# European_Red_List_2017_December

range:
This species is endemic to Romania. It only occurs in the region around Mount Pietros (Witkowski et al. 2003).

habitat:
The species is a relic in the Carpathians (Witkowski et al. 2003). Its preferred habitat type is unknown.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Endangered on the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003)


redListCategoryRationale:
Anthemis glaberrima is endemic to the islets of Agria Gramvousa  and Imeri Gramvousa near Crete. The area of  occupancy and extent of occurrence are both smaller than 10 km². The populations are stable but as this is an annual species, extreme fluctuations are  possible.The subpopulation of Imeri Gramvousa is relatively isolated and not  threatened by human impact but the  subpopulation of Agria Gramvousa is threatened by grazing and sea pollution. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Anthemis glaberrima is endemic to the islets of Agria Gramvousa and Imeri Gramvousa, situated at the extreme northwest tip of the island of Crete. The distribution area is very limited and the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are both smaller than 10 km².

population:
The population at Agria Gramvousa has 150,000 – 200,000 individuals at an area of 3 ha and the population of Imeri Gramvousa hosts c. 500 individuals at an area of 0.3 ha. The population counts are based on a 2-3 year assessment. It is annual species so extreme fluctuations are possible.

habitat:
An annual species that grows on littoral rocks.  Rich in endemics, the islet of Agria Gramvousa is one of the few islets that have never been inhabited by domestic or wild ungulates such as goats or sheep. Any introduction of herbivores could threaten the natural balance of this island's vegetation and lead to the extinction of some plant species. A. glaberrima belongs to the taxonomic group Ammanthus which includes several species (such as Anthemis ammanthus, A. filicaulis and A. tomentella) endemic to the southern islands in the Aegean Sea.

threats:
The subpopulation of Imeri Gramvousa is relatively isolated and not  threatened by human impact (tourists visiting the islet in summer). The  subpopulation of Agria Gramvousa is apparently threatened by grazing and  also probably by sea pollution (deposition of tar and waste from the  sea). Invasive species are potentially a serious threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and listed in the National Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ac(iv) (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009).Actions in Place In situ: a Micro-Reserve of 4.4 ha has been established on Agria Gramvousa islet. There has also been an intensive awareness campaign for the education of the local authorities and the general public. The plant is included in a Natura 2000 site (GR 4340001) which gives it indirect protection. Ex situ: Seeds are stored the Seed Bank of the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania.Actions Needed Given the number of species endemic to Agria Gramvousa, the islet should be designated as a nature reserve, and a management plan put in place to prevent the introduction of herbivores and invasive plants.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) #This plant is classed as Data Deficient as there is not enough information on the size of the populations or the area of occupancy. It is only known that the plant is rare. The habitat of the species, rocky areas and grasslands, are threatened by mining and grazing and it is therefore possible that this species would qualify for a threatened category.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Anthemis trotzkiana is found in Central and South European Russia along the Wolga river, and the Seratov region among others. Its distribution extends into Middle Asia and Kazakhstan.

population:
Anthemis trotzkiana is a rare species. The populations have a few individuals but are overall stable. In the Volgograd region, the population has 500-1,000 individuals, but there is no information on the number of individuals available for other populations. One population has gone extinct.

habitat:
This perennial plant is found on calcareous soil, on slopes and cliffs in association with Thymus and Hyssopus. It is sometimes found in grasslands (Bardunow and Novikov 2008).

threats:
The main threats are grazing by sheep and goats and habitat loss due to mining and quarrying of the calcareous soils.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is classed as Rare in the Red Data Book of Russia. The plant is found in one national park in the Seratov region. It is recommended to collect more information on the populations, their size and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Argyranthemum lidii is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy has been estimated in 9 km², the totality of individuals occurs in four locations, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and fluctuations have been reported for its populations size. Grazing, garbage dumping and other human activities, competition with invasive species and hybridisation phenomena affect this species and its habitat.

range:
Argyranthemum lidii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (González González et al. 2004), where it can be found in the northwestern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be between 3.5 and 9 km². It is present in four known locations (Olangua et al. 2006).

population:
Its total population size has been reported to be 1,015 individuals: 777 in the location of Andén Verde, 123 in Barranco de la Altavaca-Guayedra, and 115 in Montaña de Amagro (González González et al. 2004). According to other authors, population size is 3,160 individuals (Olangua et al. 2006). Fluctuations have been observed in the number of mature individuals.Decrease of global population over the past ten years has been estimated between 46-49 % (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
In its classic locality, Andén Verde, it develops on cliffs and steep terraces associated with vegetation communities such as Soncho-Aeonion and Aeonio-Euphorbion canarensis. In this locality it can also grow in road ditches. At drier conditions or lower altitude it forms part of the thicket Ononis angustissima (Asterisco-Ononidetum ulicinae). In Amagro it develops within the communities known as "tabaibal dulce" Euphorbietum balsamiferae, with elements of Pegano-Salsoletea (González González et al. 2004).Percentage of germination is high. It can also be multiplied by cuttings. Seedlings and juvenile individuals can be found within the populations.

threats:
The subpopulation of Andén Verde could be seriously threatened by cleaning operations on the ditches of the road that goes through it (González González et al. 2004). Other threats are competition with the invasive species Pennisetum setaceum, grazing pressure and hybridisation phenomena. The presence of a dump near the location of Amagro leads to habitat degradation and increased competition with nitrophile species.

conservationAction:
Argyranthemum lidii  is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and  under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European  Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened  species. It listed as EN B2ab(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected areas Monumento Natural Montaña de Amagro (SCI) and Parque Natural Tamadaba (SCI) (González González et al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias.Proposed measures include storage of plant material from every subpopulation in germplasm banks and implementation of control plans of the invasive Pennisetum setaceum and of grazing activities. Dumping should be forbidden in Amagro and the area should be cleaned. Cleaning activities on ditches in Andén Verde must be controlled. A reintroduction programme based on controlled origin seeds should be raised.

redListAssessors:
González González, R., Reyes Betancort, J.A., Martín Reyes, R. & Barrera Acosta, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum ssp. succulentum is  endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It occurs only in one locality at the  extreme east of Madeira island where the total population has been estimated to have not more than 1,000 individuals.  It is subject to various threats but  mainly from tourism and competition with invasive species. # The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum ssp. succulentum is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It occurs only in one locality at the extreme east of Madeira island. It is subject to various threats but mainly from tourism and competition with invasive species.

population:
The total population has been estimated to have 1,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This taxon is found in Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub, in the Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion maderensis vegetation community (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

threats:
It is subject to various threats but mainly from tourism and competition with invasive species. Further threats reported are collection of the subspecies, recreational activities and infrastructure, natural catastrophes (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

conservationAction:
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum ssp. succulentum is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The area is a Natural Reserve of the Madeira Natural Park and is under the protection of Natura Network 2000 (Jardim et al. 2006). Seeds have been collected and stored in the Madeira Botanical Garden seed bank. Conservation of this taxon is mainly dependent on habitat managment (Jardim et al. 2006)


redListCategoryRationale:
Argyranthemum thalassophilum is endemic to the Selvagens Islands, Portugal. The total population has been estimated to have less than 250 individuals. Erosion, competition and other natural processes have been described as the main threats, but the populations are assumed to be stable. Due to the low number of individuals it is classed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to the Selvagens Islands, Portugal (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).

population:
Population has been estimated to have less than 250 individuals with a stable population trend (Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
Argyranthemum thalassophilum can be found in rocky areas (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats include erosion, competition and other natural processes (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

conservationAction:
Argyranthemum thalassophilum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Argyranthemum winteri is listed as Critically Endangered because it has a very restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 4 km². It is found at three locations   and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals, mainly due to grazing activities.

range:
Argyranthemum winteri is restricted to the Jandia Peninsula, in the south of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. It is found growing between 500 and 800 m asl, distributed into three known locations: Crestas de Jandía, Solana del Ciervo and Degollada del Culantrillo. Its area of occupancy is 4 km².

population:
A total population of 272 individuals was reported by Scholz (2004): 150 in Crestas de Jandía, 110 in Solana del Ciervo and 12 in Degollada del Culantrillo. The populations have been in serious decline over the past ten years. The subpopulation of Solana del Ciervo has experienced a 90% reduction of its size in this period. About 100 seedlings were observed in June 2002, but have an uncertain future due to trampling by livestock.In 2006, 510 individuals were recorded: 422 in Crestas de Jandía, 76 in Solana del Ciervo and 12 in Degollada del Culantrillo. It is thought that this increase in Crestas de Jandía is due to improved monitoring methods rather than to population progressive patterns (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), and that the species has experienced strong regression in its population size since the 1980s.

habitat:
This shrub grows on steep slopes with more or less well developed soils, and also on cliffs, but its size remains smaller in these sites (Scholz 2004). It can be found mainly in Andryalo variae-Astericetum sericei community. Frequent accompanying species are Nauplius sericeus, Sideritis pumila, Senecio bollei, Maytenus canariensis, Ononis christii, Echium handiense and Bupleurum handiense. It looses its leaves in summer as mechanism of adaptation to xerophitic conditions. Fructification and germination present appropriate levels. It can propagate by cuttings.

threats:
Main threat is trampling by livestock, that affects plants directly and fractures the topsoil layers, causing loss of stability and shifting of the slope, which can be exacerbated by winter rains (Scholz 2004). Nitrogen accumulation leads to the spread of ruderal annual plants that fail to halt erosion. Predation has been also reported as a threat when there is general shortage of available food, although the shrub is not highly desired by herbivorous. Drought events also exert impact on the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under  Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife  and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and included as "vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.Their populations are included in the protected area Parque Natural Jandía (SCI) (Scholz 2004). There are seeds stored in the germplasm banks of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Proposed measures include recovery and reenforcement of wild populations, through creation of grazing activities exclusion areas and management of the number of grazing animals in the area. Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Arnica montana is widespread in Europe and is found at hundreds of localities. The populations are stable in some countries and declining in other parts of its range. The reasons for this decline are partly due to collection of the plant for medicinal purposes and partly due to habitat loss. This plant is found mainly in acidic and nutrient poor grasslands and shrublands, a habitat that changes among others due to abandonment of grazing activities or fertilisation to use the land for agriculture. The species is currently classed as Least Concern as it is too abundant to be at risk of extinction in the near future, however the population trends should be monitored.

range:
Arnica montana is endemic to Europe where it is found from Norway to the Balkans and from Spain to Ukraine.In France, the species is reported from more than 1,000 localities and is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, eastern and Mediterranean area and is only absent in the west and northwest. In Italy, it occurs in the Alps and northern Apennines. It is common in the Czech Republic in mountains and is scattered in all of Slovenia with small local populations. It occurs in most of Denmark's lowlands in the mainland and in the west. In Norway and Sweden there are hundreds of localities. In Switzerland, the species can be found over more than 50% of the country. In Ukraine, it grows in the Carpathian Mountains. Single isolated populations were founds in the 19th and first half of the 20th century in the lowland part of Ukraine (Lvivska and Zytomirska regions) but are now likely to be extinct.In Bulgaria, the only evidence for the species presence is a single herbarium sheet from the Rila mountains without further specifications of the locality. Its presence is therefore considered doubtful.

habitat:
Arnica montana is a perennial plant that flowers from June to July and prefers acid and poor soils. It is mainly found in grassland and shrubland and alpine mountain environments. It also grows in dry pine forests, meadows, grazed moors on siliceous soils, marginal parts of spruce forests, open forest edges, mowing pastures, road and path sides, margins of peatlands. It can be found in coastal heath and benefits from occasional burning of heathlands. The species occurs in the following habitat types of the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  4030 European dry heaths6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)4060 Alpine and boreal heaths9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs

threats:
The picking of the flowers for medicinal purposes is one of the main threats to this species although it is illegal in some countries (e.g. France). Another threat is coming from agriculture. Here the application of fertilisers to grassland in order to increase the ph, such as limestone dust, decrease the suitability of the habitat for Arnica montana that naturally prefers nutrient-poor soils. The abandonment of grasslands leads to a change in vegetation such as mosses and tall plants that can outcompete Arnica montana. A change of grazing from cattle to sheep impacts the species although it is generally well adapted to grazing as it has flat leaves on the ground. Reforestation also reduces the habitat available to Arnica montana.  # In some areas skiing is affecting the species as it causes soil compaction.

conservationAction:
Arnica montana is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive and on Annex D of the Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein.There are protection measures in place for some European countries and it features in some national red lists:In Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia it is classed as Vulnerable on the national red lists.Czech Republic: protected by national Law and included in national parks and protected landscape areas.France: protected in several regions (Aquitaine, Centre, Bourgogne) and more than five departements, included in several protected areas.Germany: Classed as Vulnerable (level 3) on the German Red List   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).Hungary: classed as Extinct in the Wild on the national red list Italy: not on the national red list but some populations are in regional parks and prevents  regional collection by law.Lithuania: classed as Vulnerable, protected according to national and regional law.Luxembourg: classed as Critically Endangered on the national red list. Slovenia: classed as Vulnerable on the 2002 red list, protected by law which it prevents from being collected. Several localities are in protected areas such as Natura 2000 sites, national  parks, regional parks.Sweden: classed as Near Threatened on the Swedish red list 2010.Switzerland: classed as Least Concern on Swiss Red List   (Moser et al. 2002) but regionally found in protected areas. Collections are accepted but there are rules about the amount.Ukraine: included in the 1996 Red Data Book of Ukraine, but not included in the 2009 edition of this book. It is protected in the Carpathian biosphere reserve, in the Tapichirkiskij, Urochychcze Zatinky, Teresjanka, Chorkyj Dil, Stebnyk protected areas, and in the nature monument Verchnje Ozerychere.Future recommended actions include to manage the mowing of meadows, provide land owners with financial support to graze, and control the change of agricultural practices. In general, in face of the threats the species is facing it should be monitored. In Luxembourg, site management to encourage seedling establishment is needed.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Hodálová, I., Lansdown, R. & Petrova, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km² and the species is restricted to sandy beaches in the Gulf of Bothnia. The populations are severely fragmented but they are stable at the moment in Sweden which has the biggest part of the range. There are potential threats to the habitat and local declines which should be monitored. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii).

range:
This European endemic is restricted to the Gulf of Bothnia and is found in Finland, Sweden, and North European Russia in Karelia.The area of occupancy in Sweden is 252 km², the range of the species in Finland is 99 km², overall it can be said with certainty that the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km² in total.

population:
In Finland, 1,700 tufts have been counted and in Sweden, 20,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Russia, it occurs at one locality in Onega Lake.The overall population trend is stable but the populations are considered as severely fragmented as the sandy areas where it is found are not connected with each other (ArtDatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Artemisia campestris ssp. bottnica is present on sand beaches above the driftline. In Finland, it has been observed growing along a railway and roads and is probably spreading in the region.

threats:
Tourist activities at beaches do not seem to affect the species at the moment. But there are potential threats in the form of infrastructure buildings which could destroy the species habitats.

conservationAction:
Artemisia campestris ssp. bottnica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Russia, the species is not protected. In Sweden, it is classed as Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected under national law. It is found in a few protected areas. In Finland it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) A2ace; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) (Rassi et al. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Artemisia eriantha is a European alpine species that is distributed in the Pyrenees, southwestern Alps, central Apennines, Carpathians and Balkan mountains. It has a restricted distribution but can be locally common and has stable populations in some countries. In parts of its range, the plant is classed as threatened on national red lists and it faces threats such as collection, trampling, habitat degradation due to tourist development and recreational activities. But in most Balkan states, the species inhabits inaccessible habitats that are not subject to any threats. Therefore, the species is classed as Least Concern at European level.In the EU 27 member states, the situation is similar as the species is threatened in some parts of its range but not in others where it has stable populations. It is unlikely that the species will decline fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories in the near future, however, the populations should be monitored. It is classed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
European alpine species that is distributed in the Pyrenees, southwestern Alps, central Apennines, Carpathians and Balkan mountains. The species is present in Spain, France, Poland, Slovakia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, FYR Macedonia, Romania and in Greece (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).In the whole Balkan peninsula, it is found at more than 15 localities measured in 10x10 km grid cells.

population:
In Poland, the plant is found in the Western Tatra Mountains and the High Tatra Mountains in small populations of up to tens of individuals at few localities probably not more than 500 tufts in total. In Slovakia, it occurs in the Western, High and Belianske Tatra Mountains at about 30 localities (incomplete information from the database of the Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences). It is usually found in small populations, but some with hundreds of individuals. In Spain, it has been noted at 46 localities in the Pyrenees (Anthos 2009).The population trend is stable in France, Poland and Slovakia.In the whole Balkan peninsula it is found at more than 15 localities In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it occurs on Mt. Dinara (Troglav - Bosnia) and on Mt. Prenj (Otiš - Herzegovina). The size of both populations has not been estimated but as the one on Mt. Dinara is restricted to the north facing mountain peak, it is probably small. In Montenegro, the plant is found on the Durmitor mountain and  Prokletije mountain but the population size and trend are unknown. At Mt Durmitor there are several micro-localities and it is probably the most abundant population in the Dinaric Alps, estimated to have a few thousand tufts. Populations in Mt Prokletije in Montegero, Albania and southwest Serbia (Kosovo) have not been estimated but could be abundant due to numerous favourable habitats existing in this mountain massif. In the central part of the Balkan peninsula, it is distributed in limestone peaks of M Šarplanina in southwest Serbia (Kosovo) and Korab (FYR Macedonia and northeast Albania). Populations in Bulgaria are restricted to Mt Rila and Mt Pirin, while in Greece it has a scattered distribution on Mt Olympus and mountains of Epirus.

habitat:
This plant grows in alpine grassland, gravelly plateaus, rocks and stabilized screes on limestone, rocky crevices, granite, often mylonitized granite, flysch and serpentine. It is found at an altitude from 1,900-2,800 m. It is a characteristic species of the class Asplenietea rupestria, and forms part of the alliance Festucion versicoloris. In the southeastern Dinaric Alps it inhabits limestone rock crevices and stable screes, usually on north-facing rocks. It belongs to the rare siliceous rocks alliance Saxiragion cymosae as well as the alliances Petasition doerfleri and Seslerion juncifoliae. In Mt Olympus in Greece, it is a member of high-mountain chasmophytic community Potentilla deorum – Saxifraga scardica, order Potentilletalia speciosae. In the Balkans the species rather prefers calcareous than siliceous rocks.The species is found in the following habitats listed on the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation  8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
Different threats have been described for this species such as collection and trampling. Its habitat faces threats from tourist development (skiing, paths, cycling tracks) and recreational activities such as mountaineering or rock climbing. Quarries and natural disasters such as landslides or avalanches are also impacting on the habitat.In Poland, for example, it is classed as lower risk and only threatened by the rare occurrence. In Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the species inhabits inaccessible habitats that are far from strong human impacts (e.g. ski paths), except rare grazing. No serious threats have been observed in the field.

conservationAction:
Artemisia eriantha is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.In Poland, all the sites are situated within a protected area, the Tatra National Park, which also hosts the majority of the Slovak populations. Two populations are monitored   (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001). In Slovakia, the species is protected and currently classed as Vulnerable, and apart from the Tatra National Park, localities are included in small scale nature reserves.In Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Italy, it is considered as a Vulnerable species (Šilić 1996, Conti et al. 1997).In Bulgaria, it is listed as Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). In Serbia, it is classed as Lower Risk but conservation dependent (Stevanović 2005-2011); it has the same listing in Montenegro. The species is not included in the red lists of Albania, Greece, FYR Macedonia, and Spain.In Montenegro, the majority and most abundant populations are situated in the National Park Durmitor, while in Serbia part of the Balkan populations are restricted to limestone peaks of Mt Šarplanina inside of the National Park with the same name. In Bulgaria, whole populations are situated inside two national parks “Rila” and “Pirin”. Parts of the populations in FYR Macedonia (Mt Šarplanina, and Mt Korab), Albania (Mt Prokletije and Mt Korab), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mt Dinara and Mt Prenj) and in some localities in Greece (Mountains of Epirus -Tymphi, Smolikas and Gramos) are not protected. The population growing on Mt Olympus in Greece is under protection and is proposed for a National Park Olympus.

useAndTrade:
It is rarely cultivated in gardens from plants collected in the wild. The species is collected for the the production of liqueur (brandy) in parts of its range.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern as it is common and widespread in the Alps. However, locally the collection for drink production and medicine can cause the reduction of the numbers and collection should therefore be controlled.

range:
Artemisia genipi is endemic to the Alps and can be found in Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. There are unconfirmed samples from the Pyrenees.

population:
The population is thought to be stable and the species is common.In Austria, 100,000-1,000,000 individuals have been counted (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovenia, there is only one small subpopulation, but Italy hosts many subpopulations and it is common in Switzerland.

habitat:
This plant prefers calcareous and moist rocky habitats from alpine up to subnival level (1,400 to more than 2,500 m altitude). It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)8340 Permanent glaciers

threats:
Locally, the collection for the use in drinks and medicine can affect this species. Mountaineering might be a potential threat as well as skiing tourism. Climate change might be a potential future threat.

conservationAction:
Artemisia genipi is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive and collection of this species is controlled.In some regions of Austria, a permission is needed to collect the species. In Switzerland, it is protected and classed as Least Concern. It is also protected in Slovenia and classed as Rare in the Red Data Book. In Italy, it is listed as Vulnerable at regional level. There is no national protection in France, but in some departements and collection is controlled in Hautes-Alpes. This plant is partially found in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
It is used in the production of drinks and is collected in the wild for medicinal use.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Montagnani, C., Gargano, D., Bernhardt, K.G., Jogan, N. & Gigot, G.


redListCategoryRationale:
Artemisia granatensis is listed as Endangered because of a drastic population decline, estimated to be more than 50% between the years 1994 and 2003, based on direct observation and the levels of exploitation. Its distribution is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals, mainly due to collection, predation by herbivores and the low capacity of adaptation to adverse  climatic conditions of the species.

range:
This species is endemic to the mountains of Sierra Nevada, southern Spain (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004). It can be found in two locations: one in the province of Granada, comprising 10 subpopulations; and one in the province of Almeria. A wider distribution was reported in the past, being currently described as severely fragmented. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 15 km².

population:
Total population size is 452 individuals (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004). The population size is thought to be higher, although less than 2,000 individuals.Comparing previous census (1994), a decrease in the number of mature adults of more than 50% can be observed up to the year 2003, as well as the disappearance of some subpopulations.

habitat:
This herb is found in grasslands on steep slopes of high Mediterranean mountains. It occurs in dry, rocky sites, screes, ledges and crevices and rock fissures. It is commonly associated to other endemic species. Frequent accompanying species are Festuca clementei, Erigeron frigidus, Hormathophylla purpurea, Arenaria tetraquetra, Sempervivum minutum and Papaver lapeyrousianum.Flowers are unattractive to insects. The achenes have great capacity for germination, but lose viability over time (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) A2ad; B1ab(iv,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, where a recovery programme is established. In vitro cultivation has been developed. Plant material is stored in several germplasm banks.Illegal collection should be efficiently controlled through awareness campaigns. Cultivation and propagation have to be enhanced in order to satisfy the needs of population reinforcement plans and traditional uses. Variability in germplasm banks should be increased (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
Artemisia insipida is very rare and only found at two localities covering 3 m². The number of mature individuals is much less than 50 and the species is threatened by vegetation succession and increased competition. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This plant is found in France, in the Haute-Alpes region (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). It is only found at two localities that cover just 3 m².

population:
There are two known populations in the southern Alps which are clonal populations with only two individuals. The species is extremely rare in France. The population trend is unknown as the species was thought to be extinct for 223 years (mentioned in 1783), but was found in 2000 in Verdon, and 2006 in Hautes-Alpes (locus classicus).

habitat:
This species occurs in low mountains, on calcareous soils and grows in oak forest or oak grove and forest edges.

threats:
The populations are threatened by habitat closure resulting from the decrease of traditional pastoralism.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at national level in France.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) DArtemisia laciniata is found in  the northern hemisphere extending into Asia and North America. In Europe, it occurs in Austria, is extinct in Germany, and is present in Eastern European Russia. It has gone extinct from Central and Northwest  European Russia. There  is no further information on the Russian populations, their trends, or potential threats. It is categorized as Endangered in European  Russia, but in Asian  Russia it is common and of Least Concern. More information on  the population size  and trend as well as potential threats in European  Russia is needed and the plant is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.In  Austria, it is found at the Neusiedler See southeast of Vienna  with an extent of occurrence of 35 km² and a population of 10-20 individuals. Drying out of the habitat and  competition by grasses are the main threats to this site.  It is therefore classed as Critically Endangered for the EU 27 member states.

range:
Artemisia laciniata is found in the northern hemisphere where it extends from Japan to Mongolia, Russia,  Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, to Germany and Austria in Europe and Canada and USA in America.In Europe it is only found in Austria, is extinct in Germany, and present in European Russia.In Austria, it is still found at the Neusiedler See southeast of Vienna with an extent of occurrence of 35 km². The species was also reported from Marchfeld in lower Austria, but those populations went extinct around 1950.In Germany, it was found in the federal estate Sachsen-Anhalt (between Stassfurt and Bernburg) and Thüringen (near Artern) but has not been recorded after the 1950s and even 1900 for the site in Thüringen.  The species is relict in central Europe. There have also been recordings from Hamburg in north Germany, Hungary, Romania and Finland but they are probably erroneous. Those recording were all made near Russian military bases (Wendelberger 1959).It is present in Eastern European Russia in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. In Central European Russia, Voronezh region, the population of this species went extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. In Northwest European Russia, it was found in the Leningrad region, near the town Vyborg, but this small population was not native and is now extinct. This species is distributed in Siberia and the Far East of Russia where it has many populations.

population:
The population recorded in Austria is 10-20 individuals. The plant has always been described as rare (Commission of the European Communities 2009).There is no further information on the Russian populations apart from the species being extinct in part of its European range and common in the Asian part of Russia.

habitat:
Herbaceous perennial plant, flowering time is from August to September. The species is found in moist places and is tolerant to salty conditions. It has been reported from salt marshes, meadows, and ditches. The species requires a wet and warm summer for optimal growth results.Associated to Succiso-Molinietum caeruleae    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The reasons for the extinction of the species in Germany are suspected to be cultivation of its habitat or collection by botanists as this plant was always considered very rare. Collection was also the main reason for the disappearance of the species in Lower Austria. Another reason for extinctions was the lowering of the groundwater table for agricultural purposes that led to a drying out of its habitat as well as competition by grasses. This is also the biggest threat to the remaining Austrian population at Neusiedler See (Wendelberger 1959).There is no information about current threats or the causes of the extinction in European Russia.

conservationAction:
Artemisia laciniata is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).        It is categorized as Endangered in European Russia, but in Asian Russia it is of Least Concern. More information on the population size and trend as well as potential threats in European Russia is needed.

useAndTrade:
Leaves are edible but it is unknown whether the plant is harvested in Europe (Plants For A Future 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Some authors treat the population in Northwest European Russia as Artemisia latifolia Ledeb.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², it is found at more than ten locations and the populations are not severely fragmented. The populations are decreasing due to habitat loss (succession). Since grazing activities started again in Oeland the subpopulations are more stable. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened for Europe and at global level approaching Criterion B2b(iii).The AOO is 368 km² and the extent of occurrence is 1,256 km², it is found at more than ten  locations and the populations are not severely fragmented. The  populations are decreasing due to habitat loss (succession). Since  grazing activities started again in Oeland the populations are more  stable. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened for the EU 27 approaching Criterion B1b(iii)+B2b(iii).

range:
Artemisia oelandica is native to Sweden and Northwest European Russia. In Sweden, the extent of occurrence is 1,256 km² and the AOO is 368 km². In Russia, it is present in the Luga district, south of the Leningrad region, where it was found in 1993. There are doubts about the identity of the species as it was formerly included in the species group Artemisia laciniata.As the species is only found at one site in Russia, the AOO is with certainty less than 500 km².

population:
In Sweden, 10,000 individuals have been counted with a decreasing trend due to a declining quality of the habitat. The subpopulations are not severely fragmented.In Russia, there is one locality with many individuals but they are rarely flowering.

habitat:
Artemisia oelandica is a perennial plant with a generation length of ca 20 years. It lives in perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes. Oeland is mainly made of limestone with thin soils. The species grows on the edges between the grassland and the limestone. It is dependent on grazing to avoid being outcompeted by other plants.In Russia, it was found in a meadow with sparse shrubs in a damp sandy esker, covered in light pine forest (Tzvelev 2000).

threats:
Abandonment of pastoral systems and grazing is a potential threat as the species depends on grazing, otherwise it can be outcompeted by shrubs.

conservationAction:
Artemisia oelandica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized as Endangered in Russia (Tzvelev 2000). This plant is protected by national law in Sweden and is classed as Near Threatened on the national Red List (Gärdenfors 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,iv)This species is native to Austria, Czech Republic,  and Serbia with a restricted area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km². The population trend is declining. However, there is no information on the size ore trend of the populations, number of locations or potential threats available in Serbia and the species has to be assessed as Data Deficient. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Serbian national red list and therefore it can be assumed that the species will need to be placed into a threatened category.In the European member states Austria and Czech Republic, the species has an area of occupancy of 604 km² and is found at six locations. The quality of its habitat is declining due to the abandonment of grazing activities and invasive species. The total number of mature individuals does not reach more than 1,350. It could potentially also qualify for Endangered C2a(i) but it is not clear how many individuals the biggest subpopulation holds. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is native to Austria (200 km²), Czech Republic (404 km²) and Serbia. Its area of occupancy is 200 km² in Austria and 404 km² in Czech Republic. Therefore it can be assumed that the total area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km².

population:
In Austria, there are 500-1,000 individuals found at three localities, one north of Vienna and two north of the Neusiedlersee. In Czech Republic, 350 individuals have been reported from three localities. It is only found in the Pannonian part of Czech Republic. The population trend is declining as it was known from six localities of which three have disappeared.In Serbia, it occurs in the Vojvodina and Deliblatska sand steppe area.

habitat:
Artemisia pancicii is a perennial plant with a rosette that grows on the edges of forests, such as thermophile oak forests (Quercus pubescens), in forest steppe, in broad-leaved dry grasslands (Bromion erecti), on basic soils, limestones, loess, etc. It avoids being exposed to the south.

threats:
In Czech Republic, the main threat is abandonment of grazing regimes and invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia which was introduced for honey production. A minor threat might be trampling as there are only a few localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Artemisia pancicii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Czech Republic and Serbia it is classed as Critically Endangered in the national red lists and legally protected (Holub and Procházka 2000, Stevanovič 1999). The Austrian Red List lists it as Endangered (Niklfeld 1999).A necessary management practice for the species is extensive mowing. Burning can also be beneficial to the vitality of the species. Grazing to open the shrubland is already practised in Austria.

useAndTrade:
It is cultivated for medicinal purposes in Serbia.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii)There are about five locations (four in France and one in Spain), and the species is severely fragmented. The area of occupancy is less than 500 km² and locations in several departements have been lost in France, decreasing the extant of occurrence and the area of occupancy. However, new subpopulations have been found, which means that the number of subpopulations did not decrease. The main threats to the species are coming from abandonment of traditional land management as well as overgrazing and recreational activities. It is therefore considered as Endangered.

range:
This plant can be found in Spain and France. It has only three subpopulations in Spain, in the Cantabrian mountain range, which are isolated from the subpopulations in the French Pyrenees. The area of occupancy for the Spanish populations is less than 20 km² and is assumed to be much less than 500 km² in total. The populations are severely fragmented.

population:
In Spain, there are three subpopulations: one in Bulnes (Cabrales, Asturias) that has been expanded with the appearance of another large subpopulation at 5 km distance, near  Tielve. It has been also found in Poncebos in 2006 where the subpopulation is quite small. In Spain there are   2,950 mature individuals without considering the Poncebos subpopulation (2,500 in Bulnes and 450 in Tielve). In Spain, the main subpopulation is fragmented in small groups of 50-150 individuals on average, and a small contingent of small scattered groups. The density of the population appears to be directly affected by the current dynamics of their habitat.In France, there are 12 localities with about 2,500 individuals. It was found in five departments (Arrieges, Pyrennees-Orientales, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrenees and Pyrennees-Atlantiques), but is now restricted to only two departments (Hautes-Pyrenees and Pyrennees-Atlantiques) (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). In the remaining departements, some new subpopulations have been found.

habitat:
This species is typical of forest fringe, and is regarded as sun-loving, which facilitates the colonization of grassland of anthropogenic origin, grasslands on calcareous substrate. The main population in Spain inhabits communities of Brachypodium pinnatum spp. It is present in rock areas, occupying old meadows and limestone substrates.  Major taxa that accompany it are: Bromus erectus, Seseli cantabricum, Scabiosa columbaria, Corylus avellana, Genista hispanica ssp occidentalis, Sanquisorba minor, Astrantia major, Carduus argemone, Serratula tinctoria, Crataegus monogyna, Physospernum cornubiense. In Spain about 90% of individuals flower annually. Of the flowers that survive #most of them bear fruit. The seed germination is low, with vegetative reproduction dominant. The survival of mature individuals is high. There is a low recruitment rate.The presence of goats in times of flowering and fruiting could reduce fruit production and dispersal, both by the direct consumption of the reproductive parts and by trampling.It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels.6170 # Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands

threats:
Habitat alteration due to  modification of agricultural practices (abandonment of traditional pastoralism) is a major  threat to this species. The  progressive dynamic vegetation could reduce the number of individuals  and population density. The degree of  disturbance of livestock should be evaluated, as overgrazing is a problem for this species. The  increasing recreational use of the area could affect the demography of the  species and the  construction of roads has suppressed several localities. These threats cause fragmentation of the population.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected by the national legislation and the regional legislation of Asturias, in Spain. In France, it is listed on Annex I of the National List of Protected Species, and is found in the Pyrenees National Park in France. One population has  been fenced off for four years to prevent sheep grazing and to facilitate  natural dissemination and seed collection for ex situ conservation.There is a subpopulation in  Picos de Europa National Park  (SCI). Germinating seeds are subjected to studies and genetic affinity in the 'Conservatoire Botanique Pyrénées (France)'. A small number of individuals is preserved ex situ in the Atlantic Botanic Garden. The species is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
The accepted name in Italy is Galatella sorrentinoi Tod.

redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Sicily where less then 250 individuals remain. It occurs in nine localities and the populations seem to be stable at the moment. It is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily, Italy where it is found at nine localities. The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
Aster sorrentini has been recorded in nine localities within Sicily. The populations have a stable trend, but are severely fragmented and count less than 250 individuals in total.

habitat:
It grows in humid grasslands on clay soils.

threats:
Main threats are vandalism and grazing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Aster sorrentinii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Caujapé et al. (2008), this species includes two subspecies: Atractylis arbuscula ssp. arbuscula and Atractylis arbuscula ssp. schizogynophylla.

redListCategoryRationale:
Atractylis arbuscula is listed as Endangered because of its restricted area of occupancy of 5 km² and three locations. There is a continuing decline in its area of occupancy and the extent and quality of its  habitat due to tourism, urbanisation and landslides.

range:
Atractylis arbuscula is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, being present in Gran Canaria (Atractylis arbuscula ssp. schizogynophylla) and Lanzarote (Atractylis arbuscula ssp. arbuscula) (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). There are three known locations, one in Gran Canaria: Santa María de Guía; and two in Lanzarote: Teguise and Haría. The area of occupancy is 5 km².Regressive trends have been reported for the distribution of this species since the 1970s (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
In Gran Canaria, it has disappeared  from elsewhere in the north of the island where it had been collected  or observed in the past, but in the location of Santa María de Guía. The populations in Lanzarote show slow expansion. The total population is 2,952 individuals, and only 202 individuals were recorded in Gran Canaria (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

habitat:
In Lanzarote it grows within coastal scrublands, on sandy substrates or sandy-stony ground within the community Chenoleo-Salsoletum vermiculatae (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species are: Salsola vermiculata, Lycium intricatum, Suaeda ifniensis, Ononis hesperia, Helianthemum canariense, Lavandula pinnata, Kleinia neriifolia, Euphorbia regis-jubae and Cenchrus ciliaris. In Gran Canaria, the species grows on slopes and edges of coastal cliffs as part of communities of Astydamio-Euphorbietum aphyllae. Common accompanying taxa include: Euphorbia aphylla, Astydamia latifolia, Euphorbia balsamifera,Limonium pectinatum, Lycium intricatum,Kleinia neriifolia and Neochamaelea pulverulenta.It is a hermaphrodite plant with pollination and dispersal by wind. Flowering occurs mainly in spring, peaking after the rainy season, when many seedlings can be observed, though they present low rates of survival. Fructification is concentrated mainly in May and July. High germination levels have been identified.

threats:
In Lanzarote the populations are affected by urbanisation and tourism, mainly due to construction of residential properties nearby the species locations. It is also affected by landslides and natural competition. In Gran Canaria, threats include changes in land use to agricultural uses and landslides.

conservationAction:
Atractylis arbuscula is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.The species occurs in the protected area Parque Natural Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. Proposed measures include development of population trend monitoring and establishment of more ex situ conservation measures. The population in Gran Canaria requires site protection (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A. & Cruz Trujillo, G.M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Atractylis preauxiana is listed as Endangered, because it has a restricted area of occupancy of 14 km², severely fragmented distribution, and a continuing decline observed in the number of subpopulations, the extent and quality of its  habitat and the number of mature individuals. Coastal urban expansion, tourism, hiking, presence of trails, garbage dumping and mining and  quarrying exert negative impact on this species and its habitat.

range:
Atractylis preauxiana is an endemic species to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it is found in the southeastern part of the islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, from 5 to 50 m asl (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). It appears distributed into five locations: Agüímes and Telde (Gran Canaria), and Fasnia, Arico and San Miguel de Abona (Tenerife). It is considered extinct in the coast of Güímar in Tenerife, and in Melenara in Gran Canaria, and its current presence is uncertain in San Miguel de Abona. The area of occupancy has been estimated in 14 km².

population:
The total number of individuals was estimated in 16,017 (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004), distributed into 12 severely fragmented subpopulations which comprise a number of individuals  that ranges from 3 to 656. In the recovery plan of the species, published in 2007, a much higher population size is reported: more than 144,000 individuals in Gran Canaria and 1,600 in Tenerife. These data come from estimations and do not seem to accurately reflect the total population of the taxon (O. Rodríguez, A. García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011). A high number of seedlings is produced in humid winters, but survival rates are low. The population trend is thought to be regressive. The  subpopulations of Tenerife are strongly fragmented and aged, dominated by adult individuals.

habitat:
This shrub appears in Gran Canaria within coastal scrublands, on sandy or sandy-stony substrates, Chenoleo-Salsoletum vermiculatae subas. atractyletosum. Accompanying species include Convolvulus caput-medusae, Chenoleoides tomentosa, Herniaria fontanesii, Suaeda vermiculata, Polycarpaea nivea, Artemisia reptans, Atriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis, Launaea arborescens, Lycium intricatum, Schizogyne glabrerrima and Schizogyne sericea.In Tenerife it is part of chamaephytic and hemicryptophytic shrublands Frankenia-Astydamion latifoliae, on coastal cliffs and rocky environments, preferably on basaltic substrates. Its main accompanying species are: Euphorbia balsamifera, Frankenia ericifolia, Zygophyllum fontanesii, Reichardia crystallina, Gymnocarpos decander, Kickxia urbanii, Limonium pectinatum, Lotus sessilifolius, Reseda scoparia, Salsola divaricata and Schizogyne sericea. Ants act as vectors of pollination. Flowering occurs all year, with a peak after the rainy season from March to late June. Highest fructification occurs from June to August (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

threats:
The small number of specimens in several subpopulations may lead to their disappearance in a short term period, mainly because of anthropogenic pressures, such as coastal urban expansion,  hiking and presence of trails, accumulation of trash and rubble, changes in land use into agricultural uses, mining and quarrying (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). Strong rains and landslides cause individuals to detach and crush.

conservationAction:
Atractylis preauxiana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), and included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.It occurs in the protected areas Sitio de Interés Cientifico del Acantilado de La Hondura (SCI), Sitio de Interés Cientifico del Tabaibal del Porís, Sitio de Interés Cientifico de Tufia (SCI), Monumento Natural de Montaña Amarilla, Monumento Natural de Arinaga (SCI), and SCIs Lomo Pumítico de Las Eras and Punta de La Sal (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. Specimens have been introduced to Tabaibal del Porís, with low survival rates (less than 5%). Following the species recovery plan, published in 2007, several subpopulations have been fenced # and seeds have been collected to develop reintroductions in Punta de Agache (Güímar) and Montaña Roja, and reinforce the subpopulations in Playa del Vidrio, Tabaibal del Porís and Montaña Amarilla (GESPLAN 2008).Proposed measures include the establishment of control measures on urbanisation expansion, parking and camping in the proximity of the protected areas, and on fishermen access to the area of distribution of this taxon. The modification of existing paths in order to avoid population fragmentation is also a proposed measure in order to ensure the conservation of this taxon.


range:
B. cernua occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and east through Siberia, Mongolia, the Caucasus and the Himalayas to eastern Siberia, China and Japan. It also occurs throughout much of North America except the extreme north and Arctic. In Europe, it occurs in southern Scandinavia, the Baltic States, throughout central Europe to southern France, northern Italy and the Balkans to European Turkey.

population:
B. cernua appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout most of its European range except in the extreme north, while it is listed as Endangered in Switzerland.

habitat:
B. cernua grows in nutrient-rich mud on the margins of most water body types, from rivers and streams to lakes, ponds and wet hollows in grassland, as well as ditches and canals.

conservationAction:
B. cernua is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Vulnerable in Norway and Austria; no other conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
Bidens cernua is used medicinally to treat urinary-tract infections.


range:
B. radiata is native from Scandinavia south to central France and from the Altai and Irkutsk region eastward to Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island and China. In Europe, it occurs in Sweden and Finland, northward to the end of the Gulf of Bothnia south to France, Germany and Austria, east to the Ukraine. It is widely but locally naturalised outside its native range.

population:
European populations of B. radiata are apparently mainly stable, although there is very little information available.

habitat:
B. radiata typically grows on nutrient-rich mud on silt bars in rivers, wetlands in large river floodplains, as well as on the margins of lakes, ponds and ditches.

conservationAction:
B. radiata is classed as Vulnerable in Austria and Estonia and is protected in the Ile-de-France Department of France. No other conservation measures are in place or needed.


range:
B. #tripartita occurs throughout Europe and western Asia and is introduced to Australia and North America (Sell and Murrell 2006). It is reported from all European countries except the Faroe Islands, Greece, Iceland, the Azores, the Balearic Islands and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
It is widespread and abundant in France, the UK, the Netherlands and Germany, there is no evidence of a decline elsewhere in its European range.

habitat:
B. #tripartita typically occurs on relatively rich soil in wetlands such as beside rivers and lakes, wet pasture as well as peat or gravel excavations and ditches, often associated with some disturbance of the soil. It is a characteristic species of the Bidentalia.

threats:
No past, ongoing, or future threats exist to this species

useAndTrade:
This plant has several medicinal uses, is edible and can also be used as dye. Some of its medicinal properties are antiseptic, aperient, astringent, diuretic, narcotic, and sedative.


redListCategoryRationale:
Calendula maderensis is endemic to Madeira where it has an extent of occurrence of 454 km². The population counts approximately 1,000 individuals and is stable. No major threats to this species have been reported, but it can potentially be affected by  urbanisation, road construction, natural catastrophes such as  landslides, and competition with native species. It is classed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
Calendula maderensis is an endemic species to Madeira, Portugal. The extent of occurrence is 454 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Approximately 1,000 individuals have been recorded in Madeira with a stable population trend.

habitat:
Calendula maderensis has been found among native flora of the Macaronesian coast as part of the Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion maderensis association (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species, but it can be affected by urbanisation, road construction, natural catastrophes such as landslides, and competition with native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Calendula maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Canariothamnus hermosae is listed as Vulnerable due to its highly restricted distribution. No negative trends have been identified for its distribution or population size, but it presents a small area of occupancy of 6.25 km2 and it is affected by competition with exotic species and grazing.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain. It is present in two locations, distributed throughout nine subpopulations (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), in the basin of Vallehermoso and the central-eastern part of the island. No sign of continuing decline in its distribution has been observed. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 6.25 km2, and reported to be lower than 20 km2 (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

population:
Population size was estimated in 787 specimen in 2003 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). A very low number of juvenile individuals was recorded. Population trend seems to be slightly positive for the location of Vallehermoso and more or less stable for the central-eastern subpopulations.

habitat:
This shrub grows on cracks and phonolitic outcrops, preferably in cool areas under the influence of fogs, although occasionally it can be found in semi-exposed sites (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

threats:
This species tends to shelter in inaccessible areas within its potential habitat, for accessible areas are affected by human influences that increases competition with exotic species, and grazing pressure (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Senecio hermosae Pit.It is listed as Canariothamnus hermosae in the Spanish Red List 2008 and is categorized VU D2 (Moreno 2008). It appears as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the regional catalogue of threatened species. In vitro propagation has been developed and stable populations occur in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. Research about its use in ecological agriculture as bioplaguicide is being developed by the CSIC, in a project called BIOPLAG.


redListCategoryRationale:
Carduus myriacanthus is listed as Endangered due to ist restricted distribution (area of occupancy is 11 km²) and negative trends reported for its range, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and population size. Urbanisation is the main threat affecting this species.

range:
This species is native to south Spain, Gibraltar, Algeria, Libya and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).In Spain, the species is restricted to four isolated locations, three on the coast of Cádiz and one in the province of Murcia (Balao et al. 2011), which in turn are highly fragmented in small cores with few individuals. Its presence in Cabo de Gata (Almería) has been recently confirmed (Blanca et al. 2009), where it is very rare. Regressive trends have been reported for its distribution range.

population:
The total number of subpopulations is four (Balao et al. 2011), besides that of Cabo de Gata. Total population size has been reported to be 3,618 individuals (Balao et al. 2011) for the supopulations of Cádiz and Murcia. The number of individuals has not been evaluated in the population of Cabo de Gata (Almería), but it must be very low.

habitat:
This annual plant grows on sandy soils formed by the action of the sea, particularly on nitrificated sites, from areas dominated by forests of Pinus pinea to the beaches (Blanca et al. 2000). Its primary habitat has to be areas occupied by cattle, for it is commonly found in sites where cows graze. It is a characteristic species of the community Linario viscosae-Carduetum meonanthi, subnitrophile coastal grasslands.

threats:
As a nitrophile species, it appears well adapted to urban areas (Blanca et al. 2000), but asphalting and pavement establishment due to urban expansion are threats to the species. The presence of grazing species is positive for this plant.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).This species occurs in firewalls within the protected area Parque Natural Acantilado y Pinar de Barbate. The maintenance of grazing activities in the area of distribution of the species is positive for its survival.

redListAssessors:
Balao, F., Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas, F., Talavera, M., Rendon, J.L., Osuna, U. & Talavera Lozano, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Crete and occurs a few  localities in the eastern part of Crete and at the offshore islets Dia, Dragonada, Gianysada, and Sideros peninsula.  The extent of occurrence is around 900 km² and the area of occupancy is 32 km². In total there are three to four subpopulations in five to six  locations. The total population size is certainly lower than 1,000 mature  individuals and each is believed to have less than 250 mature  individuals. Grazing by introduced goats causes the populations to decline and confines them to inaccessible cliffs. The populations are probably also severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011) where it grows from 5-150 m asl. It occurs at a few localities in the eastern part of Crete and at offshore islets:Dia island (Panagia bay, Kappari bay, east coast)Dragonada islet (west coast cliffs called Kolones)Gianysada islet (north coast cliffs called Portes)Sideros peninsula (cape Mavros, gorge west of Moni Toplou, over Karoumpes bay) The extent of occurrence is around 900 km² and the area of occupancy is 32 km². (2x2 grid)

population:
In total there are three to four subpopulations in five to six locations. But there is no systematic estimation of the population size of Carlina diae. Greuter (1995) reported that the two largest subpopulations at cape Mavros and Dragonada consisted of “only some dozens of individuals” each, while there was a single individual at Toplou. He also reported that at Panagia bay on Dia there was a severe population reduction from a large number of plants in 1962 to only three remaining species in 1973 due to overgrazing. The plant was rare in the chasmophytic communities of Panagia bay but more abundant at the eastern coast in 2000 (Kypriotakis 2001). Total population size is certainly lower than 1,000 mature individuals and each is believed to have less than 250 mature individuals.

habitat:
This plant is found in crevices of steep calcareous rocks close to the sea. It is a chasmophyte but not a halophyte.

threats:
Apparently, grazing confines the plant to the most inaccessible cliffs and has caused population decline. According to Greuter (1995), on Dia the plant is threatened by grazing by the Cretan “agrimi” (Capra aegagrus cretica) which was introduced on the island after 1955. Kypriotakis (1997) classified the plant as endangered (according to the old IUCN criteria) due to its rarity and decline by overgrazing. Grazing by goats is a pressure for the plant on Dragonada and Gianysada islets too.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. It was included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995).All of the subpopulations are included in the NATURA 2000 sites GR4310003 and # GR4320006.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2The total area of occupancy is suspected to be less than #2,000 km². In the Ukraine, it is found at less than 20 sites and in Poland, it is present in  four sites only. The populations are very isolated from each other and  therefore severely fragmented. The population trend in the Ukraine has been declining and is estimated  to have been more than 30 % in the last ten years. But the four  populations in Poland are under protection and have a stable population  trend. The species suffers from habitat loss and decline due to conversion of steppes into agricultural land or forest plantations. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. In Poland, the species is found at four locations that are protected and have a stable population trend. However, fires and collection have been named as potential threats. The national red list category in Poland is unknown and the species is here precautionary assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Carlina onopordifolia is endemic to the Ukraine and Poland. In the Ukraine it is confined to the Wolhynian and Podolian plateau. In Poland, it is found in the Lublin and Malopolska plateau. The extent of occurrence in Poland is 500 km² (measured in 10x10 km grid cells; Commission of the European Communities 2009) and the overall area of occupancy is suspected to be less than #2,000 km².

population:
In Poland, the population has been estimated in 19,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In the Ukraine, it is found at less than 20 sites of which there are only two sites in the Wolhynian plateau. In Poland, it is present in four sites only. The populations are very isolated from each other and therefore severely fragmented.The population trend in the Ukraine has been declining and is estimated to have been more than 30 % in the last ten years. But the four populations in Poland are under protection and have a stable population trend. The overall decline does not reach 30% therefore.

habitat:
A perennial plant that grows in steppe communities. This is a monocarpic species that dies down after flowering - the number of individuals per year fluctuates naturally. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Poland, fires and collection pose the main threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009). From Ukraine, it has been reported that the conversion of the steppes into agricultural land or forest plantations is the main threat to the species.

conservationAction:
Carlina onopordifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is included in the Red Data Books of the Ukraine and of Poland. All the Polish populations are protected as well as some Ukrainian populations. Protection of the other Ukrainian populations is strongly recommended.

useAndTrade:
The plant is used for ornamental purposes (as dry flowers) and collection from the wild can pose a threat.


redListCategoryRationale:
Carthamus balearicus has a restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of 25 km², an area of occupancy of 6 km², and presence confirmed in five locations. Negative trends have been reported for the extent and quality of its habitat due to urban expansion and recreational activities, however the populations are stable at the moment. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. Its extent of occurrence is 25 km2 and its area of occupancy is 6 km2. It is distributed into five known locations.

population:
The population has been reported to have 2,200 individuals and a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This small shrub grows in open scrublands close to the sea, on sandy or clayey soils.

threats:
Threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction due to urban development, presence of paths and tracks and roads, presence of motorised vehicles and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Competition is also a threat, strengthened by habitat alteration.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Centaurea balearica. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is listed as Vulnerable A1e; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 under the name Femeniasa balearica in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and Jardín Botánico de Sóller (Mallorca). The species is cultivated in the latter and in the Jardín Botánico de Valencia.


redListCategoryRationale:
There are only two small fragmented subpopulations covering an area of less than 1 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining. One subpopulation has only 50 individuals, and the other approximately 500. The subpopulations are geographically isolated from each other and if one of them disappears it is unlikely to be recolonized from the other.

range:
This plant is only found on the Akamas peninsula in the northwestern part of Cyprus.

population:
One subpopulation has only 50 individuals and the other approximately 500 individuals.

habitat:
This semi-woody herbaceous plant colonizes steep and humid limestone cliffs in the Avakas and Argaki ton Koufon ("Stream of Snakes") Gorges. C. akamantis is characterized by an extremely long flowering and fruiting period.

threats:
Increasing visitor numbers to the Akamas peninsula is contributing to a decline in habitat quality, although the number of mature individuals has remained stable since 1993, when the species was first described. Grazing poses a serious threat, even though it is not permitted in these areas and fines are imposed by the Forestry Department.

conservationAction:
Legally: This species is protected by the Bern Convention where it is listed in Appendix I. It is also listed as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The species is included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, to be published in 2005 by the Government of Cyprus. The EU adhesion has had a positive effect on species protection, as management plans are now harmonized with European law.  In situ: The Forestry Department is responsible for the site where Centaurea akamantis grows and has published a plan aimed at protecting the area. Several other strategies to protect the Akamas peninsula have been proposed, including its designation as a Site of Community Interest (SCI) by the Natura 2000 Network and the establishment of a National Park. In 2002 a detailed Actions in Place EU/World Bank Action Plan was produced for the proposed park. However, it has not been established due to resistance from local communities. This situation demonstrates the difficulty of reconciling the needs of nature conservation and tourist-based economies, especially in the Mediterranean region.  Ex situ: Small numbers of seeds have been collected from the Avakas Gorge and stored in the seed bank at the Department of Botany at the University of Athens. The species has been successfully cultivated at the Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute. However more studies are needed, particularly because it has the potential to be cultivated as an ornamental.  Actions Needed In situ: The National Park project should be approved by the Cyprus Council of Ministers. The species' habitat should be nominated as a Nature Reserve, which according to the Forest Law, will provide complete and permanent protection to this site and reduce grazing pressure.  Ex situ: Wild seeds of a sufficient genetic range need to be collected and stored in the University of Athens seedbank or other seedbanks. The species would also benefit from cultivation in botanical gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
This subspecies is a endemic to the west serpentine part of Geraneia  Mt, Attiki, Greece, where it has five subpopulations in a very restricted range. The total population size is estimated to be at least 10,000 individuals and the populations are currently stable. Fires as well as grazing are potential threats to this plant. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This subspecies is a local endemic to the west serpentine part of Geraneia Mt, Attiki, Greece. It grows at an elevation of 550-1,150 m asl..

population:
The total population size is subjectively estimated to be at least 10,000 individuals in at least five subpopulations (Phitos et al. 2009). The population trend is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Centaurea attica ssp. megarensis is found in clearings and margins of Pinus halepensis forest or of maquis shrub on gravelly or stony serpentine slopes.

threats:
Forest fire could be a threat but the reaction of the plant to burning is not known. Most of the sites of the plants are grazed but it is not known whether the plant itself is grazed.

conservationAction:
Centaurea attica ssp. megarensis is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the Red Data Book of Greece as Vulnerable D2 (Phitos et al. 2009) and protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea borjae is listed as Endangered because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an extent of occurrence of 116 km² and an area of occupancy of 11 km². Total population is distributed into four  locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its very specific habitat due to grazing species and human presence.

range:
This species is endemic to Galicia, Spain, where it occurs on the cliffs of the northwest coast (Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez 2004), in the province of A Coruña. It has been traditionally described for different points on the cliffs of La Sierra de A Capelada.  More recently one more subpopulation was reported further south, on the isthmus that is Cabo Prior. Its presence has been reported in four locations: Punta Candieira, O Bico, Vixía de Herbeira and Covas, Cabo Prior. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 11 km², although its real occupied area is lower than 5 km². Its extent of occurrence is around 116 km².

population:
Population has been estimated in 75,435 individuals (Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez 2004). They have a declining trend.

habitat:
This plant grows on high sites in cliffs exposed to winds and covered by scarce vegetation. It occurs on ultrabasic sites, either on skeletal soils or in cracks. Frequent accompanying species are Sagina merinoi, Euphorbia flavicoma ssp. occidentalis, Bellis sylvestris, Sedum anglicum and Plantago holosteum, within associations Sagino merinoi-Plantaginetum radicatae. Individuals can be observed colonising tracks close to natural populations. It is a hermaphrodite species. It can also propagate by stolons.

threats:
Main threats to the species are its poor reproductive strategy together with the lack of appropriate habitat (Gómez-Orellana Rodríguez 2004) for the ultrabasic skeletal soils are scarce in the Galician coast. Other threats include livestock trampling and predation. Tourism in the area causes trampling and anthropization. Construction of infrastructures associated with tourism would affect the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the # Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the proposed protected area SCI of Costa Ártabra.Grazing activities and trampling should be controlled by fencing. Research about the reproductive biology and germination of the species should be developed. Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks and population size should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea citricolor is listed as Near Threatened because it presents a more or less restricted distribution and, although not critically, it is affected by some threats, as the use of pesticides, road construction and reforestation with Pinus sp. However, the populations are currently stable to increasing.

range:
This species is endemic to Sierra Morena, occurring near Despeñaperros (Blanca et al. 2000). It can be found from Santa Elena to Aldeaquemada, province of Jaén, and also in adjacent areas in Ciudad Real. In Andalucía, it is present in four locations, with an area of occupancy of 21 km².

population:
Population size has been estimated in between 30,000 and 100,000 individuals (Blanca et al. 2000). It is believed to be in expansion.

habitat:
This pioneer plant grows in heliophile open communities such as as cleared shrublands, edges of roads and firewalls (Blanca et al. 2000). It cannot stand high levels of nitrification, disappearing in the surroundings of urban areas. Frequent accompanying species are Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea, Pinus pinaster, Arbutus unedo, Phyllirea angustifolia, Erica arborea, Cistus ladanifer, Cistus populifolius, Cistus monspeliensis, Daphne gnidium, Thymus mastichina, Lavandula stoechas, Helichrysum stoechas, Hypericum perforatum, Agrostis stolonifera, Campanula rapunculus, Andryala arenaria,Crepis vesicaria and Carlina corymbosa.

threats:
Use of pesticides and presence of roads have been reported as threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Reforestation with Pinus sp. is also a threat, for Centaurea tricolor cannot develop under the canopy of these forests (Blanca et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "de interés especial" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía and as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of Castilla-La Mancha.Most of the populations occur within the protected area Parque Natural de Despeñaperros. Plant material is stored in different germplasm banks. Nitrification levels should be controlled through the control of reforestation activities with Pinus sp. Cleaning works in road edges and firewalls should be developed with care.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea corensis is an endemic species from Sardinia that grows only in a small population in the province of Sassari in northwest Sardinia. The whole population counts 5,000 individuals. A reduction of 50% of its extent of occurrence (EOO) has been recorded in the last 20 years, when a restaurant was built where the population grows. Today, C. corensis is affected by the restaurant and its visitors and by a crossroad very close to the population. Furthermore, quarries are still working in the area where the species grows. The biology and ecology of the species is not well known as it has only recently been described and more research in this area is urgently needed to define suitable protection measures. The species is not included in protection laws, protected areas or conservation programmes.

range:
Centaurea corensis is an endemic species from Sardinia (Italy), where it grows in a single small population in the province of Sassari in northwest Sardinia (Filigheddu et al. in press). The EOO is 0.019 km².Due to its extreme rarity the precise locality is not revealed.

population:
The only population of the species counts 5,000 mature individuals. The population trend is declining following the declining of the EOO of about 50% in the last 20 years and the decline of habitat quality (Filigheddu et al. in press).

habitat:
Centaurea corensis grows on miocenic limestone with Limonium racemosum, Thymus capitatus and Anagallis monelli (Filigheddu et al. in press).

threats:
Some quarries and a crossroad are very close to the area where C. corensis lives, but the most important threat is a restaurant built 20 years ago that destroyed 50% of the population and affects the remnant population as this one can not expand and suffers from impact posed by the visitors (Filigheddu et al. in press).

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place and because the species has been recently described it is not included in any national or international legislation. It is not included in any protected area.

redListAssessors:
Bagella, S., Filigheddu, R. & Pisanu, S.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is found at one to five locations, with an area of occupancy below 20 km². There are about 1,000 individuals and the population is stable. Potential threats are posed by climbing activities and habitat alterations but the populations are protected and regularly monitored. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
Centaurea corymbosa is an endemic species to the south of France (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). It has an extent of occurrence of 345 km² and area of occupancy that is smaller than 20 km².

population:
The species is found at one to five localities (depends on how localities are counted) in two communes. There are about 1,000 individuals which are regularly counted and the population is stable.

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi 6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
The plant is potentially impacted by climbing. Further threats are changes to its habitat coming from the abandonment of pastoral systems or conversion into forest plantations (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Centaurea corymbosa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is classed as Vulnerable on the French Red List and is protected at national level (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). The populations are included in the Site Classé de la Clape, a part of the distribution area is owned by the Conservatoire du Littoral.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Centaurea dubjanskyi is endemic to Central European Russia where it is only found at four locations. It suffers from habitat degradation due to forest plantations and grazing and is also a weak competitor. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. However, it might deserve a higher threat status as it is classed as Critically Endangered in the national Red List. More information on the population size, area of occupancy and rates of decline should be collected in order to review this assessment. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is endemic to Central and South European Russia, and found in the Voronezh and Rostov regions.

population:
This plant has been recorded in two locations in Rostov region and in two locations in the Voronezh region.

habitat:
This species is found on sandy soil, not disturbed by human activity.

threats:
The main threats are the destruction of its habitats due to forest plantations or grazing. This plant is a weak competitor and can not grow in the shade.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Bardunow and Novikov 2008) and in regional Red Data Books as endangered species. It is categorized as Critically Endangered.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea fraylensis is endemic to southwest Portugal. There is no information on the population size or trend available and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Centaurea fraylensis is endemic to southwest Portugal where it has a geographic range of 2,967-4,500 km². The available habitat has been estimated to be 42 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant is found in dry heaths, coastal dune heaths and coastal dune scrub. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.4030 European dry heaths

threats:
Forest replanting and removal of forest have been described as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Centaurea vicentina.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea gadorensis is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km², presence confirmed in a total of nine locations in two distant areas (Sierra de Gádor y Sierra Nevada, in the provinces of Almería and Granada) and regressive trends reported for the extent and quality of its habitat and its population size due to quarrying, reforestation and grazing. #

range:
This species is endemic to Andalucía, Spain (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its main population is located in Sierra de Gádor, Almería, though it has been also found in Sierra Nevada (Blanca et al. 2000). It occurs in two distant areas, comprising nine subpopulations (Giménez et al. 2011). Its AOO has been reported to be 20 km².

population:
Its population size is 34,845 individuals (Giménez et al. 2011) and the populations are declining.

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte grows in shrublands of low coverage on stony calcareous poorly evoluted soils (Blanca et al. 2000). Frequent accompanying species are Festuca scariosa, Echinospartum boissieri, Ptilostemon hispanicus, Salvia lavandulifolia ssp. vellerea, Phlomis crinita, Bupleurum spinosum, Digitalis obscura, Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis and Lithospermum fruticosum.In Sierra Nevada it grows along with species such as Cistus clusii, Ulex parviflorus, Ptilostemon hispanicus, Lavandula lanata, Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus zygis.

threats:
Main threat to this species is posed by its restricted distribution and the isolation of its two main subpopulations. Quarrying, reforestation with Pinus spp. and grazing are also threats.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,v); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).In Sierra Nevada, the species occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. The subpopulations in Sierra de Gádor occur in the SCI Sierras de Gádor y Enix.Measures to prevent the alteration of the habitat are necessary in order to conserve current populations. Quarrying and grazing activities impacts should be controlled, as well as those generated by silvicultural works. Artificial expansion of the species should be promoted. Populations have to be monitored.

redListAssessors:
Giménez, E., Salinas, M., Cabello, J. & Cueto, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
C. heldreichii is endemic to one location at Mount Varasova in Greece where both the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy do not exceed 10 km². Mt. Varasova is one of the most popular climbing sites in Greece  with many different tracks which causes a continuing decline of the habitat quality although the whole area is protected. It is therefore classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is a stenoendemic and restricted to Mount Varasova in Greece. It has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 10 km² measured on the total projected area of Mount Varasova, and it occurs at only one location.

population:
The total population has been estimated between 1,800 and 2,000 mature individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009), and 4,000-8,000 individuals including young plants.

habitat:
C. heldreichii is found in crevices and ledges of hard limestone cliffs, rock deposits (colluvium) at the foot of the mountain, mainly at southern exposed slopes, from 3-600 m asl.

threats:
Varasova Mountain is one of the most popular climbing sites in Greece with many different tracks and it is also used for training. The fact that no plants grow at the climbing tracks indicates that intense climbing activity causes degradation of the population.  There is an old quarry at the east part of the mountain which will threaten the habitat of the plant if it becomes active again.

conservationAction:
Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Centaurea alba ssp. heldreichii (Halácsy) Dostál. It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and included in the Red Data Book as Vulnerable (Phitos et al. 2009).All of the distribution area of the plant lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR2310005.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Turkish endemic. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This plant is endemic to Turkey where it is found in the European and Asian part (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea horrida is endemic to Sardinia, where it has a very restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 172 km² and 42 km² respectively with a total of four  locations. It grows in coastal habitats on rocks and sea cliffs which have been under much pressure from human activities such as construction works and tourist use. Further threats are overgrazing as well as the abandonment of pasture activities which lead to succession and high competition. Some of the populations are protected. Therefore, it has been assessed as Endangered.

range:
Centaurea horrida is endemic to Sardinia. It grows between 0-240 m above sea level (Pignatti et al. 2001). Its distribution is limited to sea-cliffs in islands and peninsulas where it forms patches of isolated populations, both in primary and secondary dwarf communities (Biondi et al. 2001).The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are therefore very restricted and are 172 km² and 42 km² respectively with a total of four locations (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008).

population:
The species is present in five subpopulations, defined as geographically distinct groups within the population: Isola Asinara, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Porto Torres; Isola Piana, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Porto Torres; Penisola di Stintino, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Stintino; Penisola di Capo Caccia: Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Alghero; Isola Tavolara, Provincia di Olbia-Tempio, Comune di Olbia (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008).The five sites differ in terms of geography, substrata and land use (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008; Pisanu et al. 2009).The population trend seems to be stable, but a strong decrease of the habitat, about 20% in the last 50 years has been recorded, due to change of management regime and infrastructure development (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008).

habitat:
It is an heliophylic and xerophytic plant who grows in coastal areas and on different substrates on calcareous, dolomitic, granitic or metamorphic rocks    (Pignatti et al. 2001).  Centaurea horrida can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.5320 Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffsThe coastal habitat occupied by C. horrida has decreased from 36.67 km in 1956 to 29.84 km in 2006. Therefore, the extent of habitat has undergone a continuous decline of 18.62% in 50 years (Pisanu et al. 2009).

threats:
The main threat to the species is habitat loss either due to the change of management regime such as abandonment of pasture activities that lead to vegetation succession and overgrowth with Juniperus phoenicea L. ssp. turbinate (Farris et al. 2009) or due to infrastructure development, especially for tourism. The latter has led to a  documented habitat loss of 27.2% in 50 years, measured as a  decrease in coastal perimeter, after construction and tourist use of the  cliffs (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008, Pisanu et al. 2009). Furthermore, the grazing by introduced or native ungulates impacts on this plant (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008, Pisanu et al. 2009). On Tavolara Island, C. horrida is hybridising with the congeneric Centaurea filiformis Viv. (Pisanu et al. 2009, Pisanu et al. 2010).  Moreover, the plant has a very limited dispersal ability: more than 60% of the seedlings grow very close to the mother plant (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008, Pisanu et al. 2009) and genetic analysis revealed a very low genetic flow among populations (Mameli et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
This plant is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats  Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of  European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Centaurea horrida was listed as Vulnerable on the last national red lists    (Pignatti et al. 2001, Conti et al. 1997).Three subpopulations are within protected areas (the Regional Park of Porto Conte, established in 1999; the National Park of Asinara, established in 1997; the Protected Marine Area of Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo, established in 1997). Two subpopulations have no effective protection, even though they are located in two “Natura 2000” sites (ITB010043: coasts and islets of northwest Sardinia; ITB010082: Piana Islet). There are 150 seeds stored in the Seed Bank of the University of Cagliari (BG-SAR).


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea immanuelis-loewii is  native to Bulgaria and Greece. It  occurs seven localities in southwestern Bulgaria and in eight localities in Greece and the populations are severely fragmented in both countries. The area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence are smaller than 2,000 km² and 20,000 km² respectively. In both countries, the populations are mainly stable. Potential threats are posed by the widening of a main road, lack of grazing and vegetation succession, and changes in land use. The quality of the habitat is still decreasing. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii).

range:
Centaurea immanuelis-loewii is native to Bulgaria and Greece   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). It occurs in southwestern Bulgaria, on slopes and mountains, along the Struma river, between 100 and 900 m asl. There are seven localities occupying 300-2,000 km². In Greece it can be found in the north part of the country from Chalkidikis to Thassalonikis and Kikis, at 600 m asl. There are eight localities and an extent of occurrence of 1,000 km².Overall, the area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence are smaller than 2,000 km² and 20,000 km² respectively.

population:
The populations are severely fragmented in both countries. In Bulgaria, the populations are mainly stable with a small decline. In Greece, it can be found in field margins and there is no evidence of decline.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows in dry grasslands on sandstones or limestones of southern or southwestern exposition. It is also found in open stony grasslands, no deep soils required. In Greece, it has been reported from field margins on granitic soils.

threats:
In Bulgaria, the construction of a main road four years ago and mining led to a reduction of 10% of the occupied area. It is difficult to say whether the species is actually threatened at the moment but the main road could be expanded in the future within the same area, which would affect the species again. Another knock-on affect is that cattle cannot access the biggest location anymore because of this road and without grazing, succession processes could eventually reduce the representation of the species. In Greece, land use changes could affect the species but there is no evidence of this threat occurring right now.

conservationAction:
Centaurea immanuelis-loewii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Bulgarian Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and protected as a Balkans endemic. One of the Natura 2000 sites has been proposed to be enlarged to enclose this species. It is not protected in Greece. Seeds of this plant should be collected and stored in seed banks. It is furthermore recommended to increase the protection at local level and to raise public awareness.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea jankae is endemic to  Romania and Bulgaria. There are two localities known in each country with an overall area of occupancy of less than 20 km². This  species is severely fragmented in both Bulgaria and Romania and the  population trend is unknown. The main threat comes  from the abandonment of grazing and further changes in land management  which lead to increased  competition for this species. Fires might be a potential threat. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2 but might need to be placed in a higher category if there is evidence for a continuing decline.

range:
Centaurea jankae is endemic to Romania and Bulgaria. It was long believed to be a regional endemic to Romanian Dobrudja, until it was discovered in Bulgaria in 2007. There are two known localities in  Romania, although literature sources indicate four. One population is on the southwestern border of Babadag forest where the species was last seen in 2001 and the population is almost extinct; the second still rather large population is found on the  northern cliff of Dolojman Cape natural reservation (Badarau and Malos 2011). Within Bulgaria, it has been found in the northeast, at Taushan Tepe hill, north of the village of Nevsha in the Varna district. Another location is found at Probitiya Kamuk, Venchanski Dyuz hill, west of the village Venchan. In Bulgaria, the extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy is 1 km².

population:
The population of this species in Bulgaria is 550 individuals in the grassland of Taushan Tepe hill and 700 individuals at Probitiya Kamuk, which lies about 6 km to the southeast of Taushan Tepe hill. They are sparsely distributed in at least one locality. There are two populations in Romania, the larger population has about 300 individuals. This species is severely fragmented in both Bulgaria and Romania. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It is found at lower altitude from 130 m to 320 m, especially in Bulgaria, mostly on either gentle or steep slopes. The locality that C. jankae prefers includes cretaceous limestone base rocks with variation of marls, clayey marls and limestones (Petrova 2007). It grows along with other shrubs like Paliurus spina-christi as well as grasses like Stipa pulcherrima, Chrysopogon gryllus, Stipa capillata, Festuca valesiaca, and Dichantium ischaemum.

threats:
C. jankae is an endangered species in both Bulgaria and Romania. In Bulgaria, the main threat comes from the abandonment of grazing and further changes in land management which leads to changes in vegetation (spreading of shrubs) and increased competition for this species. Fires might be a potential threat.

conservationAction:
C. jankae is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Bulgaria, it is considered Endangered B2ab(iii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and protected at national level. It is found in Natura 2000 areas, one also protected under the national law.Measures needed are research of the population distribution, biology, and trend.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea kalambakensis is  endemic to Greece and found at two locations with a suspected extent of occurrence (EOO) of approximately 4.5 km² and an area of  occupancy (AOO) of 4 km². Based on current knowledge of the low number of location and very small EOO, this species is precautionary assessed as Vulnerable. Due to its range being within a protected area in inaccessible sites, its current threat status appears low, although should research highlight any threat, a decline would render the species Critically Endangered. Research on potential threats is urgently needed.

range:
Centaurea kalambakensis is endemic to Greece. Recently the plant was mapped at two locations, one near Theopetra village (which corresponds to the old location of the locus classicus; Phitos et al. 1995) and one approximately 1.7 km northeast of Kalambaka town (Petermann and Grigoriadis 2001).Based on the above, the plant has been found at two locations which therefore presents the extent of occurrence as approximately 4.5 km² and area of occupancy as 4 km² (based on a 2x2 km grid).

population:
According to Phitos et al. (1995), the population at Meteora exceeds 300 individuals. There is no information on the total population size or trend.

habitat:
It grows in crevices on the vertical slopes of a large rock, mainly occupying southern- and western-exposed sides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to this species are not known. It grows in inaccessible places which should provide some protection, however, a drastic change in its habitat could pose a serious threat to its survival.

conservationAction:
The species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81 and included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995). The  localities of the plant at Meteora and Kalambaka lie within the NATURA 2000 site GR1440003. Information on the population size and potential threats affecting this species is needed, as well as monitoring.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea kartschiana is endemic to northeast Italy with an extent of occurrence of 1 km². It has been described in five localities with a stable trend   but the population size is unknown. The main threats are collection of the species and impacts from leisure activities and tourism but it is not known how this affects the species. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient for the moment but could probably be assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is a restricted endemic with an extent of occurrence of 1 km² in the northeast of Italy (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It has been reported from Croatia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010) but there is no indication of its occurrence in the Flora Croatica Database (2004).

population:
It has been described in five localities in Italy with a stable trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows on fissures of calcareous rocks which have been degraded by coast erosion   (Pignatti et al. 2001). It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are collection of the species and impacts from leisure activities and tourism (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Centaurea kartschiana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Vulnerable in Italy (Pignatti et al. 2001).More information on the population size and the affects of potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Whilst the small number of locations and size of range indicate a threatened category for this species, due to little information available regarding the number of mature plants at each location and if they are facing any threats, this plant is assessed as Near Threatened. With more knowledge on any threats it is facing that could cause a decline or fluctuation in any of the locations, this species would then be assessed as Endangered or Vulnerable.

range:
This is a stenoendemic species to Greece. There is one location near Koniskos village (northeast of the town of Kalambaka,  prefecture of Trikala) known from literature. It was last reported in the 1970s by  Georgiadis (1980). Recently the plant was mapped at two locations,  one approximately 3 km northeast of Koniskos village and one 3.5 km southeast of Vlachavas  village (Petermann and Grigoriadis 2001). The report of a population of this species from Nomos Xanthis (Strataki 1998) has not been confirmed. Based on the above, the plant has been found at two to three locations, the extent of occurrence is 4.5 km² and area of occupancy is 4-6 km².

population:
Population size and trend are not currently known.

habitat:
Habitat preferences for C. lactiflora include arid sites at road margins or field margins; it is rare in clearings of Quercus petraea or Quercus cerris-Quercus frainetto forest from 580-800 m altitude.

threats:
There is no information on actual or potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Centaurea lactiflora is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. All of the distribution area of the plant lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR1440003. Information on population size and trend and potential threats is urgently required.

useAndTrade:
There is no information available regarding collection and trade.


taxonomicNotes:
It might be a synonym of Centaurea herminii Rouy (Franco and Afonso 1984).

redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea micrantha ssp. herminii is endemic to northeast Portugal where it has an extent of occurrence of 14,949 km². This taxon is frequent in the area and is often overlooked as it is difficult to identify. It also occurs in at least three protected areas. There is no information on threats to this taxon but it is currently believed to be of Least Concern.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to northeast and the mountains of northern central Portugal (ICN 2006) where its extent of occurrence is 14,949 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This taxon is frequent in the area and is often overlooked as it is difficult to identify.

habitat:
Centaurea micrantha ssp. herminii can be found in Mediterranean xeric grasslands below 1,600 m altitude. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 6220 "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea"    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Centaurea micrantha ssp. herminii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. More research is needed in order to know more about its conservation status and populations (ICN 2006). It is present in, at least, three protected areas.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea niederi is endemic to  Greece and restricted to the western part of the mainland where it is  found in three localities. The area of occupancy is 20 km² and the extent of occurrence is  less than 5,000 km². The total population has approximately 1,700 individuals of which the biggest subpopulation hosts 1,000. Collection, road  expansions and quarries are potential threats for the  species. However, the current population trend is unknown, there are no indications for a continuous population decline, and a part of its range lies within a protected area. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Centaurea niederi is endemic to Greece and restricted to the western part of the mainland where it is found in three localities. Two are in western Sterea Ellas (Kleisoura Gorge and near the village of Fraxos) and one in the northwest Peloponnese (Mavro Vouno near Araxos) (Phitos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009). The area of occupancy is 20 km² and the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population has approximately 1,700 individuals of which 1,000 are in Kleisoura Gorge, 150-200 near Fraxos and 500 in Mavro Vouno (Phitos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009).The population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and there is no indication of a continuous decline in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This plant grows on vertical limestone rocks from above sea level to 150 m (Phitos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009).

threats:
As the species grows in coastal areas and along roads, collection by amateur and professional botanists could be a threat. Furthermore road expansions and quarries in the area of Araxos are potential threats for the species (Phitos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
Centaurea niederi is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).This plant is listed in the National Red Data Book as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv) (Phitos and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009) and is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81. A part of the populations falls within the borders of Natura 2000 sites. There are no protection measures taken so far but the following ones are suggested:In situ: Control collection of plants in the wild, monitoring of the subpopulatins, protection of its habitatsEx situ: storage of seeds in seed banks

useAndTrade:
This species is collected by botanists although levels of harvest are not known.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea peucedanifolia is a  endemic to Greece with a very restricted range. It is known only from two coastal locations on  the Peninsula of Athos. The total population is smaller than 1,000 individuals and the population trend is unknown. Potential threats to this plant are collection, paths and cycling tracks, and widening of the existing main road of the  region. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D1+2.

range:
Centaurea peucedanifolia is a endemic to Greece where it is known only from two coastal locations on the Peninsula of Athos. One locations is situated along the road from Dafni port to Xiropotamou Monastery and the other one is near Agios Pavlos Monastery. There are specimens from the Kozani prefecture (Greece) and the neighbouring parts of FYR Macedonia which approach C. peucedanifolia morphologically, but they need further investigation.

population:
The total population is smaller than 1,000 individuals. One location is formed of four patches with a total of 391 individuals, and the second location hosts a small number of plants. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species grows on rocky schistose slopes with steep inclination (four such rocky clusters with a height of 20 m) along a road. In the second location it is found on sandy and gravelly soil, around the ruins of an old tower   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are collection of the plant, and paths and cycling tracks near its sites which are frequented by visitors. The widening of the existing main road of the  region, would pose a significant threat to this plant (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Centaurea peucedanifolia is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the Red Data Book of Greece as Vulnerable (VU) D1+2 (Karydas and Kamari in: Phitos et al. 2009) and protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81.

useAndTrade:
Collection has been described as a threat but the purpose of the collection is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is no information on the population size or trend and potential  threats available for this Russian endemic. It is therefore classed as  Data Deficient.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This species is endemic to Central European Russia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea pinnata is listed as Near Threatened because no continuing decline has been reported for its distribution, population size or extent or quality of its habitat, but its area of occupancy has been estimated in 110 km² and it is affected by human-induced pressures.

range:
This species is endemic to the northeast of Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), being present in the provinces of Zaragoza, Teruel, Soria and Guadalajara. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 110 km².

population:
The population has been reported to be higher than 10,000 individuals (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), estimated in between 11,000 and 400,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009), and increasing.

habitat:
Pioneer species in rocky sites, forest clearings, firewalls, track edges and road batters (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It can develop on any kind of soil, but it tends to grow on acid soils where competition with other species is lower. It can be found on gypsum materials or stony substrates.

threats:
Main threats to this species are urbanisation and the modification of cultivation practices (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It tends to present hybridisation phenomena. No important threat affects the conservation of this species (Alcántara et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
Centaurea pinnata is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, under the synonym Centaurea boissieri ssp. spachii. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Aragonian catalogue of threatened species. It is classed as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).SCIs proposed in Aragón for the Natura 2000 network would comprise 90% of the distribution in the region (Alcántara et al. 2007).Research should be developed to clarify relationships between hybrids and distribution range of related species. Ex situ cultivation and reintroduction measures should be considered.


range:
Centaurea pontica is endemic to Romania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).

conservationAction:
Centaurea pontica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea princeps has a restricted range within Sterea Ellas in Greece, where it is known from two  locations with a maximum extent of occurrence of 9 km² and an area of occupancy of 4-8 km². The quality of the habitat is in continuous decline, due to road construction, rock slides as a side affect of quarrying, and locally overgrazing. Collection might lead to a loss in mature individuals which could severely affect the already small population size of 200-300 individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
This species is native to Greece and endemic to Sterea Ellas (Tymfristos Mt) where it is known from two locations (two subpopulations): Petra site and Koumpi peak (including the area of Asprorema) and has a maximum extent of occurrence of 9 km², with an area of occupancy of 4-8 km².

population:
The largest subpopulation is the one at the area of Koumpi and the total population size is between 200-300 individuals. Population size fluctuates depending on meteorological conditions: the largest sizes were recorded in the years with higher precipitation.

habitat:
Centaurea princeps grows on limestone cliffs and soil pockets in rocks among thin Juniperus foetidissima stands or rocks and rocky grasslands over the forest line from 1,100-1,850 m asl (Commission of the European Communities 2009).C. princeps is included in the characteristic species of the limestone rock association Erodio guicciardii - Centauretum principis (Asplenietea rupestris: Potentilletalia spinosae: Galion degenii).

threats:
One of the threats for this species is the construction of roads which provide access to a nearby quarry. The quarry itself does not pose a threat, but the roads exert pressure  on the species habitat (Commission of the European Communities 2009). At  the area of Koumpi, recent extraction activities have increased the  risk of rock slides which could destroy part of the habitat of the  plant. Overgrazing is a threat, because plants growing at more  accessible sites are consumed by goat and sheep. Rarity and ornamental  value make the plant desirable for botanical and horticultural  collections, although the level of collection is unknown.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as a priority species on the Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Centaurea alba ssp. princeps. It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81.  All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR2430001 and it is assessed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book (Georgiadis and Dimitrellos 2009).

useAndTrade:
Rarity and ornamental value make the plant desirable for botanical and horticultural collections.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is suspected to be of hybrid origin and it is doubtful whether this is a distinct species.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species has last been seen in the 1930s and has not been found since then despite extensive surveys. It is therefore classed as Extinct. It is also possible that the species was a hybrid and not a distinct species.

range:
This species is endemic to the Ukraine, near Donetsk. It occurs near the Sea of Azov within the protected area Kammenye Mogily (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
It is suspected that the species is a hybrid as it has not been found for several years. It has last been seen in the 1930s.

habitat:
Centaurea pseudoleucolepis is a biennial herb that grows on granite outcrops (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
The reason for its extinction are unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea pulvinata is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy of 12 km² and presence confirmed in a low number of locations. Overgrazing, plantations of Pinus spp., cleaning works on batters and verges, fires, and predation and parasitism on seeds, limit the expansion of the species.

range:
Centaurea pulvinata is endemic to the provinces of Granada and Almería, Spain (Blanca et al. 2000). Its main population is located in Sierra Nevada, being also present in the east of Sierra de los Filabres and in the western part of Sierra de Baza. It can be found in six subpopulations, four of them in Sierra Nevada. Its area of occupancy is 12 km².

population:
Total population size has been reported to be between 30,000 and 40,000 individuals (Blanca et al. 2000).

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte occurs within shrublands on open areas, on stony or sandy soils, and in pioneer communities in batters and verges. Frequent accompanying species are Quercus rotundifolia, Adenocarpus decorticans, Prunus ramburii, Erinacea anthyllis, Cytisus galianoi, Genista versicolor, Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis, Erysimum nevadense, Halimium viscosum, Festuca scariosa, Festuca indigesta, Dactylis glomerata, Dianthus brachyanthus, Paronychia suffruticosa and Silene mellifera.

threats:
Main threats to this species are overgrazing, the establishment of plantations of Pinus spp. and cleaning works on batters and verges (Blanca et al. 2000). Overgrazing leads to nitrification phenomena and therefore increases competition with nitrophile species. The loss of seeds due to parasitism and predation reduces the reproductive success of the species.The establishment of communication networks has been also reported as a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009), as well as fires.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The species occurs within the protected areas Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada and Parque Natural de Sierra de Baza, but Sierra de Filabres is not a protected area. Some subpopulations are within the Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. Management plans on its habitat should be implemented and the species should be used in revegetation works on batters. Predation and parasitism of fruits should be controlled by biological methods. Population monitoring plans should be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Centaurea rothmalerana is  endemic to the Serra da Estrela in north Portugal and has an extent of occurrence of 350 km². There is no information on the population size and trend or potential threats available and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Centaurea rothmalerana is endemic to the Serra da Estrela in north Portugal (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is 350 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
There is no data on population size or trend available (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICN 2006).

habitat:
This species is found in mountain grasslands, in Mediterranean xeric grasslands  and in clearings in decidious forest (ICN 2006). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6220 "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There is no information on potential and actual threats available.

conservationAction:
Centaurea rothmalerana is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. As this species is little known, research on its distribution, population size and trend and potential threats is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The area in which this species is found is very restricted (covering less than 100 km²),  the remaining population is severely fragmented, and  the area where it grows, quality of its habitat, and number of individuals is predicted to decline unless increased conservation measures are taken. The total wild population is estimated at a thousand individuals, but has not been counted.

range:
Cheirolophus crassifolius has a patchy distribution along the northwestern and southern cliffs of the islands of Malta, southern Gozo and Fungus Rock.

population:
The total wild population is estimated at a thousand individuals, but has not been counted.

habitat:
This perennial shrub is confined to coralline limestone seaside cliffs and scree, growing in full sun.  The Maltese Rock-centaury is the National Plant of Malta. This species displays some ancient traits in its habitat preference and flower morphology, and is considered to be a paleoendemic, meaning that it speciated in the distant past and may have been much more widely distributed than today. Previously this species had been placed in a genus of its own (Palaeocyanus), but was then grouped with species of the genus Cheirolophus. To fully understand the taxonomy of this species, it is important to study its relationship with species of the similar-looking genera Centaurea and Serratula.

threats:
The species is threatened by a number of factors. First, it is rare to find juvenile plants of this long-lived species, possibly due to the larvae of an unidentified moth observed attacking the developing fruits. Second, the habitat is under threat from quarrying, as fragile boulder cliffs collapse from the pressure wave of nearby dynamite explosions. Dust pollution from quarrying seems to be a minor problem. Third, a number of sites have been affected by human disturbance, especially those most easily accessible. Finally the species, even at inaccessible sites, is threatened by introduced alien plant species, particularly Opuntia ficus-indica, Agave americana and Carpobrotus edulis. These species were originally planted on the plateau but now invade the cliffs.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Internationally, this species is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive since Malta’s EU adhesion in May 2004. Nationally, it is protected by the Flora and Fauna Protection Regulations of 1993 and the Flora, Fauna and Natural Habitats Protection Regulations of 2003.  All cliffs of the island of Malta and some cliffs of Gozo are protected locally, either as Sites of Scientific Importance, Areas of Ecological Importance, or Special Areas of Conservation. Fungus Rock (il-Gebla tal_General) is a Strict Nature Reserve. Access is forbidden except for valid scientific reasons.  In situ: Management plans are being drafted for a number of sites, including the Qawra-Dwejra Special Area of Conservation (western Gozo).   Ex situ: C. crassifolius has been extensively cultivated, especially since its designation as the Maltese National Plant in 1971. It is now frequently encountered in parks and along the centre-strips of main roads. (Note that even if the plant is under cultivation, this does not change its conservation status as the Red List Criteria only apply to wild natural populations).  Actions Needed The most effective conservation measures needed are protection and management of the habitat, which means to better control quarrying, prevent illegal dumping (fly-tipping), avoid the introduction of new invasive alien species, and manage the invasives that exist. More cliffs on Gozo need to be protected by law because of their extreme ecological importance. Law enforcement regarding the protection of this species and its habitat needs to be strengthened. Finally, more research is needed to identify the reasons for this species' apparent population decline and habitat fragmentation.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus duranii is classed as Critically Endangered as its area of occupancy is 4 km², it appears geographically fragmented and restricted to four locations, and the population is decreasing due to grazing activities.

range:
Cheirolophus duranii is a plant endemic to the island of El Hierro, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows at altitudes between 245 and 475 m asl. It can be found distributed throughout four locations, with an area of occupancy of 4 km². Its populations have been reported to be geographically scattered and restricted (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

population:
Its population size has been determined to be between 206 and 306 individuals with a negative trend (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004, Gobierno de Canarias 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species appears highly scattered throughout the island, restricted to ravines under human influence.Its characteristic habitat are scrublands, where the species grows on unstable substrates, either because of natural or human-induced causes, within the distribution range of the Canarian community tabaibal-cardonal and termophile forests (Artemisio-Rumicetum lunariae). The most common accompanying species are Rumex lunaria, Artemisia thuscula, Psoralea bituminosa, Kleinia neriifolia, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Echium hierrensis, Rubia fruticosa, Gonospermum fruticosum, Micromeria varia, Periploca laevigata, Retama raetam and Sideritis ferrensis (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).The number of seedlings resulting from a reproductive event has been reported not to be very high.

threats:
Grazing is the main threat for this species. Some subpopulations are also affected by game activities and occasional landslides (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).  The species occurs within the protected areas Reserva Natural de Mencáfete, Reserva Natural de Tibataje and Paisaje Protegido de Timijiraque, also SCIs.  Seeds of the species have been collected and are stored at the germplasm bank of the E.T.S.I.A. of Madrid. A population monitoring programme is being developed by regional and local government institutions (Gobierno de Canarias, Cabildo de El Hierro), which includes reinforcement of populations and establishment of fences. Furthermore, some individuals have been re-introduced into the wild with satisfactory results.  Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species include the conservation of its habitat, the development of a population trend monitoring programme and the establishment of measures to control grazing (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus falcisectus is classed as Endangered due to its low area of occupancy of 9 km², its current distribution throughout sites where it is sheltered, and its uneven regeneration patterns. The presence of grazing animals has caused the species to occur in restricted areas within its potential habitat. Predation, along with its lack of ecological plasticity, lead to fluctuating presence of mature individuals.

range:
Cheirolophus falcisectus is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found on the mountains of the western part of the island, between 400 and 850 m asl. It is distributed into four locations, comprising seven subpopulations: Altos de Los Molinos, Cañada de José Valencia, Cañada del Pino, Morro  del Saltadero, Degollada de Aguasabina, Montaña de Hogarzales (Caidero  de Tocodomán) and Andén del Pino (Olangua 2009). Its area of occupancy is 9 km².

population:
Total population size has been determined to be 4,207 individuals (Olangua 2009). Population trends for this species throughout the different locations is in general stable or even following a slow increasing trend due to the decrease in grazing pressure (Almeida Pérez and Naranjo Cigala 2004, Gobierno de Canarias 2004).  All the subpopulations have been reported to present moderate regeneration levels, including individuals in different stages of development, but its expansion has been reported to be still  limited by  grazing and by the low ecological plasticity of the species. Sexual reproduction rates of this species have been described as limited and its asexual propagation is restricted by grazing. Predation, along with its lack of ecological plasticity, lead to fluctuating presence of mature individuals.

habitat:
This shrub grows on basaltic substrates, on shady crags and slopes. It can be found within the association Mayteno-Juniperion canariensis, as part of the communities Soncho-Aeonion on crags and rocky slopes, and within shrublands Rhamno-Oleetea cerasiformis and Aeonio-Euphorbion canariensis. Common accompanying species are Taeckholmia pinnata, Descurainia preauxiana, Sonchus acaulis, Aeonium manriqueorum, Pancratium canariense, Bupleurum salicifolium ssp. aciphyllum, Argyranthemum escarrei and Echium decaisnei.It appears always sheltered in areas that are difficult to  access.

threats:
The main threat affecting the different subpopulations is grazing. Furthermore, the fruits of this shrub are frequently attacked by insect larvae. Occasional droughts are also affecting the species. One subpopulation (Degollada de Aguasabina) is as well affected by the presence of a highly used hiking path that goes through it.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed Endangered B1b(iii)c(iv)+2b(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). The taxon occurs in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Güígüí and Parque Rural del Nublo, also SACs. Seeds have been collected and stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.  Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species are the control of traditional grazing activities, the eradication of wild goats in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Güígüí and on Alto de los Molinos, the establishment of population dynamics monitoring programmes and the collection of seeds from every known location to be stored in germplasm banks.

redListAssessors:
Almeida Pérez, R.S. & Naranjo Cigala, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus ghomerytus is listed as Endangered for it presents highly restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence lower than 20 km2 and an area of occupancy of 1.75 km2. It occurs in two locations comprising five subpopulations, and decreasing trends have been identified in habitat quality, in the number of subpopulations, and  in the number of individuals. The presence of grazing animals limits the presence of the species so it can only survive in areas out of reach of predators.

range:
Cheirolophus ghomerythus is an endemic species to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain. It occurs in two locations on the northern part of the island: Cuevas Blancas-Riscos de Taguluche and Riscos de Agulo (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). One more location has disappeared and two more have not been recently found. Its extent of occurrence is lower than 20 km2 and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 1.75 km2. Decreasing trends have been observed for its distribution.

population:
Its total population size has been estimated in 978 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Gobierno de Canarias 2009) and has a decreasing trend (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

habitat:
This species grows on cliffs and basaltic ancient ridges. It grows within the vegetation community Soncho-Greenovietum diplocyclae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It currently occurs on restricted areas of difficult access where the species finds shelter against predators. The quality of the habitat is decreasing (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

threats:
Main threat for this species is grazing. Subpopulations still existing are those that remain inaccessible to grazing livestock   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Erosion and landslides due to livestock trampling have been also reported as a threat (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed EN B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v); C1 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). At regional level it is listed as species "En peligro de extinción".


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus junonianus is listed as Endangered due to its restricted extent of occurrence of less than 56 km2 and a small area of occupancy of 2 km². It occurs in two subpopulations which are highly affected by anthropogenic pressure and because of its uneven reproductive patterns, characterised by low rates of success in the establishment and survival of seedlings. Although the population trend is stable, tourism and poor recruitment cause the conservation of this species to be highly threatened.

range:
Cheirolophus junonianus is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004), where it grows at an altitude between 200 and 425 m asl. It has two subpopulations in Fuencaliente, on the southern part of the island. Its area of occupancy is 2 km² and its extent of occurrence is lower than the area of this municipality, which is 56 km² (O. Rodríguez, A.García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).

population:
Its total population size has been estimated in 1,942 individuals and it is considered to have been stable throughout the past decades. A slight trend towards increasing its population size and colonize new areas has been observed (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species tends to produce a high number of seedlings but these have been reported to show low growth and survival rates (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

habitat:
C. junonianus occurs in xerophilous ruderal shrublands (Artemisio-Rumicetum lunariae) that grow in unstable naturally or human modified substrates within the Canarian vegetation community tabaibal-cardonal (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its secondary habitat is the tabaibal dulce (Echio-Euphorbietum balsamifera), on more stable rocky substrates. Its common accompanying species are  Echium brevirame, Periploca laevigata, Rubia fruticosa, Kleinia  neriifolia, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Paronychia canariensis, Aeonium  spathulatum and Monanthes muralis (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

threats:
Tourism has been described as the main threat to the species, including trampling, riding and the presence of non-motorised vehicles   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Occasional landslides and game activities have also been reported as threats (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). At regional level it is listed as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. The two locations are included in the protected area Monumento Natural de los Volcanes de Teneguía. Seeds have been collected and are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo and Banco de Germoplasma de la ETSIA, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. In order to ensure the conservation of the species a surveillance and control programme has to be developed.

useAndTrade:
It has medicinal properties as hypoglycemic, cytostatic and antibiotic, due to its content of aguerina.

redListAssessors:
Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M. & Pérez de Paz, P.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Madeiran endemic has only two populations: one on the cliffs of Cabo Girão, on Madeira island, and the second one on the cliffs of Pico Branco, on the island of Porto Santo. The total population size is between 200 and 250 mature individuals and it therefore qualifies as Endangered. Current threats are posed by urbanisation, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides.

range:
Cheirolophus massonianus is endemic to Madeira. There are only two populations, one on the cliffs of Cabo Girão, on Madeira island, and the second one on the cliffs of Pico Branco, on the island of Porto Santo (Jardim et al. 2006)

population:
The population in Madeira is estimated to have about 30 mature  individuals, and the population in Porto Santo is estimated to be less  than 250 mature individuals #  (Jardim et al. 2006). In total, the population of C. massonianus is between 200-250 mature individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species only grows on very steep cliffs, on soil accumulated in rock crevices, under direct influence of sea winds (Jardim et al. 2006). It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is posed by habitat loss and degradation due to urbanisation, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Cheirolophus massonianus is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The population on the island of # Porto Santo is protected and included in a Natura 2000 site. On the other hand, the population on the island of Madeira, despite of not being in a nature reserve, it is naturally protected. Seeds from this species are conserved in Madeira Botanical Gardens seed bank.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus metlesicsii is classified as Critically Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 2 km², and only two known locations, which appear highly restricted and isolated. Its expansion is limited and negative trends have been reported for the number of mature individuals present in the different subpopulations. Predation by grazing animals, mainly on young individuals, as well as human activities, have caused this species to be highly threatened.

range:
Cheirolophus metlesicsii is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 1,050 and 1,150 m asl, on the southeastern part of the island (Bañares et al. 2004). It can be found in two isolated locations: Barranco de Añavingo and Barranco de Tamadaya. Its area of occupancy is 2 km².

population:
Bañares et al. (2004) reported a total population size of 426 individuals: 351 individuals in Barranco de Añavingo and 75 in Barranco de Tamadaya. In 2007, population size was: 376 individuals in Barranco de Añavingo and 126 in Tamadaya (Mesa Coello et al. 2009). The population has decreased by 34.8% in 20 years.A low presence of young individuals has been observed. Most of the seedlings are predated or die due to summer droughts and therefore the high production of seeds does not lead to high levels of recruitment (Bañares et al. 2004). The subpopulations have been reported to be decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
It grows on shade-loving shrublands, on basaltic and phonolitic materials, on ravine beds and crags. The dominant vegetation in such areas are shrublands (Artemisio-Rumicion) associated with communities characterized by the presence of Pinus canariensis, in early stages of development (Sideritido-Pinetum canariensis S.) and communities of Soncho-Sempervivion in more steeply sloped areas. Common accompanying species are Bencomia caudata, Rumex lunaria, Rubus inermis, Pterocephalus dumetorum, Carlina salicifolia, Pericallis lanata, Ferula linkii and Echium virescens.

threats:
Predation by introduced grazing mammals has been reported to be the main threat affecting the species. The subpopulation of Añavingo is also affected by human presence, including trampling and degradation of the surrounding areas, as well as works on the bed of the ravine, and by competition with native and exotic aggressive species (Bañares et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is classed as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the regional catalogue of protected species.The two subpopulations are within the protected area Parque Natural de Corona Forestal (also a SCI). Plant material is stored in germplasm banks: E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, Viceconsejería Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias.In order to ensure the conservation of this species, exotic species must be eradicated, natural populations must be reinforced and ex situ plant production has to be developed. A control programme of grazing animals has to be implemented and surveillance of human activities has to be improved.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Ojeda Land, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus santos-abreui is classified as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 2 km² and only two known small subpopulations. The species occurs in restricted areas out of reach of predators within its potential habitat. Grazing, competition with other species, parasitism and landslides cause  the natural populations to be in high danger of extinction.

range:
Cheirolophus santos-abreui is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found growing between 450 and 850 m asl, in two locations: Barranco de La Madera and Barranco de El Río, near Santa Cruz de La Palma. Its area of occupancy has been calculated to be between 1 and 2 km².

population:
Total population size has been reported to be 85 individuals (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). The two known subpopulations have been reported to present a rather well structured age distribution, but to be affected by the decrease in the number of viable seeds caused by parasite insects and by predation of young plants and sprouts.

habitat:
This small shrub grows on steep slopes of difficult access in deep ravines. It can form part of rupicolous shrublands Soncho-Aeonion growing along with elements of thermophilous forests Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis, and elements of sub-humid laurel-leaved trees forests Lauro-Perseeto indicae and Pinus canariensis (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). Most common accompanying species are Phyllis nobla, Bystropogon origanifolius var. palmensis, Descurainia millefolia, Pinus canariensis, Hypericum grandifolium, Sonchus hierrensis, Paronychia canariensis, Carlina falcata, Erica arborea, Sideritis bolleana, Laurus novocanariensis, Bupleurum salicifolium, Apollonias barbujana, Cedronella canariensis, Teline stenopetala, Ceballosia fruticosa, Festuca agustinii and Spartocytisus filipes. Presence of individuals is restricted to sheltered sites and accessible specimens are preyed upon by goats.

threats:
Grazing by roaming goats and the introduced game species Ammotragus lervia has been reported as the main threat affecting this species and its habitat (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). Other threats are competition with the exotic species Ageratina adenophora, the animal parasite Chaetorellia sp. which causes the number of viable seeds to decrease, and landslides.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). The two subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Natural de Las Nieves (SCI). The species has been successfully cultivated in nurseries and seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias. The location of Barranco de La Madera is protected by a fence.More seeds have to be collected and stored in germplasm banks. Programmes to control domestic and wild grazing species as well as invasive species, have to be implemented. Research on reproductive biology of the species should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Martín Cáceres, K., Mesa Coello, R. & Santos Guerra, A.


taxonomicNotes:
This taxon included two subspecies: Cheirolophus satarataënsis (Svent.) Holub ssp. satarataënsis and Cheirolophus satarataënsis (Svent.) Holub ssp. dariasi (Svent.) Kunk. The latter has been recognized as the different species Cheirolophus dariasi.

redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus satarataensis is listed as Vulnerable due to its low area of occupancy of 18 km2, with six known locations. It presents a fragmented distribution due to grazing pressure, occurring in restricted sites within its potential habitat. Predation, competition with native species and improvement works on roads limit the expansion of this species. However, there are no declines noted in the populations at present.

range:
Cheirolophus satarataënsis is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain. It has a locally restricted distribution, growing between 350 and  800 m asl, throughout six locations on the south part of the island (Mesa Coello et al. 2004a,b). Its  area of occupancy is 18 km².

population:
Cheirolophus satarataënsis has a total population size of slightly more than 4,000 individuals (Mesa Coello et al. 2004a,b). New subpopulations were found in 2005 so the number of specimens is thought to be higher (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), and no regressive trends have been reported.

habitat:
Cheirolophus satarataensis grows on rocky substrates on crags, as a component of scrublands along with species such as Atalanthus canariensis, Convolvulus floridus, Sideritis nutans, Brachypodium arbuscula, Pimpinella junoniae, Greenovia diplocycla, Aeonium saundersii and Aeonium decorum (Mesa Coello et al. 2004a,b). Seedlings and juvenile individuals appear restricted to sites out of reach of grazing species.

threats:
Grazing has been reported to be the most important threat affecting this taxon, mainly during early stages of development (Mesa Coello et al. 2004a,b). Other threats are competition with aggressive native vegetation. Some subpopulations are as well affected by access improvement works.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.Most of the subpopulations are included in the protected areas Parque Rural de Valle Gran Rey, Paisaje Protegido de Orone (SCI) and SCI Cuenca de Benchijigua-Guarimiar. Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.The storage of plant material in germplasm banks should be enhanced, measures to control herbivorous predators should be  implemented and some subpopulations should be reinforced.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Oval de la Rosa, J.P. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cheirolophus tagananensis is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with a very low area of occupancy, of 3 km² and presence confirmed in three locations which are geographically isolated. No regresive patterns have been identified in its distribution or its population size. Competition with other species and occasional landslides and storms are the main threats. # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

range:
Cheirolophus tagananensis is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found growing between 50 and 350 m asl, distributed throughout three geographically isolated locations in the mountains of Anaga: Roque de las Ánimas, Roque de Antequera and Roque del Aderno (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). One more location, Mesa del Sabinar, was reported in the past but it has not been found in the last visits to the area. Its area of occupancy is 3 km².

population:
Its total population size has been calculated to be 626 individuals: 330 in Roque de las Ánimas, 295 in Roque de Antequera and one individual in Roque del Aderno (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). The subpopulations seem to be stable, although the amount of viable seeds is frequently reduced due to insects. No regressive trends have been reported for its population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Total population size is thought to be higher, even of several hundreds of individuals, but monitoring is difficult due to the inaccessibility of the subpopulations.

habitat:
It grows on rocky crags influenced by the sea breeze. In this environment it can be found in rupicolous shrublands including elements characteristic of communities of thermophilous forest, such as Soncho radicati-Aeonietum tabulaeformis. Frequent accompanying species are Teline pallida ssp. pallida, Globularia salicina, Aeonium tabulaeforme, Aenium arboreum, Aeonium urbicum, Aeonium lindleyii, Sonchus radicatus and Lugoa revoluta. At lower altitude, species characteristic of the vegetal formation "tabaibal dulce" appear as elements of the rupicolous scrubland, forming communities such as Aeonietum lindleyi, where Euphorbia balsamifera ssp. balsamifera, Sideritis dendrochahorra, Aeonium lindleyii, A. volkerii, Sonchus radicatus, Asparagus umbellatus ssp. umbellatus, Plocama pendula and Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis are frequent.

threats:
Grazing has been the main threat to this species, but its impact has not been recently reported. The expansion of the subpopulations is limited by natural competition with other species and the occasional occurrence of storms and landslides (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).All the subpopulations are within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente. A population trend monitoring programme is being developed on the subpopulation of Roque de las Ánimas (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004).Plant material from every location should be stored in germplasm banks. Population trend monitoring and surveillance programmes should be implemented. Micropropagation and ex situ plant cultivation should be developed in order to reinforce the subpopulation of Roque del Aderno.

redListAssessors:
Marrero Gómez, M.V., Mesa Coello, R. & Oval de la Rosa, J.P.


taxonomicNotes:
Cichorium intybus L. is a wild relative of cultivated chicory, C. intybus and C. endivia L. (endive and curly endive). The subspecies C. intybus ssp. spicatum I. Ricci is native to Europe (Greuter 2006–2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cichorium intybus is widely distributed in central, northern, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
C. intybus is native to northern, central, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, northern Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: distributed throughout the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992).France: widespread, occurs in all departments in the country including Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  UK and Ireland: widespread throughout England and Wales; however the distribution is patchy within Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: predominantly found along the large rivers and in the south part of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).

habitat:
C. intybus is a self-incompatible, perennial species (Kiers 2000) occurring in disturbed dry habitats such as roadsides, dry slopes, pastures and open stony ground as well as on the banks of rivers. It is found most often on calcareous or nitrogenous soils (Kiers 2000) but is able to grow in a range of soil types. In the Netherlands it occurs in grasslands on humid and moderately rich basic soils (Tamis et al. 2003) and in the UK it is a lowland species of roadsides, field margins and rough grassland (Preston et al. 2002). In general it can be found between sea level and 1,500 m but has been found at up to 3,050 m in Turkey (Kiers 2000).

useAndTrade:
Wild populations of C. intybus may contain genes important for the improvement of cultivated chicory and endive. This species is also collected from the wild and utilized by local communities for food in some areas.

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Korpelainen, H., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
C. pumilum Jacq. is a wild relative of the two cultivated species C. intybus L. (red and root chicory) and C. endivia L. (endive and curly endive). Cichorium is split into two main clades, with C. pumilum in the same clade as C. endivia (Kiers et al. 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Cichorium pumilum is widespread across its European range where it grows in a range of disturbed habitats. The overall population is stable and no threats are reported. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
C. pumilum is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, the Caucasus, northern Africa and west Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
C. pumilum is widespread across its European range.

habitat:
It is an annual, self compatible species, occurring in disturbed or ruderal sites such as roadsides, wastelands, fields and fallows, usually on calcareous soil (Turland et al. 1993, Kiers 2000).

threats:
There are no threats reported for this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of C. pumilum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
C. pumilum is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to endive, C. endivia, as well as wild chicory, C. intybus. It is edible and has been used in traditional medicines to treat liver diseases (Watson and Preedy 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Cichorium spinosum L. is a wild relative  of the two cultivated species, C. intybus L. (red and root chicory) and C. endivia L. (endive and curly endive).  Cichorium is split into two main clades, with C. spinosum in the same clade as C. intybus (Kiers et  al. 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Cichorium spinosum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
C. spinosum is native to south Europe, north Africa (Libya) and west Asia (Turkey) (Greuter 2006–2009).In Cyprus, this species is found in the Paphos, Troodos, Morphou, Kyrenia and Rizokarpaso areas (Botanical divisions 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8) (Meikle 1985).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
It is locally common in Cyprus (Meikle 1985). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This perennial, self-incompatible  species (Kiers 2000) is found in disturbed areas such as roadsides, as well as in coastal areas on clay flats or maritime sands and rocks, and occasioanlly in sandy fields, at or near sea level  (Meikle 1985). In Crete, it can also be found in mountainous areas up to 2,100 m (Kiers 2000).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of C. spinosum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
C. spinosum is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to wild chicory, C. intybus, as well as endive, C. endivia. In Greece and Crete this species is a popular wild food (Kiers et al. 2000).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread and common distribution in Hungary, stable populations and no major threats.

range:
Cirsium brachycephalum is endemic to the Pannonian Basin and is native to Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia and Romania. Its presence in Croatia is doubtful (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The following population information has been provided in the Article 17 reports (Commission of the European Communities 2009):In the Czech Republic, there are 600 individuals at two localities and the populations are declining.In Hungary, 30,000,000-100,000,000 individuals have been counted with stable populations, in some regions even increasing and it has been reported from new sites in the last ten years.In Slovakia, it was reported from 34 localities in the southwest (Podunajská nížina Lowland) and from around three sites in the southeast (Východoslovenská nížina Lowland) (P. Eliáš pers. comm. 2011) with a slowly decreasing population trend. Historically c. 60 localities were known, especially from its central and southern part. About half of the localities have low numbers of individuals with less than 50, the other localities have tens to hundreds of individuals (Mereďa and Hodálová in prep.).In Serbia, it is estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). In Romania, it was reported from 15 localities since 2000 but none of them has been confirmed (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
C. brachycephalum is a biennial plant that grows in reed and marginal parts of fields, channels, wet grasslands. It is often found in wet arable fields as a weed. The plant grows in salt marshes and salt meadows, needs to be regularly flooded and have a high groundwater table (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is present in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1340 Inland salt meadows1530 Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6440 Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)7230 Alkaline fens

threats:
Threats to wetlands can affect the species but it is very common in Hungary and those threats don't lead to major population declines at the moment. This species needs disturbance as it likes open wet soil surfaces and is found in a number of secondary habitats. A minor threat is hybridisation with Cirsium arvense.In the Czech Republic, it reaches the edge of its range and suitable salty habitats are rare - destruction of those habitats affects the species. Urbanisation and agriculture are the main causes for habitat loss. Garbage disposal and peat mining have been reported as further threats in Slovakia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Cirsium brachycephalum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under national law in several of the countries where it occurs. This plant is classed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and protected at highest level. It is Endangered in Slovakia and 37% of its populations are protected in 13 sites (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Croatia, it is classed as Data Deficient.


redListCategoryRationale:
Cirsium latifolium is endemic to Madeira with a total population of 1,000 individuals and an increasing trend.    There are no major threats to this species apart from occasional  collection of the plant, landslides and competition with native species. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

range:
Cirsium latifolium is endemic to Madeira, Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population has been estimated to host 1,000 individuals with an increasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species occurs in humid sites of Laurisilva (Laurel Forest) and rocky escarpments of higher altitudes. It can be part of Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species apart from occasional collection of the plant, landslides and competition with native species.

conservationAction:
Cirsium latifolium is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

useAndTrade:
Collection has been reported as a threat but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
This  plant is native to the Taygetos Mountain  range in south Greece with an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 200 km². It occurs in five scattered and small populations which are declining. The total number of individuals is not known but the biggest population only hosts 1,000 specimen and there are scattered patches with less then 5 – 15 individuals. The main cause of decline is grazing. It is therefore assessed as Endangered Β1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).

range:
This plant is native to south Greece and found in the Taygetos Mountain range from Mt. Xerovouna in the north towards the summit area of Mt. Profitis Ilias and Mt. Mavrovouna in the south, at the Rindomou gorge and Mt. Parnonas, at the summit area named Megali Tourla. It grows between 1,350-2,130 m altitude (Kamari et al. in: Phitos et al. 2009).Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It occurs in five scattered and small populations which are declining (Commission of the European Communities 2009). #At Mt. Parnonas, there are 150 individuals in an area of 0.02 km². Mt. Xerovouna hosts 50 individuals and Mt. Mavrovouna has c. 1,000 individuals. There are also scattered patches of the plant including usually less then 5 – 15 individuals (Kamari et al. in: Phitos et al. 2009).

habitat:
This species grows on limestone substrate, on dry rocky places, in crevices and on cliffs (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Grazing causes gradual decline of the number of mature individuals and is the main threat (Kamari et al. in: Phitos et al. 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Crepis crocifolia. It is included in the Red Data Book of Greece as Endangered (EN) Β1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v) under the name Phitosia crocifolia (Kamari et al. in: Phitos et al. 2009) and is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81.A few plants are cultivated at the botanical garden of Patras University but they do not produce fruits.

redListAssessors:
Kamari, G., Greuter, W. & Kyriakopoulos, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
Crepis granatensis is listed as Endangered, because of its restricted distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 125 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km². Its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals mainly due to the presence of livestock.

range:
Crepis granatensis is endemic to the mountains of southern Spain, with an EOO of 125 km² and an AOO of 8 km². Endemic to such ranges as the Sierra de Magina (Jaén) and Sierra de la Sagra (Granada). Its presence has also been reported in several locations in the mountains of Cazorla-Segura (Jaén) and Sierra de Gádor (Almería), where it has not been recently found.

population:
Regressive patterns have been observed in its population size. It has disappeared from a good part of its previous range. Total population size has been estimated in 17,508 individuals (Blanca et al. 2004). Only two of their subpopulations are over 2,000 individuals. The high specificity of its habitat prevents it from spreading to a wider area.

habitat:
It grows specifically in calcareous rocky areas and limestone areas of high mountains with steep inclinations where there are often constant movements of rocks. It coexists with Platycapnos saxicola, Lactuca perennis ssp.granatensis, Jurinea fontqueri, Andryala agardhii, Vicia glauca ssp. giennensis, Rumex scutatus, Silene vulgaris ssp. commutata, Bunium alpinum ssp. macuca, Cerastium gibraltaricum, Vella spinosa and Erinacea anthyllis.The rhizomes are able to come through loose and fragile surface cover. It is a hermaphrodite, pollinated by insects, often Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. It is known to produce a high percentage of empty seeds, obtaining a maximum of 40% germination under experimental temperatures alternating between 20/26ºC. Seedling survival is low even in controlled conditions.

threats:
One of the main threats is its dependency on a very specific habitat, which can be easily disturbed by grazing animals. Grazing animals produce constant movement of rocks which can damage plants. On the other hand, deposition of animals increases nitrification and reduces habitat quality.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I and V of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).There is a recovery plan for the species in Andalucía. The species occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Sierra Mágina (proposed SCI) and is partially fenced off. Sierra de la Sagra is included in the SCI Sierras del Nordeste. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz.Herbivores should be controlled. Cultivation and propagation measures should be kept in place. Research about its reproductive biology should be continued. The species should be reintroduced to the protected area Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas.

redListAssessors:
Blanca, G., Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Luque Moreno, P., Benavente, A. & Pérez Botella, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Crepis purpurea is endemic to the Crimean peninsula where it is found at only ten locations in a restricted area (extent of occurrence) of less than 20,000 km². The populations are small but their trend is unknown. The habitat seems to be declining due to recreational activities although the species is found in protected areas. It is therefore precautionary assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to Crimea, where it occurs foothill of the Crimean Mountains in the Bachczysarajskij and Bilosirskij districts. There are only ten localities. The extent of occurrence is smaller than 20,000 km² but probably higher than 5,000 km².

population:
The populations are small in area and number of individuals. The trend is not known.

habitat:
It grows in chalky, Cretaceous, calcareous and marl stone slopes and hills in communities of Alysso-Sedetalia ordo.

threats:
The main threats are a lack of general habitat and recreational activities which lead to a degradation of the remaining habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), and as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009). It is protected in the Jaltinskij reserve, Cubolach zakaznik and Ak-Kaja nature monument. Ex situ protection is underway in the Nikitskij botanical garden.Size and trend of the populations should be investigated.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The species is quite widespread in Greece. Its distribution may not be fully known but the number of locations apparently exceeds 30. There is little information available for the other countries, the population size, trend and potential threats. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Crepis pusilla is a Mediterranean element, found in Portugal, Spain (Balearic Islands), Malta, Cyprus, Greece and Turkey.In Portugal, it occurs in the western centre, from Sintra and Ericeira inland, and south to the Arrábida mountain (Franco and Afonso 1984).In Spain, the species is only found on Ibiza and Mallorca (Anthos 2009).The species was first discovered in Cyprus in 1997, at two locations and was later (2005, 2007) found at another two widely apart locations. The species is rare but might be found more locations (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Tsintides et al. (2007) four locations are reported in Cyprus: Akamas Peninsula, Episkopi, Polemidia and Sotira Ammochostou. The species occupies several sites in Greece. On the mainland, it has been reported from Attiki (Terpsithea, one locality) and southeast Peloponnisos (Maleas peninsula, one locality). In Crete, it is found in the following places: in Nomos Chanion east of Souda, Akrotiri peninsula; Rodopos peninsula at the coast opposite of Elafonisos; in Nomos Irakleiou in the Asterousia Mts; in Nomos Agiou Nikolaou on the Thrypti Mt (Askordiala), northwest of Palaikastro; and on the Idi Mts at Anogeia, Chondrada Mt, and Voskero Mt. It also occurs in the islands  Gavdos, Karpathos, Saria, and Kasos nearby Crete. In the East Aegean Islands, it has a presence in Kastellorizo, Kos, and Kalimnos. And there is one locality in Aigina in the Saronikos Gulf Islands. The extent of occurrence with mainland Greece and the islands is 15,000 km² with area of occupancy at approximately 100 km². On the other hand, it has been recorded as a regular component of therophytic grassland  and temporary pond communities in Crete. It is reportedly very scattered  on Gavdos (Bergmeier et al. 1997) and Kastellorizo (Greuter 1979), but it is possibly overlooked.

population:
In Cyprus, the size of the population is estimated to be c. 23,000 individuals in four localities (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Portugal, there is one known population in Serra da Arrábida with over 1,000 individuals (M. Porto pers.comm. 2011).There is no data available for Greece, Malta or Spain. The overall population trend is unknown.

habitat:
Throughout its range in the Mediterranean, the species occurs on sandy or clayey, stony, compacted  soils, at flat, usually trampled places. It has been found in temporary ponds, dolines, grasslands   and on flat clayey areas, hard stony ground or abandoned terraces (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Tsintides et al. 2007). It is most often found at an altitude between 0-780 m, but has been recorded at 1,185 m.

threats:
Some populations in Cyprus have been reported to be threatened by the expansion of built-up areas and construction works (Tsintides et al. 2007). There is no information on threats in the other countries.

conservationAction:
Crepis pusilla is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Vulnerable (D2) in the Red Data Book of Cyprus. The location of Akamas Peninsula (300 individuals) is a proposed Natura 2000 site (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Spain, the species is classed as Data Deficient (Moreno 2008) as the species is insufficiently known and suspected to have been overlooked in field surveys (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).In Greece it is protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81. A considerable part of its locations is included in Natura 2000 sites (Karpathos: GR4210003, Kastellorizo: GR4210004, Kos: GR4210008, Crete: GR4320006, GR4340002, GR4340003, Gavdos: GR4340013).


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is classed as Endangered as it has a restricted range with only three subpopulations at two sites. One of the populations is declining due to habitat degradation caused by overgrowth. Climate change and the drying out of its habitat is a potential future threat.

range:
Crepis tectorum ssp. nigrescens is a rare subspecies of C. tectorum native to Finland. Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are smaller than 5,000 km² and 500 km² respectively. There are three subpopulations found at two sites: two populations in Kuusamo area and one population in Kevo area.

population:
The total number of individuals has been estimated to be 150. The number of flowering individuals varies remarkably. The population in Kevo is suffering from overgrowth by grasses because of  extra nutrients from birds nesting just above the population. But the  populations in Kuusamo are in good condition.

habitat:
The habitats of the biennual # plant are boreal and alpine rock outcrops and boulder fields (Rassi et al. 2010). It grows on shelves and crevices of high, easily weathering, south or west exposed rock walls.

threats:
The main threats are overgrowing and subsequent competition. Climate change and the drying out of its habitat is a potential future threat. The small population size can be a threat as well as the small amount of suitable habitat.

conservationAction:
Crepis tectorum ssp. nigrescens is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This plant is classed as Endangered B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); D1 (Rassi et al. 2010). The subspecies is protected by law and named as a species under  strict protection (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). Two sites are in a national park and one in a strict nature reserve.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This  is a Eurasiatic species with a large disjunctive area. In Europe, there is a single small and isolated Carpathian population  situated in Pieniny Mountains in the territories of Poland and Slovakia. It is also found in Central, East, and North European Russia. The Slovakian populations consist of 55 small localities. The Polish populations  are stable. In Russia, the populations are usually small. Although the populations are stable in Poland, it is not clear, how the overall status of the Russian populations is - threats and declines have been reported, but the rate of decline is unknown. More information is needed and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.For the EU 27, this plant is assessed as Least Concern because the current protection measures in place are ensuring stable populations and there have been no threats reported from Poland.

range:
This is a Eurasiatic species with a large disjunctive area, distributed from the Carpathian Mountains across the Russian upland, low Volga river basin, southern Siberia, Mongolia, China to Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East. There is a single small and isolated Carpathian population situated in Pieniny Mountains in the territories of Poland and Slovakia. In Slovakia, Chrysanthemum zawadskii occurs in Klostorna Gora, Holica, in the lower part of Lesnicki Potok river valley, in Haligowski Skaly near Aksamitka (Čeřovský et al. 1999). In the Polish part of the Pieniny Mountains it grows from the foot of # the mountains in the valley of Dunajec river (430 m) to the top of Trzy Korony mountain (982 m); from Bystryk to Podkalna Gora; in Macelowa Gora.In some floras, this plant is reported from the Ukrainian Carpathians. However, absence of specimens in Ukrainian herbaria and absence of description of concrete sites of this species in Ukraine, prevents this species being considered as native to the Ukrainian Carpathians.In European Russia it grows in Pechora Don, Oskol river basins and in Ural Mountains (Tzvelev 1994).

population:
The Slovakian populations consist of 55 small localities. Five localities are extinct (Čeřovský et al. 1999). Two localities in the Polish part of the Pieniny Mountains (near Szafranowska and Lazne Skoly) are extinct but now the Polish populations are stable. There are 1-8% of seedlings in Polish populations (Mirek 2008).In Russia, the populations are usually small.

habitat:
This perennial plant flowers from July to October. It grows in rocky and sunny places on humus-carbonate soils. It is a component of plant communities of Dendranthemno-Seslerietum, Origano-Brachopodietum alliances in Polish Pieniny and in Seslerio-Asterion alpini, Pulsatilla slavicae – Pinion alliances in Slovak Pieniny Mountains. It occurs also in mountain grasslands on calcareous substratum (Seslerietea variae). This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6170 “Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands”. In Russia, it has been reported from rock slopes, limestone and red soils.

threats:
There are no threats reported from Poland. This species is sensitive to anthropogenic changes to ecosystems. In Russia, the main threats are habitat destruction due to the extraction of minerals, recreational activities and landslides.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Chrysanthemum zawadskii.    It is listed in the Red Data Book of the Czech and Slovak Republic (Čeřovský et al. 1999) as Vulnerable, and in the Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008) as low risk. In Poland it is also strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). The Polish and Slovak populations are under protection in the Pieninskij natural park.This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic (1998) as declining in numbers and in the Red Data Book of the Archangelsk region (2009) as rare. It is included in protected areas in Russia.

redListAssessors:
Illarionova, I., Mirek, Z. & Piękoś-Mirkowa, H.


taxonomicNotes:
&#The morphological traits do not allow to segregate statistically significant subspecies for this species (Álvarez Fernandez and Nieto Feliner 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
Doronicum plantagineum ssp. tournefortii is  restricted to a small area in south Portugal with an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 200 km². Several threats to the habitat have been described including forest plantations, urbanisation, and natural fires. The species has been described as frequent in the area, but there is no data on population size or trend available and this plant is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Doronicum plantagineum ssp. tournefortii is restricted to a small area in south Portugal. Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is 200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is found at one site only (ICNB pers. comm. 2011).

population:
There is no data on population size or trend available but it has been described as a frequent species in the area (although it is not clear whether this refers to the species or subspecies).

habitat:
It occurs in Quercus rotundifolia forests and on hard calcareous soils. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9340 "Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are forest planting, removal of forest undergrowth, urbanisation, communication networks, and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Doronicum plantagineum ssp. tournefortii is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Erigeron frigidus is listed Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution, with presence confirmed in only two locations an area of occupancy (AOO) of 9 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 17 km². Negative trends have been reported for its distribution range, the extent and quality of its habitat and its population size, which has decreased to 130 individuals. Predation and hybridisation limit the expansion of this species, with low ecological plasticity and a very specific habitat.

range:
Erigeron frigidus is endemic to the highest areas of Sierra Nevada, within the province of Granada, southern Spain (Algarra et al. 2011). It can be found at altitudes between 3,000 and 3,400 m asl. Its presence has been reported in two locations, with an AOO of 9 km² and an EOO of 17 km².

population:
Total population size has been estimated to be 130 individuals (Algarra et al. 2011). Former estimations reported thousands of individuals.

habitat:
This plant occurs in grasslands in the Sierra Nevada. It grows on the scarce soil available between rocks. It tends to appear facing north but can be occasionally found facing other exposition. Frequent accompanying species are Festuca clementei, Biscutella glacialis, Arenaria tetraquetra ssp. amabilis, Leontodon boryi, Chaenorhinum glareosum, Artemisia granatensis, Galium rosellum, Viola crassiuscula, Leucanthemopsis pectinata and Jasione amethystina.

threats:
Main threat is predation by wild goats and, occasionally, by livestock (Algarra et al. 2011). Hybridisation with Erigeron major is also a threat, for this last seems to dominate in competition. Gathering of flowers, trampling and habitat degradation by visitors is frequent, leading to competition phenomena with more aggressive species. It is highly exposed to natural disasters such as droughts, landslides or storms.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red Data Book 2010 (Algarra et al. 2011).It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. It has been object of population monitoring plans and reinforcement measures. Plant material is stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz. Presence of grazing species have to be controlled. Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored # in germplasm banks, for local extinction events could happen. Research about the loss of subpopulations due to hybridisation phenomena.

redListAssessors:
Algarra Ávila, J.A., Blanca, G. & Ruiz Girela, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Eurybia sibirica is found in Norway and northern European Russia. It has been described as fairly common in Russia with a stable population trend. The only potential threat is conversion of its habitat into agricultural land. In Norway, it is known from only one site with individuals that all stem from the same plant and are genetically impoverished. The species needs conservation attention in Norway but is assessed as Least Concern for all of Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
The species is widespread in northern Russia, northern and southern Siberia and northwestern North America (Artdatabanken 2010). In Europe, it is found in Norway at one locality and in Eastern and Northern European Russia   (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In European Russia, it has been reported from Karelia and from some localities in the eastern part. In Norway, the only locality is situated at 690 m asl at lake Aursunden, extremely disjunct from the nearest population in Karelia.It has been introduced in Sweden.

population:
The species is fairly common in northern Russia with a stable population trend. In Norway, the population was down to one single individual in the 1970s and has been re-introduced from material that was derived from this last individual. There are now several thousand individuals but the species is highly genetically impoverished (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Eurybia sibirica is a perennial plant that is found at a sandy lake shore in Norway. In Russia, it inhabits grasslands, forest meadows, forest margins, sandy river banks and slopes, and light forests.

threats:
In Norway, the change of the hydrological regime of the lake in the 1920s led to its habitat being partially inundated which caused the species to disappear apart from one individual. It is now completely conservation dependent.Transformation of its habitat into agricultural land might be a threat in Russia.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered D1 in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010). Re-introduction efforts have been successful at its last remaining site but have been unsuccessful in other sites. The remaining species are highly conservation dependent.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on the use of this plant and the origin of the introduced species in Sweden is unclear.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helichrysum gossypinum is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 13.5 km2. Predation and landslides limit its expansion, as well as occassional anthropogenic factors, such as road improvement works.

range:
This plant is endemic to Lanzarote, the Canary Islands (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It can be found distributed throughout six subpopulations: El Jurado,  Riscos de Famara, Barranco del Cuchillo, Barranco de Chafarís, Ladera de  Tenegüime and Malpaís del Sobaco. Its area of occupancy is 13.5 km2 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Population has been estimated in 7,076 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The trend is unknown but believed to present certain stability (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). One subpopulation is fragmented.

habitat:
This species ocurrs in ridges, cliffs and slopes of ravines, within rupicolous communities such as  Soncho-Aeonion (Commission of the European Communities 2009), Reichardio famarae-Helichrysetum gossypini and Aeonietum lancerotensis (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

threats:
Threats for the species are predation on seedlings and accessible individuals. Landslides also affect the species and its habitat has been reported to be geologically instable. Road construction or improvement works have been as well reported as negative factors.Hybridisation with Helichrysum monogynum is also a threat (Reyes-Betancort and Léon Arencibia 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain.   It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The subpopulations occur within the protected areas Paisaje Protegido de La Geria, Paisaje Protegido Barranco de Tenegüime and Parque Natural Archipiélago Chinijo. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo.

redListAssessors:
Reyes Betancort, J.A. & Santos Guerra, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Only one subpopulation of a few thousand individuals remains on Gozo and Fungus rock, covering an area of less than 25 km². While the numbers of individuals growing on the inaccessible cliffs seem to be stable, there is a decline on the more accessible plateau.

range:
This species is restricted to the western cliffs of the island of Gozo and Fungus Rock Nature Reserve. It is probably extinct on the island of Malta.

population:
Only one subpopulation of a few thousand individuals remains.

habitat:
H. melitense has a patchy distribution and mainly grows on intact limestone coastal cliffs and scree, preferring full sun. Occasionally it may also be found along the more accessible plateau on top of the cliffs.  This low shrub is very ornamental and could be cultivated. Several other Helichrysum species are used to cure asthma and rheumatism, but there is no evidence of this species being used for medicinal purposes.

threats:
Cliff habitats are endangered or have already collapsed due to pressure waves from the explosions of nearby limestone quarrying. To a lesser extent, dust from the quarries may also pose a threat. Regeneration of this species is low, possibly due to insects eating the seeds, which jeopardizes the re-establishment of this species where it was once found. Introduced alien plant species pose serious problems, especially Opuntia ficus-indica, Agave americana and Carpobrotus edulis, which are colonizing the cliffs.  Urbanization and tourism are dramatically increasing in this species' habitat on the plateau. Other threats include wild collection for ornamental purposes as well as the recent construction of kiosks and boat-houses near the shore.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Internationally this species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive since Malta’s EU adhesion in May 2004. On the national level, it is protected by the Flora and Fauna Protection Regulations of 1993. Part of the cliffs of Gozo is protected locally as Special Areas of Conservation. Fungus Rock ((il-Gebla tal-General) is a Strict Nature Reserve. Access is forbidden, valid scientific reasons excepted.  In situ: An action plan for this species has been drafted by the Environment Protection Directorate of Malta. The species as well as parts of its habitat are locally protected by Malta’s Environment Protection Act and Development Planning Act, which for instance restricts planting of certain alien species in certain zones. A management plan is being drafted for a key site for this species, namely the Qawra-Dwejra Special Area of Conservation on western Gozo.  Ex situ: Some cuttings collected from Dwejra (western Gozo) were planted at the University of Malta’s botanical garden for ex situ conservation and ornamental purposes. H. melitense has been propagated at the Plant Biotechnology Centre, using micropropagation techniques as part of a joint research programme with the Department of Biology of the University of Malta.  Actions Needed Legal protection of all those parts of the cliffs on Gozo supporting the species is desirable. Legal protection (e.g. against illegal dumping) must be strengthened to protect this species and its habitat. A management plan for the western cliffs on Gozo is needed and it should include the requirements of Natura 2000, to attain sustainable tourism in the area. Efforts should be made to re-introduce the species on the main island of Malta, and ex situ propagation for ornamental purposes should be encouraged. More studies are needed to monitor the decline of the specimens on the plateau.


redListCategoryRationale:
Helichrysum monogynum is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy is 8 km², all individuals occur in three locations and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining due to urbanisation and recreational activities.

range:
This plant is endemic to the northeast of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 40 to 575 m asl, distributed into three locations: la Florida, Las Nieves and Montaña Cavera. The area of occupancy is between 3.5 and 8 km² (Santana and Naranjo 2004). Progressive trends observed for its distribution seem to be due to better monitoring methods (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Total population has been estimated in 64,423 individuals (Santana and Naranjo 2004). Reported increasing populations trends seem to be due to better monitoring methods (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
Helichrysum monogynum is a small shrub that occurs within xerophytic communities, on lava-fields and sandy areas near the coast as well as in more developed soils on the highest areas of the island of Lanzarote. It has nitrophilous preferences, colonizing abandoned crop fields and edges of paths and roads. Frequent accompanying species are Aeonium lancerottense, Helianthemum canariense, Launaea arborescens, Kleinia neriifolia, Sonchus pinnatifidus, Asteriscus intermedius, Spergularia fimbriata, Scilla latifolia, Euphorbia regis-juba, Chenoleoides tomentosa, Salsola vermiculata, Heliotropium bacciferum, Lotus lancerotens and Policarpea nievea.It is a hermaphrodite species which seems to present low rates of germination.

threats:
Anthropization is an important threat to this species for all populations are in areas of easy access, close to urban areas, roads and fields, furthermore, works to expand or modify these would affect the species. Predation by grazing animals poses a further threat. The subpopulation of Montaña Cavera, suffers from degradation by 4x4 vehicles that are frequent in the area (Santana and Naranjo 2004).

conservationAction:
Helichrysum monogynum is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as EN B2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Its populations occur within the protected areas Parque Natural Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) and Paisaje Protegido de La Geria. Tracks created through the range of distribution of the species should be eliminated and restored.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hymenostemma pseudoanthemis is endemic to Andalucía in Spain and has been reported to have a restricted distribution. The number of locations, area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are not known. Neither is the population size but populations have been described as stable. Urbanisation, grazing, recreational activities, forest exploitation and changes in land use from forest to agriculture, affect this species and its habitat. It is listed as Vulnerable in the national red list but must be marked as Data Deficient here due to the lack of information.

range:
This plant is endemic to Andalucía, Spain, according to Blanca et al. (2000); # it was also reported to be present in Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010), but its presence there has been ruled out. It occurs in the province of Cádiz, in the regions of Campiña Baja, Grazalema and Algeciras; and in the province of Málaga, in Parque de los Alcornocales and Serranía de Ronda. It tends to form extense subpopulations.

population:
The population trend has been reported to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). #

habitat:
This species occurs in acid sandy soils, in clearings within forests of Quercus suber and Quercus suber-Olea europaea var. sylvestris. It can also be found in areas dominated by Olea europaea and clearings in plantations of Pinus sp. within areas of potential distribution of Quercus suber. It is characteristic of the association Anthyllido hamosae-Malcolmion lacerae, growing along with species such as Hymenostemma pseudoanthemis, Arenaria emarginata, Malcolmia lacera, Anthyllis hamosa, Ornithopus sativus ssp. isthmocarpus, Hippocrepis salzmannii, Ononis broterana, Loeflingia baetica, Erodium aethiopicum and Rumex bucephalophorus.

threats:
Grazing, urbanisation and the establishment of sport and leisure structures have been considered as threats to this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The exploitation of the forest where the species occurs and changes in land use from forest to agriculture, have been also reported as threats (Blanca et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as Hymenostemma pseudoanthemis in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), classed VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Malta. The lack of information on the overall population size and trend, number of locations, area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, makes this species Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Hyoseris frutescens is native to Malta. The species is very rare on the island of Malta, where it is apparently confined to a limited area in the northwest. It does not occur on the island of Comino, but is found in the islet of Ħaġret il-Ġeneral and is widespread in Gozo, where it is found throughout the northern, western and southern coastal areas from Xwejni to Mġarr ix-Xini and occasionally elsewhere. The geographic range for this species is 29 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Hyoseris frutescens forms part of coastal cliff communities, garrigue, phrygana, cliff-top plateaus, and is found along low-lying coastal areas in some parts of Gozo. It can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Although the populations are overall stable, selected areas are susceptible to human-induced disturbance, land reclamation and invasion by alien species. The dynamics of this species in Gozo appear to be rather stable, and variations depend on habitat modification. It is however vulnerable on the island of Malta, due to its rarity and very localised distribution   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Hyoseris frutescens is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Information on the overall population size and trend, number of locations, area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are needed.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on potential uses available.


redListCategoryRationale:
Hypochaeris oligocephala is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 1 km² and all individuals occur in a single subpopulation. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been observed mainly due to landslides. The quality of  its habitat is declining due to nearby roads.

range:
Hypochaeris oligocephala is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio and Wildpret de la Torre 2004). It is located exclusively in the northwest, in El Fraile, Buenavista, on cliffs among the oldest of the island. Its area of occupancy is 1 km².

population:
The population is more or less stable, sheltered in areas out of reach of grazing species. The single population holds 1,330 individuals (Martín Osorio and Wildpret de la Torre 2004). Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been observed mainly due to landslides.

habitat:
This plant is a chasmo-comophyte that grows in fissures of humid and shaded basaltic cliffs, with water coming from sporadic streams. It is also found in the shade. The most common accompanying species include: Sonchus radicatus, Aeonium tabulaeforme, Vieira laevigata, Brachypodium arbuscula, Argyranthemum coronopifolium, Tolpis crassiuscula, Frankenia ericifolia, Limonium pectinatum, Lotus mascaensis, Cheirolophus canariensis and Monanthes laxiflora. The mechanism of dispersal of this species is through wind and vegetatively through a small rhizom.

threats:
Given the immediate proximity of the existing population to roads, it is affected by traffic, road repairs and the creation of new communication networks. Landslides have been also described as threats.Volcanic activity is a potential threat to this species.

conservationAction:
Hypochaeris oligocephala is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed as CR B2ab(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI). There are seeds deposited in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Monitoring and research about the biology of the species are recommended.

redListAssessors:
Martín Osorio, V.E. & Wildpret de la Torre, W.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Jurinea cyanoides has a  disjunctive range in Europe, extending from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine into Asia, but with isolated localities in Czech Republic and Germany. As the species is classed as Least Concern in Russia, it is assessed as Least Concern for all Europe.In the EU 27, the species is found at only one locality in Czech Republic and at around 40 localities in Germany. The population is declining in both countries. The main threats are posed by succession, replanting of forest,  construction, quarrying or tourism development, unsuitable forest management, eutrophication and invasive species. However, the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are above the threshold for Vulnerable and the rate of decline is unlikely to reach 30%. It is therefore listed as Least Concern but the localities should be monitored and protected.

range:
Jurinea cyanoides has a disjunctive natural range extending from Europe, to Asia (western Siberia) and the Caucasus. In Europe, it grows mainly in eastern Europe, i.e. Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, with isolated localities in Central Europe, i.e. Czech Republic and Germany. In Ukraine, it occurs in the lowland part from the deciduous and mixed forest zone (Polesian lowland) to the forest-steppe to the steppe zone.In Germany, it is found in the federal estates Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Brandenburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, and Sachsen-Anhalt (Beil and Zehm 2009).

population:
The species has been recorded in 40 localities in Germany   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In the Czech Republic, it occurred at around 30 localities along the river Elbe (Čeřovský et al. 1999), now it only grows in one locality. The populations are declining in both countries. In Ukraine, the density of populations is low with only 10-20 individuals in 100 m².

habitat:
Jurinea cyanoides occurs in sand and shallow soil grasslands   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It grows in dry grassland, light dry pine forests, in sandy and stony steppes, in limestone and chalk slopes and prefers acid conditions. The plant is found among species of the Koelerio-Corynephoretea class (Klotz et al. 2002). It is very restricted to poor sandy grasslands in Central Europe whereas it can occur on a wider variety of soil types in Russia (Beil and Zehm 2009).

threats:
In Ukraine, the main threats are planting of forest in sands and steppes and cutting of the forest where the species occurs.In Germany, competition with and overgrowth by native species due to either the abandonment of agricultural activities or eutrophication are the main threats. Habitat loss due to replanting of forest, construction, quarrying or tourism development are furthermore threatening the species (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008). Unsuitable forest management is also the main threat in the Czech Republic, as well as eutrophication and invasive species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).      It is categorized as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic, the species is classed as Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000). In Germany, it is listed as Endangered (level 2) in the national Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).It is protected in the Kanivskij, Luganskij, Dniprovsko-Orilskij reserves, Desnansko-Starogutskij national park, Nyznjo-Vorsklanskil and Sejmskij regional landscape parks in Ukraine.Protection of the sites in Germany is recommended accompanied by conservation measures to keep succession at bay (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Jurinea fontqueri is listed as Critically Endangered because a population reduction of 80% is suspected to be met in the future. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is very small and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 1 km².   All individuals are in a single subpopulation and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
This plant is endemic to the province of Jaén in Spain and more specifically to the Sierra Mágina. Its EOO is 2 km² and its AOO has been reported to be 1 km² (Gutiérrez et al. 2004).

population:
The only known population is severely fragmented in two nuclei that are less than 1 km apart. Dispersion is hindered by the high habitat specificity and the difficulties in dispersal. Total population has been estimated to be 2,231 individuals (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). A population reduction of 80% is suspected to be met in the future.

habitat:
This species lives in rocky areas with steep slopes over calcareous substrates. Although present in gler, its highest density is observed in the circumference of these, where the substrate is more stable. The domain corresponds to Juniperus sabina series (Daphno oleoidis-Pineto sylvestris S.), coexisting with other unique endemic species such as Crepis granatensis, Platycapnos saxicola, Vicia glauca ssp. giennense, Andryala agardhii, Arenaria alfacarensis, Mauranthemum arundanum, Erysimum popovii, Saxifraga erioblasta. Also present are Hormathophylla spinosa, Vella spinosa, Erodium cheilanthifolium, Ononis aragonensis, Arenaria grandiflora, Ranunculus ficaria, Erinacea anthyllis, Silene boryi.The strong rhizomes, represent a successful adaptive type of substrate (gravel and relatively mobile) in which it survives.Between 60-70% of individuals flower from the second year, predominantly in June. Pollinated by Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. 13% of the pollen is sterile and deformed, 83% have normal morphology but are sterile and only 4% are apparently viable. Only 35% of the flowers produce viable fruit.

threats:
The main threat is grazing by and the passage of livestock, which is abundant in the area, causing severe habitat fragmentation and uprooting many individuals. Nitrification occurs in the substrate and the invasion by nitrophilous species, better adapted to the area, is a further threat. The expansion of the species is practically prevented, due to low adaptability and low dispersion. The species is weak because of its poor ecological flexibility.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as CR A3bc; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural Sierra de Magina, proposed SCI. There is a fenced area in this park protecting the species which has observed a remarkable recovery since its establishment. There have been experiences of propagation and reintroduction. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma de Vadillo-Castril (Sierra de Cazorla, Jaén) and Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz.

redListAssessors:
Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Blanca, G., Luque Moreno, P. & Benavente, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is endemic to mountain ranges in Europe. The area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and number of individuals are too high to fall under any of the threatened thresholds. However, the populations are small and declining in most of its range and several threats have been reported: abandonment of grassland and subsequent vegetation  succession, intensification of agriculture, overgrazing, modification of agricultural practices, and locally urbanisation. Therefore, this species is classed as Data Deficient as it has been marked as threatened in several national red lists and more information on the overall rate of population decline within three generations is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.

range:
This species is endemic to mountain ranges in Europe (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It extends from the southern Alps in France to central, eastern and southern European Russia southwards into the Balkans.

population:
In France, it is found in 15 communes, with more than 50,000 individuals estimated in half the populations. The populations are declining.In Slovenia, there are small populations. In Hungary, it is found in the lower mountains at no more than ten localities. The populations are assumed to be stable.The Czech Republic counts with roughly 10,000 individuals, between 50 and several thousand individuals at a locality. In Austria, there are four to five localities some of which at least host stable populations (e.g. Unsheimerberg).In Moldova, there are only few populations in the northern part of the Prut river basin (Gejdeman 1986). In Ukraine, it grows mainly in the eastern part of the lesosteppe (forest steppe) and steppe zones (Charkivska, Donecka Luganska regions) and is rare in the central part of these # zones (Vinnicka, Odeska, Kirovogradska, Sumska, Chernigivska, Poltavska regions). There are a few small isolated populations in the Rogatinskij district, Ivano-Frankivska regions (Podolian upland).From the middle of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century  the species was found in the surroundings of Bratislava, Slovakia in the  Záhorie region (meadows in the Morava floodplain area, Gbely), in the  Biele Karpaty Mts (Žalostiná hill near Vrbovce) and in the surroundings  of Nitra (Zobor hill, Veľký Lapáš, Komjatice). Since then the occurrence  on these localities has not been confirmed and the species was  considered absent from Slovakia. In 1999, a rather small Hungarian  Saw-wort population was rediscovered on Žalostiná hill in the Biele  Karpaty Mts, not far from the border with the Czech Republic. This  occurrence is related to recent sites on the Moravian side of the  mountain in the vicinity of the villages Radějov, Malá Vrbka and Suchov  (nowadays there are nine sites in southern Moravia). In Slovakia  the population size ranges from c. 50 to 500 individuals (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
This species is found in semi-dry grassland, forest edges, scrubs, dry oak woods, alpine meadows. It often grows on calcareous sand stone. In Slovakia the species is turning sometimes to wet habitats of fen character, on loess or calcareous sandstones, in lowland to hilly areas (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of grassland and subsequent vegetation succession and habitat closure, intensification of agriculture and cultivation (including the use of fertilisers), overgrazing, and modification of agricultural practices such as mowing too early in the season. Urbanisation has been noted as a local threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Serratula lycopifolia.In France, it is protected at national level and legally protected in Romania. In Austria, it is protected in Niederösterreich and found in a conservation area. It is also protected in Slovenia and classed as Endangered. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, it is listed as Critically Endangered, protected, and found in protected areas. All the Hungarian sites are protected and in Natura 2000 areas, and the species is listed as Endangered. Croatia lists it as Data Deficient and it is classed Vulnerable in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Slovakia, all localities are protected in a Natura 2000 site (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is categorized as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). It is recommended to manage the species sites, for example, the timing of mowing as this is important for the reproduction.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This plant is endemic to the East European Russian plain. It is only recorded from three  sites in the Ukraine and in Russia,  the populations are isolated and very small. The population trend is not known. There is no information on the threats in Ukraine available but in Russia, the subspecies suffers from habitat loss and degradation. The main causes are extraction of lime,  infrastructure development, agriculture, grazing, recreational  activities, and fires. There is not enough information on population size and trend, area of occupancy, number of locations, and the rate of decline and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. However, the subspecies is classed as endangered in Russia and more information might show that it belongs into a threatened category in this Red List.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This plant is endemic to the East European Russian plain. It grows in the basins of Siversij Donec and lower Don rivers. In Ukraine, it occurs in the extreme east in the basin of the Kaminka river, Luganska region.

population:
It is only recorded from three sites in the Ukraine and the population trend is not known. In Russia, the populations are isolated and very small.

habitat:
This perennial herb flowers from May-July, and fruits in August-September. It grows on limestone soil or lime rocks, and dry chalk slopes in the ecotone between communities of Festuco-Brometea and Helianthemo-Thymetea classis.

threats:
There is no information on the threats in Ukraine available.In Russia, habitat loss and degradation caused by the extraction of lime, infrastructure development, agriculture, grazing, recreational activities, grassland fires, and low competitiveness, are the main threats.

conservationAction:
Klasea radiata ssp. tanaitica is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Rare, is protected in the Luganskij reserve (department Strilcivskij steppe) and in Strilcivka zakaznik. Ex situ protection measures are being carried out in Doneckij botanical garden.This subspecies is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Bardunow and Novikov 2008) and in regional Red Data Books as an endangered species.

useAndTrade:
It might be used for decorative purposes.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca acanthifolia (Willd.) Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lactuca acanthifolia has a relatively restricted distribution range in Europe, but the population size and trend are not known. It is therefore regionally assessed as Data Deficient. Research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as the in situ conservation status of this species. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

range:
It occurs in southeast Europe (Greece) and western Asia (Turkey) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Greece, the species occurs on the mainland, in Crete and the East Aegean Islands (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). It is found from 3–1,170 m (Feráková 1977).

habitat:
This perennial species grows on south, north and southeastern exposed calcareous slopes, and has been found in Cretan gorges (Feráková 1977, Polunin 1980).

threats:
Development for tourism may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. acanthifolia are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as the in situ conservation status of this species.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca alpestris (Gand.) Rech. f. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca alpestris is restricted to the Ida mountains in Crete. It occurs in a vulnerable area with grazing being a potential threat but the size and trend of the population is currently not known. It is therefore precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened and should be re-assessed once more data on the population and potential threats have been collected.

range:
L. alpestris is endemic to the Ida mountains in Crete (Feráková 1977).

habitat:
This species is occurs mainly in the high mountain massifs of Crete above 900 m (rarely descending to 100 m asl) and grows on rocky slopes, in dwarf shrub communities, calcareous garrigue, scree and rubble (Fielding and Turland 2005). Feráková (1977) noted that this species can often be found growing at altitudes of up to 2,500 m asl.

threats:
The area in which this species grows is already degraded and overgrazing might pose a threat. As this species mainly grows at high altitudes, climate change may impact it in the future.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. alpestris are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010); however, two accessions are known to be stored in the genebank of the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  The area in which this species grows is protected. Population monitoring is recommended.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca alpina (L.) A. Gray is a wild relative of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca alpina is widely distributed in Europe where it is common in its preferred habitats and not known to face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. alpina is native to parts of northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Finland: occurs in the central-northern part of the country.Italy: present in the north.Spain: has a restricted range due to its habitat preference.France: found in 20 departments in the east and the departments of   Pyrénées-Atlantiques,   Ariège, Aude and   Pyrénées Orientales in the south/southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).UK: occurs at only five localities, four of which occur together in central/eastern Scotland and one of which is found in northern England (although this latter occurrence is recorded as alien) (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species is common in its preferred habitat.

habitat:
It is often found in shady grasslands, open woodlands in the mountains and along water courses, occurring in rich fens and alpine wetland in Finland. In the UK it prefers moist, north-facing acidic rocks, where there is usually late snow-lie, growing between 700 m in Glen Doll to 1,090 m on Lochnagar  (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.   No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
L. alpina is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca aurea (Vis. & Pančić) Stebbins is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca aurea is widespread in southeastern Europe and although it is Endangered in Romania, it is known to be widespread in Bulgaria and northern Greece and does not face any major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs. Monitoring of populations within existing protected areas would also be beneficial.

range:
This species is found in southeastern Europe (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Bulgaria it has been found in the central region (Vitosha mountains) and on the Kalofer, Osogov and Strandzha plateaus (Feráková 1977). Băile Herculane in Banat is the only known location of this species in Romania (Feráková 1977). It grows at altitudes of up to 1,700 m # (Feráková 1977).

population:
It is widespread in Bulgaria and Greece, but has extremely small populations (of only a few individuals) in the south of Mehedinti mountains in Romania. The overall population trend is stable.

habitat:
It grows in montane and subalpine habitats, preferring stony slopes, wood clearing and calcareous soils. It is found in shrub and forest habitats, on moderately wet soils.

conservationAction:
L. aurea is listed as Endangered in the Red List of Romania (S. Strajeru pers. comm. 2010). # It is known to occur in protected areas in some countries—it is recommended that monitoring of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites. Further research is needed into its distribution.No germplasm accessions of L. aurea are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca cyprica (Rech. f.) N. Kilian & Greuter is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca cyprica is endemic to Cyprus where it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 1,500 km2. It has been recorded at more than five localities and is locally common. Although its habitat does not face any immediate major threats, an increase in fire frequency and intensity is cause for concern, as well as climate change (because the species grows at high altitude). It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as a precautionary measure.

range:
L. cyprica is endemic to Cyprus where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 1,500 km2.

habitat:
It occurs on shady mountain sides or stream sides, under pines, cedars or junipers; usually at high altitudes.

threats:
There are no major threats known; however, climate change might have a notable impact on this species as it grows at high altitudes. An increase in fire intensity and frequency might also have a negative impact.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. cyprica are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
L. hispida DC. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lactuca hispida is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
L. hispida is native to the countries surrounding the Black Sea in southeastern Europe and west Asia (Greuter 2006–2009).

population:
This is a rare species in Romania. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows in forest clearings and margins.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. hispida are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed on the precise distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ conservation status.

useAndTrade:
L. hispida is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Maxted, N.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca intricata Boiss. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca intricata is relatively widespread in Greece and no specific direct threats are known. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
L. intricata is found in southeastern Europe (Greece and Albania) and western Asia (Turkey) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Greece, it is found in northern and central areas. It can reach altitudes of 2,000–2,400 m (Feráková 1977).

habitat:
It grows on limestone slopes and screes, in montane and subalpine habitats (Feráková 1977).

threats:
There are no known specific threats to this species .

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of L. intricata stored in the genebank of the Millennium Seed Bank Project, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, UK; however, the accession is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin or to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species. It occurs in protected areas in the Parnassos Mountains, Greece. It is recommended that monitoring of this species is incorporated into the management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca longidentata Moris ex DC. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca longidentata is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30 years ago. However, it was listed as Low Risk by Conti et al. (1997). To reassess this species, information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
L. longidentata is endemic to central and northeastern Sardinia (Feráková 1977).

habitat:
L. longidentata is a calciphilous species, preferring shady limestone rocks and a humid climate in canyons and northwest facing slopes (Feráková 1977).

conservationAction:
L. longidentata was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk). Conti et al. (1997) listed it as Low Risk.No germplasm accessions of L. longidentata are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca macrophylla (Willd.) A. Gray is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. One subspecies is native to Europe: L. macrophylla ssp. uralensis (Rouy) N. Kilian & Greuter (Greuter 2006–2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Lactuca macrophylla is regionally assessed as Data Deficient due to a current lack of information on its distribution, habitat, population size and trend in European Russia, as well as potential threats. A detailed review of the status of this species is required before evaluation against the Red List criteria. It is not reported by EURISCO to be conserved ex situ; therefore, it is likely that germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be made a priority unless collections are found.     It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to central and eastern European Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Greuter 2006–2009). This species has been widely introduced to Europe where it has become naturalized.

population:
There is no information available about the European population of this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. macrophylla are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary. Research on the distribution, habitat, population size and trend, as well as potential threats is needed.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertn. is a wild relative of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca muralis is regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is widely distributed throughout Europe and is common and widespread in many countries. It grows in a range of habitat types from lowlands to high altitudes and does not currently face any significant threats that would affect the European subpopulation as a whole.

range:
L. muralis is native to and distributed widely throughout Europe, west to Turkey and the Caucasus, and is also native to north Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) (Greuter 2006–2009).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Finland: occurs in the southern and south-central part of the country. #Germany: widespread across the whole country (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Hungary: frequent in the North Hungarian Mountains and Transdanubia, and sporadic in the Great Hungarian Plain (Little Alföld, Danube region, Danube-Tisza region:Monor, Pilis, Tiszántúl region: along the Tisza River, Szarvas, Nyírség, Dráva-sík)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Norway: present in the south, up to Nordland county.France: widespread; known to occur in all departments with the exception of Gers (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: widespread throughout the majority of England and Wales; however, its distribution is patchy across Scotland (Preston et al. 2002). There are 19 localities in which this species occurs in Northern Ireland; however, they are all recorded as alien (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: infrequent in central and southern parts of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
Knowledge of the European subpopulations of this species is as follows:Great Britain: according to Preston et al. (2002), the distribution of this taxon has remained largely unchanged since the 1962 Atlas was published.Netherlands: before and after 1950 the species occurred in 176 hour-squares (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) reported that the species is present in 301–1,000 km2. The species does not show any decline in the Netherlands. #Slovakia: a common species (Dostál and Červenka1992).Germany: common and widespread (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Norway: quite common (Å. Asdal pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species grows in forests, along water courses and in     secondary habitats, from lowland to high altitude.It has been reported nationally to grow in the following specific habitats:Finland: shady herb-rich forests and rocky sites as well as springs.Germany: eutrophic sites, acidic forests, open woodland.Hungary: beech and hornbeam woodlands and dry oak forests (Quercetum petraeae-cerris), Querco-Fagetea species   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It grows in a range of soil types but favours nitrogen enriched, fresh, loose loam and sandy soils.Great Britain: shaded walls, rocky outcrops, hedge banks, in woodland, wood margins and scrub (Preston et al. 2002). It prefers chalk and limestone but has also been found to grow on acidic rocks (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: pioneer vegetation, humid walls, forests and shrubwoods with a moderately fertile soil, which can be weakly basic or acid (Tamis et al. 2003).

threats:
It is threatened in some localities by building work and reconstruction/restoration of historic sites.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat/conservation status of L. muralis is as follows:Denmark: Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Hungary: not protected   (Király 2007).Finland: nationally classified as Least Concern (LC), but considered as Regionally Threatened (RT) within its  northernmost region of occurrence.Germany: it is not threatened and not protected (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Netherlands: Least Concern (LC) (Mennema et al. 1985).No germplasm accessions of L. muralis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. muralis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca palmensis Bolle is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
The population of Lactuca palmensis is thought to be increasing, mainly due to the eradication of goats. Although it is still affected by some grazing pressure, as well as road and building construction, it is not thought that these pressures pose a significant threat to the population in the foreseeable future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. palmensis is endemic to La Palma (Greuter 2006–2009) where it can be found in the high mountain areas of the north and south (Caldera de Taburiente and Cumbre Vieja).

population:
It is common and widespread throughout the north of the island where it occurs as two isolated subpopulations. The population is increasing due to the eradication of goats.

habitat:
It grows in shrubland above the tree line and in open areas of the upper limit of the pine forest in communities dominated by Adenocarpus viscosus. This habitat is common in the north of the island and less common in the south where the species tends to grow in open areas caused by past volcanic activity and in open areas of the pine forest.

threats:
The species is threatened by grazing by the introduced Arrui, feral goats and rabbits. It is also affected by the construction of new roads and construction works for astronomical research.

conservationAction:
L. palmensis occurs in the National and Natural Park on La Palma.EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of L. palmensis which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. palmensis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca pancicii (Vis.) N. Kilian & Greuter is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. It is closely related to L. plumieri (L.) Gren. & Godr. (syn. Cicerbita plumieri (L.) Kirschl., Mulgedium plumieri (L.) DC.) and L. alpina (L.) A. Gray (syn. Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr., Mulgedium alpinum (L) Less.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lactuca pancicii is assessed as Least Concern because subpopulations in Serbia and Montenegro are described as 'abundant', it is thought that overall the population trend is stable in these countries, no major threats have been observed and the majority of these subpopulations are situated inside of national parks. However, in some countries it is rare (e.g., Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria and Rare in Bosnia and Herzegovina.In the EU, this species only occurs in Greece and Bulgaria. It is assessed as Data Deficient because further information is needed for the subpopulations in these countries. However, based on current knowledge, it is likely to be threatened as it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria and is known only from a single locality in Greece.A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required.

range:
L. pancicii is endemic to the west and central part of the Balkan region, where it is distributed from central Bosnia through the east and southeast Dinaric Alps in east Bosnia, north Montenegro, west and southwest Serbia and north Albania, to north and west  Macedonia. Isolated sites are located in west  Bulgaria (Mt. Rila) and northwest Greece (south Pindhos, Mt. Tsoumerka) (Stevanović et al. 2010).

population:
Subpopulations in Serbia are known at more than five localities on Mt. Tara, Mt. Prokletije, Mt. Šarplanina and Mt. Kopaonik. Plants are abundant in these subpopulations and they are stable. Plants are also abundant in subpopulations in north Montenegro (Mt. Durmitor and surrounding gorges and canyons).

habitat:
This species inhabits tall herbaceous vegetation (Adenostyletalia) in wet places and along streams, mainly in gorges and canyons from 500 m reaching the lower alpine zone up to a maximum altitude of 2,100 m. It is also found on the edges of mixed deciduous and conifer forests in the lower alpine zone. It favours limestone rather than siliceous bedrock.

threats:
No threats to this species have been observed in the field.

conservationAction:
The majority of subpopulations in Serbia and Montenegro are situated inside of national parks.No germplasm accessions of L. pancicii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Serbia: it is estimated as LR cd (Stevanović in prep.).Macedonia: it is very rare but its threat status has not been evaluated.Montenegro: its threat status has not been evaluated but it is probably Least Concern.Bosnia and Herzegovina: Vulnerable (VU) (Šilić 1996).Bulgaria: it is evaluated by D. Dimitrova as CR B2c(i,ii,iv) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).Greece: it is known from a single locality on Mt. Tsoumerka. It is probably Vulnerable or Endangered, but additional information from Greek experts is needed. It is not mentioned in the 2010 Red Data  #Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece (Phitos et al. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca perennis L. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Lactuca perennis is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
L. perennis is native to parts of central, eastern, southeastern and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of the national distribution of this species is as follows:Slovakia: scattered across the whole country except for the northern-most regions (Dostál and Červenka 1992).Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Holub and Procházka 2000).Hungary: North Hungarian Mountains (Gömör-Torna Karst region, Sátor mountain, Bükk-mountain, Mátra mountain, Karancs, Cserhát mountain), Transdanubian Mountains (Visegrád-mountain, Pilis-mountain, Buda-mountain, Gerecse-mountain, Velence-mountain, Várpalota) and Western Transdanubia (Sopron)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: widespread; occurs in the majority of departments except for nine departments to the northwest, Haut-Rhin and   Territoire de Belfort to the east, Creuse and Haute-Vienne in central France, Landes and Gers in the southwest, and Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
The population trend in Slovakia is stable (P. Eliáš pers. comm. 2010) and is thought to be decreasing in Germany (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
L. perennis grows in lowland to subalpine habitats, preferring calcium rich habitats such as rocky limestone slopes and long warm vegetative periods (Feráková 1977, Lebeda et al. 2004). It can also be found in sunny exposed areas and grassy slopes and vineyards (Polunin 1969, Feráková 1977), as well as dry oak forests, eutrophic ruderal sites, semi-dry meadows and pastures. Specifically, in Hungary, it grows in rocky grasslands (Seslerio-Festucetum pallentis), rocky steppes, sloped steppes and # forest steppe meadows   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
It is under threat in Europe due to the destruction of its natural habitats (Lebeda et al. 2004). The specific threats are however not known.

conservationAction:
L. perennis is listed as Lower Risk (LR) in Slovakia (Feráková et al. 2001). It is not protected in Hungary   (Király 2007).L. perennis ssp. granatensis Charpin   Fern. Casas is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain (Moreno 2008).The species is known to occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 33 germplasm accessions of L. perennis held in European genebanks, 27 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 12 originate from within Europe. Three of these originate from France (stored in Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands Plant Research International, Netherlands), six originate from Germany (stored in Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany) and three originate from Switzerland (two of which are stored in Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands Plant Research International, Netherlands and one is stored in Genebank Department - Vegetable Section Olomouc, RICP Prague, Czech Republic) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. perennis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca plumieri (L.) Gren. & Godr. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Lactuca plumieri is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
L. plumieri is native to the Alps and Pyrenees, with an isolated occurrence in  Bulgaria—a reported occurrence of the species in FYR Macedonia has been mistakenly identified and actually refers to  L. pancicii (V. Stevanović pers. comm 2010). The species has been introduced to other parts of Europe, where it has become naturalized.In France, L. plumieri (recorded as syn. Cicerbita plumieri)  occurs in departments to the southwest, south and centre of the country  as well as the departments of Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin, Vosges and    Territoire de Belfort to the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). The taxon only occurs at one locality in the southwest of Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).

habitat:
It grows in open forests, mountain shrublands and eutrophic slopes of open woodland.

conservationAction:
L. plumieri has been evaluated by D.  Dimitrova as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). In France, the taxon (recorded as syn. Cicerbita plumieri) is protected in the central region of Limousin (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).No germplasm accessions of L. plumieri are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. plumieri is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca quercina L. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). One subspecies is native to Europe: L. quercina ssp. wilhemsiana (DC.) Feráková (Greuter 2006–2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lactuca quercina is widely distributed in Europe and although it occurs in small subpopulations in Slovakia and Hungary, the population trend is reported to be stable in these countries. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is however listed as a threatened species in the Czech Republic and is potentially threatened by deforestation; therefore, national level population and habitat monitoring is needed. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
L. quercina is native to Europe, as well as to western Asia, the Caucasus and the Indian Subcontinent (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:    Slovakia. occurs mainly in lowland and hilly regions of the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992).Hungary: present in the Hungarian Mountains, Western Transdanubia and the Great Hungarian Plain.Italy: found in four regions in northern Italy.France: confined to the departments of   Puy-de-Dôme and   Haute-Loire in central France and Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the southeast of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
In Slovakia and Hungary this species occurs in small subpopulations of few individuals but the population trend is stable. It is also stable and relatively common in Romania. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
L. quercina is a lowland woodland plant of semi-dry, fertile soils, although it exists on calciferous soils in the northern-most part of its distribution (Feráková 1977). It is most often found in forest clearings and scrub habitats, and due to its ability to survive on nitrogen rich soils, can often be found around human habitations (Feráková 1977). It is found most frequently between 0–700 m in central Europe; however, the highest altitudes are found in the Caucasus (1,800 m) (Lebeda et al. 2004). #In Slovakia it occurs mainly in lowland and hilly regions (Dostál and Červenka 1992).

threats:
A potential threat to this species is habitat destruction by deforestation (for timber and human expansion).

conservationAction:
According to Feráková et al. (2001), L. quercina is evaluated in the Lower Risk (LR) category in Slovakia. In the Czech Republic this species is listed as Vulnerable (Holub and Procházka 2000).EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of L. quercina held in European genebanks, six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only two originate from within Europe (Hungary). These are stored in the gene banks of Plant Research International, Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands and Vegetable Section Olomouc, RICP Prague (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. quercina is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.

redListAssessors:
Donnini, D., Vörösváry, G., Branca, F., Holubec, V., Strajeru, S., Uzundzhalieva, K. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca saligna L. is a secondary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca saligna is widely distributed across Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is rare throughout much of its native range, faces a number of potential threats, is in decline in some countries, and is nationally threatened in several nations. Therefore, national level population monitoring is needed, as well as a review of its in situ conservation status. Ex situ collections would benefit from the addition of germplasm from a wider range of subpopulations.

range:
L. saligna is native to northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: distributed in lowlands throughout the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992).Portugal: found in the centre-west and centre-south.France: widespread—its occurrence is recorded in the majority of departments throughout the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  UK: confined to East Anglia and the southeast of England (Preston et al. 2002). It is also recorded to occur along the Severn Estuary in both England and Wales and in two localities in the southwest of England—however, these occurrences are recorded as alien (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: extinct, but grew formerly in the southwest of the country (Tamis et al. 2003).

population:
This species is rare throughout much of its native range and is thought to be declining in Germany. In the UK, it has suffered a severe decline (Preston et al. 2002); this is thought to be due to sea wall refurbishment and river engineering. In 1930 it was extinct at approximately half its known sites but persisted in East Anglia until 1953 (Preston et al. 2002). In the 1990s, the Sussex population suffered a severe decline due to inundation by sea water, but due to benefits from cattle grazing, the Essex population is thriving (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
L. saligna prefers open, sunny, exposed habitats, from lowland to low montane areas. Most frequently this species can be found near the sea (Lebeda et al. 2004) or in waste places, arable land, roadsides and river banks (Feráková 1977). It prefers warm, fertile, mildly dry and salty soil (Feráková 1977) but it can be also be found on poor pastures and waysides (Polunin 1969).It is often found between 0–300 m but it has been recorded up to 2,400 m (Lebeda et al. 2004). In the UK this lowland species occurs most commonly on disturbed sandy shingle and old sea walls, and on sparsely vegetated ground (Preston et al. 2002). Preston et al. (2002) note that it used to grow on the banks of rivers and ditches in East Anglia, and rarely on paths and cliffs in Essex. In the Netherlands this species occurred in grasslands with humid and moderately fertile basic soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

threats:
In the UK it has declined due to sea wall refurbishment and river engineering. It is also threatened by the use of herbicides and by the reconstruction/restoration of historic sites.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat status of this species in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: Endangered (EN) (Feráková et al. 2001).Germany: threatened, and is thought to be extinct in the south of the country.Austria: Endangered (EN) (Lebeda et al. 2004).Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (CR) (Colling 2005).Great Britain: Endangered (EN) (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).Switzerland: Endangered (EN) (Moser et al. 2002).EURISCO reports 195 germplasm accessions of L. saligna held in European genebanks, 179 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 72 originate from within Europe, 35 of which originate from Italy (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. saligna is a secondary wild relative of and a known gene donor to lettuce, Lactuca sativa. It is known to be a source of disease resistance (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Kik, C., Eliáš, P., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M. & Vögel, R.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca serriola L. is a primary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca serriola is regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is widely distributed throughout Europe and is common and widespread throughout its range. It grows in a range of disturbed anthropogenic habitats, is not known to face any threats and the population is stable to increasing.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), L. serriola is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, temperate Asia, northern and northeast tropical Africa, Macaronesia and the Indian Subcontinent, and is widely naturalized in other regions. Greuter et al. (2006–2009) also record the species as native in Macaronesia; however, according to Izquierdo et al. (2004), its origin in the Canary Islands is uncertain and according to Borges et al. (2008) its origin in Madeira is also uncertain.Knowledge of the national distribution of this species is available for the following European countries:Slovakia: common in lowland and hilly regions (Dostál and Červenka1992).Cyprus: widely distributed (botanical divisions 2–7) (Meikle 1985).Hungary: widespread   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: widespread; recorded in all departments except   Rhône (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: widespread throughout the southern half of England with a patchier distribution in Wales (Preston et al. 2002). It has only been recorded at three localities in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: predominantly occurs in the central and the south part of the country (Mennema et al. 1985). #

population:
This species is common throughout its European range and according to Mennema et al. (1985) is increasing in the Netherlands. The authors reported that it occurred in 80 hour-squares before 1950 and in 382 hour-squares after 1950, while Tamis et al. (2003) note that the species is currently present in 3001–10,000 1x1 km grid squares.

habitat:
L. serriola is distributed through lowland and montane regions and is most frequently found in sunny exposed areas on fertile soil (Feráková 1977). The species grows in large numbers in disturbed areas such as in towns and cities and can also be found in screes and quarries as a pioneer species (Feráková 1977). It can grow at high altitudes (3,100 m in Afghanistan), but is restricted to low altitudes of 80 m in Britain; however, it is most frequently found at altitudes of 200–600 m in Europe (Lebeda et al. 2004).In Cyprus, it grows in cultivated and waste ground or on stony mountainsides and summits, from sea level to 6,400 ft (Meikle 1985). In Hungary, it grows in arable land, cereal and stubble fields, vineyards, and in ruderal and weedy communities, typically as part of the Chenopodio Scleranthea community (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In the United Kingdom, it is most commonly found on roadsides, in waste ground, gravel pits and on sea walls—it can easily and rapidly colonise newly turned soil (Preston et al. 2002). In the Netherlands, it can be found in pioneer vegetation on humid to dry, moderately fertile to very fertile, basic to neutral soils (Tamis et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 1,291 germplasm accessions of L. serriola held in European genebanks, 1,247 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 709 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. serriola is a primary wild relative of and a known gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca sibirica (L.) Maxim. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lactuca sibirica is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is frequent to common throughout most of its European range, it is not known to face any major threats and there is no evidence of significant population declines. It is however listed as Near Threatened in Norway and Regionally Threatened in the southernmost part of its distribution in Finland; therefore, subpopulations requires monitoring at national level. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
L. sibirica is native to northern and eastern Europe, as well as the Russian Federation (Siberia and Russian Far East), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and Japan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Greuter (2006–2009), this species is native to Ukraine; however, V. Melnyk (pers. comm. 2010) notes that the records of its occurrence in Ukraine are unreliable and that there are no herbarium specimens of the taxon in collections in Ukraine or Russia.    In Finland, this species is found throughout the whole country, although it is less frequent in the southwest. In Sweden it is found along the big rivers in the northern half of the country below the Scandinavian mountains, but is absent in the south. In Russia, it is present in the north, northwest and central Volga region. In Norway it is found in inland northern areas where the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 100,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2.

population:
This species is frequent in Belarus and Russia and is quite common in Norway, though sparsely distributed. In Sweden it is common and considered to be a problematic opportunist as it often takes over in boreal wet meadows. The subpopulations in Finland and Sweden are stable (possibly even increasing in Sweden), but in Norway the subpopulations have declined due to the regulation of waterways in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power plants.

habitat:
It is found in damp woods in clearings and woodland margins, as well as roadsides, river sands and gravel (Feráková 1977). In woodland, it is often found in areas which are dominated by Alder (Feráková 1977). In Finland and Sweden it is found growing on the shores of lakes and rivers. In the Russian Federation, it is found in damp forests and meadows, forest tundra and steppe zones, and is also frequently found in ruderal places and rarely among crops (Kravchenko 2008). In Norway, it is found in river basins and inland valleys where it grows on river shores, in meadows, in moist forest edges and in Salix/bushy habitats. The species is affected by the changing flow of rivers.

threats:
In Norway, manmade fluctuations of water flow in connection with hydroelectric power plants negatively affects the species' habitat.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of L. sibirica stored in the genebank of the Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands—it was collected in Kontiolahti, Valkealampi (Finland) in 1999 (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.L. sibirica is listed in the Red List for Norway as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(iii,iv).  In Finland and Sweden, it is classified as Least Concern, but is considered  Regionally Threatened in the southernmost area of occurrence in Finland.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Labokas, J., Smekalova, T., Maslovky, O., Kell, S.P. & Asdal, Å.


taxonomicNotes:
L. singularis Wilmott. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca singularis is assessed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in in the number of mature individuals. As it grows at a high altitude it is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

range:
L. singularis is endemic to southeast Spain (Lebeda et al. 2004). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
It is rare, localized and has a fragmented population.

habitat:
It is found on rocky slopes on high mountains.

threats:
As this species grows at a high altitude, it is likely to be particularly affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
L. singularis is protected by law in Andalucia and is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the 2008 Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs in protected areas. No germplasm accessions of L. singularis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. singularis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)While Lactuca tatarica is relatively rare, it occurs across a large area in southern and eastern Europe and is stable. As this species is widespread and there are no major threats known; it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. tatarica is native to southeast Europe and Asia, and has spread to western, northern and central Europe (Feráková 1977). Outside of Europe this species occurs across Asia, eastwards to China and Tibet and in North America (Feráková 1977).

habitat:
L. tatarica is found within steppe communities, but also occurs in coastal areas on sands, often in saline conditions (Feráková 1977). The most common habitats for this species are on saline, unfertile soils (Lebeda et al. 2004). In Germany, Denmark and the Balkan Peninsula the species is noted as surviving on exposed beeches and cliffs, while in central and northern Europe this species is found disturbed sites, such as railways and roadsides (Feráková 1977). This species can be found at high altitudes, up to 5,000 m in some parts of Tibet (Lebeda et al. 2004). L. tatarica is perennial and grows in large colonies due to its ability to reproduce vegetatively (Feráková 1977).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 11 germplasm accessions of L. tatarica held in European genebanks, nine of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe, both of which originate from Germany and both are stored in Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands Plant Research International, Netherlands (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). As these accessions do not represent the native range of L. tatarica germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
L. tatarica is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.

redListAssessors:
Uzundzhalieva, K., Strajeru, S. & Smekalova, T.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca tenerrima Pourr. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lactuca tenerrima has a relatively wide distribution in Europe, and is common in Spain where there is the largest subpopulation. As there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is native to France and Spain and north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to (Greuter 2006–2009) this species is native to Italy, however its presence is uncertain.

population:
Within Europe, the main subpopulation occurs in Spain where it is common. It is fragmented and scattered throughout the rest of its European distribution.

habitat:
This species favours calcium-rich rocky habitats, occurring on shady limestone screes and slopes and old walls as well as in grassy areas in lowland to subalpine habitats (Feráková 1977, Davies and Gibbons 1993).

threats:
There are currently no major threats to this species. However, it is threatened by the use of herbicides and the grazing of livestock where it occurs in arable land.

conservationAction:
Some subpopulations of L. tenerrima occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites, particularly by controlling livestock grazing. Further information is needed on the precise distribution of of this species, as well as its population size and trend.  EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of L. tenerrima held in European genebanks, all of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, five originate from within Europe. All originate from Spain; with three stored in the Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands Plant Research International, Netherlands, one in the Genebank Department - Vegetable Section Olomouc, RICP Prague, Czech Republic and one in Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. tenerrima is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca tetrantha B.L. Burtt & P.H. Davis is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca tetrantha is restricted to a few localities in the Troodos mountains of Cyprus. Although it occurs within Troodos National Forest Park, which is a  Natura 2000 site, it is threatened by tourist activities and road and  trail maintenance. It is estimated to comprise only 1,000–1,500 mature individuals and to have an area of occupancy (AOO) of no more than 20 km2. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
L. tetrantha is endemic to Cyprus where it is restricted to Troodos National Forest Park (Tsintides et al. 2007). The area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 20 km2.

population:
This species occurs as scattered plants around the highest point of Troodos mountain (Chionistra). The overall population is estimated to comprise 1,000–1,500 plants.

habitat:
It is found on dry, igneous slopes, at an altitudinal range of 1,520–1,920 m, and in rocky places in large openings in Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana and Juniperus foetidissima woodland (Tsintides et al. 2007).

threats:
This species is threatened by trail maintenance, trampling and over-collection (Tsintides et al. 2007). A subpopulation at Chionistra was partly destroyed some years ago by telecommunication and military works.

conservationAction:
It is found in Troodos National Forest which is a NATURA 2000 site (Tsintides et al. 2007). No germplasm accessions of L. tetrantha are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, some material is known to be conserved ex situ.

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Christodoulou, C.S., Kailis, C., Papasavvas, C. & Tsintides, T.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca triquetra (Labill.) Boiss.is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Lactuca triquetra has a very restricted range in Cyprus where it is known only from the mountains around Limassol. It is a locally common species but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 30–40 km2. Its habitat is not declining, but it is threatened by an increase in frequency and intensity of fires. As a precautionary measure, it is regionally assessed as Near Threatened. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
L. triquetra is native to the western Mediterranean countries of Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Syria. In Cyprus, it is found in the mountains near Limassol, in more than five locations. The area of occupancy (AOO) is only 30–40 km2.

habitat:
It grows on chalky cliffs or on serpentine, as well as among shrubs, clearings in pine forests and on large boulders in river beds.

threats:
This species is threatened by an increase in fire frequency.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. triquetra are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It occurs in a protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca tuberosa Jacq. is a wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca tuberosa is widely distributed in southeastern Europe, and is relatively abundant where it occurs. As this species widespread, and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
L. tuberosa is native to southeastern Europe, as well as to parts of temperate Asia (Greuter 2006–2009).

population:
This species is stable in Europe and is known to be widely spread in Cyprus. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
L. tuberosa is found across a wide altitudinal range, from sea level to mountains, and in many different types of habitats, such as in bare stony hillsides, garrigue, bushes, open pine forests and on muddy soil flats.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of L. tuberosa are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Some subpopulations of L. tuberosa occur naturally in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
L. tuberosa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca viminea (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl&# is a tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Two subspecies are native to Europe: L. viminea ssp. chondrilliflora (Boreau) St.-Lag. and&# L. viminea ssp. ramosissima (All.) Arcang (Greuter 2006–2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lactuca viminea is widely distributed across Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is known to be nationally threatened in some countries and is reported to be in decline in Germany; therefore, national level population monitoring is required. Further research is needed to investigate overall population trends and threats and a review of its in situ conservation status is required.

range:
L. viminea is native to central and southern Europe, as well as to north Africa and temperate parts of Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It occurs in the southern half of France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010) and in west, southwest, south and southeastern parts of Slovakia (Dostál and Červenka 1992). L. viminea ssp. chondrilliflora is restricted  to southern France (Rhone River Valley and southeast  France), Italy, the  Iberian  Peninsula, and isolated localities in Switzerland and  Serbia (Lebeda et al. 2004). L. viminea ssp.  ramosissima  occurs in France and the Iberian Peninsula (Lebeda et al. 2004).

population:
This species is widespread in its native range in France but scattered in Slovakia and thought to be decreasing in Germany. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend throughout the rest of its European range.

habitat:
It grows on dry, exposed slopes and cliffs, on base rich rocks and can also be found in shrub and grasslands (Feráková 1977, Davies and Gibbons 1993). This is a lowland and submontane species, optimally existing between 200–400 m, but in exceptional cases it has been found over 1,500 m (Feráková 1977). L. viminea ssp. chondrilliflora occurs in dense populations along roadsides and vineyards (Lebeda et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000). Information is needed about the European population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.EURISCO reports 26 germplasm accessions of L. viminea held in European genebanks, 23 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 11 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
L. viminea is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Eliáš, P., Vögel, R. & Holubec, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Lactuca virosa is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise native range, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
L. virosa is native to central, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to north Africa; it has become naturalized outside its native range in both of these regions (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of the national distribution of this species in Europe is as follows:Portugal: north and central.Italy: widespread.France:  widespread, but not recorded in the departments of  Pas-de-Calais, Maine-et-Loire, Hauts-de-Seine,   Eure-et-Loir, Cher,    Haute-Saône and   Territoire de Belfort in the northern half of the  country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: widespread across  the southern half of England, particularly to the east, with a patchier  distribution to the north and in Scotland (Preston et al.  2002). Its distribution in Wales is particularly limited and it is only  recorded in two localities in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).Germany: common but its origin is uncertain (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010). # Croatia and Serbia: presence uncertain and if present, its origin is uncertain.Slovakia: found only as casual alien in Ivánka pri Nitre (Dostál and Červenka 1992).

habitat:
L. virosa  is an annual to biennial herbaceous species which grows in ruderal habitats such as roadsides, embankments and grassy borders throughout most of its range. In Portugal, it grows in dry, sandy and rocky places. In the north of its range it can also be found on limestone, as well as on sand dunes (Feráková 1977, Lebeda et al. 2004). In Great Britain, it occurs in lowland habitats (coastal cliffs, inland rocky outcrops  and sand dunes), but it prefers rank calcareous grassland, woodland  margins, road banks, quarries, tracks and rough ground (Preston et al. 2002). It grows in lowland and sub-montane areas, with plants occasionally found at higher altitudes (e.g., 1,560 m in Switzerland) (Feráková 1977).

conservationAction:
L. virosa is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). The natural range of this species is receding and it is considered to be threatened in both Germany and Austria (Lebeda et al. 2004). EURISCO reports 237 germplasm accessions of L. virosa held in European genebanks, 224 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 104 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Research is needed to determine the native range of this species; particularly in central Europe.

useAndTrade:
L. virosa is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa. This species is also used for medicinal purposes (Lebeda et al. 2004) and is sometimes collected for salads.


taxonomicNotes:
Lactuca watsoniana Trel. is a  tertiary wild relative of lettuce, L. sativa L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, according to H. Schaefer (pers. comm. 2010), its position in the genus Lactuca is not confirmed and it might turn out to belong to another Asteraceae genus as its morphology is quite different from all other Lactuca species.

redListCategoryRationale:
Lactuca watsoniana is assessed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO and area, extent and quality of its habitat. The population comprises less than 2,500 mature individuals, there are less than 250 mature individuals in each subpopulation and there is a continuing decline in the population size.

range:
L. watsoniana is endemic to the Azores where it has been collected from Faial, Pico, São Miguel, Terceira and São Jorge (Schaefer 2002, 2003). #Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.

population:
It has been recorded at eight localities   (Universidade dos Açores 2008) and has been described as scattered, very rare and in danger of extinction (Schaefer 2002, 2003). Sjögren (2001) noted that in the few localities in which it is found, there is a small number of plants and Schaefer (2005) recorded a total of 500–1,000 plants. There are very few young plants in the population; the reason is unknown, but it might be related to herbivore pressure (introduced rabbits) or a decrease in pollinators (H. Schaefer pers. comm. 2010). The Commission of the European Communities (2009) reported that this species has "poor propects" and is "likely to struggle unless conditions change", but also that its range trend was stable during the period 1992–2006 and that the population trend was increasing during the period 1992–2005. However, this information is erroneous; according to H. Schaefer (pers. comm. 2010) this reported increase was due to some new populations that were recorded after monitoring began recently that had previously been overlooked and does not represent an increase in the population. The population has been decreasing during the past two centuries (Schaefer 2003).

habitat:
It grows in volcanic   craters and deep narrow ravines, in juniper forests between 500 and 870 m   (Feráková 1977, Schaefer 2002, 2003), and in scrublands. It favours habitats rich in water and nutrients and has a preference for altitude—55 % of the populations studied were between 800 and 900 m (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Habitats Directive habitats where this species can occur are: Macaronesian mesophile grasslands and endemic forests with Juniperus brevifolia (a priority habitat) (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are livestock grazing and invasive species leading to a reduction in suitable habitat. Threats reported by the Commission of the European Communities (2009) include:Restructuring agricultural land holdings.Agriculture and  forestry activities.Erosion.Collapse of terrain / landslides.Volcanic activity.Invasive species.Damage by game species.

conservationAction:
It is listed as priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and has been listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,ii,iii); C2a(i) (Corvelo 2010).No germplasm accessions of L. watsoniana are reported by EURISCO to be stored in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, it is in cultivation in the botanical garden of Faial, Azores, where seeds are also stored.It occurs in protected areas but this does not stop invasion by exotic species such as Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum, which greatly reduce its habitat, and invasive rabbits that feed on it and might be especially problematic for seedlings and young plants (H. Schaefer pers. comm. 2010). It is currently monitored by the local conservation department and the Azorean biodiversity group of the Universidade dos Açores.

useAndTrade:
L. watsoniana is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to lettuce, L. sativa.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species only occurs at two locations in a very small area of 3 km². The quality of its habitat is declining due to tourism development and recreational activities, soil erosion, land slides, and wild pigs. The total number of individuals is difficult to determine because of their clonal growth mode. The whole population probably consists of eight to ten colonies, and only covers some 100 m². It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Lamyropsis microcephala is endemic to Sardinia, and is found only in the Gennargentu mountains on the slopes of Mount Bruncu Spina. This plant has a range of about 3 km² and occurs at two locations (Bacchetta et al. in: Rossi et al. 2008).

population:
The whole population probably consists of eight to ten colonies. L. microcephala grows only in two growing sites at the northeastern and southwestern slope of Mount Bruncu Spina, in the Nuoro Province, Sardinia (Bacchetta et al in: Rossi et al. 2008). The two populations are at the brink of extinction if the current threats will persist.

habitat:
This perennial herb grows on eroded rock at 1,500-1,700 m altitude, in a band of montane dwarf shrub and steppe vegetation.  This species has a highly complex branched rhizome system producing many stems, so it is very difficult to distinguish separate individuals. Previously it had been considered possibly Extinct, but was rediscovered shortly before publication of the Italian Red List in 1992.It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 4090 "Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).Species with chionophiluos, eliophilous and igrophilous behaviour, L. microcephala grows in montane grassland on metamorphic substrate with erosion. these grasslands are characterized by the species of the class Carici-Genistetea lobelii and the order Carici-Genistetalia lobelii (Arrigoni 1974).

threats:
Just to the east of the small area where this species occurs a ski run has been built, which is a serious threat. This species is also threatened by rooting of wild pigs, soil erosion, landslides and further development of tourist infrastructure, where agricultural land development has already destroyed its natural habitat. Moreover, this plant has a limited reproductive capacity. The few seeds produced have a very low germination rate, and vegetative growth is very slow.The germination percentage of the seeds of the species is about 20% (Diana-Corrias 1977). Bacchetta et al. (2007) referred to of a germination percentage of about 50%.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: The species is listed as a priority species in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Nationally there is no legal protection for this species, despite the fact that the regional council of Sardinia proposed a draft law in 2001 concerning protection of plant species on the island, and L. microcephala is listed in the Annex as an endemic species. However, this law is controversial as it may also increase collecting interest in the species listed.  It is included in the Italian Red List and in the Red List of the Top 50 Mediterranean Island Plants (Conti et al. 1997, De Montmollin and Strahm 2005).In situ: No action for the moment.  Ex situ: The species is not under cultivation.  Actions Needed A management plan to conserve L. microcephala is urgently needed, with habitat restoration a priority. The little-used ski run should be removed, and the local population sensitized to the plight of this rare species.

redListAssessors:
Mattana, E., Bacchetta, G., Fenu, G. & Ulian, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
Leontodon boryi is listed as Near Threatened because no regressive trends have been reported for its distribution, population and habitat, but it is affected by anthropogenic pressures and some subpopulations are restricted and do not occur within protected areas.

range:
This plant is endemic to Andalucía, Spain, where it is only found in the provinces of Almería and Granada (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It occurs mainly in Sierra Nevada, although it can be found punctually in Sierra de la Sagra and Sierra de Gádor. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in more than 50 km2 (Blanca et al. 2000). It grows between 1,800 and 3,300 m asl.

population:
The population size was estimated to be 600,000-800,000 individuals (Blanca et al. 2000).

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte occurs is psicro-xerophile grasslands at high altitude, where hemicryptophyte and chamaephyte life-forms are predominant (Blanca et al. 2000). It grows on little developed soils with low content of bases, and, less frequently, on limestones. It is found in moist areas, but which get dry very fast after thaw, and thus the species presents xerophytic adaptations. It has broad ecological valence, occurring in different associations. Accompanying species are Festuca indigesta, Thymus serpylloides ssp. serpylloides, Arenaria tetraquetra ssp. amabilis, Sideritis glacialis, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pseudoarundana, Jurinea humilis, Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina, Plantago subulata ssp. granatensis, Leucanthemopsis pectinata, Dianthus brachyanthus, Silene boryi and Agrostis nevadensis.

threats:
Threats affecting this species are overgrazing, tourism and impacts related to communication networks (Blanca et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of # threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The majority of populations occur within the protected areas Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada and Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. In Sierra Nevada a species conservation plan is being developed. Seeds are stored in the germplasm Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz.

redListAssessors:
Reyes González-Tejero, M., Martínez Lirola, M.J. & Salinas, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Leontodon microcephalus is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 35 km². Negative trends have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals. High habitat specificity is the main factor limiting the expansion of this species, apart from overgrazing and tourism.

range:
This species is endemic to Sierra Nevada, provinces of Granada and Almería, southern Spain (Blanca et al. 2000). Its distribution has been described as fragmented, and it is present in five locations (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 35 km².

population:
Total population size has been reported to be between one and two million individuals, from which 480,000-640,000 produce flowers in the year (Blanca et al. 2000). Regressive patterns have been identified for its population size.

habitat:
This plant occurs on deep, well developed soils with high content of organic matter and certain waterlogging, within grassland communities called "borreguiles". The species grows on areas not flooded on surface. Frequent accompanying species are Nardus stricta, Festuca iberica, Plantago nivalis, Sagina nevadensis, Campanula herminii, Euphrasia willkommii, Lotus glareosus, Trifolium repens ssp. nevadense, Carex intrincata, Gentiana boryi, Gentiana sierrae, Botrychium lunaria and Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. nanum.

threats:
Overgrazing has been described as an important threat   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The ecological specificity of the species and the discontinuity of its habitat determine the restricted and fragmented distribution of the taxon (Blanca et al. 2000). Alteration of water courses and tourism have been reported as threats. The species presents small size and tends to appear in groups over a small area, so the alteration of a small portion of its habitat may imply the destruction of several hundreds of individuals.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed as VU B2ab(iii,v); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected areas Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada and Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, where a species conservation plan is developed. Degradation and conversion of its habitat has to be avoided in order to ensure the conservation of this species. Areas of special conservation should be established and presence of grazing species has to be controlled. Population trends should be monitored and corrective measures should be implemented according to the results.

redListAssessors:
Martínez Lirola, M.J., Salinas, M., Talavera Lozano, S. & Díaz de la Guardia, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
Leontodon siculus is a Sicilian endemic plant with a restricted range. It is found at six locations, with an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 1,500 km². Cattle and sheep grazing have been described as an important threat for  this species although populations seemed to have been in a stable  situation. Locally vegetation dynamics may threaten the population as  competition from encroaching shrubs can occur when management regimes  are changed. This plant is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.

range:
This species is endemic to Sicily in Italy where it is found in Madonie, Nebrodi and Peloritani. The extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² with an area of occupancy of less than 1,500 km² (S. Brullo pers. comm. 2010) and it is found at six locations. Elevation ranges from 1,100 m to 1,400 m from mountainous regions.

population:
The population size is not known but the trend is stable. There are completely different conditions within locations and the average distance between locations is 50 km². The populations are therefore severely fragmented.

habitat:
This species is found in pastures and occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6510 "Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Cattle and sheep grazing has been described as an important threat for this species although populations seemed to have been in a stable situation in 2001   (Pignatti et al. 2001). Locally vegetation dynamics may threaten the population as competition from encroaching shrubs can occur when management regimes are changed.

conservationAction:
It is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and  is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Some populations are probably included in the Madonie and Nebrodi Regional Parks and are therefore protected. Controlled grazing activities are needed within and outside of the regional parks.


taxonomicNotes:
The Instituto da Conservaçao da Natureza (2006) treats this plant as endemic to Portugal whereas the Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010) states that it is also present in Morocco under the accepted name Rhaponticum longifolium (Hoffmanns. & Link) Soskov.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v);C2a(i)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v);C2a(i)Leuzea longifolia has a restricted area of occupancy of 300 km²    in Portugal and is very rare. The subpopulations are isolated and only host between 20-30 individuals   each, with a total population of around 300 individuals. Historic sites have been lost due to Eucalyptus plantations. Urbanisation and deforestation are further threats. This species is classed as Endangered but would also qualify as Vulnerable D1.

range:
In Portugal it occurs in the centre-east, centre-south and southeast in Lisboa and Ribatejo (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species is very rare. Its historic distribution range as known from herbarium specimen is now almost all occupied by Eucalyptus plantations. The subpopulations are isolated and only host between 20-30 individuals each (ICN 2006). The total population is around 300 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Leuzea longifolia is a perennial plant that occurs in shrubland and woodland in sandy soils. It forms part of the association Euphorbio uliginosae - Ericetum ciliaris (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion

threats:
The main threats are urbanisation, Eucalyptus plantations, and deforestation (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Leuzea longifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Ex situ conservation measures are needed for this species. Urbanisation and forest plantations should be restricted, especially the use of Eucalyptus. A restoration of the historic sites should be intended. Reintroductions have been carried out under a LIFE project but it is not known whether those were successful (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is classified as Near Threatened, approaching criterion B, as the number of locations is about ten and the quality of habitat is decreasing. Furthermore, the number of mature individuals is likely to be less than 10,000. It is considered likely to become extinct in Portugal.

range:
Leuzea rhaponticoides is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its European distribution extends to Spain where it has a range of 1,600 km² and to centre west Portugal where it has a range of 196 km2 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in six localities in Spain and four in Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population is estimated to be 300 individuals in Portugal.

habitat:
This plant occurs in edges and glades of woodlands, preferably with chestnuts and oaks but also pine woods associated to Orieganietalia.

threats:
In Spain, main threats are general forestry management, burning and grazing. In Portugal, forest planting, removal of forest undergrowth, forest exploitation without replanting, burning and communication networks have been described as important threats    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Urbanisation might impact some part of the range.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under regional legislation in Castilla y Leon and Extremadura, in Spain. More sustainable management of woodlands is needed to ensure the future of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Ligularia sibirica is a Eurasian species with the bulk of its European population in Russia. It is decreasing and classed as threatened in most national red lists and a population decline of approximately 50% is suspected in Russia. It could therefore qualify for Near Threatened or Vulnerable but more information on the rates of decline for the other countries is required to determine the figures needed for Criterion A. The main threats to the species are abandonment of pastoral systems and subsequent succession, changes to the hydrological regime and pollution.

range:
Ligularia sibirica is a boreal Eurasian species and has a disjunctive area that extends from France to the Far East. This species is mainly found in Russia. In Ukraine, it occurs in the Carpathians Mountains, Rostocza, in the  northern part of the Podolian upland and in the western part of the  Polesian lowland. It is found at one locality in Bulgaria (size of 300 m²), and four localities in Slovakia that consist of micropopulations. The origin in Austria is unknown, it might be from cultivated populations. It is extinct in Hungary where it was known from one locality.

population:
Populations have been estimated using different units (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Austria: 800 - 1,000 individuals, more or less stableEstonia: 1,700 -1,800 individuals, extremely decreasingLatvia: 2 localities, increasing trendPoland: 5,055 - 6,055 individuals. Found in four localities with one strong and increasing population (near Pakosław) which holds 90% of the Polish range and counts more than 1,100 individuals (Kalinka and Nowak 2004).Slovakia: 23 localities, more or less stableIn Russia, approximately 50% decline in population size are suspected. In Ukraine, the populations are small in sites and number of individuals (up to 100 individuals in populations). The largest population is in the Chornogora massif in Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains and counts 1,500 adult individuals. Some populations in the lowland part of Ukraine are extinct. In Bulgaria, there are 200 individuals with a decreasing trend. The populations are also declining in Croatia. Five localities and 200,000 individuals in a protected area were noted for the Czech Republic. In France, there are 45 localities in 25 communes, 5,000-15,000 individuals estimated with a stable population but the habitat is declining.

habitat:
This species can colonize a wide range of habitats such as wet forests fringes and shrublands, calcareous fens, acidic moss-rich fens, intermittently wet Molinia meadows or alder swamp woods, banks of rivers and rivulets. In Ukraine it is a member of communities of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae. # It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels6450 Northern boreal alluvial meadows7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens7230 Alkaline fens91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

threats:
The abandonment of grassland communities are a threat to the species as this leads to succession, overgrowth and competition. Overgrazing on the other hand has negative impacts on the species. Changes to the hydrological regimes of water bodies such as drainage are another major threat. Pollution is affecting the species. Roadside works are a local threat.

conservationAction:
Ligularia sibirica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in several national red lists and various conservation measures are in place:Austria: Endangered but not protected, found in a landscape conservation areaBulgaria: Critically Endangered and protected, Natura 2000 area designated for this plant speciesCroatia: Critically Endangered and found in a national parkCzech Republic: Critically Endangered and protected, found in protected areasEstonia: VulnerableFrance: nationally protected, three localities are in the Arreté de  Protection de Biotope, two in a Réserve Naturelle, two in a Site Classé.Latvia: very rare in the Red Data BookPoland: protected (only three populations)Russia: listed in local Red Data Books but not nationallySlovakia: protected and Vulnerable, found in many nature reserves and four areas of European importanceUkraine: Vulnerable, protected in the Buchczanskij and Cheremochskij reserves    Ex situ collection of seeds is in place. Research on the relationship of the wild populations with cultivated populations is recommended. The rate of population decline at European level needs to be determined.

useAndTrade:
It is used for ornamental purposes (origin unknown).

redListAssessors:
Bernhardt, K.G., Dostalova, A., Ferakova, V., Gygax, A., Hodálová, I., Illarionova, I., Király, G., Petrova, A. & Rasomavicius, V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Onopordum carduelinum is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is lower than 4 km², all individuals are in a single subpopulation, and declining trends have been observed in the extent and quality of the  habitat, as well as the number of subpopulations. Grazing animals have led the conservation status of this species to a critical situation.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found only in the central-eastern part of the island (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). Since its rediscovery it has not been seen in its locus classicus of  Roque Grande in Rincón de Tenteniguada. Currently it is only  known from the area  close to Caldera de Los Mateles. Populations mentioned in Guayedra and Agaete have not been seen again for decades, nor the closest ones to the Base of Roque Grande, Tenteniguada, from which it  may have disappeared due to the closure of the clearings in a  Teline microphylla shrubland because of abandonment of grazing activities. The area of occupancy is 4 km².

population:
It has been estimated that the population counts 1,599 individuals (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). The population is well structured, with high recruitment of young individuals observed. There is only one subpopulation that lies in a ridge between two ravines.

habitat:
Onopordum carduelinum is a tuberousCaracterística de las">ruderal-nitrófilas."> geophyte, hermaphrodite, and its main pollination vector are insects. It grows in open areas in scrublands Micromerio-Telinetum microphyllae. It is characteristic of thermo-Mediterranean communities such as Onopordenea acanthi or Carthametalia lanati. Característica de las">ruderal-nitrófilas.">Frequent accompanying species are: Euphorbia regis-jubae, Sonchus acaulis, Erysimum scoparium, Teline microphylla, Cynara cardunculus, Marubium vulgare, Carduus tenuiflorus, Galactites tomentosa and Micromeria benthamii.Característica de las">ruderal-nitrófilas.">Característica de las">ruderal-nitrófilas.">En su">En ensayos de germinación">

threats:
Trampling and predation by grazing species are the main threats to this species (Reyes Betancort et al. 2004). Other threats are droughts, interspecific competition and predation of floral stems by ants. The population is crossed by a road.

conservationAction:
Onopordum carduelinum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed CR B2ab(iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Reserva Natural Especial Los Marteles (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.Natural population reinforcement measures should be developed, as well as reintroduction actions. Seeds have to be stored in germplasm banks and specimens should be grown in botanical gardens. Goats should be eradicated in the distribution range of the species. Research about its reproductive biology should be developed.

redListAssessors:
León Arencibia, M.C., González González, R., Reyes Betancort, J.A. & Pérez de Paz, P.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
Onopordum nogalesii is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is probably lower than 1 km²,   its population size is estimated to be between 50 # and 150 mature individuals, all in one single location, and decreasing trends and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported. Overgrazing and seed predation by insects limit the expansion of the species.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain (Scholz 2004). It can be found between 250 and 450 m asl, in a single known location, in  Valle or Barranco de Vinamar, in the peninsula of Jandía. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in between 1 and 3 km².

population:
Total population size fluctuates between 50 and 150 individuals (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2011), mainly affected by climatic factors. Scholz reported 70 individuals (2004). In the last few years a decline in the number of individuals has been observed.

habitat:
This species grows in slopes of moderate to low inclination, usually near the bottom of the ravine. It has preference for gullies, carved by runoff water, usually on stony clay soils, probably due to their favourable moisture conditions. Frequent accompanying species include Euphorbia regis-jubae, Kleinia neriifolia and Launaea arborescens, Salsola vermiculata, Lycium intricatum and Rubia fruticosa. In winter, dense communities of nitrophilous therophytes such as Chenopodium murale, Patellifolia patellaris, Emex spinosa, Echium bonneti, Reichardia tingitana and Stipa capensis, appear in its habitat. It is a very adaptable species that can tolerate some presence of # herbivores and soil nitrification. Seed production and germination are very irregular, depending on heavy rains and seed predation by several insects. Pollination is by Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

threats:
This species takes profit from the presence of a certain amount of grazing species, due to its nitrophilous character. As livestock pressure increases, an important negative effect on the population can be observed, for flowers are predated (Scholz 2004). Seed predation by birds and insects, low germination rates and low survival of seedlings have also a great influence in population dynamics. A nearby passageway and the construction of tourist infrastructures located 2-3 km from the population is a potential threat. Moreover, it has been observed that it has been collected illegally for ornamental purposes and by scientists.

conservationAction:
Onopordum nogalesii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands, under the name Onopordon nogalesii. It is classed as CR B2ac(iv); C2a(ii) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).The whole population occurs in the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo  and in the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.It is necessary to carry out surveys on the demography and reproductive biology of the species. Proposed conservation measures include the control of livestock in the Parque Natural de Jandía. Seed storage in germplasm banks and reintroduction measures are recommended.

useAndTrade:
The species is subject to illegal collection for ornamental or research purposes.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pericallis hadrosoma is listed as Critically Endangered because of its highly restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 4 km² and total population size has decreased to 15 individuals, distributed into five subpopulations with less than 10 individuals each. Continuing decline patterns in the extent and quality of  its habitat have been observed. Parasitism appears as the main threat to this species, limiting its reproductive success.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Santana and Naranjo 2004). It is located in the central sector of the island, growing from 1,600 to 1,750 m asl. It occurs in five locations not far apart: La Portillada, Roque Sardina, Roque Caído, Tenteniguada and El Salado (I. Santana pers. comm. 2011). The area of occupancy has been estimated in 4 km².

population:
Total population size has been reported to be 15 individuals: 2 in Tenteniguada; 4 in Roque Sardina (one has been introduced); 1 in Roque Caído; 2 in El Salado and 6 in La Portillada (I. Santana pers. comm. 2011). These individuals presumably survive through vegetative propagation (Santana and Naranjo 2004). Very low or no signs of sexual reproduction have been reported (Gobierno de Canarias 2004) and decreasing population trends are inferred for the species.

habitat:
This species grows within rupicolous communities in cracks with poor soil and high levels of humidity (Santana and Naranjo 2004). Most common accompanying plants include Greenovia aurea, Babcokia platylepis, Aeonium simsii, Tolpis lagopoda, Ranunculus cortusifolius, Hypericum grandifolium, Argyranthemum adauctum ssp. canariensis and Sideritis dasignaphala.Its propagation is primarily vegetative. Its fruits are infested by the parasite of the larva of the endemic diptera Oedosphenella canariensis which could cause the low germination rates observed. It spreads easily from cuttings and in vitro cultivation.It is a long-lived plant with very low recruitment (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

threats:
The main threat to this species is its extremely low number of specimens (Santana and Naranjo 2004). Parasitism negatively affect the seeds and therefore the regeneration of this species.

conservationAction:
Pericallis hadrosoma is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species. It is included as Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs in the protected areas Paisaje Protegido de las Cumbres, SCI Hoya del Gamonal and Reserva Natural Especial de Los Marteles (Location Tenteniguada) and SAC Los Marteles. It is cultivated in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. There have been reintroductions of this species with some success in one of the subpopulations.Population trends must be monitoring and research about parasitism on seeds and its consequences on reproductive success must be developed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pericallis malvifolia is endemic to the Azores island of Faial where it is found at only one location and has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km². The population is stable but the habitat quality is continuously declining due to recreational activities  and invasive species. In total, the population counts less than 250 mature individuals. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered but would also qualify for Endangered D due to its low number of individuals.

range:
This species is endemic to the Azores and is only found at "Caldeira Grande" at the island Faial (Martín et al. 2008). The EOO is smaller than 100 km² as the whole island has an area of 173 km².

population:
The population is stable but counts less than 250 mature individuals (Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This plant grows in grasslands dominated by Holcus spp. or Festuca spp. (Martín et al. 2008).

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to recreational activities and the invasion of exotic species that also increase competition for this plant. Natural factors such as volcanic eruptions can affect the species (Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Pericallis malvifolia is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Necessary conservation and research actions are (Martín et al. 2008):Habitat management and protectionManagement of threats such as the control of invasive speciesSpecies recovery programmesTranslocation of subpopulationsStudies on the taxonomy, biology, ecology and population dynamics, threats, and habitat trends


redListCategoryRationale:
Phagnalon bennettii occurs in 50 localities across Madeira   with a declining population trend. The causes for the decline range from habitat loss and degradation due to urbanisation, disposal of inert  materials, road construction, sport and leisure structures, to competition with exotic and native  species. However, the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

population:
Phagnalon bennettii has been identified in 50 localities across Madeira with a declining population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in rocky cliffs across the coast of Madeira, Desertas and Porto Santo islands. It is characteristic of the Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats to the species are urbanisation, disposal of inert materials, road construction, sport and leisure structures such as golf courses, trampling, landslides, and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Phagnalon bennettii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)This species is found in only two locations, one in Spain, one in Portugal. Due to intense urbanisation, the Spanish subpopulation might have become extinct. Studies are currently focusing on this species in Spain and depending on the results the species might qualify for a Critically Endangered category.

range:
The species is endemic to the southwestern area if the Iberian Peninsula. This plant is found in one locality in the Spanish province of Huelva near the Portuguese border at Ayamonte, and in one locality in south Portugal at Vila Real de S. António. The range in Portugal is 50 km² and has been decreasing from 2002-2006. The range in Spain is 331 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In Portugal, it has been recorded in one locality (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Spain, it is present in one locality with four subpopulations resulting in a total Spanish population of 2,001,144 individuals (Bañares et al. 2004).

habitat:
The main subpopulation in Spain, located on a hill north of Ayamonte, develops on silt and calcareous soil. It can be part of spring grasslands along with Anagyris foetida, Asparagus albus, Atriplex glauca, Tymbra capitata, Hyparrhenia hirta, Lavatera trimestris, Foeniculum vulgare and Stipa capensis (Commission of the European Communities 2009,   Bañares et al. 2004).As secondary habitat, it colonizes the higher parts of marsh areas, and develops on salty ruderal substrates. This species grows in fallow land on limestone soils of rocky areas. In Portugal, the largest population occurs in dry orchards on limestone and marl.

threats:
Rapid urban development in the area of Ayamonte is the main threat in the only known locality in Spain. The subpopulation of Ayamonte cerro I (with the higher number of individuals) is most threatened, as it is the closest to the urban area.  Overgrazing by livestock and goats and predation of fruits (achenes) by caterpillars can also accelerate the process. The populations of the estuaries are exposed to development, creation of new wetlands and refurbishment works, in addition to grazing and predation (Bañares et al. 2004). In Portugal, further threats of forest plantations and communication networks have been noted (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Picris willkommii is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The populations are included in el Paraje Natural Marisma de Isla Cristina, a proposed SCI by the Andalucian government. There are also seeds within a germplasm bank (Bañares et al. 2004). It is included in the Spanish Red Data Book as Critically Endangered (CR) A3ac (Moreno 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
Santolina elegans is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy lower than 20 km2. Grazing is the main threat affecting this species.

range:
The plant is endemic to Sierras Béticas, throughout the provinces of Granada, Jaén, Albacete and Murcia (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). It is present in the mountains of Sierra Nevada, Sierra del Pozo, Sierra de la Cabrilla and Sierra de Taibilla (Andalucía), and Sierra de Moratalla (Murcia)    (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its distribution has been described as restricted. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be lower than 20 km2.

population:
Its populations have been reported to be punctually distributed and to comprise low numbers of individuals (Blanca et al. 2000).

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte is present in Murcia, in dolomitic subtrates between 1,400 and 2,000 m asl. It can be found among Thymus sp. communities and within Andryalion agardhii. Frequent accompanying species are Arenaria tetraquetra, Fumana procumbens, Pterocephalus spathulatus and Thymus granatensis ssp. sabulicola. It can also be found on stony and dolomitic soils between 1,700 and 2,000 m asl (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Andalucía, it occurs in dolomitic sandy substrates, on stony sites, between 1,800 and 2,100 m asl. Frequent accompanying species are Convolvulus boissieri, Scabiosa pulsatilloides ssp. pulsatilloides, Rothmaleria granatensis, Vella spinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, Erinacea anthyllis, Arenaria aggregata, Teucrium polium ssp. aureum and Helianthemum pannosum

threats:
Grazing and communication networks have been reported as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The negative impact exerted on the species by domestic grazing species could lead to the extinction of some subpopulations (Blanca et al. 2000). Tourism has been also cited as a threat.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).  The access of herbivores to the species has to be controlled through the establishment of fences. Population trends should be monitored.

useAndTrade:
It could have applications in pharmaceutical or aromatic products (Blanca et al. 2000).

redListAssessors:
Herrera Maliani, C.A., Manzaneda, A., Benavente, A., Luque Moreno, P., Jordano Barbudo, P., Prados, J., Luis Vivero Pol, J. & Hernández-Bermejo, J.E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Santolina impressa is endemic to the southwest coast of Portugal. Although it has a restricted range, the populations are abundant and stable. They should be monitored as there are several threats that could potentially affect this plant such as urbanisation, agricultural expansion, and sand quarrying. For the moment it is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to dunes in southwest Portugal. Its extent of occurrence is 1,022 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,300 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The populations are abundant and stable (ICN 2006).

habitat:
The species is found in dunes where it can form nearly continuous populations (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster

threats:
The main threats are sand extraction, urban expansion including the construction of buildings or new communication networks, and agricultural expansion (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Santolina impressa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under national law in Portugal. Monitoring and appropriate habitat management are recommended (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Least Concern as it is a locally common species and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This plant is endemic to the north of Portugal and Galicia in Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its extent of occurrence in Portugal and Spain is 3,904 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Santolina semidentata is a relatively common species and is present in 36 localities in Spain and has been counted to have 10,000 individuals in Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICNB 2006).

habitat:
This plant is a woody chamaephyte that grows up to 60 cm and can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii

threats:
The main threat is posed by an alteration of the chemical composition of the soil due to abandonment of traditional or the adoption of inadequate agricultural practices (ICNB 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. There are no other measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Saussurea alpina ssp. esthonica is a plant endemic to western Estonia, Latvia and Northwestern Russia (Karelia). It is rare in Russia, and is found at two locations in Latvia, but seems to be relatively widespread in Estonia with stable populations. The main threats described for Estonia and Latvia are modification of  cultivation practices and abandonment of pastoral systems, waste  disposal, inappropriate forest management, regulation of water levels  and drainage. There is not enough information on population trend and how the existing threats are affecting the species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Saussurea alpina ssp. esthonica is a plant endemic to western Estonia, Latvia and some regions of Russia. Its area of occupancy is more than 5,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Russia, the subspecies esthonica is usually not separated from Saussurea alpina (Tzevelev 1994), which is distributed in Central, Eastern, Northern and Northwestern Russia. But the form which is treated as Saussurea alpina ssp. esthonica is found only in Northwestern Russia (Karelia) where it is rare (Kravchenko 2007).

population:
In Estonia, the population is between 35,000 and 50,000 individuals. In Latvia the species has been recorded in two locations. The species is present in limited areas in the western part of Latvia, isolated from the range in Estonia. Generative propagation of the species is endangered due to undeveloped seeds, small and isolated populations   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).There is no information about the Russian populations available.

habitat:
This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens7230 Alkaline fens

threats:
The main threats described for Estonia and Latvia are modification of cultivation practices and abandonment of pastoral systems, waste disposal, inappropriate forest management, regulation of water levels and drainage (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Saussurea alpina ssp. esthonica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Portugal where it has a very restricted range with an extent of occurrence of 300 km² and an area of  occupancy of 200 km². The main threats are communication networks, skiing complex, and trampling. The total population size is around 500 individuals with an unknown trend and this plant is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal. Its extent of occurrence is 300 km² and the area of occupancy is 200 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
It has been estimated that the population is around 500 individuals with an unknown trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species is found in rocky areas at high altitude, often in accumulations of loose rock fragments (gravel, moraines). It prefers shady places. It is present in Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs and temperate-montane acid siliceous screes. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8130 "Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are communication networks, skiing complex, and trampling (Commission of the European Communities 2009)

conservationAction:
Senecio caespitosus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population trend is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Senecio elodes is listed as Endangered, because its extent of occurrence is  less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy is 15 km². Its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals, mainly due to trampling and predation by grazing species.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain, where it is only found in Sierra Nevada, on the lower slopes, in the province of Granada (Gutiérrez et al. 2004). Its area of occupancy is 15 km². Its extent of occurrence is 400 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Two locations have been identified in Sierra Nevada. Total population is 1,224 individuals (Gutiérrez et al. 2004).Forms groups scattered in small areas, mainly following the courses of some gullies and ditches. There are two subpopulations and although the number of adults is quite high (just over 3,000 individuals), the number of mature  individuals accounted for in 2001 just exceeded 1,200. A clear regression has been observed in the southernmost range. Although in recent years new nuclei have been located and individual numbers have increased, the habitat specificity and the threats may prevent it from distributing further.

habitat:
This species grows in upland grasslands, above 2,000 m in deep siliceous soils formed close to oligotrophic temporary summer streams. It lives together with  Carex camposii, C. cuprina, Juncus effusus, Senecio jacobaea, Myosotis decumbens ssp. teresasiana, Mentha longifolia, Anthericum baeticum, Anthoxantum odoratum, Digitalis purpurea, Primula elatior ssp. lofthousei, Carum verticillatum, Leontodon carpetanus ssp. nevadensis and Campanula herminii.

threats:
Its habitat is very fragile and it has a clear downward trend when altered by human factors. It competes for its habitat with species of the genus Carex. The main threat is attributed to predation of the flowering stems mainly by domestic animals, livestock also alter the soil conditions, so that this can lead to competition  with nitrophilous species. The proximity of roads and rural communication poses a continuing risk.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the # Spanish national catalogue of threatened species.It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada (SCI). A recovery plan of the species is underway, including&#fencing. Plant material is stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de Sierra Nevada.

redListAssessors:
Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Blanca, G. & Lorite, J.


taxonomicNotes:
Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011) treats this species as a synonym of Jacobaea vulgaris ssp. gotlandica (Neuman) B. Nord..

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is assessed as Data Deficient as there are some taxonomic uncertainties and it could be more widespread then currently believed. Taxonomic research is required.

range:
This plant is endemic to Sweden according to Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011. Its extent of occurrence is 3,560 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  However, Wysk et al.  (2009) claim it could also be found in at least Russia, Austria and Greece.

population:
It has been estimated that the population has around 5,500 flowering stem (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This subspecies can be found in inland sand and rock with open vegetation, Pinus sylvestris woodland south of the taiga and in almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The modification of cultivation practices, use of fertilisers and air pollution have been reported as threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the name Senecio jacobaea ssp. gotlandicus. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010). Taxonomic research in order to establish the true distribution of this taxon is needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to Portugal where its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 100 km². Only three populations are known, which are far apart from each other.  Two of those are threatened by the construction of wind energy generators. Although this does not state whether a continuous decline is happening, the total recorded population counts only 300 individuals with an unknown trend. Therefore, this taxon is precautionary classed as Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal where its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Only three populations are known, which are far apart from each other.

population:
The total recorded population counts 300 individuals, the population trend is unknown (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This taxon can grow within open scrublands, edges of scrublands on calcareous decarbonated soils (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Two populations are threatened by the construction of wind energy generators (M. Porto pers.  comm. 2011). Further threats recorded are recreational activities such as walking and horseriding, and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Senecio lagascanus ssp. lusitanicus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population trend is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Senecio malacitanus has been defined as subspecies of Senecio nevadensis, but this relationship is not completely clear (G. Blanca pers. comm. 2011). Considering two subspecies,&# S. nevadensis ssp. nevadensis is endemic to Sierra Nevada and S. nevadensis ssp. malacitanus occurs in Spain, Morocco and Algeria.

redListCategoryRationale:
Senecio nevadensis is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 14 km2. Regressive trends have been observed in the area of occupancy of this taxon, the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals. Grazing and the low ecological plasticity of the species are the main factors threatening its conservation.

range:
This species is found in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, within the province of Granada, where its area of occupancy has been estimated in 14 km2 (Blanca et al. 2000). Regressive patterns have been identified for its distribution.

population:
Total population size has been estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 individuals (Blanca et al. 2000). Decreasing trends have been reported for its population.

habitat:
This pioneer chamaephyte plant grows in stony sites, frequently between rocks and track edges, being able to stand a certain degree of nitrification. The soils where this species develops present little organic matter and retain moisture during the summer due to the protection provided by the close rocks. Common accompanying species are Holcus caespitosus, Cryptogramma crispa, Leucanthemopsis pectinata, Polystichum lonchitis, Pilosella pseudopilosella, Acinos alpinus ssp. meridionalis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Solidago virga-aurea, Linaria nevadensis, Agrostis nevadensis, Sideritis glacialis, Eryngium glaciale and Reseda complicata.  On areas covered by smaller stones, species such as Senecio pyrenaeus ssp. granatensis, Crepis oporinoides, Digitalis nevadensis, Chaenorrhinum glareosum and Viola crassiuscula, are also accompanying species.

threats:
Main threats to this species are its high ecological specificity, the restricted and fragmented character of its habitat and the variability of its recruitment levels depending on temperature conditions (Blanca et al. 2000). Grazing and predation by wild goats cause habitat degradation and reproductive success reduction.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed VU B2ab(ii,iii,v); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).This species occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. Population monitoring is currently developed. Grazing activities and visitors presence should be controlled.

redListAssessors:
Blanca, G., Martínez Lirola, M.J., Salinas, M. & Reyes González-Tejero, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sonchus gandogeri is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 5 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. There are three known populations counting 193 individuals. The main threats are grazing, hybridisation, natural competition and  development of small-scale works.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). It is represented by three subpopulations in the northern sector of the island with literature indicating its presence in Roques de Salmor but it has not been located in that sector as of yet. The area of occupancy is 5 km². Regressive trends have been reported for the distribution of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
The three known populations comprise a limited number of individuals, totalling 197 specimens according to Mesa Coello et al. (2004). However, the presence of small individuals that provide evidence for effective recruitment, is sporadic. Total population size was estimated in 193 individuals in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The population has been reported to be more or less stable. However, the subpopulations are considered severely fragmented due to the fact that they are now restricted to sites that are out of reach of herbivores.

habitat:
The individuals are generally distributed between 100 and 600 m, associated with rupicolous communities of Soncho-Aeonion, which are often intertwined with Artemisio-Rumicion scrub. It generally occupies sunny rocky escarpments with difficult access. Most frequent companions include Aeonium hierrense, Aeonium longythirsum, Rumex lunaria, Kleinia neriifolia and Carlina salicifolia.It is a hermaphrodite and entomophilous plant that flowers in spring. The main vector of dispersal is wind.  It has been observed that it has a certain facility to hybridize with other species of its type and genetic studies reveal that the species is very similar to Sonchus hierrensis and Sonchus daltonii which is found on the Cape Verde Islands.

threats:
There are several factors that affect this species, especially grazing. Also, the ease of hybridisation with other congeneric taxa may have accentuated this process. Meanwhile, natural competition with other species, the dynamics of cultivation and development of small-scale works seems to result in the evolution of habitat that is inappropriate for this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is listed as "vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.The entire  population is found in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Tibataje (SCI). Although not confirmed, other populations are also found in protected areas in other parts of the islands such as the Reserva Natural Integral de los Roques de Salmor (SCI) and Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of Servicio de Biodiversidad del Gobierno de Canarias.Population monitoring and reinforcement measures should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Stemmacantha cynaroides is endemic to Tenerife, found in five locations in an area of occupancy of 5 km² and a total number of individuals of 151. Only one of the  populations shows an optimal structure, abundance of  seedlings and juveniles with 101 individuals. Its disappearance has been observed in  various locations in recent times. The main threats are grazing by rabbits and mouflons which prevent many species from reaching adulthood. Parasitism and collection are further threats. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Stemmacantha cynaroides is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). It occurs at high altitude, from 2,000 to 2,500 m asl, distributed throughout five locations. Its disappearance has been observed in various locations in recent times, such as in Gangarro, Roques Balancos, Siete Cañadas and La Fortaleza. The area of occupancy is 5 km².

population:
This species is found on the mountains of Tenerife, occurring in scattered populations of small sizes. So far five populations have been detected, although nearly 90% of individuals are in one location. Total population recorded in Tenerife is 151 individuals. Regressive trends have been reported for its population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).The abundance of rabbits and mouflons prevent many species from reaching adulthood.  The only population that exhibits optimal structure, with an abundance of seedlings and juveniles with 101 individuals is in the Mario Corridor, probably due to protective fencing in the area. Introduced herbivores affect localities continuously, especially plundering the floral flower heads which translates into a potential limitation of floral production, decreased production of seeds and a significant mortality of adults. Although a long-living species (possibly over 100 years), survival of their population is dependent to a large extent on seed banks. It is therefore concluded that the subpopulations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
This herb species develops in areas over 2,000 m in valleys, plains and hillsides where there is sparse scrub coverage and pyroclasts or thepra accumulation. This is a very specific and extreme habitat where few species are able to thrive. It is commonly accompanied by Spartocytisus supranubius, Argyranthemum teneriffae, Tolpis webbii, Echium auberianum or Erysimum scoparium.

threats:
The main problem affecting the taxon is predation exerted by rabbits and mouflons. There is also evidential parasitism by certain insects. Collection of this plant, which is now rather controlled, still occurs in the best known and easily accessible populations. Populations in Corral del Niño, Llano de Cuevas Negras and Llano de Maja, are in decline and likely to disappear.

conservationAction:
Stemmacantha cynaroides is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). On the Spanish Red List it is classed as Critically Endangered C2a(ii) (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.The full population is within the protected area Parque Nacional de Teide (SCI) (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). There are seeds in the germplasm bank of the Jardin Botanico Viera y Clavijo and E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos. A specific recovery programme which provides, among other measures, monitoring of population dynamics, reintroductions and establishment of enclosures, is currently being developed.Reinforcement of natural populations and benign introduction measures should be kept on place. Plant material has to be stored in germplasm banks.

redListAssessors:
Marrero Gómez, M.V., Bañares Baudet, A. & Carqué Álamo, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sventenia bupleuroides is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy is 10 km², it occurs at one to four locations, and regressive patterns have been identified for the extent and quality of its habitat. Grazing is the main threat affecting the conservation of this species. This species would also qualify for Vulnerable D1.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Naranjo Suárez et al. 2006), where it appears restricted to the northwest of the island, in Macizo de Tamadaba. The only known population is distributed into four groups: Faneque, Barranco del Palo, Barranco  Oscuro and El Trébol, throughout an area relatively wide. Further individuals appear scattered throughout this area. The species tends to appear restricted to sites out of reach of grazing animals (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Total population size has been estimated in 825 individuals (Naranjo Suárez et al. 2006). Germination seems to be low and the low number of seedlings are predated by goats. Progressive population trends are not expected (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This is a rupicolous species that  settles in cracks and fissures of walls and vertical cliffs, usually in shady, moist areas, generally facing northwest. It occurs within communities Greenovion aureae (Greenovio-Aeonietum caespitosii), along with species such as Greenovia aurea, Dendriopoterium menendezii, Carlina salicifolia, Babcockia platylepis, Convolvulus canariensis, Chrysoprenanthes pendula and Erica arborea.This perennial plant presents low germination rates. Hybridization phenomena with species of the genus  Prenanthes L. (x Prenanthenia Svent.) and Sonchus L. (x Sonchustenia Svent.) with which they usually share habitats, are common.

threats:
Predation by grazing animals is the most important threat negatively affecting the expansion of the species (Naranjo Suárez et al. 2006). The presence of climbing paths has been also reported as a threat, as well as droughts and landslides.

conservationAction:
Sventenia bupleuroides is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Endangered B2ac(iv) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Tamadaba (SCI Tamadaba). Seeds are stored in the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo.Grazing species should be banned from the area. Visitors to the protected area should be made aware of the importance of respecting the plant and animal species. Population trend monitoring and research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed.

redListAssessors:
Naranjo Suárez, J., Santana López, I., Naranjo Morales, M. & Delgado Rodríguez, M.


redListCategoryRationale:
Tanacetum oshanahanii is listed as Critically Endangered because there is a single subpopulation known with 28 individuals with an area of occupancy of 1 km². Main threats are grazing and natural competition that cause a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its  habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The conservation status of the species is alarming.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Febles et al. 2004). It appears restricted to the steep crags of Barranco de Guayedra, where it occupies a narrow strip (30 x 40 m), located between 550-600 m. The area of occupancy has been estimated in 1 km². Regressive trends are inferred for its distribution range (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
There is only one known population with 28 individuals. Only individuals located on the cliff and a cave (17 total) are in good condition while individuals located in the upper platform (11 individuals) are affected by  goats and drought. Regressive trends have not been observed, but growth patterns have not been observed neither, in the last 13 years, and decreasing population trends are inferred for its current population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
It grows in cracks and crevices of crags walls, within rupicolous communities. Accompanying species include Aeonium virgineum, Aenium manriqueorum, Asparagus umbellatus, Olea europaea ssp. guanchica, Heberdenia excelsa, Convolvulus canariensis, Hypericum grandifolium, Pteridium aquilinum and Sonchus platylepis. It can also be found in ledges of cliffs where its main companions are: Cistus monspeliensis, Euphorbia regis-jubae and Kleinia neriifolia.This hermaphrodite species presents high percentages of non-viable seeds, which indicates possible reproduction problems. Inbreeding could also be an issue.

threats:
The narrow strip where the species can be located is under threat from plant competition and livestock grazing which prevents optimal development in the upper and lower platforms (Febles et al. 2004). Main natural competitors are Pteridium aquilinum and Cistus monspeliensis. The presence of individuals with high percentages of non-viable seeds is also a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species. It is classed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Tamadaba. There are seeds stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Canario Viera y Clavijo, where the species is cultivated.Population trends have to be monitored and research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed. Natural competitors should be eradicated in its distribution area.

redListAssessors:
Febles Hernández, R., Naranjo Suárez, J. & Fernández-Palacios Acosta, O.


taxonomicNotes:
Current accepted name of the species is Gonospermum ptarmiciflorum (Webb) Febles, according to Acebes et al. (2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum is listed as Endangered because of its low area of occupancy of 4 km², severely fragmented distribution, and continuing decline observed in the extent of its area of occupancy, its habitat, its number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. The main threats are trampling, collection, and landslides and fires.

range:
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows from 1,350 to 1,900 m asl. It is distributed into five locations, throughout four municipalities, in the centre of the island: Gáldar, Tejeda, San Bartolomé de Tirajana and Los Lajiales. Its total area of occupancy has been estimated in 4 km² (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). One more location in Cueva del Caballero (Artenara) was reported in 2003, but it was not founded in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Total population size was reported to be 479 individuals, distributed throughout five known locations (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). In 2007, the total number of individuals recorded was 541, due to a slight increasing trend in the location of Tejeda, but the general population trends have been indentified as decreasing and the location of Artenara was not found (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The population appears severely fragmented (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). High production of seedlings has been observed in fertile soils, but not in their natural environment, on rocks and slopes of ravines.

habitat:
This species grows within the Micromerio-Telinetum microphyllae that occurs in monteverde and pine forest. As a secondary habitat, it can occur in the Soncho-Aeonion, growing in cliffs and in rock faces. Frequent accompanying species are Teline microphylla, Erysimum scoparium, Micromeria benthamii, Salvia canariensis, Echium onosmifolium, Paronychia canariensis, Pinus canariensis, Sideritis dasygnaphala, Tinguarra montana, Sonchus acaulis, Carlina texedae and Micromeria lanata. It is a hermaphrodite plant. It presents pollination by insects, generally by bees. Fructification is high, compared with its low germination rates. Survival in cultivation is difficult.

threats:
Main threats to this species are trampling by hikers and natural factors such as fire and landslides (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2004). In one of the subpopulations, the collection for ornamental purposes poses another threat.

conservationAction:
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as Gonospermum ptarmicaeflorum in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and listed as Endangered B2ab(iii,v). It is listed as species "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.Subpopulations are included in the protected area Paisaje Protegido de Las Cumbres and Monumento Natural Riscos de Tirajana (SCI). Seeds are conserved in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo.Presence of hikers should be controlled and population trend monitoring programmes should be developed.

useAndTrade:
Because of its spectacular flowering it is often collected for adornment of temples and gardening.

redListAssessors:
Rodríguez Delgado, O., Cruz Trujillo, G.M. & García Gallo, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
This plant is endemic to the West Carpathians in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The estimated extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are less than 5,000 km² and 700 km² respectively. There is a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat as well as in the number of locations mainly due to land use change. It is found at ten locations at the moment and most of its sites are protected. It is precautionary listed as Vulnerable but could be classed as Near Threatened in the future. It could potentially also qualify under C2a(i) but at the moment it is not known whether the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 1,000.

range:
This plant is endemic to the West Carpathians and is only found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The extent of occurrence is 154 ha in the Czech Republic. The overall area of occupancy is smaller than 700 km² and the extent of occurrence is smaller than 5,000 km².It was described in 1979 from the Moravian-Slovak borderland in the Biele Karpaty Mts. It grows in Moravia (three localities near the state border) and in Slovakia. # In Slovakia it is found in the Biele Karpaty Mts (Biely vrch hill and Lysá hill in the Vršatec region), Strážovské vrchy Mts (Omšenie, Čavoj), Tribeč Mts (Radobica) and Vtáčnik Mts (Mt. Stráž near Veľké Pole). Occurrence on other localities in the Biele Karpaty Mts (Biely vrch hill), Tribeč Mts (Jelenská gaštanica Protected Site below the Gýmeš castle) and in Pohronský Inovec (Obyce and some microlocalities on Mt. Veľký Inovec) could not be confirmed recently (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
In the Czech Republic the population is slowly declining. There are three sites in the Czech Republic with 400 individuals. In Slovakia, populations are found in seven localities (two of them are sub-localities) with 2,783 individuals (2009) of which 50% are concentrated in one locality. Half of them are flowering. At the moment, only the actual number of individuals is known but not which ones are mature individuals. In Slovakia, there was a strong decline with more than 50% of the localities lost between the 1970s and 1990s due to habitat loss. A rescue programme is now in place (I. Škodová pers. comm. 2010). The sites are fragmented but not severely. In the Slovakian sites the populations number c. 20 to 2000 individuals. The  size of the subspecies populations and their number in Slovakia is more or less  stable: some localities could not be confirmed, whilst some new ones were discovered recently (Omšenie,  Čavoj). In the future finding other sites of this taxon can be  expected (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
Tephroseris longifolia ssp. moravica grows in various mesic meadows with high biodiversity and in marginal parts of shrub and forests. This submontane subspecies occurs in fringe communities, in different stages of succession, and typically on northern slopes. It prefers calcareous substrate. It was connected with copse which disappeared from the area.It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): # 6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)

threats:
The main threat to the subspecies is change in land use. This can be an intensification of agriculture, fertilising, abandonment of grazing activities which leads to succession, change in forest management, mowing and transformation into gardens. Much of its habitat has disappeared.

conservationAction:
Tephroseris longifolia ssp. moravica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. In Slovakia, it is protected and classed as Endangered. About 80% of the Slovak localities are found in protected areas and in three Natura 2000 sites. In the Czech Republic, the plant is protected in the strongest category and listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List. Almost all the population is in protected areas and Natura 2000 sites.Research on best management practice of this subspecies is recommended.

redListAssessors:
Dostalova, A., Ferakova, V. & Hodálová, I.


redListCategoryRationale:
Tolpis glabrescens is listed as Endangered because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 4 km² and being found at two isolated and restricted locations. Its habitat is affected by anthropization due to hiking and climbing. #

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows from 700 to 900 m asl. Its presence has been confirmed in only two isolated subpopulations in the ridges of the Macizo de Anaga. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 4 km².

population:
Total number of individuals has been reported to be 766 (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). No seedlings were observed in natural populations, mature individuals are predominant. Reproduction in situ is unlikely to present problems.

habitat:
It is a rupicolous species that  grows on the crest of ridges in areas constantly under the influence of trade winds, loaded with moisture. The atmosphere is kept cool and shady even in summer due to the high frequency of mist. The substrate, is characterized by the presence of a dense carpet of moss under which there is poor soil, but with a layer of humified organic matter. Frequent accompanying  species are Aeonium cuneatum, Erica platycodon, Laurus novocanariensis, Ilex canariensis, Teline canariensis, Dryopteris oligodonta, Polystichum setiferum and Asplenium onopteris.Flowering occurs in July-August, possibly until September. It fruits in August-September and is pollinated mainly by Hymenoptera. #

threats:
The two subpopulations are located very close to a road. Vehicles and possible road improvements may lead to loss of individuals (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). Some sites have been plundered by collectors. Climbing and anthropization of its habitat are also reported threats.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Endangered B2ac(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.It occurs within the protected areas Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI) and Reserva Natural Integral de Pijaral (SCI). It is recommended to collect seeds and store them in germplasm banks as well as to develop further research about the reproductive biology of the species.

useAndTrade:
The species is gathered by plant collectors.

redListAssessors:
Martín Cáceres, K., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Santos Guerra, A., Mesa Coello, R. & Acevedo Rodríguez, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Wagenitzia lancifolia is classified as Endangered due to its small population size of less than 250 mature individuals, small range and it having a maximum of six locations with a possible maximum of 45 individuals at each site. Although all sites are within protected areas, natural environmental events could wipe out one or more of these locations, seriously reducing an already low population.

range:
This species is endemic to Crete and recorded from two areas of distribution: the Lefka Ori Mts: Mavri Mt (two locations), Andrachos Mt (one location), Volikas Mt (one location), over Kampoi village 1,800 m (may coincide with one of the previous locations); and Dikti Mts: Lazaros Mt (one location).   Total distribution range is approximately 150 km², with an area of occupancy of 12 km² from a maximum of six locations.

population:
The total population does not exceed 250 individuals. The subpopulations are small, 45 mature individuals were counted at one of the locations on Mavri Mt and 1-2 mature individuals were counted on Lazaros Mt. There has been no observed decline or fluctuation in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
This species is a chasmophyte that grows on vertical limestone cliffs at an altitude of 1,700-1,900 m.a.s.l. (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
It comprises of very small populations which, although not directly threatened by human impacts, they could be threatened by complete destruction of the population from sudden environmental catastrophes, or reproductive collapse, due to lack of genetic diversity   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The plant grows at a stable and usually inaccessible habitat which is not affected by grazing. Over-collection by botanists or horticulturists might be a threat.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Wagenitzia lancifolia. It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR2430001and it is included in the Red Data Book as Endangered # under the name Centaurea lancifolia (Turland in: Phitos et al. 2009).

useAndTrade:
Over-collection by botanists or horticulturists might be a threat.


taxonomicNotes:
Recently revised (Lansdown 2008) to include C. hamulata as C. brutia var. hamulata; subsequently Stace (2009) proposed its elevation to subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. #

range:
C. #brutia occurs throughout Europe, from Iceland and the Faroe Islands, through Scandinavia to Poland and the Czech Republic, and throughout the Mediterranean basin east to Greece. Outside Europe, it has been recorded from Greenland, Morocco, Iran and the Caucasus and there is a specimen from Kamchatka. C. brutia also occurs as an introduction to Australia, New Zealand and the west coast of North America, from Oregon north into British Columbia.

population:
This species is fairly common throughout its range, often occurring as thousands of individuals and may represent the dominant aquatic vegetation in acidic or nutrient-poor waters.

habitat:
C. #brutia grows in a wide range of water-bodies, from ephemeral pools, lakes and canals to fast-flowing upland rivers. Var. hamulata appears to be more frequent in permanent, swift-flowing water, while var. brutia typically occurs in ephemeral water-bodies and at the margins of lakes. C. #brutia occurs from sea level to at least 950 #m on Ben Lawers, Scotland. It grows with a wide range of species, often including Callitriche species such as C. #lusitanica, C. #obtusangula, C. #platycarpa #and C. #stagnalis. Plants from the southern part of its range tend to be named as var. brutia, those in the north as var. hamulata. It seems likely that this is an artefact of habitat characteristics, since in the south water-bodies are more often temporary while in the north they are more likely to be permanent. In more permanent water-bodies, the two varieties may occur with Ranunculus peltatus, Elodea nuttallii, Lythrum salicaria, Myosotis scorpioides, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Potamogeton polygonifolius #and Sparganium emersum, while in temporary pools var. brutia occurs with Lythrum portula, Persicaria hydropiper, Ranunculus flammula, R. #ophioglossifolius #and Rorippa palustris. C. #brutia is often associated with marginal grasses such as Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus aequalis #and smaller Glyceria species and with small Juncus species. The communities associated with the two varieties have been obscured by the tendency to record var. hamulata in more oligotrophic or acid water-bodies, where C. #brutia occurs with species such as Apium inundatum, Eleogiton fluitans, Equisetum fluviatile, Isoetes lacustris, Littorella uniflora, # Lobelia dortmanna, Luronium natans, Nitella opaca, Potamogeton alpinus, P. #filiformis, P. #obtusifolius, P. #polygonifolius #and particularly with diverse bryophyte assemblages including Brachythecium rivulare, Fontinalis squamosa, Racomitrium aciculare #and Scapania undulata. C. #brutia var. brutia often occurs with species typical of Mediterranean temporary pools, including Cicendia filiformis, Cyperus fuscus, Elatine alsinastrum, Eleocharis ovata, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Illecebrum verticillatum, Isoetes histrix, I. #velata, Juncus capitatus, J. #pygmaeus, Lythrum junceum, Mentha pulegium #and Ranunculus tripartitus.

conservationAction:
No conservation action is known to have been taken for this species.This species was reported as Vulnerable (Marche, Umbria), Critically Endangered (Latium) Data Deficient for Calabria (Conti et al. 1997), Endangered for Tuscany (Sposimo and Castelli 2005).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is taxonomically very close to&#Callitriche lenisulca but the two taxa are geographically and morphologically distinct. Confusion over identification has obscured the actual distribution and status of this species in some areas.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread and does not face any major threats. The continued, observed decline in range of this species is potentially of concern, but does not yet appear to have any effect on the main stronghold of the species.

range:
Callitriche cophocarpa appears to be mainly a northern and eastern European species. It is very common in Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Czech Republic and Poland, extending east into Russia. It may occur south to the Mediterranean coast of Croatia, but this has not been confirmed.

population:
There is evidence of a decline in parts of its Scandinavian range, but the scale and importance of this decline are difficult to assess.It appears to be undergoing a contraction in the south and west of its range, where it is being replaced by C. platycarpa or the hybrid of these two species. It now appears to be extinct in the Netherlands and Belgium.

habitat:
In the main part of its range, C. #cophocarpa occurs in most types of water-body. It is common in a range of habitats from lowland ditches, slow-flowing reaches of rivers, backwaters, oxbows and field ponds to the lagg fen of raised bogs. It has been recorded from waters with a pH ranging from 6-9 and from sea level in coastal parts of Denmark to 1,200 #m in the Swiss Jura and 1,370 #m in the Belluno District of Italy. Owing to its wide ecological tolerance, it may occur with a wide range of species. In more eutrophic or calcareous waters, it typically grows with species such as Alisma lanceolatum, Carex acuta, Ceratophyllum demersum, Eleocharis palustris, Elodea canadensis,  #Persicaria hydropiper, Phalaris arundinacea, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Sparganium emersum #and Veronica catenata. In more acid habitats, it may occur with species such as Chara virgata, Carex curta, C. #echinata, C. #vesicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton alpinus #and Utricularia minor.

threats:
The decline may be a consequence of decline in water quality, possibly linked to genetic dilution through hybridisation with C. platycarpa.

conservationAction:
There is no known conservation action for this species. It is important that the scale and extent of the decline is monitored with the potential for conservation action if the decline is considered significant.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The area of occupancy is small and probably below 500 km2. The populations known are generally in heavily agricultural areas and so vulnerable to hyper-eutrophication, modification of water bodies, etc. Derived from the known sites and threats, the number of locations has been identified as just more than ten. A continuing decline of the quality of its habitat is assumed. The species is considered as Near Threatened.

range:
The few records available suggest that C. #cribrosa has a fairly patchy distribution, occurring in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, from Aveiro in Portugal to Castilla-La Mancha in Spain and south to the Algarve and Cadiz Province; in central Italy, Morocco and Algeria. The record for Italy (Latium) is doubtful (Conti et al. 2005).

population:
This species is known from only a few sites in any of the areas from which it has been recorded. There appear to be between 25 and 30 currently known populations, with most information derived from herbarium specimens.

habitat:
C. #cribrosa appears to be predominantly a plant of calcareous clay soils, where it occurs in ditches and streams. It appears able to tolerate nutrient enrichment. It has been recorded to an altitude of 1,640 #m in Morocco, but no higher than 1,100 #m in Europe. C. #cribrosa occurs most frequently with species typical of nutrient-rich, calcareous lowland ditches such as small Glyceria species, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Veronica catenata #and Zannichellia palustris. It has also been recorded with species such as Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus longus, Persicaria amphibia, P. #hydropiper, P. #maculosa,  #P. #salicifolia, Ranunculus tripartitus, Typha angustifolia #and T. #latifolia.

threats:
The little information currently available suggests that this species typically occurs in naturally eutrophic water bodies, consequently it is likely to be at risk from hyper-eutrophication. One of the sources in Spain is pig farming.

conservationAction:
There are no known conservation measures currently in place. There is a need to clarify the true distribution and abundance of this species throughout its range.


taxonomicNotes:
Split (Lansdown 2008) into two subspecies, ssp. hermaphroditica and ssp. macrocarpa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although population declines have been measured in parts of its range the species is still well presented in Europe. More research on the causes of this decline and potential threats is needed. This species is classed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
C. #hermaphroditica has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly north of 53º latitude, although there have recently been a few records south of this in Britain and Ireland. It occurs throughout northern Scandinavia (Martinsson 1991), east to Tibet, it has been confirmed from County Mayo in the Republic of Ireland north to northern Sweden and Denmark, east to Mongolia and from the United States. C. #hermaphroditica #appears to be declining throughout much of its European range, with confirmed losses from sites in Britain (Preston and Croft 1997), the Netherlands (J. Bruinsma pers. comm. 2010), Norway (Often and Mjelde 1999) and Sweden (Martinsson 1991).

population:
There is very little information on population trends in C. hermaphroditica, although there is some evidence of a decline in Britain, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.

habitat:
C. #hermaphroditica occurs in lakes, gravel-pits, canals and slow-flowing reaches of rivers as well as in sheltered bays throughout the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is most typical of lowland, mesotrophic lakes, often occurring in species-rich communities characterised by diverse assemblages of Potamogeton species, including P. #berchtoldii, P. #compressus, P. #obtusifolius, P. #pectinatus, P. #perfoliatus #and P. #rutilus. Other typical associates include Chara aspera, Elodea nuttallii, Littorella uniflora, Luronium natans, Myriophyllum alterniflorum #and Nitella flexilis. In some Scottish lochs, ssp. macrocarpa occurs with Najas flexilis. #

threats:
Although there is some evidence of a decline, the cause or causes of the decline are not known.

conservationAction:
There is no evidence that conservation action has been undertaken for this species. Monitoring of the existent populations and research on the cause of their decline is recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Callitriche lenisulca has a widespread distribution and is present at numerous sites. There is evidence of a population decline in some parts, but in other parts of its range more populations are being found. Although it does occur in a threatened habitat type that is under pressure from coastal development, it has been assessed as Least Concern for the time being. Monitoring of its sites is recommended.

range:
C. #lenisulca is restricted to the Atlantic coast of France (where it may now be extinct) and the northern Mediterranean coast eastwards to Israel. It has been reported from sites from the Isle d'Oléron in France and from the Camargue in southern France, namely Bouche-du-Rhône (four sites), Alpes-Maritime, and Gard. In Spain, it was present in the province Cadiz in southern Spain and in Menorca - the species has not been found at either site again and is considered extinct. It was reported from western Greece and Kos, but the population on mainland Greece, near Athens, has probably disappeared. In Italy, it is found in Brescia in Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna, Sardinia and Sicily. In Portugal, it has been seen in the Algarve region in 2010. The species occurs in Turkey, in Mu?la on the southwestern coast, and in the Sharon Plain in Israel. It is probably present in southern Albania.

population:
Although there are a number of recent records, there is also evidence of a population decline and the populations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
Little is known about C. #lenisulca. Many populations are situated close to the upper edge of saline influence and in areas of saline soils fed by fresh water. C. #lenisulca appears to be strongly associated with neutral or slightly basic marine soils and clays. It appears to be exclusively a lowland species with a maximum altitude record of 170 #m and all confirmed records are from within 100 #km of the sea. Within this habitat it occurs in ditches, streams and temporary ponds, often bordered by stands of Phragmites australis. It occurs with species such as C. #obtusangula, C. #stagnalis and  C. #truncata, Potamogeton nodosus, P. #pectinatus, # Ranunculus baudotii, R. #trichophyllus #and Veronica catenata #as well as a number of charophytes, particularly Chara aspera #and C. #vulgaris, but also C. #galioides, C. #hispida, Tolypella glomerata #and T. #hispanica.

threats:
Coastal development for tourism is the main threat to the species, but also farming and associated water pollution are causing species decline.

conservationAction:
In France, most of the populations are included in protected areas. Several other populations also benefit from site protection. It is recommended to search for new sites in the western Mediterranean.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name, however material recently detected on the island of Lesbos could be this species, which would extend its distribution quite significantly.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is classed as Near Threatened as it has a restricted distribution area and its freshwater habitat is degrading. Expected future demand of water in the southern European regions, will worsen the situation for this species and it could quickly fall into a threatened category.

range:
In Europe, C. #lusitanica is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is abundant in the west, from Castilla-Leon in the north to the Province of Cadiz in Andalucia and eastern Portugal. Its main range appears to be in Extremadura and Andalucia, with few records outside this region. It seems likely that this range is dictated more by geology than any other feature. Outside Europe, it has been recorded from a number of sites in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.The area of occupancy is unknown, but the species is listed as Endangered under B2 in the Spanish Red List and it can therefore be assumed that the total area of occupancy is below 2,000 km².

population:
Although occurring within a fairly restricted area, populations of C. lusitanica appear to be stable.

habitat:
C. #lusitanica is typical of shallow reaches of upland gravel or cobble-bed rivers on siliceous soils, characteristically in water with a pH of 6–6.5(–7), where it forms large stands in the main channel and backwaters. These rivers typically have broad floodplains, with complex series of shallow depressions that hold water in the winter but dry out early in the summer. In faster flow it occurs as a submerged form, but on shallow margins and in floodplain depressions it forms floating rosettes or may produce emergent shoots. C. #lusitanica often occurs with other Callitriche species, particularly C. #brutia var. brutia, C. #regis-jubae #and C. #stagnalis. Other typical associates include Apium nodiflorum, Cyperus longus, Elatine macropoda, Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria fluitans, Isoetes velata, Juncus bufonius, Lythrum junceum, Oenanthe crocata, Ranunculus peltatus #and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum.

threats:
The main threats are water extraction from streams and pools for irrigation which leads to a subsequent drying out of this habitat. Eutrophication as a consequence of fertilizers and livestock is a further threat.

conservationAction:
Callitriche lusitanica is listed as Endangered B2ab(iii,iv)c(ii) in the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008). It is legally protected. Monitoring of the populations is recommended.


range:
C. obtusangula occurs from the UK and the Netherlands to Austria and former Yugoslavia in the east, and westward along the Mediterranean coast, including Corsica and Sardinia, to Spain and Portugal. It has been reported for many parts of Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia (Conti et al. 2005, 2007). Elsewhere, it occurs in North Africa, including Morocco and Tunisia.

population:
This species seems to be abundant throughout much of its range and appears to be extending its range towards the east.

habitat:
C. #obtusangula is restricted to lowlands in the northern part of its range, where it tends to occur in calcareous waters (pH 7–9). Further south it occurs in neutral (pH 7) or even acid water (pH 4–6 in France, Tunisia and Corsica). It is a typical plant of chalk rivers, calcareous fens and ditches in coastal marshes, generally growing over gravels, clay or peat but tolerating deep beds of fine silt. It can also tolerate brackish water and is one of the commonest members of the genus in water-bodies at the upper edge of the coastal zone. In brackish waters, it may occur with C. #lenisulca #and with C. #truncata #where the ranges of the species overlap. It frequently occurs with C. #stagnalis and with species such as Apium nodiflorum, Elodea canadensis, Mentha aquatica, Oenanthe crocata, Potamogeton crispus, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum #and Zannichellia palustris. and particularly in chalk streams with Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans. In southern Europe, it may occur with species such as Cyperus longus, Leersia oryzoides #and Ranunculus peltatus. In favourable conditions it tends to form large dense beds in still or slow-flowing water, but it also forms dense, submerged, sterile beds in fast-flowing reaches of rivers.

threats:
There are no known threats specific to this species.

conservationAction:
It would be useful to have more information on the distribution and status of this species toward the periphery of its range.

useAndTrade:
This species is occasionally sold as an "oxygenator" for outdoor ponds.


taxonomicNotes:
C.&#palustris is very variable throughout its range. In Europe, this variation is mainly represented by differences in the width and distribution of the wing and there are a few consistent variants in Europe which may merit description and for which more information is needed. Material from Corsica and the Pyrenees has ellipsoid fruits 0.9–1.1 x 0.6 mm, wingless or narrowly winged at the base and apex (Schotsman 1967). In some material from Russia the base of the mericarp twists outward, resembling C.&#peploides&#Nutt. In Asia there are additional differences in reproductive characters, so that five races can be recognised (Lansdown 2006). While occasional plants from eastern Europe are winged from base to apex and the wing is broader than in other populations (Schotsman 1967); these may represent the western extreme of populations of C.&#palustris var. elegans&#(Petrov) Y.L. Chang.

range:
C. #palustris occurs throughout Europe, except for the Mediterranean basin and parts of France, from Iceland and Finland south to the Pyrenees and Apennines and east throughout Russia, with isolated populations in the mountains of Corsica.

population:
A widespread species although it is rare in many parts of the Mediterranean where it is at the edge of its distribution and restricted to higher altitudes.

habitat:
C. #palustris occurs in a range of habitats, including wet ruts on woodland rides, turloughs, lakes, river margins, and reservoirs. It appears to be strongly associated with water with a pH of 7–8 in oligotrophic habitats (Schotsman 1967). It seems to occur mainly in habitats where summer water levels drop to expose broad expanses of bare mud, but at higher altitudes and in Fennoscandia it may grow in more permanently wet habitats. It occurs from sea level in central and northern Europe to 2600m in the Alps and probably reaches the highest altitude of any Callitriche species in Europe. In lowland parts of Europe outside Fennoscandia it appears likely that C. #palustris is most frequent in the active or historic flood-plains of large river systems. It often occurs with other Callitriche species, such as C. #brutia vars brutia and hamulata, C. #platycarpa #and C. #stagnalis. In the lowlands it tends to occur mainly with other species typical of ephemeral pools and the draw-down zones of large lakes, such as Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus aequalis, A. geniculatus, Cyperus fuscus, Eleocharis ovata, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Juncus bufonius, J. #bulbosus, Limosella aquatica, Lythrum hyssopifolia, L. portula, Montia fontana, Persicaria hydropiper, P. minor, Plantago major, Ranunculus flammula, Rorippa palustris, R. sylvestris, Rumex maritimus #and Stellaria uliginosa. At higher altitudes it has been recorded with Eleocharis acicularis, Ranunculus reptans, R. trichophyllus, Rorippa islandica #and Sparganium angustifolium #and in Fennoscandia with species such as Crassula aquatica, Elatine hydropiper, E. triandra #and Subularia aquatica.

threats:
There are no known threats specific to this species. It is possible that some peripheral populations (such as those in the mountains of Corsica or the Pyrenees) may be threatened at a local level.

conservationAction:
No specific measures are known. This species occurs in some areas that are managed for conservation (e.g. in Corsica).

useAndTrade:
Callitriche species are occasionally sold under this name for horticulture.


