least Concern (LC)EU 27: Least Concern (LC).

range:
#Euxinipyrgula lincta:   The type locality is listed as Lake Katlabuh, near Danube delta, Northwest Black Sea Maritime Territory (Anistratenko 1998a). Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems and estuarine lakes near Danube (Ukraine). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists Euxinipyrgula lincta for Romania, but Ciobiou (pers. comm., 2010) did not list it in her list of Romanian taxa.Euxinipyrgula   grigoriev    The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems.Euxinipyrgula milachevitchi:The type locality is listed as off Chufutovka, Dnieper-Bug liman.  Son (pers. comm., 2009) recorded the species from Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems, estuarine lakes near Danube (Ukraine), but noted that he believes that the species has died out or substantially decline within in the Don Basin (Russia).Euxinipyrgula ostroumovi:The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems. Euxinipyrgula ukrainica:The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son(pers. comm., 2009)# reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to determine whether the synonyms of this species are separate valid species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in estuarine parts of two major river systems in Ukraine and Russia, and maybe present in other similar habitats between the two rivers. It is believed to be widespread within its range, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (LC), although there maybe localized threats to specific populations.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:# Least Concern (LC)EU27: Not# Evaluated (NE), not present in any of the 27 member countries of the European Union

range:
#This species is found in the Ukraine and Russia, where it is restricted to the estuarine waters of the Dniepr River system (Ukraine) (Anistratenko and Stadnichenko, 1995) and the Don River system (Russia) (Son pers. comm., 2009).

population:
There is no data is available on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits estuarine parts of large rivers.

threats:
Threats are caused, mainly through changing habitats caused by human activity within the catchment basin. There is an ongoing programme of construction of dams and irrigation systems in the river catchments of the Rivers Dnepr, Dniestr, Don and Danube; as well as channel management construction connected to navigation for large boats in the Danube, Dnepr and Dniestr.

conservationAction:
There is no data available on specific conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to confirm the species limits as well as research to determine the impact of disturbance of the habitat on this species.

useAndTrade:
There is no data available on trade for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is possibly endangered in the Ukraine, based on impacts to the Dnieper Estuarine system but given that current range in the Black Sea is uncertain, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level.

range:
This species is widespread in Caspian Sea (20-25 m), Black Sea limans and mouths of rivers (8-10 m) (Kantor et al. 2009).

population:
The population trends of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This is a brackish water species present in inland seas, coastal lagoons (limans) and possibly the estuarine parts of rivers.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to determine the species limits.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, but also is found in the brackish waters of the Danube delta. It is known from few living specimens and requires taxonomic review (M. Son pers.comm. 2009). It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)

range:
The species is known from the Caspian Sea (found between 20 and 25 m depth) and the Black Sea, but also is found in the brackish waters of the Danube delta. Most records for this species from Romania are dead shells at the mouth of the Danube, from Razelm, as well as from the Romanian sector of the Black Sea through dredging, (although the latter provided rare live specimens). The typical form of the species can be found in the Caspian Sea.

habitat:
This species lives in brackish water, in the silt on the lagoon bottom or at the mouth of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea.

conservationAction:
This species requires taxonomic review. Research relating to the population, distribution and possible threats of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is is the type species for the genus Vinodolia, and was originally placed in the genus Orientalina (now Radomaniola).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from three sites, all freshwater springs in Croatia. However, resurveys at the type locality since 1999 have failed to relocate the spring so the species is considered as potentially extinct at one site. The status of the populations at the other springs is unknown and as such the species qualifies as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii)), pending further investigation of these springs.

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater spring Glogi, Podugrinac at Bribir (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004). Radoman (1983) also listed the species from two closely adjacent springs: Drist spring near Bribir and a spring in the Javor village close to Rijeka. The area of occupancy is 12 km2.

population:
There is no data on recent population trends, although it is believed to be lost at one site (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004).

habitat:
The species is found at freshwater springs.

threats:
Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) report that in their surveys in 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2004 there was no water in the#freshwater spring Glogi#and so the species is no longer present at this site. The drying up of the spring is thought to have been caused by over-abstraction of water combined with an increased frequency of drought.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species and although the underground fauna is protected, it is uncertain whether this species is subterranean.# Further work is need to establish the presence at known sites and whether it is present elsewhere in the catchment.


taxonomicNotes:
Considered by Radoman (1983)#to be in a separate genus, Dalmatinella, with##D. fluviatilis being the type species of the genus. Placed by Bank et al. (2006), as a subgenus#Dalmatinella#in the genus Vindolia. #

redListCategoryRationale:
The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). There have been suggestions that it should be listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) based on the loss of the habitat at the type locality (M.Szarowska and A.Falniowski pers. comm. 2009, Regnier et al. 2009). However, there is no current data on the status of the second river location, and the habitats still remain on the first river, hence at present it is listed as Endangered pending further survey work during the winter seasons.

range:
This species is known from Croatia, where it was first described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River#and later recorded from the the lower parts of the Neretva river between Kula and Opazen (Radoman 1983). Recent surveys on the Zrmanja River have failed to find the species (Falniowksi pers. comm. 2009) although there are reports that the habitats are still present. There is no data on the status at the second site on the Neretva river.

population:
There are no recent records of the species at the type locality in spite of searches.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater rivers, close to estuaries (Radoman 1983).

threats:
There has been a change in river flow management due to damming which has affected the habitat quality.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for the species.# More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends, especially to conduct survey work at other times of the year, than the times when water levels are low to establish whether this species is extinct at the type locality and whether it is still extant at the other site.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is placed in the subgenus Anagastina Radoman, 1978, but some authors have treated this as a genus, hence the species is also known as#Anagastina gluhodolica.

redListCategoryRationale:
Vinodolia gluhodolica#is endemic to#Montenegro where it is#known from two localities, although it was recorded only once from one site. Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm., 2009) observed that the species was not found in numerous other springs around the type locality. One#site is used for domestic water extraction, whereas the second site is not exploited, although the habitat quality was poor. It has been listed as Extinct by Regnier et al. (2009), however this is based on some sampling at the type locality by Falniowksi and in last 10 years during the drought periods in the summer, rather than sampling in the winter period, and also the presence at a second site closely adjacent was not known to the authors. Based on small range and threats to one site, the species is considered Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
Vinodolia gluhodolica is endemic to Montenegro.# It was originally known only from the type locality# near Virpazar town, area of  Lake Skadar (a spring at Velje Oko below the Gluhi Do village).# Zoltan Feher (pers. comm. 2009) has recorded the species (Material determined by Marco Bodon) from another site in 2000 in Montenegro, 3 km from the original locality, suggesting that the species may be at other sites locally. Vladimir Pešić (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the species was not found in numerous other springs around the type locality.

population:
In April 2000, it was abundant (1000's) at the second site, however in 2008, at a different time of the year (late summer) no specimens were found (Material determined by Marco Bodon).#

habitat:
The species is found in freshwater springs close to Lake Skadar. However, this species may be a subterranean groundwater species, and as such this may explain the limited recording, especially during the summer months when the freshwater springs dry up.#

threats:
Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the original spring has been captured for local drinking water and other springs are susceptible to summer droughts, when outflow from the groundwater sources cease.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions specifically for this species, but conservation management plans for the Lake and habitat monitoring programme would be recommended to assist with assessment of future changes for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to a single cave in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the main threats come from changes to the hydrogeology, degrading the habitat through changing the water levels in the cave system. As the species is believed to be restricted to this site, the species qualifies as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is recorded from Bosnia-Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; #Fauna Europea project) where it is restricted to a single site, a cave at Čepelica near Bileća (Sket pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species is believed to be found in freshwater systems in caves.

threats:
Changes to the hydrogeology recharging the aquifer, changing the quality of habitat at the only known site (Sket, pers. comm., 2010)

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended, to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species, as it is difficult to collect given the cryptic habitat and the low population density. A full survey of all hydrobid species in Bosnia and Hercegovina would be timely in view of the range restricted nature of these species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Vinodolia lacustrisis is known from a single location, with a very restricted range of less than 60 km2.# Abrupt water level drop (of several metres), due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearing of most of the potential population range, as recent surveys were not able to find it (Albrecht et al, pers. com., 2009). The habitat quality is declining due to pollution.# It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii).

range:
Vinodolia lacustris is restricted to the south-western shore of the large freshwater Lake#Prespa, where it is found between Albania and FYROM (as known as Macedonia).#

population:
This species is very rare. Recent faunal surveys between 2003 and 2009 did not found it (Albrecht et al., pers. comm., 2009).

habitat:
This species lives on#littoral zone of the lake where it is recorded on#the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.  #


redListCategoryRationale:
Vinodolia matjasici#is is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from one locality, a spring which has already been captured for domestic supplies. Other threats lie in pollution, as result of#infiltration of waste water from the local industry in the upper part of the River Zeta and influence of hydro-power on the changing water levels as part of a flow management regime in middle and downstream part of the river.# It is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)..

range:
Vinodolia matjasici#is#endemic to#Montenegro, where it is known only from the type locality, a small spring near the Lipovik village, 31 km west of Podgorica and 49 km north west of Lake Skadar (also known as Scutari and Shkodër). #This#spring which has already been captured for domestic supplies.

habitat:
This species is an exclusively subterranean form that lives in this freshwater spring and may extend to the groundwater system feeding the spring.

threats:
Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the freshwater spring has been captured for local drinking water and the spring is also susceptible to summer droughts, when outflow from the groundwater sources cease.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Monitoring of the spring is recommended to determine future trends in the habitat and population status of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Vinodolia scutarica has a small extent of occurrence (400 km2)and is known from only two locations, one with an existing threat, and the second with possible threats from drinking water exploitation.# The species has been assessed on the basis of the current data but further research may lead to a revised assessment. However, this species is currently listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
Vinodolia scutarica is endemic to Lake Skadar (Scutari) which has banks in Montenegro and Albania. #It is found#along the lake bank near Luka Krnička in Montenegro and in freshwater springs adjacent to the lake in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009).

population:
This species is very abundant at site in Albania (10,000's).

habitat:
This species is restricted to region of Lake Skadar, where it was found   along the lake bank near the place Luka Krnička, in Montenegro (Radoman 1973) and in a spring in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009). The records from Radoman (1973) may be uncertain, as recent records are from springs.

threats:
One of the sites, the Skandar Lake is undergoing rapid eutropication, whereas the springs in Albania could potentially be captured for drinking water supply.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions specifically for this species, but conservation management plans for the Lake which is protected at national level in Montenegro, but not in Albania. Habitat monitoring and population data would inform future conservation assessments on this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was considered by Kabat (1993) following Radoman (1983), to be placed in the genus Anagastina Radoman (1978) which was a replacement name for Anagasta Radoman, 1973, non Heinrich, 1956. (Bank et al. 2006); #Fauna Europea) considered this to be a subgeneric standing rather than generic standing.

redListCategoryRationale:
Vinodolia vidrovani is endemic to Montenegro. It is present at many sites close to Nikšić Town and others in the basin  of Lake Skadar [Scutari], Montenegro. It is viewed as being in need to taxonomic review and recent surveys, however the species is considered to be Least Concern, due to the number of locations.

range:
Vinodolia vidrovani was listed by Fauna Europea for the former country of Yugoslavia. Kabat (1993) noted that this was a recent species found in freshwater springs at Vidrovan, 9km of north of Nikšić Town.# Radoman (1983) lists many springs in the area of Nikšićko polje, Uzduh and another spring in Glibavac village, two springs in Rastoci village and others in the basin of Lake Skadar [Scutari], Montenegro.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions known for this species. More research on taxonomy is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species is listed  from Montenegro and Albania, there is no data on current range or population, and as such this species must be regarded as Data Deficient (DD). Further survey data would enable a conservation assessment to be made.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is listed for Montenegro, but there is no information on distribution. Dhora (2009) records the species for Albania, but again there are no details on range. It is presumed to have a range close to Lake Skadar.

population:
There is no data on population trends for this species, and there is no data on current range or population

conservationAction:
No conservation actions exist for this species, however, it does require more research on population trends, status, habitat preference and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Xestopyrgula dybowskii# is considered as Vulnerable D2, as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly at the moment, although an increase in the levels of pollution could change this. The decline in the habitat quality is only affecting the littoral range of this species and is not thought to impact the sub-littoral part of the range. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.#

range:
This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.

population:
This is a rare species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)

habitat:
This is freshwater species lives in the littoral zone, living on various substrates, like Dreissena shells, gravels and sand.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. The decline in the habitat quality is only affecting the littoral range of this species and is not thought to impact the sub-littoral part of the range.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat quality would allow the trends in rate of changing habitat quality to be assessed, and hence any change that would impact conservation status could be tracked.   ###########


redListCategoryRationale:
Zaumia kusceri is restricted to the feeder springs close to Lake Ohrid, which are estimated to have a total area of less than 100 km2. The quality of habitat in these springs is declining due to pollution. Recent surveys over the last six years have not found it in the spring, but this is a subterranean species which is difficult to observe. It is assessed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii).  #  #

range:
This species is restricted to the feeder springs of St. Naum, near Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), which are estimated to have an estimated subterranean area of less than 100 km2.

population:
This is a rare species. Recent surveys in the last six years have not found it in the spring, but as this is a subterranean species it is difficult to observe and record in surveys.

habitat:
This is a subterranean species, hence the living specimens are only found when they are flushed from the underground waters into the springs (Radoman 1983)

threats:
Agriculture adjacent to the Prespa Lake is contaminating the water which feeds the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006), which potentially impacts the species.

conservationAction:
The species is present in the Galicica National Park. More research is needed on the population trends, and the agricultural pollution coming from the neighbouring area of Prespa Lake needs to be regulated and reduced.


redListCategoryRationale:
Zaumia sanctizaumi#was#present in a very restricted area in the south-east of#Lake#Ohrid. The quality of habitat is declining due to pollution. Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found this species, despite the fact that it was recorded from the littoral zone, which is relatively easy to sample. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

range:
Zaumia sanctizaumi is present in a very restricted area in the south-east of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

population:
This is a very rare species. Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found it (Albrecht et al. pers. comm., 2009) .

habitat:
This species occurs in the littoral zone on the south-east shore of Lake Ohrid, a large freshwater lake near the church of St. Zaum.

threats:
Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa lake are contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased fire hazard in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. However more research is needed in order to try to rediscover this species and establish trends for habitat decline.


taxonomicNotes:
Most of the representatives of the subfamily are in western Mediterranean and occur within subterranean waters.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from the original collection at the type locality and it is uncertain as to the status of the species, as well as the possible threats to this site. Although the species may qualify as Vulnerable (VU D2), the lack of knowledge on threats and current status of populations suggests that Data Deficient (DD) should be the conservation status at present.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Data Deficient (DD)Europe:# Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean:# Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species is only known from the Northern part of Evvoia (Euboea), an island off the coast of Greece. It is found upstream of Mantouidi, on subsoil effluence of the Kirefs River.

population:
The original collection only had a few specimens and as such we have no data on abundance.

habitat:
This species is presumably a subterranean freshwater species.

threats:
It is uncertain what the specific threats to this site are and this area is relatively less developed.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed on the distribution, population trends and threats of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described taxon which is endemic to type locality. It has never been found alive. It was previously described in the#genus#Moitessieria,##then a new genus Henrigirardia#was created by Boeters Falkner (2003).

redListCategoryRationale:
Henrigirardia wienini is endemic to a single cave in the Hérault valley in  southern France. This locality may be threatened by lowering of the groundwater level though over abstraction of groundwater for water supplies. This species has never been found alive and could already be extinct. It is classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

range:
Henrigirardia wienini is endemic to a single cave in the Hérault valley in southern France.

population:
There is no population trend data available for this species. This species has never been found alive and could already be extinct.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction and impacts lowering groundwater table maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. Concerning the cave where H. wienini lives (if it is still living), the water is abstracted for domestic purposes. Agricultural and housing are very limited in the area, so pollution in probably not an important threat at the moment.

conservationAction:
Conservation actions are not in place for this species.# Further survey data are required to establish if this cryptic species is still extant, and# thereafter monitoring to establish any decline in habitat quality. Some species may require a review to decide whether any restrictions on drawdown would be required to maintain suitable habitat if the species is still present.


taxonomicNotes:
This newly described species will require further studies to confirm relationships with other species from this complex genus, as currently it is only known from shells and although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been.# M.seminiana, described by Boeters (2003) on the basis of specimens from  interstitial waters from Majones river at Villareal de la Canal  (Huesca, Spain), is the species that most closely resembles M.barrinae. Alba et al. (2007) suggest that the less stout and less conical appearance, with less convex whorls, and a smaller size (shorter length and lesser number of whorls), permit to clearly distinguish M.barrinae from M.servaini. The species that most closely resemble M.barrinae by the small size and moderately stout appearance are M.cocheti Boeters  Falkner, 2003, M.heideae Boeters  Falkner, 2003, and M.seminiana Boeters, 2003. Regarding the two French species (M.cocheti and M.heideae), besides ornamentation, M.barrinae can be distinguished from them by its longer length and greater number of whorls, the lesser convexity of whorls, and the greater number of lines above the aperture.

redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is only known from the type locality and there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only described in 2007, the distribution is not yet confirmed as range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie pers. comm. 2010). As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This newly described species is known from Font de la Barrinà [UTM 31T BF7327] (municipality of Horta de San Juan region of Terra Alta), close to Estrets de Quiquet en el Massís del Port in Catalunya in northern Spain. At present it is only known from a single location, but further surveys are needed in the region to confirm that this is a restricted range species.

population:
Although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been, and the population status is uncertain.

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown, although there are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the    species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for    domestic and  agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from   increased  frequency of drought events.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the distribution, population, habitat and threats of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is known from only one specimen (juvenile) collected in the Garonne floodline debris near Toulouse. It was considered by Coutagne (1884) as conspecific with M. simoniana and M. fagoti. Taxonomic uncertainty makes it impossible to assess regarding the IUCN criteria.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is only known from a single shell, and hence the taxonomic status is unclear, as it may be another closely related species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is listed as endemic to France collected in the Garonne floodline debris near Toulouse

conservationAction:
More research needs to be carried out on taxonomy for this species as it has only been identified by a single shell.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria calloti is endemic to France, where it is only known from a single  locality, groundwaters at Lagorce, in the Ardèche. The presence of this species at a single site, combined with potential threats to the groundwater, suggest the species should be listed as Vulnerable D2, as the rate of habitat decline is insufficient to merit listing as Critically Endangered, although should the rate of decline accelerate, this assessment would require review.EU27: Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe: Vulnerable (Vu D2)

range:
This species is endemic to France, where it is only known from the type locality, "Fontaine de LaBatte, Lagorce (Ardèche)".

threats:
Although detailed threats to the species are unknown, the likely threats will be pollution of the groundwaters from agricultural sources and overabstraction of groundwater.

conservationAction:
This species and its habitat should be monitored


taxonomicNotes:
This species is a recently described taxon. It could be a confusion with a juvenile specimen of Moitessieria locardi (see Bertrand 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is believed to be a confusion with a juvenile Moitessieria locardi (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009), and as such, until the taxonomy issue is resolved, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is listed as a endemic species from France and was described from "Source de la Farre" northwest of# Labastide-de-Virac.

conservationAction:
There are no documented actions. This species requires more research on population trends and taxonomy.


taxonomicNotes:
This newly described species will require further studies to confirm relationships with other species from this complex genus, as currently it is only known from shells and although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been.#

redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is only known from the type locality and  there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only  described in 2006, the distribution is not yet confirmed as  range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to  other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other  species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie pers.  comm. 2010). As such it is listed as Data  Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This newly described species is known from# Font d’en Collell (Albanyà, l’Alt Empordà) in Catalunya in northern Spain. At present it is only known from a  single location, but further surveys are needed in the region to confirm  that this is a restricted range species, as it has been described on the basis of shells only.

population:
Only dead shells are known of this recently described species, but it was described as abundant and displaying a great variability, especially with regard to shape (relative width) of the shell.

conservationAction:
The conservation actions for this species are unknown.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was recently described from a few shells only. It is in need of taxonomic revision. According to the author of the description, it could be only a local form of Moitessieria simoniana.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is in need of taxonomic review, as according to the author of the species, it could be a form of Moitessieria simoniana (see Bertrand 2004), and as such is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending review of the taxonomic status.

range:
This species is endemic to France. It is known from the springs of Font-Sainte (Ustou), Borde de crue and Chapelle de Bincarède (Seix). A specimen from flood debris of Exergue river (Porté-Puymorens) is attributed to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are documented for this species, however, it does need to undergo taxonomic review.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria foui is only known from the type locality in Castellon where it has never been found living.# It is not listed as Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009), however this does not cover all of the Spanish species.# This species could be considered Data Deficient, given that it has recently described in the last 10 years, and further sites maybe forthcoming. However, given that it is only known from a single location, with the potential threats to freshwater habitats in this region, it has been listed as Vulnerable (VU).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
Moitessieria foui is a recently described species which is endemic to the North-east of Spain, known only from Tarragona, where it is found in Cova de la Fou - 6km South-west of Falset, approximately 5km South-east of Capcanes, Province Tarragon, which is a small temporary resurgence cave.  #

population:
No living specimens of this species have ever been found.

habitat:
This species is found in subterranean groundwaters.

threats:
There are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from increased frequency of drought events.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon has been treated here as a species, but is one of several species of Moitessieria that are known only based on their shells, and that would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria guadelopensis is a restricted range species, which has been recently described (Boeters 2003), and at present it is only known from a single river system, where it has been recorded at 2 locations. Given the pressure on water resources (extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from increased frequency of drought events, the species should be considered to be potentially vulnerable, unless survey work shows a more extensive range. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
Moitessieria guadelopensis is endemic to eastern Spain, where it is only known from two sites on the Rio Guadelope in the Province of Teruel:   ######## Calanda, bridge at Torrevelilla, Rio Guadelope, Province Teruel (UTM grid square YL356349), interstitial water   ######## Bridge 3 km South of Alcaniz, Rio Guadelope, Province Teruel (UTM grid square YL3944), interstitial water.  #

habitat:
This freshwater species is found in interstitial water in river beds where it is found living at 9.6°C.# It occurs in the drainage basin with the species M.lludrigaensis (Boeters 2003).

conservationAction:
#There are no conservation measures for this species. It has not been considered in the recent Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). There are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the species, therefore habitat monitoring is recommended. As this species has been recently describes research relating to its distribution is required to confirm it is a range restricted species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is only known from shells. It is very similar to Moitessieria locardi. It is in need of a taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria heideae is  restricted to three cave systems around Les Angles, Department (30), France, where there is currently a slow decline in the habitat quality, as the result of groundwater pollution. The rate of decline is insufficient to cause extinction in the short-term, ans so the species is considered to be Near Threatened B2a,b(iii), however should the rate of decline accelerate, the species will require review as it could be Endangered.

range:
Moitessieria heideae is restricted to three cave systems around Les Angles, Department (30), France.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). Lowering of groundwater levels may impact the species, and thus maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has never been found alive, but is considered as a valid species by everyone.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria juvenisanguis#is endemic to France and is restricted to two locations only. It lives in subterranean waters and is therefore vulnerable to human impacts on water quality. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
Moitessieria juvenisanguis#is endemic to France and is restricted to the type locality in the#department#Aude (France) and to the Douctdouyre bassin in#departement#Ariège.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Groundwater recharge maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited combined with droughts in the region, as domestic water supplies from villages and towns are largely taken from springs and aquifers.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in France. More research on the population, distribution and threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Previously considered as a sub-species of Moitessieria simoniana, but easily distinguished by conspicuous shell characters. This species is now included in the genus Sorholia (Boeters Falkner 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria lescherae is not a restricted range species and its habitat in the Pyrenees is not likely to be severely threatened, as at present it is present in less developed regions of France.# Therefore, it is considered as Least Concern.Also regionally Moitessieria lescherae is recognised as:EU27:# Least Concern (within the 27 European Union countries)Europe:# Least Concern

range:
Moitessieria lescherae occurs in France, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrénées, on the Adour drainage.

population:
There are no population data available for species Moitessieria lescherae.

habitat:
Moitessieria lescherae inhabits in subterranean waters.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. In this region of the Pyrenees, neither agriculture nor urbanization can be considered an important threat at present.

conservationAction:
Moitessieria lescherae is a protected species in France.


redListCategoryRationale:
Not listed by Verdú and Galente (2009) in the Spanish Red List, and hence not considered as a threatened species in Spain. The species has been recently described, and the threats to the site are unknown, and the extent of the species is difficult to assess.# However at present it is only known from the type locality in Lludriga in interstitial waters in a spring, a site which is vulnerable to disturbance and water flow management, so qualifies as Vulnerable (VU D2), with the possibility of upgrading the category pending further threats and distribution information.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
Moitessieria lludrigaensis# is endemic to the North-east of Spain, known from Tarragona only. Fuente Llundriga - approximately 2km South-east of Capafonts and 12km West-north-west of Alcover, province Tarragona.

habitat:
This species inhabits interstitial waters and was discovered in a spring which drains to the Ebro river.

threats:
The specific threats to locations where this species is present are unknown, but there are general threats from water flow management and abstraction in the region.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions  known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and  distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the general threats to freshwater habitats in the region from water abstraction.


taxonomicNotes:
Moitessieria locardi is considered as a valid species by every author.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria locardi is now reassessed as Least Concern based on widespread habitats and wide extent of occurrence over 9700km2. This species was originally assessed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet in Baillie  Groombridge, 1996), based on a record, however apparently in error, as the species is more widespread.# Moitessieria locardi is also considered Least Concern in the regional assessments of Europe and the 27 European Union countries.

range:
Moitessieria locardi is endemic to France, where is is found widely in the departments of Ardèche, Gard, Vaucluse, Drôme, Var, Alpes de Hautes-Provence, Alpes Maritimes and Alpes de Haute-Provence.

population:
There is no population data available for Moitessieria locardi.

habitat:
Moitessieria locardi inhabits subterranean waters.

conservationAction:
Moitessieria locardi is listed as a protected species in France.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered as a valid species. The population studied by Bodon and Guisti (1991) from Sardinia is considered to be conspecific with M. massoti. Given the taxonomic doubt about these, they are not included in this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria massoti massoti is now  considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales  (France), where it is known from the Agly drainage basin only. This species is known from one location only and is therefore vulnerable to human impacts on water quality. However, this locality is not subject to excessive human pressure and the hence, at present this species is not endangered, so has been listed as Vulnerable D2, rather than Endangered. The sub-populations from  Sardinia were not  included in the above  assessment, as these may represent a different  species (Prie pers. comm. 2010).# The Red List assessment for these subpopulation should be recorded. At present the range on Sardinia represents 7 different sub-populations scattered over central-eastern Sardinia. These sites range from 5m ASL to 750 m ASL, and are largely springs.# One site (Su Cologne) is known to be disturbed with potential loss of all species (Manganelli et al. 2000).# The status of this taxon is Italy was considered to be Least Concern.

range:
Moitessieria massoti is now considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales (France), where it is known from the Agly drainage basin only, and although recorded from a spring, as this is a groundwater species, it is assumed to live in a underlying aquifer system.The sub-populations from Sardinia are considered to be in need of taxonomic revision and are not included in this assessment, as these may represent a different species (Prie pers. comm. 2010) The range on Sardinia represents 7 different sub-populations scattered  over central-eastern Sardinia. These sites range from 5m ASL to 750 m  ASL, and are largely springs.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters, but is also found in freshwater springs.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. The aquifer where M. massoti lives is slightly salted and suitable for human consumption. Water abstraction for domestic purpose should therefore not be an important threat. The area is at present relatively free of major pollution, but a single event could affect the only locality and the species is therefore very vulnerable.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in France. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of habitat changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status and taxonomic review of the Italian sub-populations, which are possibly not this species (Prie pers. comm. 2010).

redListAssessors:
Prie, V., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been recently described from surveys in the last 10 years and as such there is limited data on population status, distributions and threats. It is a species  living in interstitial waters, and as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution from  domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited, then falling water levels may also  impact the species.# The species could be listed as Data Deficient, Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically Endangered, depending on the severity of threats to the species, however at present these are generalised threats, and it is  not known whether they impact this species and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from a single site in interstitial waters at Río Bergantes, by the bridge at Villores, province Castellón (UTM: YL374062).

population:
There is no data on the population status of this species, but it has only been recently described from surveys in the last 10 years.

habitat:
This species inhabits interstitial waters in a river system.

threats:
Species living in subterranean habitats and interstitial waters are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. If the aquifers are overexploited, then falling water levels may also impact the species.# However these are generalised threats, and it is not known whether they impact this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This newly described species is only known from the type locality and   there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only   described in 2006, the distribution is not yet confirmed as   range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to   other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie  pers.  comm. 2010). As such it is listed as  Data  Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality at Font d'en Collell, Albanyà, l'Alt Empordà, Province Gerona,[UTM 31TDG7584].

habitat:
This species inhabits interstitial water in river systems.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species, known only from shells deposit in a small spring in Rebenacq.

redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria nezi is now    considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Atlantique    (France), where it is known from the Rebenacq drainage basin only. This  species is known from  one location only and is therefore vulnerable to  human impacts on water  quality, however, this locality is not subject  to excessive human  pressure and hence, at present  this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2,  rather than  endangered.

range:
Moitessieria nezi is restricted to a single location, Rebenacq in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. However, the place where M. nezi lives in the Pyrenees is not affected by human pressure.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions. More research on the population and distribution is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon has been treated here as a species, however Moitessieria would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has been recently described from surveys  in the last 10 years and as such there is limited data on population  status, distributions and threats. It is a species  living in  interstitial waters, and as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution  from  domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads,  herbicide and pesticides) sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited,  then falling water levels may also  impact the species.# The species  could be listed as Data deficient, Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically  Endangered, depending on the severity of threats to the species, however  at present these are generalised threats, and it is  not known whether  they impact this species and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This recently described species was found in northern Spain, where it is currently known from a single location, Río Areta, Puente en Lumbier, Ripodas, Urraul Bajo in Province Navarra.

population:
There is no population trend data for this recently described species.

threats:
The threats to this species are uncertain. It is a species  living in  interstitial waters, and  as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution  from  domestic (sewage and  run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads,  herbicide and pesticides)  sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited,  then falling water levels  may also  impact the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria olleri occurs in  Spain and France. Tarruella et al. (2008) considered the French records to be large forms, and suggest that Bertrand's (2004) French records might not be M.  olleri. In Spain it is recorded from  Catalonia, where it is restricted in range, with 11 locations, nine of which are closely located to the type locality, and as such, it is candidate for threatened status, but has been placed as Near Threatened (almost meeting the criteria B2), pending a further review of the records.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Near Threatened (NT) Europe: Near Threatened (NT) Mediterranean: Near Threatened (NT)

range:
Moitessieria olleri occurs in Spain and France. In France it was recorded once by Bertrand (2004), but the French record might not be M. olleri (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009). In Spain it is recorded from Catalonia, where it is restricted in range to an area of approximately 400 km², with most  located in the 10x10 km square UTM DG22 near the type locality, and the other two sites separated more than 25 km of these towns.

population:
There are no population trend data available for this species, although it has been recently collected.

habitat:
Believed to be living in subterranean waters, although shell records have come from springs and interstitial waters of the riverbed (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009).

conservationAction:
A small stygobitic snail from the family Moitessieriidae which is included in the Annex 4 (“Species of fauna strictly protected”) of the Decret 328/1992 of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Tarruella et al. 2008).#


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from one locality and could be considered as Crtically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in view of general #threats to water resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these sites, and this species was not listed in the Spanish Atlas of Critically Endangered and Endangered Invertebrates (Verdú and Galente 2009) and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan 2009).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is only known from two sites, both wells, in province Teruel in northern Spain.   ######## 0.8km off Valderrobres, East of road between Valderrobres-Arnés, Province Teruel (UTM grid square BF610287), dug well   ######## Cretas, 7.6 km off Valderrobres, South of Road Valderrobres-Arnés, province Teruel (UTM grid square BF663308), dug well.  #

habitat:
The living animals are found in interstitial waters in dug wells.

threats:
No threats are currently known, but this species lives in groundwater in a region where groundwater is exploited as a water source for domestic supplies villages.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, however habitat monitoring and further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria rolandiana is a widespread species in southern France. It is relatively common in its range and is therefore considered least concern.

range:
This species is present in Southern France where it is recorded widely from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic drainages.

population:
There is no population data available for this species, but it seems common at least under the riverbeds.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters and underneath the riverbeds, where it is mostly collected alive.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from one locality and possibly should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in view of general #threats to water resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these sites, and this species is not listed in the Spanish Atlas of Critically Endangered and Endangered Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan pers. comm. 2009).#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: (Data Deficient)Mediterranean: (Data Deficient).

range:
This recently described species is known only from from province Huesca in northern Spain: 0.5km North of Villareal de la Canal, Rio de Marjones, Province Huesca (UTM grid square XN734236).

habitat:
This species is found in interstitial water. Living animals are sympatric with Moitessieria serveini in interstitial waters of a river bed.

threats:
There is no data available on threats to this species, but there are probably generalised threats from groundwater abstraction and pollution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain in several widely spaced localities and possibly could be  considered as Near Threatened in view of general threats to water  resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these  sites, and the species is not listed in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009)  and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan  pers. comm. 2010).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This Spanish endemic is known from several localities in the provinces of Castellón, Huesca, Zaragoza and Navarra in northern Spain:   ###### Bridge of Villores, Rio Bergantes, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YL374062), interstitial water   ###### Aguavuva, close to border Teruel-Castellón, end of road Zorita de maestrazgo-Aquaviva, Rio Bergantes,# Province Castellón (UTM grid square 409192), interstitial water   ###### 6.2 km off Morella, South-east road Morella-Cinctorres, Mas de Sabtaé, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YK413982), dug well   ###### Angües, bridge of road north 240 Barbastro-Huesca, Rio Alcanadre, Province Huesca (UTM grid square YM391636), Interstitial water   ###### 0.5 km north de Villareal de le Canal, Rio de Majones, Province Huesca 9UTM grid square XN734236), interstitial water   ###### Puendeluna, bridge, Rio Gallego, Province Zaragoza (UTM grid square XM851695), interstitial water   ###### Urraul Bajo, Ripodas, bridge at Lumbier, Rio Areta, Province Navarra (UTM grid square XN391274), interstitial water   ###### 16 km north-north-west of Falset, at Margalef de Montsant, Riu Montsant 3km upstream of Margalef C. 400 m, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CF17), interstitial water   ###### 20 km east-north-east of Les Borges Blanques, Nalec, 50 m South of Riu Corb, c. 500 m ASL, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CG40), well   ###### 17 km south-east of Vallfogona de Riucorb, at Santa Perpetua de Gaia, Riu Gaia, c. 600 m ASL, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CF69)

population:
There is insufficient information to determine population trends of this species.

habitat:
This species inhabits subterranean waters, mostly interstitial. It is also found in a well. This species is sympatric with M.meijersae, M.seminiana and M.notenboomi.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species, however habitat monitoring and further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
Moitessieria simoniana is relatively widespread, however in France its habitat is facing very high pressure, due to water abstraction and increased frequency of drought. As these pressures are increasing, it is likely to cause a decrease in the habitat quality over future years. As the population continues to grow with the need for water supplies, we see a greater impact from climate change increasing droughts. It is therefore considered to be a candidate for Near Threatened status in France.# However, it is also present at 17 different locations in Italy, some of which are also under threat. Consequently, if it is a candidate for Near Threatened, currently the number of known localities means it is still listed as Least Concern. A programme of habitat and population monitoring is strongly suggested for this species in view of the current threats to the species. The species was previously listed as Least Concern, reflecting the wide range of the species (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996).

range:
In France, it is known from four departments, Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège, Tarn and in Italy it is known from 17 locations in the NW regions of Liguria and# Piemonte, but the distribution is not continuous.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters, and possibly in the water flowing under the riverbeds.

threats:
This species is living in subterranean waters and is sensitive to water pollution and reduction in the groundwater table through extraction. Gradual eutrophication of the rivers may affect sub populations living underneath the riverbeds.# In the long term increased frequency of seasonal droughts may impact the species through falling levels of groundwater degrading habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is nationally protected in France. In Italy is is considered to be Least Concern, given the number of locations.

redListAssessors:
Prie, V., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.


taxonomicNotes:
This speceis is in need of taxonomic revision.

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia conica is a species found in deep aquifers within the groundwater, and although widespread at present, the range and habitat are declining as a result of poor water management (pumping and pollution), and as such this species could be close to being considered as Near Threatened.# Regular reviews of this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat quality requires monitoring.

range:
Prie (pers. comm, 2009) considers this species to be widespread in southern France.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean waters. As it has never been collected alive, it is suspected to be living only in deep waters.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described species. There is a lack of data concerning the distribution.

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia gloeeri occurs in the tourist area of the Ardèche canyon in France (its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 1096 km2 and it is found in 5 locations). This area is increasingly under human pressure, which has led to a general decrease of water quality and quantity. This is especially true in summer, during the height of the tourist system. The major threats are from overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from sewage and from agricultural sources (Herbicides and Pesticides). The general level of threat is lower than some of the other species, although in view of increasing pressure on water resources, the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii,iv) on a precautionary basis given it's limited distribution. Regular reviews of  this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat  quality requires monitoring.

range:
This species is endemic to France, and is restricted to the southern part of department Ardèche. Four localities are given in the description of the species and a further locality is added by Girardi (cited as pers.comm# in Bertrand 2004).

population:
No date is available on the population status.

habitat:
This species is found within subterrannean freshwaters within karst regions; it is a stygobite.

threats:
Paladilhia gloeeri occurs in the tourist area of the Ardèche canyon, and area where there is increasing human pressure which has led to a general decrease of water quality and quantity. This is especially true in summer, during the height of the tourist system. The major threats are from overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from sewage and from agricultural sources (Herbicides and Pesticides).# The general level of threat is lower than some of the other species, although in view of increasing pressure on water resources, the species is listed on a precautionary basis given it's limited distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. In light of the current restricted distribution, habitat monitoring and population surveys are recommended so that any changes in the status can be acted upon.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a recently described taxon. There is a lack of knowledge concerning this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia jamblussensis is a species  found in deep aquifers and known only from the type locality in the causses du Quercy (France), and although this location is not threatened  at present, a single pollution event or poor  water management (pumping), could impact the species, and hence it is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2.# Regular reviews of  this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat  quality requires monitoring.

range:
Paladilhia jamblussensis is currently only known from Causse of Quercy, a limestone pavement area in the department of Lot in south-west France.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Reduction of the water table may become problematic, if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known to be in place for this species, however, monitoring of habitat quality would be recommended for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia pleurotoma is a species which is widespread at present, although the range and habitat could decline locally in the future as a result of poor water management (pumping and pollution). It is considered Least Concern.

range:
Paladilhia pleurotoma is a species which is widespread in southern France, west of the Rhône valley and east of the Hérault valley.

population:
There is no population data available for this species

conservationAction:
There are no known conseravtion actions for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a doubtful species. It is known only from shells collected in the 19th century and has never been found since despite important collection pressure on the type locality ("Surgeons des sources des Angles. Gard").

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia pontmartiniana is endemic to France. It is only known from the type locality.# However, the current status of the species is unknown, as it has never been found again despite numerous surveys in the area. The taxonomic status of the species has not been confirmed and neither has the distribution. If it is a valid species, it might be considered as Extinct (EX). Currently it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending a review of the status of the species.EU27:# Data deficient DDEurope: Data deficient DDMediterranean: Data deficient DD

range:
Paladilhia pontmartiniana is endemic to France. It is only known from the type locality(Surgeons des sources des Angles. Gard departement).

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowered groundwater tables maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on taxonomy and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia roselloi is currently known only from the type locality. This locality is not subject to human impacts at present, but a single impact could wipe out the whole population. The threats include pollution events or overabstraction of water, hence the species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
Paladilhia roselloi is only known from the type locality, Sanilhac, in the department of Gard, southern France, where it is present in one aquifer.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. The aquifer maybe reduced degrading the habitats if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There a re no conservation action sin place. More research on the population and distribution is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a well established species, which status is confirmed by molecular analyses (Prié unpublished data).

redListCategoryRationale:
Paladilhia umbilicata is restricted to a small region where there is currently a slow decline in the habitat quality, as the result of groundwater pollution. The rate of decline is insufficient to cause extinction in the short-term, and so the species is considered to be Vulnerable D2, however should the rate of decline accelerate, the species will require review as it could be Endangered.

range:
Paladilhia umbilicata is endemic to the Trabuc cave system in southern France.# Prie (pers. comm. 2009) reports the species from 3 different groundwater systems within this small region, hence the species should be regarded as a restricted range species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measure in place for this species. More research is needed on the population a distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
Palaospeum bessoni is  restricted to France, where it is only known from 4 locations in a relatively small area of the department of  Pyrénées-Atlantiques and might be impacted by pollution and water abstraction. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Palaospeum bessoni is restricted to France, where it is only known from the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.# It was listed from four localities, with type locality being at Haute Soule (Bertrand and Boeters 2001; Bernasconi 1999).

habitat:
This species is found in subterrannean freshwaters within a karstic region; it is a stygobite (i.e. an aquatic species that complete its entire life in the cave environment).

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the groundwater table may impact this species and hence maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
The status of the populations of Palaospeum bessoni is unknown, and thus recommended conservation actions would be resurvey and also system of habitat monitoring to ensure that any changes in status are known fairly quickly.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
It is known only from one shell, description based on its small size. According to the authors of the description themselves, it could be a juvenile of P. bessoni.

redListCategoryRationale:
Palaospeum nanum is only  known from one locality in the department of  Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwest France.# However, it is only known from a single shell and the description suggested the species should be separated on its small size but the authors themselves suggest it could be a  juvenile of P. bessoni. Thus due to strong taxonomic doubts, it is considered as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Palaospeum nanum is only known from the type locality, Rebenacq in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwest France.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends and taxonomy.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to freshwater springs in northern Spain, and may be a candidate for Least Concern (LC), if the range is confirmed to be widespread but localised. However, given the general threats to freshwater springs in Spain, it has been evaluated as Data Deficient (DD) pending further data on threats and population trends. Further survey and habitat monitoring are recommended.

range:
This species is listed as endemic to Spain, where it is found in the Provinces of Santander, Álava, Burgos and Asturias (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There is no data for estimating population trends of this species.

threats:
The threats are uncertain, however, the species is found in freshwater springs which are exploited as water sources for domestic water supplies, so a general threat is present from over exploitation of the water and drying of the springs.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions known for this species, but futher information on threats and population status are required to evaluate the status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was provisionally placed in Sardopaladihlia, based on similarity in shell characters, but this placement maybe reviewed following future anatomical research.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable.# However, as a recently described species, the lack of knowledge on the the extent of the range and the taxonomic issues for this species, suggest that it should be listed as Data Deficient (DD). Should there be active threats to the only known site, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered (CR), and consideration needs to be given in future developments in the region that may disturb the habitat of the species.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain. The species was described from the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras (Province, Castellón) (Rolán and Martínez–Ortí 2003), the only known site, however it is thought to be found in the underlying karstic groundwater system.

population:
There is no data available on the population status of this species, although it is believed to be stable based on the abundance of shells found in the outflow of the groundwater system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).

habitat:
This species is found within groundwater systems and found at outflow springs from the system (Martínez-Ortí pers. comm. 2009)

threats:
The main threats lie in the pollution of the groundwaters where this species is found, as well as possible over-exploitation of the water source (Martínez-Ortí 2007)

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for this species. Further research is necessary to establish whether there are multiple species in the system, their habitats and their population sizes.


redListCategoryRationale:
#This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2a,b(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
The species is endemic to Spain, where it is currently only known from the type locality, Font de Castro, Sueras, Province Castellón.

habitat:
This species is found within groundwater systems and found at outflow springs from the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007)

threats:
The principal threats to this species lie in the possible contamination of the groundwaters from pollution, and over-abstraction of groundwaters changing the quality of the habitat (Martínez-Ortí 2007).

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados  Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España  (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009). No specific conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and   further survey to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Data Deficient in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
The species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, Font de Castro, Sueras Province Castellón.

population:
There is no data available on population status, although it is believed to be stable based on the abundance of shells found in the outflow of the groundwater system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).

habitat:
This species is found in the outflow of a karstic groundwater system, but believed to be present in the subterranean parts, rather than surface parts of the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).

threats:
There are future threats to this species from pollution of the groundwater and over-abstraction of# water for domestic use, leading to habitat degradation and subsequently species mortality and population declines.

conservationAction:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# No conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and    further survey to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is one of several spring snails described from Sardinia.

redListCategoryRationale:
Sardopaladilhia plagigeyerica is considered to be vulnerable to extinction, as it has a restricted range, and it lives within a groundwater system that could potentially be exploited in the future. At present there is no pollution or extraction impacting the populations, so it is considered at lower risk than other species in the region. However, the threat of future exploitation or pollution of the groundwaters suggests that Near Threatened is an appropriate listing for this species.# Should any changes to the immediacy of threat the species would immediately move to Vulnerable D2, on the basis of restricted range, and possibly higher depending on the nature of the threats.

range:
This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in western Sardinia. The type locality is the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne, at San Giovanni, 100m above sea level (UTM 32 T NK4260). Also known from Cave Su Giana (100m ASL,UTM 32 T NK4360), Cave Sa Oche at Lanaitto (150m ASL,UTM 32 T NK4156),Cave Bue Marino, 1.5m ASL (UTM 32 T NK5255) and a spring on right bank of Cedrino River, S. Leonardo (3km upstream of Orosei, UTM 32 T NK5771) (Manganelli et al. 1998). In single catchment.

habitat:
This species is restricted to slow flowing groundwater within a karstic region (Manganelli et al. 1998). It is a strict stygobiont. Like most spring-snails the species feeds using a radula, scraping rock surfaces.

threats:
The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo  Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000), although it is less threatened than the other species, as it is present through much of the groundwater systems and not restricted to the interstitial waters (Manganelli et al. 1998), however the rate of change is not expected to impact the species over the next 10 years, although any sudden change would change the status of this species.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli#et al. 2000). The recommended conservation action is habitat monitoring protocols to check whether the species habitats are declining.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).

habitat:
This species is found in the outflow of a karstic groundwater system, but is believed to be present in the subterranean parts, rather than surface parts of the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for this species.# Further research is necessary to establish whether there are multiple species in the system, their habitats and their population sizes. This species is proposed for inclusion on the list of Protected Species in the Communidad of Valencia (CVEFA).


redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix affinitatis is newly described species endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two localities. There is no current data on the threats to these sites, and further information is needed on the distribution and population status of this new species, therefore it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD). However there are general threats to subterranean habitats through water pollution and over-abstraction and if the sites become threatened, then on a precautionary basis the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This newly described species is endemic to Spain, found in a single site, the Rio Nela, 1.2 km southeast of Escanduso, in Villarcayo, Burgos (Boeters 2003).

habitat:
This species inhabits subterranean waters and is occasionally sympatric with S. burgensis (Boeters 2003).

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from both domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research is recommended to determine the extent of its distribution and to identify any threat processes impacting upon its habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix burgensis is a recently described species endemic to Spain, that is only known from five localities,  however currently there is no information on the threats to these sites, and as  such it should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available.# However there are general threats to subterranean habitats from water pollution and over-abstraction and if the sites become  threatened, then on a precautionary basis the species should be listed  as either Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) or Vulnerable (VU D2).

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the provinces Santander and Burgos:   ######## Arredondo, Asón, Surgencia Cueva la Cubera, Province Santander (UTM grid square VN511895), interstitial water   ######## Merindad de Valdevielso, Cereceda, Fuente Sagrero, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN598390), temporal effluent cave   ######## Merindad de Sotoscueva, spring of Quintanilla de Valdebodres, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN456602), interstitial water   ######## Valle de Mena, Cadagua, Nacimiento de Rio Cadagua, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN714695), interstitial water   ######## Merindad de Sotoscueva, Hornillayuso, Cueva la Torcona, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN504625), interstitial water.

habitat:
This species is found in subterranean waters, interstitial water and effluent caves. It is occasionally sympatric with S. affinitatis.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or  agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species and the actual risk for the identified threats would be recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Spiralix burgundina#was considered by Bernasconi (1994) as a synonym of Spiralix rayi, whereas Boeters (1972 ; 1998) placed it as a subspecies of Spiralix rayi and #Falkner et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. There is insufficient data on the range/status of these subpopulations, as as such until more data is available the species should be considered as taxonomically doubtful.

redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix burgundina#was considered by Bernasconi (1994) as a synonym of#Spiralix rayi, whereas Boeters (1972, 1998) placed it as a subspecies of#Spiralix rayi#and #Falkner#et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. There is insufficient data on the range/status of these subpopulations, as as such until more data is available the species should be considered as taxonomically doubtful. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on population trends, distribution and taxonomy.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was described by Nicolas in 1891; it was synonymised by Boeters (1972) with Spiralix puteana, then considered as a good species by Boeters and Falkner (2003).It is taxonomically doubtful.

redListCategoryRationale:
Given the taxonomic doubts on this species, it is not possible to identify it in the field. There are no data available on its population size or distribution, It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Spiralix collieri is endemic to France and is found in the Rhone region. Although this species has been mapped based on the literature data, the records of the species are unreliable, as identification is difficult, and hence the species records are in need of review.


taxonomicNotes:
This doubtful taxon, described by Bernasconi, has never been found again despite recent researches in the type locality in Corsica (see Bertrand 2004). Initially described as Moitessieria corsica, Falkner et al. 2002 have placed the species in the genus Spiralix. Then, Boeters  Falkner (2009) have studied the type specimen again and propose to place the species within a new genus, the genus Corseria.

redListCategoryRationale:
In 1996 this species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and potential threats. This species' group is cryptic, as they live in subterranean ground-waters which are difficult to sample effectively and may well be rare. It has not been found again despite several surveys over the last 10 years. The species was not listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as an Extinct or Possibly Extinct species, and so on a precautionary basis the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)   B1ab(iii,v), based on a single known site, where the species has not been observed for 16 years, in order to flag the site as one requiring conservation action.

range:
Spiralix corsica was originally described from France, based on records from a single site on Corsica. Its distribution is doubtful as it has not been found again since and further research is required to confirm the presence of the species is maintained at the reported location.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Falls in the water levels in the aquifer degrading the habitat maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and threats of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was originally described as Bythiospeum and later placed with the genus Spiralix.

redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix gloriae#is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras, Castellón.# This recently  described species, is only known from one location,  however there is no  current data on the threats to these sites, and as  such could be  viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available. If the sites become  threatened,  through pressure on water resources then the  species should be listed  as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), but in view of  threats to water resources in the region and presence at a single site  it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis.

range:
Spiralix gloriae is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras, in the province of Castellón (Rolán and Martínez-Ortí 2003).

population:
As a recently described species there is no recent data on population trends and only about 30 shells have been collected.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and  agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009), as Data Deficient (DD) under the name Bythiospeum gloriae (Rolán and Martínez-Ortí 2003). There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and    further survey to determine the  geographical range of this species would    be recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
This species remains a taxonomically doubtful species. It is so difficult to identify it from other Spiralix taxa that it remains unknown apart from the data given by the descriptors.From a conservation point of view, it has to be considered taxonomically DD.

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a doubtful taxon (see "Taxonomic notes").# No data are available apart from the type localities given# by Boeters and Falkner (2003).This species lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits.# A conservation assessment could be made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group, but on the precise case of S. hofmanni, event the shell morphology is doubtful. We therefore consider this taxon as Data Deficient (DD) due to taxonomy issues.

range:
Spiralix hofmanni is endemic to France. It is difficult to differentiate Spiralix  hofmanni from S. collieri  and S. puteana on the basis of  the original description. Therefore, no distribution map can be  proposed, excepted that inferred from the data of the authors of the  description themselves. We can only map the type specimens, but not the  distribution of the species based on the current survey data by the malacological community.

conservationAction:
This species requires more research on taxonomy.


taxonomicNotes:
The classification with Spiralix is based on conchological features only.

redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix pequenoensis , a recently described species, is only known from one location,  however there is no current data on the specific threats to the species, and as  such could be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available.# If the sites become  threatened, through pressure on water resources then the species should be listed  as Endangered (En B2ab(iii)). however in view of threats to water resources in the region and presence at a single site it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis.

range:
Spiralix peguenoensis is a recently described Spanish endemic species known only from Castellón in eastern Spain: ######## Espadilla, bridge at Onda, Rio Pequeno, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YK259349), interstitial water. #

habitat:
This is a freshwater species found as dead shells in interstitial water, and is sympatric with Palaospeum hispanicum ondaense.

threats:
It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. There are several villages and towns in the catchment area. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.

conservationAction:
There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range and level of threats of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The data on this species range is not considered to be sufficiently robust for a conservation assessment to be made, and as such the species has been placed in the category of Data Deficient (DD) pending further research.

range:
Spiralix puteana is considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean part of France, however there are differences in opinion about the distribution of the species (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010) such that the species cannot be reliably mapped. The data shown is an amalgamation of the available data, and this range should be reviewed as part of a review of the taxonomy of the species, including molecular data.

population:
There is no recent data on population trends available for this species.

habitat:
This is a freshwater subterranean species.

threats:
Spiralix puteana is considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean part of France, however there are differences in opinion about the distribution of the species (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010) and as a consequence the threats are uncertain.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation actions for this species. The range of this species should be reviewed as part of a review of the taxonomy of the species, including molecular data.


redListCategoryRationale:
Spiralix rayi#is considered to be endemic to France and is widespread in scattered localities in the Departments#of#Côte d'Or, Nièvre, Haute-Marne and Yonne. The scattered localities suggests that at present it should be regarded as Least Concern, however the use of aquifers for water abstraction for domestic water supplies puts considerable pressure on the aquifers. The species should be reviewed on a regular basis to see if the number of occupied sites decreases and whether it will then qualify as Near Threatened.

range:
Spiralix rayi#is considered to be endemic to France and has been recorded from four Departments (Côte d'Or, Nièvre, Haute-Marne and Yonne), where it is present in scattered localities.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as a protected species in France. There are currently no known conservation actions. However habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are known for this species, both of which have been assessed separately for the Spanish National Red List:Spiralix valenciana valenciana   Boeters, 2003Spiralix valenciana   castellonica Boeters, 2003The two assessments are merged herein for the European Red List project, but their data are given separately, should there be cause at a later stage to consider that both taxa may be distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This Endangered species has two subspecies, both considered threatened due to both the scarce number of currently known populations and to the vulnerability of their habitats:The nominate taxon (Spiralix valenciana valenciana) can only be found in two localities: at El Morenillo spring, a small number of living specimens, but plenty of shells have been found. The other site, Baños de Fuente Podrida, river Cabriel, has a very poor population levels. This subpopulation is close to meeting the criteria for Critically Endangered (CR B2b(iii)).Spiralix valenciana castellonica can only be found in three localities. Two of them are springs emerging from caves, whose populations are comparatively in good conditions despite the fact of being continuously visited by lots of speleologists during good weather, from springtime onwards. However, at one locality no living specimens have been collected, which is more problematic: the water where this species lives is extracted through a well and then stored in an irrigation reservoir, which was restored and extended approximately five years ago. At present during summer, the water table falls to 2 m from the surface due to the aquifer's over-exploitation, since there are many other wells that have been dug in this area. At this site, it is possible that the species has been extirpated, through disturbance of the habitat for water source improvements and changes in the water table reducing habitat quality. This subpopulation# meets the criteria for# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).When the two subspecies are combined, the species is considered to be Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO = 30 km²) and small number of locations and the vulnerability of its habitat at three of the five sites to human pressures, water extraction for domestic use and the lack of spring recharge due to seasonal droughts.

range:
Spiralix valenciana valenciana is endemic to the province of Valencia, Spain, where it can only be found in two localities:S. v. castellonica is stable at two sites (Les Mans cave and Toro cave),  however no living specimens have been found at the third site of Morella  (Castellón).

population:
Spiralix valenciana valenciana is endemic to the province of Valencia, Spain.   It can only be found in two localities: in one of them (El Morenillo spring), a small number of living specimens, but plenty of shells have been found. The other one has a very poor population (Baños de Fuente Podrida, river Cabriel).Spiralix valenciana   castellonica has recently only been found alive in two of the three known localities. At these two caves we can consider them as good populations, whereas in Morella no live specimens has been found since its description in 2003.

habitat:
Spiralix valenciana valenciana lives in sources from subterranean clean waters, and also in interstitial waters. Well oxygenated waters (7.2 to 9 mg/L), calcium content between 55.89 and 140 mg/L, pH between 7.53 and 8.47, water temperature between 12.5 and 16.9 ºC.Spiralix valenciana   castellonica lives in karstic and interstitial waters. Water temperatures between 14.8 and 15.0 ºC.

threats:
Both sites where S. v. valenciana is present are used as sources for domestic water supplies, leading to declining populations of the species.  One of the sites where S. v.   castellonica occurs is a well, from which water extraction is currently taking water, and no recent specimens have been found. The two cave sites are threatened by habitat disturbance, from cavers using the site for entry to the cave systems.

conservationAction:
There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, however the species are both listed on the province and national Red Lists (Martínez-Ortí pers. comm 2009). Actions that are potentially damaging to the species include restoration and cleaning of springs and ditches, summer droughts leading to lack of recharge in aquifer and changes to habitat quality, pollution of the water source, the presence of speleologists in the caves causing disturbances to the ecosystem, and taking specimens for commercial purposes (over-collecting). Recommended conservation actions include site protection and communications to cave users regarding their impacts on the cave system.


taxonomicNotes:
The type locality for this species is unknown, so it is uncertain what the original distribution could be and Prie (pers. comm., 2009) suggests that there maybe more than one species with the range currently mapped for this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution range of this species is unclear, due to divergent opinions on the taxonomic status of some subpopulations (in particular in Drome and Ardeche). If the whole range is considered, the species would be classified as Least Concern. However, based on# a precautionary approach, and taking into consideration the core distribution range, it is assessed as Near Threatened; the species meets the threshold for VU B2b(iii).

range:
Spiralix vitrea is endemic to France where it is recorded from much of the Rhone valley: Departments of Ain, Isère, Rhône, Drôme and Ardèche. It is widespread in the region, however, the records from the subpopulations the area of#Drôme and Ardèche are uncertain in terms of their#taxonomic status.

habitat:
This species lives in subterranean karst waters.

threats:
Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Overexploitation of the aquifers may lead to reduction in the water-levels, leading to a degradation of the habitat quality.

conservationAction:
This is a nationally protected species in France. More research on the taxonomy and the distribution range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively wide range in Europe and has several stable subpopulations within two different river systems therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It has also been assessed at the regional level as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
Amphimelania holandrii occurs predominantly in the river catchments of the Sava River and the lower part of the Danube River Basin. It is found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece (mainland). The presence in the former country of Yugoslavia (Bank et al. 2006) suggests it may be present in other countries of former Yugoslavia.

population:
The population trends for this species are unknown, however there are several stable subpopulations throughout the Sava drainage.

habitat:
This is a freshwater river species, often found on hard substrates, such as rocks in the river.

threats:
Although the major threats to the habitats come from pollution and siltation degrading habitat quality, this species is relatively resistant to pollution compared to other riverine species, and so suffers less from this threat than other taxa in the same habitats.

conservationAction:
In Hungary this species is protected, in Slovenia it is considered Vulnerable (VU), however within the Balkans it is widespread and therefore does not require protection.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is generally known as Fagotia acicularis in the older literature, and the same genus name is used by the Fauna Europaea too. GLAUBRECHT (1996), however believes, that Esperiana is the valid genus name, and the Fagotia is the junior synonym of that. According to the Fauna Europaea, there are 4 subspecies namely daudebartii, thermalis, stussineri and acicularis.# The nominate subspecies as well as thermalis occur only in thermal waters; the former one in Austria, the latter one in Hungary. SOÓS (1943) does not see the sense of such separation and treats them together as F. acicularis audebardii. The subspecific distinction is questionable even between the fluviatile and the thermal forms.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is an observable decline in the Danube but it has a wide range and several stable subpopulations (Croatia, Slovenia  Bosnia).# Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.# In the Mediterranean it has a subpopulation in Greece (ssp. stussineri) but there is no information on the size and trend.

range:
Widespread in central and eastern Europe, this species is predominantly distributed within the Danube drainage however there are some sub-populations adjacent to the Danube basin (e.g. Greece).

population:
In the Danube there is an observable decrease of the the population, however there are several stable subpopulations in tributaries.

habitat:
This occurs in rivers and thermal springs.

threats:
Pollution is the main threat to this species.

conservationAction:
In Hungary it is protected by law. In Austria, according to their Red List (2008) the fluvial subspecies acicularis is Critically Endangered and the other subspecies is Extinct.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is an observable decline in this species in the Danube but it has a wide range and several stable sub-populations in tributaries (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Danube drainage, and according to Bank et al. (2006) it is distributed in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro and Ukraine.# Additional records reported from Bosnia  Herzegovina and Serbia (Tomovic pers. comm. 2009).Kantor et al. (2009) notes that although there are old records of this species in Russia, these are all erroneous and that the species does not occur there.

population:
In the Danube there is an observable decrease in the population, however there are several stable sub-populations in tributaries.

habitat:
This freshwater species occurs in rivers.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are required for this species. In Hungary it is protected by law.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is considered as the vicariant of M. praemorsa (Spain, Maghreb) in the Levant (van Damme, 2010, pers. comm).#Schutt (1966) noted that the populations in Turkey were very variable and may represent more than one species.Melanopsis praemorsa is considered to be a superspecies by Glaubrecht (1993), whereas if we follow Brown (1994) then there exists only a single Melanopsis species (M. praemorsa) in Europe-North Africa and the Levant. This view is still currently followed by some hydrobiologists for the Melanopsis occurring in the region. However, if we follow the revision of the representatives of this genus in the Levant by Heller et al. (2005), then M. praemorsa does not occur in this region and Melanopsis buccinoidea is the widespread equivalent species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species was originally considered to be a synonym of the species Melanopsis praemorsa, and Brown (1994) considered that a single#Melanopsis#species (M. praemorsa) occurred throughout Europe, North Africa and the Levant, a view still currently followed by some hydrobiologists for the#Melanopsis#occurring in the region.#For Europe and the Levant, we follow the revision of the representatives of this genus by Glaubrecht (1993), and in#the Levant by Heller et al. (2005), where#M. praemorsa#does not occur in the eastern Mediterranean region and#Melanopsis buccinoidea#is the widespread equivalent species. as the identity of the Greece populations are uncertain and needs further review, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is recorded from the eastern Mediterranean, where it is found in Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southernmost part of Turkey (van Damme, pers. comm, 2009). #Bank et al. (2006) list it from Greece in the compilation for Fauna Europea, but the status is uncertain. Heller et al. (2005) listed more than 40 locations in their review of the Melanopsis species from the region, so it is probably more widespread.  According to Kantor et al. (2009), this species is also present in western Georgia.

population:
There is no population decline data for this species.

habitat:
This species lives in freshwater springs and pools, irrigation#canals, ponds, streams, swamps, ditches.

threats:
There are no threats operating across the range, although there are localised threats to the species.

conservationAction:
Some conchologically different populations may represent distinct species, and so it is recommended that further research is carried out in the northern part of the range to establish the nature of these populations. #No other conservation actions considered necessary given the current range.


taxonomicNotes:
This species may be a species complex (see North African assessment) and as such this species requires taxonomic review to better determine the species limits.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered threatened, as there has been a decline in the population abundance. Although the extent of occurrence (1,000 km2) meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU), the number of sites where the species is known (11-15) suggests that it is present in more locations than meets the current threshold for listing as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)), hence the species is currently considered as Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species is found in Spain and possibly North Africa. In Andalucia it is recorded from the Provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz and Huelva (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008), where it is found in the middle and lower reaches of the Rio Guadalquivir and the Ríos Guadiara and Guada  (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).

population:
The population trends are unknown as there is no recent data available.

habitat:
This species occurs mainly in the larger river channels, but also in ditches, canals and streams, permanent ponds and lakes. It preferentially colonizes hard substrates like rocks and walls.

threats:
Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) report that in general the overexploitation of water resources has intensified in recent decades generating a progressive deterioration in freshwater habitats. Pollution from domestic sources, excessive extraction of water from ponds during the summer for agriculture, overexploitation of aquifers for domestic and agricultural use and the disturbance of habitats, for example through cleaning ditches and ponds, are other threats.

conservationAction:
In the Spanish National Red List, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) (Verdu and Galante 2009), whereas in the Andalucian Red List it has the status Vulnerable (VU A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).Further research is needed on  the population status to determine the rate of decline, as well as  habitat monitoring to determine changes. Better information needs to be  available on best practice for managing the water resources to maintain  flow levels without impacting biodiversity (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Melanopsis etrusca occurs in thermal springs in a small area of Italy. Its area of occupancy is estimated to be 400 km².# In the past three sites have been lost due to habitat modifications, and at present another site is being drained, with consequent loss of the sub-population, which was abundant at this site. Enforcement of the laws protecting the species are urgently needed in order to prevent further losses.The species was originally listed as Vulnerable, based on the restricted range and exploitation of these sites. However, due to the loss of the latest sub-population and the draining of some sites, the specie sis now considered to be Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii).

range:
Melanopsis etrusca# is endemic to southern Tuscany (Italy) where it lives in a small areas of thermal springs.# The range has been declining over the last few decades and now is only known from 4 locations all with multiple springs.

population:
The loss of recent subpopulations means that the species has a declining population (Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
The species is restricted to thermal springs.

threats:
The site at Poggetti Vecchi (Grosseto), inside the Ceccarelli’s Farm, represents one out of seven last sites where the mollusc is still alive, and here the species is currently threatened with extinction, as water was temporary removed from the pool in which most of the population lived. This operation, started in September 2009 and still in progress, has caused the death of thousands of individuals. Today the population, even if seriously compromised, is still present in the near pool but Farm’s owner is working with the aim to empty temporarily all the wet area. This will lead to the extinction of the sub-population.

conservationAction:
This is a protected species in Tuscany and it has been listed in Annexes A (both natural and semi-natural habitats and also animal and vegetables species of regional interest, whose preservation can ask for the designation of SIR) and B (protected animal species) of the Tuscany Regional Law 56/2000. It is also in the Tuscany Naturalistic Repertoire (Re.Na.To), originally listed as a “Vulnerable” species and, since 2008, as an “Endangered” species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There has been a decline in population abundance of this Spanish species and some localities have already been lost. Freshwater habitats in the region are under pressure from water-extraction, flow management and pollution. Although the extent of occurrence (19,525 km2) meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU), the number of sites where the species is known suggests that it is present in more locations than meets the current threshold for listing as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)), hence the species is considered as Near Threatened (VU B1b(iii)) at present.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is known from the provinces of Alicante, Albacete, Murcia and Almeria (Bragado et al. 2010). According to Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) it is restricted to the Segura River basin. In Castilla-La Mancha it is reported from 18 sites, and has been lost from 2 of these on at least 5 different tributaries of the river (Bragado et al. 2010). Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) note that it could be present in the east part of Andalucia.

population:
Bragado et al. (2010) report the species has been declining, and although localities appear to have a very large number of individuals, the populations are widely scattered and often isolated from each other.

habitat:
This species is found in all types of water bodies, including flowing (rivers, ditches, canals and streams) and standing waters (tanks, reservoirs, permanent ponds and lakes). It preferentially colonizes hard substrates like rocks, walls or tree trunks, but moves around on sandy bottoms. It is mainly found in hard (high mineral content) water (Bragado et al. 2010).

threats:
The river basin is normally in a state of semi-drought due to the level of water abstraction for both domestic and agricultural uses. The species is considered threatened, as there has been a decline in population abundance. The river occasionally floods in Autumn so since 1990 the lower reaches of the river have been canalized, removing  meanders and to improve the evacuation of flood waters. This has changed the quality of habitat, although it is uncertain how far it has affected this species which likes hard substrates. Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) report that in general the over-exploitation of water resources has intensified in recent decades, generating a progressive deterioration in the freshwater habitats. Freshwater habitats are under pressure from pollution from domestic sources, excessive extraction of water from ponds during the summer for agriculture, over-exploitation of aquifers for domestic and agricultural use and the disturbance of habitats, for example cleaning ditches and ponds.

conservationAction:
In both the Spanish National Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009) and the Castilla-La Mancha list this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) (Bragado et al. 2010). In the Andalucian Red List it has the status Vulnerable (VU A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). Further research is needed on the population status to determine the rate of decline, as well as habitat monitoring to determine changes. Better information needs to be available on best practice for managing the water resources to maintain flow levels without impacting biodiversity (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a relict species occurring in one single thermal spring-fed lake, with an area of occupancy of 4 km². This species was once abundant in the lake, but between 1980 and 2001 a very severe decline in the size of the population has been observed. The main threats are pollution and habitat disturbance, which are ongoing, therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)).

range:
Although this species is listed from Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), Sirbu (pers. comm. 2009) and Fehér et al. (2006) confirm that this species is endemic to Romania where it occurs in only one thermal spring-fed lake "Baile Episcopiei".In Bulgaria this species was collected in 1962 by Professor Rusev, probably from the thermal spring  near the Pyasachnik Dam on its western side, however recent surveys have found no individuals or shell remains and according to Gregoriev (pers. comm. 2010)., M. parreyssi can be considered extinct in the country (Gregoriev, pers. comm., 2010). The origin of these records is uncertain, and they may have been introduced ((Feher, pers comm., 2011). It has been introduced in several thermal springs in Hungary (Fehér#et al. 2006). In Hungary, at Malom-tó, in Budapest, the population had persisted for several years but is now extinct (Feher, pers comm., 2010). Another Hungarian occurrence is a record in the fluvial flotsam of the Körös River near Körösladány.

population:
Currently this species occurs in one spring-fed lake. In the early 1980s the population was very abundant in the lake (Majoros pers. comm. 2009) whereas in 2001 only a few live specimens were found after significant survey effort. (Fehér pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is a relict species which is endemic to a single spring-fed lake, which is a thermal spring.

threats:
The only native locality is in a popular recreation centre near the city  of Oradea, near the Hungarian-Romanian border. The spring-fed lake is  situated in a park area, where there are many tourists and visitors.  Additionally, local people keep their cattle near the lake, as there is a  local belief that cows which are washed in the lake produce more milk,  so the cows are allowed to go into the lake regularly.In November 2008 and April 2009 the only known Bulgarian locality of M. parreyssi was visited. The spring on the Pyasachnik Dam bank had been piped and its water flowed into a small pool intensively used for watering of domestic cattle. Cow footprints were visible everywhere on its bottom which was highly disturbed. In the springs there was pollution from plastic and other materials. (This is a non-native site).

conservationAction:
The site in Romania is protected legally, but in reality it has very little effect. The legislation relating to the Romanian site needs to be enforced to prevent further habitat degradation and population decline. Habitat and population monitoring is needed to monitor the impacts of human and livestock disturbance on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the thermal springs and the canals and river feeding the springs around Alhama de Aragón (Zaragoza). It requires very clean, well-oxygenated# waters and lives on hard substrates (rocks, cement, stones and gravel). It is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)), as the sites are managed as a recreational centre, and hence the species is vulnerable to changing water quality due to changes in resort management.

range:
Endemic to Spain this species is restricted to the thermal springs around Alhama de Aragón (Zaragoza), namely the thermal springs on the river Jalón (Balneario Martínez and Balneario Pallarés), both with a 1 km square.

population:
There is little data on population trends, but the species was declining.

habitat:
This species is found in thermal springs, canals and rivers. It requires very clean, well-oxygenated waters, which are high in calcium. It is usually in lentic (still or slow-moving) waters. It tolerates water temperatures between 31 and 37 ° C and lives on hard substrates (rocks, cement, stones and gravel).

threats:
The habitats where this species is found are very clean waters and  so are sensitive to habitat change. The species is very scarce at the  sites. The adjacent urban areas have high population pressure which  could lead to declining water quality due to run-off and extraction of  water. Currently the natural habitat of the species has been restricted by the nature of the springs in the resorts, so its survival depends on site management. A recently introduced species Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) appears to be established at the same site and hence competition may become an issue as well as vulnerability to eradication programmes for the other species.

conservationAction:
The species was assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Spanish Red List for Invertebrates (Verdu and Galante 2009) and is listed on the list of protected species in Aragon. Further work is required on monitoring changes in habitat quality as well as liaising with the resort managers to increase awareness of the species and the need for habitat management for the species as well as the resort (A. Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009)


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomy of this species is not resolved and requires further research. Formerly this species was viewed as being widespread throughout the  Mediterranean region, from the east (Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon  (Nahr es Safa), Syria, and Turkey), through North Africa (Morocco,  Algeria, Tunisia) and Spain (e.g. Brown 1994). The distributional information is difficult to ascribe to a specific species, as some researchers have viewed all the Melanopsis type shells as praemorsa,  where other researchers split the records into specific species.#There  are many subspecies recognised, demonstrating variability in the shell  forms, as the species tends to be clonal and capable of  self-fertilisation. There are several species in the Mediterranean region and as here are numerous subspecies recognised, some of which may become full species with further revision. Taxon originally regarded as subspecies and synonyms from Spain have already been recognised as distinct taxa, as have species in Morocco (van Damme et al. 2010) and Israel (Heller et al. 2005; Bandel et al. 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
The full range for this species is confused, due to issues with identification and old literature records cannot be used due to potential confusion with other taxa. At present it is now considered to be restricted to Spain, where it has a small range, along with other Melanopsis species that were previously regarded as M. praemorsa, but are now segregated as distinct species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean and European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, due to the uncertain of the records in the region. Some of the habitats are currently under stress, prevalent in all water systems in the region, with pressures for extraction for water for agricultural irrigation as well as domestic water for villages and adjacent habitat.

range:
This species is now considered restricted to Spain (Bank et al. 2006) where it has been recorded from the southern slope of the Andalucia, Sierra Morena and the Betic Cordilleras to Valencia.# In Anadalucia, most of the known locations are distributed in the Guadaira river and its tributaries in the province of Seville, and the Guadalquivir river basin in the province of Huelva in upper parts of the river and even ditches. According to Barea-Azcón et al. (2008), the species has disappeared from the type locality (aqueduct of Sevilla) and its surroundings.

habitat:
Melanopsis praemorsa is found in rivers, lakes, springs and is tolerant to higher levels of salinity compared to other freshwater species.

threats:
No major conservation threats are known to the species# However the species has been lost from some of the sites in the region due to ‘water flow management’ for irrigation of crops and extraction of water of domestic supplies.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Although the species is tolerant to habitat change (salinity), it is at most risk from water over-abstraction and, as such, education/communication programmes are required for this and other freshwater species in the region. More research on the species taxonomy and distributional surveys are recommended.# The species was assessed as Data Deficient for the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009).

useAndTrade:
There is some use by shell collectors, but not significant nor threatening the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and is found in the  Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca  (Bragado et al. 2010). There are threats to this species from grazing, over-abstraction of water, and an increase in seasonal droughts, but these are all considered to be localized and due to this and the species' widespread distribution in Spain, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and is found in the Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010). There are two subspecies currently recognised (M. tricarinata tricarinata and M. tricarinata dufouri). M. tricarinata tricarinata is found in Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete and Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010). M. tricarinata dufouri is found in Provinces of Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca.

habitat:
This species is found in freshwater springs and pools.

threats:
There are localized threats to this species, as it is sensitive to changes in the habitat quality, so grazing at the pool edges, changes to the sites to abstract water and drying out of the pools due to seasonal droughts increasing and over-abstraction of water are all possible threats.

conservationAction:
The species is considered to be Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii)) in Region Castilla-La Mancha (Bragado et al. 2010) due to few sites. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) in Spain overall, due to a widespread distribution and hence there are no known conservation actions in place.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern, as it is a widespread, adaptable species and no significant threats have been identified. It maybe considered as "Not Applicable" for assessment if the species is shown to be an introduction throughout Europe.

range:
Regional Distribution: Widely introduced through Europe with scattered populations in central Europe, becoming more common around the Mediterranean.# Global distribution: Native range - Indo-Pacific region, S. Asia, Arabia, Near East, northern Australia and widepspread in tropical Africa.

population:
Melanoides tuberculatus is parthenogenetic. Females are capable of asexual reproduction,  where growth and development of fertilization by a male. This makes it easy for this species to colonise new areas, as few individuals are required to successful reproduce to start a new sub-population.

habitat:
This species lives in stagnant and slowly running waters, tolerating high salinity to some extent among vegetation.

threats:
There are no known threats to this species

conservationAction:
No conservation actions required for this species


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown-headed Bird Grasshopper (Acanthacris ruficornis) is widespread throughout Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In Europe, it is only found in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a small geographic range in Europe (with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 14,850 km²), it is widespread within its range and the population trend is likely to be increasing. In addition, this species is a generalist also found in anthropogenic habitats.

range:
The Brown-headed Bird Grasshopper is widespread throughout Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In Europe it is only found in southern Spain (provinces Cádiz and Almeria; Presa and Monserrat 1978, Presa et al. 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,850 km².

population:
This species is not abundant as it is usually solitary, but it is widespread within its range. The population seems to be increasing in Spain and is likely to expand in the future.

habitat:
The species is a generalist, occurring in open vegetation such as open fields with grass vegetation and scattered trees, scrubland, beaches with  ruderal vegetation cover, gardens with trees and shrubs in touristic  areas (hotels, urban gardens in coastal villages) and forest margins (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016). It is a very good flyer.

threats:
This species may locally be affected by pesticides.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The African Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida bicolor) is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the uncertainties concerning its occurrence in Europe. The species is mainly distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, but it has been reported from a number of localities in Europe. However, the European records of this species are likely to refer to Acrida ungarica or Acrida oxycephala, and the genus is in need of taxonomic revision.

range:
The African Cone-headed Grasshopper is mainly distributed in Africa, south of the Sahara. In Europe, it has been recorded from Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, the European part of Turkey, Ukraine, southern and eastern European Russia and the Canary Islands (Spain). However, the records from Europe are rather doubtful (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006) and might be caused by the former assignment of Acrida ungarica mediterranea to this species (e.g. Adamovic 1964). The genus is in need of revision (see Taxonomic Note).

habitat:
Acrida species are well adapted to grassland habitats. The records of this species in Europe are also from grassland habitats, but the genus is in need of revision and it might have been confused with Acrida ungarica or Acrida oxycephala.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, and it is not included in any National Red Lists. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. There is a strong need for a taxonomic revision of the complete genus to explore its presence in Europe.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S. & Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Caspian Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida oxycephala) is a widespread species, which is found in grass-rich steppe habitats in southwestern Asia. In Europe it occurs in the southern part of European Russia. Even though no data on its population size and trend are available, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) because of its wide distribution and the fact that most other Acrida species are not highly specialised. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision. Hence, this assessment requires some confirmation after future taxonomic studies. Further research on its population trends and potential threats is needed.

range:
The Caspian Cone-headed Grasshopper is an eastern Palaearctic species, which occurs from the Caucasus via Central Asia to western China (Dirsh 1954, Harz 1974). It is present in southern European Russia, but its occurrence in the eastern European part of Russia is considered doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 75,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species in Europe. A notable decrease has been found in Tajikistan as a consequence of agricultural land use change (Pokivailov 2007).

habitat:
Acrida oxycephala occurs in steppe habitats and semi-deserts (Savitsky and Ilyina 2015). It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2010).

threats:
The major threat to Acrida oxycephala is the transformation of grassland habitats into farmlands.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is not included in any national Red Lists, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas across its range. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the status of Acrida oxycephala seems to be less disputed than that of other Acrida species. Research on population trends and potential threats of Acrida oxycephala is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Ivkovic, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The genusAcrida is in need of taxonomic revision. Therefore, the distribution of the Turret Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida turrita) in Europe remains poorly documented. However, the species has a large geographic range covering large parts of Africa, and in Europe it has been reported from some Mediterranean islands, while records from the southeastern part of continental Europe are doubtful. Due to its large range and presumably large population, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The Turret Cone-headed Grasshopper is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara and northern Africa (Dirsh 1954). In Europe, it has been reported from Crete, Rhodos, Sicily (Harz 1975), Sardinia, Pantelleria and Lampedusa (Massa et al. 2012). Records from the Ukraine, southern Russia and Cyprus are doubtful and possibly concern A. ungarica (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951). The species has often been misidentified in the past (Sardet 2006, Tumbrinck 2006, Presa et al. 2007, Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 640,000 km².

population:
There is no information available on the trend of the species. It is fairly common on Sicily (Massa 2011) and Crete (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
Similar to other Acrida species, Acrida turrita occurs in grassland habitats. It can be found in grass-rich Mediterranean habitats, such as dunes and wastelands (Massa et al. 2012). It is more common in coastal habitats (L. Willemse and R. Kleukers pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
The species might be locally affected by touristic development.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Buzzetti, F.M., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida ungarica) is widespread in the southern and central part of Europe. It is Regionally Extinct in Austria and has recently been reintroduced in the Czech Republic, but its population size in Mediterranean countries is still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the taxonomic status of Acrida ungarica is not questioned.

range:
The Cone-headed Grasshopper occurs in the southern and central part of Europe, including the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas (Harz 1975) as well as in the Mediterranean islands to Cyprus and reaching European Russia in the east. Its northern range border is in Austria and Slovakia. A new record from the Czech Republic is assumed to have been introduced (Holusa et al. 2013, Vlk et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in pan-Europe is ca 5.3 million km².

population:
The population size of this species is very large as it is widely distributed and common in the southern part of its range (Kati et al. 2003). The species has become extinct in Austria and the Czech Republic, but it has recently been reintroduced in the latter (Vlk et al. 2014). The species is decreasing along the northern border of its range (Kristin et al. 2004), but overall the population trend is considered stable.

habitat:
This is a grassland species, which occurs in dry and warm grass-rich habitats, dunes and wastelands (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range the species is only found in well preserved sandy dunes (Kristin et al. 2004).

threats:
This species may be locally affected by agricultural land use change, including the transformation of grassland to farmland, increasing grazing intensity and the use of pesticides. In the northern part of its range, it has declined due to eutrophication and abandonment, which led to a denser vegetation and detrimental microclimate (Bieringer 2009).

conservationAction:
It is listed as Regionally Extinct on the Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the status of Acrida ungarica is not disputed. This species has recently been reintroduced near Bzenec in  the Czech Republic (albeit the Mediterranean subspecies). The success of this reintroduction still needs to be  studied (Vlk et al. 2014). The species occurs in several protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus fischeri) is widely distributed in the western Mediterranean region. It inhabits dry habitats with high availability of bare ground. Due to its wide distribution and the low degree of habitat specialisation it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
In Europe, Acrotylus fischeri occurs in the western Mediterranean (Portugal, Spain, southern France and northwestern Italy). It is also present in northern Africa. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1 million km².

population:
There is no information available on the population size and trend of Acrotylus fischeri. The species is quite common and widespread.

habitat:
The species occurs mainly in montane regions, in dry habitats with patches of bare ground, dry sandy, rocky or pebbly substrates with sparse vegetation, such as Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmmo-Vidal 2002, Bellmann and Luquet 2009, Massa et al. 2012). Similar to other Acrotylus species, Acrotylus fischeri occurs  in a variety of habitats as long as a certain amount of bare ground is  present.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trends is necessary.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A. & Willemse, L.P.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus insubricus) is a very widespread species which occurs in a variety of habitats, including anthropogenic ones. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution. However, further research is needed on its population trends.

range:
The Common Digging Grasshopper is widespread across Africa and Eurasia. In Europe, it is found in southern and central part of Europe and in the Canary Islands (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 8 million km², while in the EU 28 is c. 5.4 million km².

population:
The population size and trend of Acrotylus insubricus is unknown. However, the species has a very wide distribution and is common even in anthropogenic habitats (Hochkirch 2003).

habitat:
Acrotylus insubricus can be found in a variety of habitats with sufficient availability of bare ground (Massa et al. 2012). It is found in Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, dunes, but also in a variety of anthropogenic habitats, such as gardens, pasture lands or urban areas. It prefers habitats with a fine soil as it is able to delve into the ground, where it overwinters (Hochkirch 1998).

threats:
The species can be locally threatened in the northern part of its distribution by the overgrowth of vegetation after land abandonment.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Endangered on the Slovakian Red List (Kristin 2001). Further research on its population trend is needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Yellow-winged Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus longipes) is a widespread grasshopper species that is found in coastal and riverine dunes in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Canary Islands. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. In the EU 28 the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km². It therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

In Europe, the AOO is estimated to be between 1,200 and 3,000 km². As it nearly meets the thresholds of criterion B2, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). The major threats to this species are coastal defence, river regulations and touristic development. More research into its distribution and population trend is needed.

range:
The Yellow-winged Digging Grasshopper is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region as well as the northern part of Africa and western Asia. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, in southern Italy and on the Balkans, from Hungary in the north to Ukraine in the east. A single record from southeastern Slovakia exists, but the species has never been confirmed here (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 4.4 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km², while in pan-Europe is estimated to be between 1,100 and 3,000 km².

population:
Acrotylus longipes has an overall declining trend. Inland subpopulations along large rivers (Danube) have partly disappeared due to the construction of hydroelectric power stations and river regulations. Coastal subpopulations are under pressure by touristic development. Along the Italian and Greek coasts and in sandy areas of the Canary Islands the species is quite common (Hochkirch 2003, Massa 2011). As most of the subpopulations are they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, the population is considered severely fragmented.

habitat:
Acrotylus longipes is mainly found in sandy coastal and inland dunes (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Massa et al. 2012). During night and bad weather the species delves into the sand (Nagy 1959, Hochkirch 2003).

threats:
Acrotylus longipes is threatened by coastal protection (dune fixation), river regulations, dam constructions, touristic development and urbanisation in coastal regions. In inland dunes, abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession also threatens this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In Hungary, habitat management in dunes takes place, which may benefit this species. Research on its population trends is recommended. There is also a need for a better protection of its dune habitats (particularly of inland dunes) as well as restoration of dunes.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kleukers, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus patruelis) is a very widespread grasshopper species, which occurs in many dry open habitats with bare ground, such as sandy or pebbly river banks, quarries, vineyards, grasslands, Mediterranean shrubland and anthropogenic habitats. Due to its wide distribution, low degree of habitat specialisation and the fact that there are no known threats to the species, it is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The Slender Digging Grasshopper is a very widespread species, which occurs throughout Africa (from South Africa to Algeria), in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of its natural range is ca 3.3 million km². There is a record from Germany from a railway station near Nuremberg (Bavaria) (Pankratius 2004), which is probably the result of a human introduction.

population:
The species is very widespread and common in Europe. It has colonised the very southern part of Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Acrotylus patruelis occurs in many habitat types with a high cover of bare ground, including anthropogenic habitats, such as sandy (Bellmann and Luquet 2009) or pebbly river  banks, quarries, vineyards on rocky and clay soils within Mediterranean shrubland. It is also found at beaches and in coastal dunes.

threats:
No threats to this species have been reported so far.

conservationAction:
There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is considered as Least Concern on the national French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population size and trend are needed.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper (Aeropedellus variegatus) has a boreo-alpine distribution in the EU 28. In the Alps and Bulgarian mountains it is only found between 1,900 and 3,100 m asl, and high latitude populations are found above 400 m. Even though it has a very large distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeding 2 million km² in the EU 28, its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 90 to 300 km². A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats, including the creation and management of ski slopes and touristic infrastructure, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat has been observed. It might also be affected by climate change, but this needs some further research. The females of this species are flightless and the subpopulations are usually very small and probably isolated, so they are considered severely fragmented. The largest subpopulations outside the EU 28 are probably found in Switzerland, but due to its low dispersal capability, no rescue effect from Switzerland is expected. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in the EU 28.

The area of occupancy (AOO) in pan-Europe is between 300 and 500 km². In Switzerland, the sub-populations are probably large enough to be stable, but overall a continuing decline of the number of subpopulations, mature individuals and extent, area and habitat quality is inferred. The subpopulations in Finland and Russia are likely to be severely fragmented as well, whereas they are probably better connected in Switzerland. Overall, the species is also considered severely fragmented at the pan-European level, and a rescue effect from areas outside Europe is not expected as the subpopulations in Russia are far away from the Alpine distribution. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in pan-Europe.

range:
The Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper is distributed in alpine areas and northern latitudes, occurring from the Alps to Kamchatka. In Europe, it is found in the Alps, two mountains in Bulgaria, in Finland (four localities in Lapland) and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia (Bellmann and Luquet 2009, M. Sergeev pers. comm. 2015). Old records from southern Russia are doubtful and may refer to another species (e.g. A. volgensis in the Caucasus; M. Sergeev pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for pan-Europe is c. 5.3 million km², for the EU 28 c. 2 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in pan-Europe is estimated to be between 300 and 500 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 90 and 300 km².

population:
Some subpopulations were affected by the establishment of ski slopes (e.g. Todorka Peak, Bulgaria), whereas others (particularly in Switzerland and Italy) still seem to be large. Overall, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. The population is severely fragmented (Lemonnier 1999), as most subpopulations are small and there is probably no genetic exchange between them, whereas the subpopulations in Switzerland seem to be better connected. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

habitat:
In the Alps and Bulgaria, Aeropedellus variegatus occurs on dry, alpine meadows and rocky slopes (Wilhalm 2004, Baur et al. 2006). In Finland and Russia, it is found in montane tundra (> 400 m) (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015), whereas in the Alps it is only found at the highest altitudes (> 2,400 m) (Bellmann 2006). Its upper elevation limit is 3,100 m. Females of this species are flightless. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat caused by the development of touristic infrastructure.

threats:
In the southern Alps and Bulgaria it is threatened by artificial levelling of ski slopes and touristic infrastructure. As a cold-adapted species, which is living at the highest altitudes of the Alps, it is probably also susceptible to climate change (C. Monnerat and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as "priority 3" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). Some of the subpopulations are found in protected areas. More information on its population trend and the potential threats by climate change are needed, and monitoring schemes particularly on the effects of climate change should be undertaken. The habitats of the remaining subpopulations need to be better protected.

redListAssessors:
Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Monnerat, C., Gomboc, S., Chobanov, D.P., Buzzetti, F.M., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Braud, Y., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Dusoulier, F. & Karjalainen, S.


