# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. There are no major threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, reported from Evvoia Island, as well as from parts of the #nearby #mainland (Voiotia) (Heller 1976). According to Sattmann and Reischütz (1994) #Jaminia #has not been #recorded from Epirus, but a number of specimens included in their study resemble #J. thiessianus. The species is also reported from the islands of North Sporades (Liebegott 1986) but the presence of the species in that area has to be confirmed.

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
The habitat of the species is not well known. It is usually found in limestone habitats, under stones and shrubs.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations. Currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. It is quite #abundant, and there are no current threats. It is not traded or used. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in northeastern and central Crete #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

population:
There is no population information available for this species. This is an abundant species.

habitat:
This is a soil-dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #No conservation action is currently applied.


taxonomicNotes:
Grossu (1987) mentioned M. alpicola as a valid species and listed anatomical differences. According to www. animalbase.org: "Smaller than typical Mastus venerabilis, but obviously no other differences. "Mastus alpicola" (correct spelling) is possibly a species complex and needs further taxonomic investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania. #Within its relatively large range this species can be very abundant. #There are no major threats. However, intensive taxonomic investigation is required to elucidate whether this is a species complex. In this case, there might be subunits which have to be re-assessed concerning their conservation status. In its current shape, this species is  assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Romania. According to Grossu (1987) the species lives in the Bucegi, Piatra Craiului, Ciucas, Hasmasul Mare, Fagarasului and Piatra Mare mountains at high altitudes.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species and can be very abundant in places. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Most of the populations live inaccessible mountainous places. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the  complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed  by erosion, fire, etc.) and complete or severe destruction of the rocky  habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and  the large number of sub-populations, local events do not affect the  whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Romania at a national level. However several known localities lie within protected areas, national parks (e.g. Bucegi, Ciucas, Hasmasul Mare). Research on the taxonomy is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a small island with a total area of 2.6 km2. The extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy are therefore very restricted.  #The main threat is overgrazing by goats, therefore the whole island is one single location. Although Gavdopoula island belongs to a Natura 2000 site, it is probable that overgrazing will continue. However, in the last ten years, the number of goats has decreased on the island and the quality of habitat is probably not declining any more. The population of the species is very small restricted to a few individuals, probably less than 1,000, but this still needs confirmation. Thus, the species is considered to be Vulnerable D2.

range:
The species is an endemic of Gavdopoula Island, south of Crete (Welter-Schultes 1998, 1999).

population:
The population of the species seems to be very small (Welter-Schultes 1999), probably less than 1,000 individuals, but this would need confirmation.

habitat:
This species requires a minimum vegetational cover. It is found mainly in xeric shrublands (Welter-Schultes 1999).

threats:
According to #Welter-Schultes (1999), the main threat for the species seems to be overgrazing by goats which is critically reducing the vegetation cover of this small island. #

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #The islands of Gavos and Gavdopoula belong to the Natura 2000 site (GR4340013).


taxonomicNotes:
The possible #synonymy with Mastus athensis jaczewski, Eubrephulus jaczewskii and Chondrula #jaczewskii #needs to be checked (E. Neubert pers. comm. 2010). For this assessment, all the above taxa have been considered (Triantis pers. comm. 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Greece and Turkey. There are a number of #taxonomical #issues that are currently related with M. athensis that could change the distribution of the species. It is recommended to intensify research on the taxonomy and the distribution of this species. However there are no current threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is found in #northern #Greece and European Turkey.

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. # #

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands and canyons.

threats:
There is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as #Endangered #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). There is no conservation action for this species. # #It is recommended that research be done on the taxonomy and the distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the Fauna Europaea there are two valid subspecies: #Mastus bielzi bielzi and #Mastus bielzi traxleri (M. von Kimakowicz 1890).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Eastern Carpathians, where it inhabits deciduous forests. Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) this species is rare, with only 13 known locations, and the preferred habitat type is much affected by human impact (logging, disturbance, etc.). Due to the relatively large range and the number of known locations this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC), however it will be necessary to monitor the habitat and population trends.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).EU27 regional assessment: As the majority of the range of this species is in Romania, it is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is distributed in the eastern Carpathians in Romania and the Ukraine. The known distribution records are: Torockó [=Rimetea], Kolozsvár [=Cluj], Szamosújvár [=Gherla], Dés [=Dej], Füzesi erdő [=Fizes], Apanagyfalu [=Nuseni], Görgényszentimre [=Gurghiu], Romosz [=Romos], Szvidovec [=Svidovec], Huszt [=Khust], Sztrojna [=Sztrojne] (Soós 1943) Kostej and Brassó [=Brasov] (HNHM Mollusc Collection unpublished data). #Fauna Europaea incorrectly indicates this species from Hungary.

population:
Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species is not frequent within its range. There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

habitat:
This is a silvicol species (Soós 1943) with a preference for deciduous forests where it lives among leaf-litter or decaying dead wood. It is not associated with limestone areas and is #known to occur at up to 900 m asl.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests through recreational activities are the main threat to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographical range of this species, such threats are not currently thought to affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Romania and Ukraine. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas.Despite the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), this species inhabits a habitat type (temperate forest) which is much affected by human impact. However, there is no information as to how much this affects the the local subpopulations. Research activity should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece on the island of Crete. There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species endemic to Greece and is found in north central Crete #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book #as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #No conservation actions currently in action.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Schütt (2001) Mastus carneolus is the subspecies of M. rossmaessleri (L. Pfeiffer 1847), whereas several other authors consider this taxon a separate species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species lives in Bulgaria in the Rapotamo region along the Black Sea coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975), and in northwest Turkey, near Istanbul Schütt (2001) and in Greece. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations with a stable population trend. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
The species lives in Bulgaria in the Rapotamo region along the Black Sea coast (Damjanov and Likharev 1975), and in northwest Turkey, near Istanbul Schütt (2001) and in Greece. #This species lives between 0 and 150 meters above sea level is Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007), however this range can be  wider in other countries.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not appear to be rare, and it inhabits a number of different habitats. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
The species lives mainly under stones and inhabits areas with dense vegetation, and digs itself in the soil (Schütt 2001).

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events does not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
This species is not under protection but the inhabited areas are not under the pressure of human activity. No conservation action is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece a small island (Gavdos), with a total extend of occurrence (EOO) of 27 km2  #which faces a number of current and future threats. The area of occurrence #is #certainly #smaller the the EOO, since the species is not observed on the whole island area (Welter-Schultes 1998). Fire and tourism development are the main threats. There is a continuing decline of the habitat quality. This species is listed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2.

range:
The species is endemic to the Gavdos Island, in the southern part of Crete (Welter-Schultes 1998). The species is probably found across the whole island.

population:
The species is usually found under shrubs and pine trees. It is rare in open habitats (Welter-Schultes 1998).

habitat:
The species is usually found under shrubs and pine trees and it is rare in open habitats (Welter-Schultes 1998).

threats:
This species' habitat on Gavdos Island is under a number of threats. The  danger of fire is a current and future threat, and fire would be disastrous for the island.  #The pine #tree forests are considered very combustible. The  vegetation is threatened with total destruction since there is nothing to stop  the fire on the island. The increase of tourism on the island is the main  cause of the gradual destruction of the sand dunes and of their typical flora.  This is caused either by camping under the Juniperus trees or by illegal  building near or at the sand dunes (Sarakiniko). Overgrazing by goats is also impacting the habitat of the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #The islands of Gavos and Gavdopoula belong to the Natura 2000 site (GR4340013).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Crete, Greece and is found to be abundant. There are no threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Crete #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

population:
This species is abundant across the island of Crete (Parmakelis 2003). There are no data on the population trend.

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Parmakelis 2003).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although a number of conservation acts are applied to various parts of Crete, there is no action taken specifically for the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea this species is a synonym of #Mastus grandis grandis (Mousson 1859). Nevertheless, according to Parmakelis (2003) and Parmakelis et al. (2005) this is a well #separated #species and thus here is treated as a #separate #species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece and is quite #abundant. There are no major threats. #This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, restricted to the island of Evvoia (Parmakelis 2003).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in #Evvoia included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
There is a taxonomic issue related with the species Mastus emarginatus and M. ehrenbergi. The two names have been used #interchangeably in the past but since #emarginatus #is oldest #(Deshayes 1835), here we use this as the valid one. The species is endemic to Antikythira Island and references from the Greek mainland should be assigned to other species (Heller 1976, Parmakelis et al. 2005). #

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic to a small island (20 km2), with quite sparse populations but the currently available data doesn't indicate a population reduction. There is no threat, or future threat, known to this species. It is assigned as Near Threatened almost qualifying for Vulnerable D2.

range:
The species is endemic to Antikythira Island in Greece (Parmakelis 2003).

population:
The species is relatively abundant, however, there is no information regarding the species' population trend.

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in dry shrublands.

threats:
There is no direct threat to the species at this time. Future potential threats are grazing by livestock and fire.

conservationAction:
The species is endemic to Antikythira Island, which is a Natura 2000 site (GR3000008).


taxonomicNotes:
The records of Mastus pupa and M. #etuberculatus from various areas have to be checked for consistency. #

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in #Greece, western Turkey and Bulgaria. There are no major threats and the species is not used or traded. Research is recommended on taxonomy and the distribution of the species. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is reported from Greece, western Turkey and Bulgaria #(Parmakelis 2003).

population:
No information is available for the overall trend of the species' population.

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually met in xeric shrublands.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in action. Revision of the taxonomy and distribution is recommended.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete (Parmakelis 2003).

population:
There is no #information #available for the species' population trend. This species is thought to be relatively abundant.

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea the taxon is a subspecies of #Mastus grandis, i.e. M. g. giuricus (Westerlund 1901). #However M. giuricus is a well-seperated species (see Parmakelis et al. 2005), and thus is treated as a #separate #species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is thought to be quite abundant. There are no known threats and it is not traded or used. #This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in North Sporades (north Aegean Sea) (Triantis 2006).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Parmakelis 2003, Triantis 2006).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009).  #Although there are a number of areas in #the  #islands the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no specific conservation action regarding the species.   #


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species is comprised of two subspecies: Mastus #grandis grandis and Mastus #grandis #giuricus Westerlund, 1901. This species is known to have been previously confused with #Mastus pupa #by several authors (Fehér and Erőss 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and probably there are several subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southern Balkan Peninsula in Greece and Albania. Although thought to be frequent within its range, there is hardly any published faunistical records as this species has previously been confused with Mastus pupa by several authors (Fehér and Erőss 2009). It is probable that each M. pupa record from Albania and Greece refers to this species.     Based on the material in the HNHM Mollusc Collection, there are 30-50 known locations, but this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
This species is not rare within the range, therefore there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species prefers rocky habitats in limestone areas, where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications such as quarrying and construction work. However, total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely, therefore local activities do not affect the whole species significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs although some subpopulations are thought to be found within protected areas. Due to the fact that this species was confused with Mastus pupa by several authors and therefore faunistical records are not reliable, research activity should focus on the exploration of the species' range and distribution. No conservation actions are necessary at present.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Parmakelis et al. (2005) the populations of M. hemmeni are paraphyletic and further studies are required for resolving the taxonomical position of the species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Crete and is widespread on the island. There are no threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Mastus hemmeni is a widespread endemic #species in western Crete and some of the surrounding islets (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands

threats:
There is no evidence for any direct current or future threat.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete. There are no threats, and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Crete and its distributed in the south-eastern part of the island and in some of the surrounding islets (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action for this species.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete and it is distributed in the #south-eastern #part of the island #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003). #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete. There are no threats, and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern (LC). #

range:
The species is endemic to the western part of Crete (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

population:
There is no available information on population trend for this species.

threats:
There is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the island of Crete. There are no threats, and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete and is present in the central-west part of the island (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

population:
There is no information available on the population trend for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The #great variety in #M. pupa shells #is a response #to the different #ecological conditions #that it inhabits and the large extent of its range #(Giusti 1973). This has lead to the description of different subspecies (Arrébola 1995).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in the south of Europe. It inhabits a great variety of habitats and the threats it is facing are #probably #not impacting all subpopulations. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
Mastus pupa is the most widespread species of the 32 known species of the genus Mastus (Parmakelis et al. 2005). It is a southern Mediterranean species, present in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Tripolitania), Egypt, Syria, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Israel, Lebanon, Greece (Ionian Islands, Crete), Albania, Bulgaria, Malta, Italy and south of the Iberian Peninsula. It is also known as a fossil from the Balearic Islands (Giusti 1973; Arrébola 1990, 1995).There are doubts on the specific identity of those subpopulations recorded for this species from at least # Greece (including the islands), Bulgaria, and Albania. Ditto, all records for the Levantine area need serious re-investigation and are probably based on misidentifications with other species (Neubert, pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
This species lives in many types of biotopes and usually near river banks. It is commonly found in the ground, under stones, leaves, plastic or any other refuge. It seems relatively tolerant to human activities.

threats:
This species is threatened by #urbanization #and pollution.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the ecology of this species and the main threats it is facing. Its habitat should be managed, especially to reduce pollution levels.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Cyclades, Greece. There are no threats, and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyclades, Greece, Aegean Sea (Siros, Tinos, Naxos, Sifnos, Sefiros and some small islets) (Mylonas 1982, Parmakelis 2003).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Mylonas 1982).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas within the range of the species distribution under #various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


range:
The species is endemic to the Island of Crete, distributed in the #south-eastern #part of the island #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is distributed in Bulgaria, Greece (Aegean Islands) and Turkey #(Parmakelis #et al. 2005). #The species is quite #abundant and there are no threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in Bulgaria, Greece (Aegean Islands) and Turkey #(Parmakelis et al. 2005).

population:
There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. This is a relatively abundant species.

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas under #various protection schemes that the species is present in, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Crete, present on the #central and eastern part of the island #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana) (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).


taxonomicNotes:
Closely related to M. hemmeni in molecular analyses (Parmakelis et al. 2005).

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, present in the western and northern central part of the island #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).


taxonomicNotes:
Closely related with M. abundans in molecular analyses (Parmakelis et al. 2005)

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, present in areas of the Iraklion #prefecture (Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania. This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several known sub-populations and can be very abundant. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species occurs in Romania in southwest Transilvania and south Carpathians.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species can be very abundant. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events does not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Romania on national level, however several know localities lies within protected areas and national parks.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, the taxon is a subspecies of #Mastus emarginatus, i.e. M. e. turgidus (Kobelt  1877). #Nevertheless, according to Parmakelis et al. (2005) it # #is a well-defined species of Mastus distributed in Karpathos and Kasos and most probably in Rhodes as well. Thus, it is treated as a #separate #species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece. There are no threats, and this species is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and is present in #Karpathos and Kasos and most probably in Rhodes (Aegean Sea) (Parmakelis et al. 2005).

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas  #the islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Mastus venerabilis is endemic to Romania. This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several known subpopulations. It can be very abundant and there are no major threats. It is therefore is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species occurs in Romania (south Carpathians and Transilvania) and in southeast Serbia. The data from Serbia are likely a mistake and need to be corroborated.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species this species can be very abundant. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of subpopulations, local events does not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Romania on a national level, however several know localities lies within protected areas and national parks. The distribution of this species needs to be researched, especially the range into Serbia.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Crete, Greece. There are no major threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, distributed in the north-central part of the island #(Maassen 1995, Parmakelis 2003).

habitat:
This is a soil dwelling species, usually found in xeric shrublands (maquis and phrygana). #


taxonomicNotes:
Compare with #Borlumastus yildirimi #(Örstan Yildırım, 2004).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on a single Aegean island and also in western Turkey. It is of high density within its range and it doesn't face any major threat. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is found on Lesvos island (Aegean Sea, Greece) (Bank, 1985) and in western Turkey (Gumus and Neubert pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
The species is usually found in #open habitats with the presence of rocks (Bank 1985).

threats:
There is no evidence for the species being under current or future threats. No conservation action is currently applied.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concerned #(LC). #Although there are a number of areas in Lesvos #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.

useAndTrade:
The available information does not indicate any utilization of the species

redListAssessors:
Triantis, K., Vardinoyannis, K. Neubert, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Europe and there is no known threats known across its range. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and locally abundant. It is recorded from Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. It is widely distributed in Ireland but it is absent from most of the north, west  and south-west and nowhere is it common. This species is less rare in the eastern central  plain (Byrne et al. 2009).This species is also known to inhabit the Caucasus countries and northern Turkey, and is also known from the Central and Eastern Atlas Mountain in Algeria.

population:
In Ireland, this species has suffered severe declines of 75% in its recorded distribution since 1980 (Byrne et al. 2009). For the remaining European distribution area, size and trend within the subpopulations are believed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in temperate forests and hedges, and is often found on shaded and moist stone walls. In Ireland, this species is thermophilic, preferring warm, south-facing places and inhabits principally on minimally disturbed calcareous rocks and walls. It is often found in light woodland or scrub. It is a habitat specialist particularly associated with calcareous escarpments and calcareous woodlands (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
There are no known threats to this species across its range, although there may be some localised threats.

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Endangered (Byrne et al. 2009), but in Europe, there is no conservation action in place for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
A number of #authors #refer to #Bollingeria lamellifera (Rossmassler 1858) (Bank Hovestadt 1991, Kebapci 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is quite widespread and abundant in Turkey, but restricted in Cyprus. There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in Cyprus and Turkey (Schütt 2001).

population:
The species is quite abundant in Turkey. In Cyprus it is restricted in a few areas. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in the soil and #under #stones in forested areas (Kebapçi 2007).

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #


taxonomicNotes:
The species was previously described as Bulimus ovularis, and there are no subspecies described.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species lives in a very large area from Israel to Lebanon and Syria to Turkey (Schütt 2001), and western Bulgaria (Damjanov and Likharev 1975) as well as in southern Romania (Grossu 1986). #This species lives within a very wide range and # there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European Level.

range:
The species lives in a very large area from Israel to Lebanon and Syria to Turkey (Schütt 2001), and western Bulgaria (Damjanov and Likharev 1975) as well as in southern Romania (Grossu 1986). #This species lives between 0 and 300 m above sea level is Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007), however this range can be  wider in Turkey.

habitat:
Though this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated with rocky habitats (mostly in limestone areas), where it is usually found in the crevices, under stones or among leaf litter at the base of rocks.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level. It is protected in Israel however, where all mollusc species are protected. Due to the very big distribution of the species it is likely that several  sub-populations inhabit protected or inaccessible habitats, and the locations where the species live is not under pressure of human activity.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has two subspecies, M. s. eudoxina (Naegele 1894) #which are found in Turkey (Schütt 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Turkey where most of the sub-populations live. It is also found in Albania, and possibly in Bulgaria. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widespread in Turkey where most of the sub-populations live.  Recent publication of Fehér and Erőss (2009) reports the species from Albania. The presence of the species in Bulgaria is recorded only from a single specimen from the flotsam of the Black Sea (Urbanski 1960). Therefore, it iriginated most probably from Turkey, this species is unlikely to live in Bulgaria.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not appear to be rare. #The population trend is thought to be stable. #The Albanian population is separated from the main area of the species, which can be found in the Asiatic part of Turkey.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Turkey and in Albania. No conservation measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Despite being endemic to a single island, the species is quite abundant and there are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Bank Hovestadt 1991).

population:
The species is quite common in most the island's area, especially in the coastal ones. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is quite common in most the island's area, especially in the coastal ones. This species is found in dry shrubland habitat.

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas in Cyprus #included in various protection schemes (e.g. three Natura 2000 sites; http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/), there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea mentions the species only from Greece. According to Dhora (2009) the species is also present in Albania.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is present in south Albania and north-western Greece. #There are no known threats to this species and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is present in south Albania and north-western Greece, including the island of Kefallonia (Rähle 1980, Dhora 2009).

habitat:
This species is usually found on limestone rocks and in piles of stones.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. It is recommended that research is carried out on the distribution of this species. #


taxonomicNotes:
The species has been recently described by #Gittenberger (2008), based on 15 individuals.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is known only from 15 individuals from a #small #area in Peloponnese. Further studies are needed on the distribution and habitat and ecology of this species. There are currently no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and it is currently know only from a small area in Peloponnese (south Greece) (Gittenberger 2008).

population:
The species is known from the 15 individuals used for the description of the species (Gittenberger 2008). #There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
The species was found in the westslope of #Mt. Skollis near Santameri (700 m above sea level) (Gittenberger 2008).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is not ant known direct threat for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. # #Further studies are needed on the distribution and habitat and ecology of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea distinguishes four subspecies: Napaeopsis #merditanus merditanus Sturany, 1907, N. #merditanus latifianus Sturany, 1907, N. merditanus #winneguthi Sturany, 1907 and N. merditanus. zebianus Sturany, 1907. Some authors believe that not only these four names are synonyms, but that N. merditanus #merditanus #in fact belongs to a polytypic species N. cephalonicus (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, AnimalBase).Based on the material stored in the HNHM Mollusc Collection (Z. Fehér, unpublished data), it seems that northern Albanian populations differ from southern Albanian ones (Fehér and Erőss 2009b).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to northern Albania. The number of known locations is around 15 although this is thought to be an underestimation. As the range is not well studied, it is presumable that the number of known locations/subpopulations as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) are underestimated. Moreover, there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species lives within a relatively narrow range in northern and central Albania. It is expected that this species does not occur in southern Albania, as records of Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) refer partly to another species, N. cephalonicus. Published locations: "Mali Sheit bei Oroshi" (type locality of N. merditanus merditanus), "Zebiagebirge bei Fandi" (type locality of N. merditanus zebianus), "Munelagebirge bei Oroshi" (type locality of N. merditanus latifianus) and "Fandi bei Oroshi" (type locality of N. merditanus winneguthi). Further distribution records: Bisak, Klos, Ndershene, Nanshene, Bicaj, Bushtrice, Qafa e Murres, 11 km West of Ulez, Kurbnesh, Krej-Lure, Draj-Rec, Zall-Rec (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished data). These records indicate that its range is larger than was previously believed,  and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, # there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the number of known subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania. Some of the known subpopulations live within protected areas such as those in the Oroshi area in Park Kombetar Bjeshka e Oroshit. The systematic position of this species in terms of its relation to N. cephalonicus #is not absolutely clear and this should be clarified first.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in Greece and is not facing any direct threat. It is not used or traded. It is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, known from the Ioanian Islands and central Greece (Bank and Menkhorst 1992).

habitat:
This species is soil dwelling and is usually found under stones in shrublands.

threats:
There is no known threat to this species now or in the future.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea, this species comprises two sub-species: Napaeopsis ossicus ossicus (O. Boettger 1885); Napaeopsis ossicus discolor (O. Boettger 1885).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is quite abundant. There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
Napaeopsis ossica is endemic to Greece and is known from a restricted range in the borderland #of Thessalia and Macedonia, on mount Ossa (Boettger 1885, Bank and Menkhorst 1992).

population:
The species is quite common (Boettger 1885, unpublished data). #There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in limestone rocks and in piles of stones in a variety of vegetation types.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action regarding the species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single site on La Gomera and although the site is not thought to face any threats, there remain the possibilities that some event could impact the site in the future and hence it is listed as Near Threatened, almost qualifying for criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands, in the north-western part of La Gomera. Alonso et al. (1995) note that this species is only known from a single location the Montana de Beguira and probably very localised.

population:
There are no data on population and it is known only from a few specimens.

habitat:
This species occurs in open rocky habitats (Alonso et al. 1995)

threats:
This site is not thought to face any threat: it is considered to be secure from fire and, due to its remoteness, unlikely to face development in the near future.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions. The type locality should be protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Napaeus subsimplex (Wollaston, 1878) from El Hierro has usually been considered as a synonym of Napaeus bertheloti. However, in the latest version of Fauna Europaea, it was listed as a separate species without any published reasoning.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the islands of La Gomera, where it is not rare in the south-western areas of the island. It is known from several locations with numerous sites.

habitat:
This species lives in dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. This species is  recorded from five locations and five sites, one of them quite isolated. Thus,  the overall distribution area is considered slightly fragmented. Wild-fires in the pine forests, which occur frequently on La Palma, may pose a considerable threat for this species. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. This species is recorded from five locations and five sites, one of them quite isolated. Thus, the overall distribution area is considered slightly fragmented.

threats:
The main threat for this species is wild-fires in the pine forests, which occur frequently on La Palma.

conservationAction:
The complete distribution area of this species is under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
Endemic to Europe: This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It is known from a small area of distribution in the centre of the island at Pineto de Tarajana above St. Bartholome. This is the type locality, there are no published records of any additional sites for this species.

threats:
There are no threats to this species known because of a general lack of information.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are two known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 10 km2. There are no population or threat data available, and more research on population trends and on distribution range is needed. It seems to be a rare species with a restricted range, and therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). If data were available indicating a continuing decline in population size, distribution or habitat quality, this species would qualify as Endangered under Criterion B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera, where it is known from Hermigua and Mancha Yerba.

threats:
There are no threats to this species known because of general lack of information about this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet   Drouët’s (1857) original description does not mention type locality, so “The Azores” is currently accepted. However, Morelet (1860) states that this species is found on Terceira and Faial, and possibly on São Miguel; the provenance of the type material confirms it, thus enabling a possible restriction of the type locality to the latter island.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on six islands in the Azores; São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Graciosa, Pico and Faial (Extent of occurrence = 60000 km2). It is adapted to several habitats and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Graciosa, Pico and Faial islands, Azores.

population:
Napaeus delibutus is abundant throughout the islands São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Graciosa, Pico and Faial, from near the sea level to the endemic forest.

habitat:
Napaeus delibutus prefers wooded areas, where it can be found under rocks, decaying wood and amidst clumps of dried vegetation. The juveniles, and sometimes the adults, can be found climbing up the branches and leaves. It is also found in dry environments, under heaps of rocks and on stone walls.

threats:
This species is adaptable to different habitats; therefore no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, it is known from two locations, in an area of occupancy of 8 km2. The population is believed to be declining due to habitat loss, Gomez et al.  (2001) note the species has been declining over the last 10 years with  the construction of new buildings associated with the harbour of Santa  Cruz. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it is recorded from the Anaga Mountains on the southern slopes.

population:
The population is believed to be declining due to habitat loss.

habitat:
This species is present in the piso basa.

threats:
The population is believed to be declining due to habitat loss, Gomez et al. (2001) note the species has been declining over the last 10 years with the construction of new buildings associated with the harbour of Santa Cruz. Quarries and road constructions, as well as tourist activities are also impacting the species.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions. Protection of the habitat of this species is urgently necessary, due to the numerous threats the species is facing.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii), as it occurs in two small areas, however as there are steep slopes between these areas, the number of locations is likely to be more extensive and to be more than five, and hence the species is considered to be less threatened. #Gomez et al. (2001) suggest that this species is sensitive to habitat disturbance and that protected areas and #monitoring of habitat trends would be necessary to assess the status in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to the far west of northern Tenerife from two isolated lcoations, Masca (four sites, one location) and the other Punta de Teno (one location) (Alonso et al. 1995).

population:
Only 30 specimens are known in total. There are no population trends.

habitat:
This species is found in typical dry lowland vegetation (Piso basal and Piso infracanario) with succulent and thorny shrubs between 40 and 900 m asl.

threats:
There are permanent influence of tourism and recreational activities in the area (walking trails, 4 x 4 safaris, and general disturbance for creating small facilities) and Gomez et al. (2001) suggests that this species is sensitive to habitat disturbance.

conservationAction:
Gomez et al. (2001) suggest that this species is sensitive to habitat disturbance. Creation of protected areas is recommended and monitoring of habitat trends would be necessary to assess the status in the future.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from a restricted area, but there is no major threat known. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the northeastern part of the island of La Palma.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, it is known from three locations close to Bajamar on the north-eastern coast, where the species is subject to encroachment of urban area leading to habitat loss and degradation. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii) as it likely that there are other small sub-populations adjacent to this area.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on #Tenerife, near to Bajamar on the north-eastern coast.

population:
Only 12 specimens are known. Therefore it is not possible to give a population trend. The species is very restricted and the specimen are rare within that region.

habitat:
This species occurs in typical Canarian vegetation on the Piso basa.

threats:
The species occurs in a small area of occupancy, within an area of urban development.

conservationAction:
Gomez et al. (2001) proposed the protection of the habitat, as the species is sensitive to habitat changes. #This species is included as Vulnerable D2 on the Red List of Spain (Verdu and Galante 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northeast of Gran Canaria, where it is restricted to Jardin Canario, which is a garden conserving Canarian plants and, although there are threats of habitat degradation as result of urbanisation from adjacent villages, #as such most of the habitat is protected. Thus the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the northeastern part of Gran Canaria, where it is restricted to Jardin Canario, which is a garden conserving Canarian plants.

population:
There are no recent data on population status.

habitat:
This species occurs in lowland vegetation.

threats:
The main threat to this species is the habitat degradation due to the urbanisation of adjacent villages.

conservationAction:
Gomez et al. (2001) listed the species as sensitive to disturbance of the habitat and proposed protection of the habitat.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on to clarify the provenance of this species, the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species has been described from the Canary Islands without any further locality specification. Until now, there are no published records for this species known.

population:
There is no information available for this species.

threats:
There is no information available for this species.

conservationAction:
There is no information available for this species.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species, but it is considered very unlikely that it is utilised.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed to clarify the exact provenance of this species, the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro. It was described from a single specimen without precise locality data. This species has probably not been found again since its description, there are no published records.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species, however it is considered very unlikely that the species is utilised.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet   Drouët’s (1857) original description does not mention type locality, so “The Azores” is currently accepted. However, Morelet (1860:190) states that this species is found on Santa Maria only, and the provenance of the type material confirms it, thus enabling the restriction of the type locality to this island.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Santa Maria island, Azores (Extent of occurrence = 97 km2). It is widespread on this island, found in several habitat types, and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is oly found on Santa Maria island, Azores.

population:
Napaeus hartungi is very common throughout Santa Maria island, from near the sea to the highest mountain.

habitat:
Napaeus hartungi is associated with dry habitats, underneath heaps of rocks and stone walls. It is also found in wooded areas, under decaying logs, the shell frequently covered with mud.

threats:
There are no threats to this species foreseen due to the wide range of habitats it is found in.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively restricted distribution, there is no threat known and the entire distribution is under local protection schemes. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
Endemic to Europe: This species is endemic to Canary Islands, northeastern part of Tenerife in the middle altitude level in the Anaga mountains.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a very restricted distribution, there are no known major threats and the entire distribution is under local conservation schemes. However, if the species did become threatened and subject to continuing decline, it would qualify as Critically Endangered (CR). It is currently considered to be Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Alegranza north of Lanzarote. This species is recorded from one location and six sites situated in the central crater.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It is only known from a single specimen (and is probably subfossil), collected by Fritsch without precise locality data. Until now, there are no further published records for this species known.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species, however it is considered very unlikely that the species is utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of   this species. Further research is need on to clarify the exact  provenance of  this species, the population size, distribution area etc.  It is  therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It was described from a single specimen from the mountains above San Sebastian. This species has not been found again since its description.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on to clarify the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It was described from a single locality (area in the West, the type locality being: between Lagaete [=Agaete] and Galdar). This species has not been found again since its description.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species, however it is considered very unlikely that it is utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range (one location and area of ocucpancy of 4 km2) with a small population which is currently threatened as a result of military activities, as it lies within a military training area. If the military training area designation is removed, future threats will come from urban expansion. Recommended conservation actions include the designation of a 'reserva natural' for the species. The criteria for the assessment now reflect the small range and the criteria used in 1996 were incorrect.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is only found in Gran Canaria, on the peninsula of La Isleta at 3 sites: Monte Faro, Montana del Vigio and Malpais [UTM 28RD5510].

population:
Population trend information is not available. There are very few live specimens known (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species is found in typical lowland Canary island vegetation.

conservationAction:
The habitat requires conservation in order to protect the species. Further data would be required for long-term monitoring of the habitat trends. This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish Red List by Verdu and Galante (2009) and is on the register of Endangered Species for Canary Islands. Actions recommended include the provision of a protected area from Monte del Faro to Montana Colorada.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (8 km2) and is known from only two locations. It might be impacted by goat trampling and overgrazing and is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is living in a small area on the Jandia Peninsula on Fuerteventura. This species is recorded from two locations and four sites.

habitat:
This species occurs on lichen-rich rocks.

threats:
The main threat for this species is trampling and overgrazing by goats.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It was described from three specimens from the mountains above St. Cruz de Tenerife. This species has probably not been found again since its description, there are no published records.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are three known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2. Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by increasing land-use by the municipality of Vallehermoso. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting Criteria B and D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the northern parts of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from three locations and six sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), pine forests (Pinar) and Fayal-Brezal.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by increasing land-use by the municipality of Vallehermoso. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It was described  from three specimens from a small area in the north (type locality: Las Palmas). This species has  probably not been found again since its description, there are no published  records.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north of the island of Gran Canaria; major parts of the subpopulations are protected, and although there are some threats to the species these are not considered to be major threats at present. This species is relatively widespread, and is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the north of the island of Gran Canaria.

habitat:
The major part of the subpopulations lives in the degraded laurel forests between 450 and 600 m asl.

threats:
The subpopulations from the lowland may be affected by agricultural activities, the others by uncontrolled logging of the remaining forest.

conservationAction:
Major parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. This species is recorded from seven locations and eight sites, the extent of occurrence is 250 km2, however, the area of occupancy is quite limited to32 km2. The distribution area of the species is severely fragmented. The threats known affect significant parts of the population, and further land-use will result in a serious decline of habitat quality and quantity. This species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under Criterion B.

range:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Gran Canaria. This species is recorded from seven locations and eight sites. The sites are highly isolated, the distribution area is severely fragmented.

threats:
The distribution area of this species is a target for ongoing urbanisation, increasing tourism activities, and agriculture. Destruction of single sites is very likely.

conservationAction:
A few of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. Monitoring of the isolated sites is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Tenerife in the valley of Guimar, where it is considered to be threatened as it has a small range (4 locations with an area of occupancy of 12 km2), with threats from habitat degradation, due to forest exploitation and as such it is considered to be Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is found on Tenerife in the valley of Guimar.

population:
This species is very rare (only 16 specimen have been collected in 4 years, only two of them alive).

habitat:
This species is present in the "piso basal", typical vegetation of lowland canary islands and degraded lowland forest.

threats:
This species is present in degraded forest, so it is assumed that the threats in the three sites are related to forest exploitation. The area where it occurs (valley of Guimar) is much affected by the various activities of the nearby human population.

conservationAction:
This species is vulnerable to disturbance, and as such was listed as Vulnerable by Moliner Gomez et al. (2001). # Restoration of habitat and protection of the inhabited area would benefit this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species, but there is generally more research needed for this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. It is known from a relatively large area especially in the north, e.g. Galdar, El Monte near Barlovento, Las Palmas, and can probably still be considered a common species at medium altitude levels. There are no precise distribution data available.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso infracanario).

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information available on this species. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species has been recorded by the original author from El Hierro. Later, Wollaston (1878) added La Gomera. Neither author gave precise locality data. This species is only known from a single specimen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single site on La Gomera and although this site is not thought to face any threats to this site, there remain the  possibilities that some event could impact the site in the future, in which case, it will directly qualify for a threatened category. Hence it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting the criteria B. Conservation actions  should include protection of the habitat and long-term monitoring.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is restricted to La Gomera at Roce de Aluce, Lomo de Higueral and La Cabezada (see Alonso et al. 1995)

population:
This species is only known from a few specimens, so there are no population trends.

habitat:
This species inhabits lowland vegetation (Piso Basa).

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are known for this species. Moliner Gomez et al. (2001) suggest that the habitat should be protected and that the species is sensitive to disturbance of the habitat. Conservation actions should include protection of the habitat and long-term monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from six locations in the western parts of La Gomera, and has an extent of occurrence estimated at 100 km2 and an area of occupancy estimated at 24 km2. The centre of distribution of this species is around or in Valle Gran  Rey, which is steadily increasing in size, so destruction of  habitat is foreseeable. Consequently the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) under Criterion B.

range:
This species is endemic to the western parts of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from six locations and 11 sites.

threats:
The centre of distribution of this species is around or in Valle Gran Rey. This municipality is steadily increasing in size, so destruction of habitat is foreseeable.

conservationAction:
Small parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. The subpopulations need to be surveyed, and any decline in habitat quantity and quality requires a re-evaluation of its conservation status.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single site in lowland forest which has become degraded.  #In the past the major threat was from forest management and habitat degradation, but now there is low impact (no use of the forest anymore) # with the remaining risk from fires. However, the species is vulnerable to changing forest management practices. Consequently the species is viewed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).  #However it is recognised that future research may show the current management of the habitat has led to the improvement of the species status, in which case the species might qualify for a lower category if its population is stable. Therefore, once this data is available, the conservation status of this species should be reviewed. Monitoring long-terms habitat and species tends # is required.

range:
This species is only known from a single location, Osorio, in the lowland forest on Gran Canaria. It was originally recorded by Lowe and confirmed by Wollaston (1878), with recent records from the 1990's (Alonso et al. 1995).

population:
Only 12 specimens were detected between 1870 and today. Therefore it is not possible to give a population trend.

habitat:
This species is only known from the degraded lowland laurisilva forest on Gran Canaria (Alonso et al. 1995).

threats:
In the past the major threat was from forest management and habitat degradation, but now, there is low impact (no use of the forest anymore), with the remaining risk from fires.

conservationAction:
In the past the major threat was from forest management and habitat degradation, but now the forest is protected and managed. However, the species is vulnerable to changing forest management practices. These should incorporate elements specific to the conservation of the species and habitat restoration is encouraged.  #Monitoring long-terms trends in habitat change and the species are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed to clarify whether this species is extinct or whether there are fragmented subpopulations left. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. Wollaston (1878) reported it to be frequent in the central and higher forests of La Palma; it was found by found by him and also by Lowe at the Cumbre above Buenavista, Bco. above Sta. Cruz, Bco. De Agua, Bco. De Galga, El Monte above Barlovento. This species was not subsequently found by Groh nor by Ibanez (pers. comm. 2011), and has probably gone extinct.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species. It is very unlikely to be utilized.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (4 km2) and is known from only one location. No threats to the species are known, and the entire distribution is under local conservation schemes. There is no information on population trend. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT). If there was evidence to suggest a continuing decline, the species would qualify as Critically Endangered under Criterion B, so vigilance is needed.

range:
This species is endemic to the eastern parts of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from one location (comprising two sites in close proximity to each other).


redListCategoryRationale:
There is only one location known  and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, and there is no information available on threats, quality of habitat, population size and trend. The species may even be extinct. For this reason, this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands, Island of Tenerife, where it occurs only in a very small area in the south-west of the island.It is only known from the two type localities, namely Sta. Cruz de Tenerife and the environments of Tagueste (the second locality seems to be doubtful, as Wollaston refers it to Mousson’s 1872 “nitidiuscula” which is not identical to Shuttleworth’s 1852 propinquus, and thus may probably be another species). However, Ibanez et al. (1990) give only the Tagueste site (Bco. De la Galga) in their distribution map of that taxon. Consequently, the Sta. Cruz population may have gone extinct. If the Tagueste site is indeed doubtful (e.g. it is not the same species), the loss of the Sta. Cruz population may mean that the entire species has gone extinct.

conservationAction:
The habitat needs to be protected, but before any action takes place, a survey of the area and the population is urgently needed to make sure that the species still exists. Research is needed to determine whether the Tagueste site # holds N. propinquus or another species.


taxonomicNotes:
The type locality, stated originally as "probably belonging to South America", was restricted to São Miguel island, Azores (Martins 1989). Lectotype (inadvertently selected by R. I. Johnson 1964, Bull. United States nat. Mus., 239: 38 as the "figured holotype") USNM 5485 (Bank et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread on São Miguel Island (Extent of occurrence = 760 km2), is found all types of forest habitat and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is only found on São Miguel island, Azores.

population:
Napaeus pruninus is abundant in forested areas throughout São Miguel island. N. pruninus is very variable, the shell and the anatomy resembling sometimes either N. alabastrinus or N. tremulans. It appears also to be some introgression with N. vulgaris, already pointed out by Morelet (1860). The taxon is currently under revision, but here N. pruninus is taken in its current accepted form.

habitat:
Napaeus pruninus prefers wooded areas, where it can be found under logs, amidst clumps of dried vegetation, buried in the soil, and sometimes climbing up the branches and leaves.

threats:
Although sometimes hard to find, this species is dispersed throughout the island in all types of forests; no threats are foreseen.


range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, where it is widespread.

population:
As most of the population lives in the natural laurel forest, the population sis thought to be stable, except perhaps for the fringes of occurrence in degraded forest where logging and recreational activities may disturb the species.

habitat:
This species occurs in the Laurel forest and in degraded regions nearby, between 720 and 1,080 m asl.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northwestern part of the island of Tenerife. It is recorded from seven locations and seven sites. Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction and agriculture. The lowland habitats which can potentially be colonised by this species are rare in its distribution area. Thus this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU), as the anthropogenic activities are increasing.

range:
This species is endemic to the northwestern part of the island of Tenerife. It is recorded from seven locations and seven sites.

habitat:
This species lives in dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal) and open rocky habitats.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by agriculture (tomato and banana), quarrying, and increasing land-use by urbanisation and road construction.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northern part of Lanzarote. This species is recorded from four locations and nine sites, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. There are no threats to this species known and the habitats and sub-populations are stable. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the northern part of Lanzarote. This species is recorded from four locations and nine sites, area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. It lives exclusively on the ridge of the Riscos.

population:
The size and trend within the sub-populations are stable.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, where there are threats from building construction and tourism (path  construction, picnic sites and similar types of activity). In contrast to earlier assessments, where this species was assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2 (on the Spanish national list), additional sites have been recorded so this criterion no longer applies. However, owing to the small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), the limited number of localities, and the fact that continuing declines are inferred as a result of a variety of threats, the species qualifies as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands where it is found on the northern part of La Gomera. It is recorded from seven locations and 16 sites.

population:
Probably declining as the sites are threatened by hotel development.

habitat:
This species occurs in open rocky areas covered by lowland vegetation and pine forest. These habitats are probably declining as the sites were threatened by building construction and tourism (path construction, picnic sites and similar types of activity).

threats:
Alonso et al. (1995) reported that the sites were threatened by building construction and tourism (path construction, picnic sites and similar types of activity).

conservationAction:
Gomez (2001) proposed that the sites should be protected.  #This species is included as Vulnerable D2 on the Red List of Spain (Verdu   Galante, 2006). #At present no conservation actions are known for this species, however protection of the habitat, restoration of the habitats and long-term monitoring are recommended. Meanwhile, additional sites have been recorded thus potentially changing the conservation status of this species (Alonso et al. 2006).


range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro, from where it is described from two specimens from a western location towards Savinosa in the forest of El Golfo. This species has probably not been found again since its description, there are no published records.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available for this species, but it is considered very unlikely to be utilized.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera, and very likely a (sub)fossil species. There are no precise locality data known.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed to clarify the species, the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera, it was described from San Sebastian. According to Bank et al. (2002) it is an unclarified taxon, never recollected, and with no information available.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Palma. It was described from a barranco above Sta. Cruz, and never found again.


taxonomicNotes:
This species was treated as a probable synonym of N. bertheloti (Bank et al. 2002), but recently raised to specific rank in Fauna Europaea.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is needed to clarify the exact provenance of this species, the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro. It was described after a submature shell without precise locality data. This species has probably not been found again since its description, there are no published records.


taxonomicNotes:
A synonym of this species is N. tarnerianus (Grasset, 1856).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC). Some subpopulations of this species were previously assessed on the IUCN Red List as Rare (in 1990 and 1994) under the name N. tarnerianus. However, recent findings show that the species is more widespread and thus it is considered LC.

range:
Endemic to Europe: This species is endemic to Canary Islands, where it lives in the northern and mainly northeastern parts of Tenerife in the middle altitudes. The distribution area of this species is severely fragmented.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are presumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in Laurel forests (Laurisilva) and Fayal-Brezal.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known only from three locations and the area of occupancy is presumed to be less than 20 km2. The population size seems to be quite small, and the distribution range is fragmented. The habitat is in good condition and under protection and there are currently no major threats affecting this species. However, stochastic events like wildfire or volcanic eruptions could easily destroy all of the fragmented subpopulations of this species. Hence it is assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife in the Anaga Mountains. This species is recorded from three locations and three isolated sites.

population:
There are no data on the population trend. The data provided by Yanes et al. (2009) suggest that the population size is quite small.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Gomera in the Canary Islands,  around the village of Tagamiche where the threats are considered to be  disturbance from the adajcent village,  although these are not  considered to be severe at present and hence the listing as Vulnerable  D2. However should the rate of impact of these threats accelerate, the species would qualify as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to the central region of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, around the village of Tagamiche.

population:
This species is only known from a few specimens from one site in one location. The species was recently described, so there are no population trend data.

habitat:
This species inhabits the Piso Baso typical vegetation of lowland Canary island.

threats:
The threats are considered to be disturbance from the adjacent village (urbanization with road construction, enlargement of cultivated area, recreation, tourist activities, etc.), although these are not considered to be severe at present.

conservationAction:
Gomez et al. (20001) considered the species to be listed as Vulnerable and proposed # protection of the habitat. Recommended conservation actions are habitat protection and long-term monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north-west of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, around the village of Tagaluche, where the threats are considered to be disturbance from the adajcent village,  although these are not considered to be severe at present and hence the listing as Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the north-west of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, around the village of Tagaluche.

population:
This species is only known from a few specimens. As the species was recently described, there are no population trend data.

habitat:
This species occurs in piso basa vegetation typical of lowland Canary Islands.

threats:
The threats are considered to be disturbance from the adjacent village (urbanization with road construction, enlargement of cultivated area, recreation, tourist activities, etc.) , although these are not considered to be severe at present.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively restricted range, it faces no known major threats and the majority of its distribution is covered by local conservation schemes. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the northwest of the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from five locations and seven sites.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal and infracanario).

conservationAction:
Almost the complete distribution area of this species is under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is recorded from a  very small area near to Candelaria on the southeastern coast of  Tenerife. This species is only present in a small area which is under pressure from increasing urbanisation and decline in habitat quality. Based on the existing information and the fact that this species occurs in one location with an area of occupancy of 4 km2, # the species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is recorded from a very small area near Candelaria on the southeastern coast of Tenerife.

population:
There are no data on the population size or trend of this species; the population size is probably very small.

threats:
Potential threats to this species include the destruction of its habitat by the expansion of the urban area of Candelaria including road construction. The destruction of the entire habitat is very likely in the foreseeable future.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. Protection of its habitat is urgently needed.


range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It is only known by two dead specimens, collected by Fritsch without any precise locality data. This species has probably not been found again since its description, there are no published records.


taxonomicNotes:
Napaeus tremulans has been synonymised with N. pruninus but Backhuys (1975) has shown that the two species differ anatomically.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Santa Maria island, Azores (Extent of occurrence = 97 km2), where it is widespread in many habitat types and faces no major threats, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known only from Santa Maria island, Azores.

population:
This species is abundant throughout Santa Maria island.

habitat:
Napaeus tremulans lives in dry habitats near the shore, under rocks and amid agave plants, as well as in the moist laurisilva forest up in the mountains.

threats:
This species is widely dispersed throughout Santa Maria island in almost all types of habitats; no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife, where it inhabits the whole northern part of the island. This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife, where it #inhabits the whole northern part of the island.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), exceptionally in degraded laurel forests.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by urbanisation, agriculture and road construction. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
Only small numbers of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (8 km2) and is known from only one location. However, there are no major threats at the moment. As it might be sensible to any stochastic event, it is considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the eastern parts of the island of La Gomera. This species is recorded from one location and six sites.


taxonomicNotes:
Morelet   Drouët’s (1857) original description does not mention type locality, so “The Azores” is currently accepted. Morelet (1860:187-188) states that this species is spread through most of the islands, mentioning that it is most abundant in São Miguel and Faial. However, preliminary anatomical work has revealed that most records from islands other than São Miguel are most probably N. delibutus (A. Martins pers. comm. 2010). It is, then, advisable to restrict the type locality to São Miguel, where the type material comes from.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to São Miguel island, Azores (Extent of occurrence = 760 km2), where it is widespread and inhabits several habitat types; it faces no major threats, so is considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found on São Miguel island, Azores.

population:
#This species is abundant throughout the island in dry environments and in forested areas. The true extent of its range, however, awaits revision of the taxon.

habitat:
Napaeus vulgaris lives in the drier portions of wooded habitats, where it can be found under logs and amidst clumps of dried vegetation, as well as under heaps of rocks and stone walls.

threats:
Due to the wide range of habitats Napaeus vulgaris is found in, no threats are foreseen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Cyprus. There are no major threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus (Bank and Neubert 1998).

population:
The species is quite common (Bank and Hovestadt 1991). There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This is a soil-dwelling species found under stones and under shrubs, mainly in open, xeric habitats.

conservationAction:
The species is reported from three Natura 2000 sites in Cyprus (see http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/). There is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in the Crimean mountains and therefore has potentially a relatively wide range. However, most of the mountains are not accessible for research (as they are now occupied by military bases, private recreational areas or are just inaccessible). Therefore the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy cannot be defined precisely and might be much smaller than the extent of the mountains themselves (inferred as 34,600 km2). Furthermore, this species has a specialised habitat that is threatened, within all its native range, by the increase in temperature and light exposure as a result of climate changes. Therefore it is considered as Near Threatened (NT).

population:
There are no data available on the population of this species.

habitat:
This molluscs is found in shady and damp sites or in gorges.

threats:
Increase in temperature and light exposure as a result of climate changes is impacting this species.

conservationAction:
The area where this species occur should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in the Crimean mountains and therefore has  potentially a relatively wide range. However, most of the mountains are  not accessible for research (as they are now occupied by military bases,  private recreational areas or are just inaccessible). Therefore the  extent of occurrence or area of occupancy cannot be defined precisely  and might be much smaller than the extent of the mountains themselves  (inferred as 34,600 km2). Furthermore, this species has a  specialised habitat that is threatened, within all its native range, by  the increase in temperature and light exposure as a result of climate  changes. Therefore it is considered as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This molluscs is found in the Crimean Mountains, in Ukraine.

population:
There are no data on the population of this species.

habitat:
This species occurs in damp sites near mountainous streams, boggy grounds or shady gorges.

threats:
Droughts and increase in temperature and light exposure as a result of climate changes impact this species


taxonomicNotes:
In Turkey there are also Buliminus komarowi O. Boettger, 1880 and Buliminus scapus L. Pfeiffer, 1853. There is a conchological similarity to #Jaminia quadridens. #

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a large range, but within this range it seems to be rare and highly fragmented. According to Peter  and Alexander Reischutz, (pers. comm., 2010), it appears that there is  a decline in the sub-populations sizes in Dalmatia of at least 30%. As Dalmatia is the largest sub-population in Europe, it is likely that the decline applies to the whole European range. Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) A2b at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
This is a Pontic species which seems to extend from Slovenia and Croatia westwards to Armenia ("Leninakan" [=Gyumri]) and southern Georgia to the east. Due to its conchological similarity to Jaminia quadridens, they might be mixed by some authors and therefore faunistical records are not always reliable. This is especially true in the western Balkans region, where the two species' ranges overlap.Among others, distribution data are provided by Schütt (1996), Likharev and Damjanov (1975), Grossu (1987), Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996), Kantor et al. (2010), Stamol and Velkovrh (1995), Stamol (1986), Stankovic #et al. #(2006) and Tomic (1959). In the HNHM Mollusc Collection, there are only a few records from Dalmatia and Bulgaria, one from Hercegovina in Medugorje and one from Romania in Babadag. According to Fauna Europaea, it also occurs in Montenegro and Slovenia.

population:
This species seems to be rare and highly fragmented. According to Peter and Alexander Reischutz, (pers. comms., 2010), it appears that there is a decline in the sub-populations sizes in Dalmatia of at least 30%.

habitat:
Though not an obligate rock-dwelling species, it is associated primarily with limestone areas, including rocky grasslands and rocky shrubland where it is usually found among leaf litter or under stones or at the base of rocks (Schütt 1996).

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation such as deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are outside of protected areas.Research is required into the causes of the observed population decline in Dalmatia and ascertain whether this is consistent with the rest of the species' European range. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread in the east Aegean islands. Although this species is quite rare, there is no direct threat currently known. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is present in the #eastern #Aegean Islands from Kos to Rhodos and on the coasts of western Turkey (Bank and Neuteboom 1988, Schütt 2001, Triantis et al. 2008).

population:
The species is quite rare. There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is a rock-dwelling species and is usually found on rocks or in rock crevices. In Kalymnos and the #nearby #island of Telendos above 400 meters above sea level (Triantis et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. It is known from a few locations in high altitudes,  #and only a small known population with a small number of mature individuals. Any modification to its habitat may pose a serious threat. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of it's very small known range. More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Thasos (north Aegean Sea) (Bank and Menkhorst 1992).

habitat:
The species was found in an area of woodland, scrub, grassland and bare rock communities.

threats:
Grazing, quarrying and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in Thasos included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on the threats and distribution is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is thought to be rare. The species has a restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. It is known from a few locations in high altitudes,  #and only a small known population with a small number of mature individuals. Any modification to its habitat may pose a serious threat. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of it's very small known range. More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece on the the island of Amorgos (Cyclades) (Mylonas 1982).

population:
The species is rare. #There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species is rock-dwelling, i.e. it is found on rocks and in rock crevices.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in #Amorgos #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on the distribution and threats of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is thought to be relatively rare. The species has a restricted Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy. It is known from a few locations in high altitudes,  #and only a small known population with a small number of mature individuals. Any modification to its habitat may pose a serious threat. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of it's very small known range. More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece on Naxos Island (Cyclades (Bank and Menkhorst 1992).

population:
The species is quite rare. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species, i.e. it is found on rocks and in rock crevices.

threats:
Grazing, quarrying and fire can potentially restrict the population of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
The species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in #Amorgos #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. Research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from the type locality. However, its population seems to be stable and there are no major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, if a threat was to impact this species in the future, it would directly qualify as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is only known from the type locality: on rocks opposite the pioneer-camp "Artek-Lazurnyi", 10-20 m above the lower road between Artek and Gurzuf, in the Yalta District, Crimea (Ukraine).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution, as it is only known from the type locality.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread and abundant species within its native range. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic of the Crimean Mountains, in Ukraine.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species, as well as on the threats it may be facing.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is thought to be relatively rare. The species has a restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. It is known from a few locations in high altitudes,  #and only a small known population with a small number of mature individuals. Any modification to its habitat may pose a serious threat. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of it's very small known range. More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the islands of Karpathos and Rhodes (Vardinoyannis 1994).

population:
The species is quite rare. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
This species is usually in the crevices of the limestone rocks, at high altitudes (Vardinoyannis 1994).

threats:
The main threat for this rare species, with a very restricted distribution, is the modification/destruction of its habitat through quarrying, other human activities and fire.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in #the species' distribution #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (max. 477 km2) and area of occupancy (possibly less than 50 km2). It is known from a few areas in high altitudes, probably about 10 locations. There is a small known population with a small number of mature individuals and thus any modification to its habitat may lead to a high risk of extinction. There is no decline in the quality of habitat. The species is assigned to Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, almost qualifying for B1a +2a.

range:
This species was #described from the island of Samos in Greece (Bank and Butot 1990), which has an area of 477.4 km2.

population:
The species is quite rare. #There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species.

habitat:
This species usually lives in the crevices of the limestone rocks, in high altitudes (Vardinoyannis 1994).

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Fires can also have a negative impact on the species habitat. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
The species is included in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (VU). #Although there are a number of areas in #the species' distribution #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.

useAndTrade:
The available information does not indicate any utilization of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Crete and is thought to be relatively rare. It is known from two locations in high altitudes of west Crete, #and only a small known population with a small number of mature individuals. #The species has a restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. Any modification to its habitat may pose a serious threat. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the basis of it's very small known range. More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.

range:
The species is endemic to Crete, found in two sites on the west of the island, in altitudes higher than 1,500 m (Vardinoyannis 1994, Gittenberger 1996).

population:
The species quite rare. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species is usually found in the crevices of the limestone rocks, in high altitudes with Pinus brutia (Vardinoyannis 1994). # It is found above 1,500 m.

threats:
The main threat for this rare species with a very restricted distribution, is the modification/destruction of its habitat, through fire or other human activities (such as quarrying).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in Crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #More research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is widespread and abundant. There is no direct threat known. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from Greece (Rhodes Island), south Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Syria and Cyprus (see Bank and Hovestadt 1991, Schütt 2001, Heller 2009).

population:
This is a very abundant species. There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. #

habitat:
This species is usually met in dry shrublands, under stones and/or stones.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has two subspecies, the subspecies Z. k. mesopotamica (E. Martens 1874) found in the Asian part of Turkey around Mardin (Schütt 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria and Turkey. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several  known subpopulations. It inhabits open, dry places, where human activity is not a serious danger. There are no major threats. This species is listed as least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is found in Bulgaria and Turkey. This species lives between 0 and 100 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007). However the #elevation range is much wider in Turkey, where most of the populations live.

habitat:
This species is found in dry shrub, weed and steppe vegetation, often on and around limestone rocks.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Turkey and In Bulgaria. #No conservation measures are needed for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was previously described as Buliminus varnensis. The species is monotypic.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species lives in Romania and in Bulgaria on the coastal vicinity of Black Sea (Damjanov and Likharev 1975, Grossu 1987). #The species inhabits open, dry places, where human  activity is not a serious danger. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in Romania and in Bulgaria in the coastal area of the Black Sea (Damjanov and Likharev 1975, Grossu 1987). This species lives between 0 and 100 m above sea level in Bulgaria (Vet and Popov 2007).

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other   realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the   complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying etc.). Drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical"   threat at the current time.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Romania and In Bulgaria. No conservation measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Spain, being restricted to the north slope of Sierra de Tramuntana in Mallorca island (Baleares). #Threats to this species are changes in land-use, particularly by the increase of tourist pressure and road construction, but these are only currently acting at a localised level. #This species has a restricted range, but it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Spain, being restricted to the north slope of Sierra de Tramuntana in Mallorca island (Baleares).

population:
There are no population studies, but the population trend is assumed to be stable. #Gasull (1963) and Pons and Palmer (1996) indicated that it is locally abundant.

habitat:
Allognathus graellsianus is a species that lives in the crevices of rocks and walls, being active only when it rains (Gasull 1963). According to Pons and Palmer (1996), it lives in the less degraded areas of its range.

threats:
Threats to this species are changes in land-use, particularly by the increase of tourist pressure and road construction. Fire is another possible threat.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by a resolution of the Balear Department of Environment which includes it in the Balear Endangered Species List (BOIB, no. 66, 15/05/2008) with the category of species of special concern. An important extension of its range is within areas included in the Natura 2000 networking programme. The main conservation action should be focused to the habitat preservation, and to better delimitate its range. Studies about population and biology are also needed.


taxonomicNotes:
It is necessary to conduct a revision of the entire complex Iberellus Hesse 1908, considered as a subgenus of Allognathus by several authors (Vilella et al. 2003, Beckmann (2007) or as an independent genus by some others (Jaeckel 1952, Gasull 1963, Puente 1994, Quintana 2007). Some authors consider that Iberellus contains only one species with or without subspecies within it, while some others consider several species (see Puente 1994 and Beckman 2007 for a review). We will follow the suggestions of Beckmann (2007) and Quintana (2007) who consider Allognathus hispanicus (called in these two works as Allognathus (Iberellus) balearicus balearicus (Rossmässler 1838) or Iberellus balearicus, respectively) as a taxon endemic to Mallorca Island and Cabrera Archipelago. Other taxa of this complex include Allognathus (Iberellus) horadade (S.H. Jaeckel 1952) from Cabrera Archipelago (Horarada islet) # Allognathus (Iberellus) pyrenaicus (Rossmässler 1839), from Menorca Island, Allognathus (Iberellus) tanitianus (Forés   Vilella 1993) from Eivissa Island # and Allognathus (Iberellus) pythiusensis (Bofill   Aguilar-Amat 1924) from Bledes Islets (Eivissa). # Molecular and morphological studies are needed to resolve the phylogeny and taxonomy of this complex.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Mallorca Island and Cabrera Archipelago (Spain) and is widely distributed in areas of calcareous rocky substrate. #Threats to this species are changes in land-use, particularly by the increase of tourist pressure and road construction, but these are only currently acting at a localised level. #This species has a restricted range, but it does not meet either population decline or range decline criteria. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Mallorca Island and Cabrera Archipelago (Spain) and is widely distributed in areas of calcareous rocky substrate.

population:
There are no population studies, but assumed stable in the areas where the habitat is still not altered.

habitat:
This species lives in karstic areas and in old stone walls, being refugee within rock crevices during dry conditions. It is only active on rainy days.

threats:
Threats to this species are construction of new residential areas, tourism development and road construction. Fire is also a threat.

conservationAction:
On the basis of its range it meets the criteria for a "Species of Conservation Concern" in Spain. The Balearic Islands hold the 100% # of the population of this species, but no conservation action plans are currentlt in place for this species. A large part of its range is within protected areas, particularly in the Sierra de Tramuntana and in Cabrera Archipelago. It allows to preserve the habitat of this species, a priority for its conservation. Nevertheless, more studies are needed about population size, biology and ecological requirements. The taxonomy of the complex needs further studies.


taxonomicNotes:
As it has been indicated for Allognathus hispanicus, it is necessary to conduct a revision of the entire complex Iberellus Hesse, 1908, considered as a  subgenus of Allognathus by  several authors (Vilella et al. 2003, Beckmann (2007) or as an  independent genus by some others (Jaeckel 1952, Gasull 1963, Puente 1994, Quintana 2007). Some authors consider that Iberellus contains only one species  with or without subspecies within it, while some others consider several  species (see Puente 1994 and Beckman 2007 for a review).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted range, limited to the island of Menorca and one introduced population on mainland Spain. The natural system of the island is well preserved, but tourist activities and urban development are serious threats. Presently, population and geographic range reduction, as well as fragmentation of locations are not high enough to classify this species in a threatened category. If land-use  management reduced its habitat, and decline in area of occupancy increased, then the  species could become threatened. This species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands (Spain) living in Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera (Beckmann 2007). It seems to be widely distributed in these three islands, but is restricted to non altered habitats. Besides, there are some reports of the species in mainland Spain (under the name of Iberellus companyoni Aleron 1837, nomen nudum), but they are the result of introductions (Jackel 1952, Gasull 1966). Out from the Balearic Islands it is currently present only in the roman walls of Tarragona old city (Bech 1990).

population:
No population studies have been made, but assumed stable in places with suitable habitat.

habitat:
This species lives in walls and calcareous rocks in natural environments and under stones in ruderal environments. It has also been reported in one locality of siliceous substrate (Quintana 2007).

threats:
New residencial areas and tourism development and road construction are the major threats for this species. Fire is also a threat. Competition with the alien species Murella muralis #is also a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
On the basis of its range it meets the criteria for a "Species of  Conservation Concern" in Spain. The Balearic Islands holds the 99% of  the population of this species, but no conservation action plans are  currently in place for this species. A large part of its range is within  protected areas, which allows to preserve the habitat of this species, a  priority for its conservation. Nevertheless, more studies are needed  about population size, biology and ecological requirements. The taxonomy  of the complex needs further studies.


taxonomicNotes:
The species has two subspecies, A. aethiops aethiops (E. A. Bielz 1851) and A. aethiops petrii (Kimakowicz 1890). According to www.animalbase.org the correct spelling is aethyops, however, Bielz emended the name himself to aethiops, and it is in use since then.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Romania and the Ukraine. The two sub-species of this species live within a relatively narrow range and # there are only a few known sub-populations (about 10). However, the locations are not easy to access and there are no known major threats. The population trend is thought to be stable. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
According to Grossu (1983), A aethiops aethiops lives in the Fagaras Mts and in the Retezat Mts. Arianta aethiops petrii lives only in the Rodna Mts. According to www.animalbase.org the species lives in Western Ukraine (Rakhiv and Cernivtsi region). The sub-species A. ae. petrii occurs also in the Rarau Mts (Páll-Gergely unpublished).

population:
The species is relatively rare everywhere where occurs. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
A. aethiops aethiops seems to be an obligate rock-dwelling species in high altitudes (above 1800 m). It can also be found under huge rocks. A. aethiops petrii also occurs in forests.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the habitat. Considering that inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected on national level in Romania and in Ukraine. #No conservation measures are needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a widespread species in Europe, where it is abundant in moist wooded habitats. It lives from the lowlands up to beyond the tree limit in the Alps above 2,000 m asl. There are no threats known for this species on the continent, however, the situation for this species in Ireland needs permanent monitoring. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern.

range:
This is one of the most widespread species for Central Europe, where it lives in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Baltic countries, Poland, Ukraine, Northern Moldavia, Germany, Benelux countries, central France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Cech Republic, northern Croatia, Serbia, and northern Italy (Sysoev and Schileyko 2009; Kerney et al. 1983; Gittenberger 2004).Special attention should be paid to the Irish distribution, as the species is almost confined to the northern half of Ireland with two outlying sites  in # Cork where it may have a recent origin. Its range in the north of  Ireland suggests that it may have originated from neighbouring areas of  Scotland relatively late in the Postglacial period. A similar # distribution and therefore origin is posited for Arion owenii  and the carabid beetle Carabus nitens (Byrne et al. 2009).

population:
Populations on the continent are stable. In Ireland, this is a declining species with a fragmented distribution (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
On the continent, this species is abundant in moist woods, there is no  preferred substrate known. In the Alps, this species can even be found  beyond the tree limit on alpine meadows. In Ireland, it occurs in open wet fen margins and open damp woodlands and areas at the base of limestone escarpments. As its name, copse snail, suggests, it is mainly found in woodland. It also favours rich, fenny, unimproved pasture, scrub woods and rocks  in limestone or chalk areas and is rarely found in acid terrain although there are a few records of  very thin-shelled forms in ancient oak woods on the quartzite rocks of  Co. Londonderry (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
On the continent, there are no major threats for this species; disturbed habitats are easily re-colonised. In Ireland, the threatened habitats include open wet fen margins and open damp woodlands and areas at the base of limestone escarpments.

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
This species is not subject to any commercial use.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., Falkner, M., von Proschwitz, T. Neubert, E.


taxonomicNotes:
Arianta chamaeleon is a polytypic species. However, the taxonomic status of these subspecies is problematic. The currently accepted subspecies are: Arianta chamaeleon chamaeleon (L. Pfeiffer, 1868), A. chamaeleon carnica (Ehrmann, 1910), A. chamaeleon wiedemayri (Kobelt, 1903), A. chamaeleon subglobosa (Ehrmann, 1910) and A. chamaeleon tullina (Ehrmann, 1910).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively restricted range, with an extent of occurrence of 5,500 km2 and an area of occupancy of 100-150 km2. It is considered to be severaly fragmented. There are ongoing serious threats to almost all subpopulations of this species, and the population trend for some of them is clearly declining. Single subpopulations may be Endangered to Critically Endangered. For this reason, the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.

range:
The species is found in the South-Eastern Alps through Austria, Italy and Slovenia. It is living in higher altitudes to the summit areas of large mountains. Thus, populations are highly fragmented, and currently, gene flow between these isolated populations is quite unlikely. The distribution of the subspecies is as follows:A. c. chamaeleon: Steiner Alps, Karawanken, Julian Alps A. c. carnica: main chain of the Carnic Alps, Sappada-Group in the Venetian Alps, and Moggio-Group in the Julian Alps  A. c. wiedemayri: localised in the westernmost part of the Carnic main chain A. c. subglobosa: Gailtaler Alps from Dobratsch to Jauken (type locality), in the north to the Staffberg, in the west passing over the Gailbergsattel to the Lienzer Dolomits A. c. tullina: only known from the type locality Triglav in the Julian Alps (Slovenia, the indication for Italy in Fauna Europaea is an error)

population:
There are no population data available. However, in Austria all the subspecies show a decline of approximately 40% (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). For Slovenia and Italy no data are available. However, this species lives in a heavily used landscape, and this use is the same in Italy and Slovenia (pasturing, tourist activity). For this reason it can be inferred that the decline affects these populations in a similar magnitude.

habitat:
The species may be found in open alpine habitats like alpine lowlands, and boulder agglomerations, rockwalls with cavities, herbaceous and shrubby screes, at higher altitudes (rarely below 1000 m). This species is strictly bound to calcareous habitats.

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism and pasturing. Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality; this threat is ongoing or even increasing in the last 10 years. Another major threat to this species is pasture; large-bodied snail like A. chamaeleon can easily be killed by trampling and thus are seriously affected; pasturing also leads to an alteration of the natural vegetation with adverse effects, and the intensity of land-use is supposed to be stable or even increasing in the Alps.

conservationAction:
Four of the subspecies are included in the Red List of Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007)  The type locality of A. c. tullina is situated in the Triglav National Park and thus strictly protected. Thus, parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.

redListAssessors:
von Proschwitz, T., Falkner, G. Reischutz, P.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives only in the montainous region Bucegi mountains in Romania. #The number of known locations is less than five and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2. Currently, there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence or the area of occupancy or the number of locations is declining. The population appears stable. #Future threats may be deforestation, logging, recreational activities, quarrying, constructions, and could possibly cause the reduction of this already small population in the future. However, this species is found in a national park, and there is no imminent threat. Therefore this species is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species lives only in the region of the Bucegi mountains in Romania.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species is quite abundant. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

threats:
This species is not particularly sensitive to ecosystem modification or other possible threats. Considering that inhabits an inaccessible location, drastic ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat now.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Romania, but the whole area of the species lies within the Bucegi National Park. Research is needed on the threats to this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Austria and Slovenia. The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for Endangered (AOO <500 km2) and there are only three known localities. However, there are no major threats affecting this species at present. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT). However, if a threat was to occur, for example in relation to climate change, this high altitude species could qualify for a higher threat category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species occurs in Austria and Slovenia. In Slovenia, it is present in 11 sites, in two UTM squares (10 x 10 km) and from only one site in Austria. It occurs above 1,700 m asl.

population:
There is no data on population size and trend.

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species found living under the stones. It occurs above 1,700 m asl.

threats:
Any current threats to this species are unknown. However, climate change may be an important risk for this high altitude specialist in the future.

conservationAction:
Currently no conservation actions are required for this species. However, as it is only found in three locations, monitoring of these sites is required to indicate any threats to the species.

redListAssessors:
Slapnik, R., Reischütz, A. Reischutz, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Klemm (1974) and Gittenberger et al. (2004) treat Arianta stenzii as a subspecies of A. arbustorum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Distributional and ecological data known for this species are insufficient and the taxon needs a thorough revision. However, the habitats of this alpine species are under heavily used, and enormous pressure on the species can be supposed. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The species is found only in the East-Alps in Austria and Italy.

population:
The population of this species is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found on calcareous scree and boulder slopes on the edge of alpine grassland.

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism  and pasturing. Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead  to a serious decline of habitat quality. Another threat to this species is  pasturing that might lead to alteration of the natural vegetation with adverse effects, and the  intensity of land-use is supposed to be stable or even increasing in the  Alps.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Red List for Carinthia (Austria) (1999).Further research is required to assess the species' population and distribution and to ascertain the level of threat to the species from the exploitation of habitats for tourism. Taxonomic uncertainties surrounding the taxon need addressing.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, G., von Proschwitz, T. Reischutz, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Gittenberger (2004) treated Arianta xatartii as a subspecies of Arianta arbustorum. But Bank et al. (2006) still consider it as a valid species. Gittenberger first (2001) considered it as a species, later as a  subspecies (2004), but after having re-analyzed the data he now (2007)  again considers it a species (personal communication to Ruud Bank, not published). The main reasoning is because of the the geological #history.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted area of occupancy of eight km2 in the Pyrenees in France and in  Spain. It is recorded from two locations and ca. 5-7 sites. There are major threats to this species through tourist activities which could cause a reduction in the size and quality of the habitat. Protection of the complete distribution area is suggested. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is known from a small area in the Pyrenees in France and in Spain. It is recorded from 2 locations and ca. 5-7 sites (Puente et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009).

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but it seems that the number of mature individual specimens is low (Puente et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009).

habitat:
This is an alpine species living in the summit area of large mountains between 1,200 to 2,600 m asl. in fresh and humid places.

threats:
The major threats to this species are the reduction of habitat size and quality, mainly by tourist activities like skiing and hiking and by pasturing (Puente et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009).

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species, but protection of the complete distribution area seems to be needed (Puente et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Cyprus. Recent studies on the population status of the species, as well as its habitat and ecology, are lacking. #This species is listed as Data Deficient. #More research is needed on the population and on the threats.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyprus, reported from Kyrenia mountain range in the north part of the island (Schütt and Subai 1996).

habitat:
This species is found in limestone areas, in rock crevices.

threats:
The available #information #from the occupied part of Cyprus is quite limited and the major threat to this species are unknown.

conservationAction:
There is no current conservation action regarding the species. More research is needed on the population and on the threats. #


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from subfossilised shells from #mountain Kali Limni in #Karpathos #Island #and it is likely to be still alive (Vardinoyannis 1994). If alive, its population will certainly be small and thus, any modification of its #environment #can rapidly lead to the extinction of the species in the wild. #Grazing and fire are the most important threats in the species' area of of distribution, leading to soil erosion. Moreover there is an increase of tourism in the area. #The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are of the species small, the number of locations restricted and it seems that there is a #Continuing decline in  #(i) the extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) the quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations and (v) the number of mature individuals. Thus, the species is assigned  #to the Critically #Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) category.

range:
The species is known from subfossilised shells from mountain Kali Limni in Karpathos Island and it is likely to be still alive (Vardinoyannis 1994). #

population:
The species is known only from subfossilised shells from #mountain Kali Limni in #Karpathos #Island #and it is likely to be still alive (Vardinoyannis 1994). Hence, the population of the species must be #considered #significantly small.

habitat:
The species is known from the #mountain Kali Limni in #Karpathos #Island, in rock crevices #(Vardinoyannis 1994). This is a large species (15.5 - 21 x 31 - 38 mm).

threats:
The species known only from sub-fossilised shells, has certainly a small population, if any. Hence, any modification of its #environment #can rapidly lead to the extinction of the species in the wild. Grazing and fire are the most important threats in the species' area of of distribution, leading to soil erosion. Moreover there is an increase  of tourism in the area.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Also, the area where it is distributed belongs to the Natura 2000 Site (GR4210002). More research is needed on the population of this species, in order to find living specimen.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe, and there is no known threat to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This is a central Mediterranean species that is recorded from France (maritime influenced areas), Corsica, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Croatia, Montenegro (only coast), and the coastal areas of Greece including all the major islands. Outside Europe it is also known from Algeria, Tunisia, and western Libya, and the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This species is easily distributed by human activities, its native range is almost impossible to assess.This species has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand, where it is a pest snail.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are stable. This is a pest snail outside its European range.

habitat:
This species inhabits all types of maritime influenced Mediterranean habitats, it is a synanthropic species (i.e. that live near, and benefit from, an association with humans and the somewhat artificial habitats that humans create around them). However, it is obviously susceptible to frost, so populations introduced to countries north of the Alps do not survive the winter period.

useAndTrade:
This species is probably part of local diet. It is not used on a larger scale.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria. There are three known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 200 km2, but there is no current major threat. # #Future threats may be deforestation, logging, recreational activities, quarrying, constructions, and could possibly cause the reduction of this already small population in the future. #Therefore this species is listed as Near Threatened based on a possible threat in the future with a species with a very small range. #Research is recommended on the population trend of this species, as well as the general habitat and ecology and possible threats.

range:
This species is only known from a small area in the eastern Rodopes Mountains in Southeast Bulgaria. Until now, this area is restricted from east of Kardzali between the city and the Greek border (Dedov and Subai 2006).

population:
The species is far from being well studied as it was described in 2006. It is impossible to infer population trend.

habitat:
The habitat of this species is open terrain with bushes, grass, Urtica and single trees. Specimens can be found on bushes among Urtica and under stones (Dedov and Subai 2006).

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications (which affect either the rocks or the vegetation in their habitats), because the known localities are close to populated places. These could be deforestation, logging, recreational activities, quarrying and constructions. Any threats should be taken seriously if the range of this species is really as narrow as reported.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Bulgaria, and the known localities are out of protected areas. Research is recommended on the population trend of this species, as well as the general habitat and ecology and possible threats.


taxonomicNotes:
The species is mentioned as Faustina (Cattania) trizona haberhaueri by Damjanov Likharev (1975).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in west and southwest Bulgaria south of Sofia (Rila, Pirin Mts.), in Eastern Serbia, east and south Macedonia (FYROM), and in a narrow zone in Northern Greece (P. Subai pers. comm. 2010). #This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as  #Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern on the European level.

range:
This species lives in west and southwest Bulgaria south of Sofia (Rila, Pirin Mts.), in Eastern Serbia, east and south Macedonia (FYROM), and in a narrow zone in Northern Greece (P. Subai pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Potential locations of this species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored and there are no data on population trend. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocks in broadleaved deciduous mountain forests, rarely in pinetree forests with high humidity. In west Rodopi it is found at heights between 400 and 1700 m, and the maximum elevation in Bulgaria is 2000 m.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole population significantly. #

conservationAction:
The geographic range of the species is not exactly known and so research is recommended on the distribution. Some of the known sub-populations occur within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from at least six sub-populations in quite a wide area and there is no direct threat is currently known. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is known from a restricted area in the borders between Greece and Bulgaria. #Hubenov (2007), reports it from the mountain of  #Pirin (Bulgaria). According to the collections of HNHM this species is present in at least six sites in Greece and Bulgaria.

population:
The species is rare in Bulgaria (Hubenov 2007, Irikov and Eross, 2009). According to the HNHM collection, in Greece the species is locally abundant (type locality). There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The species is mainly found under stones or piles of stones and limestone surfaces.

threats:
Fire and quarrying can potentially restrict the populations of the species. #Considering #that the species is thought to be relatively rare in the restricted region that it is distributed, then in the case of its habitat reduction or #impoverishment #a rapid decline of its population is highly probable. #


taxonomicNotes:
Originally described as Campylaea maranajensis A.J. Wagner, 1914.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species in endemic to the Prokletije Mountains in Albania. There are two known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2. #

range:
This species seems to be endemic to the Prokletije Mountains in Albania. For a long time, it was known only from its type locality (Maranaj Mountains, 1500 m above sea level). Some recent findings (Fehér and Erőss 2009) extended the known range of the species. These new records are: Periferi Malësia, eight km east of Bogë on the road towards Theth, 1250 m above sea level, and nine km east of Bogë along the road towards Theth, 1450 m above sea level. The potential range of the species is quite unexplored, so it can be assumed that further subpopulations will be found that will increase the extent of occurrence (EOO) as well.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential range of the species is difficult to access and therefore currently remains unexplored, there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. Usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is relatively unlikely at the moment.   #

conservationAction:
The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known, therefore research activity should focus on these points.     The species is not protected at national level in Albania and its known sites are out of protected areas.     #


taxonomicNotes:
Originally described as Campylaea maranajensis petrovici A.J. Wagner, 1914. Now, it is considered as a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species in endemic to the Prokletije Mountains in Albania. There are two known locations and the area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 20 km2. However, there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number  of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or  extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.      #

range:
This species seems to be endemic to the Prokletije Mountains, in Albania. For a long time it was known only from the type locality (Cukali Mts. 1723 m above sea level). A recent record extended its known range: Periferi Shkodër, around 1.5 km upstream from the dam at Koman, Liqeni i Komanit (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished). The potential range of the species is quite unexplored, so it can be  assumed that further subpopulations will be found that will increase the  extent of occurrence (EOO) as well.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential range of the species is difficult to access and therefore is remaining quite unexplored, there is no data on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. Individuals are usually found on rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is relatively unlikely at the moment. #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in  Albania and its known sites are out of protected areas. The geographic range and the existing sub-populations of this species are not exactly known and therefore any research activity should focus on these  point.          #


taxonomicNotes:
According to P. Subai (pers. comm. 2010) C. renschi is the synonym of C. rumelica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species inhabits southwest Bulgaria, east Rep. Makedonija and northeast Greece. This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several  known sub-populations. There are no major threats. Therefore, it is  assessed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species inhabits southwest Bulgaria, east Rep. Makedonija and northeast Greece. According to P. Subai (pers. comm. 2010) the species lives in the Rhodope Mountains, and south from Plovdiv until the Greek boarder (Hvojna, Tesel, Narecen, Asenovgrad, Jugovo, Trigrad and Devin).

habitat:
This species prefers limestone habitats, deciduous forests, is found rarely in pinetree forests and in open terrains.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events would not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of the species is not exactly known so research on the distribution is recommended. Some of the known sub-populations occur within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 15-20 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Cattania trizona #is distributed in the southern part of the Banaticum (Romania), in eastern Serbia and in western Bulgaria with records from #Zlot, Sicevo, #Surdulica and Jelašnicka gorge near Nis in Serbia; #Mehadia, Domogled, Cerna Valley, Baile Herculanea, Kazan gorge and Jelaram, "Csernabesnyő" in Romania, and Vratza, between Iskretz and Breze, Zgorigrad, Ledenika and Lakatnik in Bulgaria (HNHM Mollusc Collection and Munkacsy Museum Békéscsaba, unpublished).    The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas.However, due to the large, stable population there are no conservation actions required for this species at present.


range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe (alpine and Carpathian distribution) , and is locally abundant. Its main distribution is area is in # Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, and Slovak Republic. Some subpopulations are also recorded from the border areas of these countries: Poland, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, # Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, and the Ukraine.

habitat:
This species inhabits fir forests in the mountains, often on slightly acidic soils.


range:
This species is widespread in Europe, and is locally abundant (Kerney, Cameron # and Jungbluth 1983). In Ireland, it has a patchy distribution (Kerney 1999) and common only in some central and eastern counties (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
The species has a general preference for temperate forest. Kerney (1999) suggests that C. hortensis prefers shadier and moister places than C. nemoralis  in Britain. Such a distinction is not clear in Ireland although, unlike C. nemoralis,   it does not favour coastal dunes. While C. hortensis has a Boreal-continental range more typical  of xeric cold-adapted species, C. nemoralis has a markedly  western range (Suboceanic Southern-temperate) and seems better adapted  to equable, wet climates (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in Ireland as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009).


range:
This species is widespread in Europe, and is locally abundant (Kerney, Cameron and Jungbluth 1983).

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable. In Ireland, it is frequent throughout but most abundant in coastal localities, particularly dune (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
In Ireland, it is found mostly in shaded, rocky or humanly disturbed habitats such as gardens. It can be sparsely distributed on acid soils where shells are thin and  fragile. It is most abundant and well developed on coastal dunes and generally prefers sheltered dry places (Byrne et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
In Ireland, this species is listed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. However, it is widely distributed and there are no identified threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The current distribution of this species is the western Alps where it is known from south-western France, western Switzerland, north-western Italy. It is also known from the upper Rhine valley from Schaffhausen to near Mainz in Germany. There is an introduced population in Landsberg (Lech).

population:
There are usually only a few individuals to find where they occur. The exact population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. However, the population is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives in mixed and deciduous woods and on rocks in woods. It can also be found in pine-forests. Above the timberline, it lives on grassland with stones and rocks which are mainly carbonate.

threats:
There are not thought to be any threats to this species.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently required for this species.


range:
This is a mainly east European element reaching the Ukraine, quite common in Hungary. It is recorded from Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine. In Germany, the natural population is extinct and there is one introduced population in Bayern.

population:
The size and trend within most of # the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This is a thermophilic species inhabiting usually open warm shrub vegetation, preferably on sheltered southwards exposed slopes and valleys.


taxonomicNotes:
A polytypic species, in which the taxonomic status of the subspecies is problematic. The currently accepted subspecies, listed in Fauna Europaea are: Ch. achates achates (Rossmässler, 1835), Ch. a. cingulina (Deshayes, 1839), Ch. a. ochroleucum (Babor   Kostal, 1894), Ch. a. stiriae (Forcart, 1933). Reischütz and Reischütz (2007: 382) list as additional subspecies Ch. a. achates sensu Klemm, 1974 and Ch. a. rhaeticum (Strobel, 1857). Of these, Ch. a. achates sensu Klemm denotes a separate subspecies differening from the true achates, this is an erroneous application of the epithet. Ch. a. rhaeticum is considered to be a subspecies of Ch. adelozona in Fauna Europaea.

redListCategoryRationale:
The collective taxon is difficult to assess, as the subspecies deserve to be evaluated independently and necessitate an intense monitoring. Due to the development of tourism, a decline is observed in a considerable part of the populations. The few isolated occurrences in the Bohemian Mass are specially threatened. In Austria, the decline is estimated to be between 20 # and 50%. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A.

range:
Endemic to Europe. The species is found across the Eastern Alps in Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Italy, with an extension to Wachau (Austria) and Southern Bohemia (Bohemian Mass, Czech Republic).The general distribution of the species agg. is eastern alpine; the single subspecies are distributed as follows:- Ch. a. achates: north of the main alpine divide from Vorarlberg to the Enns Valley and Bavarian Alps in the north; with extensions to the Bohemian Mass (Böhmerwald and Weinviertel).- Ch. a. cingulina: Lower Austrian Alps from the Enns Valley to the eastern margin of the Alps (except the Flysch zone), northern Styrian Alps, and eastern Carinthia north of the Drau (see map in Reischütz and Reischütz 2009)- Ch. a. stiriae: endemic to the Grazer Bergland and some adjacent massifs (see map in Reischütz and Reischütz 2009)- Ch. a. ochroleucum: known only from its type locality in Southern Bohemia (Hojná Voda) near the border of Lower Austria- Ch. a. achates sensu Klemm: this subspecies (for which a valid name has not yet been found) is distributed south of the main alpine divide in East Tyrol, eastern Carinthia, and adjacent Italy.

population:
The population trend is decreasing. Reischütz and Reischütz 2007 estimate for Austria a decrease between 20% and 50%.

habitat:
The species lives in the montane to subalpine zone in shaded and moist rocky biotopes, and also in montane mixed forests; it is not strictly bound to calcareous substrates.

threats:
The main threat to the species is exploitation of habitats for tourism and forestry. Tourist activities like skiing, hiking, climbing lead to a serious decline of habitat quality; this threat is ongoing or even increasing in the last 10 years. Possibly acid precipitation might impact the species too.

conservationAction:
In the Red List of Austria all the subspecies are assessed: A. achates Near Threatened (NT), A. achates sensu Least Concern (LC), A. cingulina Near Threatened (NT), A. rhaeticum Vulnerable (VU), A. stiriae Least Concern (LC). In the Red Lists of Germany and of Bavaria the species is listed in category R (corresponding to "Rare").


taxonomicNotes:
This species has sometimes been considered as a subspecies of Chilostoma desmoulinsii but is now considered as a good species, presumably with subspecies (Falkner et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from less than 10 locations, spreading over a relatively restricted extent of occupation (about 10,000 km²). Its populations are scattered, with a known area of occupancy of 46 km². Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by   quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons.The trends in population are not known. Due to confusion with Ch. desmoulinsii, it is possible that some subpopulations are still unidentified. The species is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criterion B.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is known from the central Pyrenees, both from France (Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, Pyrénées-Orientales) and from Spain (Huesca and Lerida Provinces). Due to confusion with Ch. desmoulinsii, it is possible that some subpopulations are still unidentified, for example, the distribution map of Ch. desmoulinsii in Puente (1994:675) includes data for Ch. acrotricha.

habitat:
This species lives in relatively forested habitats where it can find places to hide, i.e. crevices in rock boulders or even man-built but old and rocky walls.

threats:
This species has less than 10 known locations, which are relatively distant from each other. This fragmentation might result in a possible threat. Other potential threats # are destruction of the habitat by  quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution of this species, to clearly distinguish it from Chilostoma desmoulinsii.

useAndTrade:
This species is not subject to any trade or use. One possible use may be collectors.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has two subspecies: C. adelozona adelozona and C. adelozona rhaeticum.

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon meets the area requirements under criterion B for Vulnerable with the extent of occurrence thought to be less than 20,000 km2. The population is fragmented and known to be declining in Switzerland with realistic threats to Italian populations. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iv).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union as further information on the distribution, size and trends of the populations in Italy is required.European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iv).

range:
This species' distribution includes northern Italy, Austria and southern Switzerland (Ticino). The subspecies C. adelozonav  adelozona is endemic to the southern Alps in Lombardia, Bergamask and Adamello with C.  adelozona rhaeticum being endemic to the eastern Alps, extending from von Landeck to St. Moritz, and also in the valley of Veltlin. The extent of occurrence is thought to be less than 20,000 km2.

population:
There is little population data for the species. However, in Switzerland the populations are slightly decreasing.

habitat:
This species lives on moist, shaded, generally carbonate rather than silicate rocks as well as on old mossy walls. The sites are often near water.

threats:
In Switzerland there is no actual threat known and therefore the causes for the decline are not understood. In Italy, quarrying of the rocks is taking place in the area where the species is found and this is a potential threat that this may lead to the loss of some populations in this area.

conservationAction:
The sub-species are listed on the Swiss Red List with C. adelozona adelozona as Endangered (EN) and C. adelozona rhaeticum as Vulnerable (VU) (Turner et al. 1998).More information on the distribution, size and trends of the populations in Italy as well as potential threats is needed before any conservation actions potentially required are considered.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is known from Greece (north-western part) and Albania (probably in south Albania) (Subai 1995, Feher and Eross 2009). #There is no direct threat is currently known. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
This species is known from Greece (north-western part) and Albania (probably in south Albania) (Subai 1995, Feher and Eross 2009).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is understudied but most probably it can be found under stones and in piles of stones.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are 20 known locations and the area of occupancy is calculated as 80 km2, but can be considered to be smaller in reality. The area of distribution is fragmented, and there is some threat through tourist activities. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

range:
The species is endemic to Italy; found in the Venetian Prealps and east of Trentino. The core of its distribution is found in the Dolomites. The distribution area seems to be fragmented, the species is separated into isolated subpopulations.

population:
The exact population size of this species is not known and there is no data on population trend.

habitat:
This species has a preference for shaded rocky habitats.

threats:
Due to the scattered distribution of the species, some of the isolated subpopulations may be threatened by tourist activities like skiing, hiking, and climbing. This can lead to a serious decline of habitat quality.

conservationAction:
Populations in the Dolomite area are covered by the Parco Nazionale Dolomiti.Due to a lack of recent information, more research is needed to establish the species' current distribution as well as to identify any trend in the population.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (1996) there two subspecies of Chilostoma amorgia; C. a. amorgia and C.a. furia.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to Greece in the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea (Greece) and it is present on the islands of Amorgos and Naxos (Subai 1996). There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Greece in the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea (Greece) and it is present on the islands of Amorgos and Naxos (Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Mylonas 1982).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in the two islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (1995, 1997) and Fauna Europaea there are two subspecies; #Campylaea apfelbecki apfelbecki #and C. a. bindzaensis (Sturany, 1909).In 2010 Subai (pers comm, unpublished) stated that these #are in fact two distinct species. In this assessment the two taxa are taken into consideration together. However, if Subai's opinion proves to be accepted, both species should be reassessed separately.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are at least six known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, if in the future its subspecies C. bindzaensis emerged at species level, then both taxa (i.e both C. apfelbecki and C. bindzaensis) would comply with Vulnerable (VU) D2 category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is sporadically distributed in Bosnia, Montenegro, South Serbia and North Albania. Known distribution records are for: Hercegovina-Montenegro border:  "im Volujakgebirge", Crna Gora: Jeserska Kaar,  Durmitor (AnimalBase), "Bindža Planina im Komgebiet", "South Serbian highlands", Prokletije, Maja e Jeserce, (Bosnien) Berg Bjelasnica and "des Passes zw. Boga und Theth, Aufstieg auf Radoshine, Kalkgeröll, Felsen, 1900-2100 m asl. (Subai 1997).It seems that the two subspecies have two separate ranges. This species seems to live in the higher regions, therefore it has a scattered distribution.    The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The potential locations of the species are difficult to access and as such the species’ range is quite unexplored. There is no data on the population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.

conservationAction:
The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and there is hardly any data on its subpopulations. First of all, research activity should focus on these points and the systematic relationship of the two subspecies.    The species is not protected at national level in the countries where occurs. However, some of the known sites are within protected areas such as Durmitor in Montenegro and Park Kombetar Theth in Albania.Due to the stable population no conservation actions are required currently.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single island, Syros, with a total area, less than 90 km2 #. The species is quite #abundant however, and there are no threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is an endemic to the island of Syros (Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996). There is an #inconsistency #regarding the type specimens that see to come from the island of Tinos.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009) #Although there are a number of areas in #the island (Syros) that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the regions of Peloponnese, Sterea, Ipirus and Thessalia (see Westerlund 1889).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of regions in the species #distribution #area #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #   #


range:
The species is endemic of Cyclades (Aegean Sea, Greece), present on the islands of #Naxos, Paros, Ios, Sikinos, Folegandros, Keros, Amorgos, Strongilo, Irakleia (Mylonas 1982, Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Mylonas 1982). #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in #the  #islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the south part of Peloponnese (Westerlund 1889).

habitat:
The species is mainly found #mainly under stones or piles of stones.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas  #that the species is distributed in included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from Albania and north-west Greece (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Fischer 2003). There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
This species is known from Albania and north-west Greece (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Fischer 2003).


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the region of Ipirus (Westerlund 1889).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is generally unknown, but most probably the species should be found under stones and in piles of stones.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There are no conservation action currently applied.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea recognises 31 valid subspecies. Most of these are in need of critical revision and some may be upgraded to species level. A first step in this direction is the work of Gargominy and Ripken (2006) who upgraded Chilostoma frigidum #(De Cristofori   Jan, 1832) #to species rank, with the subspecies Chilostoma frigidum frigidum, Chilostoma frigidum hermecianum (Pini, 1874) and Chilostoma frigidum liguricum (Kobelt, 1876).

redListCategoryRationale:
This is a species complex rather than a single species. It is split into a considerable number of subspecies, but as quite recently shown by Gargominy and Ripken (2006), there are subunits of this "species" which are considered to be species in their own rights. It is impossible to assess such a complex, because it might comprise species which might fall under the categories Least Concern (LC) to Critically Endangered (CR). # A critical taxonomic revision of this group is required to entangle the chaotic current situation. Therefore, this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found in the Northern and Southern calcareous Alps, the Apennins and south to the Matese Mountains.

population:
There are no population information available.

habitat:
This species is found in areas of calcareous and dolomitic rocks.

conservationAction:
Gargominy and Ripken (2006) propose to list Chilostoma frigidum liguricum as Vulnerable. The Austrian Red List lists the subspecies Chilostoma cingulatum peregrini as Near Threatened (NT).


range:
The species is endemic of Greece and is found in Peloponnese (Westerlund 1889, Knipper 1939).

habitat:
The habitat of the species and its ecology are #understudied but the species is mainly found under stones or piles of stones.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea there are two subspecies of Chilostoma conemenosi, C. c. acarnanica and C. c. conemenosi.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, met in the west part of the country # #(Westerlund 1889, Knipper 1939).


taxonomicNotes:
Described as Helix crinita Strobel 1854. The latest taxonomic revision was done by # Subai in 2002.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are two known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2. If the Croatian sub-population is proven to be the only one, then this species would qualify for a Vulnerable (VU) category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species occurs near the border between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. It lives in the Southern Dinaric Mountains, more specifically in the Dalmatian - Bosnian border mountains between Vrlika (Croatia) and Prolog (Bosnia-Herzegovina). It has two known occurrences (Vrlika and Prolog) which are 36 km far from each other (Subai 2002). However, according to Stamol (2010), the record from Prolog is doubtful.    The species is far from being well studied and new # locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, # there are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits hardly accessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is relatively unlikely at the moment.

conservationAction:
The geographic range and the existing subpopulations of this species is not exactly known, therefore research activity should focus on these points.   The species is protected at national level in Croatia but not protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Known sites are out of protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known from two to three subpopulations with an extent of occurrence of 25 km2. The population in the Roya valley is known from a few dozen of adult specimens from a single and very restricted location. The population from Vésubie (Gordolasque) seems to be more widespread although only dead shells have been found recently. The species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the two valleys where it occurs are distant from each other, with no suitable habitat between them. It is suspected that habitat quality is decreasing for these three locations, and the Roya population, situated just near the road, might become extinct if road enlargement is carried out. One subpopulation (col de Fenestre) has disappeared since the beginning of 20th century. It is thus listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the mountainous areas of Alpes-Maritimes in France. It is only known from two (to three) locations situated in two distant valleys (Vésubie and Roya).

population:
There are no population data available. However, this is a very rare species, with only few dozens of living individuals found for each subpopulations.

habitat:
This species lives in relatively forested habitats where it can find places to hide, i.e. crevices in rock boulders or even man-built but old and rocky walls. It occurs in non-limestone areas.

threats:
The main threats to this species are unknown. Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. Nowadays, this species is known only from the valleys, but the extinct subpopulation on the Col de Fenestre suggests that this species could have occur in alpine pastureland in the past and might have been impacted by overgrazing. Increase in overgrazing might have fragmented and restricted the habitat available for the species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed. This species should be protected under the national law in order to prevent a human-caused extinction of the two known subpopulations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. This species is relatively abundant. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is distributed in the islands of the Skyros Island group and in the island of #Imbros (Gökçeada) in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea (Subai 1996, Triantis et al. 2005).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Triantis et al. 2005). #

threats:
#Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas in #the islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species occurs in a restricted extent of occurrence, with only two known locations which are genetically disconnected. Even though at present the threats, mainly deforestation, are not impacting the whole range of the species, climate change may become problematic as this species has very specific ecology requirements and lives in high altitude. Therefore it is classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from the Mosor and Biokovo mountains. It is present in six sites, in three UTM squares (10 x 10 km) and has an extent of occurrence of 40 km2.

habitat:
This species lives at high altitude (mostly above 1,700 m asl), in the beech forests and above the tree limit. This species is a habitat specialist.

threats:
Deforestation can impact this species on some parts of its range. Climate change may also be an important risk for this high altitude specialist in the future. However, currently, there are no major threats impacting the entire range of the species.

conservationAction:
Biokovo is a protected area. Nevertheless, there is no specific conservation measure in place. Monitoring of the population is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Chilostoma desmoulinsii comprises three subspecies: Ch. desmoulinsii # atricha, Ch. desmoulinsii bechi and Ch. desmoulinsii desmoulinsii. Chilostoma acrotricha has sometimes been considered as a subspecies of Chilostoma desmoulinsii but is now considered as a good species, presumably with subspecies (Falkner et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and does not face major threats. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC). However, more research is needed on the taxonomy and on the distribution of this species and its conservation status might need revision based on these results.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is distributed mainly in Catalonia, with subpopulations in Huesca province (Spain) and in France (Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège). The distribution map of this species in Puente (1994:675) includes data for Ch. acrotricha..

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution of this species, to clearly distinguish its various subspecies and Chilostoma acrotricha.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species in endemic to North Albania with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 600 km2, and there are at least eight known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to North Albania. The known distribution records are: Mali i Shêjtë near  Oroshi, Mali i Munellës, Kurbnesh (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996), one km north of Kurbnesh, Lumi i Urakës, three km west of Qafa e Murrës, Shkëmb i Skanderbeut, Lumi i Varoshit, two km north of Bushtricë along the road towards Lusën, Ura e Lapavësl, one km north-east of Ndërshenë, beneath the Maja e Gurit te Çikut, Mali i Dejës, a limestone hill 1700 m above the spring section of the Lumi i Varoshit, one km west of Cidhnë along the footpath to Gurrë-Lurë (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished data).The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be  discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or  the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored. There is no data on the population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is an obligate rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks. #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania and most of its known sites are out of protected areas. However, at least one subpopulation occurs within the territory of Park Kombetar Lura.There are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2002) and Subai (pers comm) this species in fact belongs to the genus Liburnica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are at least 30 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Central Albania. Subai (2002) provides 14 locations and in the HNHM Mollusc Collection there are 20 unpublished distribution records.    The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare and therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering its relatively large range, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania and most of the known subpopulations are out of protected areas.There are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fehér and Erőss (2009) this species might be a synonym for Josephinella byshekensis. Data provided in this assessment are the ones from the original description.

redListCategoryRationale:
As far as it is known, this species occurs in only one location; near  Tirana. Due to the proximity of the Albanian capital, this  area is  affected by various ecosystem modifications and stresses, therefore  it could be  proposed that area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining. This, however would  need further research. Arising from the above, the species would qualify for Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(i,ii,v)c(iv);  D2. However, due to the taxonomical problem associated with this species, the exact distribution is unknown. According to Fehér and Erőss (2009) this species might be a synonym for Josephinella byshekensis. As long as  this taxonomic problem is unclear, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
As far as is known this species is a narrow range endemic occurring in the Dajti Mountains near Tirane, Albania. Due to the proximity to the Albanian capital, this area is affected by various ecosytem modifications and stresses such as deforestation, recreational activities and construction work and therefore it could be proposed that both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are declining, but this would need further studies.

population:
As far as it is known, this species occurs in only one location near Tirana. Due to the proximity to the Albanian capital, this  area is affected by various ecosystem modifications and stresses such as deforestation, recreational activities and construction work and therefore  it could be proposed that the number of mature individuals could be declining, or extremely fluctuating. This, however would  need further research.

habitat:
Although this  is neither an obligate rock-dweller nor a sylvicol species, it is generally associated with limestone areas and rocky forests or rocky shrublands. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, or on the ground among leaf-litter or decaying dead wood.   #

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications which affect either the rocks or the vegetation in their habitats. These might be deforestation, logging, recreational activities or quarrying. Such threats should only be taken seriously if the range of this species is as narrow as it is currently believed.

conservationAction:
The whole known range falls within the Park Kombetar Dajti.The taxonomy surrounding this species needs to be clearly understood as at present it is unclear whether this species is truly distinct from #Josephinella byshekensis.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the north-western mountains of Peloponnese (Knipper 1939).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. # #It seems to be rare (Knipper 1939). #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #There is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is present in three #disjunct areas of Greece, with a restricted area of occupancy. Additionally, #the species seems to be slowly replaced by #Chilostoma sphaeriostoma which is an acting threat. However, the number of locations is likely to be more than 10. Hence, the species can be considered as Near Threatened, almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) B2b (i, ii, ii).

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and is currently reported from three distinct areas, i.e. Evvoia Island, Piperi Island in the north part of Aegean Sea, and the central part of Chalkidiki peninsula (Subai 1996).

population:
This is a locally abundant species. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
The species is found mainly under stones or piles of stones, in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations - olive and citrus trees, and forests) (Mylonas 1982). #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. According to Subai (1996) the species #is slowly being replaced by Chilostoma sphaeriostoma. #

conservationAction:
Although there are a number of areas included in various protection schemes #in #the region that the species is distributed, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the #region #of Macedonia (Subai 1990).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is understudied. The species is possibly found under stones and in piles of stones.


taxonomicNotes:
This species comprises two subspecies: Ch. fontenillii fontenillii (strictly endemic to France) and Ch. f. alpinum.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is limited in range but due to its mountainous and preserved habitat, it does not seem to be threatened. It is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC). However, in the future, global warming may impact its repartition and this species may be a good indicator species.

range:
This species is known from a rather restricted area in the western Alps and Prealps in France, slightly extending to Italy.

habitat:
This species lives mainly in calcareous, open, rocky habitats in mountains between 1400 and 2500 m asl.

threats:
This species apparently does not face any special threats. Global   warming, by elevating the isotherm lines, might have a impact on the   lower ceiling and thus decreasing the available ecological habitat.   Overgrazing by sheep is also a potential threat.


taxonomicNotes:
This species has been removed as a separate unit from the stock of Chilostoma cingulatum. It # is a polytypic species comprising two subspecies: Chilostoma (Cingulifera) frigidum frigidum (De Cristofori   Jan 1832) and Chilostoma (Cingulifera) frigidum liguricum (Kobelt, 1876).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. The poor knowledge is result of a new taxonomic arrangement whereby this species has been separated from the major clade, so only few data are present. The taxonomy, distribution pattern, and population size and trends need urgently to be investigated. However, it is considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is recorded from France and Italy, and is endemic for Europe. This is a species which is only known from the south-western alpine arc and the northernmost mountains in Tuscany. In France, only the subspecies C. f. liguricum is recorded from the Alpes Maritimes (Gargominy and Ripken 2006).

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky areas, where it lives in crevices of (preferably) limestone boulders.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. The taxonomy, distribution pattern, and population size and trends need urgently to be investigated.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (in prep.) the actual generic name should be Josephinella (See also Fehér and Erőss 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from two locations only. However, it inhabits rocky habitat which are less affected by human impact, disturbance, ecosystem modifications, etc. It is possible that future studies will find further subpopulations, and now there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species seems to be a narrow range endemic in South Albania. Its type locality is the Llogara pass, and Subai (1995) provides another distribution record in the vicinity of the type locality, extending the altitudinal range of the species. Fauna Europaea list this species from Macedonia and AnimalBase provides a specific Macedonian location: Sveti Stefan near Ohrid, however this is likely to refer to another species.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, there is no data on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.   #   #

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species which is associated with bare limestone areas and rocky shrublands. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites or on the ground among leaf-litter. #

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is relatively unlikely at this time.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania but at least one subpopulation falls within the area of Park Komberat Llogara. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and therefore it is proposed that research activity should focus on that to determine if conservation action is required.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic of a single island in Greece, along with some surrounding islets, #it is quite #abundant. #There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic of the island group of Astypalaia (Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996, Triantis 2006).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Mylonas 1982, Triantis 2006). #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes on #the islands that the species is distributed, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence of less than 3,000 km². However, it is known # from more than 10 locations, is quite common where it occurs and there are no major threats identified. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species is endemic to the south-western Alps extending from the Hautes-Alpes in France to Graian Alps in Italy. In Switzerland, there was one locality known at Zermatt, Monte Rosa, with only one record from 1850.

population:
The species is common where it occurs. The Swiss population has disappeared.

habitat:
The species lives on small rocks in meadows in mountains preferably on silicates.

threats:
This species apparently does not face any special threats. Global warming, by elevating the isotherm lines, might have a impact on the lower ceiling and thus decreasing the available ecological habitat. Overgrazing by sheep is also a potential threat.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed. An inventory of the known populations needs to be established and the trend of the populations needs to be determined, especially for the Italian part of the range.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Tomor Mountains in South Albania. There is only one known location/subpopulation. This species lives in forests and is threaten by logging. Its potential  habitats are diminishing in the Tomor region  and therefore it can be inferred that area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and maybe the number of mature individuals are declining. Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v).

range:
This species seems to be endemic to the Tomor Mountains in South Albania. It is only known from the type locality "Süd-Albanien, Tomorgebirge, N-Aufstieg Cuka Partisan, Buchenwald". Despite the fact that it was searched in numerous locations in other parts of the Tomor Mountains it has not been found elsewhere to date.    The species is far from being well studied and its range and distribution needs to be studied # in the future. However, being a forest-dwelling species it is known that potential habitats are diminishing in the Tomor region and therefore we can  reasonably suppose that both AOO and EOO are declining.

population:
The species is far from being well studied due to the inaccessibility of the potential range and as such there is no specific information on population trend. However, being a sylvicol species it  is known that potential habitats are diminishing in the Tomor region  and therefore one can doubt if the number of mature individuals is stable.

habitat:
This species is found in forest habitats. It prefers beech forests of higher altitude where it lives on the ground among leaf-litter or decaying wood.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. Considering the relatively narrow geographical range of this species, local logging might affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in Albania. The only know location falls within the area of Park Kombetar Tomorrit. In spite of this, the status of the population is not assured because in Albania there is usually no de facto protection within nominally protected areas. The geographic range and the distribution of this species is not exactly known, therefore research activity should focus on that. Population trend as well as habitat trend should be monitored


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is relatively. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the peninsula of Attiki and Evvoia Island (Subai 1996).

habitat:
#The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although the species is distributed in areas included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in the north-western part of the country (Sattmann and Reischütz 1994).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is #understudied #but the species is probably found under stones and in piles of stones.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from more than 10 locations and, although there are no data on population trends, is not thought to be facing any major threats at present. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as it is only found in two locationsEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is found in Croatia, where it is known from 22 sites, and Slovenia, where it is known from two sites. The extent of occurrence is 60 km2.

population:
Within its narrow range, this species can be relatively abundant. There is no data on population trend.

habitat:
Although this is neither an obligate rock-dweller nor a forest species, it is generally associated with limestone areas and deciduous forests or shrubland. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, or on the ground among leaf-litter, or decaying dead wood.

threats:
Deforestation and fires can be a threat to this species locally. Quarrying might also impact some parts of its range, but it is unlikely that a threat would affect the whole range or population of this species.

conservationAction:
Some of the sub-populations occur within protected areas. There are no conservation measures needed currently.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2002) there are two valid subspecies: Chilostoma #hoffmanni hoffmanni and #Chilostoma #hoffmanni walteri O. Boettger, 1886.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species seems to be endemic to the Montenegrian coastal area. The number of known locations are more than 50 and there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   #

range:
The main range of this species involves the Montenegrian coastal region from the southernmost part of Croatia to the Tarabosh Mt. in Albania. There is one remote occurrence in Kosovo at the Beli Drin Spring (not considered when the extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated due to its remoteness).The two subspecies have distinct, but somewhat overlapping ranges; in the northern part mainly the nominate form lives, whereas in the southern part it seems to be mainly C. hoffmanni walteri.    There are more than 50 known locations, but this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Considering the observation of Subai (1996) that the species has suffered considerable range reduction  in the past centuries. However the species doesn't fulfil any of the threatened criteria. #This species is endemic to Greece. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and it is found in a number of regions, i.e. Attiki, Peloponnese, Thessalia, and the islands of Methana, Poros and Ydra (Subai 1996).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #According to Subai (1996) #has suffered considerable range reduction during the past centuries, and has been replaced mainly by C. sphaeriostoma. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in the species' area of #occurrence #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species. #


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2002), there are three valid subspecies: Chilostoma #insolita insolita (Rossmassler, 1838), Chilostoma #insolita costulata (Brusina 1869) and Chilostoma #insolita ventricosa (A. J. Wagner, 1915).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. #This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Croatia, Montenegro and Herzegovina. There are over 200 known locations (Subai 2002). #

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not seem to be rare. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitats (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and most of the known sites are out of protected areas.However, due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is known from Austria, Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia. It is widespread # and seems to be abundant in its range.

population:
The size and trend within the sub-populations are supposed to be stable.

habitat:
This species lives on moist calcareous rocks, in crevices of larger rock formations, on stone walls, etc.

threats:
There are actually no threats to this species known.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place or necessary for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank (2007) considers that Chilostoma    istriana is a valid species, endemic to Croatia, while Subai (pers. comm. 2009) claims it to be a synonym of Chilostoma sadleriana which he considers to be endemic to the Istrian part of Croatia.The taxonomic position of Chilostoma sadleriana,   C. lefeburiana and C. istriana is uncertain, hence the exact distribution of theses species are unclear.This assessments is following Bank (2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
The exact distribution and the number of sites of this species are unclear. It is therefore considered to be Data Deficient (DD). If this species is proven to be a synonym of Chilostoma lefeburiana, once the taxonomic issues are solved, it will qualify for a Least Concern (LC) category.

range:
This species is endemic to Istria, in Croatia.

habitat:
This species probably lives in open calcareous (rocky) hillsides.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are through the destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, road construction or by other reasons. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
More research is needed to resolve the taxonomic issues and to determine the exact distribution of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has between 30-35 known subpopulations #which do not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Dalmatia and Hercegovina. #Subai (2002) lists 31 known locations, but this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species' range is far from being well explored, thus there is no specific information on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitats (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of known subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and there is no information to say how many of the known locations fall within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a relatively wide range with around 20 known subpopulations and #does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to  suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or  the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely  fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in central and eastern Serbia. The type locality is "Gebirge Stol". Subai (2002) lists 20 known locations,  but this might underestimate the number of subpopulations. Currently, there  is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are  declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species' range is far from being well explored, thus there is no  specific information on population trend, but there is no reason to  suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature  individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other  realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the  complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitats (quarrying,  earthquakes, etc.). Considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number  of known subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the  whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Serbia and there is no information to say how many of the known locations fall within protected areas.However, there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in Peloponnese (Knipper 1939).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is generally understudied but the species should be found under stones and in piles of stones.


taxonomicNotes:
Bank (2007) calls Chilostoma sadleriana a synonym of this taxon. De Mattia (2003) considers this questionable, while Subai (2002) states that thesetaxa are valid independent species.The taxonomic position of Chilostoma sadleriana, C.   lefeburiana and C. istriana is uncertain, hence the exact distribution of theses species are unclear.This assessments is following Bank (2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from more than 20 locations and there is no current major threat known. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern  (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
Bank (2007) considers that the species inhabits Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. However, Subai # (pers. comm. 2009) considers that it does not inhabit Croatia. In Slovenia, it is present in 22 sites, in 13 UTM squares (10 x 10 km). It may be found between 850 and 1,200 m asl.

population:
There is no data on the population trend. In Slovenia, it is relatively abundant within its range.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy and the exact distribution of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is relatively abundant. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Cyclades (Aegean Sea, Greece), being present on the islands of Anafi and Sifnos. The species is also known for subfossils from the island of Folegandros (Mylonas 1982, Subai 1996).

population:
This is a relatively abundant species. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #Nevertheless, the species must be considered as extinct from the island of Folegandros, from where it is known only from subfossils. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in #the islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO = 350 km2) and is only known from seven locations. However, it lives in a protected area and its habitat (large boulders) is a protection in itself. No ongoing threats have been identified, even though the isolated occurrences, and the low population density may form a threat in themselves. It is therefore classified as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

range:
This species is restricted to the Maritime Alps of France. It was formerly recorded from Italy (Col de Fenestre and Lago Negro). However, in the 19th century, the border between France and Italy was different from now and these former localities are currently situated in France (O. Gargominy, pers. comm. 2011).

population:
This species is known from 11 localities in France; all from the massif du Mercantour in the Parc National du Mercantour (Dép. Alpes Maritimes).

habitat:
Chilostoma millieri is an alpine species of high altitudes, found amongst large crystalline boulders.

conservationAction:
All French sites are located in the Parc National du Mercantour and are therefore well protected. Any threats to the species need to be identified, particularly due to the isolated occurrences and low population density which may itself form a threat. Its possible distribution in Italy needs to be researched.

redListAssessors:
Gargominy, O., Falkner, G. von Proschwitz, T.


taxonomicNotes:
Fauna Europaea classifies this species to the subgenus Josephinella, however in Subai's view (personal communication) this species belong to Campylaeopsis.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is more than 20 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is thought to be around 100 km2. As the range is not well studied, it is presumable that the number of known locations/subpopulations as well as the area of occupancy are underestimated. Moreover, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Bosnia, western Serbia and Montenegro (Subai 2002). Its type locality is Sarajevo. The following distribution records are available: #Mt. Igman South Sarajevo (AnimalBase), Jahorina, North of Kijevo and South of Kijevo in Bosnia, South of Savnik, South of Gradac and South of Donja Brezna in Montenegro (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished), Bileg (Tara), Vrujci (Derventa), Gornje Koslje, Drum Dedo, Derventa, Zecki vrh, Javor, Krstaca, Kadijina Stena, Kamenova Koca, Medvednik, Perudzac, Ponor, Panica and Crni vrh (Tomic 1959). This number probably underestimates the number of # existing subpopulations. Currently there   is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are   declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species' range is far from being well explored and therefore there is no   specific information on population trend. However, there is no reason to   suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature   individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is generally associated with limestone areas and rocky forests or rocky shrublands. It is usually found in crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites or at the base of the rocks among leaf-litter.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitats (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO), local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs and there is no  information as to how many of the known  locations fall within protected  areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece but it is abundant and widespread. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed on the island of #Ikaria, Fournoi, Samos and Thymaina (Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Mylonas 1982). # # #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in #the islands the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was described as Helicigona pelia, and used as Faustina (Ariantopsis) pelia by Damjanov Likharev (1975). According to P. Subai (pers. comm. 2010), Ariantopsis can be used as an independent genus.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is distributed in the western and south-western part of Bulgaria (Vitosha, Rila and Rodope mountains). #This species lives within a moderately wide range and there are several (more than 10) known sub-populations. Most of the localities can be found in high mountains. There are no major threats and the population trend is thought to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is distributed in the western and south-western part of Bulgaria (Vitosha, Rila and Rodope mountains). It reaches the border of its northern area by Lakatnik and in the East by Plovdiv.

population:
The species occurs in an inaccessible and therefore underexplored area. There is no information on population trends, but it is likely that the population is stable.

habitat:
This species inhabits moderately humid habitats in montainuous regions #(www.animalbase.org). It is a rock-dwelling species.

threats:
Since this species lives in inaccessible areas and is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.).

conservationAction:
The species is not protected in Bulgaria, but most of the known populations are living within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from one location only. However, it is not very well studied and it is highly probable that other sites and sub-populations exist within this area. Furthermore it inhabits rocky habitats, which are less affected by human impact, disturbance, ecosystem modifications, etc. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is distributed within a narrow range in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The only location known at present is on Plasa Mountain near Jablanica (Subai 2002). Considering the preferred habitat and ecology of related species, we can suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO) involves the whole of Plasa Mountain over 1000 m asl., and therefore it should be larger than four km2. The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
The species is far from being well studied due to the inaccessibility of the potential range and as such there is no specific information on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
Considering the ecology of related taxa, this species is probably not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. The population might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits an inaccessible location, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is unlikely at the moment.   #

conservationAction:
This narrow range endemic species is not protected at the national level in Bosnia-Hercegovina and its known site is not in a protected area. The geographic range of this species is not exactly known and therefore research activity is required to resolve this issue.As the current population is thought to be stable and while further populations are thought likely to occur no conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is found in Greece and Macedonia. There are no known threats and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is distributed in Greece, Albania and Macedonia (the former Republic of #Yugoslav). However, Feher and Eross (2009) in the #Checklist of the Albanian mollusc fauna, suggested that #most probably the species is not found in Albania. Hence, this species will be considered as endemic of Greece and Macedonia.

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species is understudied, but the species is #probably #found under stones and piles of stones.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single Aegean Island, Kasos, #Greece. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic of the island of Kasos (eastern Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found mainly under stones or piles of stones. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas in #Kasos under various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
Manganelli et al. #(1995) and Fauna Europeae recognize five valid subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
The collective taxon is difficult to assess as the subspecies deserve to be evaluated independently. Further research is required into the species' population, population trend and potential threats. Some of the subspecies are known to be highly endangered however.Therefore, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is found throughout Italy including Sicily, although some subspecies have a restricted distribution.

habitat:
This is a rock dwelling species and is found in humid and shady habitats, frequently near springs in moderate temperate forests.

threats:
Some of the subspecies are known to be highly endangered. No information on the threats is available.

conservationAction:
There is no information on conservation actions for this species. Some of the subspecies are known to be highly endangered. Appropriate conservation actions need to be put in place in such cases.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was desribed as Campylaea (Wladislawia) polińskii. According to P. Subai (pers. comm. 2010) #the genus Wladislawia can be used as a separate genus. According to Damjanov   Likharev (1975) the species has a subspecies (W. polinskii pirinensis (A. Wagner 1927)).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic in Bulgaria, where it lives in the Pirin and Rila Mountains between 1,800 and 2,914 m. #This species lives within a relatively small range and # there are few (about five) known sub-populations. Because the species lives in the high mountains, its habitat is not effected by serious human activity. There are no major threats and the population trend is thought to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic in Bulgaria, where it lives in the Pirin and Rila Mountains between 1,800 and 2,914 m. The extent of occurrence is 600 km2 and the area of occupancy is 20 km2.

population:
This species occurs in an inaccessible and therefore underexplored area. There is no information on population trends, but it is likely that the population is stable. Currently there are around five known sub-populations.

habitat:
This species inhabits moderately humid habitats in high mountains (www.animalbase.org). It is a calciphile, rock-dwelling species.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Bulgaria, but most of the known populations are living within protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although the species is endemic to a single Aegean Island, Donousa, #Greece. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The island is endemic to Donousa island, in Cyclades (Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #There is no conservation action regarding the species. #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece and is quite abundant. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is #endemic to the islands of Tinos and Andros in Cyclades (Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones (Mylonas, 1982). # # #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009).  #Although there are a number of areas in #the two islands that the species is distributed #included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea the species is comprised of the following subspecies: Chilostoma pouzolzi #pouzolzi (Deshayes, 1830), C. pouzolzi bosniensis Kobelt, 1871 and #C. pouzolzi montenegrina Rossmassler, 1836. #In Subai's view (in prep.) this species should be classified to the genus Dinarica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. #Total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely, therefore local threats do not affect the whole species significantly. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed along the Adriatic coast from northern Dalmatia to central Albania. Inland it reaches to northwestern Bosnia, northern Montenegro and southern Serbia. In the HNHM Mollusc Collection there are material from at least 100 different locations. This indicates that this species is not rare within its range and   there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species is associated primarily with limestone areas where it is usually found in rocky habitats among herbaceous vegetation, or in the crevices or at the base of rocks. However, this is not an obligate rock-dwelling species.

threats:
This species might be threatened by serious ecosystem modifications which affect either the rocks or the vegetation in their habitats due to forestry, recreational activities, quarrying, construction work, etc. However, total destruction of the preferred habitat across the whole range is not very likely, therefore local activities do not affect the whole species significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where occurs, however it is very probable that some of the subpopulations can be found within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (1995 and in prep.) this species should be classified as Dinarica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. #Due to its relatively large range, the large number of subpopulations and the wide ecological tolerance/habitat preference, this species is not affected by any realistic threat. #Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. For these reasons it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from Bosnia and southern Serbia to southern Albania; being present also in Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia. Fauna Europaea as well as Stamol (2010) indicate this species also from  Croatia, however, according to Subai (personal communication), this is very unlikely.Some distribution records are provided by Subai (1995), Wohlberedt (1909), Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) and Stankovic et al. (2006). Based on the material in the HNHM Mollusc Collection there are over 100 known locations. This species is frequent within its range, and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. #

habitat:
This species lives both in forests and in rocky habitats; primarily shrubland. It is usually found in the crevices or at the base of rocks in shady and cooler sites, as well as among leaf-litter or decaying dead wood. #

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification. Due to its relatively large range, the large number of subpopulations and the wide ecological tolerance/habitat preference, this species is not affected by any realistic threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the #countries where it occurs, however some subpopulations are known to occur within protected areas.Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the latest revision (Subai 2002), this species should be classified within the genus Liburnica and should have two distinct subspecies: #Chilostoma #setigera setigera and #C. #setigera globulosa Brusina, 1869.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are at least 35-40 known subpopulations. It does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed along the Adriatic coast from Croatia down to northern Albania, the subspecies Chilostoma setigera #globulosa occurs only on Mljet Island. There are around 35-40 known locations (Subai 2002). Currently there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
There are no data on population trend, but there is no reason to suppose that # the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

conservationAction:
In Croatia, the subspecies C. setigera globulosa is protected but most of the known sites are out of protected areas. There are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea this species is comprised of two distinct subspecies: Chilostoma #setosa setosa and Chilostoma #setosa #imberbis Brusina, 1876 .According to the latest revision (Subai 2002) this species should be classified to the genus Liburnica.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. It does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. #There is no reason to suppose that area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed along the Adriatic coast in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia between the Istrian Peninsula and the Neretva valley. There are around 100 known locations (Subai 2002).    There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range this species does not seem to be rare, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering the relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of known subpopulations, local activities do not seem to affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
In Croatia the subspecies #C. setosa imberbis is protected. However, most of the species' known sites are out of protected areas.Due to the large and stable population however, there are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. According to Subai (1996), it is possible that certain anatomical features of the species are partly responsible for a greater ecological fitness against competing species. The species #seems to have expanded its range and replace neighbouring species, possibly due to dispersal through human activities. #This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and is today found in numerous regions of the mainland as well the islands of the Aegean Sea (Subai 1996).

population:
The population trend of this species appears to be increasing. According to Subai (1996), it is possible that certain anatomical  features are partly responsible for a greater ecological fitness against  competing species. The species #seems to have expanded its range and replace  neighbouring species, possibly  due to dispersal through human activities.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of this species, but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species now or in the near future. #On the contrary the species seems to have expanded its distribution in the region (Subai 1996). #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #There is no conservation action for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This is a realtively widespread and common species. There are no known threats. Therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union

range:
This species occurs in France (from south of river Loire to Lower Rhône drainage), Andorra and Spain (north-est of Catalonia).

population:
There are no population data. This species seems to be common.

habitat:
This species lives in relatively wide variety of habitat, with a preference for forested habitats where it can find places to hide, i.e. crevices in rock boulders or even man-built but old and rocky walls.


taxonomicNotes:
Based on morphological similarities Subai (1995) proposed that Helicigona albanica Jaeckel, 1954 might in fact be its subspecies. It is also possible that genital anatomy will prove in the future that #Helicigona albanica #Jaeckel, 1954 is a distinct species (Subai pers. comm.). As H. #albanica Jaeckel, 1954 is a junior homonym of H. #albanica Kobelt, 1902 (= H. pouzolzi montenegrina) it should not be used. As long as the systematics of this group is not revised (Subai in prep.) here the name H. #albanica #Jaeckel, 1954 is used in the iterim.

redListCategoryRationale:
The number of known locations is more than five and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, it is unclear if the subpopulation in Albania is a subspecies or #a distinct species. In the case that it proves to be a distinct species, the species would be assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 category.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is found in Croatia and Albania and is distributed in the Velbit Mountains. Soós (1943) lists eight locations: Mali Rainac 1650 m; the ridge between Oltare and Krasno; Oltare, 1000 m; Stirovaca; Zadicevac; Metla, 1200 m; Filipov kuk #and Jadovno near Gospic. Two further locations are Sv Juraj and Zavizan (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpublished). The subspecies #Helicigona #albanica #is known only from the type locality: Berisha near Lumi i  Drinit të Mesëm in North Albania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated only for the nominate subspecies.    The species is far from being well studied. However, at the present moment we see no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the inaccessibility of the potential range the species is far from being well studied and there is no specific information on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Recreational activities such as rock climbing have only a negligible effect on the subpopulations. Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat now.   #

conservationAction:
This species is not protected at national level in Croatia nor in Albania, although some of the known subpopulations are within the Velebit National Park in Croatia. The systematic relation of the two taxa is doubtful at present, so research activity should focus on that as well as the species' range and distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. #Although the species seems to be considered as rare (Fauer 1991), there are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern. #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, found in eastern Macedonia (Fauer 1991).

population:
There is no available information on the population trend of this species. This species appears to be rare (Fauer 1991).

habitat:
The species has been found in a stony mountain slope with low vegetation #(Fauer 1991).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #There are no conservation actions currently applied.


range:
According to Fauna Europaea and Dhora   Welter-Schultes (1996) the species is distributed in Greece and Albania. Nevertheless, Feher and Eross (2009) in the #Checklist of the Albanian mollusc fauna, suggested #due to a misinterpretation of Subai (1995), Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) erroneously included this #species in the Albanian list. Most probably however, this species does not live in Albania. Thus, the species will be #considered #as endemic of Greece (north and west parts of Greece).

habitat:
The ecology and the habitat of the species is generally unknown, but the species should be expected to be mainly found under stones and piles of stones.


taxonomicNotes:
The species belongs to the genus Wladislawia, which was used as the subgenus of Faustina and Helicigona by several authors.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic in the Pirin mountains in Bulgaria around the Vihren peak (P. Subai pers. comm. 2010). #This species is only known from one location and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that there will be in the near future. However, due to the very small range size, as a precaution, this species is listed as Near Threatened almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
The species is endemic in the Pirin mountains in Bulgaria around the Vihren peak (P. Subai pers. comm. 2010).

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access there are no data on population trend. However, the population is thought to be stable.

conservationAction:
This species is not under protection in Bulgaria, however the population where it lives is in protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a single island of the Aegean Sea, Kasos, #Greece and is quite abundant. There are no known threats, and it is not used or traded. This species is listed as Least Concern.

range:
The species is endemic to the island of Thasos (north Aegean Sea, Greece) (Subai 1996).

habitat:
The species is found in a variety of vegetation types (shrublands, cultivations, and forests) mainly under stones or piles of stones. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas on Thasos under various protection schemes (e.g Natura 2000 Site #GR1150003, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (personal communication) the species' systematic position needs to be revised.

redListCategoryRationale:
There are three known locations and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km2, but there is no current major threat and no reason to suppose that extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations, number of sub-populations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost qualifying for Vulnerable (VU) D2.

range:
This species is distributed only in northern Albania. Beside the type locality ("Zebiagebirge bei Fandi" = Mali i Zebes) there are further two records: Korab and Derza (Subai 1995). Therefore, the known range of the species consists of two subareas around 25-30 km from each other.This species does not seem to be frequent within its range. Indeed, recent collecting expeditions were unable find its subpopulation in the Korab Mountains (Z. Fehér pers. comm.). In spite of this, considering the preferred habitat of this species, there is no reason to   suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Due to the fact that the potential locations of the species are difficult to access and therefore the species’ range is quite unexplored, there are no data on population trend. However, there is no reason to suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species associated with rocky habitats in limestone areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the bases of rocks.

threats:
Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, it is probably not affected by any ongoing threat. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.), which is unlikely at the moment.   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in Albania. One of its known sites (Zebe Moutains) belongs to the Park Kombetar Bjeshke e Oroshit. Neither the geographic range nor systematic position of this species are known exactly, therefore research activity should focus on these points.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from more than 20 sites in Austria, Italy and Slovenia and there is no major threat known. However, there are some indications that the population might be declining and further studies should focus on the population trend and distribution of this species. Should the decline in the population size be confirmed, then this species would qualify for a higher category of threat. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).

range:
This species occurs in South Austria, north-eastern Italy and north-western Slovenia. In Slovenia, it is present in 14 sites in three UTM Squares (10 x 10 km).

population:
This species is rare. The population of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. However, there are unpublished observations that indicate a slight decline of some subpopulations.

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species associated with rocky habitats in limestone areas at high altitude (above 1,000 m asl). It is usually found on the bare rock surface, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
A potential threat to this species is the destruction of the habitat by quarrying. Another threat is the devastation of the habitat by touristic activities like skiing, hiking etc. However, the destruction of the entire habitat is not very likely.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the population trends and the distribution of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are three accepted subspecies for this species: Chilostoma zonatum flavovirens, C. zonatum foetens and C. zonatum zonatum.

redListCategoryRationale:
The population size of this species is unknown, and there is no data on population trend. however, this species is known from a wide range, and there are no identified threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

range:
The species is known from Italy, France and Switzerland in the south-western Alps from Cottian and Grajian Alps to Lombardian and Ligurian Alps, Valais to Uri and Graubünden.

population:
The population size of this species is unknown, although it is rare in France. There is no data on population trend.

habitat:
The species lives on moist and shaded silicate rocks, often in gorges but also on drywalls. The sites are often near water.

conservationAction:
The species is found in some protected areas throughout its range. Research on the population size and trend is recommended as well as potential threats. No conservation actions are required at present.

redListAssessors:
Rüetschi, J., Gargominy, O., Falkner, M. von Proschwitz, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,070 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and  #a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the species population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv).

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the southwest part of #Peloponnese (Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

population:
The populations of the species, although their size cannot be accurately estimated, appear to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). The species is #generally #considered as rare.

habitat:
Codringtonia species are found at various #altitudes, living in crevices on rocky terrain within maquis #and coniferous (except pines) or mixed (deciduous–coniferous) #forests (Hadjicharalambous 1996). This species lives at least five years and the generation length to be about four to five years.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia has a quite unusual life cycle for land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas et al. 2007). #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species. Monitoring of the population size and trend is required.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,100 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and  #a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the species population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b (i, ii, iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the north-east part of Peloponnese (Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005). #

population:
The populations of the species, although their size cannot be accurately estimated, appear to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). This species is #generally #considered as rare.

habitat:
Codringtonia #species are found at various #altitudes, living in crevices on rocky terrain within maquis #and coniferous (except pines) or mixed (deciduous–coniferous) #forests (Hadjicharalambous 1996).

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on the threats of this species are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (4,000 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b(i, ii, iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the central part of south #Peloponnese and in Evrytania (central Greece) #(Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

population:
The populations of the species, although their size cannot be accurately estimated appear to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). The species is #generally #considered as rare.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007).   #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerbale (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (700 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in central Greece and in southern #Peloponnese (Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

population:
The population of the species, although the size cannot be accurately estimated, seems to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). The species is #generally #considered as rare.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,400 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). # #Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle for land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b (i, ii, iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the central part of #Peloponnese (Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

population:
The populations of the species, although their size cannot be accurately estimated appears to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). The species is #generally #considered as rare. #

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,600 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle for land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b (i, ii, iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the western central Greece and in south Peloponnese (Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

population:
The populations of the species, although their size cannot be accurately estimated appears to be in #serious decline (Hadjicharalambous 1996). The species is #generally #considered as rare.

threats:
Grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species. Nevertheless, #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle of #or land snails of southern #Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern #Greece #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (1,200 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). # #Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle for land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b (i, ii, iv). #This species has been assessed as Vulnerable at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is endemic to Greece and Albania, distributed in the south part of Albania and the north-western part of Greece, along with the island of Corfu (Kerkyra) #(Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005, Dhora 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a restricted extent of occurrence (14,000 km2), #along with #a severely fragmented population and a #continuous #decline in the extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy and the number of locations or subpopulations (inferred by #Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Also, it seems that there is a #continuous #decline of the population #(Hadjicharalambous 1996). #Codringtonia #has a quite unusual life cycle for land snails of southern Europe, since it #reproduces in spring. #This uncommon life-history pattern is in disassociation with #the prevailing climatic conditions in southern Greece (Hadjicharalambous 1996). #This constitutes an important extinction #threat, considering the current trends of climatic conditions #and the human impact on vegetation cover in the preferred #habitats of the #Codringtonia #species (Giokas #et al. 2007). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B1a, B1b (i, ii, iv), #B2a, B2b (i, ii, iv). #

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, distributed in the central part of the country #(Hadjicharalambous 1996, Subai 2005).

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #Although there are a number of areas #included in various protection schemes, in which the species is present, there is no conservation action regarding the species.   #


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union..

range:
This species is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, and locally extremely abundant. It is frequently introduced in Central Europe, but cannot survive under continental climate conditions. In Ireland, it is common throughout except inland in the northern half, where it is  strongly synanthropic i.e. tied to disturbed places such as gardens or  the vicinity of houses (Byrne et al. 2009).Outside of Europe it is also known from North Africa, the East Mediterranean countries, and Turkey (only in coastal areas). This species is a global tramp and has been introduced to large areas of the world, where it is a pest snail.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable. This is a species which might benefit from Global Warming by expanding its distribution area.

habitat:
This species lives in moderately dry shrub land, and is quite resistant against drought. In the Mediterranean, this species is known to survive hot summer periods by aestivation. In Ireland, Cornu aspersum is ubiquitous in dryish or base-rich grassland, stone walls or hedgerows. It is strongly synanthropic (tied to humanly disturbed places) in the  northern third of Ireland and in areas of acid bedrock elsewhere. It is most common in gardens and on sand dunes at the coast (Byrne et al. 2009).

threats:
There are no major to this species (this species is a threat to others).

useAndTrade:
This snail is consumed for food in southern Britain and Europe, but disparaged in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Personal observations by Falkner and Beckmann suggest that the populations are isolated and often exhibit marked morphological differences. These might could indicate that the species is probably polytypic, or even contains cryptic species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north-western coastal part of Sicily. The  distribution area is severely fragmented and the sub-populations live in  isolated spots. The area of occupancy is thought to be quite small, and  inferred from the available information surely less than 500 km2. The sub-populations of this species are threatened by over collection of mature reproducing individuals for alimentary purposes by the local population, and is thus supposed to be declining. In addition, the habitats are threatened by urban development and road construction, uncontrolled wild-fires, pasturing, and fall prey to wild boars. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) under B2a+b(iii).This species has been raised in its category from Vulnerable A1e+2bd in 2000 to Endangered, because of the ongoing and increasing quality of the threats.

range:
This species is endemic to the north-western coastal part of Sicily. The distribution area is severely fragmented, the sub-populations live in isolated spots. The area of occupancy is thought to be quite small, and inferred from the available information surely less than 500 km2.

population:
The population size of Cornu mazzullii #is unknown but is observed to be decreasing.

habitat:
The species is found in crevices amongst calcareous rocks.

threats:
The main threat to this species is population reduction as a direct result of the collection of individuals for alimentary purposes. Another threat is habitat destruction due to urban development and road construction which directly leads to a serious decline of available habitat. Another threat are uncontrolled wild-fires, which regularly (each year) devastate large areas of the habitats. In some of the places, pasturing also poses a threat, and a large population of wild boars, which feed on the snails.

conservationAction:
No conservation actions are currently in place for this species. #This collection should be managed to halt or reverse the observed decline in the species' population. #Manganelli #et al. #(2001) proposed the inclusion of the species into Appendix 1 of CITES. #Monitoring of population trends should continue to identify if the current decline of the subpopulations continues.

useAndTrade:
Individuals are collected by the local population for alimentary purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no major threat known to this species. This species is well monitored, and part of its sub-populations are under local conservation schemes. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Austria, where it lives in highly isolated sub-populations scattered throughout the Alps.

population:
The size and trend within the sub-populations are supposed to be stable. The population size can vary considerably between 0.2 to 48 specimens/m2 (Bisenberger et al. 1999).

habitat:
This is a alpine species living in the crevices of limestone rocks and moist alpine meadows.

threats:
The major threats to this species is the ongoing and increasing use of the alpine area for tourist and recreational activities. Skiing and mountain climbing may contribute to the destruction of the habitat, but there is actually no information on a serious impact to the species.

conservationAction:
Several sub-populations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although habitat destruction has been identified as a threat, no recent research into the species has been carried out. As a result the species' population size, population trend and distribution are unknown. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union

range:
This species is found across the eastern and southern Carpathians, in the Transsylvanian Mountains and in Germany, where it has been introduced to one locality.

population:
No recent research into the species means the population of Drobacia banatica #is unknown.

habitat:
This species is found in moderately humid woodland of lower altitudes.

threats:
The main identified threat to this species is through habitat destruction in the form of logging.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions in place for this species. There is no recent information available for the species. Field research is therefore required to ascertain the current population size, distribution and to assess the threat from habitat destruction.


taxonomicNotes:
Wenz described Helicigona (Drobatia) maeotica from Romania as a fossil species in Krejci and Wenz (1926). Lupu (1966) recorded this species from Romania as a living species. According to Grossu (1983), Drobatia maeotica #lives in the Apuşeni Mountains. As Domokos (2001) demonstrated, there are transitional examples between the shells of D. banatica and D. maeotica. The anatomical structures do not even show the clear separation of the two forms (Domokos pers. comm. 2010). Therefore, it is questionable whether D. maeotica is a separate species or identical with D. banatica (B. Pall-Gergely pers. comm. 2011). As Grossu (1983) # demonstrated, this taxon differs in its electrophoretic pattern, and thus we consider this a separate taxon in its own rights until more data are available to address this question again.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Romania. #Wenz described #Helicigona #(Drobatia) maeotica from Romania as a fossil species in Krejci. Lupu (1966) recorded this species from Romania as a living species. According to Grossu (1983), #Drobatia maeotica lives in the Apuşeni Mountains. There is very little information known about this species and there are questions over the taxonomy. It is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Romania. #According to Grossu (1983), #Drobatia maeotica lives in the Apuşeni Mountains. #Wenz described #Helicigona #(Drobatia) maeotica from Romania as a fossil species in Krejci and Wenz (1926). Lupu (1966) recorded this species from Romania as a living species.

population:
There is no population information for this species and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
There is no habitat and ecology information on this species.

conservationAction:
Research on the taxonomy is needed for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is widespread in Europe, and there is no known threat to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the Euroepan level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This is a Mediterranean species that is recorded from all countries  bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Outside Europe it is also known from   Northern Africa, the Near East, and the Mediterranean coast of  Turkey.  This species is easily distributed by human activities, its  native  range is almost impossible to assess.This species is a tramp snail, and is introduced in many countries all around the globe.

habitat:
This species inhabits all types of maritime influenced Mediterranean habitats, it is a synanthropic species. Populations introduced to countries north of the Alps do not survive the continental climate regime.

useAndTrade:
This species is part of local diet, particularly in Spain and Italy. Due to the high reproduction rate, the population of this species is not affected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range of around 5600 km2 #and there are at least 50 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the Northern Carpathians in Poland and Slovakia. There are at least 50 known locations (Soós 1943, Lisicky 1991, Wiktor 2004).

population:
This species does not seem to be rare within its range, and there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a rock-dwelling species, associated with limestone (and sometimes dolomite) areas. It is usually found on bare rock surfaces, in crevices or at the base of rocks.

threats:
This species is not thought to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquakes, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a hypothetical threat at present.   #

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Poland but not listed by the Annexes II or IV of the EUHSD. It can be supposed that at least a part of its subpopulations live within protected areas.There are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea this species is comprised of two distinct subspecies: Faustina #faustina faustina #and F. faustina associata Rossmassler, 1835.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are numerous known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed throughout the Carpathians from the eastern part of the Czech Republic as far as to the Banat region and the neighboring Serbian territory (Wikor 2004, Lisicky 1991, Grossu 1983, Soós 1943). The known Serbian occurrences are in the Djerdap Mountains (HNHM Mollusc Collection, unpubished data). It has a remote occurrence in Lithuania (Kaunas) which, according to Soós (1943), should be an introduced subpopulation. Both Fauna Europaea and AnimalBase mentions F. faustina from Bosnia-Hercegovina too, but there is no information on the definite location. When the extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated, Lithuanian and Bosnian occurrences were ignored.This is a widespread and frequent species, there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its large range this species is frequent, therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This is a silvicol species which can be found in mountain forests among leaf-litter or decaying dead wood, at the base of rocks or among streamside vegetation.

threats:
Deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species. However, considering the relatively large geographial range of this species, local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Hungary, Serbia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. There is no information about legal species-level protection in other countries where it occurs. This species is not listed by Annexes II/IV of the EUHSD and there is no information on country level red listing.At least a part of the known populations occur within protected areas, however due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Subai (pers. comm.), this species should be classified to the genus Campylaea.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in the southeastern Alps, in the Dinaric Mountains, in the lowlands of the Sava and Drava rivers as far as to the Banat region (Romania) (Alzona 1971, Klemm 1973, Soós 1943, Grossu 1983, Tomic 1959, Fehér and Gubányi 2001, Kerney et al. 1983). It has an introduced subpopulation in Germany (Donaustauf), which was not considered in the extent of occurrence (EOO) here. Some authors believed that #F. illyrica and F. planospira #are synonyms, and therefore many F. planospira records in the literature in fact refer to this species. Fauna Europaea indicates this species is from Greece, however this is based on misidentified material, and the species is not thought to occur in Greece (Subai pers. comm.). There is no information to assess if the area of occupancy (AOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
There is no information on population trend in general although the Hungarian subpopulations are said to be stable (Z. Fehér observation).

habitat:
According to Kerney et al. (1983) and Soós (1943), this species lives in rocky habitats. In contrast, along the Drava and Danube Rivers, Hungarian, Croatian, Romanian and Serbian populations live in the gallery forest vegetation on the ground among leaf litter. Sometimes they can be found on rocks, however they are not obligate rock dwellers in this area (Subai personal communication; Fehér personal communication).It is possible that the species has various habitat preferences in different parts of its range, but it is also possible that literature data are incorrect.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, urbanisation, etc.). Considering the large EOO and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly. #   #

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at the national level in the countries where it occurs. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas. Due to the large extent of occurrence (EOO) there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.     #


range:
This species is known from southern England, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, # Russian Federation, Slovenia, northern # Spain, southern # Sweden, and Switzerland.It is known in Ireland only from limestone bluffs in the gorge of the River  Blackwater at Carrick-a-Brick Castle near Fermoy, East Cork.  Its status as a native is questionable according to Kerney  (1972), who failed to find living material during a visit to the site in  1971 (Byrne et al. 2009).

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are supposed to be stable.In Ireland, no live specimens have been found in recent times. H. lapidica appears to be declining in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009).

habitat:
In Britain the lapidary snail is known mostly from limestone rocks and  quarries.   Elsewhere it is mainly in hedgerows and woods on well-drained, chalky soils (Byrne et al. 2009). On the continent, it is found in rock crevices, on stone walls, in mature forests, and hedges. It seems not to be bound to limestone rocks here.

threats:
Major threats to this species include habitat destruction like logging and quarrying.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). There is no conservation action in place for this species elsewhere.


taxonomicNotes:
Helix vulgaris Rossmässler, 1839 is a preoccupied name [non Helix vulgaris Da Costa, 1778], and thus not available for this species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is originally reported from everywhere around the Black Sea in Ukraine, and lives in south and east Bulgaria to Crimea and the Caucasus. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is originally reported from everywhere around the Black Sea in Ukraine, perhaps to Causcasus. It lives in south and east Bulgaria to Crimea and the # Caucasus. It is found in southern Bulgaria at elevations of between 300 and 1200 m.

habitat:
This species inhabits lowlands in walls, ruins, in gardens and parks.

conservationAction:
Due to its large range, the species may inhabit some protected areas.

useAndTrade:
This species is not used or traded. According to Lubell (2004):  "Further to the north around the Black Sea, Burov (1999) mentions  several sites ascribed to the Shan-Koba (final Palaeolithic/early  Mesolithic or c. 10000 BP) in which the shells of Helix vulgaris (= albescens) are  abundant and clearly had been eaten."


taxonomicNotes:
According to Eike Neubert (in preparation), this taxon is closely related to Helix cincta, or even identical with H. cincta.  #No anatomical or shell morphological differences could be traced so far. Until this issue is clarified, H. anatolica should be treated as a full species.

redListCategoryRationale:
The species is distributed in #Greece (east Aegean Islands), western Turkey, Cyprus, western Syria and Lebanon. #Due to the current unresolved taxonomic position of the taxon #an assessment of its risk of extinction is difficult. Research on the taxonomy, threats and the habitat and ecology of this species is needed. This species is listed as Data Deficient.This species has been assessed as Data Deficient  #at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in #Greece (east Aegean Islands), western Turkey, Cyprus, western Syria and Lebanon (E. Neubert in prep. 2011).

habitat:
The habitat and the ecology of the species should be considered as unknown, due to the unresolved taxonomic position of the taxon.

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action regarding the species. Research on the taxonomy is recommended. Research on the threats and the habitat and ecology of this species is also needed. #

useAndTrade:
As for most of the large snails of the Mediterranean, especially Helix spp., it is highly possible that this species is eaten as part of the local diet. However, there is no specific data on this.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is #widely distributed and although large bodied snails can face more direct and intense impacts of landscape modification and destruction, the species is quite #abundant. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species is distributed in #Greece (Dodekanesse Islands), western Turkey, western Syria and Lebanon. The record from Cyprus is #probably based on a label/shell confusion #(Schütt 2001, Ceylan et al. 2008, E. Neubert in preparation).

habitat:
This species is usually found under #shrubs and in piles of stones, in open habitats.

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas, grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for this species now or in the near future. # #


taxonomicNotes:
According to Fauna Europaea this is a valid species. E. Neubert (pers. comm. 2010) also considers it a valid species. This species can be confused with Helix cincta.

redListCategoryRationale:
There is limited information for this species, especially on the taxonomic status, and consequently its distribution. This species is listed as the #Data Deficient. #There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, life history and population size and trends.

range:
This species is #endemic to Greece #(E. Neubert in preparation 2010). One population has been introduced to the Finike area in Turkey, and is fully isolated.

habitat:
Without having the taxonomic position of the species resolved, the habitat of the species cannot be #accurately #determined.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, life history and population size and trends.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed as Least Concern at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
,According to Schütt (1996) this species is distributed in northern Italy, the Balkans, the Aegian Islands, western and southern Anatolia as far as to Lebanon. Fauna Europea describes this species only from Italy, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Serbia and Albania. #The Albanian occurrence needs confirmation (Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Fehér and Erőss 2009). Serbian and Macedonian distribution records (Hilendar, Dojran) are provided by Tomic (1959) but need serious re-examination. In spite of this, according to Stankovic et al. (2006) this species does not live in FYROM (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). In Croatia it lives only in the coastal zone (Soós 1943).

population:
This species is relatively abundant within its range. #The population trend is thought to be stable.

habitat:
This species occurs in different habitat types, such as in rocky habitats (rocky grasslands, rocky shrublands and forests) as well as in streamside vegetations (tallgrass or gallery forests). According to Schütt (1996) this species lives in humid and lowland areas influenced by marine climates.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ongoing ecosystem modification or other realistic threats, such as through residential and commercial development. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, fire, etc.). However, considering the large extent of occurrence and the fact that various habitat types are preferred by this species, local activities do not affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Slovenia. In Croatia the subspecies, H. cincta elegans and H. cincta melanotica are protected. It is probable that several subpopulations live within protected areas. Due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Until recently, this taxon has been considered to be a subspecies or even a synonym of Helix ligata. For this reason, this taxon was not target to any specific research.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the central Appenines in Italy. As with many large Helix-species H. delpretiana is collected and commercialised for alimentary purposes. Biotope destruction is another identified threat to this species. There is very little information known about this species in terms of  its population size and trends, its area of occupancy (AOO) or extent of  occurence (EOO) and therefore is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until such information is known.

range:
This species is endemic to the central Appenines in Italy.

population:
Not enough information is currently known about this species to determine its population trend.

habitat:
This species can be found in rocky biotopes in summit regions of up to 1600 m asl. and rarely below 1000 m asl. and is often associated with Juniperus shrubs.

threats:
As with many large Helix-species H. delpretiana is collected and commercialised for alimentary purposes. Habitat destruction is another identified threat to this species. The most common threat is pasturing, and quarrying.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species.There is very little information known about this species in terms of its population size and trends, its area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurence (EOO) and therefore research into these areas is required to determine whether this species requires protection through habitat conservation or harvest limitations or both.

useAndTrade:
As with many large Helix-species, H. delpretiana is collected from the wild and commercialised for alimentary purposes.

redListAssessors:
Falkner, M., Falkner, G. von Proschwitz, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are more than 15 known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating and it is likely that further subpopulations will be found in the future. Therefore, it  is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania and Macedonia. Some distribution records are given by Urbanski (1970) indicating that this species is relatively frequent within its range. According to Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) it is doubtful if the range extends to South Albania (Tomor Mountains) as well.    The species is far from being well studied and new locations might be discovered in the future. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in different habitat types, such as in rocky habitats (rocky grasslands, rocky shrublands and forests) as well as in streamside vegetation (tallgrass or gallery forests).

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ongoing ecosystem modification or other  realistic threats, such as residential and commercial development. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the  complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed  by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large area of extent of occurrence (EOO) and the fact that  various habitat types are preferred by this species, local activities  do not affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
This species is protected in Montenegro. At least a part of the known subpopulations occur within protected areas (e.g. Durmitor National Park in Montenegro).Due to the large and stable population there are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.

useAndTrade:
There is no information if this species is utilized as food in significant quantities, like other larger bodied Helix species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Intensive grazing, the #expansion of the cultivated areas and fire can play a role in the #restriction #of the species' populations and their local extirpation. An additional threat for the species is the alteration/destruction #of coastal areas mainly for touristic activities. However, this species is relatively widespread and abundant and the threats are not likely to impact its whole distribution. Therefore it is considered to be Least Concern.

range:
The species is reported from Greece, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). # Records from western Turkey seem to belong to Helix nucula (E. Neubert pers. comm. 2010). It is usually found on a variety of habitats, from coastal areas (dunes) up to 700 m above sea level (see #Hubenov 2007).Triantis et al. (2008) report that during three surveys across all the potential areas for the species to be present in the island of Skyros (Aegean Sea) no live #specimens were collected, but a vast number of empty shells were found. This is believed to indicate a recent extinction of the species in the island group.

population:
This is a quite abundant species locally. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species. #

habitat:
This species inhabiting open dry habitats with shrubs. It is found in a variety of habitats, from coastal areas (dunes) up to 700 m above sea level (Hubenov 2007). On the continent, it lives in areas where there are enough sediment, as it is a soil-dwelling species, i.e. it buries itself deep in the soil.

threats:
Intensive grazing, the #expansion of the cultivated areas and fire can play, and possibly has played in the past, a role in the #restriction #of the species' populations and their local extirpation. An additional threat for the species is the alteration/destruction #of coastal areas mainly for touristic activities. However, none of these threats is likely to impact the whole range of this species.

conservationAction:
The species is present in a number of areas under various schemes of protection. There is no conservation action regarding the species. More research on the taxonomy is needed to ensure that the distribution, especially in western Turkey, is well understood.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Greece. The expansion of the cultivated areas and fire has played a role in the #restriction #of the species' populations and their local extirpation. #According #to Mylonas (1982, 1983), it was intensive grazing, and the subsequent impoverishment of the species' habitats that had the most significant impact of reducing population size. #The species is extinct from most of the island previously present (now only #known #from subfossils) (Mylonas 1982, 1983). Currently, the area of occupancy is about 72 km2 #and there is a continuing decline in any the (i) extent of occurrence, (ii) area of occupancy, (iii) the quality of habitat, (iv) number of locations or subpopulations,  #and (v) the number of mature individuals. This species is listed as Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).

range:
The species is endemic to Greece, being distributed in some of the Cyclades Islands (central Aegean), Rhodes and Astypalaia and some very small offshore islets. For most of these islands it is known from sub-fossils (Mylonas 1982, Mylonas 1983, Triantis et al. 2008).

population:
There is an overall declining trend for the species' population. This species is extinct from most of the islands where it was previously present (now only #known #from sub-fossils) (Mylonas 1982, 1983).

habitat:
The species is ground-dwelling, found in Mediterranean shrublands in limestone areas and sandy beaches, avoiding forests of Quercus and Pinus (Mylonas 1982, 1983).

threats:
The expansion of the cultivated areas and fire has played a role in the #restriction #of the species' populations and their local extirpation. #Nevertheless, #according #to Mylonas (1982, 1983), it was intensive grazing, and the subsequent impoverishment of the species habitats that had the most significant impact.

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (Legakis and Maraghou 2009). #The protection of its habitat and monitoring of the population is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species, but the numerous subspecies known are not present in the Italian check-list. # There is an enormous need for a taxonomical revision to clarify whether this is a species complex, or whether this is a phaenotypically variable species. # One of these forms has been separated as a species in its own rights: Helix delpretiana Paulucci, 1878. The status of another taxon, Helix ligata mileti Kobelt, 1907, is frequently considered to be a valid subspecies, but this is not satisfactorily clarified at the moment.

redListCategoryRationale:
Due to the unclear taxonomical situation and lack of knowledge of the species and the subspecies, of which some deserve separate treatment, Helix ligata #can at present not be adequately assessed and therefore has been categorized as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
The species may be found across the central and southern Italian mainland from Marche and Toscana to Calabria.

population:
Population information for the species is unknown.

habitat:
This species is adapted to living in dry areas and is found from the foot hills to higher altitudes; marginally penetrating into cultivated zones.

threats:
The major threat to this species is its collection and commercialisation for alimentary purposes. Another identified threat is habitat destruction.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. Due to the unclear taxonomical situation and lack of knowledge of the species and the subspecies further taxonomic research and studies on the population size are urgently required.

useAndTrade:
This species is collected and commercialised for alimentary purposes from the wild.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.

range:
This species lives in central and eastern Europe. It is recorded from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. The populations in France and Italy have probably been # introduced during and after the Roman period.However, the main distribution range of this species is in Turkey and northern Iran, and some Caucasian countries.

habitat:
This species lives in open temperate forests, in warm shrub lands, vineyards and hedges.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species known. In general, logging  may be a threat to local subpopulations, but the species in its European  distribution is not threatened. There are no data available on the effect of collections from the wild to the populations on the Balkans.

useAndTrade:
This species is target to heavy trade for consumption. Meanwhile, the market is flooded by farm raised specimens, but collection in the wild is still going on, particularly on the Balkans. There are no data available on the effect the populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is known from the eastern Europe Eastern part of Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia and Poland. It is also known from Romania (Transsylvania), Moldavia and Ukraine. #This species lives within a wide range and # there are several known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is known from the eastern Europe Eastern part of Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia and Poland. It is also known from Romania (Transsylvania), Moldavia and Ukraine.

habitat:
This is a moderately xerotolerant species. It inhabits lowland meadows, bushy areas, and is not found in the mountains (Kerney et al. 1983).

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modifications. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed by erosion, mining, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence and the large number of sub-populations, local events would not effect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
This species is protected at national level in Hungary, but not in other countries. Because of the large area several sub-populations may be found in other protected areas.

useAndTrade:
There are no information of the consumption of the species, however it is likely that the species is also collected together with Helix pomatia.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Eike Neubert (in preparation), the taxonomy of this species is very complex. This species has been confused by authors with Helix figulina (= the so-called „eastern figulina“). [Eike to complete this section] #

redListCategoryRationale:
The European sub-population is at the margin of the species general distribution. It occur on several islands, where it face some threats related to human activities (over-grazing and tourism development). It is therefore considered as Near Threatened at the European Level.

range:
The exact distribution of the species is still under discussion in relation to some taxonomical issues related with the species. This species occurs in Greece (Chios, Rhodes, Nimos, Astypalaia) and Turkey (southern and western parts).

population:
There is no available information regarding the population trend of the species. # In Europe, this species is rare, whereas in Turkey, it is abundant .

habitat:
The species is usually met in sandy habitats near the coast and also in open habitats with limestone.

threats:
Intensive grazing, the #expansion of the cultivated areas and fire can play, and possibly has played in the past, a role in the #restriction #of the species' populations and their local extirpation. An additional threat for the species is the alteration/destruction #of coastal areas mainly for touristic activities.

useAndTrade:
As for most of the large snails of the Mediterranean, especially Helix, it is highly possible that it has been part of the local communities diet.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives in Greece, Bulgaria (northern and southern slopes of Rodópi Mts., Thrakia, Makedonía to Vardar, Chalkidiki and Thasos). There is also a known locality in Albania. #This species lives within a relatively wide range and # there are several known sub-populations. There are no known threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species lives in Greece, Bulgaria (northern and southern slopes of Rodópi Mts., Thrakia, Makedonía to Vardar, Chalkidiki and Thasos). There is also a known locality in Albania.

habitat:
This species inhabits rocky habitats in mountains.

threats:
This species is not very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats. Local sub-populations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the rocky habitat (quarrying, earthquake, mining, etc.). Considering that this species inhabits inaccessible locations, drastic and wide-scale ecosystem modification is only a "hypothetical" threat.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected at national level in the countries where it occurs, however some populations most likely live in protected areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The species resembles Helix figulina, according to www.animalbase.org it is more globulous than Helix figulina, the aperture is more circular, and the margin more reflected.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found in Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several  known sub-populations. There are no major threats. This species is listed as Least Concern.This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
This species is found in the Greek mainland. However there is no literature which reports this. According to www.animalbase.org the species lives in east Bulgaria and in northwest Turkey. Damjanov and Likharev (1975) present several locality data from Bulgaria and Schütt (2001) reports it also from northwest Turkey.

habitat:
This species lives in open habitats with low vegetational cover. In the summer the snails in sandy coastal habitats are buried deep inside the sandy soil, with a well developed epiphragm.

conservationAction:
The species is not protected where it lives, however it may be found in some protected areas.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on the consumption of the species.


range:
This species is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and locally abundant. #It is recorded from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, # Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.

habitat:
This species lives in open temperate forests, in warm shrub lands, vineyards # and hedges.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species known. In general, logging may be a threat to local subpopulations, but the species in its European distribution is not threatened.

conservationAction:
In some European countries, this species is protected, but these are generally in low levels.

useAndTrade:
This species is target to heavy trade for consumption. Meanwhile, the market is flooded by farm raised specimens, the collection in the wild does not affect the populations too much.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is usually considered to contain two subspecies: Helix secernenda secernenda Rossmässler 1847 and Helix secernenda schlaeflii Mousson 1858, the latter being recorded from the southern part of its range. The separation on subspecific level ist still under debate, so the assessment considers the species as a whole.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it   is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed from the Istrian Peninsula, along the Dalmatian coastal area (Croatia and Montenegro), Albania and western Macedonia to Epirus, Korfu Island and the Ossa Mountains (Greece). Grossu (1983) provides a distribution record in Dobrogea (Romania) which, due to its distance from the main range, was not considered when the extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated. Besides several published distribution records (e.g. Stamol and Velkovrh 1995, Stamol 1986, Soós 1943, Dhora and Welter-Schultes 1996, Urbanski 1970), in the Mollusc Collection of HNHM there are around 150 unpublished records from Dalmatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Epirus and Albania, indicating that this species is frequent within its range, therefore   there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

population:
Within its relatively large range, this species does not seem to be rare. Therefore there is no reason to suppose that the number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in different habitat types such as in rocky habitats (rocky grasslands, rocky shrublands and forests) as well as in streamside vegetation (tallgrass or gallery forests) or ruderal sites.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other   realistic threats. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the   complete or severe destruction of the vegetation (deforestation followed   by erosion, fire, etc.). Considering the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the fact that   various habitat types are preferred by this species, local activities   do not affect the whole population.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Croatia and some of the subpopulations are known to live within protected areas. Due to the large and stable population there are no further conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence for this species is less than 100 km2 and the area of occupancy is 24 km2. #The species was described by Kobelt (1891), with the #island of Kalymnos as its locus typicus. Fuchs and Kaufel (1936) reported the species #from Pserimos. Nevertheless, in the studies of Reischutz (1986) and Bank and #Neuteboom (1988), the species was not located on either of the two islands, although #recently, Orstan #et al. (2005) found the species on Pserimos. Triantis #et al. #(2008) report the species from seven small islands of the Kalymnos island group. From the main island of Kalymos, Triantis #et al. (2008) reported a single empty shell. Thus, there is a clear indication of a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy. The distribution of this species is now considered as severely fragmented. This species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii).This species has been assessed as Endangered at the European and at the 27 member States of the European Union level.

range:
The species was described by Kobelt (1891), with the #island of Kalymnos as its locus typicus. Fuchs and Kaufel (1936) reported the species #from Pserimos. Nevertheless, in the studies of Reischutz (1986) and Bank and #Neuteboom (1988), the species was not located on either of the two islands, although #recently, Orstan et al. (2005) found the species on Pserimos. Triantis et al. (2008) report the species from seven small  #islands of the Kalymnos island group. From the main island of Kalymos, Triantis et al. (2008) report a single empty shell. It is also known from Fethiye, on the western Turkish coast (E. Neubert pers. comm. 2010, based on a museum record in Frankfurt-Senckenberg).

population:
Despite the restricted distribution of the species, its populations are locally quite dense. #There is no available information on the population trend of this species.

habitat:
The species is found in shrublands (phrygana and maquis vegetation) (Triantis et al. 2008).

threats:
This species was described from the Kalymnos island in 1891, and in recent studies only a few shells of the species were located from Kalymnos Island. The species has quite dense populations on the small islets uninhabited around Kalymnos, therefore we can infer that human activities are causing the decline of the species populations. Over-grazing is a major threat, as shepherds are moving their herds of sheep by boats from one island to the other. Tourist activities and disturbance are also impacting negatively the species. #

conservationAction:
This species is listed in the Greek Red Data Book as Least #Concern #(Legakis and Maraghou 2009). # #No conservation actions currently in effect. The sub-populations should be monitored and the islets where this species occur should be protected.

useAndTrade:
As for most of the large snails of the Mediterranean, especially Helix spp., it is highly possible that this species is eaten as part of the local diet. However, there is no specific data on this. #There is a chance that species has been used as food source in the past, due to it's large size (38-46 x 36-44 mm, Kobelt 1892).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations. There is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO), number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is distributed in eastern Bosnia, northern Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo, northern Albania and western Macedonia. Its type locality is "Moraca, Montenegro". Further distribution records are provided by Tomic (1959) Stankovic et al. (2006) and Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996).     There are several known locations, and there is no reason to suppose that the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating.

habitat:
This species occurs in different habitat types, such as in rocky habitats (rocky grasslands, rocky shrublands and forests) as well as in streamside vegetation such as tallgrass or gallery forests.

threats:
This species does not seem to be very sensitive to ecosystem modification or other realistic threats, such as logging activities. Local subpopulations might be threatened by the complete or severe destruction of the vegetation. Considering the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the large number of subpopulations, local events do not affect the whole population significantly.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in Montenegro. Most of the known sites are out of protected areas, however due to the large and stable population there are no conservation actions currently required for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on # the population size, distribution area, etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, between Juan Grande and Maspalomas, San Bartholome.

population:
There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, but it is apparently very rare. A genetic detailed analysis can be found in Neiber et al. (2011).

threats:
The threats to this species are not known, because of a general lack of information.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. Further research is need on # the population size, distribution area, etc.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic # to the central western coast of the island of Tenerife, but it is widespread. Its population size is declining due to quarrying, urbanisation, tourist infrastructure and road construction. Monitoring of this species is recommended. The decline of habitat qualifies this species for Near Threatened, almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the central western coast of the island of Tenerife, where it is widespread.

population:
The population size is declining due to ongoing threats.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by quarrying, urbanisation, tourist infrastructure and road construction. However the destruction of the entire habitat is not likely but should be monitored carefully.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. Monitoring of this species is recommended. # Wells and Chatfield (1992) noted that this species was Least Concern in their review of the status of the European Fauna, hence the status of this species is in decline.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a polytypic species: Hemicycla b. bidentalis, and Hemicycla b. inaccessibilis Groh, 1988. The nominal subspecies is highly polymorphic, the morphs inhabit very differing habitats types. It is a task for the future to assess whether these morphs will be separated into species in their own rights. However, this assessment follows the current view as published by Ibanez et al. (1988).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Tenerife  with a particular focus on the Anaga Mountains. There are a few isolated  subpopulations in the north-western coast as far as Palo Blanco, which may be affected by increasing urbanisation, but otherwise there are no major threats to this species. Major parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. This species is considered Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the northern part of the island of Tenerife with a particular focus on the Anaga Mountains. There are a few isolated subpopulations in the northwestern coast as far as Palo Blanco.

habitat:
This species colonised various habitat types from the sea level to the highest mountains: Piso basal shrubland, pine forest (Pinar), Fayal-Brezal and Laurel forest (Laurisilva).

threats:
There are no significant threats to this species . Only the north-western populations may be affected by increasing urbanisation. This may be important in case these morphs turn out to be separate species.

conservationAction:
Major parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes. More taxonomic research is needed to assess whether these morphs will be separated into species in their own rights.


range:
This species is endemic to the northeaster area of the island of Tenerife.

habitat:
This species lives in the dry temperate shrub vegetation (Piso basal), Laurel forests (Laurisilva) and Fayal-Brezal.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species .


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (4 km2) and is known from only one location. However, there are no known threats to the species. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, as, due to its extremely restricted area of occupancy, it is susceptible to stochastic events, such as fires.

range:
This species is endemic to the Teno Peninsula in the far north-west of the island of Tenerife.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species from La Gomera has never been found back, there is no published information available.Thus, there is not enough information to assess the conservation status of this species. Further research is need on # the population size, distribution area etc. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera. It has been described from this island without any further precise locality.

conservationAction:
There is no information available. Further research is need on # the population size, distribution area, etc.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, where it is known from a single location. It is suspected to be declining as a result of overgrazing and rat predation. Consequently it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera. It was described without location data, and rediscovered by R. Hutterer in the 1990s. It is known from one site (one location) in the north-east part of the island, and its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are inferred to be #4 km².

population:
The population size and trend are not known for this species. Based on findings of several dead shells and subfossil shells in the environment, as well as many in Quaternary deposits, it would appear that the species is declining.

habitat:
The species is found in abandoned cultivated area with rocks.

threats:
Significant threats to the species include overgrazing by goats and predation by rats.

conservationAction:
The single site where the species is known to occur is not protected. Monitoring is needed, and measures to address the threats posed by overgrazing and rat predation may be needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is insufficient information on distribution, population size and population trends to assess this species against IUCN Red List criteria. There are no published records since 1932. Consequently it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria. Numerous synonyms were #given by Mabille in 1882 and 1883 for the Gran Canaria population,  #but without localized data (except for Helix bathycoma – Telde). Therefore it is possible that the species was formerly more widespread in cultivated areas and the Piso basal (Odhner 1932 mentions Lomos de Catola, Jinamar, Telde and Agüimes). However, there have been no publications since 1932, and the taxon was not not refound or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, not found by K. Groh (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

population:
There is no information on population size and trend.

habitat:
The species was reported from cultivated areas and temperate shrubland (Piso basal).

conservationAction:
There is no information on conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is only known from  a small area east of Bajamar in the north-east of the island. Its extent of  occurrence (EOO) is four km2 #and area of occupancy (AOO) is also four km2. Potential threats to this species include the increasing urbanisation of Bajamar, which might seriously affect the very small population of this species. This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, because the urbanisation is a possible threat in the future.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is only known from a small area east of Bajamar in the north-east of the island, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is also 4 km2.

threats:
Potential threats to this species are destruction of the habitat by the increasing urbanisation of Bajamar, which might seriously affect the very small population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively restricted distribution, there are no known threats to the species. The island where it occurs is closed by the military and no access is allowed for the public. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Alegranza north of Lanzarote. This species is recorded from one location and 10 sites on the whole island.


redListCategoryRationale:
The distribution of this species is not clear, and there is no information on population size and trends or threats. Consequently this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera where it was recorded by #Fritsch, Wollaston and Lowe in the middle of the 19th century on the slopes above San Sebastian. It was not subsequently found or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011). It was only found by K. Groh near to San Sebastian, in the eastern part of the island. Only Rachl (in Bank et al. 2002) mentions specimens from the north-west of the island, from between Tazo and Arguamul.

threats:
There is no information available regarding threats.

conservationAction:
There is no information available #on conservation actions.


redListCategoryRationale:
Although this species has a relatively restricted range, its population trend is stable and there are no known major threats. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species was described in 2007 (Alonso   Ibanez 2007). It is endemic to the north-east of Tenerife, where it is found at altitudes of #650-980 m in the Anaga mountains. It is known from 15 sites and five locations. Its #AOO is estimated at 50 km² and EOO at 20 km².

habitat:
It is found in temperate forest (Laurisilva).

conservationAction:
The entire distribution of the species is within a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is insufficient information on distribution, population size and trend and threats to assess this species. There are no published records since 1932. Consequently the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria. It was described in 1839 and later given several synonyms by Mabille in 1882 and 1883. The last published reference is by Odhner (1932), who describes it to be not rare in the middle heights of Gran Canaria. #The species was not refound or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, nor found by K. Groh (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011). Fresh shells are offered by shell dealers such as Femorale in Brazil and Shell Auction in Italy, so apparently living populations of this species still exist, but no data are available.


redListCategoryRationale:
A widespread and common species that is not facing any major threats; it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria #where it is widespread and common in a range of different habitats and altitudes. It is found at several locations with many sites. AOO is estimated to be greater than 300 km².

population:
A common species, population trend is believed to be stable.

habitat:
It is found in a range of different habitats from Piso basal to the local pine forests (Pinar).

threats:
Although there may be some localised impacts in cultivated and inhabited areas, these are not considered to be threats to the species.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two known subspecies for this species, Hemicycla glyceia #glyceia is only known as a Quaternary fossil, whereas #Hemicycla glyceia silensis is known living.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a small range (area of occupancy is 12 km2) and occurs in three locations, where it lives in Laurisilva forest and there are no known threats to this forest and there is no active management of the forest. The species is assessed as Near Threatened, although it would qualify for a higher status, should there be an active threat to the range.

range:
There are two known subspecies for this species, #Hemicycla glyceia #glyceia #is only known as a Quaternary fossil, whereas #Hemicycla glyceia silensis #is known living in the Monte del Agua in the north-western part of Tenerife.

population:
The population of this species is stable.

habitat:
This species is found in Laurisilva forest and there are no known threats to this forest and there is no active management of the forest.

threats:
This species is present in Laurisilva forest where there are no known threats and no active management of the forest.


redListCategoryRationale:
There is insufficient information on distribution, population size and trend and threats to be able to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, although there are no precise data regarding localities where it has been found. It was found by Paiva in the mid 1850s and described in 1864; it is only mentioned later by Mousson in 1872 and Wollaston in 1878. This species was not not refound or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, not found by K. Groh (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

conservationAction:
There is no information available. Research is recommended to attempt to re-discover the species.


range:
This species is endemic to La Palma where it is mentioned only by Wollaston (1878) from Los Sauces and the Barranco de Herradura, and later as the synonym Helix palmicola and var. minor by Mabille in 1898 from Brena Baya. No extant shells were found by Klaus Groh, although sub-fossil shells were, and it was not re-found or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues (K. Groh, pers. com., 2011). There is no published data since 1898.

conservationAction:
There is no information available. Research is recommended to attempt to re-discover the species in the areas that it has been previously found.


range:
This species is endemic to Gran Canaria where it was described by Grasset in 1857 from the Barranco de la Virgen and later by Lowe (1861) as Helix manrinquiana. It has also been mentioned as H. manrinquiana by Wollaston (1878) from the environments of Teror and in hollow old laurel trees in the forest of El Monte. The species has not been re-found or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues and has not been re-found by Klaus Groh (K. Groh, pers. com., 2010).

habitat:
There is little information available. Individuals have been found in hollow Laurel trees in the past.


range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, but no more information was given when described by Mabille in 1882.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is known from the  eastern parts of the island, but the distribution area is fragmented. The area of occupancy is 20 km2 and it is known from five locations. However, there are no major threats to this species and approximately half of the known number of sub-populations are under local conservation schemes. It is therefore considered to be Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife. It is known from the eastern parts of the island, but the distribution area is fragmented. This species is recorded from five locations and 12 sites with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 250 km2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 15 km2.

population:
The size and trend within the subpopulations are assumed to be stable.

conservationAction:
Approximately half of the known number of subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the north-eastern coast of Tenerife, where it is very localized to about 7 locations which are scattered because of urban development on the coast, so the species range has become fragmented. It is impacted by multiple threats in the region: urban developments, road construction and quarrying. The two more localised threats of quarrying and road construction impact severely the species with lost populations, but within smaller more defined areas.The species has been assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).

range:
This species is endemic to the north-eastern coast of Tenerife, where it is very localised to about 7 locations  #(9 sites) which are quite scattered localities because of urban development on the coast, so the species range has become fragmented (Ibanez et al. 1987).

population:
The population trend is thought to be decreasing based on loss of habitat.

habitat:
This species occurs on lowland vegetation on canary islands and within malpais, volcanic tubes.

threats:
The major threats includes habitat loss through urbanisation, road construction, tourist recreation areas and quarrying of the habitat for roadstone.

conservationAction:
The habitat of this species should be protected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Large parts of the population occurs within protected areas. The population is thought to be stable and there are no identified threats to the species. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife where it lives in the Pinar on the slopes of the Caldera between 800 and 1,200 m asl. There are several locations with even more sites known. There is little data but the extent of occurrence is estimated to be around 200 km² and area of occupancy is 50 km².

habitat:
The species is found in the Pinar on the slopes of the caldera.

conservationAction:
Large parts of the population occur within a protected area. No conservation actions are currently required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species occurs within La Gomera's protected areas. It has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO is less than 20 km2) and is known from eight locations with 14 sites. However, the  population is thought to be stable and there are no identified threats  to the species. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species, described in 2007 by Alonso, M. and Ibanez, M., is endemic to the central and northern parts of La Gomera, between 700 and 1,280 m asl. There are eight known locations with 14 sites. The extent of occurrence is 125 km² and the area of occupancy is thought to be less than 20 km².

habitat:
The species is found in Laurisilva forests.

conservationAction:
The species occurs within La Gomera's protected areas. No further conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only known at a single site in the region of Masca (Teno Mountains) on Tenerife where it is under pressure from recreational activities impacting this ground-dwelling species (Moliner Gomez et al. 2001). It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is only found in the region of Masca (Teno Mountains) on Tenerife, where it was recorded from an area of less than 3 x 3 km (area of occupancy is 9 km2).

population:
This large species is thought to be declining.

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species is found in typical lowland canary island vegetation.

threats:
The main threats are from urbanisation and use of the region by tourists (path construction, use of mountain bikes on trails, jeep tours, picnic sites and tourist facilities)

conservationAction:
Recommended actions in Moliner Gomez (2001) include habitat protection. It is not listed by the National Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009) nor on the Canarian List, and as such it is not legally protected.


taxonomicNotes:
Odhner (1932) supposed it to be a synonym of H. guarmatemes, but nowadays it is believed to be a species on it’s own.

range:
Described originally from "Canaries", this species is endemic to El Hierro, where it is known from the lowland in the South. The only detailed mentioned locality is Valverde. The species has not been re-found or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, or found by Klaus Groh (K. Groh, pers. com., 2011).


taxonomicNotes:
According to the pictures and description, this species appears to be very similar to H. modesta. However, this species is described from a locality far away, but also on the island of Tenerife. This case requires additional investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to a small area in the Teno alto and bajo in the north-west of  the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from three locations and three  sites, but there are no threats known to this species, and its complete distribution area is under local conservation schemes. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to a small area in the Teno alto and bajo in the north-west of the island of Tenerife. This species is recorded from three locations and three sites.


taxonomicNotes:
According to the pictures and description, this species appears to be very similar to H. melchori. However, this species is described from a locality far away, but also on the island of Tenerife. This case requires additional investigation.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is only present in a small area which is under pressure from encroaching urbanisation, a major decline in habitat quality can be supposed. It is not clear currently whether this species is still extant or already extinct. It is known from a single location around the growing urbanisation area of Sta. Cruz de Tenerife with an area of occupancy of four km2. Thus, the species is considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife, where it is endemic to a very small area near the south-eastern coast at the Bco. de Santo near Sta Cruz (Wollaston 1878).

threats:
There are no known threats to this species, but it has been described from a single location around the growing urbanisation area of Sta. Cruz de Tenerife. It can be supposed that the species is under high pressure; there is no information whether this species is still extant or already extinct.

conservationAction:
There is no conservation action in place for this species. More research is needed on the distribution and population of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is restricted to the island of Fueteventura, Canary Islands, where it is found on the Jandia peninsular. It has a restricted range (area of occupancy = 8 km2) and is found in a single location, with a small population which is currently threatened as a result of impact of goats disturbing the habitat and recreational use by tourists. Future threats include hotel developments. Recommended conservation actions include the designation of a 'reserva natural' for the species, removal of goats and restricted access to the region for tourism. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is restricted to the island of Fueteventura, Canary Islands, where it is found on the Jandia peninsular.

population:
This species is suffering decline in known populations.

habitat:
This ground-dwelling species is found in montane canary island vegetation under rocks, in crevices and feeds on lichens.

threats:
One of the major threats is the overgrazing and trampling by goats which is leading to habitat destruction. Tourism is also of concern, as the jeep and walking tours take place over this peninsular. Future threats include tourist developments including hotel construction and road linkages, but these developments have not yet commenced.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Endangered in the Spanish National Red List #(Verdu and Galante 2009), but there is no legal protection for this species. #Conservation of the habitat and control of goats are proposed actions to conserve the species. There is also a need to limit recreational use by tourists to special paths and maintain non-access areas.


taxonomicNotes:
The species was described by Morelet in 1864 under the name Helix paivana and later renamed by Mabille in 1882.

range:
This species is endemic to La Gomera, but there is no detailed location data. Recently the species has been determined from two different sites (Bank et al. 2002): from Vallehermoso and between Tazo and Arguamul, and secondly in Neiber et al. (2011) with genetic detailed analysis also from Vallehermoso, but these may belong to two different species.

conservationAction:
There is no information available. Research is recommended to attempt to increase the known range of the species to see if any conservation actions are required.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species meets the area requirements under criterion B for threatened as the area of occupancy is less than 12 km2, and there are only three known locations. However, the population is stable, there are no known threats and the entire population is found within a protected area. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is endemic to El Hierro where it is found in laurisilva forest in the high mountains of the north, from 800 to 1,200 m asl. It is known from three locations with five sites making the extent of occurrence 45 km² and the area of occupancy less than 12 km² (Alonso and Ibanez 2007).

habitat:
The species is found in laurisilva forest in the high mountains in the north of the island, from 800 to 1,200 m asl.

conservationAction:
The entire population can be found within a protected area.


redListCategoryRationale:
The only known published location is in Bank et al. (2002) at Barranco Argaga near Vallehermoso. There are no known threats, however, this site has not been re-discovered since. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), until the locality can be re-discovered.

range:
This species was described by Lamarck (1816) from “Porto-Rico” due to Maugé’s given data (Mermod 1951) and as Helix villiersi by d’Orbigny in 1839 as an endemic La Gomera species. The status of H. planorbella as the elder name was later rectified by L. Pfeiffer (in Mon. Hel. IV and Novitates I). There were no details on the distribution given. The only known published location is in Bank et al. (2002) at Barranco Argaga near Vallehermoso. However, this site has not been re-found or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, nor found by Klaus Groh (K. Groh, pers. com., 2011).

habitat:
There is no information on the species' habitat preferences.

conservationAction:
Research is recommended to attempt to re-discover the population mentioned in Bank et al. (2002). If this site is re-discovered conservation actions may be required if the site is at risk, unless further sites are found.


redListCategoryRationale:
The species has a small range (one single location in an area of occupancy of 8 km2). Over the last 30 years, its small population has become fragmented by urban expansion and road construction. The habitat requires conservation in order to protect the species, as well as restoration of habitats to reduce fragmentation of the populations. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it is very localised between the three villages of Caletillas, Candelaria and Igueste de Candelaria [UTM 28RCS63-64].

habitat:
This species occurs in the typical dry lowland vegetation (Piso basal) within a Barranco., under stones and in rock crevices or in the shelter inside of the sparsely growing shrubs.

threats:
In the last 25-30 years, the habitat has been nearly completely destroyed by urban developments from the 3 adjacent villages and transportation links between them. The main stress remains the fragmentation of the remaining populations by these developments.

conservationAction:
The habitat requires conservation in order to protect the species, as well as restoration of habitats to reduce fragementation of the populations. This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish Red List by Verdu and Galante (2009) and is on the register of Endangered Species for Canary Islands, but not on the catalogue of Endangered Species in Spain. Actions recommended include the provision of a protected area between #the three villages of Caletillas, Candelaria and Igueste de Candelaria.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was originally assessed under the name Hemicycla pouchet for the Red List, however the nomenclature has changed and it is now renamed as #Hemicycla pouchadan (Ibanez and Alonso 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is found on the edge of the city of Santa Cruz and has a severely fragmented and restricted range. It is known from only six locations. This species is assumed to be declining based on the decline of the area of occupancy due to urbanisation, as well as quarrying close to the city for building stone, road construction. This species is hence listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).

range:
This species is endemic to the lowlands of northeastern Tenerife around Santa Cruz, Canary Islands (Spain).

population:
This species is declining based area of occupancy which has declined.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry open areas of degraded lowland vegetation of Piso Basa, typical canary island vegetation (Ibanez and Alonso 2007).

conservationAction:
Moliner Gomez (2001) note that this species was listed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable A1c (Groombridge 1996) noting that a small area was occupied by this species and that the habitat was in need to protection. #The species requires protection of the habitat as well as restoration of habitats to lessen the impact of fragmentation.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon was originally assessed under the name Hemicycla adansoni for the Red List, however the nomenclature has changed and it is now renamed as #Hemicycla pouchet #(see: Ibanez and Alonso 2007)

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands, where it is found on area along the coast and southern slopes of the Anaga Mountains of Tenerife (North-east of Santa Cruz). # It has been assessed as Vulnerable as the species is not as impacted as H. pouchadan, which occurs around Santa Cruz, although should the rate of change of habitat decline or loss of subpopulations accelerate, the species will qualify as Endangered. #The species requires protection of the habitat as well as restoration of habitats to lessen the impact of fragmentation.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary islands, where it is found on area along the coast and southern slopes of the Anaga Mountains of Tenerife (North-east of Santa Cruz). The range may extend north onto the peninsula beyond San Andreas (Groh, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
There are some impact on the northern populations, as the range is fragmented by the city of San Andreas.

habitat:
This species occurs in typical lowland vegetation of piso baso.

threats:
This species is declining due to urbanisation and tourism activities.

conservationAction:
The species has been previously assessed as Conservation Dependant, and this species requires protection of the habitat as well as restoration of habitats to lessen the impact of fragmentation.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two sub-species: Hemicycla psathyra psathyra and H. psathyra bituminosa (J. Mabille, 1883).

redListCategoryRationale:
There is insufficient recent information on distribution, population size and trend and threats to be able to assess this species in any category other than Data Deficient (DD).

range:
This species is endemic to southern and western Gran Canaria. Hemicycla psathyra psathyra is known from the region of Aldea to Mogan, # Tarajana, maspalomas and Arguineguin, and H. psathyra bituminosa is known from the environments of Galdar. There has been no published data since Wollaston (1878), but at this time it was not rare.

habitat:
There is no information available regarding the species' habitat preferences.

conservationAction:
Research is recommended to attempt to re-discover the species in the areas that it has been previously found to see if it is still not rare where it occurs.


taxonomicNotes:
There are two described sub-species: Hemicycla quadricincta quadricincta and H. quadricincta subaucta Wollaston, 1878.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to south-eastern La Gomera in the area of San Sebastian. Its range is restricted and it is threatened by the extension of the city of San Sebastian. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to south-eastern La Gomera in the area of San Sebastian. H. quadricincta quadricincta is known from the lowlands and H. quadricincta subaucta Wollaston, 1878 from higher elevations on the south-eastern slope of Cumbre. Neiber et al. (2011) found it from the same region (Las casetas and Lomo de las Nieves) and give detailed genetic analysis of these two specimens. Bank et al. (2002) features specimens from Alajeró. Also, Klaus Groh found several sites around San Sebastian. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 60 km² and the extent of occurrence is thought to be less than 20 km².

population:
The population is presumed to be stable.

habitat:
This species is known from temperate shrubland areas (Piso basal).

threats:
The main threat to this species is the increased urbanisation of San Sebastian.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to southern Gran Canaria. It has a restricted range and is impacted by the increasing tourist and urban development in the area. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B.

range:
This species is endemic to southern Gran Canaria where it is said to be from the Pinar near San Bartholome and the lowlands near El Charco near Maspalomas, Aguineguin Lowe (1861). Neiber et al. (2011) gives detailed genetic analysis of two specimens from Telde: Barranco de Pueste and San Bartholome de Tirajana: Monte Leon, which has not re-discovered or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues but has been found by Klaus Groh in the environments of Telde (K. Groh, pers. com., 2011). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be 100 km² and the area of occupancy is actually less than 20 km².

population:
Population trends are estimated to be declining, due to the threats pressure. This species is not thought to be frequent.

habitat:
This species occurs from the Pinar near San Bartholome and the lowlands near El Charco near Maspalomas, Aguineguin.

threats:
There are some threats in the south of Gran Canaria due to tourism and urbanization.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measure for this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is relatively widespread and there is no known major threat, even if it might be predated by rats locally. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).

range:
This species is widespread on Fuerteventura, Lobos, Lanzarote, La Graciosa and Montana Clara.

threats:
There are no threats known to this species, except predation by rats.

conservationAction:
Some parts of the subpopulations are under local conservation schemes.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range (one location and an area of occupancy of 8 km2), with a small population which is currently threatened as a result of military activities, as it lies within a military training area, with future threats from urban expansion if the military training area designation is removed. Recommended conservation actions include the designation of a 'reserva natural' for the species. #  The criteria for the assessment now reflect the small range and the criteria used in 1996 were incorrect.

range:
This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is only found on Gran Canaria, on the peninsula of La Isleta at 4 sites: El Confital, Mont el Faro, Montana del Vigio and Malpais [UTM 28RD5510].

population:
Population trend information is not available. There are few live specimens known (Groh, pers. comm., 2010)


range:
This species is endemic to a small area in the west part of La Palma. The type locality is # “calcareous “Llanos” (below Argual) of the Banda, on the western side of Palma”. It has not been re-discovered or mentioned by Ibanez and his colleagues, nor found by K. Groh (K. Groh, pers. comm., 2011).

habitat:
The type locality is calcareous grassland (“Llanos”).

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the distribution and the population of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprises 20 species-level taxa of uncertain validity (traditional classifications are in conflict with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. These species were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system showed no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz and Gomez-Moliner (2008), using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data (COI and 16S rRNA), were able to validate the observed phylogenetic taxa within the complex by means of the analysis of specimens of the different species, together with the study of topotypes (i.e. specimen taken from the type locality of that species). #The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them, #I. alonensis s. str., #comprises all the #Iberus #living #in the half eastern Iberian Peninsula except in Andalusia and in the southern part of the Murcia provinces, where #I. carthaginiensis #and two additional un-nominated and not described yet taxa of the #alonensis #form were identified. This #designation was in agreement with #Martínez-Ortí, Robles and Gómez-Moliner (2005).

redListCategoryRationale:
The main threat to Iberus alonensis #is harvesting of the snail in the wild for human consumption. This species #represents #a natural and economic resource firmly rooted in traditions and customs of many rural populations. If this utilization was well managed and controlled, the species would qualify for a Least Concern status, as it is relatively widespread in Spain. However, at the moment, it is considered on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT), as it needs the implementation of monitoring and of a management plan. If the current level of use is not reduced,  it would be reasonable to considerer a vulnerable status for the species in the future.

range:
The endemic I. alonensis is distributed in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula, except in Andalusia and in the south end of the Murcia provinces where it has contact zones with I. carthaginiensis #(Elejalde #et al. 2008).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, #it is possible to infer that there are a great number of individual due to its large range even though different observations have demonstrated that it exists at low density (i.e. Bragado et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species lives in limestone areas refuges under stones, in crevices or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs.

threats:
The main threats against I. alonensis #is the unregulated over-harvesting as a long-standing tradition, causing important impact on the population. Agriculture, habitat degradation and fires are other potential threats.

conservationAction:
From a conservation management point of view, the resolution of the taxonomy and the assessment of the genetic divergence of #Iberus #have been of great significance because it allows to particularize the different situations. #The large size of Iberus #makes them the best candidates for gastronomic purposes, most of them being locally consumed in their particular distribution areas, specially the flattened #I. gualtieranus #and the rounded #I. #alonensis #groups which represent a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural population. #Unfortunately, the impact caused by uncontrolled and excessive snail captures, accumulated during a long time, as well as other pressures originated by human activities (the advance of agriculture, habitat degradation, fires…) have produced a significant reduction in snail’s numbers in the environment and the necessity to take urgent actions to mitigate them. I. alonensis has recently been proposed as a VU species in the region of Castilla La Mancha by Bragado, Araujo   Aparicio #(2009). #In our opinion, it would be necessary and urgent to manage this species like the natural and economic resource that it represents: to establish appropriate periods and catch sizes, to investigate the still unknown aspects of the species and its population, to monitor the processes and to promote the heliciculture... #Several attempts of # I. #alonensis # heliciculture are known in Spain, even though rather old and rudimentary techniques are employed. In addition to its zootechnic potentiality, heliciculture of the genus #Iberus #is also an important  conservation tool (i.e. reintroductions and restockings). Knowing the personal motivations, the politic and social context and the local interest in relation with the species would also be useful in order to involve citizens and public authorities in the management of the resource by means of information and education and other similar actions (Reynolds, Mace, Redford   Robinson 2001)

useAndTrade:
The large size #Iberus #makes them the best candidates for gastronomic purposes in Spain, being most of them #locally consumed in their particular distribution areas, specially the flattened #I. gualtieranus #and the rounded #I. #alonensis #group which represent a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural population. #Some relevant aspects of the #behaviour`s patterns, life history and ecological habits of the species are well known for collectors. #Usually, I. alonensis shows a low density in nature, but it is easy to find numerous specimens when environmental conditions are appropriate (i.e. some days in spring or autumn, after rains ...) which also coincide with the breeding season. #Unfortunately, these moments are also used by collectors doing certain damages to the population.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente, 1994; Arrébola, 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz   Gomez-Moliner (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. angustatus, characterized by the #presence of a narrow umbilicus in the shell.

redListCategoryRationale:
Iberus angustatus #is an Andalusian endemic, some (small) harvest activity has been registered (considered a negligible threat at present). Even though its extent of occurrence and its area of occupancy are not very large, # it seems to occur in high density and there are no data indicating a decreasing or fluctuations of the population or of its habitat. # It is currently assessed as Least Concern, however if the species is more consumed in the future, it might become threatened. In any case, it should be managed and monitored as a natural and economic resource.

range:
Iberus angustatus #lives in the south of Jaén and an adjacent area in the north of Granada provinces (Iberian Peninsula). This range is located between the distributions of I. ortizi and I. guiraoanus, which are allopatric species (i.e. species occurring in separate, nonoverlapping geographic areas) with some contact zones (Elejalde et al. 2008).

population:
There are no population data about this species. However, it seems to occur at high density in the wild.

habitat:
This species lives in limestone mountains mainly refuges in crevices, but also under stones or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs. #Hybridization with other #geographically close #Iberus #is not excluded #(i.e. with #I. guiraoanus, I. ortizi, I. loxanus).

threats:
The harvesting could be a threat for the population, but, as other medium-sized # #Iberus #spp., this is not a target species for snail collectors. Furthermore, a good proportion of the population lives in #inaccessible or hardly accessible #mountain areas that act as reservoirs that ensure the survival of the species. Other threats should be investigated in the future.

conservationAction:
Research and harvest management and monitoring are the most important actions for #I. angustatus #conservation. #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent recognition as valid species it has been neither included in Atlas of the Spain Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú   Galante 2009) nor in Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón, Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
This is not a target species for Andalusia snails consumers, and as such it is only rarely and very locally harvested, partly because it looks like Otala lactea, which is intensively consumed in Andalusia. # This threat is currently negligible.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde et al. (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. campesinus.

redListCategoryRationale:
Iberus campesinus is endemic to Spain and has a fairly restricted range, with an extent of occurrence of 3,050 km2 and an area of occupancy of 2,000 km2 . More research is needed on this species, but it is thought to be found at no more than 10 locations. It is frequently collected as a food and the population is thought to be declining. Furthermore, fires and desertification are causing a decline in the area and quality of its habitat. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).

range:
Iberus campesinus is endemic of the Iberian Peninsula. Its range comprises a small area in the east of the Almería provinces and the southernmost part of the Murcia provinces (Elejalde et al. 2008). Despite the fact that more surveys need to be done, it is considered that this species is not found at more than 10 locations.

population:
There are no population studies for this species, but the population is thought to be declining because this species is collected as food. Based on observation in nature, a low density can be inferred.

habitat:
This species lives in limestone mountains refuges under stones or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs. There are many cases of hybridization between I. campesinus and other geographically close Iberus species (I. carthaginiensis and I. gualtieranus).

threats:
As other #Iberus #spp. the main threat to I. campesinus #are the unregulated over-harvesting as a long-standing tradition (for human consumption), potentially affecting the population. Fires and desertification are also threats to this species and the quality of its habitat. Effects of agriculture activities and other threats should be investigated in the future.

conservationAction:
From a conservation management point of view, the resolution of the taxonomy and the assessment of the genetic divergence of #Iberus #have been of great significance, because it allows #to particularize the different situations. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the population status of #I. campesinus #and therefore it is not easy to be accurate in the #assessment. However, considering that it is moderately harvested and has a small range, where no natural protected site is included, it is considered that, unlike other Iberus, I. campesinus #could face a more serious threat. It is necessary and urgent to conduct research on order to get more population data. This snail is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucia). It has not been included in Atlas of the Spain Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2006, 2009) or in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
The large size #Iberus #makes them the best candidates for food harvesting in Spain, most of them being locally consumed in their specific distribution areas, specially the flattened #I. gualtieranus #and the rounded forms like #I. #campesinus. #They represent a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural population. #Usually, #I. campesinus, #like #I. alonensis, #shows a low density in the wild, but it is easy to find numerous specimens when environmental conditions are appropriate (e.g., some days in spring or autumn, after rains, etc.) which also coincide with the breeding season. #Unfortunately, these periods correspond to the highest rate of harvesting, increasing the damages to the population.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz   Gomez-Moliner (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. carthaginiensis.

redListCategoryRationale:
The main known factor that is threatening #I. carthaginiensis #is the harvesting for human consumption. This species is currently assessed as Near Threatened (NT). If the harvesting was well managed and controlled, the species would probably qualify for a Least Concern category. Currently, mainly due to its recently re-discovery, very few data are available on the population or on the other threats that this species might be facing. It is also important to highlight that this species #represents #a natural and economic resource firmly rooted in traditions and customs of many rural populations. Therefore, if the current problematic situation does not change in the future, this species might qualify for a Vulnerable status.

range:
Iberus carthaginiensis #is confined to limestone sierras and surroundings places in the northern part of the Granada and Almería provinces and in the southern half of Murcia (Iberian Peninsula). Following Elejalde et al. (2008), the records of I. alonensis in this area must be referred to I. carthaginiensis, what would mean that it is found in about 15 grids of 10 km2.

population:
There are no population data about this species. According to our observations in the nature, a low density can be inferred.

habitat:
This species lives in limestone sierras refuges under stones, in crevices or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs.

threats:
As other Iberus spp., the main threats to I. carthaginiensis #are the unregulated over-harvesting as a long-standing tradition (for human consumption), impacting the population. Luckily, a significant proportion of the population lives in mountain areas that are inaccessible or hardly accessible to collectors and act as reservoirs and ensure the survival of the species. Other threats should be investigated in the future.

conservationAction:
From a conservation management point of view, the resolution of the taxonomy and the assessment of the genetic divergence of #Iberus #have been of great significance, because it allows #to particularize the different situations. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the population status of I. carthaginiensis and therefore it is not easy to be accurate in the #assessment, specially as it is harvested for human consumption. Luckily, natural protected parks of Sierra María in Almería and Sierra Espuña in Murcia are part of its range and several other mountain areas are #inaccessible to #collectors. However, it is necessary and urgent to conduct studies in order to get population data and then, if the situation requires it, to manage this species like the natural and economic resource that it represents: to establish appropriate periods and catch sizes, investigate the still unknown aspects about the species and its population, monitor processes, promote the heliciculture... #We consider helpful and practical to know the personal motivations, politic and social context and local interest in relation with the species and then to involve citizens and public authorities in the management of the resource by means of information and education and other similar actions (Reynolds, Mace, Redford   Robinson 2001). #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of the Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent recognition as a valid species, it has been neither included in Atlas of the Spain Theatened Invertebrates (Verdú   Galante 2009) nor in the Red Book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón, Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
The large size #Iberus #makes them the best candidates for gastronomic purposes in Spain, being most of them #locally consumed in their particular distribution areas, specially the flattened #I. gualtieranus #and the rounded forms like I. #alonensis #or I. carthaginiensis. #They represent a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural population. #Some relevant aspects of the #behaviour`s patterns, life history and ecological habits of the species are well known for collectors. #Usually, #I. carthaginiensis, #like I. alonensis, #shows a low density in nature, but it is easy to find numerous specimens when environmental conditions are appropriate (i.e. some days in spring or autumn, after rains ...) which also coincide with the breeding season. #Unfortunately, these moments are also used by collectors increasing the damages to the population.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola et al. (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. gualtieranus, composed by three subspecies:  #I.g. gualtieranus, I.g. mariae and I.g. ornatissimus. The first has a #keeled and flattened #shell with marked ornamentation of #spiral and radial costulae (synapomorphy), while the other two show rounded and globose shells with soft ornamentation. I.g. mariae and I.g. ornatissimus #have distinct and very restricted range and their shells clearly #differ one from another. #Both taxa were phylogenetically very closely related to I. g. gualtieranus, in #contrast with the opinion of other authors who considered #them to be more closely related to I. alonensis s.l., #on the basis of shell morphology (Alonso and Ibáñez 1981).

redListCategoryRationale:
The large size of Iberus #makes them the best candidates for food harvesting, most of them being locally consumed in their particular distribution areas, specially the flattened #I. gualtieranus #(“chapa”) and the rounded I. #alonensis group (“serrano”) which represent a true traditional, natural and economic resource to rural population. #Unfortunately, the impact caused by uncontrolled and excessive snail harvest, accumulated over a long time, as well as other pressures originated by human activities (the increase of agriculture, habitat degradation, fire, etc.) have produced a significant reduction in the number of snails in the environment and the necessity to take urgent actions to mitigate the threats. This species is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
The original distribution area of Iberus gualtieranus gualtieranus is the eastern third of Sierra de Gádor (Almería, Andalucía, south of the Iberian Peninsula), although it is also known from several narrower, isolated and restricted sites in eastern Andalucía: at least Sierra de Jaén (Jaén), Sierra Elvira (Granada) and even Almanzora (NE Almería). According to Elejalde et al. (2005, 2008) #the subpopulation of #Sierra de Gador is the only native population, #having originated the others by recent anthropogenic introductions (due to its gastronomic use) carried out from this only autochthonous population. #There are slight conchological differences between Sierra Gádor shells and others, specially in relation with the greater size of # the original subpopulation shells. The data in this assessment (such as the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO)) refer to the original and only subpopulation in Sierra de Gador, where the EOO would be continuous and have the same surface as the AOO, if there was no anthropic habitat destruction and fragmentation. The other subespecies #I.g. mariae and I.g. ornatissimus are restricted to Los Alcores de Punta Entinas (type locality) and Barranco Fuerte in Huecija (type locality) and surroundings (Ruiz et al. 2006).

population:
The first census for this species has been done in Sierra de Gádor (unpublished data) and the results were not very optimistic: I.g. gualtieranus could be under the minimum density threshold for population viability, so that the density of adults would not be enough for positives or nulls growth rates #(Arrebola and Ruiz 2008; unpublished data). As there are no previous census data, it is not possible to estimate the rate of the population decline. However, indirect evidences support the hypothesis of a population decline (loss of habitats, harvest increase, fires, motorways construction, etc.). Back in 1979, Cobos already indicated that this population was declining and now, the subspecies in Almeria is already commercially extinct. Another census has been done in Sierra Elvira (Moreno-Rueda and Pizarro 2007).

habitat:
Iberus gualtieranus gualtieranus is a #calcicolous, drought tolerant and thermophilic #species #living in limestone mountain areas of rocky substrate and sun exposure #sub-desert #environments with sparse vegetation. It can also occur in areas with more vegetation cover in Sierra Elvira (Moreno-Rueda 2002). It avoids earthy and shady places. #During dry weather, it takes refuge inside the crevices of the rocks and under stones. #Studies on its biology (unpublished data) indicated a low reproductive success, dispersal and predation rates, high rates of #adult resistance, synchronization of the activity, absence of predators and/or good defence against them and juvenile mortality due to adverse environmental conditions. #With its #flattened shell is well adapted to living in strict climates of drought and insulation for long periods, allowing it to penetrate deeper into the fissures of the rock and displace #I. #alonensis sensu lato in the native range of I. #g. #gualtieranus. #The subpopulations of the species living in areas of low rainfall, have developed a fast and accurate behavioural response to the rare rainy moments of the year. #Aestivation is the time of year when more juveniles die because of high temperatures that produce animal dehydration.The active periods of feeding, movement, growth and reproduction are mainly occurring during two times of the year: spring and specially in #autumn. #During #cold and dry winters, its activity is reduced (unpublished data).

threats:
Highway construction has meant that 8.7% of the #area of occupancy #is divided into 14 fragments physically separated by insurmountable barriers for snails. Three important fires have happened in the area of occupancy since 2003 (affecting 9,5% of the extent of occurrence) producing a comparatively lower density of individuals at present. Irreversible loss of the area of occupancy occurred between 1991 and 1999 (3.4 km2) due to urban and agriculture #development #(2.43% of the total EOO in 1991). #Habitat loss reaches 8.7% of the EOO from 1956 (no agriculture or urban pressure) and 2004. From a biologic point of view, poor recruitment and population reproduction and regeneration index, high juvenile mortality and low density are also impacting the species survival. #Analysis of fronts of hybridization between the subpopulations of I. #g. #gualtieranus #and other Iberus species indicate that they are in a dynamic equilibrium, and no evidence has been found that these fronts are a threat to the conservation of the subspecies. Traditional harvesting has produced a strong impact on population intrinsic factors (low rates of recruitment, reproduction and regeneration population, aggravated by high juvenile mortality) and the current density may have reached a point where the population viability would be naturally #compromised #(unpublished data). #The indiscriminate and uncontrolled collection made in recent decades derives from its great gastronomic appreciation, and even though it has been considered commercially extinct, it is still collected due to its high market value. #Furthermore, the catches are made in times of activity, when most individuals are visible to collectors, causing an irreversible impact on the population (unpublished data).

conservationAction:
Since the low population density is the most pressing problem, it is necessary to manage/stop the catch and reinforce the population with individuals reared in captivity. The species should be included in the National and Regional Endangered Species Catalogue, which would legally prohibit its harvest. #Because of its popularity in Andalusia and its great appeal in the world of amateur malacology would be possible to use. #Since 2005, a Conservation Plan for Iberus g. #gualtieranus is developed within the Programme for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Land Snails of Andalusia, sponsored by the Ministry of Environment of the Junta de Andalucía and led by the Physiology and Zoology #Department (University of Seville). #At present, breeding in captivity (laboratory scale in Seville University) has been obtained to complete cycle (Arrébola, Ruiz, and Cárcaba, unpublished data). #In this sense, it is crucial to begin the half-scale breeding of the species (this will be done in 2011).

useAndTrade:
Irrational and uncontrolled catches of I.g. gualtieranus are going on a long-standing and a traditional way. This has led to the practically commercial extinction of this snail known as "chapa", but the same has not happened with captures. #Due to the natural scarcity of product, sales prices have increased dramatically and the snail is actually sold for human consumption per unit (not per kilo), reaching a price of 1-1.5 euros each specimens.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz and Gomez-Moliner (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. guiraoanus, mainly characterized by its medium-sized umbilicated shells although the mentioned authors do not reject the possibility two cryptic species could exist in the guiraoanus clade.

redListCategoryRationale:
Even though I. guiraoanus #is endemic to Andalusia (Spain) and some (limited) harvest activity has been registered, it shows a comparatively extended range and is found in relatively high density. #Moreover, it inhabits #inaccessible or hardly accessible #rocky areas, sometimes in high altitudes, limiting the access of the collectors and decreasing the importance of #harvest, the most relevant threat for this species. An important part of its range is included in a natural protected site. In summery, it is a Least Concern (LC) species that should be managed and monitored like a natural and economic resources.

range:
The Iberian Peninsula endemic I. guiraoanus is known from eastern Jaén, north Granada and some localities in the south of the Albacete provinces (Elejalde et al. 2008; Bragado, Araujo and Aparicio 2009). It is very close to the allopatric (i.e. geographically separated) species #I. angustatus.

population:
There are no population data about this species. According to our observations in the nature, a high density of individuals can be inferred.

habitat:
This species lives in limestone mountains, # mainly in crevices, but also under stones or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs. #Hybridization with other #geographically close #Iberus #is not excluded, especially with #I. angustatus.

threats:
Harvest for food is the main specific threat for this species

conservationAction:
Research on the ecology of this species and monitoring of the harvest trends is required. It lives in the Natural Park Cazorla, Segura y Las Villa, one of the most important and well preserved parks in Andalusia (and Spain). It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent recognition as a valid species, it has not been included in the Atlas of the Spainish Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) or in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón and Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
Although this is a target species, it is harvested in small quantities and only punctually. At the moment, this threat is negligible.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz and Gomez-Moliner (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. marmoratus belonging to the medium-sized snails of the genus. Other Iberus species close to I. marmoratus are #I. cobosi, I. loxanus #s. str. and #I. rositai #s. l. We follow these authors #suggestion to consider here I. marmoratus s. str.: #"as far as we know, I. cobosi, I. loxanus s. str. and #I. rositai s. l. represent monophyletic groups, but their #taxonomic status (species or subspecies of I. marmoratus) #remains to be stated. For the time being, we suggest to #maintain their specific nomenclature".

redListCategoryRationale:
Even though I. marmoratus is  endemic to Andalusia (Spain) and some (limited) harvest activity has  been registered, it shows a comparatively extended range and is found in  relatively high density. Harvest is not currently impacting significantly the population of this species. It is therefore considered as a Least Concern  (LC) species that should be managed and monitored like a natural and  economic resources.

range:
I. marmoratus is endemic to the south of Spain and is distributed in the eastern end of Cádiz, south of Córdoba, #Málaga #and Granada (Arrébola 1995, Elejalde et al. 2008).

population:
There are no population data about this species. According to our observations in the nature, a high density can be inferred.

habitat:
This species lives in limestone mountains, mainly in crevices, but also under stones or at the base/inside of plants and shrubs. #There are many examples of hybridization between I. marmoratus and other geographically close #Iberus #(i.e. #I. cobosi).

threats:
This is not a target species for Andalusia snails consumers, and it is  therefore only harvested occasionally and very locally. At the moment  this threat is negligible. This species occurs in remote limestones mountain areas, which would act as reservoirs ensuring the survival of the species, even if the harvest trends were increasing in the future.

conservationAction:
More research is needed on the taxonomy, ecology and population of this species. Furthermore, monitoring and management of the harvest trends are # important actions for the conservation of I. marmoratus. #It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent recognition as valid species, it has not been included in the Atlas of the Spainish Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante, 2009) or in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón, Ballesteros-Duperón and Moreno 2008).

useAndTrade:
This is not a target species for Andalusia snails consumers, and it is therefore only harvested occasionally and very locally. At the moment this threat is negligible. It is commonly named "cabrilla de sierra", as it looks like O. lactea ("cabrilla") which is frequent and abundantly #consumed #in West Andalusia.


taxonomicNotes:
Iberus #is an #Iberian Peninsula endemic genus, that comprised 20 morphospecies of uncertain validity #(traditional classifications conflicted with each other mostly in the number of species), some of them occupying a very restricted geographical area. They were characterized mostly on the basis of the shell morphology because the reproductive system shows no diagnostic features at the specific level (Puente 1994, Arrébola 1995). Recently, Elejalde, Madeira, Arrébola, Muñoz and Gomez-Moliner (2008) have studied #partial DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) from different specimens of #Iberus, #to test the validity of the described morphospecies of the genus. The analysis have revealed 11 main phylogroups, being genetically unique lineages that are allopatrically distributed and considered to have full species status. One of them is #I. ortizi. Previously, I. ortizi had been #considered a minor form of  #I. alcarazanus (Ortiz de Zárate in #García San Nicolás 1957) although García San Nicolás (1957) assigned it a subspecific status: I. alcarazanus ortizi. However, the data provided by a recent taxonomic revision (Martínez-Ortí et al. 2004) indicate that I. alcarazanus should be considered as a synonym of I. alonensis. Consequently, I. ortizi is a valid name (Elejalde et al. 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has a very restricted area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. It is only known from two locations. Fire and agriculture are potential future threats to this species. Furthermore, if this species is proven to be collected for human consumption, it will qualify for a higher threat category. At the moment, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, but more research is needed on its ecology, habitat, population and on the level of threats it is facing.

range:
This species is only known from the south of the province of Córdoba (Andalusia, Spain). It is allopatric # (i.e. geographically separated) with I. angustatus (Elejalde et al. 2008).

habitat:
This species lives in limestone mountains, mainly in crevices, but also under stones or within branches of plants and shrubs.

threats:
Harvest could impact this species. Agriculture and fires are also potential threats.

conservationAction:
Research on the population, ecology and threats (including harvest trends) is the most urgent conservation measure for this species. It is included in the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Andalusian Snails Program" promoted by the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Environment (Junta de Andalucía). Due to its recent recognition as valid species, it has not been included in Atlas of the Spain Threatened Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) or in the Red book of Andalusian Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).

useAndTrade:
It is not known if this species is harvested for food, like other Iberus spp. However its small range and medium-sized shell would rather suggest that if any harvest occur, it is probably negligible. More research might be needed to solve this question.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species was proposed as Endangered B2ab(iii) by Seddon (2008) as it is found in two areas on one offshore islet, which are both very small, and where habitat decline is possible. Following evaluation, this was reclassified as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) as populations have been reduced to the single islet off Porto Santo and the species is vulnerable to possible impact of introduced small rodents and competition from Theba pisana. The species is the only representative of the genus Idiomela. It is currently listed on the Annex II of EU Habitats and Species Directive and on the list of protected species for the Bern Convention, rodent control needs review to determine the impact on this species on the islet. The revision of the listing as Vulnerable in 1996 is based on the increased perception of threat to larger gastropod species, which are not as abundant as smaller helicids, and are easier to find, and hence are more vulnerable to predation.

range:
This species is endemic to the Madeiran islands, originally found on the island Porto Santo during the Quaternary (Cameron et al. 2006), but it is now only known living on at two sites on the small islet of Ilheu de Baixo off the southwest coast of Porto Santo (Seddon 2008; Groh and Cameron, pers. comm., 2010).

population:
The population trend is unknown, but this species is more vulnerable to predation by rodents than other smaller crag and scree species on the island.

habitat:
This large ground-dwelling helicid is found in grassland and rocky slopes on the islet.

threats:
The species are vulnerable to predation by rodents, as the species is a large gastropod which would be predated. Other possible risks to the species would include competition from Theba pisana and possibility of fire, although as the island is a protected area, there is less likelihood of fire as there is no tourist access to the islands.

conservationAction:
This species is currently listed on the Annex II of EU Habitats and Species Directive and on the list of protected species for the Bern Convention, the regional government has designated a protected area for the species. However, rodent control needs review to determine the impact on this species, amongst others on the islet.

useAndTrade:
The species is not known to be utilised, although occasionally sold by shell dealers.


