# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because there are very limited number of localities known (probably less than 20 in the whole European Mediterranean), it has very specific habitat requirements, namely beached wood colonized by saproxylic beetles, and its habitat around the Mediterranean area is severely under threat (cleaning of beaches for tourist use, beach destruction due to tourism).

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because there are very limited number of localities known (probably less than 20 in the whole European Mediterranean), it has very specific habitat requirements, namely beached wood colonized by saproxylic beetles, and its habitat around the Mediterranean area is severely under threat (cleaning of beaches for tourist use, beach destruction due to tourism).

range:
This species has a patchy distribution in southern Europe, primarily along Mediterranean coasts and including some of the Mediterranean Islands.In Europe it is present in Spain, France (also Corsica), Italy (also Sardinia), Greece, Cyprus.  

In Spain there are two localities known (Balearic Islands; Grau deGadía, Valencia). The report from Valencia is old (1960).In France, the species is  localised in the Parc Naturel Régional of Camargue (Bouches du Rhône) and in a Natura 2000 site in Var and Haute-Corse. Also it has been confirmed from the Le Canet beach(eastern Pyrenees) and in Corsica in Aleria and Cateraggio. It has not been cofirmed in Gard (Le  Grau du Roi) (Leseigneur 1972) and Corse du Sud (Porto-Vecchio, Rondinara's  beach) (Leseigneur 1972). In Saint-Aygulf (Var), the population is extinct  (Leseigneur 1972, P. Berger pers. comm. 2009,  J. Delnatte pers. comm. 2009).It is present in the eastern part of Corsica and in the southern part of Sardinia(Leseigneur 1972, Idrissi 1982,  Platia 1994, Mertlik and Platia 2008, Alonso-Zarazaga and Cate  2009).In Cyprus it has been reported only from Agia Napa (easter Cyprus) (Preiss and Platia 2003). 
It is also present inTunisia, Algeria,   Morocco, Turkey (Leseigneur, 1972, Idrissi 1982, Platia 1994, Mertlik and Platia 2008).

population:
Rare species and very localised on the beach in circum-Mediterranean area. In Cyprus it is very rare and local - only four specimens were collected in Cyprus (Preiss and Platia 2003). In Spain it does not seem to be abundant.

habitat:
Some authors do not consider this species as a true saproxylic while others consider it as a psammophile saproxylic species - recent observations tend to support the latter. Larvae can be found in decayed and decomposing drift wood along the strand-line of beaches (and also coastal dunes) in the Mediterranean area. The species' habitat is red (brown) and/or white rot of decaying wood (trunks and tree stumps of broad-leaved trees, especially Platanus sp.,Populus sp.) lying on the sand of beaches or coastal dunes, near the sea. All the larval instars are represented in the decaying wood (J. Delnatte pers. comm. 2009). The larva is carnivorous, a predator of saproxylic beetles (such as Curculionidae, Cossoninae), and may also be saprophagous, an omnivore (in the first larval instars). Larvae move freely in the sand (Platia 1994) and so can be found away from driftwood - this does not mean that they can survive in isolation from driftwood only that they move between driftwood locations from time to time. Larvae and pupae ofI. morelihave beenfound in the soft part of decaying wood (H. Brustel pers. comm. 2009). The larvae pupate in the spring and the adults are found in July and August under debris and at the base of plants; they are crepuscular and are attracted to lights (Leseigneur 1972, Idrissi 1982, Platia 1994, J. Delnatte pers. comm. 2009). The larvae appear also to feed on grass roots to some extent (Leseigneur1972, Platia 1994). Whether or not the species is fully saproxylic, it does seem to depend on the presence of plentiful driftwood. The driftwood also provides protection from the heat and drying aspects of sunshine. In Italy it probably lives in every sandy beach without urbanization. There is no information on the habitats and ecology of this species in Cyprus (O. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The species is threatened by the removal of driftwood from beaches and sand dunes, as part of beach-cleaning operations and also beach-combing and firewood gathering for beach fires.

conservationAction:
In Spain it does not occur in any protected area. It occurs at least in  one place (Hyères) in a protected area in France.
The key actions needed are educational, to ensure that beach-cleaning operations only focus on man-made debris and leaves alldriftwood in place, including flotsam and jetsam. With so much river regulation, natural driftwood has become much scarcer and the habitat is usefully supplemented by debris from shipping, etc.

Firewood gathering also needs to be limited such that all driftwood is not removed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats and conservation status of the population of Greece. The species could be Not Applicable as the total European population may be less than 1%.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats and conservation status of the population of Greece. The species could be Not Applicable as the total European population may be less than 1%.

range:
The main population seem to occur outside of Europe (Turkey, Caucasus region, Near East, Iran, Iraq). In Europe, this species is reported from Greece (exact distribution unknown) and Cyprus. However it is doubtful if the European population is less than 1%, which would have made this species Not Applicable to the Red List. In Cyprus it has been reported only from Souni (south-western Cyprus, 500 m) (Preiss and Platia 2003). Two specimens have been collected from Turkey (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In Cyprus it is very rare and local - only one specimen has been collected in Cyprus (Preiss and Platia 2003). The population of Greece is unknown. 


.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The only specimen collected in Cyprus was found in decayed wood of Pinus brutia, in a burned forest area (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Forest fires are a specific threat.

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species has not been recorded from any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known species, especially with regard to its conservation management needs.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, population size and trends, natural history, threats and conservation status.

  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, population size and trends,  natural history, threats and conservation status.

range:
In Europe this species is only known from Greece. It is reported from north-western Greece (Preveza and Louros river basin) (Zdeněk Malinka collection 2000). It also occurs in Turkey, Near East. Five specimens have been collected from Peloponnesus Peninsula and Crete (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, but no information about its habitat requirements is available.

threats:
No specific information available.   The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, population size and trends, and conservation status.
 EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, population size and trends, and conservation status.

range:
This species is known from Greece and Turkey. No exact locations are known. Four specimens have been found from north-western, western and southern Greece (P. Cate collection, Vienna).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is very small. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified precisely, but it is estimated to be potentially not much more than 2,000 km2. There are very few known sites, and even assuming that there are additional sites that are not known, the Area of Occupancy still will be close to the threshold. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). The species' entire European distribution is severely fragmented. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. No rescue effect is expected as the species is considered likely to be fragmented and decreasing outside the region as well. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Endangered (B2ab(ii, iii)) because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is very small. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified precisely, but it is estimated to be potentially less than 500km2. There are very few known sites, and even assuming that there are additional sites that are not known, the Area of Occupancy still falls below the threshold. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). The species' entire European distribution is severely fragmented. Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. No rescue effect is expected as the species is considered likely to be fragmented and decreasing outside the region as well. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This Euro-Siberian species reaching the Caucasus (Laibner 2000) is widespread across eastern and central Europe extending to some countries in northern and western Europe. It also occurs in west Siberia and the Caucasus.

In Denmark it is Extinct, not found in 100 years (2005);  also Extinct in Sweden and Germany. In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, the forest zone and locally in Donetzk (south-eastern Ukraine). It is not known from Britain or Ireland.

population:
Generally a rare species with a very few scattered records. Declines and local extinctions have been reported from several range states. Population trend is decreasing.

In Ukraine it is a very rare species; also very rare in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Laibner 2000). In Hungary there is only one locality known from the north-eastern part of thecountry, which is more than 40 years old - as extant populations are unknown no information on its populations is available (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Poland there are only few localities. In Finland it has been recorded only once in the north-eastern part near the Russian border.

In France it is extremely rare; about ten known localities in the west Pyrenees and in the centre ofthe Alps at the border with Italy (Delnatte 2008). In Spain it is very rare. In Italy there are five records, mostly historical.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Restricted to large, old veteran trees. Larvae develop under bark and in decayed wood of broad-leaved forests (rarely under bark of fir); they are obligate predators; the adult beetles hibernate, and emerge in early spring (Delnatte 2008); they are found under bark and in splits of trees during the day (Dolin 1982); adults on low branches and fallen logs of firs, spruces, pines and oaks (Laibner 2000). In France larvae have been found in red rot ofAbiesor rarely in red rot ofQuercus. 

It lives in relict forest enclaves from highlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). Only in very old and undisturbed ('primary') mountain forest. Relict species very rare and localized. In Ukraine it is a typical forest species. In Hungary there is no information is available on the habitat of this species. In France it is considered a relict of primary forests.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future. This species is considered to be Critically Endangered in Poland and Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations in most of its range and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations in most of its range and its ability to live on a wide variety of host trees. There are no major threats.

range:
This species is known from the Mediterranean area, including the Mediterranean islands, reaching central Europe, Crimea in Ukraine and some countries in western Europe. It also occurs in the Caucasus (Laibner 2000) and northern Africa.

population:
This species is common and has stable populations in much of the Mediterranean range, but is rare and threatened further north.

In Greece it is widespread but scattered and locally rare. In Cyprus it is widespread and its populationsize and trend have not been quantified, although the species locally is not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it has been recorded from over 100 sites (historic and recent). It is common in Spain and common in southern France with stable populations. It has been reported from Istanbul in European Turkey (Schimitschek 1953).

In the Czech Republic there is one recent site in southern Bohemia. In Slovakia it has been found in three areas only (Laibner 2000). In Hungary only one doubtful record is known from the central part of thecountry, which is more than 80 years old; an extant population was discovered in 2008 in the southernmost part of Hungary. There is only one extant population known which is small and restricted to one small area (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a very rare species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.

Adults occur in stumps and trunks in open, sunlit forests of various composition, and in forest-steppes from lowlands to submontane zones. Frequently seeks burnt wood after forest fires (Laibner 2000). Prefers to be on wood with ant nests as it is preying on them.

In Ukraine this species is an obligate predator. A typical forest species. The larvae develop under bark of decayed wood of broad-leaved trees andPinus. The adults are inactive under bark and in splits of dead trees by day (Dolin 1982). In Hungary the only extant population lives in an indigenous juniper-birch shrubland (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It the European part of Turkey, larvae develop in the old trunks of felled trees and under bark of Castanea, Fagus, Quercus cerris, Quercus conferta; overwintering in adult stage; the adults are active early in teh year, in III-IV (Schimitschek 1953). In Cyprus adults have been found in rotten wood of Pinus brutia, Prunus dulcis and Juglans regia (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species is not threatened in most of its range. Loss of old trunks and felling of trees can be a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
At present no conservation measures are needed. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Vulnerable in Italy, as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Endangered in Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Méndez, M., Dodelin, J., Petrakis, P., Schlaghamersky, J. & Nardi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Vulnerable (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)), because this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified and it is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2 in the EU). The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species has a patchy distribution throughout much of Europe, from the north (including Britain) to south-eastern Europe, and from the Iberian Peninsula (excluding Portugal) to eastern Europe. It also reaches perhaps west Siberia (Laibner 2000). 

In Ukraine it occurs in the western slopes of the Carpathians. In Russia it is only present in the Voronezh region, in the middle part of European Russia. In Hungary it is known from very few localities in the hilly regions, mainly from the western part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009. In Britain it is known from just one site in the south-east of England.

population:
Generally a rare species with few, scattered and declining populations.

In the UK it has only ever been known from a single large site - Windsor Great Park and Forest - where it continues to thrive (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Spain there is only one recent record, in Navarra (Recalde Irurzunand Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). In Italy also only one recent record (four in total but most are very old). In  Germany it is absent from the north and parts of the west; locally Extinct in some areas; 15-20 known localities, perhaps less. The species is very rare in Hungary, and the populations are small. In Slovakia it is present only at a small number of localities (probably fewer than 25). In Sweden there is one single population; in the 1940s there was a second known population. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, dependent upon decaying heartwood in large, old veteran oak trees. It is an old growth species that develops exclusively in the  red-rotten heartwood of oakQuercustrunks and main boughs, in living trees as well as dead ones; the larvae thought to feed on the larvae of the beetleMycetophagus piceus; they pupate at the end of the season and overwinter in the adult stage; the adults are active nocturnally  (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine all larvae have been found in decayed stubs ofQuercus.

The beetle inhabits groups of very old oaks in lowlands and highlands, as well as solitary trees in alluvial woodlands (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it is known from old growth forests with very old oak trees (mainly pedunculate oak) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Britain the one site is an ancient deer park and forest, part of the cultural landscape.

threats:
Loss of ancient oaks is the main problem for this species.   This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old oak trees, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such trees in future.

It occurs in protected areas in UK and in Hungary. It is listed in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987). It is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Endangered. This species is widely distributed but severely fragmented and rare throughout its range with an estimated area of occupancy of less than 500 km2. It has become extinct in parts of its range and is declining in many countries. Its habitat is old trees with cavities which are threatened by unfavourable forest management and this habitat is severely declining.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)). This species is widely distributed but severely fragmented and rare throughout its range with an estimated area of occupancy of less than 500 km2. It has become extinct in parts of its range and is declining in many countries. Its habitat is old trees with cavities which are threatened by unfavourable forest management and this habitat is severely declining

range:
This central European species is known to have a discontinuous distribution across the entirety of Europe except for the outer-most southern and northern areas (Laibner 2000). It is extinct in Denmark and has not been found there incirca 100 years (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

population:
This species is very rare throughout its European range. 

In Britain there are isolated populations within a very fragmented range; it is only known from two areas in England, with two distinct sites at one of these; there is no information available on population size or trends (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary there are very few records known from the hilly areas; the species is very rare and the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic there are several sites scattered across the country. In Slovakia it is found in the south and east, and there are several sites. In Germany there are up to ten localities, half of those have been confirmed several times. In France it is very localized in lowland large and ancient beech forests; 15 known localities. In Spain it is known from four localities in the north, one very old. In Poland it is known from two localities: one from 1870 and one from 1920. It is certainly Extinct in Denmark - not found inca100 years (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in wood mould, typically in the base of hollow living trees, usually in the trunks, with large cavities containing wood mould, primarily derived from natural fungal decay of the dead heartwood. In most sites the larvae are found in wood mould in close contact with the soil but there is at least one observation of larvae in wood mould a few metres up in the tree. The situation of the occupied hollow trees may vary across its European range, with open-grown trees important in the cooler and damper west, but shade more important under more continental conditions. Sites may be in forest or in cultural landscapes, e.g., old wood pastures, old coppiced woodlands, etc. (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).
In England it occurs in three very different sites: one active old wood pasture dominated by ashFraxinus, one abandoned old ash coppice, and a former old wood pasture dominated by beechFagus,all part of the cultural landscape rather than old forest(K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary most records are from hollow turkey oaksQuercus cerris (not necessarily old ones) with near-ground cavities filled with wood mould, but also from limeTilia, ashFraxinusand mapleAcer(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it is known only from old and ancient beech forests with trees damaged at their base; the larvae live in cavities in contact with soil in livingFagus or rarely inQuercus (Leseigneur 1972).

threats:
In England, natural loss of old trees from the known sites and lack of new generation trees are major threats to this species; also singling of old coppice stools in productive woodland. Canopy closure is a potential threat in the UK, as this cools the wood mould and slows larval development (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (2005), as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and is included in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987). Conservation of old-growth trees, protection of known sites, and preservation of traditional coppicing are recommended for the conservation of this species, as well as the provision of substitute habitat by creating trees with cavities. This species would benefit if traditional coppices continue to be managed, but also if forests are being left intact without removing old live trees with cavities.

In the UK, all three known sites are protected under UK legislation and SAC. It has been illegal to collect this species since 1988. A Species Action Plan was developed (1996) and a Species Recovery Programme was initiated by English Nature. Tree mapping and documentation projects are available at all sites. New tree plantings have been carried out at the active wood pasture site; future host trees have been selected for retention from beech natural regeneration at the former wood pasture site. No analysis of tree population dynamics has been carried out however, so there is currently no real understanding of long-term host tree availability. Fallen hollow beech trees have had their trunks re-erected and filled with sawdust and other materials, andLimoniscuslarvae and elytra have been found within them after six years of composting (Green 1995, Whitehead 1998) (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In Hungary although all known extant populations are in protected areas (or at least in Natura 2000 sites), more effective conservation of the hollow oaks is necessary. The species is legally protected in Hungary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
 EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened as this species is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is distributed in much of central and southern Europe eastwards to Caucasus (Freudeet al. 1979). It is a sub-Mediterranean species reaching the Caucasus (Laibner 2000). Also found in Algeria.

population:
This species is very rare throughout its range (Laibner 2000). In the UK it has a very fragmented range and currently it is only known from two very isolated populations in England; there are more old sites than current sites (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians and in the north it was collected 150 years ago (Dolin 1988). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia there are several sites. In Hungary there are only two localities known from the hilly areas; the species is very rare in Hungary, and the populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it is widespread, not rare but a hard species to find. In Italy there are 22 localities but most of them are historic records (mainland and Sicily, not present in Sardinia). In Spain there are five localities in the north, close to the Pyrenees, a very recent discovery (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). In Germany there are not many localities but it is quite widespread and it is considered as threatened.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in decaying heartwood of hollowing broad-leaved trees; white-rot (Brustel 2005); prefers old oaksQuercus, poplarsPopulus, elmsUlmus, also frequent inSalix caprea (Laibner 2000); elmUlmusa key tree species in England (Allen 2001), but also found in beechFagus(Mendel and Owen 1990); eggs are laid in May/June, and young larvae explore the tunnels bored by beetle larvae; the larvae are active in harder, drier heartwood thanAmpedus, feeding on the larvae of other beetle species, including Scarabaeidae, Cerambycidae, Buprestidae and probably on Cossonine weevil larvae; they pupate at end of the season and overwinter as the adult; these adults emerge in late April and early May (Dolin 1988), and are said to be nocturnal but some have also been seen active in daylight; only males are attracted to blossom (Allen 1964), including hawthornCrataegus, hollyIlexand nettleUrtica. 

Its habitats are preserved forests from lowlands to highlands, as well as solitary trees or forest-steppe formations. In Britain, its sites tend to be ancient wood pastures in the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002). In Hungary it has been found in oak-hornbeam forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  Also the removal of dead wood is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
It is important to maintain the continuity of the habitat. In the UK one of the two known sites is protected and SAC; it is included in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987); and it is considered a Priority Species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the known extant populations are in protected areas. In Italy it is listed as Endangered.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic relationship between this species and M. villosus (= rufipes) is unclear and some records may confuse the two. There are many intermediate forms, by many characters- forms of front, antennae, penis; the larvae are very similar too. Maybe M. castanipes is a polymorphic species (Dolin 1988).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
Holarctic species (Laibner 2000) distributed widely across Europe, the Palaearctic and North America.

A northern and western, upland species in Britain (Mendel 2004).

population:
A widespread and common species; population trend is believed to be stable.

It is widespread in Ireland and the UK. In Ukraine it is a common species that occurs in conifer forests of the Carpathians. This species is widespread in the western half of Hungary and its populations are strong. In Denmark it is very common and distributed (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae most frequently develop in red-rotten heartwood but also in decaying wood generally, in a wide variety of tree species; they feed on the larvae ofRhagiumlonghorn beetles and other insects, taking both live and dead items; they pupate at the end of the summer and the adults appear from late April until mid July; the adult flies after dark and is attracted to light (Alexander 2002).

Ubiquitous in the UK and Ireland, wherever there are trees and decaying wood (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it is a typical forest species. In Hungary it occurs in various broad-leaved forests.


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic relationship with Melanotus castanipes is unclear. The two species were considered the same in Britain until 2004 (Mendel 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species has a wide Palaearctic distribution (Mendel 2004) found in all Europe.

In Britain it is confined to the south-east of England (Mendel 2004).

population:
It is a common species (Laibner 2000) with stable populations in Europe.

It is widespread in the south-east of the UK. In Hungary it is a common and widespread species with strong populations. In Finland it is rare and only present in the southern part. In Denmark it is common and distributed in the eastern part (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Ukraine it is a common species. Population size and trend have not been quantified for European Turkey and the exact locality is unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in all type of forests in decaying wood. The larvae most frequently develop in red-rotten heartwood, but also in decaying wood generally. The adults fly after dark and are attracted to light; they are active in V-VII (Lodos 1998).

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it lives in forests of various composition from lowlands to montane zone (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it occurs in all kinds of broadleaved forests. In Britain it lives in a wide variety of wooded habitats, in the cultural landscape as well as forests (Alexander 2002).

The ecology appears to be the same asM. castanipes (Dolin 1988).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. 

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place or needed for this species. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).

redListAssessors:
Alexander,K., Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered. This species is widely distributed but severely fragmented and rare throughout its range with an estimated Area of Occupancy of less than 500 km2. It has become extinct in parts of its range and is declining in many countries. Its habitat is old trees with cavities which are threatened by unfavourable forest management and this habitat is severely declining.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)). This species is widely distributed but severely fragmented and rare throughout its range with an estimated Area of Occupancy of less than 500 km2. It has become extinct in parts of its range and is declining in many countries. Its habitat is old trees with cavities which are threatened by unfavourable forest management and this habitat is severely declining.

range:
Distributed from Spain through central and southern Europe (Laibner 2000) to Ukrainian Carpathians and Turkey (west part) (Lobl and Smetana 2007).

population:
This species is very rare throughout its European range. 

In France it is very localized in lowland large and ancient beech forests, lessthan ten localities known, probably a relict of old-growth forests likeLimoniscus violaceus (Leseigneur 1972). In Italy there are only two records from Tuscany region, one very old (1875). In Austria it is only found around Vienna and Niederösterreich, six historic records. In Hungary only one extant population is known in the south-western part of the country, which is small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic there are only a few sites. In Slovakia it has recently been only found in two areas; it is considered rare. In Poland one locality known. In Ukraine this species is rare. The first ever records in Greece and Turkey are from 2006.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the underground parts of decaying, blackened standing oakQuercus, elmUlmusand beechFagus, also in tunnels of weevils of the tribe Cossonini (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine, larvae develop in humid hollows (decayed wood) near root part of trunk of oldQuercus, sometimes in the ground. They have also been found high up on trunks and branches. This information either means that the species has different preferences across its range or that the information is not right. Essentially the species needs red rot in big trees. Pupation takes place in the autumn; the adults are active from the end of April into May (Dolin 1988).

A primeval forest relict. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it lives in naturally preserved forests from lowlands to foothills (Laibner 2000). In Hungary the only population lives in an abandoned wood pasture (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Maintenance of habitat continuity and connectivity is essential for the conservation of this species. 

It occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Slovakia and as Near Threatened in Italy.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment:    listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trends, threats and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated as the species is not present in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only known from two states: Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

habitat:
This is a facultative saproxylic species developing either in decaying stumps of broad-leaved trees or in forest soil with deep litter layer. It appears not to be a true saproxylic but has been retained as its ecological requirements are not well known.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because there is very little information known about abundance or trends for this species.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population and threats for this species in Bulgaria.

range:
This species is found in south-eastern Europe, in Crimea, Bulgaria and south-western Russia (Caucasus).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance or trends of this species throughout the range. In Crimea it is found locally and not often, but it is not considered rare (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species found in broad-leaved and mixed forests. Larvae develop in dry but decayed wood of tree trunks. Imago active from April to May.

conservationAction:
In Ukraine it is in Crimea's reservations in complex with other insects.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information about its population size, threats and ecological requirements.

range:
This species is only found on Crete in Greece (Platia and Gudenzi 1996).

population:
There is little information available about the abundance of this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, although no information is available about its habitat requirements.

conservationAction:
It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas. Further research on the ecology, population size, life history and potential threats to this species is necessary in order to identify possible conservation needs.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available on use or trade for this species.

redListAssessors:
Pettersson, R., Schmidl, J., Petrakis, P., Recalde, J.I. & Zapata de la Vega, J.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and not uncommon, although its distribution is fragmented and appropriate habitat is declining. However, it is not considered to be as threatened as some rarer heartwood decay specialists with more specific habitat requirements. Action is needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available, so that this species does not become threatened in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and notuncommon, although its distribution is fragmented and appropriate habitat is declining. However, it is not considered to be as threatened as some rarer heartwood decay specialists with more specific habitat requirements. Action is needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available, so that this species does not become threatened in future.

range:
European species penetrating into Sweden and in the east reaching the Dnieper River (Laibner 2000). It is also found in northern Africa (Algir), northern Caucasus and Iran (Lobl and Smetana 2007). 

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest-steppe zones, in steppe in forests near rivers (Dolin 1988). In the UK it occurs across south-eastern England (Mendel and Clarke 1996). It is absent from Ireland.

population:
A widespread species with a fragmented distribution but not uncommon.

In the UK it has a very fragmented range but with a good number of known sites (50-60), albeit often very isolated; there is some evidence for a decline (Mendel and Clarke 1996). In Spain there is one single record in the north, which confirms the presence of the species in the country (former, old records were doubtful) (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2005). In Sweden there are at least 50 populations and has a fragmented, but not severely. It is rare in Denmark (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Ukraine this species is common. It is scattered across Slovakia and the Czech Republic (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it is widespread throughout all the hilly and mountainous regions; this species is not very common in the area but its populations are strong (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A heartwood decay specialist found in veteran trees. The larvae develop in the decaying heartwood of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees, including oakQuercus, beechFagus, ashFraxinus; in living trees as well as dead trees; probably feed on the larvae of the weevilsStereocorynes truncorum andPhloeophagus lignarius as well as of larvae of Anobiidae, Scolytidae; pupate at end of season and overwinter as adult; adults active from middle of April to beginning of June (Alexander 2002, Dolin 1988). 

In deciduous and mixed forests, also in parks from lowlands to submontane zone (Laibner 2000). In Ukraine it is a typical forest species. In Hungary most records are from old oak, hornbeam or beech forests inthe hills and mountains, but it is also known to occur in riverine willow galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). An old growth species in the UK, sites including ancient wood pastures, historic parklands, and traditional orchards in the cultural landscape as well as old forest (Alexander 2002).

threats:
Not regarded as threatened in some parts of its European range, but its dependence on hollowing trees make it very vulnerable.

This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future. The UK Ancient Tree Hunt project aims to document all ancient trees and promote their protection (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In the UK it is listed in the British Red Data Book (Shirt 1987) as rare. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but because of its rather large distribution in France it may be greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but because of its rather large distribution in France it may be greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widespread across southern Europe, from central to western Europe.

population:
This species is rare throughout most of its range, with France the only country with more than a few sites. 

In Hungary there are only two extant populations known in the northern part of the country; the two extant populations seem to be small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain it is known from three areas in Navarra and one from Cantabria (Sánchez-Ruizet al. 2003). In Italy there is one record from the south (Basilicata) probably from 2001. In the Czech Republic there are two sites in the extreme southern corner of the country. In Slovakia there is one locality in the south. In France it is widespread but very localized forming small but dense populations in suitable habitats (Leseigneur 1972).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives on trunks and in tree cavities, and it probably needs large old trees. It has been found inQuercus humilis forest in Spain and open oak forests in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In Hungary the two known extant populations live in open thermophilous oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
Maintenance of habitat continuity and connectivity are essential. Research on the species ecology and habitat preferences is needed.  The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Near Threatened in Italy.


taxonomicNotes:
Relatively recently described as new to Science. There is confusion between this species  and R. megerlei.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient. There are few records of this species; based on known records the Area of Occupancy would be very small. However, it was relatively recently described so it is likely to be under-recorded. Moreover there is confusion between this species andR. megerlei. Until we have better information, this species cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient. Like all heartwood decay specialists restricted to veteran trees, there is conservation concern for this species as it is limited to a fragmented and declining habitat.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient. There are few records of this species;based on known records the Area of Occupancy would be very small. However, it was relatively recently described so it is likely to be under-recorded. Moreover there is confusion between this species andR. megerlei. Until we have better information, this species cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient. Like all heartwood decay specialists restricted to veteran trees, there is conservation concern for this species as it is limited to a fragmented and declining habitat.

range:
This species is widespread across Europe, from south-eastern to western Europe reaching some countries in northern Europe and central Europe (Lobl and Smetana 2007). Also occurs in the Near East.

It has only recently found in Spain (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2006).

population:
There are few records of this species. However, it was relatively recently described as new to Science so it is likely to be under-recorded. Moreover there is confusion between this species andR. megerlei.

In Ukraine it is a rare species that only occurs in the western slopes of the Carpathians. In Hungary it is known from a few localities in the western part of the country; this is a very rare species with small populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there is a single known locality in Navarra (Recalde Irurzun and Sánchez-Ruiz 2006).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. A heartwood decay specialist found in large, old broad-leaved trees. The larvae develop in the decayed wood of broad-leaved trees; pupation at spring to the beginning of summer; the adults are active during the evening in VI-VIII, and are attracted to light (A. Putchkov pers comm). The known records from Hungary are from oak forests in the hills and willow galleries along the Danube River.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future.

The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Tezcan, S., Schlaghamersky, J., Mason, F., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Despite being an Iberian endemic with interest and targeting from collectors, this species has an increasing number of recorded sites (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2012). Due to its occurrence in northern wet conifer forests and dry pine forest, and the large areas occupied by pine trees in the Iberian Peninsula, the species does not seem to be facing any major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain and Portugal and is probably also present in some French Pyrenean pine forests. It is widespread both on the Portuguese and Spanish mainlands. It has been recorded in many localities from north-eastern Andalucia to the Pyrenees and from Mediterranean coastal provinces, such as Valencia and Barcelona, to Portugal (Castelo Branco and Vila Real) (Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2007, Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2010, Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz 2012).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered locally common in some localities (Zapata and Recalde pers. obs.). It is known from four to five sites in Spain and Portugal (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2001).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in Mediterranean pine woodlands (Pinus silvestris) and develops in dead pinewood in both dry meridional areas (Pinus halepensis) and wet montane areas in the Pyrenees (mixed forest Pinus sylvestris-Abies alba). Adults are crepuscular and are attracted by night lights (Recalde and San Martín pers. obs., Sánchez-Ruiz et al. 2001). In Portugal many individuals have been observed as both attracted by light and in pupal chambers of Pinus maritima(Mequignon 1932). Due to their large size, the species depends on large pines.

threats:
There is no specific information available although targeting by collectors could be a potential threat to this species. General threats to the habitat of this species include forest fires, 'cleaning' of woodland to remove dead wood, and destruction and fragmentation of habitat as a result of urbanisation and expansion of agricultural areas.

conservationAction:
This species is present in some protected areas of Spain, such as in Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park (Viñolas et al. 2014).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This is a large species with a restricted distribution area, targeted by collectors.

redListContributors:
Micó Balaguer, E., Nardi, G. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


taxonomicNotes:
Formerly known in Britain as Athous villosus (Fourcroy, 1785).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Euro-Caucasian (Laibner 2000) species is found throughout much of Europe.

It is widespread in Germany and southern Britain.

population:
A widespread and common species across Europe with stable populations in most of the range. The population size tends to be underestimated because the adults are active at night and regularly recorded by light trapping.

In the UK it is widespread in the central and south-eastern part of England, extending into Wales; its distribution is fragmented but there are strong populations (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it appears sporadically and there are new recent records of larvae while in Slovakia it is more common (Laibner 2000). In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas and has strong populations in its habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Sweden there are four subpopulations while in Denmark it is common and distributed especially in the southern part (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Italy it is rare and has a declining population. In Ukraine this species is distributed in the Carpathians and in the central forest-steppe zone.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop under loose bark on deadwood of various broad-leaved trees, most frequently in beechFagus; and sometimes in the relatively soft rotting heartwood beneath the bark; it is a predator of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) larvae and probably other insects; at least two summers are spent in the larval stage in southern England; it pupates in May-June; the adults are very short-lived, active in VII-VIII, crepuscular and nocturnal, attracted to light (Dolin 1982, Alexander 2002). 

In naturally preserved forest complexes of various composition, also in old orchards from lowlands to submontane zone (Laibner 2000). In Hungary it lives in broad-leaved forests, mainly oak and beech. In Britain, mostly in ancient wood pastures, historic parklands and traditional orchards inthe cultural landscape; but also in old forest (Alexander 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place other than FSC general guidelines on deadwood management.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK). It is considered as Endangered in Italy and as Vulnerable in Sweden and Germany.

redListAssessors:
Alexander,KNA., Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at a rapid rate across its range. Inhabits artificial habitats (conifer plantations) as well as natural habitats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This species has a large distribution and there is no evidence to suggest that it isdeclining at a rapid rate across its range. Inhabits artificial habitats (conifer plantations) as well as natural habitats.

range:
This species is widely distributed throughout most of Europe, except Britain and Ireland. It is endemic to Europe.

population:
Widespread but generally uncommon. However it is a clandestine species that is likely to be under-recorded.

In Ukraine it is a rare species that occupies western and southern regions. It is found locally in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Laibner 2000). In Hungary this species isknown from a few localities in the western part of the country and from one locality in the north; the populations of this rare species are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is usually found in low numbers but it is widespread across almost all of the country (excepting the mountains and the western part). In Sweden there are collections from seven sites in the last ten years. In Spain there is very little information; probably rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, found in coniferous woodland and plantations. The larvae develop in decayed wood ofPinus, and are found under bark on dead fallen trunks; the larvae hibernate; pupation in bark of underground parts of pine stumps in May-June; adults active in July - August; crepuscular and nocturnal (first half), and are attracted by artificial light. The adults and larvae are predators or necrophagous (scavenge) (Dolin 1982, Laibner 2000).

Confined to vast pine forest complexes (Laibner 2000). In Hungary all records are from pine plantations where dead wood is abundant (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no specific measures in place for this species. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be restricted to the island of Sardinia, where it is not common. Based on the number of known sites, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 20-40 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) to be around 2,800 km². A continuing decline in the habitat quality is suspected from forest fires, agriculture and urbanisation. Based on the main threat which is the increasing of fires on the island, the species could be distributed in five locations. Recent locality records are relatively close to the previous ones so even if new species localities are found in the future, it is unlikely that the species could be in more than 10 locations. The species is thus listed as Endangered in view of its AOO, EOO, the number of locations and the continuous decline of habitat quality. 

Further research about its distribution range, ecology and threats is  necessary for this rare species. A delimitation of the area of  distribution of the known sub populations should be recommended in  order to regulate the type of fire prevention measures to be applied in  those areas (e.g. reduction of the use of machinery, regulation of  salvage logging activities).

range:
This species occurs on Sardinia in the Mediterranean, where it seems to be endemic (Platia 1994). It is known to occur in four localities on the island (Platia pers. comm. 2013). Based on the known localities and the possibility to find new records the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to range from 20 to 40 km². The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 2,800 km² .

population:
There is little information available about the abundance of this species. A couple of new localities on Sardinia have recently been recorded even though the species is rather uncommon (Platia pers. comm. 2016). The species is distributed in three sub populations separated by 50-70 km of agricultural matrix between them.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There are no details about its precise habitat requirements although it is presumed to develop in rotten trunks (Platia 1994).

threats:
Fires are a risk to be taken into account, especially on islands.Wildfires are currently recurrent in the forests of Calabria, Basilicata and Sicily (Corpo Forestale dello Stato 2016). A main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems, which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores, can be equally damaging. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Some of the known records are located in protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered on the Italian Red List (Carpaneto et al. 2015). Further research in its distribution range, ecology and threats is necessary for this rare species. A delimitation of the area of distribution of the known sub populations should be recommended in order to regulate the type of fire prevention measures to be applied in those areas (e.g. reduction in the use of machinery, regulation of salvage logging activities).

redListAssessors:
Platia, G., Bartolozzi, L., Recalde, J.I. & Zapata de la Vega, J.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, population size and trend, threats and conservation status.

EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, population size and trend, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found in Greece, Turkey and Syria. Two specimens have been collected from Peloponnesus Peninsula (P. Cate collection, Vienna).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. No information is available on its habitat requirements.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its forest habitat is probably declining.
 
 
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its forest habitat is probably declining.

range:
The species is distributed from Turkey, Near East to the Caucasus region, Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Iraq. In Europe this species is only found in Cyprus, Greece and the European part of Turkey. In Greece, the species is reported from southern Macedonia, Asprovalta, Thessaloniki environment, Chalkidike (leg. Kraus 2004, P. Cate pers. comm. 2009). In Cyprus it is reported from Pedoulas 1,000 m, a locality on the northern slope of Troodos Mountains (Preiss and Platia 2003). Recently was found at Alethriko 50 m and Polemidia 50 m, two localities on the southern coastline.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Its population is fragmented and the species is considered very rare and local in Cyprus (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, developing in old hollow trees. It has been reported from old plantations with Ceratonia siliqua. The adults are attracted to light (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
This species lives in old hollow trees, a habitat that it is severely declining in the Mediterrarean area and populations are highly fragmented.


range:
This species is found throughout all Europe. Its occurrence in Siberia is questionable. It also occurs in the Caucasus.

population:
Reports suggest that it is plentiful in many countries.
  In Ireland it is rare and has a strongly fragmented distribution with a small number of very isolated sites (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the UK it is widespread in Britain and it is plentiful. In Ukraine it is a common species and is present in all regions where there is woody vegetation. This species is widespread all over Hungary wherever wooded plant societies occur; population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it was recently recorded from two localities in the north-west (Soares-Vieira and Grosso-Silva 2003).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. 

In the UK adults are normally frequent in fruiting brackets of the softer polypore fungi on trunks of broad-leaved trees; it has been reared fromLaetiporus sulphureus andPiptoporus betulinus (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine adults and larvae occur on many (near 30) species of xylotrophic fungi. Moreover beetles inhabit carpophores ofBjerkandera adusta, B. contragosa, Funalia trogii, Gleoporus dichrous, Hapalopilus nidulans, Lentinus lepideus, Pluteus atricapillus, P. pulmonarius, Panus rudis, P. squamosus, Tricholoma saponaceum(Khalidov 1984, Drogvalenko 1997). Adults have been found in IV-V.

In Hungary this species occurs in all kinds of indigenous and plantedbroad-leaved forests. UK sites include ancient wood pastures, historic parklands, traditional orchards and woodlands generally (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
None other than standard FSC guidelines (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). It occurs in many protected areas across its wide range (e.g. UK, Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It has a widespread distribution, stable populations, and it requires fungi that grow on trunks of broad leaved trees (which is relatively common).
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It has a widespread distribution, stable populations, and it requires fungi that grow on trunks of broad leaved trees (which is relatively common).

range:
This Eurosiberian species is found throughout much of Europe, from central Europe to south-eastern Europe reaching some countries in western and northern Europe.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species and it is rare in central Europe but more common in the eastern part of its range. There is a scarcity of records but this may be due to low sampling.

In Ukraine it is very rare, and it is known from one specimen found in the Volyn region; it might also be present in the Carpathians and in the western part of the forest zone (Drogvalenko 1997). In Hungary this species is very sporadic, only a few localities are known from at least 50 years ago - as no new localities are known, information is unavailable on its populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species and is polyphagous on the decay fungi of broad-leaved trees. The biology of the species is known more from its Russian distribution than elsewhere. In Ukraine the adult has been reported from carpophores (fruiting body) of many wood-decay fungi -Fomes fomentarius, Piptoporus betulinus, P. calyptratus, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. obliquus, Ischnoderma benzonium, Trametes sp. In Hungary as no new localities are known, information is unavailable on habitat (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Previously specimens have been called D. semirufula (often erroneously) (Drogvalenko 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, abundance of required habitat (wood-decay fungi) and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, abundance of required habitat (wood-decay fungi) and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found from Italy to Ukraine, reaching as well southern Russia (Caucasus) and further east into western Asia.

population:
This is a common species, with adults easy to find on fungi and bark of trees, the population trend is stable because the fungi it requires (obligatory mycetophagous) are common throughout its range.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species known from many regions of forest, forest-steppe, steppe zones (Ukraine) and in Crimea (Drogvalenko 2001). More common in forest than in steppe. It is polyphagous on the fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi. While it is obligatory mycetophagous, beetles develop on numerous xylotrophic fungi - Trametes, Pleurotus, Polyporus, Laetiporus, Daedaleopsis, Bjerkandera, Antrodia, Exidia, Chondrostereum. Imago often found under dead bark on micellar mould of fungi (Drogvalenko 2001).

threats:
This species is polyphagous on wood fungi which are common throughout its range so it is not thought to be threatened.

conservationAction:
It is present in several protected areas and no conservation actions are needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, and population trends of Spain, Italy and France.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, and population trends of Spain, Italy and France.

range:
This species is found throughout all Europe, except the north and far western Europe. It is also found in Caucasus, Siberia and Russian Far East. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, in forests and in the northern part of forest-steppe zones (Drogvalenko 2004). In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. It is also widespread across much of England and Wales, but absent from Scotland and Ireland (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Sweden there used to be some subpopulation in the south but now the species is Extinct.

population:
The species seems to be rare over much of its European range and its population is decreasing. It is however still widespread in certain areas, eg much of lowland England and in Romania it is abundant in the Carpathian beech forest. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). 

In Germany and the Czech Republic the species is rare. In Ukraine it is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults normally frequent fruiting brackets of the softer polypore fungi on the trunks and branches of broad-leaved trees; the larvae are assumed to develop in these fungal brackets  (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine the beetles live on fungi of the Pleurotaceae and on some species ofPolyporus  (P. squamosus) (Khalidov 1984, Nikitskyet al. 1996, Drogvalenko 2004). In Hungary it prefers dying trees withPolyporus squamosus and fruiting bodies of other tree fungi. 

In Europe it is delimited by the broad-leaved forest zone with high populations of low forest management intensities. UK sites include ancient wood pastures, historic parklands, traditional orchards and woodlands generally (Alexander 2002). In Hungary the species occurs in all kinds of indigenous and planted forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009); it prefers old growth forests. The species is typically dependent on veteran trees.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Vulnerable in Germany. Protection of broad-leaved forest is needed as well as protection against commercial forestry practices.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Pettersson, R., Mason, F., Horák, J., & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe expect Portugal. In the Mediterranean it is mostly found in mountains. It also occurs in the Caucasus, Siberia and Japan.

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, much rarer in the lowlands. The reverse is the case in the UK.

population:
It is a common species in Europe.

In the UK it is very widespread; has increased in abundance and distribution in recent decades (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a widespread and common species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs at bracket fungi on a wide range of broad-leaved trees in woodlands and other habitats.

Usually associated with the fruit bodies of the fungusPleurotus ostreatus in UK, growing on trunks of broad-leaved trees; adults hibernate beneath loose bark on tree trunks, often in large aggregations (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it is found on carpophores ofPleurotus pulmonarius, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Trichaptum biforme, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fomentarius (Nikitskyet al. 1996). The adult is mostly found from IV to VIII - mostly in VII.

In Hungary this species occurs in various broad-leaved forests. In the UK it is known from a wide variety of situations including ancient wood pastures, historic parks and wooded places generally (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
No conervation measures in place, other than standard FSC guidelines. Occurs in many protected areas across its wide range (e.g. Hungary and UK).


taxonomicNotes:
The species status for this species is doubtful. It seems to be published only in the original description by Pic 1930 and in the old italian fauna of Porta. Is a taxon name valid for Fauna Europaea. However the taxon is not included in any of the recent taxonomic reviews.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively small range and based on the number of known sites, it has a potentially small area of occupancy (AOO). However, it is a poorly known species and it may be under-recorded. There is no information on population size or trends, and no specific information on potential threats. Given that there is insufficient information to assess this species, it is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to mainland Italy (Pic 1930).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Population size and trends are unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is a mycophagous species but no details of its precise habitat requirements are available.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be the degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use (affecting age structures and tree density). Forestry exploitation is often a key immediate issue, but long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees can be equally damaging (often as the result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which exclude grazing by large herbivores). Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors that often constitute threats for those species.

conservationAction:
There is no available information on the current status of conservation of this species. It is listed as Data Deficient on the Italian Red List (IUCN Red List 2010, Audisio 2014). More research on the distribution, biology and ecology of this species is needed.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleopterans tend to be popular among beetles collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

redListContributors:
Nardi, G., Alcázar Montañez, E. & Micó Balaguer, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because there is not enough known about its abundance or trends in the population. While some information is known about its habitat type, more information is needed about specific habitat requirements to make inferences about changes to the habitat extent and quality. At present the beech trees andPleurotusfungi on which it lives are common and stable, but more information is needed about the biology of the species before this species can be assessed. The species could be threatened or very widespread but more information is needed to know for sure.
EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Data Deficient because there is not enough known about its abundance or trends in the population. While some information is known about its habitat type, more information is needed about specific habitat requirements to make inferences about changes to the habitat extent and quality. At present the beech trees andPleurotusfungi on which it lives are common and stable, but more information is needed about the biology of the species before this species can be assessed. The species could be threatened or very widespread but more information is needed to know for sure.

range:
This species is only found in central Europe, extending east into Ukraine and Hungary. In Ukraine it is only present on the western slopes of the Carpathians.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. On the outer edge of its distribution in Ukraine it is rare and locally found (only known from two specimens). The host tree is widespread in the range of the species so without further information about the ecology of the species little can be said about its population abundance or trends.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is obligatory mycetophagous and beetles occur on wood-decay fungi of the genusPleurotus in beech forests (Drogvalenko 2001), which is still a common tree species in the Carpathians. This is thought to be a relict species associated with ancient forest and has been reported from ancient beech forest. The extent and quality of remaining ancient forests with beech trees in the Carpathian region is not well known but thought to be in good condition. More research is needed on the specific habitat requirements of the species and the remaining ancient beech forest.Pleurotusfungi are not confined to deadwood of beech, but also use a variety of other tree and shrub species. The biology ofTriplaxgenus is not well known because they eat fruiting bodies ofPleurotus which occur sporadically and may be difficult to find, so finding the beetle species is also difficult.

threats:
Because beetles occur on wood-decay fungiPleurotussp. in beech forests (Drogvalenko 2001) andPleurotustypically grow on larger trees, experts infer that the habitat availability is limited and may be threatened by logging or forest management practices that favour removal of large trees in the future.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in at least one protected area in the Carpathian mountains in Ukraine.


range:
This species is found sporadically across southern and central Europe. It also occurs in the Caucasus and northern Iran.

population:
The species is relatively rare, but widespread and can be locally common. In Slovakia there are four records. In France it is known from more than five sites. In Ukraine it is relatively rare, but locally numerous. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; its population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species may be common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found very locally and rarely in warm, broad-leaved, often alluvial forests. In Hungary this species occurs in various broad-leaved forests. In Ukraine it occurs in the forest zone (Drogvalenko 1997). It lives on carpophores ofPleurotaceaefungi on decaying wood. The adult is found mostly in VII-VIII (Drogvalenko 1997). It has been observed on fungi on elmUlmus, limeTiliaand aspenPopulus tremula.

It occurs in old growth forest, it is a relic species.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria, and as Endangered in Germany.


taxonomicNotes:
There is uncertainty about the validity of some of the specimens recorded under the name Triplax cyanescens due to confusion with Triplax melanocephala Lacordaire, considered a synonym erroneously (Benoît pers. comm. 2016). At present, only its presence in Algeria and Portugal can be verified under this name.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its Area of Occupancy, natural history and ecology, habitat requirements, threats and conservation status.

range:
This is a North African species with a very localized presence in southern Europe (Benoît pers. comm. 2016). I has been recorded from Algeria and Portugal (Bedel 1868, Deelder 1942, Chûjô and Chûjô 1990), although all the records are old.  In Algeria, it is known from 32 localities in Algiers and Annaba, previously known as Bône (Bedel 1868, Deelder 1942). In Portugal, it is known from a single locality in the north, S. Martinho d'Anta (Correa de Barros in Escalera 1925), although it has not been recorded for more than 80 years and could be a wrong identification (Benoît pers. comm. 2015). It was previously considered to be present in France following a misidentification with the erroneously assigned synonym Triplax melanocephala. There is also one old record from Morocco, although without further confirmation (Aguelmane Azigza in Kocher 1969).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, but it is rare in all the localities where it has been recorded. There is no information available on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in sporophores of lignicolous fungus in a variety of trees and fungi.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, the main threat for saproxylic beetles is the decrease of habitat quality due to the rarefaction of deadwood and old trees. Intensive forest management affects saproxylic species by reducing the amount of suitable habitats.

conservationAction:
In Spain, this species is present at least in two protected areas (such as Cabañeros National Park). More research on the distribution, biology and ecology of this species is needed.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleopterans tend to be popular among beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour.

redListContributors:
Alcázar Montañez, E., Campanaro, A., Mendez, M. & Nieto, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
It is found in central Europe. It also occurs in Siberia and Russian Far East. 

In Germany this species is Extinct. In Ukraine it occurs in the eastern part of the forest-steppe zone (Kharkov region), and may be in the Carpathians too (Drogvalenko 2004).

population:
In most countries it is not a numerous species. It is found sporadically, very locally and rarely.
In Ukraine it is rare. In Hungary it is known only from three localities (one specimen each) in thecentral part of the country - one is from 1996, the other two records are more than 70 years old (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) -as there is no extant population known, no information is available about its populations. In Slovenia there are very few records in the last 50 years. In Poland it was only recorded in 1988. In Slovakia there have been three records since 1950.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found in warm deciduous forests of central and southern Europe. In Ukraine beetles have been found on carpophores ofthe bracket fungi Inonotus obliquus, I. cuticularis (Nikitskyet al. 1996, Drogvalenko 1997, 2004). In Hungary one of the three known specimens was found in a ravine forest on a sporocarp of the bracket fungusLaetiporus sulphureus(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No information available. This species is listed as Data Deficient in Poland, as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Alexander, K., Tezcan, S., Mason, F., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be4,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) at around 20 km². The species is suffering a continuing decline of its habitat quality, as there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of Abies cephalonica forests in Greece. Based on the ongoing and potential threats (fires and over-grazing), the species could be distributed in four to five locations. The species was previously listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 2010. However, based on a more precise calculation of AOO and EOO, and an evaluation of the number of locations in the Mediterranean area, this species is listed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species seems to be endemic to Greece. It is recorded from Mount Parnitha, Attiki, Mount Kyllini and Korinthia. However, it may also occur in western Turkey. Dajoz (1985) states new records in the Dirfys Mountain (northeast of Steni) on Eubée island, Greece (observed in May 1978).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species, but it is a rare species. There is no information available on population trends for this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is restricted to high mountains and lives in fungal fruiting bodies on dead wood of coniferous trees, especiallyAbies cephalonica. Dajoz (1985) reported adults on Pleurotus sp. in an Abies cephalonica forest, at 1,200 m of altitude.

threats:
The strong decline ofAbies cephalonica forests is a major threat to this species. Moreover, forest fires and grazing by goats (which suppresses forest generation) constitue other possible threats.

conservationAction:
There appears to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it occurs in one protected area. Further studies are needed on the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this species, and especially its conservation management requirements.

redListContributors:
Petrakis, P., Schmidl, J. & Pettersson, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and the area of occupancy is declining due to unsustainable forest management.
EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Endangered (B2ab(ii,iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and the area of occupancy is declining due to unsustainable forest management.

range:
This species is found in southern and central Europe, reaching as well the British Isles. It also occurs in the western part of northern Africa.

population:
This species is very rare throughout its range. In Britain it has a highly fragmented distribution, with two main centres of population plus a small isolated area where it may now be Extinct; modern records only from the New Forest and four other areas (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary this species is known from very few localities scattered in the western part of the country; the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as very rare, and its populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France there are three records for this species; in Spain there is only one; in Slovakia there is one recent record.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults normally frequent fruiting brackets of the softer polypore fungi on trunks of broad-leaved trees and a variety of shrubs, including gorse and elder in open limestone pasture in southern Britain; the only fungus species identified in Britain isPleurotus ostreatus, but other fungi may also be used; in a wide variety of situations including ancient wood pastures, historic parklands and ancient woodlands, as well as scrubby pastures (Alexander 2002). The known localities in Hungary are habitats of relatively undisturbed broad-leaved forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Loss of old trees and decaying wood, including excessive scrub clearance on limestone pastures for 'conservation' objectives. Oyster mushroom is also a very popular wild food and collection for consumption may be affecting the beetle populations in the New Forest and elsewhere (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is included in the British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987); all modern records are from legally protected sites, although this does not protect the beetle from mushroom gathering, etc.

redListAssessors:
Horák, J., Büche, B., Dodelin, B., Tezcan, S., Schlaghamersky, J., Mason, F., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P., Méndez, M. & Alexander, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population mainly in eastern Europe although scarce in other European countries, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population mainly in eastern Europe although scarce in other European countries, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe, in central and southern Europe. It also occurs in the Caucasus and Turkey.

population:
This species seems to be common in eastern Europe and scarce in other European countries. 

In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, much rarer in the lowlands. Population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as not uncommon in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is common in the Carpathians. In Germany it has increased the number of records. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is rare. In Ukraine it is relatively a rare species; was collected in the Kharkov region. In Portugal it was first recorded from the country very recently, from the extreme north (Soares-Vieira and Grosso-Silva 2003).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Its habitat is broad-leaved forests with veteran trees and wood-decaying fungi. It can live in small dimensions of dead wood. In Ukraine beetles have been found on carpophores of wood-decay fungiPolyporus alveolarius, Lentinus tegrinus (Drogvalenko 1997). In other places beetles inhabit fungiLentinus betulina, Pleurotus pulmonarius, P. ostreatus(Nikitskyet al. 1996).

threats:
There appears to be no major threats to this species. Felling of old trees and destruction of decayed trunks with fungi could be a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Vulnerable in Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Alexander, K., Pettersson, R., Mason, F., Horák, J., & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, natural history, habitat requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, natural history, habitat requirements, population size and trends, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found in the west and central part of southern Europe.

In Italy it is only present in the centre and south of mainland Italy. The presence of this species in the Balkans needs confirmation from new findings.

It is also found in northern Africa and the Caucasus region.

population:
In Portugal has been recorded from several sites in Serra da Estrela, a mountain area in northern-central Portugal. Most of the records are very recent (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009). There is no information for Italy and Spain. In France it is only reported from the type locality.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in sporophores of lignicolous fungus, especiallyPleurotus.

conservationAction:
No information available. Part of the range of this species occurs in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, presumed large population and its ability to live on a wide variety of fungi. There are no major threats.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, presumed large population and its ability to live on a wide variety of fungi. There are no major threats.

range:
This species is widespread across southern and the south part of central Europe. It is also found in northern Africa, Minor Asia and Caucasus.

population:
Information is not available on population size and trends for most of its range. It appears to be common and widespread in some areas, but rare in many countries.

In Greece it is assumed widespread. In France it is not rare but alsonot common, largely distributed in the country. In Spain it has a fragmented distribution in the Mediterranean part. In Ukraine it is a relatively rare species, especially in the forest-steppe zone, and in the mountains of Crimea. In Hungary there are a very few localities known from the western part of the country, all are more than 50 years old. As there is no extant population known, no information is available about its populations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany there is one single recent record. In Portugal it was recorded in the 1920s from two localities in the north; no additional records.

habitat:
This may be a facultative saproxylic species, rather than obligate, although the evidence is unclear. The adults have been found in dry fruit bodies of the wood-decay fungusPleurotus fallen to the ground but also other fungi; it appears to be prefer old fruit bodies of lignicolous fungi but is also apparently occasionally found on other fungi - the presence of adult beetles is not evidence that the species developed there however. No reports of rearing have been found. In Ukraine beetles have been found on carpophores of the wood-decay fungusPleurotus eryngii (Nikitskyet al. 1996); adults are sometimes found under bark of beech-trees, presumably as a winter refugium.

conservationAction:
Conservation of dying trees is recommended. This species is classed as Endangered in Germany.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although in some parts of its range it is rare and populations are small, overall there is not enough information about abundance and trend of the species. More information is needed on the biology and ecology of the species.

EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Data Deficient because although in some parts of its range it is rare and populations are small, overall there is not enough information about abundance and trend of the species. More information is needed on the biology and ecology of the species.

range:
This species is found in a patchy distribution through central and southeastern Europe.

population:
Little information is known about population abundance and trends. In Hungary this species is known from a few localities scattered in the western and northern parts of the country. It tends to be found more often in the south-western part of Hungary. Population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as quite rare, and its populations are small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that is obligatory mycetophagous (fungus-feeder) and beetles occur on wood-decay fungi such asPleurotussp. in relatively undisturbed broad-leaved forests. It is also found on old cherry trees. The extent and quality of remaining undisturbed forests with beech trees in the Carpathian region is not well known but thought to be in good condition. More research is needed on the biology and specific habitat requirements of the species and the remaining ancient beech forest. The biology ofTriplaxgenus is not well known because they eat fruiting bodies ofPleurotus which occur sporadically and may be difficult to find, so finding the species is difficult.

threats:
Little information is available about threats to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas in Hungary, so no additional specific measures are suggested (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Triplax peyerimhoffi is a synonym of T. lacordairii

redListCategoryRationale:
In view of the absence of sufficient information on its taxonomy, distribution, extent of occurrence, natural history, threats and conservation status, this species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species was recorded from Spain (Andalucia) by Escalera (1925). It has also been recorded from Morocco in Tanger (Chûjô and Chûjô 1990).

population:
There is no available information about population size or trends for this species. There is little information available about its abundance.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no precise information about its habitat.

threats:
The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, the main threat across the Mediterranean for saproxylic beetles is the decrease of habitat quality due to the disappearance of deadwood and old trees. Intensive forest management (such as logging, increasing incidence of fire as well as fire suppression) affects saproxylic species by reducing the amount of suitable habitat available.

conservationAction:
Its presence in protected areas is unknown. There is no available information about possible conservation actions carried out for this species. More studies on species population, ecology, distribution and possible threats are needed for this species.

redListContributors:
Schmidl, J., Pettersson, R., Alcázar Montañez, E., Mason, F. & Mannerkoski, I.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across all Europe, except Britain, Ireland and the far west. It is also found in western Caucasus. It is Extinct in Denmark (1997).

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least some parts of its range. Population trend is increasing in some areas (e.g. Finland, Germany).

In Ukraine it is a common species, sometimes numerous. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as not uncommon in its localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Ukraine the beetles inhabit carpophores of Pleurotaceae fungi on decaying wood:Pleurotus ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. calyptratus, Leccinum aurantiacum (Khalidov 1984, Nikitskyet al. 1996, Drogvalenko 1997, 2001); the adult beetle is found often under dead bark on beech-trees.

 In Hungary the species occurs in various broad-leaved forests.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures in place. The species occurs in several  protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in many protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in many protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This Holarctic species is widespread across much of Europe. It is absent from Ireland. It is also found in the Caucasus, northern Africa (Algeria) and Iran.

In Britain it has a very disjunct distribution, widespread in the English lowlands and in the Caledonian forest areas of Scotland, but absent elsewhere (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

population:
A widespread species that is common in many parts of its range. Population trend is stable.

In Britain there are two large populations, almost certainly genetically distinct; strong numbers in both (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine this species is common. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. In Portugal there is a single recent record from the central area, near the western Atlantic coast (Aguiar and Serrano 1995).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.

Develops in fungal fruiting bodies on various broad-leaved trees. Adults may be found feeding at bracket fungi, irrespective of larval hosts.(Alexander 2000). In Ukraine the larvae usually develop in the wood-decay fungiInonotus obliquusandI. cuticularius; the adult beetles may be found on Polyporus squamosus, Russula rosea, Flammulina fomentarius, Pleurotus calyptratus, but(Khalidov 1984, Nikitskyet al. 1996, Krasutzky 1996). In Britain, the larvae develop inInonotus hispiduson ashFraxinusin the south and east lowlands, while preferringFomes fomentariuson birchBetulain the Caledonian forest areas of Scotland.  Also reported from other broad-leaved trees, without reference to the associated fungus  (Alexander 2000). In Hungary this species occurs almost always onPleurotus pulmonarius.

In Hungary this species occurs in various broadleaved forests.UK sites include ancient wood pastures and woodlands, historic parklands, and traditional orchards (Alexander 2000).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European scale.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place other than general FSC guidelines. This species occurs in many protected areas (e.g. Hungary, UK).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. Has a large distribution, is common in at least parts of its range, and there is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate necessary to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. Has a large distribution, is common in at least parts of its range, andthere is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate necessary to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe. It is absent from Ireland and has a very restricted range in Britain. It is also found in Caucasus and Siberia. It is Extinct in Denmark (1997).

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range.

In Britain it has a very fragmented distribution, with one main population and three small isolated ones (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In Germany nowadays it is restricted to Bavaria; it formerly also occurred in eastern Germany near the Polish border. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas; population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as not uncommon in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Finland it is widespread and common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Ukraine this species develops in the wood-decay fungiPleurotus pulmonarius, P. calyptratus, P. ostreatusandLeccinum aurantiacum. Pupation takes place on the ground. The adult beetles hibernate (Khalidov 1984, Nikitskyet al. 1996, Krasutzky 1996, Drogvalenko 2001). In the UK it is usually associated with the fruit bodies of the fungusPleurotus ostreatus growing on dead trunks of broad-leaved trees; the adults hibernate beneath loose bark on the tree trunks, often in large aggregations (Alexander 2002). In Hungary this species occurs almost always onPleurotus pulmonarius(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). 

In Hungary this species occurs in various broad-leaved forests(O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and may be in the northern part of the forest zone. In the UK it is found in a wide variety of situations including ancient woodlands and wood pastures, historic parks and wooded places generally (Alexander 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats at the European scale.

conservationAction:
No actions in place other than general FSC guidelines. The species occurs in many  protected areas (Hungary). It is included in the British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxonomic status of this species may need confirmation.

range:
This species is only found in the southern part of central Europe from northern Italy to Austria and Croatia.

population:
There is no information on the abundance of the species. It seems to have been collected in numbers by Reitter in the 1880s, but it is unclear whether it was ever found again. It is possible, that one and the same occurrence (type locality: Trieste) is the basis of all three country records (Trieste was Austria, now Italy from 1818 on, and the territory was claimed by former Yugoslavia as well).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Almost certainly develops in fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi. The type series was found on old oaks by sifting.


range:
This Euro-Siberian species is found across much of Europe. It is absent from Ireland.

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is stable.

In the UK it has a very fragmented distribution, with about 30 small isolated populations known, plus one or maybe two larger concentrations (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Portugal it occurs in the north, where it was recorded from just four localities:one record in the 1920s (Barros 1924), two based on data from the 1970s (Grosso-Silva 2005) and one obtained in 2009 (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009).

In Ukraine it is a common species. This species is widespread all over Hungary; the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species.

The larvae develop in fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi, and it is best known in the UK fromTrametes versicolor, especially on beechFagus; ancient wood pastures and woodlands, old fen, and historic parklands (Alexander 2002). In Hungary this species occurs in all kinds of indigenous and planted forests wherever shelf fungi with hard sporocarps (Trametes,Daedalea,Daedaleopsisetc.). In Ukraine it occurs in forest and in the forest-steppe zone, also in forests in Crimea; it lives in forests of different types on wood-decay fungi; adults have been found in May - August (Drogvalenko 1997).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions in place other than FSC guidelines. The species occurs in many  protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).

In the UK it has the conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It has a widespread distribution, stable populations, and it requires fungi that grow on trunks of broad leaved trees (which is relatively common).
 
EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It has a widespread distribution, stable populations, and it requires fungi that grow on trunks of broad leaved trees (which is relatively common).

range:
This species is found in central and eastern Europe reaching north-eastern Europe. It is also found in Siberia, Mongolia and Far East.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is common in Russia but there is not enough information about the species. In Ukraine it is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Ukraine it occurs in forests and in north-western part of the forest-steppe zones. In forests it has been found on the wood-decay fungiDaedaleopsis confragosa, D. tricolor, Lenzites betulina, Coriolus versicolor, C. pubescens, C. hirsutus, Trametes ochraceus, T. suaveolens, Fomes fomentarius (Nikitskyet al. 1996, Krasutzky 1996).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place.

redListAssessors:
Tykarski, P., Munteanu, N., Istrate, P.,  Tezcan, S., Putchkov, A. & Tezcan, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened as it is partly dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Also there is a need to continue traditional management of old cherry orchards.

 

EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Near Threatened as it is partly dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km². The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. Also there is a need to continue traditional management of old cherry orchards.

range:
This species is only found across some countries in south-eastern Europe. It is common in Asian part of Turkey, but not in its European range.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. However the population is likely to be small and fragmented due to its reliance on veteran oak trees (and cherry orchards).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species that requires large veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood; the beetle has been found on sun exposedQuercus(P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009) and in old traditionally managed cherry orchards; adults are attracted to Compositae flowers for feeding (S. Tezcan pers. comm. 2009). Little information is available on the tree landscape types occupied but it is clear that the cultural landscape is important.

threats:
This species lives in veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species, as is the lack of new generations of trees developing. Traditional management of old cherry orchards and veteran trees is vital and yet the essential land management systems which produce them are breaking down across the range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. The area of occupancy has not been quantified but it is estimated in less than 10 km².The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This Mediterranean endemic species is only found in Cyprus, where it has been reported from scattered localities all over the country, including Orga, Akamas, Mora, Cape Andreas, Panagia, Alethriko, Vretsia, Kelefos, Korfi (Alexis and Makris 2002), and Pano Platres (H. Brustel pers. comm. 2015). There are also records from Amathus and Lemesos. Due to its rarity and lack of precise distributional information for this species, it was not possible to precisely quantify the number of locations. Although the AOO could not be precisely quantified, it is inferred not to be greater than 10 km².

population:
The species is rare and local, found always in small numbers (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009) and it is considered that the population trend is decreasing. It is entirely dependent on decaying heartwood of veteran trees, a very specific and highly fragmented habitat type. Its population is considered severely fragmented because more than half of its subpopulations are currently very localised and isolated with no chance for connection between them and are suspected to not be viable.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in stands of oldQuercus infectoria trees and more rarely in lowland maquis with oldCeratonia siliqua trees. It is often found in linear or solitary stands of old trees, along streets, rivers or in parks, and has also been found in orchards. Larvae have been found in decaying wood of Quercus infectoria ssp. veneris (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009) and Ceratonia siliqua (Pittino and Miessen 2007). Adults are attracted to wine traps but rarely to light.

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
 
The main specific threat is the loss of habitat, which is old hollow trees, due to extraction, clearing, and destruction of veteran trees. This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees (e.g. cutting down avenues) is strongly detrimental to the species. In urban areas trees are often ´sterilized´ by burning and filling of the rot holes with concrete or other materials. Recruitment of new generations of trees is a big issue.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

redListAssessors:
Audisio, P., Brustel, H., Petrakis, P., Pettersson, R., Schmidl, J., Otero, J. & Micó Balaguer, E.

redListContributors:
Nieto, A., Alexander, K. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because the species seems to be abundant and does not seem to be short of habitat. There are no major threats.

 
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern because the species seems to be abundant and does not seem to be short of habitat. There are no major threats.

range:
This species occurs primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, mainly along the Mediterranean coast, but it has also been found in Morocco and Algeria (Sánchez-Ruizet al. 2002). Cobos (1959) in a catalogue of Iberian Eucnemidae indicates that it does not occur beyond the Pyrenees, but Chassain (1991) states that it is also found in Cerdanya, in the region of Mont-Louis (France).

population:
This species has been found in 31 localities along the Mediterranean coast so it is considered to be relatively common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in decayed wood of broad-leaved trees. It has been collected fromPopulus nigra, and from forests withPinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Rhamnus lycioides, Quercus faginea andJuniperus. The adult is crepuscular or nocturnal. This species is difficult to find and is easily overlooked.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient since there are only very few records of this species, and the population size and trends from Poland, Latvia and Russia are unknown. However the scarce data suggests that the species  is likely to be threatened. Known occurrences are mainly within old growth forests and the Area of Occupancy is expected to be less than 500 km2.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient since there are only very few records of this species, and the population size and trends from Poland, Latvia and Russia are unknown. However the scarce data suggests that the species  is likely to be threatened. Known occurrences are mainly within old growth forests and the Area of Occupancy is expected to be less than 500 km2.

range:
This species is found across central and eastern Europe, from Poland and Hungary to Russia. 

In Ukraine it is found locally in the Carpathians and in the eastern part of the forest-steppe zone (Drogvalenko 2001).

In Romania it is only known from the type locality (Transylvania).
In Hungary the species is known from only one locality in the north-eastern part of the country (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

population:
It is a rare species throughout its European range, with notably small numbers of individuals seen in a very few sites.

In Ukraine it is a rare species, only five specimens known. In Hungary as the species is known from only one locality, no information is available from its population (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic records are known from two sites with a single faunistic grid cell, altogether three specimens have been found on two dates in 1966 and 1973 in a 'virgin forest' and on wood of an old willow, respectively; record made accessible on the internet (Elateridae 2009) in 2008 based on personal communication with the collector and identifier (P. Nohel). An old alleged record is from somewhere in Moravia (eastern part of the Czech Republic) by Hampe, reported in Fleischer (1927-1930) according to the source above (J. Schlaghamersky pers. comm. 2009).
In Slovakia there have been about 50 specimens collected on 12 different localities, many findings are rather recent (since 1990) (Elateridae 2009). In Bosnia there is one record (Elateridae 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it lives mostly in old, decomposing beech trunks and stumps but is also reported from rotten willow trees; the localities are usually old growth ('virgin' forests) (Elateridae 2009). In Ukraine, the larvae have been found in the dead decayed and humid wood of oak, but eating thin food (sap from decayed wood or plasmodium of myxomycetes). The adult is found under bark on the deadwood of oak and beech (Drogvalenko 2001). In Hungary the species is known from only one locality, which is a park of an old castle (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Méndez, M., Schlaghamersky, J., Dodelin, B., & Büche, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Data Deficient as no information about its presumed range in Russia and Croatia is available. The species is extremely rare throughout its western distribution range.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii))   because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500km², it is only known from a few, severely fragmented, sites and its habitat, old growth forest is disappearing.

range:
This species is found across central and eastern Europe, from Czech Republic to Russia. In Hungary the species is known from only one locality in the southernmost part of the country, near the point where Danube River leaves the country; the record is more than 70 years old (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is reported from three areas in the south-eastern tip of the country. Localities are from the floodplain forests but also in drier habitats; all records are since 2000 (Elateridae 2009). In the Slovak Republic there are no reliable records (Elateridae 2009).

population:
In the Czech Republic there is probably a single population, recorded only recently. In Romania it is rare and in Finland it is very rare, with only one reliably recorded locality, not been found since 1983. In Hungary the species is known from only one locality and no information is available about its population (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in white-rotten wood in the trunks of various broad-leaved trees, including aspenPopulus tremula and limeTilia. It has been reared from a large decaying stump ofPopulus tremula - the larvae were found in cells in damp white-rotten sapwood 10-30 mm deep; it has also been reared from fallen parts of the crown of aTilia cordata - wood on surface fairly hard, inside with white-rot, dryish (Muona 1993). The life cycle was two years in the hard wood of the aspen tree; the larvae hibernated (Nikitskyet al. 1996). The single Czech population is in the south-eastern tip of the country at the confluence of the Dyje and Morava Rivers (constituting the border to Austria and Slovakia). The climate is warm and semi-arid but humidity is provided by the abundant wetlands. The habitat is floodplain forests dominated by oak, ash and formerly elm (now rare due to Dutch elm disease) at an elevation of approximately 150 m asl;  records not only from floodplains but also from a drier forest in the same area (J. Schlaghamersky pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the species is known from only one locality; the record is very old, so no information is available about the habitat. However, the extant habitats around the locality are floodplain forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Old growth forests have been declining by 30% in the last 10 years in the Czech Republic. On-going logging of mature forest stands and decline of old trees due to a drop in groundwater table as consequence of massive river regulation in the 1970-80s are threats to this species. In Finland urban development affects negatively this species - the only site of the species was in the middle of Helsinki.

conservationAction:
The areas where the populations occur require protection of floodplain forest and meadow (interspersed trees) habitat. Since 2008 the Czech Ministry of Environment has been taking steps to establish a Protected Landscape Area (the second highest level of protection after a National Park for large size reserves according to Czech legislation) to meet EU requirements for the protection of Natura 2000 sites. However the outcome is unclear as it is facing fierce opposition from local stakeholders including the state-owned forestry company. In Hungary the only known locality is in a protected area. No specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species with a large range and large Extent of Occurrence. The Area of Occupancy has not been quantified but is presumably relatively large, as this species does not have very specific habitat requirements, and it is known from a fairly large number of locations in at least some range states (even though it is likely to be under-recorded because of its ecology). There is no direct or indirect evidence to suggest that the species is likely to be declining at the rate necessary to qualify as threatened or Near Threatened under Criterion A. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species with a largerange and large Extent of Occurrence. The Area of Occupancy has not been quantified but is presumably relatively large, as this species does not have very specific habitat requirements, and it is known from a fairly large number of locations in at least some range states (even though it is likely to be under-recorded because of its ecology). There is no direct or indirect evidence to suggest that the species is likely to be declining at the rate necessary to qualify as threatened or Near Threatened under Criterion A.

range:
This species is spread around much of Europe, from central to north and western Europe. In the Czech Republic it is known from central Bohemia (west), northern Moravia (north-east) and southern Moravia (south-east). In the Slovak Republic it is known from several areas, from the west to the east (except high mountains in the north). In Spain there are nine localities known, all in pre-pyrenaic forests (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

population:
This species has a large distribution in Europe. Based on known records it has a scattered distribution, most widespread in central Europe, but rarer in the surrounding areas. However it may be under-recorded as it is largely a canopy species (and consequently difficult to find even when present). In Germany  it is widespread across the south and middle of the country (30-50 known localities) but it is likely to be under-recorded; it is not declining; may rather have increased in recent decades. In the Czech and Slovak Republics there are many recent records (approximately 50 in total). In France it is widespread but very localised and very rare, with discontinuity between the stations. At least in 22-95 French departments (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is considered rare. In Hungary it is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions and all known populations are very small; however, it does not seem threatened (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  In Sweden there is one single population in the far south. In Spain there are nine localities known in pre-pyrenaic forests (Recalde Irurzun 2008) and it has only recently been discovered in Spain. It formerly occurred in Britain but became extinct after the Neolithic period (Alexander 2002), presumably lost through deforestation.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larval development occurs both high up in the tree, in dead branches (diameter 15 cm) and in the trunk - the outer surface of the wood is usually solid, the inner parts with white rot, moist (e.g. with the fungiPhellinus robustus andCorticium comedans); most larvae develop on the southern, warmer side of the tree and especially areas without bark; development takes two years; it seems to prefer oakQuercus, but is also known from hornbeamCarpinus,beechFagusand small-leaved limeTilia cordata (Muona 1993), also most frequent in birchBetulain Russia and the Ukraine. The larvae hibernate and the adult is active in VI-VII (Nikitskyet al. 1996, Drogvalenko 1999). The adult is mainly found in the canopy.

In Ukraine it is known from the Carpathians and forest zone. In Hungary the habitats of the known populations are closed, usually mature forests, mainly oak, beech and hornbeam; sometimes it is present in managed forests too (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France this species prefersQuercus but alsoFagus, Alnus, Tilia and other broad-leaved trees; in deciduous forests (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. The species is especially threatened by intensive forest management such as removal of dead trees.Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas. In particular in Hungary most of the localities are in protected areas, so no specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is listed as Endangered (Vávra 2005). FSC Guidelines should promote conservation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of information on the population size and trends, habitat requirements and threats to this species. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only found in Croatia and south of Russia and in the Caucasus.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. No information is known about this species' habitat but based on presence in Croatia and southern Russia it occurs in temperate forests.

conservationAction:
No information available. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.

redListAssessors:
Hyvärinen, E., Tykarski, P. & Mannerkoski, I.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on old growth forests, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.   This is a habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in old growth forests. Action is needed to conserve old growth forests.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on old growth forests, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable. This is a habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in old growth forests. Action is needed to conserve old growth forests.

range:
This species is spread across central and western Europe; it also occurs in North America, northern China, far eastern Russia and Japan; one locality is known in Asian Turkey(Mertlik et al. 2007). It has been suggested that it was introduced to Europe but there is no evidence for this in Great Britain, France and Italy, and additionally most sites in Great Britain are long-established and rich in other saproxylics, and it is accordingly regarded as an old growth species (Alexander 2002). It is only known from one locality in Belgium, from an old growth beech and pine forest (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). Its native status is discussed by Allen (1993).

Specific details for some range states are included below:
Italy: it is present in peninsular Italy but it is omitted from the new checklist (A. Biscaccianti pers. comm. 2009).
UK: fragmented distribution across central England, with many isolatedpopulations; also a single record from southern Scotland (Mendel and Clarke 1996).
France: present in the Pyrenees and the Alps - it is known from ten localities in France, following intensivecollection of data up to 2007 (Dodelin and Brustel pers. comm. 2009, Dodelin et al. 2003). 
Spain: old records from the 1930s (Cobos 1959); no recent findings (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

population:
It appears most likely that the trend is increasing, based on recent new records of the species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in decaying heartwood of various trees, both conifers and broad-leaves. In parts of its distribution it is only known from old growth forests (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). This species prefers the dry parts ofPicea abies logs in French sites, wood rotten by red rot; but in Belgium it has been found in Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris in very old forests. Forests must have a continuous supply of decaying wood. Most of the known localities in France are large forests with no management for 50 years at least (Dodelin et al. 2003). Sites in Britain are often historic parklands, ancient woodlands and wood pastures, the species associated in particular with oakQuercus(Alexander 2002). In Canada it has been associated withPicea sitkaensis andAbies pectinata; it is also known fromAbiesamabilisandA. lasiocarpa (Muona 1993).

threats:
The principle threats to this species are loss of old trees and decaying wood, and the lack of the continuous supply of decaying wood that it requires (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In the UK there are no conservation actions in place, other than general FSC guidelines (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In France some populations are within national parks and natural forest reserves (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). Action is needed to conserve old growth forests throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. Although this is an uncommon to rare species, that is listed as threatened in some range states, at the European and EU level it is widespread with a relatively large Area of Occupancy and a very large Extent of Occurrence, and it is not thought to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However it is dependent upon relatively large, old trees, and measures are required to protect this habitat.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. Althoughthis is an uncommon to rare species, that is listed as threatened in some range states, at the European and EU level it is widespread with a relatively large Area of Occupancy and a very large Extent of Occurrence, and it is not thought to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However it is dependent upon relatively large, old trees, and measures are required to protect this habitat.

range:
This species is widely spread across Europe. It is also found in western Siberia. 

In Ukraine mostly in Carpathians and the forest zone. In Hungary it is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions. In Spain it is present in the western Pyrenees and Sistema Ibérico (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Britain it is confined to a few areas in southern England. It is absent from Ireland.

population:
Widespread but generally uncommon, and rare in some countries. Population trend is unknown but it is increasing in some areas.

In the UK it is known from three very isolated populations: Windsor Forest and Great Park, the New Forest, and the Severn Vale, with sub-fossils from farther north, at Thorne Moors in Yorkshire (Alexander 2002). In Spain there are seven localities known, all recent (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Hungary all known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is also rare. In Denmark it is very rare and local; only in one locality (on Lolland) (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).In Sweden it is very rare and local and present only in southernmost Sweden. In Finland it is rare but increasing; about 20 known localities (most of them recently found). 

In the Czech Republic there are many faunistic grid cells in the west (Bohemia) and east(Moravia), particularly in Bohemia; also many grid cells with records only from the time before 1950 (Elateridae 2009). In Slovakia there are 13 faunistic grid cells scattered over the country, four additional ones with records from before 1950 (Elateridae 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop only in moist, very soft white-rotten wood, where surrounded by intact, un-decayed sapwood; in dead parts of standing trees (often in hollow live trees); pupae have been found in wood mould beneath a fallen beechFagusbranch; mostly pupae hibernate in wood; adults May-August; development time at least two years, sometimes three (Muona 1993, Nikitskyet al. 1996, Drogvalenko 2001, Alexander 2002).  Found in a wide array of broad-leaved trees. In Sweden it develops in standing deadUlmus glabra, partly without bark, surface wood hard, inside with white and brown rot. Beetles also reported inAcer; and reared from moist white-rotten inner wood ofTiliaabout four metres high. Also reported fromUlmus(Russia),Fagus,Malus,Populus,Salix(Germany). In the UK mainly in old beechFagus, also ashFraxinus.

It lives in natural and semi-natural broad-leaved woodlands and wood-pasture.In Hungary habitats of the known populations are closed, usually mature forests, mainly oak, beech and hornbeam. UK sites are ancient wood pastures (Alexander 2002) and it has recently been found in an old cherryPrunusorchard (K.N.A. Alexander pers comm 2009).

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species is included in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987) and it is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Two of the populations lie within protected sites and SACs, while part of the third is also protected. Also most of the localities in Hungary  are in protected areas, so no specific measures are needed. This species is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Vávra 2005) and as Critically Endangered in Denmark (2005).

redListAssessors:
Büche, B., Alexander, K. & Hyvarinen, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2000 km², it occurs in several small, widely separated sub-populations, and the species requires a specific habitat which is in continuing decline. However the population from Russia remains unknown, thus making this species Near Threatened.

 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable(B2ab(iii)) because its Area of Occupancy is probably not greater than 2000 km², its distribution is     severely  fragmented and the species requires a specific habitat which is in continuing decline.

range:
This species is widespread across southern Europe. In Romania the species is present in the floodplain forest and in Baile Herculane (Cerna Valley).  It is also present in Near East.

population:
The population is scattered. In Hungary the species is very sporadic: only three localities are known, one of them is more than 70 years old. All known populations are very small (O. Merklpers. comm. 2009).Only one locality in the south of the Czech Republic.

In Portugal there is only one old record fom the transition north-centre (Oliveira 1893), requiring confirmation.In Spain there is only one locality (Malaga) and old (Recalde Irurzun 2008).In France there are about ten localities (L. Leseigneur pers. comm. 2009, B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Known fromFagus(old Yugoslavia),Populus(Romania),Quercus(France),Salix(Rumania) (Muona 1993). It also lives inAlnus. It requires a specific type of rot in dead wood. In Hungary the known habitats are groups of very old oak trees (wood pastures or mature forests) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
Change of habitat quality and the removal of old trees may be major threats. In Hungary the localities - if the populations exist at all - are highly threatened, because these are not protected, and the old trees are being removed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats as used resources are abundant.

EU 27 regional assessment: classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats as used resources are abundant.
.

range:
It is widespread across much of Europe. This species is described from Croatia; known from Yugoslavia, Dalmatia and Greece; Sweden and Finland (Allen 1969); localised in France (Brustel 2005). In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians. It has recently been found in the north of Spain (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Germany there are recent records from all states, whereas in the neighbouring Czech Republic the species is very rare. Although relatively recently discovered there, the species is regarded as a long-established species in Britain (Hammond 1974).

population:
The species is widespread and common in much of its range but rare and local in some countries. The population trend is believed to be stable. In Sweden it is very common. In Britain it is known from just three well-separated sites and it is rarely recorded; populations presumably very small (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).  In Ukraine it is rare. In Hungary the species is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; all known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).  In Finland it is only present in the Aland Islands. In the Czech Republic it is very rare; two areas in central Bohemia (west) and one in southern Moravia (south-east) with records since 1950; earlier record(s) from another (adjacent) area in central Bohemia (Elateridae 2009). There are six localities known in Spain; but it is probably under-recorded (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In the Slovak Republic there are known areas from the west to the east (not in the south), all with records after 1950 (Elateridae 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the decaying wood within trunks and main branches of a variety of broad-leaved tree species, generally fallen wood lying on the soil surface. It has been reared from a dead log of hornbeamCarpinus - wood solid on surface, somewhat moist, very soft and reddish inside - and from fallen branches of hazelCorylus - wood fairly solid with brown rot; also reported from ivy stemsHedera helix,sprucePicea abies and hawthornCrataegus; wood with red-rot is preferred over white-rot (Muona 1993).In Ukraine beetles were found in loose wood mostly of broad-leaved (rarely conifer) trees, often aspenPopulus tremula. In Hungary habitats of the known populations are open forests, mainly in ecotonal situations (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). There is no obvious pattern to English sites, which include one ancient wood pasture and two sites with no habitat details (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
In the UK and Ukraine loss of old trees and decaying wood are threatening this species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary the species does not seem to be threatened (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas. In the UK it is listed in the British Red Data Book as Endangered (Shirt 1987); two of three sites are protected as SAC (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is listed as Critically Endangered (2005). In Hungary most of the localities are in protected areas, so no specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Known as Hypocoelus procerulus in the past but H. procerulus is now used for a different species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range, with stable population trend and no major threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is fairlycommon in at least parts of its range, with stable population trend and no major threats.

range:
Widespread across much of Europe, with the exception of some Balkan and eastern European states, Britain and Ireland, southern Spain and northern Fennoscandia. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians. It has recently been discovered in one Pyrenean locality in Spain (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Italy it is restricted to the north.

population:
Widespread and relatively common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is presumed to be stable.

In Ukraine this species is rare. In Hungary the species is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; all known populations are very small. In Denmark it is rare and local; only on Zealand and Lolland (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).In Finland it is a rare species but with stable trend.  In Spain there is only one locality, recently discovered (Recalde Irurzun 2008). 

In the Czech Republic it occurs in many faunistic grid cells across the country(Elateridae 2009). In Slovakia it occurs in many faunistic grid cells, particularly in the central part, not in the south (Elateridae 2009). In Germany it is common and its population trend is increasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Typically develops inside heartwood decay within intact trunks of various broad-leaved and coniferous trees. It has been reared from dead, fallen or standing,Euonymus europeain a moist shaded location, wood on surface solid, inside partly rotten. Also reared from a fallen branch ofFagus silvestris, partly without bark, half embedded in leaf litter, with fairly solid wood on surface, inside with brown rot; reported fromAlnus, Betula, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Ulmus, Picea, Abies, Fagus; larvae lived in the border of solid and soft wood in inner parts of trunk (Muona 1993). In Ukraine beetles found in loose wood mostly of broad-leaved trees, often aspen. In Hungary larvae in wood ofFagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Quercus spp., Euonymus spp., Abies alba, Picea abies(Freudeet al. 1979), where there is moist red-rotted heartwood but intact, undecayed sapwood.

In Hungary habitats of the known populations are matureforests, (oak and beech). Found in broad-leaved and coniferous woodlands.

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large.
There are no major threats to this species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Vávra 2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although it is uncommon this species is widespread, and the threats the species is facing are unlikely to cause its decline in the near future.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because although it is uncommon this species is widespread, and the threats the species is facing are unlikely to cause its decline in the near future.

range:
This species occurs in all of Europe except for the southern Balkans and north of Stockholm, Sweden.  In the Czech Republic occurs in 8 areas across the country (with records after 1950), of those only one in the western part (Bohemia), the others in three groups in the eastern part (Moravia). Another two adjacent areas at the Slovak border with pre-1950 records only (Elateridae 2009).  In the Slovak Republic the records are after 1950 from 17 areas from the central to the eastern part, in the west only older records (three areas, some distance from each other) (Elateridae 2009). Recently discovered in north Spain, in pyrenaic, pre-pyrenaic and Sistema Ibérico localities (Recalde Irurzun 2008). Also relatively recently discovered in Britain, although regarded as an overlooked long-term resident (Hammond 1974).

population:
This species is common, widespread and presumably under-sampled over much of its European range. The population is currently expanding across southern England and under no threat (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). This species is rare in the Ukraine. There are eight localities known from Spain (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Hungary, this species is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions. All known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in moist decaying wood, in particular of beechFagus, also in poplarPopulusand sprucePicea (Freudeet al. 1979). It has been reared from a log ofFagus silvatica, diameter 20 cm, wood hard on surface, inside rotten, brownish; larvae of this species were once found in horse chestnut woodAesculus  (Muona 1993).  In Ukraine and Russia, this species develops in humid loose wood of lying aspenPopulus tremula trees. Its larvae hibernate and the adult is active in VI-VIII (Nikitskyet al. 1996). It inhabits old forests (Freude et al. 1979) -  in Hungary too, the habitats of the known populations are open forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In England, it is usually found in shady woodlands and particularly those on Chalk hillsides; also known from historic parklands (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it is found in the Carpathians and forest zone. This species is also found in floodplains.

threats:
The lack of dead wood in the forest ground layer and on the floor is the major threat to this species.In the UK and in Ukraine the loss of old trees and decaying wood is the major threat. However, this species appears to be strong and expanding at present in the UK (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary, this species does not seem to be threatened (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
In the British Red Data Book the species is listed as Rare (Shirt 1987), in the Czech Republic listed as Critically Endangered (Vávra 2005) and in Germany it is listed as Near Threatened by the German Red List 2009. In Hungary, the known localities are in protected areas, therefore no specific measures are needed (O. Merkl pers. comm.2009).


range:
A boreo-montane species, widespread in boreal and montane woodlands across much of Europe.  In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest zone.

population:
Widespread and common in at least some parts of its range. Population trend is presumed to be stable.
In Finland it is common in the south with stable population trend.
  In France it is widespread and very localised, it has been reported from eight localities; confined to higher elevations. In the Czech republic there are records only from four faunistic grid cells (all with records after 1950) arranged in two groups - one in the south-west, one in the south-east (floodplain forests) (Elateridae 2009). In Slovakia there are records only from two faunistic grid cells (both with records after 1950) in the western (close to the cluster in south-eastern Czechia) and central part (Elateridae 2009). In Ukraine it is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in in red-rotted standing and lying trunks, branches and stumps. It has been reared from aPicea abies stump with bark partly fallen off, surface wood hard with brown rot, moist, heartwood dry; also from very soft, fairly dry brown-rot inPiceaabieslog (Muona 1993). Brown- or red-rot in spruce is usually due to decay of dead heartwood by fungusPhaeolus schweinitzii (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine and Russia this species develops in humid and loose wood of lying aspenPopulus tremula, sometimes oakQuercusand firs. Larvae hibernate. Pupation in May - June. Adult beetles active in June - August (Nikitskyet al. 1996). Found on trees includingPicea, Populus, Alnus, Salix.

Occurs in coniferous and broad-leaved woodlands.

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large.  

There are no major threats to this species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It occurs in many protected areas. In the Czech Republic it is listed as Critically Endangered (Vávra 2005).

redListAssessors:
Büche, B., Hyvarinen, E. & Alexander, K.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because although its population appears to be stable, its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, its distribution is rather fragmented, and the extent and quality of its habitat might decline in the near future causing a significant decline of this species.
  EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Near Threatened because although its population appears to be stable, its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, its distribution is rather fragmented, and the extent and quality of its habitat might decline in the near future causing a significant decline of this species.

range:
This species is scattered in southern Europe from Spain to Bulgaria.

In the CzechRepublic it occurs in the south-eastern tip bordering Slovakia and Austria. In Slovakia it occurs in the central part of the country. In Spain it is only present in the north (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Typically single records of individual beetles. Population probably stable.

  In Hungary the species is known from only one locality in the central part of the country; the record is more than 70 years old. As the species is known from only one locality, no information is available from its population (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France and the Czech Republic it is rare. There are two localities known in Slovakia. In Spain it is rare with eight localities in the north.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in white-rotten interiors of lying dead but otherwise intact logs; in shady conditions. It has also been found in a regeneration area with dense regrowth of young trees; in high quality old growth forests with old trees, so good continuity of habitat. Beetles have been reported from a wide range of broad-leaved trees:Carpinus, Castaneus, Fagus, Fraxinus, QuercusandTilia (Muona 1993). 

In Hungary the species is known from only one locality; the record isvery old, so no information is available about the habitat. However, the extant habitats around the locality are mature oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It inhabits oak and ash (Lucht 1992).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of veteran trees. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. It occurs in some protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Méndez, M., Schlaghamersky, J., Dodelin, B., & Campanaro, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of absence of information on the ecological requirements, population size and trends and threats to this species.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated, as the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only known from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no information available on the habitat requirements for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is less than 500km², the species is severely fragmented and the quality, extent and area of its habitat is facing continuing decline. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)), because its Area of Occupancy is less than 500 km², the species is severely fragmented and the quality, extent and area of its habitat is facing continuing decline.

range:
This species is only found in north-eastern Europe, in the Baltic States and Russia. In Finland, the species was only known from one or two specimens found in the 1950s and considered Regionally Extinct in Finland until recently when a population was recently discovered. In Russia, recent records in Russian Karelia. It is not thought to occur in south-western Russia. Records from Estonia and Latvia are not recent, and no recent records are known. This may be due to declines or lack of survey data. However, this species' habitat is suspected to be in decline.

population:
This is a very rare species, and much of its habitat has been destroyed or altered (large aspen trees removed and moist areas forSalix drained) so it is likely to be in decline particularly in Finland and Russia. Declines in Russia are likely due to logging. Throughout the rest of its European range the species is not well known. In Finland has been considered as Extinct, but there are some newly found small populations. In the provisional list, the species is Endangered because although its habitat is protected in the area where it is found in south of Finland, outside this area the habitat is likely to be declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species found in the southern boreal zone (E. Hyvärinen pers. comm.   2009). It is associated with aspenPopulus tremula. Larvae develop in the soft parts of large standing dead trees with white rot, diameter 110-130 cm. It has been found in dry parts of about 5 m high stump with white rot; also reported fromSalixstump. Beetles are found in wood and on cut surfaces. Larval development takes more than one year (Muona 1993). In Finland all new records are associated withSalix growing on moist areas.

threats:
Close association with aspen suggests that standard forestry practice of selective removal of non-commercial species may be a threat. In Finland the known localities are in the surroundings of Helsinki and are threatened by many kinds of land use (building roads etc.). Due to the severe fragmentation of this species it is susceptible to stochastic events.

conservationAction:
In Finland the recently discovered population has been given protection by the establishment of a protected area (E. Hyvärinen pers. comm.   2009). Habitat restoration and site management are recommended to ensure that this species' habitats are well managed and not drained. Logging is a threat, especially in western Russia and site protection is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of itsrange. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is scattered in Europe, from the Scandinavian Peninsula to western and central Europe. Endemic to Europe.

population:
It is a widespread and not infrequent species in at least some parts of its range. Population trend is unknown.

  In France it is generally widespread but absent from the Atlantic area; many localities are known (20-30 sites). In Germany it is very sporadic in warmer broad-leaved forests at lower altitudes. In Hungary this species is very sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; all known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is present in four areas (one to several faunistic grid cells) from central Bohemia (west) to southeastern Moravia (east); fifth area (two faunistic grid cells) with pre-1950 records only (Elateridae 2009). In Slovakia it has a scattered occurrence across the country (about  ten areas of one or two grid cells), missing in the north-west (Elateridae 2009).

In Sweden there are two small sub-populations in southernmost Sweden. In Norway it is very localized, restricted to far south.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Mainly confined to hornbeam (Carpinus) trees in broad-leaved woodland. Found in standing dead wood in small, medium and large-sized trees. Has been reared from rotten wood ofCarpinus betulus andPrunus cerasifera. Beetles on dead standingCarpinus betulus, diameter less than 15 cm, bark fallen off (Muona 1993). In Hungary habitats of the known populations are closed, mature beech forests. Reported to develop in hornbeam (Freudeet al. 1979); in still rather fresh, hard wood (Vávra 2005).

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large. 
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Vávra 2005).

redListAssessors:
Hyvärinen, E., Alexander, K., Büche, B. & Campanaro, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presume overall large population although rather scattered and relatively rare in parts of its European range, its common habitat and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
   EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presume overall large population although rather scattered and relatively rare in parts of its European range, its common habitat and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is scattered throughout much of Europe, except the Scandinavian Peninsula, British Isles, Baltic States and far western Europe. It was a native species in Britain but died out before the historic period. It is also present in Near East.

population:
The species seems to be scarce in parts of its range but it is believed that it is due primarily to under-sampling.

In Hungary the species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; the known populations are usually small, although in the late 1990s it was abundant in the Buda Hills (the hills in the capital Budapest) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany there are recent records from the south and east; it is quite rare. In the Czech Republic it is rare and records are scattered across the country; 14 faunistic grid cellswith post-1950 records, five with pre-1950 records only (Elateridae 2009). In Slovakia it is also rare with records scattered across the country; 12  faunistic grid cells with post-1950 records, missing in the south-western part, except for a single faunistic grid cell with pre-1950 record(s) (Elateridae 2009). In Romania it is common. In Spain records are only previous to 1980 (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In the UK there are sub-fossil records widespread across the England lowlands (Alexander 2002); in deposits dated c 3000 BP (Buckland and Kenward 1973); long Extinct.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is known from deadwood of various broad-leaved trees:Carpinus,Fagus,Tilia(Scandinavia),Ulmus(Russia),Quercus(Germany); it has been reared from standing dead trees and snags with hard surface wood but soft heartwood decay within (Muona 1993); in dead standing trunks in moist forests. Relatively thermophilous (Alexander 2002). In Hungary the habitats of the known populations are closed, mature beech forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It prefers beech wood (Freudeet al.1979); in (semi) natural forests (Vávra 1996).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Pettersson, R., Mason, F., Horák, J., Alexander, K., & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its distribution in the Balkans and eastern Europe, its area of occupancy , its population size and trends, threats and conservation status.
  EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its distribution in the Balkans and eastern Europe, its area of occupancy , its population size and trends, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is widespread across central and southern Europe. It is also found in Caucasus and Turkey.

population:
The species seems to be rare throughout its range. In Hungary the species is known to occur only in the southern part of the country (Baranya county); all known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Slovakia known from two localities. In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians, and is rare. In Slovakia there are only in two faunistic grid cells in the extreme east (border to the Ukranian Carpathians) (Elateridae 2009). In Spain it is known only from one locality close to the Pyrenees (Recalde Irurzun 2008).  In France there are two localities only in the Atlantic Pyrenees (Iraty and Sare) discovered in 1994 and 1995 (Lucht and Chassain 1998).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is known from the deadwood ofAcerandCarpinus; in standing trees, logs and branches; wood hard, always with cerambycid galleries, presence of the fungiPoriapurpureaandStereum insignitum observed (Muona 1993). In Hungary the habitats of the known populations are closed, mature oak and beech forests (O. Merkl  pers. comm. 2009). The biology of this species in Ukraine is unknown.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Méndez, M., Mason, F., Horák, J. & Campanaro, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of itsrange. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout much of Europe. It is also found in Caucasus and in western Siberia.

In Spain it is present in the northern half only (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

population:
Widespread and not uncommon in at least parts of its range. Population trend is unknown.

In Ireland it is only known from two sites, where recorded only once (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In the UK it is widely scattered across lowland England, but with some fragmentation of distribution and signs of local declines (Mendel and Clarke 1996)

In Ukraine it appears locally and is not so common. In Hungary the species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions; the populations have not been quantified, but the species is regarded as not uncommon in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it was found throughout the country in flatlands and lower mountains; not rare. 

In Portugal there is only one record from the northern part of the country, almost one century old (Barros 1913).In Spain it is widespread in the north, with 20 known localities (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

In Finland there is only one reliable record. In Denmark it is rare and local (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in dead, dry trunks and stumps in exposed situations, especially beechFagusand hornbeamCarpinus; the wood needs to be solid and hard on the surface;larvae bore galleries across the grain; development takes at least two years(Muona 1993). Also found in branches down to five cm diameter; so does not require large old trees.Acer, Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Platanus, Populus, QuercusandSalix. Larvae develop especially in beech and birchBetula in Ukraine (Drogvalenko 2001).

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest-steppe zone and in mountains of Crimea. In Hungary it occurs in mature broadleaved forests, especially in oak, beech and hornbeam. In UK in the ancient woodlands and historic parklands of the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
In the UK it has the conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992). The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Ireland, UK, Ukraine, Hungary). It is listed as Endangered in Denmark (2005).


redListCategoryRationale:
This recently described species is precautionarily listed as Vulnerable D2 because it is only known from three sites with an estimated area of occupancy of 12 km², none of them protected, and it occupies a type of habitat that has become severely fragmented and restricted in area as a result of human forest management activities. With the data available at present, it is plausible that the species may become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. However, there is the presumption that it may be under-recorded to some extent and more research on its distribution and threats are recommended to confirm that this is genuinely a threatened species.

range:
This Spanish endemic described in 2003 is known only from three localities in Hayedo de Tejera Negra, in Cantalojas, Guadalajara, Garganta del Mesto in Villar del Pedroso, Caceres, and Barranco de la Cereceda in Fuencaliente, Ciudad Real (Sánchez-Ruiz and de la Rosa 2003, de la Rosa 2008, Recalde Irurzun 2010). It has been recorded at elevations ranging from 700 to 1,500 m  (Sánchez-Ruiz and de la Rosa 2003, de la Rosa 2008). Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 12 km² based on the available records. The three localities where it occurs occupy a type of habitat that has become fragmented and restricted as a result of human forest management activities. However, a precise number of locations could not be estimated due to the lack of data on the effects of these threats on each site.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. Few specimens have been collected for this very recently described species. Its population size and trend are unknown.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It inhabits dead wood in broad-leaved woodlands (De la Rosa 2008, Sánchez-Ruiz y de la Rosa 2013), particularly in damp areas, of beech and alder Alnus glutinosa. Larvae have been found in deadwood ofAlnus glutinosa trees. It is a xylophagous species, and has been recorded together with the beetle Melasis buprestoides (Recalde Irurzun 2010).

threats:
The habitat occupied by this species is fragmented and its potential availability relatively small (Sánchez-Ruiz and de la Rosa 2003), threatened by inadequate forest management activities, mainly dead wood removal. However, little information is available on the abundance of this very recently described species known only from few specimens.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. The sites from which it is known are not within any protected areas. Site protection and adequate management are recommended, as well as more research on its distribution.

redListAssessors:
Muona, J., Micó Balaguer, E. & Recalde, J.I.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy is presumed to be relatively large and the Extent of Occurrence is large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It does not occur in habitat that is particularly threatened and it uses small as well as large trees.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts ofits range. The Area of Occupancy is presumed to be relatively large and the Extent of Occurrence is large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It does not occur in habitat that is particularly threatened and it uses small as well as large trees.

range:
This species has a patchy distribution across most of Europe; absent from Britain, Ireland and the far west of Europe. Endemic to Europe according to Fauna Europaea (2004).

In Ukraine it occurs in the forest zone and in the Carpathians.

population:
Endemic to Europe, where the species is localised, but not uncommon in suitable habitat in some areas (e.g. in France).

In Ukraine this species is very rare. In Hungary the species is known from a few localities of the hills and the forested areas of the lowlands; the populations have not been quantified, but the species isregarded as quite rare in its localities. In Sweden only two specimens have been collected from two locations. In Italy it has been found only in the northern part; one doubtful record from Sardinia. In Spain there are only old records (before 1930) (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

It is found throughout most of mainland France, with 40-50 localities known.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Beetles have been found in deadwood ofCorylus, Fraxinus, Quercus, Salix (Muona 1993). Larvae inhabit white-rotted heartwood. May be found in small as well as large trees. In Ukraine and Russia this species develops in branches of broad-leaved trees with decay fungi. Larvae may hibernate. The adult beetle is active in June - July (  Nikitsky et al. 1996). 

In Hungary it occurs mainly in soft-wood lowland forests (willow and poplar galleries), but also in oak forests.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Data Deficient because it is poorly known, with no information about its population size or trends, specific threats and there are doubts about its taxonomic validity.

range:
This species endemic to southern Italy (Muona 2013) is only known from the type series recorded more than hundred years ago.

population:
Population size and trend for this species are unknown.

habitat:
Nothing is known about the biology of this species.

threats:
No information on threats is currently known.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. It is not known if it occurs in any protected areas. The species is listed as Vulnerable in the Italian Red List of saproxylic beetles (Audisio et al. 2014). Research on its distribution, population and threats are recommended.

redListAssessors:
Muona, J., Dodelin, B., Micó Balaguer, E., Recalde, J.I., Verdugo, A., Viñolas, A. & Zapata de la Vega, J.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. because it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. because it is a widespread species that is not infrequent in at least parts of itsrange. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is known to have a patchy distribution in most of Europe; it is absent from Britain and Ireland, and the far west of Europe. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians. In Spain it is present in the north and northeastern part (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is stable to increasing.

It occurs throughout most of France, with a large number of knownsites; common. In Germany it is considered common, population is increasing and expanding its range.

In Ukraine it is a rare species. In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; all known populations seem to be small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Spain there are six localities, mostly recent (Recalde Irurzun 2008).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been reared from large beechFaguswith moist, white-rotten heartwood. Beetles have been found in pupal cells in a largeFaguslog with white-rotten wood. Also reported fromQuercus,Salix,Tilia. Larvae have been found 10-30 cm deep in the wood. Development takes probably two years (Muona 1993). In Ukraine and Russia this species develops in decayed wood (white stage) of lying trunks (without bark) of aspenPopulustremula, rarely oakQuercus. Larvae hibernate. Pupation at spring. Adults active at May - July (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, especially in beech and oak, but also in species of willow and poplar (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
This species might be a synonym of M. palmi - but verification is pending.

range:
This species is widespread in north and central Europe (Horion 1953). Endemic to Europe according to Fauna Europaea (2004). Absent from Ireland.

Present in northern Spain (Recalde Irurzun 2008). Very fragmented distribution in Britain, mainly in south-west, but also in northern England and parts of Scotland and Wales (Mendel and Clarke 1996).

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is stable to increasing.

In Denmark it is common and widespread (National Environmental Research Institute 2007).In Finland it is common in the south where its population is increasing. In Sweden it is not common but increasing. In Slovakia it is widespread.In Germany it is a widespread but not really common.

In the UK it has a very fragmented distribution (Mendel and Clarke 1996) but a strong population in southern England has been expanding in recent decades (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In Hungary the species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous areas; populations have not been quantified, but they must be small.In Spain there are 11 localities; quite common (Recalde Irurzun 2008). 

In Italy it has been found in the north; possibly present in Sicily (where it is possibly introduced).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in well-decayed wood of broad-leaved trees; they have been found inFagus silvestris, a soft log with white-rot in an exposed situation (diameter 30 cm); also  in a branch (diameter 4 cm) on ground, totally covered by leaf litter. Also reported fromAlnus, Betula, Corylus, Picea, Populus, Quercus, Sorbus, Fraxinus, Tilia (Muona 1993); adult on wing sparingly May-September, and usually found at rest amongst ground vegetation (Alexander 2002).

In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, especially in beech and oak,but also in species of willow and poplar. In Britain particularly in old shady oak woodlands and wood pastures (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).

It is included in the British Red Data Book as Rare (Shirt 1987) although this needs down-grading (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species' Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km², and it is severely fragmented, but it is unknown whether the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to a threatened category.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Near Threatenedsince the species' Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500 km², and it is severely fragmented, but it is unknown whether the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to a threatened category.

range:
This species has a patchy distribution across Europe, and is absent from many areas. It is not present in Spain (Recalde Irurzun 2008). It is considered Extinct in Germany (B. Büche pers. comm. 2009). In France there are about 15 localities in central and south-western France. It was recently found in north-western Greece in 2008 (Mertlik et al. 2009) and in Bulgaria the only record is from 1998 (Elateridae 2009).

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is considered one of the rarest beetle in Europe (Brustel and Van Meer 2008).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been found in dry branches ofCarpinusin Germany (Muona 1993). In France it was found in humid and cold lowland forests, developing in white-rotten wood (branches) of Alnus and Quercus, lying on the ground (Brustel and Van Meer 2008).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. These are the main threats to the species but their intensity is unknown.

conservationAction:
There is no information regarding conservation actions for this species. It remains unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. In Germany it is included in the Red Data Book.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, population size and abundance,  natural history, threats and conservation status.
 
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its area of occupancy, population size and abundance,  natural history, threats and conservation status.

range:
This species is found scattered throughout much of Europe except in northern Europe. 

In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians. In France there are six localities in the centre and south-eastern France, including Corsica (Brustel and Aubourg 2008). In Spain its presence has recently been confirmed in aPyrenean   locality (de la Rosa 2008). It was also recorded from Portugal but without geographical detail in the 19th century (Oliveira 1893) and apparently not found ever since. 

It is also present in Near East.

population:
The species is rare throughout its European range. In Hungary  it is sporadic in the hilly and lower mountainous regions; all known populations seem to be small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic it is rare but its populations seem stable. In France there is only one locality and very rare. In the Czech Republic there are six recent localities. In Spain only one. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Reared from both standing and lying logs of mapleAcer,hornbeamCarpinus,beechFagusand oakQuercus, wood solid and hard. Beetles have been found under bark of a decayedQuercusstump in Austria (Muona 1993). In Hungary the species occurs in open broad-leaved forests, especially where dead trunks of maple occur in numbers; also in beech (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A., Méndez, M., Mason, F., Horák, J., Alexander, K., & Campanaro, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient since, there are only very few records of this species, the population size and trends from Poland, Latvia, Belarus and Russia are unknown. However the scarce data suggests that the species is likely to be threatened. Known occurrences are mainly within old growth forests and the Area of Occupancy is expected to be less than 500 km2.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient since, there are only very few records of this species, the population size and trends from Poland, Latvia, Belarus and Russia are unknown. However the scarce data suggests that the species is likely to be threatened. Known occurrences are mainly within old growth forests and the Area of Occupancy is expected to be less than 500 km2.

range:
This species is known from central Europe, reaching the Baltic States and south-eastern Europe but it is not endemic to Europe. In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathian Mountains.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but its distribution is very fragmented.

  In Ukraine it is a rare species. In Hungary this species is known from very few localities in the southern-most part of the country (Baranya and Somogy counties); only a few specimens have been found, so its populations must be very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). There is a record in Austria.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been reared from a moist branch of hornbeamCarpinuslying on the ground, the wood solid on the surface, and fairly hard with white rot inside; also from limeTilialogs in Russia (Muona 1993). In Ukraine larvae develop in hard wood of oakQuercusand birchBetula. The life cycle is one or two years; larvae hibernate; adults have been found under bark on deadwood from April to October (Drogvalenko 2001). 

In Hungary the known habitats are old growth oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It also lives in beech forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
  In particular in Ukraine the destruction of old dead trees are a threat to this species. In Hungary based on the very few localities, not much can be said about threats; however the habitat of the first Hungarian record was destroyed, because the group of very old oaks were completely removed (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. In Hungary the conservation of old trees (especially in wood pastures in the southern part of the country) is necessary. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Romania).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This is a poorly known species that appears to be rare and localised (although it is difficult to find and may be under-recorded). However, it has a large Extent of Occurrence, and is presumed to have a relatively large Area of Occupancy based on its broad habitat preferences. Population size is presumed to be relatively large (e.g. well above 10,000) and there is no evidence to suggest that the species or its habitat are declining at a rate approaching 30% over ten years. More research is needed.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. This is a poorly known species that appears tobe rare and localised (although it is difficult to find and may be under-recorded). However, it has a large Extent of Occurrence, and is presumed to have a relatively large Area of Occupancy based on its broad habitat preferences. Population size is presumed to be relatively large (e.g. well above 10,000) and there is no evidence to suggest that the species or its habitat are declining at a rate approaching 30% over ten years. More research is needed.

range:
This species is known from central and northern Europe, extending to south-eastern Europe. Also present in the eastern Palaearctic (not a European endemic).

population:
Generally appears to be a rare and very localised species (but is possibly under-recorded as it is not easy to find even when it is present). Population trend is unknown.

In Ukraine it is very rare. In Hungary this species is known from very few localities in hilly regions; the known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Finland and Sweden it is very rare and scattered with few records; in Sweden it is only found in the south. In Germany it is only found in the south and is present in two federal States (formerly occurred in two additional States but has become Extinct there); considered very rare. In Slovakia it is known from four localities, two of them are known only from old data (pre-1950). In France there are seven known localities. In Italy it occurs in the north.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Found in white-rotted twigs, branches and trunks of oakQuercus, hazelCorylus, willowSalix and other broad-leaved species. Prefers damp areas. Nearly full grown larvae have been found in small, white-rotted twigs ofQuercus(diameter two cm) on the ground; also in dry, relatively hard surface wood of standingCorylus(diameter four cm) with early signs of white rot, larvae at base, which was surrounded by moist leaf litter (larvae small). Also reported fromFagusandSalix caprea in Germany. Full grown larvae live in soft surface wood; development takes at least two years. Evidently the eggs are laid in still hard wood, but already colonised by decay fungi, which is soft by the time the larvae are full grown (Muona 1993). In Ukraine the species develops in humid branches of oak and nut-trees lying on ground (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Ukraine it has been found in the east forest-steppe (Kharkov region) and in the mountains of Crimea (Drogvalenko 2001). In Hungary the habitats of the known localities are various open forests.

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large.
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species is found in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). More research is needed to clarify the distribution and abundance of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Note that in Lobl and Smetana (2006) this name is spelt T. friwaldszkyi and T. frivaldszkyi.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trends and threats to this species.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trends and threats to this species.

range:
This species is only known from a few countries in central and southeastern Europe.

population:
In Hungary the species is very sporadic. All known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The known habitats are rotting stumps and branches of very old oak trees (wood pastures or mature forests) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009) and beech (Bail and Dunk 2007).

threats:
Because of the rarity of the species nothing can be said about the threats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. It is widespread; there are typically only scattered records, but the species is regarded as not rare in at least some range states. May be under-recorded as it is difficult to find even where it does occur. The Area of Occupancy the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large.  There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. It is widespread; there are typically onlyscattered records, but the species is regarded as not rare in at least some range states. May be under-recorded as it is difficult to find even where it does occur. The Area of Occupancy the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large.  There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is known from Fennoscandia and from eastern and western Europe. It is endemic to Europe.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is widespread; there are typically only scattered records, but the species is regarded as not rare in at least some range states. May be under-recorded as it is difficult to find even where it does occur.
In Finland there is only one record. In Sweden it is rare in the south. In Denmark it is rare and local and there are only six localities (all in Jutland) (National Environmental Research Institute 2007). In Germany  it is present in only a few regions; fewer than ten known localities. 

In France it is localised but not rare. In Spain there are recent records from the Pyrenees and Atlantic regions, but it is considered likely to be present in the whole country (Recalde Irurzun 2008). In Italy it is found on the mainland and Sicily. In the Czech Republic there are scattered records (six grid squares) while in Slovakia it is nor rare as it was found in 20-30 grid squares.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Found in broad-leaved and also coniferous woodland. Usually found in trees that died five or ten years ago (data from Sweden). There appears to be no preference for size of tree.

Develops especially in standing, but also lying trees;Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Picea, Pinus; surface of wood solid, inside moist, fairly solid, greyish blue. Reared from moist, white-rotten log ofPopulus tremula, diameter ten cm; also reported fromSalix, Abies; larvae are in inner wood; beetles found in inner wood in galleries of other beetles with fungal growth in them. Larvae and adult beetles are frequently in the area of the wood close to the fruiting body of the fungus; development takes more than one year (Muona 1993).

threats:
The species appears to be under no significant threat at the European level, although is rare and localised in many states. The decaying stems do not need to be particularly large.
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. This species favours relatively long-dead wood, so 'cleaning' of such dead wood from forests has a negative impact on the species.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures for this species are known to be in place. It is not known if it occurs in any protected areas. This species is listed as Vulnerable in Denmark (2005).


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been recently synonymized as Otolelus neglectus (Jacquelin du Duval, 1863).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on standing dead trees which are usually removed, its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, its distribution is very scattered in Europe and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
  EU 27 regional assessment:     listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on standing dead trees which are usually removed, its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, its distribution is very scattered in Europe and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is known from central and western Europe. The presence of this species in France is uncertain - there might be three records from 1885 but it could have been misidentified. Its presence in in Italy is also doubtful - possibly misidentified.

population:
This species is very rare and scattered in Europe. This species is very sporadic in Hungary, mainly in the lowlands; all known populations are very small (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Slovakia there are six populations, in the Czech Republic four and in Germany there is one locality.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It has been reared from hollow, brown-rot inSalix, Cerasus, Populus (Muona 1993). In Hungary all known localities are in lowland soft wood forests, mainly riverine galleries (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). It mainly lives in the decaying heartwood of dead trees but in trees with the outer part intact.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
Also the removal of dead wood and removal of standing dead trees along the rivers are threatening this species.

conservationAction:
Retention of dead standing trees and keeping broad-leaved trees along river systems are recommended measures for this species. It occurs in some protected areas (e.g. Hungary). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic but has been underestimated.


taxonomicNotes:
C. planula has recently been synonymized with C. cucujiformis (date unknown).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge on the population size and trends, habitat requirements and threats of the southern populations.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of knowledge on the population size and trends, habitat requirements and threats of the southern populations.

range:
This species occurs in northern and southern Europe. In particular it is present in Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Spain, Greece and Italy. In Italy it is recorded from the central-southern regions and Sardinia (but not in Sicily) (Checklist of the Italian fauna 2009). It is also present in northern Africa.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. This species lives in burned areas (E. Hyvärinen pers. comm. 2009). The only Finnish record is from an old-growth forest area in 1975. The habitat where the only Finnish record was found in 1975 has since been severely reduced and degraded. Only small old growth forest fragments now remain.

threats:
In Finland the species is known by only one specimen and it is considered Vulnerable, Possibly Extinct.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive (asC. planula)based on presence in Sweden and Finland but no reports on it exist. Its presence in southern countries is documented since it was synonymized withC. planula.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is not likely to be much more than 2,000 km², it is severely fragmented throughout its range in Sweden and Finland and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (it requires old growth forest). The trend of the population is unknown but is suspected to be in decline due to loss and degradation of habitat.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)), because itsArea of Occupancy is likely to be less than2,000 km², it is severely fragmented throughout its range in Sweden and Finland and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (it requires old growth forest). The trend of the population is unknown but is suspected to be in decline due to loss and degradation of habitat.

range:
This species is confined to northern Europe.

population:
It is only found at a single locality in Sweden, with the last record from 1996, and at a single locality in Belarus from the 1800s (Laaksonenet al. 2009).
In Finland it is known from more than ten localities, mostly in the eastern parts of the country. It is difficult to estimate the trend because all records are from the last 30 years, and its suitable habitat has decreased due to forestry and logging. The trend is therefore unknown but the suspicion is that it may be declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species, associated exclusively with the slime mouldTrichia decipiens- a common species dependent on decaying wood - in natural old growth spruce forests in Finland; the host mould prefers mid-decayed aspen and spruce logs, and its incidence grows with both increasing log diameter and stand-level log density (Laaksonen et al. 2009). The information on the biology of the species is recent but because the species has only been found in old growth forests, it is thought that it may have other specific habitat requirements, such as micro-climatic specificity, but more information is needed.

threats:
This species is threatened by unsustainable forestry management, in particular forestry clearance and the removal of dead and dying trees. It is also negatively threatened by grazing and drainage.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.It is included in the Red List of Sweden as Endangered (EN) in 2005 and asCritically Endangered (CR) in the earlier Red List (2000). Its is also included in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN) (Rassiet al.2001).This species is likely to become extinct in the biogeographical region unless conditions change.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: this species is assessed as Near Threatened. It is entirely dependent upon a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is found only in in old-growth woodland and almost always in veteran trees. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km²  . The rate of loss of suitable habitat has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. The species has very poor dispersal capacity, and consequently even if suitable habitat is restored it may not readily be recolonised - long-term stability and continuity of habitat is essential. Action is urgently needed to protect appropriate habitat for this species, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.
EU 27 regional assessment: this species is assessed as Near Threatened. It is entirely dependent upon a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is found only in in old-growth woodland and almost always in veteran trees. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000km²  . The rate of loss of suitable habitat has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. The species has very poor dispersal capacity, and consequently even if suitable habitat is restored it may not readily be recolonised - long-term stability and continuity of habitat is essential. Action is urgently needed to protect appropriate habitat for this species, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widespread across all Europe, but absent from the British Isles and far west of Europe. In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians, in the west part of the forest-steppe zone and in Crimea. It is also found in all Caucasus and south of Turkmenistan.

population:
A rare and localised species throughout much of its distribution. It is restricted to a very specialised habitat type. A continuing population decline can be inferred based on ongoing loss and degradation of suitable habitat. There is no detailed data for the Czech Republic but is very localised and restricted to patches of good-quality old-growth woodland. In Germany there are 15-20 known populations. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and lowland regions; most of its localities house strong populations - this species is not threatened here (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is a rare species. In the European part of Turkey the exact locality is unknown. In France it is widespread but very localised with discontinuity between the stations (Baraud 1993). In Spain there are only three known localities, very far apart but at least in one of these localities there are a high number of individuals, either in the Catalonian Pyrenees or nearby mountains of Catalonia and Basque Country (Muñoz-Batetet al. 2007). It reaches its distribution limit in this part of Europe.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It inhabits decaying heartwood in various species of broad-leaved trees. It is typically found in old-growth and ancient and veteran trees (in forest only). This species has very poor dispersal capacity, consequently a critical factor is that habitat remains stable in the long term (that there is a long history with no disturbance). Very little such habitat remains in large parts of Europe. 

In Hungary it develops in red-rotting heartwood of beechFagus, wild cherryPrunus, hornbeamCarpinus, oakQuercusand ashFraxinusin closed forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine larvae develop in relatively dry wood of beech and oak (A. Putchkov pers. comm. 2009). There is not any detailed information on the habitats and ecology of this species for European Turkey.
In Spain it is located in fallen branches of 30-40 cm diameter ofQuercus pyrenaica andAlnus glutinosa (Muñoz-Batetet al. 2007). Development takes three years. Adults are present in June (Muñoz-Batetet al. 2007). It seems to be present only in forests with a presence of old trees (Recalde et al. 2006, Muñoz-Batetet al. 2007).
In France, larvae are saproxylophagous in red rot ofCastanea, QuercusandBetula. Also found in small trees (diameter 10 cm) (Baraud 1993). The presence of decaying wood in the long term seems to be a condition for the presence of the species.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors (particularly in the case of this species which is a weak flier and has poor dispersal capacity).

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. in Hungary and Spain). In Spain it is present in the protected areas of Montseny and La Albera, but it is not Red-listed at the national or regional levels. Within these protected areas, and in the potential distribution area of this species in Spain, conservation measures need to be taken to preserve dead wood in forests (M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009). In Poland this species is listed as Endangered an in the Slovak Republic as Vulnerable.

Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended isthe protection of large old trees of appropriate species, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future. Continuity (maintenance of suitable habitat in the same area without interruption) is very important for this species.

redListAssessors:
Alexander, KNA., Schlaghamersky, J., Nieto, A., Mannerkoski, I., Tykarski, P., Mason, F., Dodelin, B., Buche, B. & Tezcan, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened. Typically restricted to old-growth forests (both broadleaved and coniferous), where it depends upon large lying logs that have been decaying for a long time. Consequently it requires both old, relatively large trees and a management regime that allows decaying logs to be left lying for many years.  This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in a very specific type of habitat. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of suitable habitat has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). The colonisation ability of this species is poor (it does not fly long distances). Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing habitat, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Near Threatened. Typically restricted to old-growth forests (both broadleaved and coniferous), where it depends upon large lying logs that have been decaying for a long time. Consequently it requires both old, relatively large trees and a management regime that allows decaying logs to be left lying for many years. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in a very specific type of habitat. The Area of Occupancy of this species has not been quantified, but it may not be much greater than 2,000 km2. The rate of loss of suitable habitat has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). The colonisation ability of this species is poor (it does not fly long distances). Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing habitat, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe; absent from Britain and Ireland. A boreo-montane species. According to Fauna Europaea (2004) it is endemic to Europe.

population:
Generally rare, declining and localized.

In Sweden it is very rare (Nilssonet al.2000) and only present in the south. In Finland it is very rare and declining.

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathian where it is very rare. In Romania this species has not been deeply investigated but many reports are from the south-western Carpathians (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In the Czech Republic there are few localities, rare and declining.

In France it is very localized (Baraud 1993); it has been found in the mountains of Jura, Alps and the Pyrenees (Baraud 1993); in the Alps there are only seven localities (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009), and less than ten localities for the whole country (Paulian and Baraud 1982). Although it is mentioned as very restricted to the Pyrenaic region (López-Colón 2000), no records exist for Spain (P. Bahíllo de la Puebla pers. comm. 2009). In Italy it is also very rare and declining; there are about 20 localities in total in north-eastern Alps and one single old record from the northern part of the central Appenines. In Germany its presence was recently confirmed only in mountains in southern Germany; it is very rare; few recent records only from forest reserves. Seems to have disappeared from exploited or managed areas. In Switzerland there are 19 localities, but some of those from old records.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in old lying sections of large tree trunks with advanced development of red-rotten heartwood decay, either conifers or broad-leaves. In France larvae are saproxylophagous in wet red-rotten heartwood ofPiceaandAbiestrunks. Also found inQuercusred rot in Poland. In Ukraine larvae develop in decayed wood (brown stage of decay) of broad-leaved trees. In Romania reports are from old broad-leaved and coniferous forests. Only found in relatively cold, humid and aged forest with a long continuity of deadwood supply and low level of tree harvesting. Adults emerge during autumn and stay in the trunk during winter. Most of the known localities have not been exploited for 50 years at least. Inhabits forests with a high density of moist red-rotten logs of both conifer and broad-leaved trees, probably dependent on a continuous supply of suitable logs at the landscape scale (Nilsson et al. 2000). 

Typically restricted to old-growth forests (both broad-leaved and coniferous). It depends upon large lying logs that have been decaying for a long time (e.g. it colonises at a late successional stage). Consequently it requires both old, large trees and a management regime that allows decaying logs to be left lying for many years.

threats:
This species is restricted to veteran trees, so any activities which destroy these trees is strongly detrimental to the species. The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
Generally, the most important conservation measure to be recommended is the protection of large old trees, and habitat management to ensure that there is a constant or increasing supply of such veteran trees in future. Additionally, fallen trunks and boughs should be left to decay rather than 'cleaned up'. 

This species occurs in a number of protected areas.

It is regarded as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Near Threatened in Slovakia.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Endangered B1ab(iii), because it has a restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km², its population is severely fragmented and habitat specific, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, which is old forests with veteran trees, due to inadequate site management, logging, urbanisation and forest fires. More research on its population size and trends, and specific site management enforcement are needed at present.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus (Muret and Drumont, 1999, Bartolozzi et al. 2016) and has been reported from the Troodos Mountains (Platres, Panagia, Pera Pedi, Lagoudera, Kelefos, Vretsia, Roudia) and the southern hilly area (Choirokoitia). The extent of occurrence for this species has been estimated in less than 5,000 km² based on the available distribution data. Its AOO and number of locations could not be estimated because precise localities for some of the records were not available.

population:
Its population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species locally seems not rare (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009). The population of this habitat-specific species is considered severely fragmented because the habitat where it lives is very scarce and fragmented. With more than half of its subpopulations being very localised and isolated with no chance for dispersal between them, it is suspected that these subpopulations have reached none viable levels.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in decaying wood of old, rare, deciduous woods and tree stands, which in Cyprus are only present in protected areas (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2016). It has been found in orchards, maquis, woods and river valleys with Platanus orientalis, Alnus orientalis, Platanus orientalis and Juglans regia trees (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009), and could be also present in other Platanus spp. and Alnus glutinosa in temporary river banks on Mt Troodos’ protected areas, although researchers have not found it due to the fact that the insect is not common and difficult to access even by expert and active entomologists and plant ecologists who have set up traps looking for them in the area (Petrakis pers. comm. 2016). Its presence in anthropogenic habitats is probably a result of the abundant mycelia that are used by fungi/mycelium eating insects (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2016). Adults are attracted to light (C. Makris pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The natural biotopes of the insect, that is thickets of old and large deciduous trees, are permanently threatened in the East Mediterranean and their distribution area in in constant decline (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2016). The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Degradation of old forests by intense forest management and loss of old trees in urbanised areas are major specific threats to this species. Recent fires decreased abruptly the deciduous forest area in Cyprus, and have a direct impact in the decline of the species (P. Petrakis pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it is present in one protected area. Further studies are required to estimate the abundance of this species; appropriate site management is also recommended.

redListAssessors:
Bartolozzi, L., Norbiato, M., Petrakis, P. & Pettersson, R.

redListContributors:
Galante, E., Mendez, M., Buse, J. & Alcázar Montañez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is listed as Vulnerable under criterio B2abbased on its small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be no more than 800 km², current indications that its population is severely fragmented due to the small size and isolation of its known subpopulations and little demographic exchange between them due the their limited dispersal ability and habitat availability, and evidence of continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a consequence of wood over-exploitation and forest fires. Habitat protection and more research on its distribution, ecology and threats re the recommended conservation measures for this species.

range:
This species occurs in Italy (Sardinia), Algeria and Tunisia (Löbl and Löbl 2016). In Italy, it is known only from the Sardinia Island (Franciscolo 1997). Based on Stoch (2003), the AOO in Sardinia is estimated to be between 100-200 km². A few localities are known from Algeria and Tunisia (Franciscolo 1997) but given the limited information available from those countries, the total area of occupancy is estimated to be between 300-800 km². Its presence in the island of Corsica, France (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 2016), is doubtful and therefore excluded from this assessment.

population:
The species does not appear to be very common. Records from North Africa (1982-2004) are very few and scattered, and a number of records in Sardinia are very old (L. Bartolozzi pers. comm. 2016). According the known distribution, the species is likely to be severely fragmented based on the fact that the known subpopulations are isolated and demographic exchange is probably little due the distance between them and its limited dispersal ability.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In Sardinia, it is active in the summer months, and has been observed during daylight hours under fallen logs of Quercus suber trees, and on the trunks at dusk. Individuals fly in the evening with rather slow flight but are not attracted by the light (R. Rattu pers. obs. in Sabatinelli 2013). The larvae develop in the decaying wood of Quercus ilex and Q. suber; in Algeria it has been found on Quercus mirbecki (Franciscolo 1997).

threats:
The main threat to this species is likely to be the degradation or loss of habitat quality mainly due to exploitation from forestry or wood fires. Population fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations may also be critical factors.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several protected areas but there is no information on conservation measures currently in place. The safeguard of the natural habitat is the best conservation action for the species. More research on distribution, ecology and threats is also needed. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Italian Red List (Audisio et al. 2014).

useAndTrade:
Collector specimens can be found for sale on the internet for 8 Euros. It seems that this species is also bred by hobbyists.

redListAssessors:
Muona, J., Bartolozzi, L., Brustel, H., Buse, J. & Méndez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, no major threats, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, no major threats, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread throughout most of Europe; it is absent from Ireland. It is also found in Caucasus, Minor Asia and Iran.

In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. In Denmark it is common and widespread (Hansen 1996). In Germany there are recent records in all States. It is common and widespread across much of lowland England and Wales, but absent from the north.
It is widespread in Spain, with a higher number of records in the northern half of the country. Being so common, no special attention has been given by entomologists and it is not well represented in entomological collections (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). It is present in Andorra (de Torres Sala 1962).
In Portugal it is widespread in the north and centre (Grosso-Silva 1999, 2005), it appears to be less common in the south, from where there is recent unpublished information (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009). 
In European Turkey it has been reported from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953, Sekendiz 1974, Lodos 1989, Canakcioglu 1993).

population:
This is a widespread and common species with stable populations across its European range.

It is widespread across much of lowland England; large strong population (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is very common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as very common in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania it is widespread and it is considered the most common lucanid species. In European Turkey its population was very high in the 1940s; however the population size and trend have not been quantified.

In Spain there is no data on local population size. A study of road casualties revealed local densities in the order of 10-20 individuals (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). Very frequent even in highly humanized environments and rural landscape. In Andorra there is no recent data on the presence of the species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in the decaying heartwood of many broad-leaved tree species, where it is being decayed by a white-rot fungus; overwintering in larval / adult stages. It flies on summer evenings V-VII, and is attracted to light (Alexander 2002) and exposed sap of trees. In European Turkey larvae develop in dead wood of Castanea, Fagus, Juglans, Populus, Quercus, Salix; adults active in IV-VIII (Canakcioglu 1993). In Romania adults have been found in association withLucanus cervusandCerambyx cerdo at the tree sap. In Spain adults have been found all the year round but mainly in V-VIII (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). Limited data on pupation indicate that pupation is in early July and adult within the pupal chamber by late August or early September.

In Hungary this species lives in all kinds of broad-leaved forests, and in any wooded places, including city parks, suburbs, villages. In Spain present in bocage landscapes, riparian forests and closed forests (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009). In the UK suitable trees may occur in a very wide variety of situations, especially across the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

threats:
The species does not seem to be currently threatened. However some local threats can include the loss of old trees and decaying wood, particularly in the UK.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place other than FSC guidelines. The species is very common and occurs in many protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).
The species is legally protected in Hungary. It is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (2004).

redListAssessors:
Alexander K.N.A., Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F. & Schmidl, J.


range:
Dorcus peyroni is distributed in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Baraud (1993) mentions that this species occurs in Greece, Armenia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Araxe valley).

In Greece two dead speciemes where found in the roots of old  Platanus and oldPopulus alba trees inThessaly, near Elatia (25 km north-eastern Larissa city, near Ossa (Kissavos) mountain), at  120 m above sea level.In Thrace, near Mikros Kechros village (35-40 km north of Alexandroupolis city, Sapka mountain) three dead specimens were found in the roots of an oldQuercus at 900 m above sea level. In Thessaly, near Theopetra village (five km south-eastren Kalambaka city) one dead specimen was found in an ants nest at 150 m above sea level. Another specimen from Greece, was reported in Olympus Mountains.
It occurs in southern Bulgaria. Král and Malý (1993) cited it from several localities of the Middle Struma River Valley: Simitli, Lebnica, and Sandanski, as well as from the Eastern Rhodopes: Momchilgrad. In Guéorguiev and Bunalski (2004), a new locality is given from the Struma Valley: Kresna. 

It is also mentioned from Syria and Iran. In this last country, it can be another  species recently described. 
Dorcus peyroni is also present in Anatolia where it  is probably very rare. This species has a marginal occurrance in Europe.

habitat:
D. peyronilives in dead  roots of old deciduous trees (Platanus,  Quercus, Populus).

redListAssessors:
Alexander, K., Guéorguiev, B. & Nieto, A.


taxonomicNotes:
López-Colón (2000) considers that this species belongs to genus Pseudolucanus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread and relatively frequently encountered species in the Iberian peninsula. 

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread and relatively frequently encountered species in the Iberian peninsula.

range:
This species is only known from the Iberian Peninsula.

It is present in all the Mediterranean part of Spain, occupying a total of 40 provinces (GTLI 2003, Blanco Villero and Sáez Bolaño 2007). Its northern distribution limit is in the surroundings of the Cantabrian Range and Pyrenees, excepting a locality in Guipuzcoa province and a few localities in Huesca province. Most localities are in the north in the 'Meseta' and in the Sistema Central.

In Portugal overall, there are 12 known localities in the north and centre (only five published: GTLI 2003). Apart from one northern locality, the unpublished records refer to localities concentrated in a relatively small area in the centre, 80 to 100 km north of Lisbon   (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009). Most of the unpublished records were obtained after 2000 (the oldest dates from 1975)   (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009).

population:
In Spain there is no systematic data on local abundance or population trends available. A local study in Catalonia reported less than ten specimens per year and four-year fluctuations in abundance (Jeremías and Escolà 2003). There is no data for Portugal (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In  Spain it is present in broad-leaved Mediterranean forests, mainly above 400 m and more frequent in forested mountain areas and the middle altitude (750 m) plateaus (GTLI 2003). Also present in bocage open landscapes with scattered trees (GTLI 2003). It can probably live in several species ofQuercus and other broad-leaved species (M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009).

threats:
No systematic assessment of threats exists for this species. Being a species of similar size and habitat thanLucanus cervus, it is probably under the same threats, namely, habitat destruction or degradation by removal of old, dead trees and dead wood (M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is present in the Red Data Book of Invertebrates of Spain (Verdú and Galante 2006), rated as Least Concern. It is present in the protection catalogues of several regions within Spain. The species is present in some Natura 2000 areas and in some National Parks.

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This species is being offered for sale on the Internet (M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Not much morphological variation has been mentioned for the Spanish specimens. Most of them have four antennal lamellae. Recently, variety pontbrianti has been mentioned for northern Spain (MS in review).  In Romania the populations from Dobroudjia are the subspecies turcicus, with the club of the antenna having six lamellae.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because although this species is widely distributed in Europe, it is in significant decline in the north and central part of its range and future trends of European forests will pose serious threats to this species, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
  EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Near Threatened because although this species is widely distributed in Europe, it is in significant decline in the north and central part of its range and future trends of European forests will pose serious threats to this species, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe. It is absent from Ireland. It is also found in Caucasus, Minor Asia, Syria and west Kazakhstan.

In Germany it is widespread, mainly in the south. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas. It is much more sporadic on the lowlands, mainly in riverine willow and oak galleries. In Romania it is widespread, especially in the hilly areas with sun exposed slopes. It also occurs in the European part of Turkey and it has been reported from Istanbul (Schimitschek 1953).
In Italy it is mainly distributed in northern and central regions (for certain southward to Latium) (Bartolozzi and Maggini 2006). In Spain it is present in the northern half of the country and occupies a total of 32 provinces (Galante and Verdú 2000, López-Colón 2000). Its southernmost distribution limit is a south-western and north-eastern line running from Cáceres province to Sierra de Gredos in northern Toledo, Sierra de Guadarrama, Serranía de Cuenca, east of Teruel and north of Tarragona. To the south of this line two isolated localities are known, one of them in Albacete (Galante and Verdú 2000) and the other one in the south of Badajoz (Blanco Villero and Sáez Bolaño 2007). Within the northern half, the presence of this species in Valladolid province requires confirmation. In Portugal it occurs in the northern half, most records being from the western part (Grosso-Silva 1999, 2005), and there are also two recent (1990 and 2006) records from the centre: Sintra, north-west of Lisbon   (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009). In Britain it is largely confined to the south-east of England, where it is widespread.

In Denmark this species is Extinct (2003). The last reliable finding is from the 1960s-1970s. Few later findings are all considered introduced.

population:
In Europe the species seems to be more common in the south (except for Italy) and south-eastern part of its range. In the northern part of Europe, this species is decreasing.

In the UK it has a highly fragmented distribution but with one large and strong population centred across the Lower Thames Basin, plus two smaller concentrations; there is no evidence for any substantial decline in recent decades; sub-fossil remains have been found more widely (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Spain no systematic quantitative data exist on population size.Locally it can be over 100 individuals. The subpopulations in the north are decreasing and the subpopulations in the south are stable. In Andorra no data on populations exist. The three 10x10 squares occupied are data from records before 1980 (M. Méndez pers. comm. 2009).

In Ukraine is local and not common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, but thespecies became somewhat rarer in the second half of the 20th century. However, strong populations still occur in mature oak forests (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Romania well preserved populations occur in the oak forests from central and other hilly areas. Much rarer is the subspeciesturcicus from Dobroudjia (P. Istrate pers. comm. 2009). In European Turkey the population size and trend have not been quantified.

In the Czech Republic its population is decreasing and in Sweden a 15% decline has been recorded over 15 years. In Italy it is locally quite common but declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in moist decaying wood near or below the soil surface, including decaying old stumps, but also in the base of fence posts; always decay from white-rot fungi; and generally in light soils; larval development takes about four years in the UK but five in European Turkey; pupation in IX; adults are active in VI-VII, feed on fruit and sap, and fly mainly in the evening (Lodos 1989, Alexander 2002). In Ukraine larvae mostly live in wood of oakQuercus, sometimes other broad-leaved trees. In European Turkey larvae develop in dead wood of Castanea, Fraxinus, Populus, Quercus, Salix, Tilia. The species needs big trunks and stumps.

In Hungary this species lives in thermophilous oak woods (mainly inturkey oak woods) in the hills and the lower mountain areas. Important populations occur in wood pastures and riverine forests, where pedunculate oaks occur. Sometimes it develops in other broadleaved trees (e.g. willow) (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Sites in the UK are mostly in the cultural landscape and especially in human settlements which tend to be richer in suitable trees, etc, than open countryside (Alexander 2002). In Spain this species is very polyphagous on broad-leaved tree species. In the north, it is present in bocage landscapes, city gardens, riparian forests and forests below 700 m. Towards the south, in Mediterranean areas, it is present at higher altitudes up to 2,000 m, inQuercusforests, including dense forests (Proyecto Ciervo Volante 1996, M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009).

threats:
The overall decrease in the average age of forests due to more intense management and exploitation is a major threat. A future threat in eastern Europe is increased forest exploitation, leading to a decline of this species. Abandonment of coppicing and pollarding will lead to forest closure and will negatively affect the species. Loss of dead wood and old trees, forest clearing and removal of living hedges are also potential threats. In Britain, suitable habitat has been disappearing from the wider countryside to such an extent that the species now has a more urban and suburban distribution pattern. 

The species is also popular with collectors.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the Bern Convention.

In the UK it has conservation status as Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992); also legal protection from trade and a few key sites are designated as SAC. It is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan; there has been extensive publicity led by the People's Trust for Endangered Species (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

Important populations of this species live in protected areas and Natura 2000 areas in Hungary; the species is legally protected in Hungary (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Also in Romania and in Ukraine the species occurs in large protected areas.

In Spain it is protected at the national level as being of 'Special interest'; also present in regional protection lists. Present in several Natura 2000 areas and national parks. Rated as Least Concern in the Red Data Book (Verdú and Galante 2006).

In Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic it is considered Endangered, in Sweden Near threatened and Least Concern in Spain and Bulgaria. In Denmark this species is Regionally Extinct (2003). The species is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine.

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A. Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F., Méndez, M. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in Europe in view of the absence of information on the population and threats of this species from Albania which can have a significant impact on the assessment.
 EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Vulnerable (B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)), because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and it Area of Occupancy  is less than 2,000 km². Its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

range:
In Europe the species is found in southern Albania and Greece. It is also known from the northern slopes of the Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Turkey and Turkmenistan.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It is a local and rare species and it is considered that the population trend is decreasing.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It lives in deciduous forests,  predominantly in the decaying wood of old oaks.

threats:
The main overall threat is degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. Loss of deciduous forest is a specific major threat. Over-collection for commercial purposes is also a threat.


taxonomicNotes:
In Greece this species is considered as a sub-species of L. ibericus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed overall large population, and because its common habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed overall large population, and because its common habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is only confirmed from the south of France and Italy. Its status in Greece and Albania is unclear.

The species is known from Corsica and one large locality in continental France (extreme south of the Var department), central and southern Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Albania and Greece according to Baraud (1993) butL. tetraodon does not occur in Greece (P. Petrakis pers comm. 2009).

population:
This is a flagship species. The species is common in central and southern Italy; there is a recent record from northern Italy; about 100 localities in Italy. Very localised in France but not uncommon.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae is xylophagous in oakQuercus species. It lives in buried decomposing wood ofQuercus ilex andQ. suber. Adults are active and flying between mid-June and mid-August (Baraud 1993). It lives is broad-leaved forests.

threats:
Collection of specimens for non-scientific purposes and trade may cause a rapid decline of its population in the future. This is a very big species.
Degradation of habitat and removal of dead trees are also threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Further molecular studies are needed to clarify the presence in Greece of this species. 

In Italy this species is listed as Vulnerable (2006).

useAndTrade:
Saproxylic Coleoptera tend to be popular with beetle collectors although trade is rarely an issue, the only exceptions being a few larger species of more dramatic form or colour. This species is collected for trade.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe but absent from Britain, Ireland and Portugal. It is also present in Near East.

population:
Widespread and common in at least some range states, especially at relatively high altitudes..

In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous areas, and much rarer in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). Population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as quite frequent in its localities. In Romania this species is widespread in the forests from the Carpathians especially in the southern part. In Finland it is widespread and common and its population is stable. In Sweden it is also widespread and common but some declines have been reported over the last decades. In Switzerland it is widespread and common. In France it is widespread in upland regions.

In Spain there is one single site in a locality close to the Pyrenees and no recent findings (López-Colón 2000); no data on population size. In Italy it is not common and is found in the Alps and Appenines.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Larvae develop in the decaying wood of broad-leaved trees (usually white-rotten branches and trunks lying on the ground). It is found in broad-leaved and mixed woodlands. 

In Hungary it occurs in open oak forests, mainly in ecotonal situations, and in Romania in beech forests.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary), so no specific measures are necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is common in atleast parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all Europe, except the far west of Europe. It also occurs in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Iran, Kazakhstan and Siberia.

In Hungary it occurs only in the westernmost and northernmost mountainous parts of the country. It is Extinct in Britain.

population:
A widespread species; common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is stable.

This species is known from very few localities in Hungary; the populations are very small. In Romania it is known from from recent records from the central part of the country. It was reported from hilly areas. In Ukraine it is not common and local. It is common throughout Germany, except maybe in the higher mountainswhile in France and Switzerland it is common in lowlands areas. In Italy it is not common and is present in the Alps and Appenines. In Denmark it is common and widespread (Hansen 1996). It is rare in southern Finland. In Sweden it only occurs in the south and it is not common.

In Spain it occupies 51 squares of 10x10 km; more than a half of those correspond to observations before 1980 (Á. Quirós pers. comm 2009.); in total 70 localities known. It is present in north-eastern Spain, from northern Catalonia, Pyrenees, Navarra, Basque Country, Rioja, northern Burgos and one site in Cantabria (López-Colón 2000, Á. Quiróspers. comm. 2009).

Fossil evidence for presence in Britain up until Bronze Age, andreports of live specimens across country up until 1839; now clearly Extinct (Cooter 1976).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in decaying wood of broad-leaved trees of various species (Alexander 2002); in white-rotted branches and trunks of diameter greater than five cm lying on the ground. The adults are found in the decaying wood as well as the larvae. In Ukraine, adults are active in V-VI; oak and beech are the typical host trees. In Romania the adult beetles can be found in the early spring and are attracted to flowers ofPrunus spinosa andViburnum lantana  at the edge of oak forests sometime in the end of April . 

In Hungary it occurs in old beech forests. In Spain its habitats are mainly mountain areas above 700 m (Á. Quirós pers. comm. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Romania, Spain).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its tolerance of habitat modification and because it is not thought to be affected by any major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its tolerance of habitat modification and because it is not thought to be affected by any major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

In Portugal this species occurs in the northern half, with very scattered records, mostly from mountain areas - it is known from the extreme north and from the northern central part (areas 150 km apart) since the 19th century (Oliveira 1893). There are unpublished recent records (1996 onwards) from the two areas and also from an intermediate site (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009).

In Spain it is present in the north-western part of the country, in the Cantabrian Range, and towards the south, mainly in mountain areas (Iberian System, Sierra de Guadarrama, Sierra de Gredos, Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Cazorla) (López-Colón 2000, A. Quirós pers. comm. 2009). There are records from 79 10 x10 km² grid, 30 of them with data from before1980 (A. Quirós  pers. comm. 2009). This species is known from 105 localities in Spain (A. Quirós pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Towards the Mediterranean part of its distribution in Spain, it is present mainly in mountains above 700 and often 1,000 m; in the north-western part of Spain it is also present at lower altitude, even below 100 m (A. Quirós  pers. comm. 2009, M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009).
P. spinifer lives in forests (beechFagusand oakQuercus) but also in shrubby vegetation withCytisus spp. that are known to grow in degraded habitats (in north-western part of Spain) orRetama sphaerocarpa (in Mediterranean part) (A. Quirós pers. comm. 2009). Habitat preferences, however, have not been systematically assessed.

threats:
There are no serious threats to this species.

conservationAction:
This species occurs in several protected areas. It is included in the Spanish Red Data Book and is listed as Data Deficient (Verdú and Galante 2006).


range:
It occurs in almost all Europe, and in Siberia and northern China.

In Hungary it is widespread in the mountain regions. In Romania it is widespread and present in the Carpathians. In Spain it is mainly present in the mountains of the north (Cantabrian Range, Pyrenees, Iberian System) (Grupo de Trabajo sobre Lucanidae Ibéricos 2006), with an outpost in the Guadarrama Range in middle Spain (Ortuño and Barberá 1993, de la Rosa Maldonado and López-Colón 1998, de la Rosa 2006) and a recent discovery in southern Badajoz, in the south-west of Spain (Blanco Villero and Sáez Bolaño 2007).

In Britain and Ireland it can be found at all altitudes below the tree line (approx 500 m) and is very widespread.

population:
A widespread and common species; population trend is stable or increasing in parts.

In Ireland it has a very fragmented distribution, but a reasonable number of known sites, some of which are protected. In the UK it is very widespread across Britain, the population is strong and with little or no sign of any decline. In Denmark (Hansen 1996), Germany and Finland this species is common.

In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. In Romania good populations in size occurs in the south-west. In Ukraine this species is not common. 

In Spain there are no quantitative data available; non-systematic observations at the Sierra de Guadarrama, one of the southernmost parts of its Iberian distribution, indicate a fairly high number of exit holes in the populations (in the order of ten) (M. Méndez pers. obs. 2009); a total of 89 squares of 10x10 km are occupied (Grupo de Trabajosobre Lucanidae Ibéricos 2006, Blanco Villero and Sáez Bolaño 2007).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Typically found in the decaying wood of broad-leaved trees in both broad-leaved and mixed woodland. It bores in white-rotten heartwood of large broad-leaved trees, but is also known from pine Pinus, including stumps. Larval development takes two or three years in the UK, the larvae burrowing even into quite hard timber. It has been reported live from floating timber in both freshwater and seawater. Flies in daylight in early summer in the UK (Alexander 2002). Adults present all year round but a clear maximum in July in Spain and males use their horns to fight; larval development one to two years or two to four years, three larval instars (Grupo de Trabajo sobre Lucanidae Ibéricos 2006).

It the UK suitable host trees occur in a wide variety of situations and it is widespread in the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002). In Hungary all known localities are in old beechFagusforests. In Romania adults often were recorded from old stumps in beech forests in the Carpathians. In Spain it has mainly been found in beech forests (Grupo de Trabajo sobre Lucanidae Ibéricos 2006) (never in pine forests), although in the Sierra de Guadarrama has been found on birchBetulatoo (de la Rosa 2006).

conservationAction:
No specific measures in place in Ireland or in the UK other than general FSC guidelines.

This species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary, Spain, Romania, Ireland, Britain).

In Spain about 23% of the beech forest areas in Spain are in protected areas and the presence ofS. cylindricum in protected areas is known. However, even within protected areas dead wood is sometimes managed.

This species is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on forests hardly disturbed, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.  

EU 27 regional assessment:      listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on forests hardly disturbed, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

range:
This species is widespread across all Europe, excepting the British Isles. It is also known from Siberia, Far East and Japan. In Ukraine it is only present in the Carpathians and in the western part of the forest zone.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species but the species is considered rare in Europe and its population is decreasing. In Finland it is widespread but very rare. In Ukraine it is very rare. In Portugal it has been recorded only once, from the extreme north of the country (Oliveira 1893).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in white-rotten heartwood of various tree species, although mostly of oakQuercus; the larvae and pupae hibernate. The life cycle is two to three years, with adult beetles active from the end of May into June (Nikitskyet al. 1996). It requires continuity of dead trees, and is confined to almost undisturbed natural forest. In Finland this species is also present in burnt forests.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. The species is relatively large and easy to find by collectors.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although it may be severely fragmented and has a restricted range, there is no information about the population size or trends. However this species could be possibly assessed as Not Applicable, as the species is only marginally present in Europe in relation to its northern Africa population.
EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient because although it may be severely fragmented and has a restricted range, there is no information about the population size or trends. However this species could be possibly assessed as Not Applicable, as the species is only marginally present in Europe in relation to its northern Africa population.

range:
This species is known from northern Spain, France and Great Britain; it is also present in northern Africa.
In the UK there is a non-native population established in one area of south-eastern England (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009, Harrison 1996). In Spain, the species is known from six to eight localities, localized in northern Spain, in Navarra and Álava. In France it is present in the southern part although it remains unclear whether it is native or not (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009). In French literature it is said that this species is also present in Sicily, but this remains unconfirmed. Without further information aboutthe distribution in northern Africa and the population size it is unclear whether this species is only marginally present in Europe.

population:
There is no information about population size, abundance or trends for this species.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is associated with small wood-decay fungi fruiting from branches and logs of broad-leaved trees; in Britain especiallyStereum hirsutum on fallen oak branches (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009); in France especially on dead branches of beech and hazel (B. Dodelin pers. comm. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
   EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is known from the Palaearctic region and it is widespread across most of Europe.

It has only recently appeared in Ireland, either a natural colonisation from Scotland, or, more likely, an incidental introduction. It is known in Scotland from just a single site in the south. It is however widespread in England and Wales (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

population:
A widespread and common species across much of Europe with stable populations.

In Ireland one population was discovered in 1992, and was assumed to be a recent colonisation (Anderson 1993). In the UK it is widespread, with no suggestion of any decline. It is common in Ukraine. In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country; population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as very common in its localities. In Portugal it has been recorded from several sites in the northern half and from a single one in the centre, most records being from the 1980s onwards. Probably it is much more widespread in the country than currently known, because of under-sampling (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. comm. 2009).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in Pyrenomycetes (Diatrype, Hypoxylon, Daldinia). Adult beetles feed on wood-decay fungi more generally (Pleurotus, Fomes, Piptoporus, Polyporus) and are also found under dead bark. The adults hibernate and are active in V-VIII (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Hungary this species lives in all kinds of broad-leaved forests, and in any wooded places, including city parks, suburbs, villages; sometimes also in conifer forests. In the UK suitable sites include a wide variety of wooded situations, including hedgerows (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place other than general FSC guidelines. The species is very common and occurs in many protected areas (e.g. Hungary, UK).

redListAssessors:
Nieto, A. Mannerkoski, I., Pettersson, R., Mason, F. & Schmidl, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient on European level as not much information about its population sizes and trends are available. New research from France suggests that current findings have not been on the most suitable habitat and that the species can be abundant in dense stands of smallCarpinus trees. More research is needed.
EU 27 regional assessment: assessed as Data Deficient on European level as not much information about its population sizes and trends are available. New research from France suggests that current findings have not been on the most suitable habitat and that the species can be abundant in dense stands of smallCarpinus trees. More research is needed.

range:
This species is widespread across much of Europe, except the Iberian and Scandinavian Peninsulas and also not in Britain or Ireland.

population:
This species seems to be rare in Europe. The extreme rarity of the species given by ancient authors, however, mainly comes from poor knowledge of its special biology (H. Callot pers. comm. 2009); new observations may be published in the near future.

In Hungary it is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions; the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as rare in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France there are between 20-30 localities; it has been trapped in the large forests surrounding the Paris area and found in high numbers in Alsace. In Ukraine it is rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. New information shows that the species' main habitats are small dead dry standingCarpinus trees in very dense regeneration stands. Few entomologists are attracted to such places to collect insects; this is the principal reason of the rarity of the observations (H. Callot pers. comm. 2009). This species has been found feeding on the fruit bodies of wood-decay fungi such as Pleurotus,Polyporus, Inototus, Lentinus, Bjerkandera,Fomes. Piptophorus, and Daedaleopsis. In Ukraine, larvae develop mostly onPleurotus, sometimes onPolyporus, Inototus, Lentinus, Bjerkandera. Pupation takes place often on the ground and the adult hibernates, becoming active next spring  Adult beetles have been found on a similar wide variety of wood-decay fungi (Fomes. Piptoporus, Daedaleopsis) mostly on broadleaved trees, but presumably just feeding in some cases, not necessarily egg-laying; flight occurs from May. The life cycle is one or two years (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Ukraine it occurs only in the forest zone. In Hungary the known localities are in old growth forests, mainly oak and beech, where the main host fungusPleurotus pulmonariusoccurs (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it has been trapped in the large forests surrounding the Paris area and found in high numbers in Alsace in lowland very young forests ofCarpinus.

threats:
Certain forestry management activities, such as clear cutting large areas, threaten this species.

conservationAction:
No specific conservation measures are in place. The species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Hungary). It is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Vulnerable in Slovakia.

redListAssessors:
Dodelin, B., Schlaghamersky, J. & Nardi, G.


range:
This species is widespread across almost all of Europe. It is also known from the Caucasus and Turkey. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the forest zone. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions. It is very widespread in England, extending into southern Scotland. It is unknown in Ireland.

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is stable.

In the UK it is a widespread throughout England although rare in the west; mainly in the border counties of Wales; present in southern Scotland but rare. In France it is widespread and in Spain it is plentiful in the north at least. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. It is very rare in southernmost Finland. In Ukraine it is relatively rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in broad-leaved and mixed woodlands as well as wood-pastures and hedgerow trees; the larvae develop in certain species of fungus involved in the decay of dead wood of broad-leaved trees.

In Britain, larvae develop in the hard black fruiting bodies ofHypoxylon fragiforme fungus on dead and dying beechFagus, orDaldinia concentrica on ashFraxinus; the pupae are reported from under dead bark and in deadwood (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine the beetles live on wood-decay fungi (Pyrenomycetes) and under bark with fungiHypoxylon, Daldinia, Xylaria, Ustulina, Nummularia, rarely onHericium, Fomes, Daedaleopsis(Drogvalenko 2001).

In Hungary it occurs in broadleaved forests, mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech. In Britain suitable trees may be found in a wide variety of situations, throughout the cultural landscape - in woodland margins, hedgerows, wood pastures and parkland.

conservationAction:
In the UK, it is recommended to promote interest in veteran trees throughout the country not just in reserves (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary and Britain).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range, with stable population trend.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that isfairly common in at least parts of its range, with stable population trend.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all of Europe, except Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula. 

It is also known from Caucasus, Minor Asia (Syria, Turkey). 

In Ukraine it is present mostly in the forest zone. In Hungary this species is sporadic in the hilly and mountainous regions.

population:
A widespread species that is common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is probably stable.

In Finland it is rather common in the south and its population is stable. In France it is widespread and common.

In Ukraine it is rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as rare in its localities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is rare, Regionally Extinct in most federal States. Old records may, however, apply to wrongly identifiedM. atomarius.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It occurs in broad-leaved and mixed woodlands; the larvae develop in fruiting bodies of certain types of fungus that are involved in the decay of the dead wood of broad-leaved trees.

In Ukraine, larvae develop inInonotus obliquus, sometimesPolyporus squamosus, Laetiporus sulphureus. The adult beetles are found feeding on a wide range of wood-decay fungi (Fomes, Inonotus, Piptophorus) and under bark, mostly of broad-leaved trees. Pupation occurs within the fungi or in ground below. The life cycle is one or two years. The adult beetle is active from May to the end of summer (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech.

conservationAction:
The species is occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range, with apparently stable population trend.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern because it is a widespread species that isfairly common in at least parts of its range, with apparently stable population trend.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all of Europe, although currently not in Britain or Ireland. 

It is also found in Caucasus, Siberia and far East.

In Ukraine it may be mostly in the forest zone and the Carpathians. In Hungary it is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions, and sporadic in the lowlands.

population:
Widespread and fairly common in at least parts of its range (e.g. Finland). Overall it is thought to be stable.

In the Czech Republic this species is rare but widespread. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as rare in its localities. In Finland it is rather common, widespread and with stable populations. In Germany it has disappeared from large areas; only present now in south and eastern Germany, but still common in at least some areas (e.g. around Berlin). Strong decrease in the past, but now its populations are stable to increasing. In Ukraine it is relatively common.

In the UK the status of this species is uncertain; there are subfossil records from the south and a single 19th century locality from Highland Scotland, where it was found in 1865 and 1870.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is usually found under the bark of dead wood with wood-decaying fungi. It can occur on broad-leaved and coniferous trees, hardwoods and softwoods; in more open areas as well as in continuous forest. It prefers lying logs (rather than standing trees).

In Ukraine, beetles live on the wood-decay fungusMonodyctis castaneae and are also found under dead bark and in decayed wood of broad-leaved trees. The adult hibernates and is active in V-VI. The life cycle is one or two years (Nikitskyet al. 1996).

In Hungary it occurs mainly in planted and indigenous pinePinusforests but also in broad-leaved forests. The old UK records come from Caledonian pine forest.

conservationAction:
The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in several protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe. It is also known from Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Siberia. 

In Ukraine it occurs in almost all regions, mostly in the forest zone. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions, very rare in the lowlands. In Britain it is widespread across lowland England, and also occurs locally in Wales and in northern Scotland. It has only recently been found in Northern Ireland.

population:
A widespread and common species in Europe with stable populations.

In Ukraine it is a relatively common species. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as rare in its localities. In Ireland there is a single recent report from north, assumed to be natural colonisation (Anderson 2007). In the UK it is widely scattered throughout the lowlands.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. The larvae develop in soft bracket fungi -Daedaleopsis, Inonotus, Laetiporus, Polyporus, Abortiporus, Pleurotus - on a wide variety of broad-leaved tree species. The adult beetles feed on wood-decay fungi (Piptoporus betulinus andPolyporus squamosus) and are sometimes found under dead bark on trees. Imago hibernates and is more active in V-VII (Nikitskyet al. 1996, Alexander 2002).

In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech. It is found on mature trees rather generally and especially along alluvial floodplain situations in Britain (Alexander 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. The loss of old trees and decaying wood is a potential threat.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures are in place other than general FSC guidelines. The species occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, not major threats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.     

  EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, not major threats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across most of Europe. It is absent from Ireland. It also occurs in northern Africa (Egypt), Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia. 

In Ukraine mostly in the forest zone, may be in Crimea. In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. It is widespread across southern Britain, and there are isolated sites further north, into southern Scotland (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

In Portugal it was recorded in the 1920s from three localities scattered in the northern half; recently (2006 and 2008) collected in two additional sites, one in the north and the other in the centre  (J.M. Grosso-Silva and P. Soares-Vieira pers. obs. 2009).

population:
A widespread and common species over much of its European range, with stable populations.

It is widespread over much of England and Wales, but absent from far north; one southern Scottish record; the distribution is very fragmented and many of the sites are very isolated; population trend has not been quantified (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine this species is common. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. In Germany it is widespread but not very abundant. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is common.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops in red-rotten heartwood, for instance in the decay caused by the fungusLaetiporus sulphureus, the larvae occurring with the fungal mycelium, where the decay is fresh and moist; most if not all larval records are from oak. Adults are attracted to a wide variety of situations for feeding, including the fruit bodies of other bracket fungi, sap-runs and have even been found in garden compost (Alexander 2002). Trees need to be mature or older, e.g. 200 years old or more to have been colonised by the host fungus. In Ukraine larvae develop inInonotus, Polyporus, Laetiporus, Pleurotus, Lentinus,sometimes Bjerkandera adusta; adult beetles feed on wood-decay fungi (Fomes, Piptoporus); they are active from May. The beetles hibernate often in fungi. The life cycle is one or two years. Pupation is on the ground (Nikitskyet al.1996).

Suitable trees can occur in dense woodland but are more typical of open-grown situations, in ancient wood pastures and parklands in the cultural landscape of the UK (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, in the hills and mountains mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech; in the lowlands it is typical of the soft-wood riverine galleries.

threats:
Overall the species appears not to be under any major threat at the European level.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
In the UK land management which removes trees before they reach biological mature is a threat; fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
This species has conservation status in Britain as Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992). It is listed as Least concern in Finland and Sweden, and as Vulnerable in Germany.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern. A widespread species that is fairly common in at least parts of its range. The Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence are presumed to be relatively large. There is no evidence to suggest that it is declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread across almost all Europe. It is also known from western Siberia. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the southern part of the forest zone and forest-steppe zone. In Hungary this species is sporadic all over the country. It is widely scattered across lowland England and there is a single old record from southern Scotland. It is not present in Ireland.

population:
A widespread species that is rather common in at least parts of its range. Population trend is thought to be stable at the regional level.

In Finland it is rather common, widespread and increasing. In Italy itis found in the north, and in Germany it is widespread throughout but not really common.

In France it is very rare (Brustel 2005); sporadic specimens known from about 11 localities from the centre, east and south. It seems to be absent from the south-west and the Pyrenees. In Britain it has a very fragmented distribution, with only six modern sites known, all small and very isolated; there are more old sites than modern ones, so a severe decline is probable (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it is rare. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as rare in its localities.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It is found in the decaying wood of broad-leaved trees in broad-leaved and mixed woodland, as well as in historic parklands within the cultural landscape.

The larvae probably develop within fungal mycelia within decaying wood, although the favoured situations and conditions are not known. Adults are most often found during winter and spring and so were probably not in breeding habitat at the time; reported from under loose bark on dead wood and in soft moist decaying sapwood of elmUlmusand other broad-leaved trees; spring records include an association with fresh sap (Alexander 2002). In France larvae develop in diverse broad-leaved trees (Fagus, Populus, Ulmus) but with a preference forFagus; they use small white-rotten (probably byPolyporus squamosus) holes in living trees at two or six metres above the soil (Dodelin 2006). In Finland it is often found in aspenPopulus tremula but also in other broad-leaved species.

In Hungary it occurs in mountain broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech, but also from soft-wood riverine forests in the lowlands (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In France it is found in old-growth forests with no management and also in parks in cities, in thermophilous conditions (Dodelin 2006). Sites in the UK are ancient wood pastures and historic parklands - old growth within the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species at the European level. However, in some range states (e.g. UK) the species is potentially seriously threatened by clearing of dead wood in ancient parklands and wood-pastures.

conservationAction:
In the UK, this species has conservation status, Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992); otherwise reliant on general FSC guidelines. 

The species is occurs in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, no major threats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, no major threats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is widespread over much of Europe. It occurs worldwide (except in the Afrotropical region).

In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. It is very rare in wild situations in the UK, but known across the lowlands. In Finland some records are more than 100 years old and the species is considered to be Extinct, but a single specimen was found in 2008. It is absent from Ireland.

population:
In the UK this species has a very fragmented distribution, with modern records from just four areas, widely scattered and isolated; old records are more widespread and so a serious decline is probable; it was formerly reported from synanthropic situations but is virtually Extinct there due to modern food hygiene practices, etc (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009).

It is not rare in central Europe. In particular in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as rare in its natural localities; it is common in synanthropic habitats (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Germany it is widespread and not rare. In Ukraine it is relatively common. In Italy it is quite common. 

In Sweden this species is declining.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It inhabits a variety of dry mouldy situations in and about ancient trees, e.g. mildewy cavities, old bracket fungi, wood mould and woody debris generally; it is very occasionally reported from stored products where fungal decay in process, e.g. granary refuse, haystacks, etc. (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine it lives on wood-decay fungi and is found under bark on numerous tree species.

In Hungary it is found mainly in synanthropic habitats (stables, chicken pens, etc.), and is much rarer in natural habitats, in wood mould of cavities (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In the UK, wild sites are primarily historic parklands and other ancient woodpastures - old growth in the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

threats:
Although not threatened at European level, and able to live in synanthropic situations, its wild habitats of old decaying trees are threatened.

The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.

conservationAction:
In the UK it has conservation status as Nationally Scarce (Hyman and Parsons 1992); some of the best sites are protected. In Sweden it is regarded as Vulnerable.

In Hungary the species occurs in several protected areas, and, as it is common is synanthropic habitats, no specific measures are necessary.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.  

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, it occurs in a large number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species occurs throughout most of Europe. It is absent from Ireland. It is also known from the western part of northern Africa (Morocco), Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, western Siberia and Mongolia.

In Hungary this species is widespread all over the country. It is also widespread across much of England.

population:
A widespread and common species in Europe with stable populations.

In the UK it is very widespread and there are strong populations. It is common in Italy and it is not uncommon in the southern part of Finland.

It is common in central Europe. In particular in Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, althoughthe species is regarded as common in its localities. In Ukraine it is very common, often numerous.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. It develops most frequently in the fruiting brackets of the fungusPolyporus squamosus in the UK; adults are found beneath fungoid bark and at soft bracket fungi more widely; on a wide range of broad-leaved trees in a similarly wide variety of situations (Alexander 2002). The biology is the same asM. ater, but it mostly develops in the fungusLaetiporus sulphureusin Ukraine (Nikitskyet al. 1996). In Hungary this species lives in all kinds of  broad-leaved forests, sometimes also in conifer forests.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. However the loss of old trees and decaying wood are negative factors.

conservationAction:
No conservation measures in place other than general FSC guidelines. The species is common and occurs in several  protected areas (e.g. Hungary and UK). It is considered as Least Concern in Sweden.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of a lack of information about its abundance, trends, specific habitat requirement and threats.

EU 27 regional assessment: listed as Not Evaluated because the species does not occur in any EU Member State.

range:
This species is only known from Crimea (Ukraine) but is possibly also in southern Ukraine and southwestern Russia.

population:
There is little information available on the abundance of this species. The species is considered rare.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Its biology is poorly known but it is likely to depend on the availability of a good supply of wood-decay fungi. It occurs in broad-leaved temperate forest.

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors. The specific threats to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
Action is required to study occurrence, biology and abundance of this species.  It may occur in a protected area (Crimean Mountain Reservation) but this is uncertain.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population, habitat requirements, threats and conservation status of this species.
EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population, habitat requirements, threats and conservation status of this species.

range:
This species is only known from north-eastern Europe. It is found in Latvia and in central-western Russia. It is also known from Siberia, Far East, Mongolia and North Korea (Lobl and Smetana 2008).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. There is no information on the habitat requirements of this species but it is likely to require a substantial presence of wood-decay fungi.

conservationAction:
There is no information available regarding any conservation actions for this species.

redListAssessors:
Mannerkoski, I., Putchkov, A. & Tykarski, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities.  The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

EU 27 regional assessment:listed as Near Threatened because it is entirely dependent upon veteran trees as it inhabits decaying heartwood. This is a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, its Area of Occupancy is small as it is only found in veteran trees which are scattered across the landscape at very low densities.  The rate of loss of veteran trees has not been quantified, but it is significant, and it may potentially exceed 20% in the next ten years (= three generations). Moreover, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Once the existing veteran trees have died, there will be no replacements in many areas. Even if efforts are made now to re-plant appropriate tree species, there may still be a 'gap' during which time there would be very little suitable habitat available. Action is urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing veteran trees, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future.

range:
This species is known widely across Europe, except the Iberian and Scandinavian Peninsulas. The core of its distribution appears to be in Britain. In Ukraine it is present in the Carpathians and possibly in the western forest zone. In Italy it has not been recorded from the north, only from the southern part, Sardinia and Sicily.

population:
This species is very rare over most of its European range. However, in Britain is it widespread across much of country and populations appear strong, estimated at least 70 recent sites (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). In Hungary it is known from two localities only; both records are more than 90 years old (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009). In Ukraine it may be rare. In Slovakia it has only been recorded from before 1950. In Poland there is one single record for this species. In Greece there is no information, but it is probably present. In Bulgaria and Romania the species has been described from more than 200 years ago, no recent findings. In France it is widespread but very rare. In Germany it is present but there are no recent records. In Austria there are eight recent findings (Jäch1986).

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. Adults are associated with bracket fungi on large old broad-leaved trees, most oftenLaetiporus sulphureus,Polyporus squamosus andFistulina hepatica; most strongly associated with ancient wood pastures and historic parklands in Britain (Alexander 2002). There is no habitat or ecology information available for the other parts of its range - more research is needed. In Hungary as there are no extant populations known, no information is available about its habitat (O. Merkl pers. comm. 2009).

threats:
The main overall threat is likely to be degradation or loss of habitat quality, involving structural changes in the tree populations arising from changing land use – affecting age structures and tree density. Exploitation from forestry is often a key immediate issue, but equally damaging can be long-term changes towards canopy closure and loss of ancient trees as a result of non- or minimum-intervention management systems which all too often exclude grazing by large herbivores. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of beetle populations are also key factors.
Also the loss of old trees and decaying wood is a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
In the UK this species is not regarded as having any special interest but its habitat is covered by the general FSC guidelines; many sites are legally protected as the species tends to be present in most of the richer saproxylic sites (K.N.A. Alexander pers. comm. 2009). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany and as Near Threatened in Austria.

redListAssessors:
Petersson, R., Dodelin, B., Schlaghamersky, J., Alexander, K.N.A. &  Nardi, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (although increasingly fragmented), presumed large overall population, , it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

EU 27 regional assessment:  listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (although increasingly fragmented), presumed large overall population, , it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
This species is found throughout much of Europe. It is absent from Ireland. It also occurs in the Caucasus and Turkey. 

In Ukraine it occurs in the Carpathians and in the western part of the forest and forest-steppe zones. In Hungary this species is widespread in the hilly and mountainous regions. It is widespread in Britain, as far north as southern Scotland, and scarcer in the far west. In Portugal it was only recorded in the 19th century from the extreme north.

population:
A widespread and common species in Europe with stable populations.

In central Europe this species is not uncommon. In Hungary the population size and trend have not been quantified, although the species is regarded as common in its localities. In Ukraine it is not very common.

In Sweden the populations are stable and possibly increasing. In the UK it is widespread across lowland Britain but its distributionis increasingly fragmented and populations are increasingly isolated; some evidence for a significant decline has been recorded in recent decades.

habitat:
This is an obligate saproxylic species. In the UK adults are mainly found at fresh fruiting bodies of the bracket fungusFistulina hepatica, but also occasionallyLaetiporus sulphureus; on oakQuercustrunks; also reported from fungi on beechFagus although this may just beL. sulphureus (Alexander 2002). In Ukraine adults have been found in a wider variety of wood-decay fungi (Fistulina hepatica,Laetiporus sulphureus, Crepidotus mollis, C. cirrhatus). The adult beetles are active in VI-IX; both adult and larvae hibernate. The life cycle is one year (Nikitskyet al. 1996).Fistulinais the main host fungus in Germany.

In Hungary it occurs in broad-leaved forests, mainly in oak, hornbeam and beech. In the UK mainly in ancient wood pastures and historic parklands in the cultural landscape (Alexander 2002).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are in place other than FSC guidelines.

In the UK this species has no conservation status and it has been overlooked by UK conservation agencies. It should be graded Nationally Scarce. It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany because of the scarce resource, which isFistulina.

The species occurs in several protected areas (e.g. UK, Hungary).


redListCategoryRationale:
Alloxantha lutea is endemic to the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not considered rare and the population size is likely to be large. It occurs in four islands (Tenerife, La Palma, El Hierro and  La Gomera), and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category. However, more research is needed into the population  trend, ecology and  potential  threats to this species.

range:
Alloxantha lutea is endemic to the Canary Islands, and has been recorded from Tenerife and El Hierro (Švihla 1988), La Palma (Hernández-Ruiz and Pérez-López 1996) and La Gomera (X. Vázquez, pers. obs. 2016); records from Gran Canaria Island (García-Becerra and Peña-Estévez 1995) refer to Alloxantha fernandezi (X. Vázquez, pers. obs. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,500 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 104 km2.

population:
Nothing is known about the population dynamics of this species, but it is not considered rare. The population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
The adults show nocturnal activity and are attracted to artificial light. They have been collected from light traps, and one dead specimen was found in a gallery (tunnel made by wood-boring larva) on a dead branch of a fig tree (Ficus carica) (Hernández-Ruiz and Pérez-López 1996). The species has been reared from Launaea spinosa, and adults have been seen on Rumex lunaria and Micromeria sp., being active throughout the year. It is found at elevations between 20 m and 300 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population trend, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.

redListAssessors:
Vazquez, X., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C. & Soldati, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes fulvicollis is found more or less continuously throughout the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans and neighboring mountains, with isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees and central Germany. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a rather common species with a wide geographic range, it can be locally abundant in favourable habitats, the population trend is assumed to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Anogcodes fulvicollis is a montane species found more or less continuously throughout the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans and neighboring mountains, with isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees and central Germany. Old records from the Caucasus need confirmation (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
This species is sporadic but can be locally abundant in favourable habitats. Its frequency decreases at lower altitudes and it is almost absent from lowland plains. It is a rather common species with a wide geographic range. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larvae of this species are unknown at present, but it is assumed that they bore into rotten wood, like other species of the genus Anogcodes. The adults feed on pollen, and visit flowers of Lygustrum vulgare and Apiaceae (Heracleum, Laserpitium, Pimpinella) mainly near water bodies in conifer and mixed forests (Ghiliani 1887, Caillot 1919, Vázquez 2002). They are active from June to August and are found at elevations between 700 m and 2,060 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was named for a long time A. ustulatus (Fabricius, 1787), which should not be confused with A. ustulatus (Scopoli, 1763).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes melanurus has a very large geographic range and is found from western Europe throughout Siberia to Xinjian in China. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the population trend is assumed to be stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Anogcodes melanurus is widely distributed in central and eastern Europe, but is very sporadic southwards. It does not reach the southern slopes of the Pyrenees, being absent from the Iberian Peninsula, it only just reaches the Alps and is absent from most of Italy. To the North, it does not reach the parallel 60º, and it is absent from the Scandinavian Peninsula and North Sea countries. Its range spreads eastwards to central Siberia and Xinjiang in China, and southwards to northern Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
This is a common species with a large geographic range. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable. The isolated southern Alpine subpopulations are very rare and scattered (M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in wet decaying wood. The adults are polyphagous pollen-feeders, common in meadows and shrublands. They have been recorded from June to August at flowers of Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Cornus, Crepis, Galium, Plantago, Rhamnus, Spiraea, Syringa, Apiaceae and Poaceae. They are missing from dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014).

redListAssessors:
Vazquez, X., Alexander, K., Audisio, P., Legakis, A., Makris, C. & Soldati, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes ruficollis ranges from the southern slopes of the Alps, eastwards through Italy and the Balkan Peninsula to Ukraine and southern Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common where it occurs, the population trend is assumed to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Anogcodes ruficollis ranges from the southern slopes of the Alps (including the Canton of Ticino in Switzerland), eastwards through Italy and the Balkan Peninsula to Ukraine and southern Russia, Transcaucasus (Armenia, north-east Iran, northern Iraq), Anatolia and Syria. Northwards it extends to the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with old records from southern Poland that need confirmation (Kubisz 2006). Southwards it has been recorded from Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Tunisia, but does not reach either mainland France or the Iberian Peninsula (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008, Montalto and Bologna 2011, Allemand 2014). Old records from southeastern France (Nice province) published by Caillol (1919) need confirmation and are likely to be misidentifications.

population:
This is a common species with a large geographic range. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larvae of this species are unknown, but are likely to develop in rotten wood like other species of the genus Anogcodes. The adults are hygrophilous, since they prefer moist habitats, and are found on herbaceous plants especially in mesophilous broadleaf forests (Bologna 1997). They are active from April to August, feeding on the pollen of a number of flower species. Montalto and Bologna (2011) recorded adults on Alnus. Atanassova and Sivilov (2014) made a study of the pollen in crop contents, and found that the dominant pollen was from Euphorbia, Plantago and Apiaceae species, and secondary pollen included Artemisia, Crepis, Epipactis, Galium, Knautia, Matricaria, Ranunculus, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Scrophulariaceae species. This species is from from sea level up to 800 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes rufiventris has a large geographic range from Spain to Anatolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the population trend is assumed to be stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Anogcodes rufiventris is characteristic of central and eastern Europe, northwards hardly surpassing the 60º parallel. Westwards and southwards it shows montane tendencies, being restricted to major mountain chains, with isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees, Apennines and Corsica (these last slightly different morphologically to continental subpopulations). It is missing from Atlantic countries and from the Scandinavia mainland. In addition to Europe, it has been recorded from Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species, but it is common and has a large geographic range. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable. However, the southernmost subpopulations (Iberian peninsula, Apennines) are fragmented and isolated (M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The larvae of this species have been recorded from rotten, damp dead wood of coniferous trees including Pinus, Abies and Picea species. Larval development lasts two years. The adults feed on pollen and have been recorded visiting flowers of Daucus and Tilia species. This beetle is common in meadows, clearings and boundaries of temperate mixed forests, from May to September. It is absent from dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Fenerca et al. 2013). This species is found from sea level up to 1,560 m Asl.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a considerable amount of confusion regarding the nomenclature of the four subspecies of Anogcodes seladonius. According to Švihla (2008), which is the most recent reliable source, the correct nomenclature of the A. seladonius complex is:   Anogcodes seladonius seladonius (Fabricius, 1792)  Anogcodes seladonius alpinus (W. Schmidt, 1846) Anogcodes seladonius azureus (W. Schmidt, 1846) Anogcodes seladonius austriacus (Ganglbauer, 1881) Anogcodes seladonius turcicus (W. Schmidt, 1846)  These four subspecies may in reality be four different species and further taxonomic research is required.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes seladonius occurs in the Mediterranean region and in the southernmost part of the temperate forest regions of Europe, North Africa and Anatolia in Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the population trend is assumed to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Taxonomic research is needed to determine if the four known subspecies may be valid species. The subspecies found in the Alps and Pannonian Plain are poorly known and more research is recommended into their population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats.

range:
Anogcodes seladonius occurs in the Mediterranean region and in the southernmost part of the temperate forest regions of Europe, North Africa and Anatolia in Asian Turkey. There are four subspecies recognised; A. seladonius seladonius occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, central and southern France, Italy (Liguria, Toscana and Lazio), Corsica and Sardinia, and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia); A. seladonius alpinus seems to be endemic to the Alps; A. seladonius austriacus seems to be a Pannonian species (from easternmost part of Austria through Hungary to western Romania and northern Serbia); A. seladonius turcicus occurs in the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2004, Švihla 2008, Montalto and Bologna 2011, Allemand 2014). Records from the Balearic Islands (Vázquez 2002) and Germany (Švihla 2008) need to be verified.

population:
Even though nothing has been published on its population dynamics, this species is common and has a large geographic range. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable. The subspecies A. s. alpinus and A. s. austriacus, are rare and localized, while the other two subspecies are much more common and widespread.

habitat:
The larvae of this species have been recorded from rotten moist dead wood of Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis and Populus sp. The adults feed on pollen, being very polyphagous; they have been recorded from the flowers of species of Centaurea, Cistus, Convolvulus, Daucus, Euphorbia, Ferula, Galactites, Galium, Hirschfeldia, Lepidium, Lolium, Matricaria, Plantago, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Scirpus, Sorbus, Thapsia and Brassicaceae, more commonly near watercourses, in spring and summer (April-August). This species prefers warm habitats and is common in Mediterranean environments and in the southernmost parts of temperate mixed forest (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008, Montalto and Bologna 2011, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014). it is found from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species. If the four subspecies are shown to be in fact four valid species, A. s. alpinus and A. s. austriacus may be at a higher risk of extinction since these subspecies are rare and localized.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, to determine if the subspecies are in fact, distinct species.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was previously known as A. ferrugineus (Schrank, 1776) and A. adustus (Panzer, 1795). On the other hand, it should not be confused with A. ustulatus (Fabricius, 1787).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anogcodes ustulatus is common in eastern Europe, but only very occasional in western Europe, in the Mediterranean, Scandinavian and Baltic countries. Its range extends throughout Russia to the south of Central Siberia and it has also been recorded from Anatolia and Iran. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to it.

range:
Anogcodes ustulatus is common in eastern Europe, but only very occasional in western Europe, in the Mediterranean, Scandinavian and Baltic countries. It reaches eastern France, being absent from the Iberian Peninsula and from Greece. In Italy, it is restricted to north-eastern regions (M. A. Bolona pers. comm. 2016). To the north it reaches approximately the 55º parallel, although there is an isolated record from Estonia. Its range extends throughout Russia to the south of Central Siberia. It has also been recorded from Anatolia (Asian Turkey) and Iran (Miländer 2000, Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
The population size and current trends of this species are unknown, but it is a common species with a large geographic range. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable and the population size very large. However, the southern European subpopulations seem to be small and isolated (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in old dead wood of Pinus, Picea, Populus and Quercus tree species. They have been recorded from trunks, stakes and old railway sleepers. The adults feed on pollen and can be found on flowers of Crataegus, Prunus and Apiaceae species from June to August (Vázquez 2002, Sivilov 2012).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Calopus serraticornis is widely distributed in central, eastern, and northern Europe, where its range is more or less continuous from northern Scandinavia to the Alps, Vosges (north-eastern France), and the Carpathians. The species also occurs in the Caucasus and Siberia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population trend is table and the population size is likely to be large. It is a rather sporadic species, especially southwards, but it is presumably greatly under-recorded since adults are nocturnal.

range:
Calopus serraticornis is widely distributed in central, eastern, and northern Europe, where its range is more or less continuous from northern Scandinavia to the Alps, Vosges (north-eastern France), and the Carpathians. It is absent from the lowlands of North Sea countries and the Pannonian Plain (most parts of Hungary to western Romania and northern Serbia). Its range is scattered in the Balkan peninsula, with isolated subpopulations in the Pirin and Rhodope mountains (south-west Bulgaria) and Mount Parnassus (central Greece). In the Italian Alps its distribution is scattered, except in the eastern portion (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). Four subpopulations are known from the Majella massif in the Apennines (Bologna, 2005). In the Iberian peninsula it becomes very sporadic and rare, with isolated subpopulations in favourable habitats, often above 2,000 m in the Pyrenees. The species also occurs in the Caucasus and Siberia (Vázquez 2002, Bologna 2005, Švihla 2008).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species. It is a rather sporadic species, especially southwards, but it is presumably greatly under-recorded since adults are nocturnal. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable and the population size is probably large.

habitat:
This is a forest species. The larvae develop in rotten wood, mainly of coniferous, but also of broadleaved trees. They have been recorded many times in structural timber (stacks, posts, beams on old sheds and farms buildings), but they are not considered destructive. They have been found in the underground parts of stumps of 70– 90 years old Picea abies left behind after felling in Eastern Sudetes (Poland). The larvae have also been recorded in exotic coniferous (Picea rubens). The adults occur in forests beneath the bark of fallen trees and stumps, where they hibernate. They are nocturnal, flying in the evening and at night, and are frequently attracted to light, particularly illuminated walls. In the central Apennines, diurnal activity has been observed in an isolated subpopulation (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016).  Flight period extends from March to July, depending on latitude and altitude. Specimens have been caught in forests of Pinus uncinata and Abies alba in the Pyrenees, forests of Pinus mugo in the central Apennines, and managed  forests of Pinus cembra in Savoie, France (Vázquez 1993, Vázquez 2002, Dominik 2003, Bologna 2005, Dodelin and Lempérière 2005, Skrzecz and Bulka 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.

threats:
Since it is a forest species, loss of woodlands through acid rain in central and northern Europe could threaten this species in those areas.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Research is recommended into the impacts of the threats on this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chrysanthia cyprica is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common on the island, the population trend is thought to be stable, and no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed however into the population size, distribution, life history, and ecology of this species.

range:
Chrysanthia cyprica is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Švihla 1999, 2008). It is found from the coast up to mountainous terrain, in forested areas (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

population:
The population trend has not been documented, but this species is very common and the population trend is thought to be stable (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
There are few data on the habitat and ecology of this species. Like other species in the genus Chrysanthia, the larvae probably develop in rotten wood of coniferous trees. The adults feed on pollen of flowers, especially Cistus species (M.A. Bologna and C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, and ecology.


taxonomicNotes:
There are four subspecies of Chrysanthia geniculata:  Chrysanthia geniculata geniculata (W. Schmidt, 1846) Chrysanthia geniculata integricollis Heyden, 1886 Chrysanthia geniculata chinensis Švihla, 1999 Chrysanthia geniculata viatica Lewis, 1895

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chrysanthia geniculata has a very wide geographic range, from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan. In Europe it is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the population trend is assumed to be stable and the population size is likely to be very large. In addition, there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Chrysanthia geniculata has a very wide geographic range, from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan, but it is split into four subspecies. In Europe C. g. geniculata has a wide distribution. It is very common in eastern and northern Europe, while towards the west and south it becomes more uncommon and sporadic, especially in Mediterranean countries. In the UK it has an isolated, relict subpopulation in the easternmost area of Scotland´s Caledonian Forest of Pinus sylvestris (Aberdeenshire). Its range extends to the Caucasus, Anatolia (Asian Turkey) and East Siberia. In the Russian Far East and Korea, it is replaced by C. g. integricollis; C. g. chinensis occurs in Central China, and C. g. viatica  in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and Japan (Skidmore 1973, Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
There are no available data on its population dynamics, but it is a common species with a very large geographic range. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable and the population size very large.

habitat:
Larvae have been found in the soft decayed white-rotten heartwood of an old fallen pine Pinus branch (5 cm thick) lying beneath tufts of moss and heather at the single known Scottish site (Skidmore, 1973) and the adult has also been reared from a pine branch containing larvae on another occasion (Owen and Mendel, 1992). The adults are common in  coniferous forest, and are very polyphagous, feeding on the pollen of flowers of Achillea, Carex, Cirsium, Crataegus, Crepis, Dianthus, Epipogium, Erica, Galium, Hieracium, Hypochaeris, Leontodon, Matricaria, Potentilla, Rumex, Senecio, Taraxacum and Apiaceae species. They are active from June to August or September. The species is common in boreal and temperate forests, and sporadic in dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014).


redListCategoryRationale:
Chrysanthia hamata is endemic to the south of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally abundant and its population trend is thought to be stable. However, more research is needed into the population trend and potential threats to this species.

range:
Chrysanthia hamata is endemic to the southern and south-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008). It is found in the Baetic and Subbaetic Systems of Andalusia, Murcia and Albacete, including Sierra Bermeja, Sierra de Alcaraz, Sierra de Cazorla, Sierra de Segura, Sierra de Salinas, Sierra de La Pila, Sierra del Carche, and Sierra de Espuña.

population:
No studies on the population dynamics of this species have been published. However, it is locally abundant and the population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The larva of this species is unknown, but it probably develops in rotten wood of coniferous trees, like other species in the genus Chrysanthia. The adults feed on pollen and have been recorded on flowers of Avena, Cistus and Melica species. They inhabit woodlands of Pinus nigra salzmanni and Pinus halepensis in May and June. The species inhabits sclerophyllous Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008).

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean coniferous forests through wildfire or logging could threaten this species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chrysanthia reitteri is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is assumed to be stable and it is quite common where it occurs. However, more research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Chrysanthia reitteri is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is found from the Atlantic region (Galicia and Portugal), throughout the central peninsula and Andalusia, to the Mediterranean where it reaches the province of Castellón to the north. Its range is partially allopatric with the range of Chrysanthia viridissima (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species, but it is common inmany parts ofthe IberianPeninsula. The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larva of this species is unknown, but probably develops in the rotten wood of coniferous trees, like other species in the genus Chrysanthia. The adults are polyphagous, and have been recorded feeding on pollen of flowers of Cistus, Galium, Helianthemum, Santolina, Scabiosa, Thymus and Apiaceae species from April to July. This species mainly inhabits dry Mediterranean environments, especially in forests of Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008, Ruiz 2008). It is found from sea level up to 1,850 m Asl.

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean coniferous forests through wildfires or logging could threaten this species. However, the impacts of these threats on the species are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chrysanthia superba is a north African species ranging from Morocco to Libya, reaching Europe only in the south-western Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in central and southern Portugal and western and central Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather common, has a stable population trend and no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Chrysanthia superba is a north African species ranging from Morocco to Cyrenaica in Libya, reaching Europe only in the south-western Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in central and southern Portugal (Algarve, Baixo Alentejo, Beira Alta, Beira Litoral, Estremadura, Ribatejo; northwards to Serra da Estrela), and western and central Spain (western Andalusia, Extremadura; northwards to Central System) (Vázquez 2002, Grosso-Silva 2005, Švihla 2008, Sáenz-Bolaño et al. 2012).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species, but it is rather common with relatively wide range in the Iberian Peninsula. The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larva of this species is unknown, but probably develops in the rotten wood of coniferous trees, like other species in the genus Chrysanthia. The adults feed on pollen and have been recorded from flowers of Carpobrotus species in coastal dunes, and at Cistus, Daucus, Galium and Thapsia species inland. They are active from May to July. This species is adapted to dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Sáenz-Bolaño et al. 2012) and is found from sea level up to 860 m Asl.


taxonomicNotes:
Chrysanthia varipes has two subspecies:  Chrysanthia varipes varipes Kiesenwetter, 1861 Chrysanthia varipes planiceps Kiesenwetter, 1878

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chrysanthia varipes is found in the Balkan Peninsula, north-east Asian Turkey and in the Caucasus. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and common where it occurs. However, it may be threatened by an increasing frequency of wildfires in the Mediterranean area, and by overgrazing by cattle. More research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats to this species.

range:
Two subspecies of Chrysanthia varipes have been recognised. In Europe, the subspecies C. varipes varipes is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula, where its range is poorly known. A second subspecies, C. varipes planiceps occurs in north-east Asian Turkey and in the Caucasus (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species and the population trend is unknown. However, the species is locally common in parts of Greece, such as the northwestern Peloponnesus (Achaia and Ilia) and central Greece (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The larva of this species is unknown, but it is assumed to be saproxylic, like other species in the genus Chrysanthia. It is mainly found at lower elevations in pine forests (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). The adults are pollen-feeding, flying in May and June. Pollen analysis of the contents of their alimentary canal has shown that the dominant pollen is of Matricaria type, and the secondary pollen is Centaurea and Poaceae (Vázquez 2002, Atanasova and Sivilov 2014). It is also found on flowers of Apiaceae and Cistus (A. Liberto and M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
This species may be threatened by wildfires, following an increase in their frequency in the Mediterranean area, and also by overgrazing by cattle (A. Legakis, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas at least in Greece. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chrysanthia viridissima is widely distributed in Europe. It ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Russia, being common in central and eastern Europe and reaching southern Scandinavia. Its range extends beyond Europe to eastern Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is common where it occurs, the population trend is stable and very large. In addition, there are no major threats to it.

range:
Chrysanthia viridissima is widely distributed in Europe. It ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Russia, being common in central and eastern Europe and reaching southern Scandinavia. It is absent from the Atlantic areas. Northwards it scarcely goes beyond parallel 60º. Southward (Spain, Italy, Greece) it becomes more sporadic and shows montane trends, inhabiting the main mountain chains (Cantabrian Mountains, Iberian, Central and Baetic Systems; Apennines, south to Calabria, it has also been found in the slopes of the Etna Volcano in Sicily; Mount Olympus in Greece). Its range extends beyond Europe to eastern Siberia (Bologna 1977, Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
The species is common and has a very large geographical range. The population trend is assumed to be stable and the population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
The larva of this species was described by Westwood (1839), Heqvist (1956) and Rozen (1960) from dead resinous conifer wood.  The adults are very polyphagous, feeding on pollen of a great variety of flowers in coniferous forests, including Acinos, Achillea, Anthemis, Calamintha, Cerastium, Chrysanthemum, Cistus, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Crepis, Daucus, Epilobium, Erica, Eryngium, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Galium, Helichrysum, Heracleum, Hypericum, Knautia, Leucanthemum, Lotus, Lycopus, Matricaria, Mentha, Origanum, Pinus, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Spiraea, Tanacetum, Trifolium, Thymus, Valeriana and Poaceae species. They are active from May to August. The species is common in temperate forests, but sporadic in boreal forest as well as in dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Zych 2007, Atanasova 2014).

threats:
There are no major threats to this widespread species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies of Ditylus laevis currently recognised:  Ditylus laevis laevis (Fabricius, 1787) Ditylus laevis oxianus Švihla, 1993

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Ditylus laevis  is distributed in the central and eastern Palearctic region (Siberia, north-east China, Japan). It reaches Europe only marginally, being very sporadic. It occurs mainly in the eastern part of Europe (Russia, Finland, Belarus, Baltic countries) and is very rare in Central Europe, where most records are old. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in boreal forests, and there is no evidence of decline in the eastern part of its range (European Russia). In the EU 28 it is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 700,000 km2, area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 70 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is subject to loss of habitat due to a decrease in the volume of rotten wood in watercourses (due to river regulation and safety considerations), and since it is a forest species, loss of woodlands through acid rain in central and northern Europe also poses a threat. In addition, collection of specimens for non-scientific purposes and trade may cause a decline in the population in the future. More research is needed into the population trend and potential threats to this species in Central Europe, which represents the western limit of its range and where it issuspected to have already gone extinct in several areas. Resource and habitat protection is recommended for this species.

range:
Ditylus laevis has two recognised subspecies. D. laevis laevis is distributed in the central and eastern Palearctic region (Siberia, Russian Far East, Kuril Islands, Korea, north-east China, Japan). It reaches Europe only marginally, being very sporadic. It occurs mainly in the eastern part of Europe (Russia, Finland, Belarus, Baltic countries). It is very rare in central Europe, where most records are old, and where it is probably now extinct in several regions (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008, Mateleshko 2008). Historical records from Sweden are assumed to be erroneous (N. Jansson, pers. com. 2016). 
A second subspecies, D. laevis oxianus, occurs in east Turkmenistan (Švihla 2008). In the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is ca 700,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 70 km2.

population:
In Europe, this species occurs mainly in the east, being very rare in central Europe, where most records are old, and where it is probably now extinct in several regions. In the EU 28 region the population size and current trend are assumed to be decreasing, and the population is thought to be severely fragmented. The subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is very rare in Latvia where there have only been 5 records in 100 years but in European Russia it may be under-recorded (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
The larvae of this species live in rotten wood, mainly that of coniferous trees  (including bridge supports, dike timbers, etc.), which are often very wet and even waterlogged, and they develop for two years. The adult is found in or on the wood (trunks, stumps) in which the larvae develop, or in its proximity, occasionally on flowering shrubs. They are active attwilight, from May to July (Vázquez 2002).

threats:
This species is very rare in Central Europe. Collection of specimens for non-scientific purposes and trade may cause a decline in its population in the future.In addition, since it isa forest species, loss of woodlands through acid rain in central and northern Europe could pose a threat. It is also subject to loss of habitat due to a decrease in the volume of rotten wood in watercourses (due to river regulation and safety considerations). However, in European Russia and Latvia these threats may not apply and there is no evidence of loss of habitat in these areas (D. Telnov, pers. comm. 2016).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Extinct in Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009) and Endangered in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010). More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species. Resource and habitat protection is recommended for this species.

useAndTrade:
Ditylus laevis is sought by insect collectors, and is threatened by commercial activity (Franc 2002).

redListAssessors:
Vazquez, X., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Audisio, P., Dodelin, B., Legakis, A., Makris, C., Merkl, O., Schlaghamersky, J., Soldati, F. & Telnov, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Ischnomera auripennis is known from mainland Greece (Peloponnesus, Fokida), the islands of Naxos and Lesbos, and western Anatolia in Asian Turkey. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires or logging could threaten to this species. More research is needed into the population trend, life history and into the impacts of the threats on the population.

range:
Ischnomera auripennis is known from mainland Greece (Peloponnesus, Fokida), the islands of Naxos and Lesbos, and western Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008, Brustel and Kakiopoulos 2009). In Europe is is only known from five localities, with a large extent of occurrence (EOO), however its known AOO is only 20 km².

population:
There is no detailed information available on the population size and trend. The species seems to be extremely rare (A. Liberto, pers. com. 2016). The population is considered severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The natural history of this species is unknown. It is assumed that the larvae are saproxylic, like other species in the genus Ischnomera. The adults have been recorded form late April to mid June and probably feed on pollen (Vázquez 2002). It has been collected at least once in late June by traps positioned on oaks in southern Turkey (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires or logging could threaten to this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (on Naxos). More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ischnomera caerulea is found in central and south-eastern Europe, with isolated subpopulations in the southern Italic Peninsula and Sicily. Its range extends eastwards to Anatolia (Asian Turkey), the Caucasus and northern Iran. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common over large parts of its range, and the population size is likely to be very large. In addition, there are no major threats to it.

range:
Ischnomera caerulea is found in central and south-eastern Europe, with isolated subpopulations in the southern Italic Peninsula and Sicily. Its range extends eastwards to Anatolia (Asian Turkey), the Caucasus and northern Iran, but its full range is not yet established, due to confusion with other species, mainly Ischnomera cyanea. It is the dominant species in Sweden, but it is absent from the Atlantic seaboard, Denmark and northern Germany (Švihla 1988, Švihla 2008, Vázquez 2002). The species is rare in the UK where it is confined to a few relict old growth areas across lowland England (Alexander et al. 2014).

population:
This species is generally common where it occurs - the UK is an exception. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable and the population size is likely to be very large.

habitat:
The larvae of Ischnomera caerulea develop in relatively soft, rotting wood - white-rot - of broadleaf trees, especially Quercus, but they have been also reported from Aesculus, Acer, Fagus and Ulmus. The adults have been found mainly in Crataegus blossom, where they feed on pollen, as well as in Quercus, being active from April to July. The species is associated with old broadleaf temperate forests and it is absent from both sclerophyllous Mediterranean and boreal forests (Vázquez 2002). It is found from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Most of the UK sites have some protection. Taxonomic research is recommended due to the confusion between this species and I. cyanea. Further research is also required into the distribution, population trend and life history of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Ischnomera cinerascens has three subspecies:  Ischnomera cinerascens cinerascens (Pandellé in Grenier, 1867) Ischnomera cinerascens reitteri Ganglbauer, 1881 Ischnomera cinerascens kurdistana Švihla, 1998

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ischnomera cinerascens is found in central Europe, southern Great Britain and southern Scandinavia, in the central Iberian Peninsula, in the central and southern Apennines and in Sicily. It is also found in the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia and the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and in northern Iraq. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
There are three recognised subspecies of Ischnomera cinerascens. I. cinerascens cinerascens has a Central European distribution, being also present in southern Great Britain and southern Scandinavia. It has isolated subpopulations in central Iberian Peninsula, central and southern Apennines and Sicily. It does not occur in sclerophyllous Mediterranean environments. I. cinerascens reitteri, is a subspecies found in the southern Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia and the Caucasus.  I. cinerascens kurdistana occurs in eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq (Angelini et al. 1995, Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008, Lencina et al. 2008).

population:
This species has a wide geographic distribution and is locally common. The population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in white-rotten wood of broadleaf trees. They have been recorded from Acer, Quercus, Sorbus  and Ulmus. The adults feed on pollen and have been found in Crataegus and Apiaceae, from April to July. It is absent from Mediterranean sclerophyllous environments as well as from boreal forest biome (Vázquez 2002). It is found from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl in the southern Apennines (Pollino Massif) (M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Agricultural intensification may pose a local threat to this species due to clearance of trees and scrub. Lack of replacement of trees in the landscape may also pose a threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. It is assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden, considered 'nationally scarce' in the United Kingdom, and Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (ArtDatabanken 2015, Alexander et al. 2014, Švihla 2005).

redListAssessors:
Vazquez, X., Alexander, K., Aleksandrowicz, O., Audisio, P., Dodelin, B., Istrate, P., Jansson, N., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C., Merkl, O., Pettersson, R., Schlaghamersky, J., Soldati, F. & Telnov, D.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ischnomera cyanea is a typical central European species that becomes rarer and more sporadic northwards, southwards and eastwards. It is also found in north Anatolia in Asian Turkey. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, relatively common and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

range:
Ischnomera cyanea is a typical central European species that becomes rarer and more sporadic northwards, southwards and eastwards. It is the commonest species of Ischnomera in Great Britain and Central Europe. It hardly extends south of the Pyrenees, but in southern Europe it reaches Calabria in Italy and the Peloponnesus in Greece. Towards the east, it reaches Crimea in Ukraine. It is very sporadic in Scandinavia. It is also found in north  Anatolia in Asian Turkey. Its distribution is incompletely known because records earlier than the 1980s are unreliable, due to confusion with other Ischnomera species, mainly I. caerulea. It is absent from dry Mediterranean environments as well as from boreal forest biome (Vázquez 2002, Kubisz et al. 2007, Švihla 2008).

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is a relatively common species and the population trend is assumed to be stable. The population size is likely to be large.

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in relatively soft, rotting wood - white-rot - of several broadleaf trees (Acer, Castanea, Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Salix, Ulmus). The adults are polyphagous pollen-feeding using a wide variety of pollen of herbaceous plants and different arboreal species for food, including  Acer, Betula, Carpinus, Crataegus, Crepis, Helianthemum, Matricaria, Plantago, Pinus, Populus, Potentilla, Quercus, Reseda, Rosa, Rumex, Salix, Sambucus, Sorbus and Tilia, as well as Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae. They are active mainly form April to July. The species is associated with old deciduous forests and is absent from sclerophyllous Mediterranean environments and boreal coniferous forests (Vázquez 2002, Sivilov et.al. 2011, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014). It also occurs in old hedgerows in the agricultural lowlands of the UK (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016). It is found from sea level up to 1,650 m Asl in the southern Apennines (Pollino Massif) (M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Agricultural intensification may pose a local threat to this species due to clearance of trees and scrub. Lack of replacement of trees in the landscape may also pose a threat. The loss of large hollow trees is a threat in the northern part of its distribution.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. It is assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Ischnomera fulvicollis is known from the mountainous areas of Crete, the island of Ikaria (Greece) and Cyprus. It is also found in southern and eastern Anatolia in Asian Turkey. In Europe this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO is  estimated to be 20 km²), and the population is severely fragmented, thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires could threaten this species. However, the impact of this threat on the population is unknown and more research is needed, as well as into the population trend and life history of this beetle.

range:
In Europe, Ischnomera fulvicollis is only known from the mountainous areas of Crete, the island of Ikaria (Greece) and Cyprus. It is also found in southern and eastern Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Švihla 1988, Švihla 1996, Švihla 2008, Vázquez 2002, Kubisz et al. 2007). It is possible that this species occurs in other Greek Aegean islands. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), but its current known AOO is only 20 km².

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species. It is sporadic in Cyprus (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016), but can be locally abundant (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). The population in Europe is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The larvae are probably saproxylic like the other species in the genus Ischnomera. The adults have been recorded from April to June (Vázquez 2002). It is a species from sclerophyllous Mediterranean forest. On Cyprus it has been found on Smyrnium flowers (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016) and on Quercus coccifera and Q. alnifolia (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016). All known localities on Cyprus are found in forested areas in the mountains (C. Makris, pers. comm. 2016).

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires could threaten this species. However, its impact on the population of this species is unknown.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is found in several protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Ischnomera haemorrhoidalis is found in the southern Peloponnesus, the island of Lesbos in Greece, and in European Turkey. It is also widespread in Anatolia (Asian Turkey). In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO is 12 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Loss of Mediterranean forests through fire or logging could threaten this species. However, the impacts of these threats on the population are unknown. It is also unknown whether there is any immigration from Asian Turkey into Europe and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. More research is needed into the population trend, life history and  into the impacts of the threats on the population.

range:
Ischnomera haemorrhoidalis is widespread in Anatolia (Asian Turkey) but, as far as is known, only occurs   in Europe in the southern Peloponnesus and island of Lesbos in Greece, and in European Turkey (Švihla   1988, 1996, 1997, 2008; Vázquez 2002, Brustel and Kakiopoulos 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is well above the criterion B1 threshold, but its known AOO is only 12 km².

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species. It is considered to be a rare species and the population is severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

habitat:
The natural history of this species is unknown, but probably the larva is saproxylic and the adults are found in flowers feeding on pollen, like other species in the genus Ischnomera. The adults have been recorded form May and June (Vázquez 2002). It is known from sclerophyllous Mediterranean forest.

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean forests through fire or logging could threaten this species. However, the impacts of these threats on the population are unknown.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Greece. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ischnomera sanguinicollis is a typical Central European species of broadleaf woodlands that becomes rare and sporadic southwards, northwards, eastwards and westwards. It occurs also in Anatolia in Asian Turkey. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare in several countries throughout its range, it can be locally common and its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 2,000 km2.

range:
Ischnomera sanguinicollis is a typical Central European species of broadleaf woodlands that becomes rare and sporadic southwards, northwards, eastwards and westwards. As such habitat is now fragmentary in Europe, its distribution is also currently fragmented. In southern Europe it has isolated subpopulations in the Italian peninsula in the southern Apennines (from southern Latium to Calabria, M.A. Bologna, pers. comm. 2016), as well as in the Pyrenees (Švihla 1988, Švihla 2008, Vázquez 2002). Only a single subpopulation is known from Ireland (Alexander and Anderson 2012) and the species is scarce and highly localised across the southern part of Great Britain (Alexander et al. 2014). It is absent from Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and boreal pinewoods. It occurs also in Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Kubisz et al. 2007). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 2,000 km2.

population:
There is no detailed information available on the population size and trend of this species. It is not rare across much of its range, and can be locally abundant. The population trend is assumed to be stable, and the species may even be under-recorded. However, it is considered to be rare in several countries.

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in moist, rotting wood of Acer, Alnus, Fagus and Ulmus species, and rarely in that of conifers (Abies alba), being considered a specialist of white-rotten wood  (Kubisz 2006). The adults hatch in late autumn and overwinter at the pupation site. They are active mainly from April to June. They are pollen-feeding and have been recorded on flowers of Acer, Berberis, Crataegus, Quercus, Robinia, Sorbus, Tilia and Viburnum species, and have been found in the foliage of these trees and in Ulmus. The species is allied to old, deciduous forests but in England is known to occur in veteran trees in ancient landscapes (Vázquez 2002). In Greece, it might also develop in the wood of Abies cephalonica (A. Liberto, pers. comm. 2016). This species is found from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.

threats:
Agricultural intensification may pose a local threat to this species due to clearance of trees and scrub. Lack of replacement of trees in the landscape may also pose a threat. The loss of large hollow trees such as Ulmus (due to Dutch elm-disease) is a threat in the northern part of its distribution.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. This species is assessed as Endangered in Sweden, nationally scarce in Great Britain, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, and is considered threatened in Germany (ArtDatabanken 2015, Alexander et al. 2014, Švihla 2005, Geiser 1998). The southern Italian subpopulations are scattered and relatively scarce but several occur in protected areas (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). The single Irish site has some protection (K.N.A. Alexander, pers. comm. 2016).


redListCategoryRationale:
Ischnomera xanthoderes is widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, being only absent from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. It also occurs in the Mediterranean littoral of France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, can be locally abundant, and the population trend is stable. More research is needed into the population trend and potential threats to this species, as well as its life history and ecology.

range:
Ischnomera xanthoderes is widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, being only absent from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. Its range is scattered but can be locally abundant. It occurs also in the Mediterranean littoral of France. It is missing from the Italian peninsula, but there is one record from Sicily,although it probably refers to Ischnomera tenietensis, a species found in the Maghreb (Švihla 1988, Vázquez 2002, Allemand 2014).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species. It is relatively widespread and can be locally abundant. The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The biology of this species is poorly known. The larva is unknown, but probably develops in rotten wood of broadleaf trees, like other species in the genus Ischnomera. The adults feed on pollen and have been recorded on flowers of Cistus and Thapsia species, and found in Quercus blossom, manly in May. Adults have been found in situ in deadwood during autumn and winter (Vázquez 2002). It can be found up to 1,300 m Asl.

threats:
The loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires or logging could threaten this species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are four subspecies of Nacerdes carniolica:  Nacerdes carniolica carniolica (Gistl, 1834) Nacerdes carniolica foveata (Fairmaire, 1892) Nacerdes carniolica peloponesica Švihla, 1991 Nacerdes carniolica atlantica Allemand, 1993

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Nacerdes carniolica is found in southern Europe and the southern part of Central Europe. Its occurrence in widely separated localities in Sweden, eastern Poland and eastern Belarus may be considered as relict. It is also found in southern Anatolia (Asian Turkey). In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rather uncommon, it has a very large geographic range and is presumably greatly under-recorded since adults are nocturnal. In addition, the population trend is assumed to be stable and there are no major threats to it.

range:
Nacerdes carniolica is split into four chromatic subspecies. N. carniolica carniolica is found in southern Europe and the southern part of Central Europe. It has isolated subpopulations in the central Iberian peninsula, the Apennines (south to Calabria, M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016), Corsica and the Caucasus. Its  occurrence in widely separated localities in Sweden (Gotska Sandön), eastern Poland and eastern Belarus may be considered as relict.  N. carniolica atlantica is restricted to southwestern France and northwestern Spain. Both subspecies contact in the Basque Country, Navarra and Tarn where they occur mixed in the same locality. N. carniolica  peloponesica is known from southern Greece and Crete. A fourth subspecies, N. carniolica  foveata is known from southern Anatolia (Švihla 1991, Švihla 2008, Allemand 1993, Alexandrovitch et al. 1996, Vázquez 2002).

population:
There are no population data available. The species is rather uncommon, but is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larvae of this species develop in the decayed wood of trunks, stumps or branches of Pinus and Abies. The development lasts several years and the larvae pupate in chambers located close to the surface. The adults are easily reared in captivity. The adults are crepuscular and nocturnal, eating pollen of fragrant flowers, including Artemisia, Campanula, Castanea, Dianthus, Galium, Mentha, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rumex, Salvia, Saponaria, Silene and Tilia, as well as Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae species.  They are attracted to light, sugar and alcohol traps. During the day,  they remain hidden among foliage, under bark or in bark crevices. They  are active from May to August, especially in temperate mixed forests, being less common in dry Mediterranean environments (Vázquez 2002, Gutowski et al. 2012, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014). This species is found from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats to this species. It is assessed as Endangered in the Czech Republic and as Vulnerable in Sweden (Švihla 2005, ArtDataBanken 2015).


taxonomicNotes:
There are two subspecies of Nacerdes gracilis:  Nacerdes gracilis gracilis (Schmidt, 1846) Nacerdes gracilis bellieri (Reiche, 1861)

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Nacerdes gracilis occurs in the south part of central Europe where it is rather sporadic and scattered, and its range is poorly known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.

range:
There are two recognised subspecies of Nacerdes gracilis, both found in Europe. N. gracilis gracilis occurs in the south part of central Europe where it is rather sporadic and scattered, and its range is poorly known. It ranges more or less continuously from eastern France, throughout the Alps (northern Italy, southern Switzerland, southern Austria, Slovenia) to southern Hungary, eastern Romania and northern Balkan Peninsula. It has isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees, Greece and the Caucasus. Records from Ukraine and southern Russia (Švihla 2008) need to be verified. The subpopulations of Corsica are chromatically different from those of the mainland and are regarded as a different subspecies, N. gracilis bellieri (Vázquez 2002, Allemand 2014). Records of N. g. bellieri from Switzerland by Švihla (2008) are erroneous.

population:
There is very little information on the population size and trend of this species. It seems to be uncommon, with a scattered range and isolated peripheral subpopulations,  but it is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The natural history of this species is poorly-known. Probably it is similar to the well-known N. carniolica, developing in rotten wood. Both species live together in some localities, where both are attracted to light. Mulsant (1857) recorded some flower species used for feeding by adults and a possible development in Pinus, Abies, and Picea wood. It is active in July and August (Vázquez 2002) and found at altitudes up to 1,300 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Nacerdes hesperica is a very uncommon species occurring only in three mountain areas in south-eastern Spain: Sierra de Cazorla, Sierra de Alcaraz and Sierra Seca (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,400 km2, known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2), and it is considered to occur at only three locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The threats to this species are poorly known, but it is suspected that over-exploitation of the forests it inhabits as well as forest fires can threaten this species. In addition, because it is nocturnal and attracted by artificial light, light pollution (street lighting, vehicles) also poses a threat. The protection of this species should focus on the conservation and protection of the forests where it occurs. Over-exploitation of timber should be avoided, and precautions should be taken to prevent forest fires. In addition, since it is attracted by artificial light, mercury vapour lamps - which strongly attract nocturnal insects - should be replaced by low attraction lamps. Further research is also needed into the population trend, life history and into the impacts of the threats on the population of this species.

range:
Nacerdes hesperica is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and is only known from a few mountain localities in south-eastern Spain (Sierra de Cazorla, Sierra de Alcaraz, Sierra Seca) (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,440 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 20 km2.

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size and trend. The species seems to be very scarce, but is presumably under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The biology of this species is virtually unknown. The larva probably develops in rotten wood of coniferous trees, like other species in the genus Nacerdes. Adults have been recorded in forests of Pinus nigra salzmannii from early July to mid August and have nocturnal activity, being attracted to light (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2014). It is found at elevations between 758 m and 1,800 m Asl.

threats:
The threats to this species are poorly known, but it is suspected that over-exploitation of the forests it inhabits as well as forest fires canthreaten this species. In addition, because it is  nocturnal and attracted by artificial light, light pollution (street lighting, vehicles) also poses a threat (Vázquez 2011). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Spain (Vázquez 2006, 2011). The protection of this species should focus on the conservation and protection of the forests where it occurs. Over-exploitation of timber should be avoided, and precautions should be taken to prevent forest fires. In addition, since it is attracted by artificial light, mercury vapour lamps - which strongly attract nocturnal insects - should be replaced by low attraction lamps. Further research is also needed into the population trend, life history and into the impacts of the threats on the population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wharf Borer (Nacerdes melanura) is almost cosmopolitan. In Europe, it can be found in all the coastal regions from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean countries, being locally common. Outside of Europe it has been recorded from the Middle East, Central Asia, Japan and Korea, North and South Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is very widespread, the population trend is increasing and there are no major threats to it. It has been spread around the world through the timber industry and driftwood, and it can become a pest in several parts of the world.

range:
The Wharf Borer (Nacerdes melanura) is almost cosmopolitan. In Europe, where it is considered native, it can be found in all the coastal regions from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean countries, being locally common. It has been repeatedly recorded inland, mainly along primary watercourses. Outside of Europe it has been recorded from the Middle East, Central Asia, Japan and Korea, North and South Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand (Vázquez 1993, Vázquez 2002).

population:
This species is invasive and has spread from Europe  to the rest of the world through the timber industry and driftwood - the larvae tolerate high salinity and  long periods of immersion. The population trend is assumed to be increasing and the population size is very large.

habitat:
The primary habitat of this species is driftwood on beaches. The larvae are found in moist deadwood. They form extensive galleries in waterlogged timber, piling, wharves, decaying support timbers of buildings and riverbanks, wet boxes, wood lying on damp ground - for example in cellars, and wood buried in soil, and where plumbing is unsatisfactory; also in railway sleepers. Wharf Borer activity may promote the extension of wood rot, and the species is potentially damaging to worked timbers. Large outbreaks have occurred in several parts of the world (Europe, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Tasmania, etc.). The timber industry and driftwood have allowed it to spread from Europe to the rest of the world, because the larvae tolerate high salinity and long periods of immersion. Adult beetles can emerge from wood in large numbers. They fly from April to October, dispersing widely. They can be found among vegetation and on flowers. The species is sometimes attracted by light (Vázquez 2002).

conservationAction:
No conservation action is needed for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Nacerdes raymondi has three subspecies:  Nacerdes raymondi raymondi (Mulsant & Godart, 1860) Nacerdes raymondi ciliciensis Švihla, 1991 Nacerdes raymondi canyellesi Vázquez, 2006

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Nacerdes raymondi occurs in southern, central and eastern Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean littoral of France (Roussillon, Provence), and the islands of Mallorca (Spain) and Rhodes (Greece). Outside of Europe it is also found in northern Morocco, Algeria and southern Anatolia in Asian Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is a rather uncommon species, it is widespread on the western Mediterranean mainland. However, only one of the three recognised subspecies (N. raymondi raymondi) is widespread, with subpopulations in Spain and France.  N. raymondi canyellesi is only known from two localities in Mallorca and N. raymondi ciliciensis has only been recorded from Rhodes and a few localities in southern Anatolia. More research is needed into the population trend and  potential threats to this species.

range:
There are three recognised subspecies of Nacerdes raymondi, all of them recorded in Europe. N. raymondi  raymondi occurs in southern, central and eastern Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean littoral of France (Roussillon, Provence) to the border with Italy, from where it has not been recorded yet. It is known also from northern Morocco and Algeria. N. raymondi canyellesi is endemic to the island of Mallorca (Spain). N. raymondi   ciliciensis has been recorded from Rhodes (Greece) and southern Anatolia in Asian Turkey (Vázquez 2002, Vázquez 2006, Švihla 2008, Allemand 2014).

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size and trend. The species seems to be scarce, but it is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. In France it is a rare species with only a few records reported per year (F. Soldati, pers. comm. 2016).

habitat:
This species typically inhabits sclerophyllous Mediterranean forests, mainly of Pinus. The larvae have been reared from rotten roots of Pinus halepensis. The adults occur from late June to early September, and are attracted to artificial light. They have been found in the foliage of Quercus ilex and other oaks, as well as in Bupleurum fruticosum, and have been found sheltering under the bark of living Platanus sp. (Vázquez 2002, Lencina et al. 2008).

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean forests through wildfires or logging could threaten this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Nacerdochroa concolor is endemic to the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common where it occurs, the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been reported.

range:
Nacerdochroa concolor is endemic to the Canary Islands, and has been recorded from the islands of El Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife (Švihla 1988, Kubisz and Borowski 1999, Machado and Oromí 2000).

population:
The species is common where it occurs and the population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The ecology of this beetle is poorly-understood and it has been interpreted as being a pest of living dragon-tree Dracaena draco although the evidence in support of this claim is not at all clear. Wollaston (1864) states that larvae are xylophagous, feeding on rotten wood, normally in the roots and basal part of trunks of different Euphorbia species. Kubisz and Borowski (1999) state that they found larvae and pupae in partially rotten roots of Euphorbia regis-jubae. Plata-Negrache and Alonso-Zarazaga (2006) describe finding larvae and pupae  in an “old-age” specimen of Dracaena draco, extracting them from what are clearly dead woody tissues on the inner faces of trunk cavities. The illustrations are very typical of the hollowed trunks of large old living trees and the authors do not explain why they regard the beetle as a pest nor why they describe their presence in terms of an infestation. They say that the Dracaena must be relatively old to have acquired a woody consistency, since all attempts carried out for gravid females to oviposit on small Dracaena were unsuccessful. The first instar larvae are stated to possess mandibles not strong enough to cut healthy wood. If the substratum consistency is impaired by fungal or bacterial action they can penetrate the decayed wood more efficiently. These observations are consistent with those of Wollaston (1864) and Kubisz and Borowski (1999), and actually support the idea that the beetle species is a saproxylic. While it remains unclear whether this species is an obligate saproxylic, the current understanding of its ecology suggest that this is likely. Further research into its ecology however is desirable. This species has also been found in a log of Ficus carica and in roots of Zygophillum fontanesii according to specimen labels (X. Vazquez, pers. obs.), but it is unknown whether those roots were dead, decayed or living. This beetle was also reared from dead roots and collars of Euphorbia regis-jubae (M.A. Bologna pers. comm. 2016). The adults shelter under stones, log, bark, etc. and between broken sticks around the roots of plants, especially Euphorbia species. They fly attwilight and at night, and are attracted to light, being active throughout the year. Hernández et al. (2009) observed adults at night on Plocama pendula. The species can be found up to 500 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

redListAssessors:
Vazquez, X., Alexander, K., Legakis, A., Liberto, A., Makris, C. & Soldati, F.


taxonomicNotes:
Oedemera femoralis belongs to the subgenus Oncomera Stephens, 1829 that include species with nocturnal activity. This species was named Oncomera femorata (Fabricius, 1792) for a long time.   There are two subspecies of O. femoralis:  Oedemera femoralis femoralis Olivier, 1803 Oedemera femoralis purpureocoerulea Ganglbauer, 1882

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oedemera femoralis occurs in central and southern Europe, including Great Britain, with isolated subpopulations in the Apennines, Sicily and eastern Germany. It is rather local and missing from eastern and northern countries. It also occurs in southern Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found in Anatolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe, and the population trend is assumed to be stable. This species is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. Further research is needed into the population trend, the life history of this species and into the potential threats that may impact its population.

range:
There are two currently recognised subspecies of Oedemera femoralis. O. femoralis femoralis occurs in central and southern Europe, including Great Britain, with isolated subpopulations in the Apennines, Sicily and eastern Germany. It is rather local and missing from eastern and northern countries. It reaches Anatolia. A second subspecies, O. femoralis purpureocoerulea is only known from southern Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008, Sullivan 2012).

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size and trend of this species. The records are sporadic, but it is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
The larvae have been not described. Larvae and pupae have been found in thick dead ivy stems in August and October (Crowson and Hunter, 1964).  Adults have been reared from rotten small branches of Quercus ilex, and it is suspected that they develop in rotten wood of other broadleaf trees as well. The adults are attracted to artificial light. They fly in the evening and at night, visiting Clematis, Crataegus, Hedera, Quercus, Salix, Sambucus and Tilia blossoms, in which they can be found during the day. They have been also recorded from a stump of Fagus. This species has a long activity period, being more frequent between June and July, and again during September-October. Occasionally they can be found in winter. It is a typical inhabitant of the temperate forest biome, and it is only present in the most wet parts of the sclerophyllous Mediterranean forest. It is absent from boreal pinewoods (Vázquez 2002 and X. Vázquez, pers. obs.). It is found from sea level up to 1,300 m Asl.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. It is nationally scarce in Britain (Alexander et al. 2014). Further research is needed into the population trend, the life history of this species and into the potential threats that may impact its population.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oedemera flavipes is a common species in southern and central Europe, becoming more sporadic and rare to the east and north. It also occurs in Anatolia and the Near East, but is absent from North Africa. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the population size is assumed to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it.

range:
Oedemera flavipes is a common species in southern and central Europe, becoming more sporadic and rare to the east and north. It is common in Mediterranean countries and on most islands. It is absent from the North Sea coast and Great Britain and Ireland. It reaches southern Scandinavia and the Baltic countries, as well as the Ukrainian Carpathians, but it is not recorded from Belarus, whereby the records from Russia should be verified. The old record from the Netherlands turned out to be incorrect (D. Teunissen, pers. comm. 2016). It also occurs in Anatolia and the Near East, but is absent from North Africa (Švihla 1999, Švihla 2008, Vázquez 2002).

population:
There are no population data available, but the species is very common and widespread. Therefore the population trend is assumed to be stable and the population size large.

habitat:
The larvae of this species have been found in decaying branches of Castanea sativa, but there is no doubt that they develop in other species of plants as well. The adults are active from April to August. They are rather thermophilous and very polyphagous, feeding on pollen of a variety of flowers, including Achillea, Allium, Angelica, Anthemis, Ballota, Carduus, Centaurea, Cerastium, Chrysanthemum, Cistus, Clematis, Convolvulus, Crepis, Daucus, Dorycnium, Echium, Eupatorium, Fumana, Galactites, Galium, Genista, Geranium, Hieracium, Hypericum, Knautia, Leontodon, Marrubium, Matricaria, Mentha, Onopordon, Opuntia, Origanum, Picris, Plantago, Potentilla, Psoralea, Quercus, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Rumex, Ruta, Salvia, Santolina, Smyrnium, Sonchus, Spartium, Tamarix,Thymus, Urospermum and Poaceae (Vázquez 2002, Carloni and Bologna 2005, Montalto and Bologna 2011, Atanassova and Sivilov 2014, X. Vázquez, pers. comm. 2016). The species is common in both Mediterranean and temperate forests, especially on ruderal vegetation (boundaries of forests, roads and open habitats). It is absent from boreal forest.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the ecology and population trend of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Oedemera marmorata belongs to the subgenus Oncomera Stephens, 1829 that includes species with nocturnal activity. This species was named Oncomera marmorata (Erichson in Wagner, 1841) for a long time.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oedemera marmorata is a localized, rather sporadic species known from the Maghreb (northern Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco), and from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is distributed in the southern and eastern littoral and pre-littoral of Portugal and Spain. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula, its population is unlikely to be declining and it is common where it occurs. However, loss of Mediterranean habitats through wildfires or logging could threaten this species and more research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats.

range:
Oedemera marmorata is a localized, rather sporadic species known from the Maghreb (northern Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco), and from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is distributed in the southern and eastern littoral and pre-littoral of Portugal and Spain (Vázquez 2002, Švihla 2008).

population:
Nothing has been published on the population dynamics of this species. Records are sparse, but it is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adult is nocturnal. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits sclerophyllous Mediterranean environments. The larvae have been reared from small decayed branches of Quercus ilex. The adults are attracted to artificial light and have been found in Calicotome spinosa in Spain and in Argania trees in North Africa. They are active from May to July (Vázquez 2002, Castro-Tovar et al. 2014), and found from sea level up to 760 m Asl.

threats:
Loss of Mediterranean habitats through wildfires or logging could threaten this species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sparedrus lencinae endemic to the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is only known from a few mountainous localities, at elevations from 700 to 1,700 m Asl. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,500 km2, known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Because this is a forest species, logging and forest fires are the main threats to its habitat. In addition, since it is nocturnal and attracted by artificial light, light pollution (street lamps, vehicles) is also a potential threat. The protection of this species should focus on the conservation and protection of the forests where the species occurs. Over-exploitation of timber should be avoided, and precautions should be taken to prevent forest fires. Further research is needed into the population trend, life history and threats impacts.

range:
Sparedrus lencinae is endemic to the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is only known from a few mountainous localities, at elevations from 700 to 1,700 m Asl, including Sierra de Alcaraz, Sierra de Baza, Sierra de Espuña, Sierra de Gádor, Sierra de María, Sierra de Ricote, Sierra Seca (Revolcadores), Sierra de Taibilla, Sierra de Villafuerte, Calar del Río Mundo and La Sagra (Vázquez 2002, Vázquez 2011, Gómez de Dios and Verdugo 2008, Lencina et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence is ca 13,500 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.

population:
No detailed information is available on the population size and trend of this species. It seems to be very scarce, with only 19 known specimens, and low population density. The species is known from 12 forested mountainlocalitiesseparated byagricultural lowlands lacking woodland. These mountains are therefore thought to be isolated since the species has poor dispersal abilities. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. However, this species is presumably greatly under-recorded because the adults are nocturnal (Vázquez, 2011).

habitat:
Adults are active from March to June and have been found sheltering under a leaf of Quercus ilex (Gómez de Dios and Verdugo 2008) and on Berberis hispanica (Lencina et al. 2008). They have nocturnal activity and are attracted to light in dry pinewoods of Pinus nigra salzmanni and P. halepensis. The larvae are unknown but probably develop in the rotten wood of such trees (Vázquez 2002, Vázquez 2011).

threats:
Because this is a forest species, logging and forest fires are the main threats to its habitat. In addition, since it is nocturnal and attracted by artificial light, light pollution (street lamps, vehicles) is also a potential threat (Vázquez 2011).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. The species was assessed as Vulnerable in Spain (Vázquez, 2011). The protection of this species should focus on the conservation and protection of the forests where the species occurs.  Over-exploitation of timber should be avoided, and precautions should be taken to prevent forest fires. Further research is needed into the population trend, life history and threats impacts.


