# European_Red_List_2017_December

redListCategoryRationale:
Armeria sampaio is endemic to northeast and central Portugal where not more than 500 mature individuals have been recorded. It furthermore suffers from the affects of recreational activities and infrastructure development on its sites. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This species is endemic to northern and central Portugal (Serra da Estrela). Its area of occupancy is less than 1,600 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population has between 251-500 individuals with an unknown population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant is found in acidophilous grassland, on granite outcrops, or in horizontal cracks of granitic rocks. This species typically occurs in high mountain meadows with Minuartia recurva and Arenaria querioides, and is characteristic for Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae (class Festucetea indigestion). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6160 "Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are posed by recreational activities in the mountains, such as trampling by tourists or skiing. Communication networks have also been reported as a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Armeria sampaioi is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Armeria soleirolii is found in five locations with an extent of occurrence of 114 km² and an area of occupancy smaller than 20 km². The species range, habitat quality and extent, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals are declining as all sites are threatened by the encroachment of invasive species such as Carpobrotus spp. and recreational and tourist activities. It is therefore classed as Endangered.

range:
Armeria soleirolii is endemic to Corsica island. Its extent of occurrence is 114 km² and the area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km² and it is found at five locations.

population:
There are five known locations distributed over three communes. The population counts 10,000-25,000 individuals with a decreasing trend.

habitat:
This species is found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp." (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat to the species and its habitat are local invasion by Carpobrotus spp. and Opuntia spp., recreational and tourist activities, and goat grazing in some areas.

conservationAction:
Armeria soleirolii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at national level in France. The species sometimes grows in protected areas (Réserve Naturelle de Scandola, Site Inscrit de Revelata and Galeria, Site Classé Cap Senino, CDL).


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium arborescens was severely affected by grazing pressure in the past and presents a restricted distribution. It is currently in expansion and therefore it is listed as Near Threatened.

range:
Limonium arborescens is endemic to the islands of Tenerife and La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). In Tenerife it can be found in cliffs and crags on five locations in the northern part of the island, from Valle de La Orotava to Teno. In La Palma, it is found in one location in Garafía. Its total area of occupancy is between 4.75 and 16 km².

population:
Population size was estimated in around 4,500 individuals  (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Some subpopulations present expansive dynamics. In 2007, its total population size was estimated in 8,226 specimens (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This shrub grows in cliffs and shady rocky slopes, on sites with some accumulation of humic soil. It occurs within the communities Soncho radicati-Aeonietum tabulaeformis and Artemisio thusculae-Rumicetum lunariae. Its altitudinal distribution range is wide, from the coast up to thermophile forests (Mesa Coello et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species are Artemisia thuscula, Rhamnus crenulata, Sonchus acaulis, Astydamia latifolia, Sideritis spp. and Hypericum spp.

threats:
Main threats are  natural competition with other species, grazing and stock trampling   (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). Grazing pressure has decreased in the last years and it does not seem to currently threat the conservation of the species.A risk of hybridisation with the endemic species Limonium fruticans and gardening species present in surrounding areas exists. Seeds are frequently infested by parasites (insects). Changes in land use, construction of roads and competition with exotic species have been also reported as threats.

conservationAction:
It is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed EN A2ce in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). The subpopulations occur in the protected areas Paisaje Protegido Acantilados de La Culata (SCI), Sitio de Interés Científico de Interián (SCI), Paisaje Protegido Costa de Acentejo, Sitio de Interés Científico Barranco de Ruiz (SCI), Parque Rural de Teno (SCI) and Reserva Natural de Guelguén (SCI) (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).Proposed measures include seed collection from every subpopulation and storage in germplasm banks, implementation of grazing species access control measures, and control of hybrid cultivars used in gardening in the island. Research is necessary to clarify taxonomical doubts about Limonium fruticans and Limonium arborescens.

redListAssessors:
Mesa Coello, R., Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Acevedo Rodríguez, A. & Gutiérrez Díaz, A.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium calabrum is endemic  to the region Calabria in southern Italy, where  it grows in cliffs. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 96 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km². The species grows in four subpopulations that are severely fragmented but the population is stable. Two major threats affect L. calabrum: the building of tourist facilities and trampling by collectors of buds  and fruits of Capparis orientalis. This plant is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Limonium calabrum is an endemic species from southern Italy, administrative region of Calabria, where it grows in cliffs between 1 and 15 m asl (Uzunov et al. 2010). Its EOO is 96 km² and the AOO is 24 km².

population:
The species grows in four subpopulations near Catanzaro, Vibo Valentia and Reggio Calabria. They are very far from each other and the species can be considered severely fragmented. There is probably no genetic exchange between the extant subpopulations (Uzunov et al. 2011).

habitat:
Limonium calabrum is characteristic for sea cliffs where it grows with Inula crithmoides L. and Crithmum maritimum L. (Uzunov et al. 2010).

threats:
There are two major threats affecting L. calabrum: Firstly the building of tourist facilities (e.g., roads, hotels, etc.) very close to coastline. Secondly, the trampling by collectors of buds and fruits of Capparis orientalis.

conservationAction:
The species is not included neither in international laws nor in the local legislation. Some populations occur inside SCIs (IT9330184 Scogliera di Stalettì, IT9340091 Zona costiera tra Briatico e Nicotera) and ZPS (IT9350300 Costa Viola).It is one of the target species of the project GENMEDOC.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium dendroides is classed as Critically Endangered due to its highly restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 7 km², a total population size of around 20 individuals, unevenly distributed throughout different small subpopulations, and declining trends reported for its presence. It appears restricted to sheltered sites within its potential habitat. Grazing animals, landslides, droughts and collection, limit the expansion of the species.

range:
Limonium dendroides is endemic to the island of La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain   (Reyes Betancort and González González 2004), where it can be found growing from 175 to 850 m asl, distributed in four scattered locations: Barranco de Argaga, Guarimiar-El Azadoe-El Palmarejo, Barranco de El Cabrito and Barranco de La Villa. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 7 km². Three more locations were reported in the past and are now considered disappeared (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
Its population size was estimated in 39 individuals in 2003   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Other sources reported 21 specimens (Reyes Betancort and González González 2004). Its population appears irregularly distributed: two individuals have been found in Barranco de Argaga; eight in Guarimiar-El Azadoe-El Palmarejo; nine in Barranco de El Cabrito and two in Barranco de La Villa.Subpopulations are mainly formed by adult individuals and recruitment is very low. Auto-incompatibility and incompatibility among individuals make sexual reproduction difficult. Decreasing trends have been observed for its population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
The species can be found mainly in inaccessible small ledges facing east and northeast. Ideally it grows in areas where the community Mayteno-Juniperion canariensis is potentially possible   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It can also be found in more xerophytic sites, where Kleinio-Euphorbion occurs. Frequent accompanying species are: Rumex lunaria, Convolvulus floridus, Bituminaria bituminosa, Carlina salicifolia, Euphorbia berthelotii, Sonchus ortunoi, Sideritis gomerae ssp. perezii and Bupleurum salicifolium (Reyes Betancort and González González 2004).

threats:
Predation and grazing are the most important threats to this species (Reyes Betancort and González González 2004). Collection, landslides and occasional droughts have been also reported as threats to the species and its habitat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected areas Parque Rural de Valle Gran Rey, Monumento Natural Barranco del Cabrito (SCI) and SCI de Barranco Argaga y Cuenca de Benchijigua-Guarimiar.Reinforcement measures have been implemented in the location of El Azadoe. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and ex situ produced plants can be found in the Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest. Plants have been produced in vitro at the Conservatoire Botanique de Porquerolles and afterwards cultivated in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and in the Vivero y Centro de Visitantes del Parque Nacional de Garajonay.Plant material from every subpopulation should be collected and stored in germplasm banks. Ex situ cultivation should be developed and population reinforcement actions must be kept in place. Monitoring should be implemented in new potential distribution areas.

useAndTrade:
It is collected because of its ornamental value.

redListAssessors:
Reyes Betancort, J.A. & González González, R.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium dodartii ssp. lusitanicum is endemic to Portugal's west coast. It is a rare species with an area of occupancy of 600 km² and an extent of  occurrence of around 1,500 km². Trampling by tourists in the holiday season is the currently known main threat to this species. There is no information on population size or trend available and it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal's west coast where it is found between Peniche and Cabo Raso (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 600 km² and the extent of occurrence is around 1,500 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). #

population:
This species is rare (ICN 2006). There is no information on population size or trend available.

habitat:
This perennial plant flowers from May to August and occurs in rocky cliffs. It forms part of the alliance Crithmo - Daucion halophili, class Crithmo - Staticetea (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)5410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)

threats:
Trampling by tourists in the holiday season is the main threat to this species (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Limonium dodartii ssp. lusitanicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. This plant requires further taxonomic research as well as the collection of information on population size and trend. The use of paths near this plant should be regulated to avoid trampling (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium fruticans is classed as Endangered due to its highly restricted distribution. It is distributed into three subpopulations, with an area of occupancy of 4 km2 and its habitat is highly affected by anthropogenic impacts. Its small distribution range, along with competition phenomena, predation and human-generated impacts, threat the conservation of the species.

range:
Limonium fruticans is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Santos Guerra et al. 2004), where it occurs between 0 and 300 m asl, on the northwestern part of the island. It is found distributed into three subpopulations in Teno: El Fraile, Tamargo and Faro de Teno (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Its area of occupancy is 4 km² (Santos Guerra et al. 2004).

population:
Its total population size has been reported to be 6,757 individuals (Santos Guerra et al. 2004). The number of specimens could be even higher, for one subpopulation was not visited. The subpopulations present slow dynamics and low recruitment but population trend seems to be progressive (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This small shrub grows on xerophile and halophile sites, on steep slopes, within communities such as Ceropegio dichotomae-Euphorbietum aphyllae, though it can also colonize more anthropised sites. Frequent accompanying species are Euphorbia canariensis, Euphorbia balsamifera, Euphorbia aphylla, Asparagus umbellatus, Schizogyne sericea, Kleinia neriifolia and Ceropegia dichotoma (Santos Guerra et al. 2004).

threats:
Infrastructure development and the presence of a road in the surroundings are the main threats affecting this species (Santos Guerra et al. 2004), along with trampling and collection due to the easy access to the area. Predation by rabbits and competition with exotic species also exert pressure on the species. Local landslides and cleaning works on road edges have been also reported as threats (J.A. Reyes-Betancort pers. comm. 2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). #The species occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI) (Santos Guerra et al. 2004). Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias. At least one subpopulation is object of invasive species control plans.Seeds from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Ex situ cultivation and micropropagation should be developed, as well as research about is reproductive biology and population trends monitoring. Exotic species eradication plans and access control and surveillance measures should be established. Its proximity to Limoniun arborescens should be clarified through research at molecular and morphological scale.

useAndTrade:
It has been collected because of its ornamental value.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Martín Cáceres, K., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Santos Gutiérrez, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Sardinia where it has been recorded in seven localities with stable populations. It has a small geographic range of 193 km² and it is not clear how that transfers into extent of occurrence but it can be concluded that area of occupancy is below 500 km². The most important threat for this species is anthropogenic pressure posed by leisure and tourism activities. There is no information on the size of the populations or potential declines and it is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii) for the moment.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Sardinia, Italy   (Pignatti et al. 2001). It covers a geographic range of 193 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  It is not clear how that  transfers into extent of occurrence but it can be concluded that the area  of occupancy is below 500 km².

population:
It has been recorded in seven localities but the number of individuals is not known. The population is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1420 "Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threat for this species is anthropogenic pressure posed by leisure and tourism activities (Pignatti et al. 2001, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
The Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2010) reports it as native to Portugal and Morocco only whereas the Instituto da Conservaçao da Natureza (ICN 2006) declares it as an Iberian endemic. Castroviejo et al. (1990) state that it is present in Spain but treated as a synonym of Limonium ovalifolium. Limonium ovalifolium ssp. canariense is endemic to Canary Islands and considered synonym to Limonium bollei (Wangerin) Erben according to Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010.

redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium lanceolatum is listed as Data Deficient as its distribution is unclear for taxonomic reasons.

range:
This plant is found along the coast of Portugal and Spain. The area of occupancy is not known but the extent of occurrence is larger than 20,000 km². In the Iberian Peninsula it is not common, being known only from the coast of Cantabria, Bizkaia, Cádiz and southwestern Portugal.

population:
In the north of Spain, the species has been recorded in 17 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population size and trend in Portugal are not known but it is not assumed to be threatened (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This perennial plant flowers from June to August. It is found along the coast, on rocky shores and in high salt marshes. It is characteristic of the sub-alliance Suaedenion vera, and found in the associations Inula chrithmoides-Arthrocnemetum glauca, Cistanche phelypaeae-Suaedetum vera and #Polygono equisetiformis-Limoniastretum monopetali (ICN 2006).It also appears in areas of contact of marsh and dunes ecosystems. Frequent accompanying species are Limonium binervosum,  Armeria maritima and, occasionally, Frankenia laevis. #

threats:
There are no threats known to this plant in Portugal (ICN 2006).In Spain, the fragility of its habitat against factors such as pollution and floods, has been reported as the main threat affecting this species.

conservationAction:
Limonium lanceolatum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Taxonomic clarification whether it is a distinct species from L. ovalifolium is required (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium multiflorum is endemic to Portugal's  west coast. It is has an area of occupancy of 900 km². There is no  information on population size or trend available. However, trampling by tourists  in the holiday season is the main threat to this species and it is unlikely that this will lead to a severe population decline in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Portugal where it occurs along the west coast between Cabo Mondego and Cascais (ICN 2006). Its area of occupancy is 900 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species is not abundant, but there is no more information on the population size or trend (ICN 2006).

habitat:
This perennial plant grows in rocky coastal cliffs up to 50 m asl. It is characteristic of the association Limonietum multiflori virgatae, alliance Crithmo-Daucion halophili, class Crithmo-Staticetea (ICN 2006). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)5410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)

threats:
The main threat is trampling by tourists, especially in the holiday season (ICN 2006).

conservationAction:
Limonium multiflorum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. This plant requires further taxonomic research as well as the collection of information on population size and trend. The use of paths near this plant should be regulated to avoid trampling (ICN 2006).


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium perezii is classed Vulnerable due to its low population size and restricted distribution. The population size remains stable around 280 individuals which are all in one single location, with an area of occupancy of 1.25 km 2. Grazing limited the expansion of the species in the past but it is currently controlled. The species has recovered from past disturbances and presents stable or even slightly positive distribution trends, though its distribution is still highly restricted. If grazing and predation phenomena occur again, this species conservation would be threatened.

range:
Limonium perezii is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it occurs in one location on the eastern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 1.25 km2 and to be stable (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It is believed that at least two more subpopulations of the species could be found.

population:
Its population size has been reported to be 284 individuals in 2006 and it is believed to have been more or less stable for the last years since rigorous population counts have been carried out (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

habitat:
This small shrub grows on steep basaltic crags, in inaccessible cracks and ledges, within rupicolous communities in the potential distribution range of thermophile forest. Common accompanying species are: Vieria laevigata, Phyllis viscosa, Aeonium sedifolium, Carlina salicifolia and Sonchus fauces-orci (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).

threats:
Grazing has been reported as the main threat to the species; livestock in the area have been removed, but it is not known whether this situation is permanent (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Collection has been also reported as a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed CR C2a(ii) the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of Canarias. The population is included in the Parque Rural de TenoIt is used in gardening and appears naturalised in California (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

useAndTrade:
The species is collected because of its ornamental value.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium preauxii is classed ad Endangered for its distribution range is highly restricted and fluctuations have been reported for its population size. It is distributed throughout five locations with a total area of occupancy of 27 km². Grazing, human presence and droughts cause the number of individuals to present fluctuation patterns.

range:
Limonium preauxii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Suárez García et al. 2004), where it is found between 300 and 950 m asl, distributed throughout five locations: Barranco de Tirajana, Barranco de Arguineguín, Macizo de Ayagaures, Arteara y Montaña Amurga, and Barranco de Angostura, said to include 12 subpopulations. Its area of occupation has been reported to be 27 km².

population:
Its total population size has been estimated to be around 53,275 individuals (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), affected by fluctuations due to seedling mortality caused by summer droughts and by grazing and predation.

habitat:
This sub-shrub grows in sites influenced by phreatic humidity, especially xerophytic slopes. Common accompanying species are Euphorbia rejisjubae, Kleinia neriifolia, Lavandula minutolii, Echium decaisnei, Campylanthus salsoloides, Aeonium percarneum and Ceropegia fusca (Suárez García et al. 2004).

threats:
Main threats are grazing, trampling and collection and occasional landslides (Suárez García et al. 2004). The location of Arteara y Montaña Amurga is as well affected by hybridisation phenomena.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed EN B2ab(i,iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Most of the subpopulations are included in the protected areas Paisaje Protegido de Fataga (SCI), Parque Natural de Pilancones (SCI) and Monumento Natural de Aguayro. The species also occurs within the protected areas SCI of Amurga and Macizo de Tauro II (Suárez García et al. 2004).Seeds are stored and ex situ cultivation is being performed in the botanic garden Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, where research about the reproductive biology and genetic diversity of the species is as well being developed.Proposed measures include population monitoring, # grazing species and human access control, and collection and storage of seeds from every subpopulation. The subpopulations not present in protected areas should be included in such conservation sites.

useAndTrade:
The species is collected because of its ornamental value (Suárez García et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Suárez García, C., Naranjo Suárez, J. & Navarro Denis, J.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium pseudolaetum is endemic to Sardinia where it occurs in five localities. It has a geographic range of 137 km² but it is not clear how this translates into extent of occurrence or area of occupancy. However, it can be assumed that the area of occupancy is below 500  km². The populations   are stable. Main threat are recreational activities but it is not clear if this leads to any declines that put the species into a threat category. It is therefore classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii) and D2.

range:
This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy   (Pignatti et al. 2001). Its geographic range has been estimated to be 137 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is not clear how that transfers into extent of occurrence or area of occupancy but it can be assumed that the area of occupancy is below 500 km².

population:
This species has been recorded in five localities with stable populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1420 "Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threat for this species is anthropogenic pressure due to leisure and tourism activities (Pignatti et al. 2001, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Limonium pseudolaetum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium sibthorpianum is endemic to Sicily where a unique small population in the area of Messina is known with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 1 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km². It grows on the edge of a road and the road management poses the main threat to this plant. The unique population counts only five adult individuals with no in situ reproduction. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
The species is endemic to Sicily where a unique small population in the area of Messina is known, that corresponds to the locus classicus (Crisafulli and Picone 2010). The EOO is 1 km² and the AOO is 4 km².

population:
It is known from only one population at Capo Alì, near Messina at the northeastern coast of Sicily. #Limonium sibthorpianum grows on the edge of the road S.S.114 "Orientale Sicula". This unique population counts five adult individuals and there is no in situ reproduction (Crisafulli and Picone 2010).

habitat:
The species is termophilous and grows on cliffs (Crisafulli and Picone 2010).

threats:
The most impacting threat is represented by the road management (Crisafulli and Picone 2010).

conservationAction:
The species is not included neither in international or national legislation nor in protected areas. However, it is the target of an ex situ conservation programme of the Botanic Garden of Messina, where some plants are cultivated (Picone et al. 2002).The natural population is monitored in situ.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium spectabile is classed as Critically Endangered for its populations appear fragmented throughout a small area of occupancy, of 3 km². Regressive patterns have been observed in its distribution and population size. It grows in restricted sites out of reach of predators within its potential habitat. Continuing grazing and geological instability exert high pressure on the species.

range:
Limonium spectabile is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found between 5 and 400 m asl in Teno. It appears restricted to three localities: Guergue, La Fortaleza and Barranco Seco. Its area of occupancy is 3 km² (Acevedo et al. 2004). Regressive patterns have been reported for its distribution.

population:
Population has been estimated in 160 individuals   (Acevedo et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). In 2007, the presence of seedlings was reported only in the location Barranco Seco (A. Acevedo pers. comm. 2011). Decreasing trends have been observed in population size.

habitat:
This species grows in a habitat characterised by high insolation and temperatures, high salinity in soil and air and scarce and poorly developed soil (Acevedo et al. 2004), within communities of Frankenio ericifoliae-Astidamietum latifoliae and Aeonio-Euphorbion canariensis. Common accompanying species are Hyparrhenia hirta, Vieraea laevigata, Polycapaea carnosa, Lavandula buchii, Astydamia latifolia, Aeonium pseudourbicum and Crambe cf. laevigata.

threats:
Main threats are predation and landslides (Acevedo et al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as CR B2ab(ii,iii,v)   in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Its populations occur in the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI) (Acevedo et al. 2004), but not the totality of the individuals are included. Seeds are stored in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.Proposed measures include the storage of seeds from every subpopulation in germplasm banks, eradication of grazing species, and expansion of the existing restricted use area ("zona de uso restringido") of the protected area, from Barranco de Masca to Barranco del Jurado so every specimen would be included. Research about its reproductive biology should be developed and control plots should be established in order to analyse its population trends. Research about its genetics should be developed in order to implement reintroduction actions.

redListAssessors:
Acevedo Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez Martín, A., Rodríguez Martín, B., Siverio Hernández, M. & Siverio Hernández, F.


taxonomicNotes:
The genus Limonium has been split into a large number of  species which are often very difficult to distinguish; around 300  species have been described from Mediterranean shores. Limonium  strictissimum belongs to the group related to Limonium  articulatum.

redListCategoryRationale:
The area where this species occurs is very small (but more than 10 km²), there are only four locations that are severely fragmented, and the habitat extent and quality is decreasing as well as the number of individuals. Given that this species is apomictic (that is it can reproduce without pollination), it is very difficult to define independent subpopulations precisely with a species that has little or no genetic exchange. Therefore the species is considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v).

range:
This species is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. In the northern part of Sardinia this species is only found on the granitic rocks of Punta Rossa on the island of Caprera in the Maddalena Archipelago (Pignatti et al. 2001).

population:
On the island of Caprera  only a few dozen individuals are known, in fact the population has been estimated between 10-50 individuals. On Corsica some 1,200 individuals are known from five sites, forming three subpopulations   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In 2003, there were 11 subpopulations in Corsica, with 14 to 72 specimen in each. Only one population had between 700 and 800 individuals.

habitat:
This perennial species grows near the sea on a variety of substrates: on sand of various coarseness, as well as on granitic or limestone boulders. This species is capable of producing seeds without the flowers ever being pollinated, which is known as apomixis. This may be one reason why so many Limonium species have evolved.  It is found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp."  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
This species is threatened by natural factors such as drought and landslides, both along the cliffs and along the little strips of beach where it grows. Various human activities also pose a threat: trampling by tourists threaten all the sites where this species is found, as does the construction of more resorts, especially on the beach of Maora.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: Internationally, it is included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive as a priority species. At national level, it is included in the French Red Book of threatened flora. It is also included in the Italian Red Book as Critically Endangered   (Pignatti et al. 2001). It is protected by national legislation in France. It occurs in Parc Marin des Bouches de Bonifacio, Réserve Naturelle de  l'Etang de Biguglia, Conservatoire du Littoral. In situ: The Sardinian subpopulation on the island of Capera should be protected as it is found within the Park of the Archipelago of Maddalenna.  Ex situ: From August 2004 onwards, seeds will be stored at the Conservatoire Botanique de Porquerolles (France).  Actions NeededThe administrators responsible for managing beach areas need to be made aware of the urgency of conservation issues for this species. The land on which this species grows should be acquired or managed by nature conservation authorities.


redListCategoryRationale:
Limonium sventenii # is listed as Critically Endangered due to its restricted and fragmented distribution range. It is distributed in four scattered subpopulations, with a low total area of occupancy, of 5 km². Regressive patterns are observed in its area of occupancy and number of subpopulations. The presence of grazing animals and human-generated impacts, limit the expansion of the species and force it to appear restricted to inaccessible sites within its potential habitat. Subpopulations have been affected by a fire in 2007. #

range:
Limonium sventenii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain   (González González et al. 2004), where it grows between 300 and 800 m asl, on the northwestern and western parts of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km². It is distributed into four subpopulations: Montaña de Amagro, El Sao, El Viso and Güigüí (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Increasing trends have been reported for the distribution of the species in the subpopulations of Montaña de Amagro and El Sao, and decreasing patterns for the rest.

population:
Population was estimated in 4,795 individuals in 2003 (González González et al. 2004) and in more than 14,900 individuals in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trends have been reported to be positive for Montaña Amagro (which has been reported to include between 6,250 and 14,500 individuals) and El Sao, where the impact of livestock has decreased. Some subpopulations have not been recently found (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), probably partially due to the impact exerted by a fire in 2007.

habitat:
This small shrub grows in communities Euphorbietum balsamiferae, at the base of crags. It can also be found at the peak of Montaña Amagro and in steep cliffs and paths within rupicolous communities Prenantho pendulae-Taeckholmietum pinnatae (Commission of the European Communities 2009), and in flatter areas within Euphorbio-Cistetum monspeliensis (González González et al. 2004).

threats:
Grazing by goats and rabbits have been reported as the main threat affecting this species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The presence of a garbage dump near the location of Montaña Amagro could lead to the anthropization of the area and increase competition phenomena with nitrophile species (González González et al. 2004). In El Sao, hybridisation with ornamental Limonium sp. is a potential threat. A fire in 2007 seems to have affected several subpopulations.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).It occurs within the protected areas Monumento Natural de Montaña de Amagro (SCI) and Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, where the species is as well cultivated ex situ.Plant material from every subpopulation should be collected and stored in germplasm banks. Ex situ cultivation and population reinforcement measures should be implemented in El Sao and El Viso. Dumping must be forbidden in Montaña de Amagro. The subpopulation in El Sao must be included in the protected area Parque Rural de Tamadaba (SCI). In El Sao, hybrid individuals Limonium sp.x Limonium sventenii should be removed and substituted by non-hybrid specimens.

redListAssessors:
González González, R., Barrera Acosta, J. & Reyes Betancort, J.A.


taxonomicNotes:
A portion of the genus Polygonum was separated as Persicaria leaving only members of the Polygonum aviculare group in the original genus. Whilst generally widely accepted, IPNI and TROPICOS (for example) appear to retain Polygonum as the correct genus for this species, under which name it would be Polygonum amphibium L.  &#

range:
Persicaria amphibia is a subcosmopolitan species, occurring throughout most of Europe except the extreme north and less frequently in the south. It is found in Asia, North and southern Africa and North America.

population:
P. amphibia is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range, although it appears to be less frequent in the Mediterranean region.

habitat:
P. amphibia is a perennial Hydrogeophyte. It generally occurs in still slow-flowing water, from which it will spread in a terrestrial form away from the water. It is most typical of mesotrophic to eutrophic water bodies, particularly lakes, canals and canalised lowland rivers.

useAndTrade:
The whole plant, and especially the root, has astringent, depurative abilities and is used to treat stomach pains (Plants For A Future 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
P. foliosa is known to hybridise with P. lapathifolia. Jonsell (2000) states that it is "perhaps overlooked; on the other hand, many records are doubtful".

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Near Threatened because throughout most of its European range it has undergone a significant decline. It is therefore suspected that it approaches the threshold for Criterion A, however, the information available is inadequate to assign a percentage of reduction over the European range of this species.

range:
Persicaria foliosa occurs from Scandinavia east through Siberia to Japan and China. In Europe, it is restricted to Finland, Norway, Sweden, North and Northwest European Russia. A presence reported from Estonia is doubtful.

population:
Persicaria foliosa is principally known from Finland, Norway and Sweden. There is only sparse information attesting to the presence of the species outside the Nordic countries. Sweden probably has more than half the known localities in the world and therefore has great responsibility for the species (Stridh 2008).Jonsell (2000) considers that populations throughout Norden are decreasing and locally extinct. In Russia, only a few locations have been recorded. Overall the sites are highly fragmented, extremely fluctuating and have declining populations. In Sweden, P. foliosa has been found in 141 localities since 1980 in the counties of Västra Götaland, Värmland, Örebro, Västmanland, Uppland, Gävleborg, Västernorrland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten. Fortytwo of the localities are found in the lowland bordering the Gulf of Bothnia, from Medelpad northward (Stridh 2008). The population count showed around 250,000 individuals. In Norway, it is found at a few rivers in the south - it is rare and has a very local distribution.In Estonia, the specimen found were probably misidentified.

habitat:
Persicaria foliosa is annual and grows far down on shorelines. These areas of shoreline are flooded for a large part of the year. It grows in littoral mud, periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation and unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments. P. foliosa is an excellent indicator of well-developed alluvial  mud shore vegetation. The seeds of the species appear not to germinate until the growing sites have emerged from the water, which means that the number of plants is extremely variable from year to year depending on the level of water during the growing period. The number of plants found varies between one and more than 100,000 in the different localities. In around 10 of the localities at least 500 individuals have been encountered. In an almost equal number of localities no more than ten individuals have been recorded.Grazing by cattle is an important disturbance factor. Some disturbance is desirable at the sites where the plant grows and takes place in most of the localities, for example movement of the icecap can affect growing sites. The most important effect of grazing, or rather trampling, is to create gaps in the continuous plant cover and to rub away accumulated litter (Stridh 2008,   Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
P. foliosa has only been differentiated as a separate species for just over 100 years. During this time many localities alongside freshwater have been lost, with water regulation in connection with expansion of hydropower generation being the single factor that has had the greatest adverse impact. Reduced keeping of livestock on shorelines and overgrowth due to eutrophication are other reasons for the decline of the species. There is no proven trend with regard to the coastal localities, which is partly due to many of the localities having been found relatively recently. Changes in the water level in the Bay of Bothnia due to the combined effect of land uplift and climate change may affect how large an area of suitable habitat there will be for the species.To some extent grazing and trampling can also affect the lower limit of continuous  plant cover and consequently displace this zone slightly further up the  shoreline, which also benefits Persicaria foliosa. However, excessively  heavy trampling has an adverse effect as the level of disturbance  then becomes so great that the plants are trampled before they have  had time to fruit. At a handful of localities there is impact from  boat moorings, tractor driving or footpaths.

conservationAction:
Persicaria foliosa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive, it is classed as Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in Norway, Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii,v)c(iv) in Sweden and Near Threatened in Finland.   It is categorized as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010).Persicaria foliosa is a protected species in Sweden and is reported to occur on 26 Swedish Natura 2000 sites.Examples of measures implemented in Sweden over the period 2007-2011 are:• Gathering of knowledge through inventories; re-inventory of known localities where new (sub-)localities are searched for and an annual inventory of at least ten unmanaged pastureland localities spread across the country.• Grazing should take place at the localities that are grazed at present, and the number of grazed localities should increase by five by 2011.• New water regulation schemes should be guarded to make sure that conditions for the species do not worsen.• In the review of water rulings that affect localities where Persicaria foliosa is present or has been present, an adjustment should be made to the water regime to favour the occurrence of Persicaria foliosa.• Landowners and users of localities where Persicaria foliosa is present should be informed by the county administrative boards concerned.• No general measures are required with regard to the coastal localities, other than monitoring how the localities develop.


taxonomicNotes:
A portion of the genus Polygonum was separated as Persicaria leaving only members of the Polygonum aviculare group in the original genus. Whilst generally widely accepted, IPNI and TROPICOS (for example) appear to retain Polygonum.  Hybrids have been reported between this taxon and other Persicaria species, but reliable evidence is sparse; as suggested by Flora Nordica hybridisation is likely to be rare and is unlikely to affect the red list assessment.

range:
P. hydropiper occurs throughout most of Europe, including European Russia and east through the Himalayas into China. It also occurs in Africa and has apparently been introduced to North America.

population:
P. hydropiper is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range.

habitat:
P. hydropiper is most characteristic of seasonally inundated disturbed nutrient-rich soils, typically occurring in seasonally inundated arable, river, stream, lake and pond margins particularly where they are poached by cattle and on seasonally exposed silt and mud forming islands and bars in large lowland river systems.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) The species is doubtfully presence in Karpathos and Crete. Even if it is present this would represent less than 1% of the global population and the species is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.

range:
Persicaria lanigera is a species of tropical regions, in Europe, it is doubtfully present in Karpathos and Crete.

population:
The species is threatened in the Mediterranean region, but its presence in Europe is uncertain.

habitat:
It is a perennial herbaceous plant (Hemicryptophyte) that is found on the edges of the rivers and lakes. Flowering occurs during spring and summer (May-September).

threats:
The drainage and agricultural usage of this species’ habitat are its main threats.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place. #Proposed actions are to determine whether it is native in Greece, monitor the existing sites, estimate the size of the populations and monitor their dynamics, conservation of the species’ habitat and conservation of the species in gene banks.


taxonomicNotes:
A portion of the genus Polygonum was separated as Persicaria leaving only members of the Polygonum aviculare group in the original genus. Whilst generally widely accepted, IPNI (for example) appears to retain Polygonum as the correct genus for this species, under which name it would be P.&#lapathifolium L. TROPICOS cites Polygonum lapathifolium var. lapathifolium as the accepted name. P.&#lapathifolium is a very variable taxon, to the extent that Tela Botanica lists 43 sub-specific taxa, but IPNI and TROPICOS list only between 10 and 20.Hybrids have been reported between this taxon and other Persicaria species, but reliable evidence is sparse; as suggested by Flora Nordica hybridisation is likely to be rare and is unlikely to affect the red list assessment.It appears likely that the treatment of taxa such as P.&#lapathifolia and P. persicaria is not consistent throughout the assessment region.

range:
P. #lapathifolia is apparently a predominantly European taxon (Atlas Flora Europaea) and is reported from every European country except Iceland and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway); Atlas Flora Europaea shows it as becoming less frequent to the north and east and in the Mediterranean Basin but extending further north and east than P. #maculosa. It is apparently less abundant in France than P. #maculosa but this is as likely to be a product of recording differences as an actual difference in distribution.

population:
P. #lapathifolia is apparently widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
This species is widespread and abundant, occurring wherever suitable habitat occurs. Some populations may be vast and seed-set considerable. P. #lapathifolia is a characteristic species of damp muddy habitats, occurring from cattle drinking bays on rivers, through the drawdown zones of large lakes and reservoirs, through damp arable to building sites and damp areas in urban situations. P. #maculosa is a characteristic species of the Bidentalion, a community most typically associated with silt deposits along large lowland rivers.


taxonomicNotes:
A portion of the genus Polygonum was separated as Persicaria leaving only members of the Polygonum aviculare group in the original genus. Whilst generally widely accepted, IPNI and TROPICOS (for example) appear to retain Polygonum as the correct genus for this species, under which name it would be P.&#persicaria L.Hybrids have been reported between this taxon and other Persicaria species, but reliable evidence is sparse; as suggested by Jonsell et al. (2000) hybridisation is likely to be rare and is unlikely to affect the red list assessment.It appears likely that the treatment of taxa such as P.&#lapathifolia and P. persicaria is not consistent throughout the assessment region.

range:
P. maculosa is apparently a predominantly European taxon (Atlas Flora Europaea) and is reported from every European country except Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway), although Atlas Flora Europaea shows it as much less common in Scandinavia, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and in the Mediterranean Basin.

population:
P. #maculosa is apparently widespread and abundant throughout its European range. It is extremely abundant in the UK, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.

habitat:
This species is widespread and abundant, occurring wherever suitable habitat occurs. Some populations may be vast and seed-set considerable. P. #maculosa is a characteristic species of damp muddy habitats, occurring from cattle drinking bays on rivers, through the drawdown zones of large lakes and reservoirs, through damp arable to building sites and damp areas in urban situations. P. #maculosa is a characteristic species of the Bidentalion, a community most typically associated with silt deposits along large lowland rivers.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread with no evidence for population declines and no known major threats.

range:
P. salicifolia occurs throughout much of the north Mediterranean, from Spain and Portugl east to southern Turkey as well as locally north into Bulgaria.

population:
This species is very common. In Greece, for example, it is found throughout most of the lowland areas but is rare and irregularly distributed.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows in swamps and river banks, irrigation canals and moist ground.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in the French region Languedoc-Rousillon. There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The two largest locations and islands are not under treat at present, however the two locations and islets with a maximum of 50 individuals on each are both experiencing human induced habitat degradation. The fifth islet has the smallest amount of individuals, has declined greatly and is undergoing further degradation. Polygonum praelongum is assessed as Endangered; the continued threats will cause an overall decline to the total population, that, unless action is taken will result in the loss of the species from these islets.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Greek East Aegean Islands (Kastellorizo complex), and Antalya in Asiatic Turkey where it is apparently known only from type collection.  In Kastellorizo the plant occurs on the main island of Megisti at one location (Megalos Niftis cape at northwest coast) and on four islets 90-1,100 m off the northwest coast of Megisti: Agios Georgios, Psoradia, Megalos Polyfagos, Psomi. In the 1970s it was also recorded at the area of the harbour (Greuter 1979) but it was not found there although searched for in 1999 (Economidou and Delipetrou 2001). The current estimate of its area of occupancy is 0.3 km2 in 1999, which presents a decline from the 1970s, where the area was of 0.5 km2

population:
The whole population of Polygonum preaelongum belongs to one subpopulation (due to the proximity of the sites) in five locations (since the main island and each islet are affected by different threats).      The local populations of Polygonum praelongum at the islets Psomi and Megalos Polyfagos are at a very good state with the species dominating the vegetation (more than 200 individuals on each islet). These are small islets with an area of 0.2 – 0.3 ha, most of it comprising suitable habitat for the species. On the contrary, on the islets of Agios Georgios and Psoradia there are only a few small stands (10 – 50 individuals on each islet). These are somewhat larger islets, 0.9 – 2.4 ha, and the suitable habitat for the plant is restricted to the coastal zone. On Megisti, at Megalos Niftis cape, there were only around ten individuals in 1999, along with other nitrophilous plants, in a few square meters close to the sea.   It is not known whether there are fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.

habitat:
Coastal rocky flats and slopes, on limestone, in littoral chasmophytic  communities with Crithmum maritimum, Limonium spp. or in halophytic  grasslands on the epilittoral zone of islets with Allium ampeloprassum,  Parapholis incurva, Trigonella balansae, Carex divisa.

threats:
On the islets Megalos Polyfagos and Psomi the plant is not currently threatened because there are no human activities. On the islet Agios Georgios there is a church and human activities are rather intense (frequent visitors, planting, waste disposal etc.) so the habitat is degraded. On the islet Psoradia, which lies just 90 m from Megisti, there are two abandoned buildings and there plans for the construction of storage buildings to be used by fishermen. On the island of Megisti, the habitat of the plant has been diminished due to the construction and function of an electricity station and the sole extant local population is threatened by further habitat loss.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81. All of its distribution area lies within the NATURA 2000 site GR4210004 and it was included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995).

useAndTrade:
There is no information available regarding use or trade of this species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category.In the EU 27, this species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 20 km² in Greece. However, the threats to this species and the current population size and trend are unknown. More research is needed to establish these. It is therefore precautionary listed as Near Threatened.

range:
Rumex balcanicus is endemic to a small area on the borders of Albania, Greece, Montenegro and F.Y.R. Macedonia. It is found in one locality in Mountain Voras in Greece. The AOO in Greece is estimated to be less than 20 km².

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of R. balcanicus, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern, except that it occurs over a limited area.

habitat:
This perennial herb is found in marshy places along streams, on micaceous schist at an altitude of 1,800 to 2,200 m. Flowering takes place from June to August (Strid and Tan 2002).

conservationAction:
There is no information about existing conservation measures. Research on the population size and potential threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
R. hydrolapathum is known to hybridise with a number of other species of Rumex, however none of these hybrids is frequent and they are not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
R. hydrolapathum occurs throughout most of Europe and extends beyond the region only into northwest Turkey.

population:
R. hydrolapathum is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Norway, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its range.

habitat:
R. hydrolapathum most frequently occurs on the margins of large lowland rivers, canals, ditches and lakes, it will also occur in wet grassland and marshes.

conservationAction:
R. hydrolapathum is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and Vulnerable in Norway. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The total number of individuals is less than 5,000 individuals, with only a few specimen per subpopulation and generally less than 50 per subpopulation. Several extinctions of subpopulations have taken place in the last 100 years and the population trend is still decreasing. The reason for that is habitat loss and degradation being caused by a variety of threats including recreational activities, abandonment of grazing, competition with invasive species, building of infrastructure, climate change leading to an increase in storms. This species is therefore considered as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to Europe (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It is found in Galicia in Spain and occurs in France in the Massif Armoricain, Manche to Vendee, and with one  record in Guironde. In the United Kingdom, it is found in Wales, along the coast of Cornwall and Devon and on the Isles of Scilly.

population:
This is a rare species.In France, there are 72 small localities, with generally two to three dozens of individuals per locality (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010).In Spain, 858 individuals were recorded in Galicia in 12 localities. Most subpopulations are fragmented and with no more than 60 individuals  each, many with just one specimen. In the UK, a total of 220-250 individuals has been reported. It is found at 38 sites and strong declines are suspected to have happened over the last 100 years with former habitat being lost. In Cornwall, it is found at 19 sites and has gone extinct at 18 sites, in Devon there are nine present and seven formerly known localities, in Wales it is four sites at present and four extinct localities. There are four locations on the Isles of Scilly (Plantlife International 2006).

habitat:
This species occurs in cliffs with water seepage, small rivers on sandy coasts and beaches and in rocky areas with freshwater falling into the sea, depressions in "grey" dunes and pebble. It is always associated with a flow of freshwater. The fruits of this plant float in seawater and are dispersed that way. Rumex rupestris often acts as pioneer species but is a poor competitor (Plantlife International 2006). In France the habitat of this species seems to be stable. The species occurs in the following Habitats Directive habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts2190 Humid dune slacks

threats:
Hybridisation with R. conglomeratus (UK) and R. cripus (France) has been reported as a reported threat. Trampling and tourist activities, as well as habitat deterioration due to infrastructure development, deviation of the river courses, silting-up, and oil contamination (Prestige accident) are also important threats.In the UK, coastal defence work to stop erosion has caused the extinction of some sites. Local extinctions took place due to erosion itself caused by winter storms. Climate change might increase the frequency of storms and therefore make it harder for the species to naturally recolonize. It is noted that coastal defence works can also be beneficial to the species survival.Where the species occurs in dune systems, the abandonment of grazing led to scrub encroaching which proves to be high competition for the species. Especially the Hottentot fig (Carpobrotus edilis), an invasive plant from South Africa, affects the Rumex rupestris populations (Plantlife International 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in the national legislation (Annex I) in France, regional legislation of Galicia (in Spain) and is considered as Endangered (Criteria E)  in the Spanish Red List, after a monitoring programme of six years. Most of its habitat has been declared LIC for the Habitat Directive or are covered by a National Park or Natura 2000 sites.In the UK, it is classed as Endangered C2(ai), protected under national law and included as priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Of the known Rumex rupestris plants, 85% are included in protected areas. Monitoring and site management are in place (Plantlife International 2006).Ex situ conservation actions are in place in France and in the UK. Several conservation measures are recommended: investigations of the Spanish coast to look for new localities, inclusion in the Spanish national legislation, genetic studies to assess its variability and the possibility to reintroduce the plants in adequate habitat, studies on the biology of the species, its reproduction.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species has a restricted area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and it occurs at ten locations. There are severe threats throughout its range such as changes in the hydrological regimes, agricultural extension, overgrazing. Declines and local extinctions have been recorded for example in Portugal and France. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable. There is no rescue effect to be expected from the North African populations.

range:
Anagallis crassifolia is a steno-Mediterranean species found in the western part of the basin and along the south-European Atlantic Coast. It is found in Spain (southern Andalusia in Cadiz), in Portugal (Algarve), in Sardinia and in France (Gironde; Landes and a doubtful presence in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques). Its global distribution also includes Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

population:
The populations are globally in decline. In Portugal, it was known from one or two localities and is now probably extinct. There are about seven populations remaining in the Cadiz area in Spain. In France, it is currently only known from the margins of a shallow lake, the Etang de Seignosse (Landes) with only a few tens of individuals occupying an area varying from a few m² to 0.5 m² over the years. In Sardinia, the species is very rare with only one isolated locality (Portoscuso) with very reduced populations.

habitat:
Anagallis crassifolia avoids calcium-rich substrates and is found in flooded places, marshes, peat-bogs and along streams especially in the areas usually flooded in winter and drying up in summer. It is a perennial species (Hemicryptophyte) that flowers in spring and summer.

threats:
Overgrazing, stabilization of water levels, succession and competition with taller plants, drainage and the extension of agriculture are the main threats to the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
In France, the species is under national protection and included as Endangered in the national red list   (Olivier et al. 1995). Augmentation of populations has been operated in 1987 at the site of Landes with plants cultivated at the Conservatoire Botanique National du Brest. It is classified as Vulnerable in the Italian Red List. Included as Vulnerable in the Red List of Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005).  The following conservation measures are being recommended:Surveillance of the existing sites and to search for new sites To search for the historic sites in Portugal and to study the possibility of their restoration Monitoring of the population dynamics


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies in Spain: Androsace cylindrica ssp. cylindrica and Androsace cylindrica ssp. wilkommii

redListCategoryRationale:
Androsace cylindrica is listed as Least Concern as it is found at 24 localities and the population are stable as they are found in areas difficult to access. However, there are potential threats from mountaineering, rock climbing, collection of the plant, and landslides and the populations should be monitored. #

range:
This species occurs in France and Spain and is endemic to the Pyrenees.

population:
In Spain, it has been reported from 12 locations and is found at the same number of sites in France. The population trend is stable as the sites are difficult to access.

habitat:
This plant occupies fissures in vertical rock faces and "extraplomadas" of limestone rocks and calcareous conglomerations, at an altitude of 1,400 to 2,600 m, predominantly facing north. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
The main threats to this species come from mountaineering and rock climbing. Collection of the plants could be another threat. This species can also be affected by collapse of the terrain or landslides.

conservationAction:
Androsace cylindrica is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, it is protected by national law. The subspecies cylindrica is classed as Endangered D and the subspecies hirtella as Least Concern as it is widespread in a national park. In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection. The subspecies cylindrica is included as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Aragón. The subspecies willkommi is included as "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Aragón and is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). A high proportion of its population occurs within the protected areas Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido and Paisaje Protegido de Monte Oroel (Alcántara et al. 2007).Monitoring of the populations is recommended.

useAndTrade:
It is possible that the species is being collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
This Italian endemic was described in the past but no recent information on the population size or trend is available. More research should be carried out and the species is classed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Androsace mathildae is an amphiadriatic endemic, occuring in central Italy, probably in Campania. It is only known from one old record that has not been confirmed recently (Briganti 1816).In Montenegro, it was reported from Mt Komovi (SE Montengro) by T. Wraber (1983). However recent molecular analysis confirmed that population from Mt Komovi belongs to a new species named A. komovensis (Schönswetter and Schneeweiss 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree.

conservationAction:
Androsace mathildae is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).There are no conservation measures in place; information on the population size and trends and potential threats should be collected.


redListCategoryRationale:
Androsace pyrenaica is listed as Least Concern because it is abundant, being present in France and Spain, and no regressive trends have been reported for its distribution or population size.

range:
This species is endemic to the Pyrenees and is found in France and Spain. In Spain it is present in the province of Huesca and its area of occupancy is 35 km² (J.C. Moreno Saiz pers. comm. 2011). In France, the area of occupancy is more than 30 km².

population:
In France, the species is known from 19 localities, is quite widespread and does not undergo a decline.In Spain, 26 populations have been found in Aragón (Alcántara et al. 2007). Population size has been estimated in more than 18,000 individuals, from which 11,000 are reproductive specimens. The habitat of this species is very inaccessible and new locations have been discovered over the last years.

habitat:
The species is found in fissures in rocks with a preference for shielded "extraplomos". It prefers siliceous rocks: granite, sandstone and quartzite, although it sometimes appears on calc-schists, but never on limestone. It is often found on south-facing walls but not exclusively.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
The main threats to this species in France come from mountaineering and rock climbing. Collection of the plants could be another threat. This species can also be affected by collapse of the terrain or landslides.In the Spanish Pyrenees, a skiing complex poses a major threat.

conservationAction:
Androsace pyrenaica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, it is protected under national legislation and populations  are often found in protected areas such as national park of the Pyrénées  or nature reserves. It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and also as "Vulnerable" in the regional Aragonese catalogue of protected species. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Several subpopulations occur within the protected areas Parque de Ordesa y Monte Perdido and Parque de Posets-Maladeta. Seeds are stored in different germplasm banks (Alcántara et al. 2007).


taxonomicNotes:
In the Crimean peninsula, it was formerly described as Cyclamen kuznezovii but was later included in Cyclamen coum (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010, The Plant List 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Cyclamen coum has its main European distribution in Bulgaria where it is relatively widespread although the populations are slightly decreasing but not at a rate that makes it likely to be vulnerable to extinction in the near future. It is a protected plant and occurs in some protected areas. In the Ukraine, it is found at only one single site in the Crimean mountains and special conservation attention is needed. The main threat to this species is collection of the plants from the wild. There is no information for European Turkey available.

range:
This species is found around the Black Sea coast and in the Levant. In Europe, it is present in Bulgaria, European Turkey and Crimea, Ukraine (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). It has been introduced in Switzerland.Found mostly in eastern Bulgaria, including the Black Sea coast, eastern Stara Planina mountains and Strandzha mountains. In European Turkey, it is also found in the Turkish part of the Strandzha mountains with good populations. In the Ukraine, it is found in the southeastern part of the Crimean mountains at only one locality in the mountain massif Kubolacz in the Bilogirskij district.

population:
Populations have a good number of individuals in Bulgaria but a slight decrease in the populations is suspected because of clear cutting of the forest.The single Crimean population occupies a site of 350-400 ha. The site near the village Melechovo has been reported to have near six millions of individuals, the population density is 50-60 individuals/m² in ash-oak forests and three to four individuals in beech forests (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
Cyclamen coum is a perennial spring geophyte that is found in the ecotone between steppe forest and steppe slopes. It grows in forest of Fagus orientalis, mixed Fagus forest, forest with Quercus polycarpa, and in some places it is found in mixed alluvial forest along the coast.In the Crimean Mountains, it grows in an altitude of 500-700 m in carbonaceous humus in beech, hornbeam-beech, oak, oak-hornbeam, ash-oak forests.

threats:
In the Ukraine and in Bulgaria, the collection of the plant for horticultural trade is still a threat. In addition to that in Bulgaria, the clear cutting of the forest was a main threat in the past but this practice is now forbidden by law which will positively affect some parts of the populations. However, this threat is continuing.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Cyclamen coum and under the synonym Cyclamen kuznetzovii.     All Cyclamen spp. are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).  In Bulgaria, it is not included in the Red Data Book and therefore classed as Least Concern but it is a protected plant. Several sites are included in two natural parks, some natural reserves, protected areas and in Natura 2000 sites. For example, the Strandzha mountains are the biggest # natural park in Bulgaria and a large part of the population is in this park.

useAndTrade:
The plant is collected from the wild for clandestine trade. It was also sold as small bunches with other flowers in spring for 8th March (International Women Day) in Bulgaria but this collection has decreased because of stricter controls.


range:
H. palustris occurs throughout central Europe and into northern Asia, but is less common or absent from the north and south. It is scattered in the Mediterranean Basin, mainly in Italy and the Balkans and absent from parts of Scandinavia.

population:
H. palustris is classed as Endangered in Croatia and Switzerland and there is evidence of a continuing long-term decline in the United Kingdom, but otherwise most European populations appear to be stable.

habitat:
H. palustris typically occurs in still, shallow, base-rich, clear and not eutrophicated water bodies, including ponds, ditches, ox-bows and backwaters.

conservationAction:
H. palustris is classed as Endangered in Croatia and Switzerland and is protected in the Alsace, Haute-Normandie, Bourgogne, Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté and Centre regions of France, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
There is a low level of sale of H. palustris for landscape and garden pond planting but it appears unlikely that this will be sufficient to affect the survival of the species.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate to provide an informed assessment of its conservation status.

range:
L. dubia occurs in the Balkan peninsula, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Central European Russia and Afghanistan.

population:
There is no readily available information on the status of European populations of L. dubia, however it has not been seen recently in the Crimean Peninsula.

habitat:
L. dubia is described as occurring in damp meadows and coastal gravel beds.

threats:
Potential threats are anything that could affect the water regime, such as drainage.

conservationAction:
There is no information on the conservation actions in place or needed for this species.Further research on the distribution and population size are recommended.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern because although it occurs over only a very limited area, it is locally frequent and does not face any major threats.

range:
L. ephemerum occurs in a limited area of southern France, the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. In France it is restricted to the Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude departements (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010). In Spain, it is found in 33 provinces, mainly in the eastern half of the country. The sites in Portugal are restricted to the provinces Baixo Alentejo, Estremadura and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Castroviejo et al. 1997).

population:
L. ephemerum is apparently frequent in the eastern part of the centre of Spain and rare in Portugal, it is protected at a national level in France, where it has a very limited distribution. It is possible that it is naturalised in the Dordogne.

habitat:
Wet ground on the margins of calcareous springs, streams and rivers, or in reed beds and meadows, often associated with tufa deposits.

threats:
There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species, except those which affect all unprotected water bodies.

conservationAction:
L. ephemerum is protected at a national level in France but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Lysimachia minoricensis was only known from a single location (Barranc de Sa Vall), where it disappeared between 1926 and 1950. Fortunately seeds had been collected, and the species was cultivated from 1926 in the Botanical Garden of Barcelona. Although L. minoricensis was believed to be lost when the garden was abandoned during the Civil War, a colony was later rediscovered, growing in the shelter of a bushy thicket.  This species is now only found in cultivation and seedbanks. Note that while the species has recently been re-introduced to the wild, it has not yet formed self-sustaining populations.

range:
Endemic to Menorca in the Balearic Islands, Lysimachia minoricensis was only known from a single location (Barranc de Sa Vall), where it disappeared between 1926 and 1950.

population:
This plant is only found in cultivation.

habitat:
The only notes made by its discoverer recorded that this herbaceous biennial grew in cool, shady places. This species seems able to produce seeds without pollinators. The number of seeds produced per individual is very high, with up to 3,300 counted for some plants, with an average number of 1,100. Experiments have shown that germination rates are very high, and germination can occur over a wide range of temperature, light, and soil salinity conditions. There is also experimental evidence that this species is well adapted to water stress. The leaves emit a strong odour that may be an adaptation to protect the plant from herbivores.

threats:
The reasons for its disappearance in the wild are unknown. It is possible that over-collection and the impact of human activities (such as fire and changes in agricultural practices) may have caused its extinction. On the other hand, it is possible that this species might have benefited from agricultural activities practiced in the past, and that the cessation of these practices may have caused the disappearance of habitat favourable to this species. The most successful re-introduction attempts, where plants survived for up to five years, were in areas previously disturbed by fire, cattle or goats.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and listed in the Catalogue of Threatened Species (Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas, CEA). The natural area where it was known from and to where re-introduction attempts have been made (Son Bou i Barranc de Sa Vall) is designated as a Site of Special Natural Interest by the Law 1/1991 of the Parliament of the Balearic Islands. It is also included in the European Natura 2000 network.   In situ: Attempts to re-introduce the species into its native habitat have been undertaken since 1959 but have been unsuccessful. The most recent attempts have re-introduced this species with mycorrhizal fungi in the gorges of Sa Vall, Trebaluger, and Algendar. However, the seeds from these individuals have failed to germinate, thus this species is still considered to be Extinct in the Wild.  Ex situ: Seeds of this species are conserved in numerous seedbanks. It is also cultivated in several botanical gardens using seeds produced by the original specimens.  Actions Needed Most urgently, it is important to understand the reproductive biology of this species, especially the factors that inhibit the germination of seeds in the wild. Second, re-introduction attempts need to be continued. Finally a management plan needs to be developed for the areas where the species has been re-introduced so that the re-introduced populations become self-sustaining.

redListAssessors:
Galicia Herbada, D. & Fraga Arquimbau, P.


range:
L. nummularia is native to Europe, the Caucasus and Turkey. It is found more or less throughout Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula where records from northern Spain are unconfirmed.

population:
L. nummularia is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
L. nummularia typically occurs on open, damp, often clay-rich soils in shaded woodland and hedges, especially the sides of streams, and damp grassland and path-sides.

useAndTrade:
L. nummularia is widely sold for gardens and landscape planting, most of the material sold derives from cultivation and involves horticultural cultivars and it is not clear whether this trade may affect wild populations.


range:
L. thyrsiflora has a circumboreal distribution, including northern Europe, Siberia, the Russian Far East south to China and northern North America. In Europe, it occurs from Scandinavia south to France and Germany.

population:
L. thyrsiflora is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland, otherwise it appears to be widespread with stable populations throughout its European range.

habitat:
L. thyrsiflora typically grows in permanent shallow water, including fens on the flood plains of rivers, lake margins, ditches and canals.

conservationAction:
L. thyrsiflora is protected at a national level in France and classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland and in Germany, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no known taxonomic issues affecting this name.

range:
Lysimachia vulgaris is widespread and abundant throughout most of Europe, becoming less frequent in the far north and extending throughout European Russia, except the Arctic.

population:
This species is very common throughout most of Europe and populations appear to be stable or increasing.

habitat:
Lysimachia vulgaris is a perennial herbaceous plant (rhizomatous Geophyte). It occurs in most types of wetland, but usually in stands of tall herbs, the margins of scrub or woodland or even Phragmites reedbeds.

useAndTrade:
The closely related L. punctata is widely cultivated and L. vulgaris may also be sold for gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
Primula apennina is endemic to  the Apennine mountain range in Italy where its area of  occupancy is less than 500 km² within ten localities. The total population size counts less than 1,000 mature individuals but the population is stable. The main threats to the species are collection of the plant, grazing, and recreational activities. This species is therefore classed as Vulnerable D1, but could also qualify under Criterion B if more information on how the threats affect the species or its habitat become available.

range:
Primula apennina is endemic to the north of the Apennine mountain range in Italy where its area of occupancy is less than 500 km². There are ten localities in the regions Emilia-Romagna and Toscana (Pignatti et al. 2001).

population:
The total population size counts less than 1,000 mature individuals but the population is stable.

habitat:
This Primula sp. grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8220 "Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to the species are collection of the plant, grazing activities, and tourism impacts (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Primula apennina is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Primula carniolica has a small extent of occurrence of around 5,000 km2 but the populations are stable and there are no major threats to the populations or its habitat. Many sites are under protection and monitoring is underway. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Slovenia. Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011) reports it as being native to Croatia too but in Flora Croatica (2010) no entry of this taxon was found.Its extent of occurrence in Slovenia is around 5,000 km2   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in 50 localities in Slovenia where populations seem to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In all known localities it is protected by the inaccessibility of the sites.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows on wet vertical calcareous cliffs and is found mostly in gorges from 250 to 1,400 m above sea level.

threats:
Threats reported are forestry management and the removal of trees which causes exposure to sun, collection of the species, and recreational activities such as walking, mountaineering, or rock climbing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Primula carniolica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected and is found in Natura 2000 sites. Monitoring of the populations is underway.


range:
This species is endemic to Bulgaria (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is native to North America and Russia and had a European occurrence in Iceland which is now apparently extinct. It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Primula egaliksensis is native to arctic and boreal North America and Russia. In Europe, it was only known to reach Iceland but is supposedly extinct there (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011, Morgan and Leon 1992).

population:
The species is supposedly extinct in Europe (Morgan and Leon 1992). There is no data on when it was last seen available.

habitat:
The species depends on damp coastal meadows (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
There is no information on threats or reasons for the supposed extinction.


conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In the Bulgarian Red List it is classed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).


redListCategoryRationale:
Primula glaucescens is endemic to Italy with an  extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 20,000 km² and an area of occupancy  (AOO) of less than 500 km².This species has been recorded in 20 localities, the populations are stable, and there are  less than 10,000 mature individuals in total.The main threats are collection of this species, changes in native species  dynamics, and recreational activities, however the habitat trend is stable. Therefore, this plant is classed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Italy and is found in the regions Lombardia and Trentino-Alto Adige. Its EOO is less than 20,000 km² and the AOO is less than 500 km².

population:
This species has been recorded in 20 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are stable and there are less than 10,000 mature individuals in total.

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 8210 "Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The collection of this species poses a threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Furthermore, changes in the native species dynamics are impacting the habitat, so are recreational activities.

conservationAction:
Primula glaucescens is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The populations are partially included in parks and Natura 2000 sites. Collection of the species is locally restricted.

redListAssessors:
Mangili, F., Rinaldi, G., Kleih, M., Bertolli, A. & Prosser, F.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Primula nutans is found in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia. Its populations are overall declining and it faces threats such as abandonment of grazing, river regulation, urbanisation, water pollution and collection. However, the species is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened category in the near future and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.In the EU 27, it occurs in Finland and Sweden, and the populations are declining due to the threats named above. But it is still found at numerous sites and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened and near threatened on the national red lists and monitoring of the populations is therefore recommended.

range:
Primula nutans is widely distributed in Central and North Asia and the Bering Strait. The isolated occurrence in northeast Europe is recognised as the morphologically distinct P. nutans ssp. finmarchia. In Europe, it is only found on the shores of the Bothnian Bay, the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea area (Artsdatabanken 2010).Its geographic range in Finland is 7,000 km² (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). The extent of occurrence in Sweden is 1,144 km² and the area of occupancy is 172 km². It is found at 25 localities which are severely fragmented (ArtDatabanken 2010). Norway holds about 30% of the European populations  (Artsdatabanken 2010), there is no information on area of occupancy or number of sites. There is also no information for Russia.

population:
In Finland, this species has been recorded in 253 localities and the populations are declining. In Sweden, the population is of 300,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations in Sweden are stable. There is no population information for Russia available.In Norway, a population decline of 15-30% is expected for the near future. There are large and stable populations in parts but in several localities a decline has been noted (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
This species grows on littoral mixed sediments and littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Sweden, the isolated population is growing on seashore meadows. It only grows near sea with very little salinity. In Norway, it is found in meadows close to the seashore but also in meadows further inland. In Russia, it has been reported from river banks and lakes and moist grassland in river valleys.

threats:
River regulation has been described as a threat. The abandonment of grazing and subsequent overgrowth of open habitats can pose a threat to the species as it does in Finland, where the populations are highly dependent on grazing and other management actions. However, this does for example not explain the population decline in Norway. Further minor threats are urbanisation, water pollution, and collection. Further threats in Finland, the main threats are eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coasts, and construction work.

conservationAction:
Primula nutans is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Sweden, it is listed as Near Threatened B1a+2a (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected under national law. In Norway, it is also classed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion A4bc (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Finland, the subspecies finmarchica is listed as Vulnerable A2c; B1b(ii,iii,v)c(iv)+2b(ii,iii,v)c(iv) (Rassi et al. 2010). The species is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005) and c. 55% of known sites are situated in Natura 2000 areas.

useAndTrade:
It is used as a medicinal and ornamental plant in Russia.


redListCategoryRationale:
Primula palinuri is endemic to south Italy and extends across the Tirrenic coast.  It occurs in three regions: Campania, Basilicata and Calabria, where it has an extent of occurrence of 9,198  km² and an area of occupancy of 60 km². There are six main subpopulations which are severely fragmented and the  whole population is estimated to be around 18,500 mature individuals. A  past reduction of the populations of up to 50% took place in some regions. The most important threats are tourism development, invasive  species, collection, and human-induced  fires. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Primula palinuri is endemic to south Italy and extends across the Tirrenic coast. It occurs in three regions: Campania, Basilicata and Calabria. The extent of occurrence (calculated with alpha-hull: alpha = 2) is 9,198.32 km² and the area of occupancy calculated on a 2 x 2 km grid is 60 km² (Uzunov et al. in: Rossi et al. 2008).

population:
There are several nuclei of individuals belonging to six main subpopulations which are severely fragmented: Capo Palinuro (10 nuclei); Punta degli Infreschi (9 nuclei); Punta Caina (8 nuclei); Grotta della Madonna (2 nuclei); Isola di Dino/Scogliera Fiuzzi (16 nuclei); Capo Scalea (2 nuclei). The whole population is estimated to be 18,500 mature individuals +/- 20%. A past reduction of the populations has been estimated to be 50% for Calabria, 50% for Campania and 2% for Basilicata (Uzunov et al. in: Rossi et al. 2008).

habitat:
Primula palinuri grows on calcareous substrate with neutral pH. The species prefers northern, northwestern or northeastern slopes. The vegetation can be described as Centaureo cinerariae-Campanuletum fragilis subass. Primuletosum palinuri of Dianthion rupicolae (Brullo and Marcenò 1979).It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp."   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The most important threat affecting the species is the development of human settlements especially for tourism. Other threats are: invasive species in the growing sites of Capo Palinuri and Scogliera Fiuzzi and the specimen collection in the most accessible sites. Human-induced fires are potential threats (Uzunov et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Primula palinuri is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).All the population except for Capo Scalea, Scoglio Friuzzi Grotta della Madonna are inside the Cilento National Park. This plant is cultivated in several Botanical Gardens: Pietra Corva, Hanbury, Jena, Padova, Parma, Bologna, Napoli, Portici, Cosenza.

useAndTrade:
The species is locally collected for horticultural use.


redListCategoryRationale:
European assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)Primula scandinavica is endemic  to Norway and Sweden. It is rare in Sweden and more common in  Norway. In both countries the habitat of the species is declining and there is an overall declining population trend. In Norway, Primula scandinavica  has experienced a strong decline since the 1950s and  a continuing decline of 10-20% is suspected in the next 15 years. The abandonment of grazing activities and subsequent overgrowth is the main threat to the species in Norway. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion A4c. In the EU 27, Primula scandinavica is found in Sweden. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km²  and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 26,000 km². It occurs at 50 localities and is severely fragmented. The population counts 5,000 individuals and a decline in area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations and the number of mature individuals #was suspected in the past and seems to continue. The reason for the declines are not known but climate  change could lead to future population declines. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Primula scandinavica is endemic to Norway and Sweden. It occurs on two regions west to the mountains between Sweden and Norway. It is rare in Sweden and more common in Norway. In Norway, it is found from Rogalandsheiene to Tromsø (Artsdatabanken 2010).The AOO in Sweden is 200 km² and the EOO is 26,000 km². It occurs at 50 localities and grows up to 1,400 m asl (ArtDatabanken 2010). There are no numbers for the geographic range in Norway available.

population:
In Sweden, there is a population of 5,000 individuals and a decline in AOO, quality of habitat, number of locations  and the number of mature individuals #was suspected in the past and seems  to continue. Climate change could lead to future population declines (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, Primula scandinavica has experienced a strong decline since the 1950s, that still continues at a lower rate though, and most of its habitat is threatened. It increased its AOO strongly when outfield grazing became popular but with the abandonment of those activities it is only found in natural habitats again. The generation length was set to five years and a continuing decline of 10-20% is suspected in the next 15 years (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
This perennial herb species is characteristic for alpine environments in Sweden and is found in alkaline alpine and subalpine grasslands   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is also found in rocky coastal areas, rock ledges (especially south-facing limestone cliffs), on established sand dunes, along streams and rivers, and in pastureland (Artsdatabanken 2010, ArtDatabanken 2010).

threats:
In Norway, the abandonment of grazing activities and subsequent overgrowth is the main threat to the species (Artsdatabanken 2010). From Sweden, no actual threat has been described and the reasons for the decline are not clear. Climate change has been named as a potential future threat (ArtDatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
Primula scandinavica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010). In Norway, it is assessed as Near Threatened approaching A4c (Artsdatabanken 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Primula spectabilis is endemic to northern Italy, where it has a restricted range but occurs at more than 350 localities.  The populations are stable. There is no information on the habitat or threats available but there is also no evidence of a decline measured. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to Italy, occurring in the regions Lombardia, Trentino-Alto Adige, and Veneto. It is a neoendemism of the eastern calcareous Alps   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are more than 350 localities, the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
The populations have been assessed as stable and there are more than 10,000 mature individuals.

habitat:
There is no habitat information available for this species.

conservationAction:
Primula spectabilis is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Populations are partially included in national parks and Natura 2000 sites, collection is locally restricted.


taxonomicNotes:
The status of this taxon in the wild and in cultivation is unclear (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this Romanian subspecies. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is native to Romania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). The subspecies occurs in the mountain regions of Piatra Craiului and Muntii Fagarasului (Witkowski et al. 2003).

conservationAction:
Primula wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is assessed as Vulnerable in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003).


range:
S. valerandi is reported from throughout Europe except Andorra, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar (UK), Iceland, Moldova, Monaco, Norway (mainland), Madeira and Selvagens Islands, parts of Russia, San Marino and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway).

population:
There is evidence of a decline in the UK, mainly due to habitat loss. However, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.

habitat:
A deciduous short-lived perennial found in small colonies by permanently wet and often seasonally flooded springs, flushed sea-cliffs, puddles, ditches, lagoons and lake shores. It is limited to very open mesic, often calcareous or somewhat saline soils. Populations are often impermanent, colonising the small and transient specialised habitats which change as spring lines and water levels shift. Individuals are usually monocarpic, but may take several years to flower (Preston et al. 2002). It has also been reported from reed (Phragmites spp.) stands, wet pastures, and saline meadows.

conservationAction:
In Hungary, the species is classed as Near Threatened and under national protection (Király 2007) and it is classed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000). There are no further conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Soldanella villosa is a European endemic that occurs in northern Spain and western France with an area of occupancy below 500 km². The overall population has less than 10,000 mature individuals and there are less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. In Spain, the species has been recorded in 18 localities and the  populations are decreasing although the species is locally abundant. In  France, it is found in eight localities and the population trend is unknown. The main threats to the species are inadequate forest management, trampling by livestock, and alteration of the hydrological dynamics. It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
Soldanella villosa is a European endemic that occurs in northern Spain and western France. The extent of occurrence in France is 615 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 20 km². The area of occupancy in Spain is 88 km² (Bañares et al. 2010). It can be safely assumed that the total area of occupancy is less than 500 km².

population:
In Spain, the species has been recorded in 18 localities and the populations are decreasing although the species is locally abundant (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). It is suspected that the overall population does not exceed 2,500 mature individuals (Bañares et al. 2010).In France, it is found in eight localities in six communes and counts more than 1,000 individuals. The population trend is unknown. The total number of individuals is lower than 10,000 and there are less than 1,000 mature individuals in each subpopulation.

habitat:
Soldanella villosa occurs near rivers, on humid slopes and river banks and at springs in hills and mountains (Castroviejo et al. 1997). This species can be found in the Habitats Directive habitat 4020 "Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix"   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
In Spain, inadequate forest management, excessive livestock pressure and trampling, and activities that alter the hydrological dynamics, pose the main threats (Bañares et al. 2010).In France, the main threat is forest management (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  In Spain, it is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spainit and included in the regional catalogues of threatened species of Cantabria, Navarra and País Vasco. It is listed as Vulnerable D2 on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Parts of the populations are included in several protected areas. Seed storage in germplasm banks and in vitro propagation, have been proposed.In France, the species is under national protection and classed as Vulnerable D2 on the national Red List (Valentin et al. 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Berberis maderensis population  is restricted to one area and with a  population of less than 1,000 mature individuals which was believed to be stable. However, the main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species. Its conservation status is therefore Data Deficient at the moment until further fieldwork can confirm the presence of the populations. The species would be at least Vulnerable D1.

range:
This species is endemic to the island of Madeira, Portugal (Borges et al. 2008). The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are 194 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Berberis maderensis population is restricted to one area and was believed to be stable. The population size has been estimated to be below 1,000 mature individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
It grows on rocky slopes and walls, in Madeira's central mountains ridge. This plant forms part of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 4050 "Endemic Macaronesian heaths" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are posed by natural catastrophes such as landslides or factors such as erosion. This plant also suffers from competition with native flora (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and exotic flora (Jardim et al. 2006). There is also a major threat that arises from fires such as the one in summer 2010 that affected the Central Mountain Massif (J.A. Carvalho, unpublished data).

conservationAction:
Berberis maderensis is listed  on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the  Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats  (Bern Convention). It is listed under the Top 100 priority taxa for Macaronesia (Martín et al. 2008).The area where B. maderensis occurs is under protection of the Parque Natural da Madeira and it is included in the Natura Network 2000.


taxonomicNotes:
Valid taxonomy should be Aconitum napellus L. ssp. corsicum (Gayer) Seitz (Jeanmonod and Gamisans 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
This Corsican endemic is known from 58 occurrences and has an area of occupancy of 4.65 km². There are more than 100,000 individuals with a stable or increasing trend. The habitat is stable too, however, there are potential threats from an improved access to its sites,  motorised vehicles, roads, animal breeding and fires.

range:
This plant is endemic to Corsica. It is located in 58 localities in four communities of southern Corsica, namely in the Massif de l'Incudine, Plateau du Cuscione, Massif de Bavella and Punta di u Furnellu. The area of occupancy is 4.65 km². #

population:
A population size of more than 100,000 individuals was estimated in 2008, population surveys are to be completed every eight years. The taxon appears to be stable in all localities or increasing, maybe due to changes in agricultural practices. A study is conducted to know the exact reason.

habitat:
The species grows in montane and subalpine habitat, rivers and pool banks, meadows, forest clearings and forest edges. The habitat of the species is stable.

threats:
The main threats to the species are an improved access to its sites, motorised vehicles, roads and motorways. Animal breeding affects the species as well as fires.

conservationAction:
Aconitum corsicum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). All localities are within Natura 2000 sites and all populations are regularly surveyed (every eight years).


taxonomicNotes:
The distribution of the taxon is not known precisely as in the past it was not distinguished from the subspecies A. firmum ssp. firmum.

redListCategoryRationale:
This subspecies is endemic to the western Carpathians, occurring in Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic and it has an area of occupancy of 1,600 km². It occurs in around 80 localities. The populations are stable in Poland and Slovakia and increasing in the Czech Republic. The plant is threatened by sport and leisure structures and activities, modification of hydrographic functioning, collection, and vegetation succession. In Slovakia and Poland it is present in protected areas. It is classified as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2 and the populations are probably in a good state due to their protection.

range:
This subspecies is endemic to the western Carpathians, occurring in Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic (Moravia) (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Slovakia, the plant occurs at around 20 localities in the Javorníky  Mts, the Strážovské vrchy Mts, the Malá Fatra Mts, the Západné Beskydy Mts, the Chočské  vrchy Mts, the Západné the Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts and in the Slovenský raj Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Poland it occurs predominantly in the subalpine belt with ten populations in three  regions: the Tatra mountains, the Beskid Żywiecki mountains and the  Beskid Śląski mountains. It is found between 750 m asl and 1,700 m asl. In the Czech Republic the subspecies is found in 50 localities in Moravia (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008).

population:
The population trend in Poland is stable and typically the populations comprise from 100 to 1,000 generative individuals. The total population in Poland is 2,000+ individuals, found in ten localities. The trend is stable for Slovakia and there are 2,000-7,000 individuals. In the Czech Republic it is found at 50 localities and the population trend is increasing (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Slovakia the plant is found in around 20 localities and the number of in individuals at each locality ranges from tens to hundreds (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
This plant is typically found in forest springs, beech, spruce, and ravine forest, fringes of montane brooks, and montane meadows. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels7230 Alkaline fens8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)

threats:
The plant is threatened by sport and leisure structures and activities, including walking, horseriding, cycling and off-piste skiing. In Poland modification of hydrographic functioning is also a threat and in Slovakia # collection and removal of the subspecies and vegetation succession are the main threats (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In the Czech Republic the plant is threatened by unfavourable forestry management (artificial planting and clearance) (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Aconitum firmum ssp. moravicum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.The subspecies is listed as Lower Risk/Near Threatened in Slovakia and nearly 82% of its populations are included in four protected areas (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is included in the Polish Red Data Book (Każmierczakowa and Żarzycki 2001) and in the Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Poland the taxon occurs predominantly in protected areas (Babia Góra and Tatra National Parks and nature reserves). It is also legally protected in Poland (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). In the Czech Republic it is categorised as Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000).

useAndTrade:
Members of the genus Aconitum belong to the most poisonous plants and contain several alkaloids (aconitine, napelline, neopelline, aconine, neoline and other) (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The subspecies is collected but the purpose is unknown.

redListAssessors:
Ferakova, V., Eliáš, P., Hodálová, I., Mereďa, P., Mirek, Z. & Piękoś-Mirkowa, H.


taxonomicNotes:
For the Ukraine, it is very difficult to make an objective assessment of Aconitum napellus, as it has been studied insufficiently in the Ukraine in a systematic and geographical sense. In “Flora of Eastern Europe” it is regarded as adventitious species. In “ Flora of Ukraine” (1955) its is listed as synonym of Aconitum nanum (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). The Plant List (2010) regards it as a synonym of Aconitum firmum ssp. fissurae but this listing is still under review and has therefore not been adopted for this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species distribution is restricted to the northern Balkans and  eastern Europe where it is found only in Croatia and Romania and has been introduced to  Ukraine. There is no information available on population size, trend and threats in Croatia and Romania and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species distribution is restricted to the northern Balkans and eastern Europe where it is found only in Croatia, Romania and the Ukraine (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). The Ukrainian populations are introduced (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). It is not known whether there are populations outside of Europe.

population:
The species is rare in the Ukraine, found in isolated patches often with a few individuals and the populations are declining due to degradation of its habitat. There is no information about the populations in Romania and Croatia available.

habitat:
This perennial plant is found in deciduous forest.

threats:
In the Ukraine, logging of its forest habitat and collection for medicinal purposes are the main threats to the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In the Ukraine, ex situ conservation in botanical gardens is in place.Information on the populations in Romania and Croatia is needed.

useAndTrade:
The species is used as medicinal plant. It is known to be very toxic but has been applied as antidote to poisoning. Especially the root of the plant is harvested (Plants For A Future 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Accepted name in Italy is: Aconitum degeni Gàyer ssp. valesiacum (Gàyer) Mucher.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)There is no information available about this species apart from it occurring in Italy.

range:
In Italy, the species is found in Valle d'Aosta and is doubtfully present in Piedmont.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Its harvesting is limited in some Italian regions.There is little information available about this species and data on its distribution in Europe, size and trend of the population, habitat and ecology, threats, conservation measures in place and required, and taxonomy needs to be collected


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for this species. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Greece and Asiatic Turkey (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011).


redListCategoryRationale:
Adonis distorta is endemic to the Italian Apennine mountain range where it has a geographic range of 2,471 km2. It is not clear how this would transfer into an extent of occurrence or area of occupancy. It has been reported from nine localities. There are threats to this species such as collection and recreational activities, but it is not clear how this is affecting the plant as its habitat and population have been described as stable. This plant is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Adonis distorta is endemic to the central Apennines in Italy. It has a geographic range of 2,471 km2 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
Around nine localities have been counted for this species in 2006. The population trend is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 6210 "Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)". The habitat trend is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are collection of the species, and outdoor sports and activities, including off-piste skiing and motorised vehicles (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Adonis distorta is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Adonis vernalis is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread in Europe and found at hundreds of localities. The population trend is unknown and there are several factors causing habitat loss and degradation that threaten this species. Adonis vernalis is an important medicinal plants and unsustainable harvesting affects the plant negatively. However, the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is suspected to be quite low. Information on the population trend and eventual rate of declines at European level should be collected and this might make a review of the threat status of this species necessary.

population:
In Germany, the populations are declining. In Serbia, it is estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanovic pers.comm. 2010).In France, it occurs in 17 communes in the south of France and on in Alsace, in the northeast. It can be abundant in southern populations.In Ukraine Adonis vernalis is  distributed mainly in lesosteppe (forest-steppe zone (near 350  localities) and in steppe zone (near 150 localities). In the zone of  deciduous and mixed forests in the Polesian lowland it occurs in only 17  localities. Separate parts of area of Adonis vernalis  is situated in foot-hill of the Crimean Mountains from Sewastopol in  the west to Feodosia in the east at the altitude of 150-800 m (near 150  localities). Some localities are founds in the plain part of Crimea on  Tarchankut and Kerch peninsulas (near 20 localities). On the boundary between forest-steppe and steppe zones and in the Crimean Mountains the population density is high (8-25/m²) (Melnyk and Parubok 2004).The overall population trend at European level is unknown.

habitat:
Adonis vernalis is a perennial rhizomatous plant that flowers from April to May. It is found in dry and poor grasslands (Festuco-Brometea societies) and in pine forests (Klotz et al. 2002). It can be found in forest margins and steppes or in the ecotone between forests and steppes.In Ukraine, Adonis vernalis grows in well drained places in meadow steppes of Botriochloeta ishaemi, Cariceta humilis, Ceraseta fruticosa, Elytrigeta repentis, Helictotricheta desertori, Festuceta valesiacea, Koeleria cristatae, Stipeta capillatae, Stipeta pennatae, Stipeta ucrainicae formation and petrophilous communities of Seslerieta heufleriana, Thymeta cretacei formations (Melnyk and Parubok 2004).In European Russia Adonis vernalis is a component of meadow steppe communities of Festuceta valesiacae, Koeleria cristatae, Stipeta capillatae, Stipeta pennatae, Stipeta tirsea, Stipeta pulcherimae, Stipeta zalesskii formations and in light oak forests (Pochkurlat 2000).In Poland, the species is a component of # communities of Festuco-Brometea class, in Slovakia it is a component of Festucion valesiacae, Quercion pubescentis alliances. In Czech Republic it occurs in Festuceto-Caricetum humilis association. In Germany Adonis vernalis grows in dry light forest in Potentilo albae – Quercetum petraea and Adoniso-Brachypodietum pinneti associations. In Hungary it is a component of the Astragalo-Festucetum association. In Romania Adonis vernalis is found in steppes dominated by Chrysopogon gryllus, Stipa cappilata, Stipa pennata, Stipa pulcherima, and in light forest Aceri tatarici – Quercion association. In Moldova it also occurs in forest plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia. The species may be favoured by  traditional sheep rearing, as sheep do  not eat it (decline in  traditional agricultural practice may threaten  the species).

conservationAction:
Adonis vernalis is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and under Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008.It has been classed as vulnerable in the Carpathian region on the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003). In Germany, the species is under protection and classed as threatened on the national Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and included in several regional Red Lists (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). It is also protected in France where several localities are in Parc National des Cevennes, Réserve Naturelle or Natura 2000 areas. In Hungary, it is not inlcuded in the national red list but protected (Király 2007).In Croatia it is classed as Data Deficient (Flora Croatica Database 2010). It is classed as Near Threatened in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). Italy lists it as Critically Endangered (Conti et al. 1997), Czech Republic as Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Switzerland as Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002). The species is included  in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Rare and is protected in many reserves  in Ukraine. Ex situ protection in the National Botanical Garden  Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv, is underway.In many countries harvest management plans are in place.

useAndTrade:
Parts of the plant or the whole species are used for medicinal purposes. It is used to treat heart and thyroid diseases as well as cardiac and circulatory troubles. The species is mainly collected from the wild and inappropriate harvesting, such as more often than every 3-4 years or removal of all shoots or the root, can damage the plant. Plants for the trade are mainly exported from Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. The main importers are Germany and France (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC unknown).Adonis vernalis is sometimes sold as a garden plant. Its cultivation has not been successful from an economic point of view yet which increases the pressure on the wild populations (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC unknown).


redListCategoryRationale:
Anemone uralensis is endemic to the middle and southern parts of the Ural mountains in Eastern European Russia with an area of occupancy  (AOO) smaller than 200 km². The population is found at about 50 localities with about 10,000 clones.  The local populations are very small.  Flooding and habitat destruction have caused declines of 30-50% over the past 50 years. Further threats are agricultural cultivation, grazing activities and collection of the plant. Although the generation lengths of this plant is not known, the rate of decline is very alarming and the species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) A2c.

range:
This species is endemic to Eastern European Russia and occurs in the middle and southern parts of the Ural mountains. The AOO is probably less than 200 km².

population:
The population is found at about 50 localities with about 10,000 clones. The local populations are small and occupy a limited area of 2-10 m². Flooding has caused declines of 30-50%. Over the past 50 years,  destruction of habitats has caused the decline of this species by 2-3  times.

habitat:
This plant grows on river banks, wet grasslands, and in wet deciduous forests.

threats:
Agricultural cultivation (ploughing of grasslands), flooding of river valleys, grazing, collection of the plant for bouquets, weak ecological flexibility, low competitiveness are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Anemone uralensis is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and in regional Red Data Books as an endangered species. It is protected in the reserve “Visimskij” and other protected areas.

useAndTrade:
Anemone uralensis is collected for ornamental purposes (flower bouquets).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Aquilegia alpina is a European endemic that has stable populations and is fairly common in parts of its range. There are few threats such as collection and intensive grazing that affect this species but they are not likely to lead to significant declines in the near future. It is also included in protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This species is endemic to the European Alps extending into central Italy and is found in Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.

population:
The population is fairly stable, but might be declining in some parts of its range. In Austria, it occurs in Vorarlberg and 100-200 individuals have been counted whereas in Switzerland, it counts more than 2,000 individuals. It has been reported from 108 localities in the French Alps and from 23 localities in western and central Italy.

habitat:
Aquilegia alpina grows in woody areas in alpine regions, in rocky pastures and grassland and is sometimes found on cliffs. It occurs in Seslerietalia (v.a. Caricion ferrugineae) Betulo-Adenostyletea associations. This plant can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4060 Alpine and boreal heaths6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests 9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests

threats:
The population of this species is stable but there are a few threats. Collection for ornamental use causes local declines. Intense grazing and trampling by tourists leads to habitat degradation. A potential future threat is posed by climate change.

conservationAction:
Aquilegia alpina is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive.In France, it is on the national list of protected plant species and can be found in protected habitats (Parc Nationaux de Vanoise, Mercantour, Ecrins, Forets Domaniales, Natura 2000), regional parks, and national parks. It is not listed on the Italian Red List but has regional protection and is partially included in protected areas. In Austria, it is classed as Near Threatened and protected in Voralberg. It is also Near Threatened in Switzerland and protected nationally. In Liechtenstein, it is protected and listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book. Monitoring of the current population is recommended.

useAndTrade:
Aquilegia alpina is collected at small scale from the wild for ornamental use.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Gigot, G., Montagnani, C. & Bernhardt, K.G.


taxonomicNotes:
Aquilegia bertolonii needs taxonomic revision, as it probably covers several taxa.

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future. However, taxonomic revision might impact the extent of occurrence of this taxon, in which case the assessment will need to be reviewed.

range:
This species occurs in southeastern France, northern and central Italy and in the Slovenian Alps.In France, there are more than 67 sites and the range is 13,000 km². In Italy, the range is less than 20,000 km² and has declined by 28% in the past. In Slovenia, there are three disjunct areas in the Alps with 49 localities (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This is not a rare species and can be locally frequent.

habitat:
This species grows on cliffs or limestone, steep slopes, rocky areas, stabilised screes and woodlands.It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forest

threats:
Collecting, closing of the habitat due to abandonment of traditional pastures, conifer plantations, recreational activities such as mountaineering, and in some parts of its range, climate change, are the main threats to this species.

conservationAction:
Aquilegia bertolonii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected under the national legislation in France (Annex I) and in regional legislation in Italy. Several sites are found in protected areas (Parc National du Mercantour, Natura 2000, Arreté de Protection de Biotope, etc.). It is listed as Vulnerable in Italy and Rare in Slovenia.

useAndTrade:
This species may be collected (horticulture).

redListAssessors:
Buord, S., Gargano, D., Gigot, G., Jogan, N. & Montagnani, C.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is considered as Endangered in Bosnia and Herzegovina and as Near Threatened in Croatia. However, there is not enough information on the population size and trends at the European level to define its risk of extinction. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.

range:
Aquilegia kitaibelii is a west dinaric species that is present in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Records from Italy are erroneous, as it was confused with A. bertolonii.

population:
The species is Endangered in Bosnia and Herzegovina where it occurs at Mt. Dinara and the hills and valley of Radoša near Vučja.

habitat:
This species occurs in screes and rocky crevices in montane and subalpine belts on limestone. It forms part of the endemic alliance Micromerion croaticae.

threats:
The main threats are abandonment of traditional pastoral systems and the subsequent encroaching of vegetation.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is considered as Endangered in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is listed as Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is strictly protected under Croatian national legislation.Information on the species distribution and its population size and trend needs to be collected.

useAndTrade:
The species might be used for horticulture.


taxonomicNotes:
According to Strid and Tan (1997) Aquilegia ottonis ssp. taygetea may not be distinct from Aquilegia ottonis ssp. ottonis. Tan and Iatrou (2001) suggest that Aquilegia ottonis ssp. taygetea may be best treated at varietal rank.

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is endemic to the Taygetos mountain in Greece. There is no data on population size or trends, number of  locations or subpopulations or actual and potential threats and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. However, the plant has been described as rare and has a very restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence of less than 70 km² and  an area of occupancy of less than 20 km². Therefore, it could potentially qualify for Vulnerable under D2 or a higher threat category.

range:
This taxon is endemic to the Taygetos mountain range in the southern Peloponnisos, Greece. Its extent of occurrence is less than 70 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 20 km².

population:
The taxon is known from a few collections only and is characterised as rare and uncommon (Phitos et al. 1995, Tan and Iatrou 2001). There is no data on population size or trends or on the number of locations or subpopulations.

habitat:
The taxon is found in damp calcareous screes, in semi-shade, in the upper part of the Abies zone and at alpine levels. It grows at altitudes from 1,600 – 2,200 m asl.

threats:
There is no data on the conservation status of the habitat or on any threats affecting the population. Nevertheless, the habitat of the plant is not easily accessible.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the Red Data Book (Phitos et al. 1995). The population of the plant is included in the NATURA 2000 site GR2550006.Information on the population size and trend, as well as potential threats should be collected, and further taxonomic investigation is recommended.

useAndTrade:
This taxon has been reported to be collected but the purpose is unknown.


redListCategoryRationale:
Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp. cazorlensis is listed as Endangered due to its restricted distribution. Negative trends have been reported for its habitat and the subspecies due to predation by ungulate animals, trampling and anthropogenic activities.

range:
This subspecies is endemic of the region of Andalucia, southern Spain (Prados et al. 2004), where it grows between 1,600 and 2,000 m asl. It can be found in Sierra del Pozo (Jaén), where it appears distributed into three subpopulations. It is also present in Sierra de Castril (Granada) where one subpopulation exists. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 7 km².

population:
Total population size has been estimated in about 1,000 individuals (Prados et al. 2004). Population trend has been reported to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This herbaceous plant grows in cracks and rocky substrates at the foot of rocky shady walls. Frequent accompanying species are Juniperus communis ssp. hemisphaerica, Daphne laureola, Arenaria grandiflora, Jasione foliosa ssp. minuta, Potentilla caulescens and Geranium cazorlense, among others.Fructification is high. This subspecies can also propagate by rhizome (Prados et al. 2004).

threats:
Predation by wild ungulate animals, along with trampling and habitat artificialization, are the main threats affecting this subspecies (Prados et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Sensible a la alteración de su habitat" in the national catalogue of threatened Species of Spain. It is listed as EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). This plant occurs within the protected areas Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas and Parque Natural de Sierra de Castril (Prados et al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Andaluz and of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. It is cultivated in the botanic gardens Jardines Botánicos de Córdoba and Red de Jardines Botánicos de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucía).Protection of its population should be kept in place. Predators should be controlled. Variability of stored plant material should be increased.

redListAssessors:
Prados, J., Herrera-Molina, F. & Hernández-Bermejo, J.E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Callianthemum kernerianum occurs only at  the narrow mountain ridge of Mt. Baldo in Italy with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km². There are 17 subpopulations, which count as one location as they are affected by the same threats. The population trend seems to be stable, but a population reduction in  the near future is possible, due to increased tourist impact (trekking  and skiing) and to encroachment after the abandonment of grazing which leads to competition with some shrubs such as Rhododendron spp. Callianthemum kernerianum occurs in a protected area and monitoring is underway but in addition to those measures, fences should be erected and the trekking paths  should be changed in order to preserve this plant. Because of its rarity, the very small area it inhabits and the existing threats, it is classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
Callianthemum kernerianum occurs only at Mt. Baldo, Provinces of Trento and Verona, with 17 subpopulations (Prosser 2000). Other growing sites recorded in the past have not been confirmed.The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 20 km² as the species grows along a narrow mountain ridge.

population:
The species grows in about 17 subpopulations distributed on the top of the Mt. Baldo ridge. The whole population is very large and it is estimated to be larger than 3 million of individuals.It is a self-compatible, diploid (2n = 32) species with 50% of autogamous reproduction and 50% of cross reproduction. It probably spreads vegetatively (G. Parolo pers. obs. 2010). The pollen viability is probably very reduced and the seed production is also low (about 30%).The population trend seems to be stable, but a population reduction in the near future is possible, due to increased tourist impact (trekking and skiing) and to encroachment after the abandonment of the grasslands by livestock (cows). Furthermore, C. kernerianum suffers from competition with some shrubs such as Rhododendron spp. (Bonomi et al. in press).

habitat:
Callianthemum kernerianum grows on limestone in subalpine pastures between 1,500 and 2,100 m asl. It suffers from competition with other herbs and can also grow in rocky areas adjacent to grassland (Bonomi et al. in press).

threats:
The main threat is the decrease in habitat quality due to two main factors that affect only some subpopulations: Firstly, the human disturbance due to tourist trampling as some populations are crossed by paths with high tourist frequentation during the summer months. Secondly, soil removal in preparation for winter skiing activities (Bonomi et al. in press).

conservationAction:
Callianthemum kernerianum does not require urgent conservation measures. Nevertheless, a monitoring program was started in 2010 with the aim of monitoring the population trend and studying the species biology.Fences and a change of trekking paths should be taken into account to mitigate plant damage in those areas where trampling is more intense (Bonomi et al. in press).Callianthemum kernerianum is protected in Veneto and Trentino Alto-Adige by regional law (Anchisi et al. 1985). It is listed as Vulnerable in the Italian Red List of Vascular Plants (Conti et al. 1992) and as Lower Risk in the Regional Red List of the Italian Vascular Plants (Conti et al. 1997). The species is cultivated at the Botanical Garden of Ferrara del Monte Baldo (Verona) and at the Botanical Garden of Viotte (Trento).

redListAssessors:
Bonomi, C., Abeli, T., Bolognesi, M., Bortolozzi, E., Parolo, G., Rossi, G. & Vicentini, R.


taxonomicNotes:
The flora of Russia (Tzvelev 1996) recognises five species of Caltha in European Russia: C. cornuta, C. laeta, C. natans and C. radicans. These are not widely recognised; C. laeta, C. natans and C. radicans may be synonymised with C. palustris. The Flora of North America recognises C. palustris and C. natans (Ford 1997), as does the Flora of China (Liangqian and Tamura 2001), the French website Tela Botanica recognises only C. palustris, while Flora Nordica (Piirainen 2001) recognises only C. palustris, treating C. radicans as a subspecies. A useful explanation of some aspects of the complex taxonomy of Caltha is given by Elven (2007).Clearly, the taxonomy of Caltha needs work and it is not currently possible to establish whether more than one species may be present in Europe. This evaluation treats all European Caltha as a single species: C. palustris.

range:
C. palustris is found throughout most of the northern hemisphere, although it becomes less widespread in the Mediterranean and Middle East and is absent from tropical regions. In Europe, it occurs throughout the north and centre, from Iceland and Scandinavia south to northern Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, the Balkans and mainland Greece, east into European Russia.

population:
C. palustris appears to be widespread and abundant with stable populations throughout most or all of its European range.

habitat:
C. palustris occurs in a wide variety of wet habitats, from wet woodland and the margins of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, ditches and canals to wet grassland, usually scarce in or absent from acid habitats.

useAndTrade:
C. palustris ss and a variety of cultivars are widely sold for ornament, it has also been used as medicine.


redListCategoryRationale:
In 1975, there were 20 plants at this unique locality and in 1996 their number had reached 100. Now, however, this species cannot be found anywhere. Since it is an annual, it would not be unusual if its population size fluctuated from year to year and its site regularly shifted. The plant may have simply been overlooked due to its small size or just exists in the soil seedbank, awaiting suitable habitat conditions. The worse case scenario would be that this species is already Extinct. As there is no new data on the species its previous threat status from 2006 remains unchanged but it is now listed under Criterion D, as no individuals are known but there is no continuing decline.

range:
Consolida samia is a Greek endemic that has been reduced to only one remaining subpopulation, restricted to the Island of Samos. It grows on the steep limestone scree of Mt. Kerkis at an altitude of 800 m.

population:
In 1975, there were 20 plants at this unique locality and in 1996 their number had reached 100. Recently, however, this species cannot be found anywhere. Since it is an annual and occurs on scree at a rather difficult to  search habitat and also because it has not been searched for  intensively, it should not be declared as extinct yet.

habitat:
This annual species grows in a very specialized habitat: on a gravel-like substrate, with the largest pebbles measuring about 2 cm in diameter. It has never been found in adjacent rocky areas or neighbouring fields with larger stones. The scree on which it grows has no closed vegetation cover, yet despite growing in the open, this plant is easy to overlook because of its very small size.  This species is closely related to Consolida hellespontica, but the two species live in distinct habitats and have different ecological requirements. The habitat of C. samia supports only a few species, most of which are endemic to the Aegean Islands, making it of high scientific interest. The presence of this species indicates that environmental conditions on Mt. Kerkis have remained unchanged for a long period of time.

threats:
Re-establishment of this species will become increasingly unlikely over time. Only living specimens are able to disperse their minute seeds uphill by wind. Any potential soil seed bank risks being transported downhill by erosion or stone avalanches, into fields of larger stones which is an unsuitable habitat for this species. Its restricted area of occurrence makes this species sensitive to any habitat modification. If the plant is not extinct, it is potentially threatened by collectors and genetic isolation due to its small population size.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The plant is included in Natura 2000 site GR 4120003, which gives it indirect protection and is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81.In situ: No measures taken as of yet.  Ex situ: No measures taken as of yet.  Actions Needed Field studies are necessary to update current knowledge of the plant's distribution and threats. Studies should include research into its reproduction biology that has not yet been undertaken. Conservation action should be carefully planned based on the results of this research. Expansion of the existing Mt. Kerkis Reserve to include the scree fields would provide further protection and can be easily justified by the presence of other local endemic and endangered plants. The area is also home to rare cliff plant communities, pastures and forests. This species would also benefit from ex situ cultivation in botanical gardens.

useAndTrade:
Potentially collected by botanists for its rare value.


redListCategoryRationale:
The remaining subpopulations are severely fragmented and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as a presumed decline in the number of individuals. This species is probably the rarest of Cyprus' endemics. It was estimated that there were less than 500 mature plants left in the two known subpopulations, which together cover less than 2 km².

range:
Delphinium caseyi is only found in northern Cyprus where it has been recorded at two sites in the northern Pentadaktylos range, one near the St. Hilarion Peak, and the other at the Kyparissovouno Peak. A recent expedition in May 2004 located about 15 individuals on a peak close to St. Hilarion, most of which had been affected by grazing.

population:
Less than 500 individuals exist in the two known subpopulations.

habitat:
This perennial shrub prefers full sun and grows at the base of rocky cliffs or in the cracks of limestone boulders.  The plants may be propagated by seeds or by subdivisions of the rootstock. All species of Delphinium are toxic, like the majority of the buttercup family. The long spur on the flower resembles the beak of a dolphin, the feature that inspired botanists to name the genus Delphinium.

threats:
Whilst grazing is the major threat to this species, its violet flowers make this species very attractive for wild collecting. There is also a potential threat to the subpopulations from nearby military activities and the construction of an antenna in the area.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Legally: This species is protected by the Bern Convention where it is listed in Appendix I. Based on the results of a Life Third Countries Project, D. caseyi has been included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is also included in the Red Data Book for the threatened plants of Cyprus, to be published by the Government of Cyprus in 2005.  In situ: The Pentadaktylos mountain range, which encompasses both existing D. caseyi subpopulations, has been proposed by the aforementioned project as a Site of Community Importance (SCI) for the Natura 2000 Network. In addition, one of the subpopulations exists within the Karmi State Forest, which is protected by the Forest Law from any private interference.  Ex situ: No measure taken.  Actions Needed In situ: It is important to undertake research projects to monitor the population dynamics of this species and assess its biology and ecology. Either a re-introduction or benign introduction project in protected areas is needed.  Ex situ: Seeds should be collected and stored in seedbanks. Additionally, the species should be conserved in selected botanical gardens.

redListAssessors:
Kadis, C., Christodoulou, C.S., Christofides, Y. & Makris, C.


taxonomicNotes:
In Slovakia the group&#Pulsatilla grandis is represented by three closely related species: P. grandis, P. slavica and P. subslavica. Pulsatilla grandis is the most thermophilous species and occurs in southern parts of Slovakia, whereas P. slavica is the most cryophilic representative of this triad and is distributed in northern parts of&# the country.&# The Large-flowered Pasque Flower easily hybridizes with other species of the genus growing on the common localities. In Slovakia there are hybrids with P. patens and P. subslavica.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This European endemic has a relatively restricted distribution and is classed as threatened in various countries at the edge of its range such as Germany, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. However, the stronghold of the species is in Hungary and despite a wide range of threats, it is unlikely to go extinct in the near future. Monitoring of the population is highly recommended; it is already included in several protected areas and protected under various national laws.

range:
Pulsatilla grandis is native to central and eastern Europe. The stronghold of the populations is in Hungary. In Ukraine, it grows in the Volhynian-Podolian, Chotyn and Pridnieprovian uplands.The species occurs in the Pannonian region of southern Slovakia and in the foothills of the southern part of the Western Carpathians. The northern limit of its distribution area passes from Skalica through the Brezovské kopce Hills, southern parts of the Strážovské vrchy Mts, Slovenské rudohorie Mts and the Nízke Beskydy Mts to the Vihorlat Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011)

population:
The population has been estimated for the following countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Czech Republic: 200 localities with several tens of thousands individuals and a slowly declining trend.Hungary: Between 4,000,000 and 5,500,00 individuals and a slowly declining trend.Slovenia: four confirmed subpopulations with a few hundred plants but less than 2,000 individuals in total. The trend is stable since the subpopulations are protected.In Germany, the species is only found in Bavaria where it is rare but apparently stable (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). The Ukrainian populations are small in area (20-50 m²) and host a low number of individuals (50-100 individuals). Population density is 1-9 mature individuals/m² (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). In Croatia, it is not threatened and in Bosnia and Herzegovina it is considered rare (Flora Croatica Database 2010).In Slovakia the population size ranges from tens to thousands of individuals (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
This perennial plant can be found in dry grasslands, rocky outcrops, open thermophilous oak and pine forests (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It also grows in shrubland, sometimes forest clearings or orchards and is found among vegetation of the Quercetae pubescenti-petrae class or in steppes in communities of the Festuco-Brometea class.In Slovakia this plant is found in dry, rocky scrub and grassland slopes, and, rarely, in clearings in oak forests, on different substrates (andesites, dolomites, limestones etc.) from lowland to the submontane vegetation belt (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands6520 Mountain hay meadows8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.

threats:
Modification of cultivation practices and abandonment of pastoral systems are the main threats. Habitat alteration due to  overgrowth or forestation with woody plants (mainly Scots pine and black  pine) is a further threat reported from Slovakia.  Invasive species such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima also affect the species. Trampling of the species by people that are attracted to the plants is an issue. It is also impacted by burning, either accidentally from recreational activities or deliberately to remove dry grass and shrubs to prepare pasture land. Urbanisation is a minor threat as is agriculture and the use of fertilisers. Quarrying and mining are threats in calcareous soils but on the other hand it can create new habitats for the species.Another threat is the collection of the plants. Cultivated species from the Pulsatilla vulgaris group are often planted in gardens and hybridisation is a potential threat to the species but there is no current evidence that this is affecting the populations.

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla grandis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  The species is protected in Hungary but not listed as threatened on the Red List. It is also classed as Least Concern in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). In the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), and Slovenia (Skoberne 1996), it is classed as Endangered on the national Red Lists and protected at national level. In Slovakia, it is classified as Vulnerable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine #(Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable, and is protected in the Medobory reserve, in the national park Podilski Tovtry, in some protected areas and nature monuments.Most sites are included in protected areas and Natura 2000 sites. Monitoring and management are in place for many sites at the edges of the range.

useAndTrade:
Pulsatilla grandis is collected from the wild to plant in private gardens. Many of the areas where the species grows are protected and fenced off.


taxonomicNotes:
This is a taxonomically problematic species. Within the species P. patens several subspecies have been described; populations from central Europe belong to the nominate subspecies P. patens ssp. patens (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Pulsatilla patens is native to  eastern and Central Europe, Sweden and Poland and extends into European Russia and western  Siberia. The populations are declining nearly everywhere in its range. Main threats are abandonment of grazing, forest plantations and forest management, quarrying, invasion of non-native species, collection, and eutrophication from agriculture. This species is classed as Data Deficient as there are declines everywhere as evidenced in the species being marked as threatened in several national red list. There is no information on whether the species has strong and abundant populations anywhere. More information on the overall rate of decline in the last three generations is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.

range:
Pulsatilla patens is native to eastern and Central Europe, Sweden and Poland and extends into western Siberia. It can also be found in several regions of Russia (Central, Eastern, Northern, Northwestern and Southern European Russia and Kaliningrad) (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Ukraine, it grows in the lowland part from the Polesian lowland to the northern part of the steppe zone, and it is rare in the eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.

population:
The population has been estimated for many countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Czech Republic: 15 localities and 1,500-2,000 tufts, slowly decreasingEstonia: 56,000 - 57,000 tuftsLithuania: 96 -100 localitiesLatvia: 100 - 200 local.Poland: 500 - 1,450 localitiesSweden: 40,000 individualsIn the Baltic States, there are still new populations being found after forest  fires but near big cities the populations are decreasing. Overall a slow decline has bee noted. In Germany, the species is only found at one locality near Munich. It was present in further federal estates but is now extinct in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg and Berlin (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). In Hungary, there is one locality with less than ten flowering individuals and a decreasing trend. Most populations disappeared several decades ago.In  Slovakia the richest subarea is in the Slovenský kras Karst, more  northward there are sporadic occurrences in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts  (Predné holisko Mt.), Spišské kotliny Basins (Primovce) and Slánske  vrchy Mts (Kapušany). In the past it was present in localities from the  Záhorská nížina Lowland (between Lozorno and Plavecký Štvrtok and  between Bílkové Humence and Senica) and on other sites in the Slovenské  rudohorie Mts (Štós) and Spišskzé kotliny Basins (Spišské Vlachy) (Mereďa  and Hodálová 2011). The Slovakian populations in the  Slovenský kras Karst include hundreds to thousands of individuals; in  the remaining areas the number of plants on individual sites is low. In the Ukraine, the populations are small in area and number of individuals. The population density reaches eight individuals/m² in forest habitats and ten individuals/m² in steppe habitats.

habitat:
This species occurs in dry coniferous forests, Pinus sylvestris woodland south of the taiga, Picea taiga woodland, forest fringes and clearances in forests, almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements, steep slopes, dry grasslands and sandstone rocks   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is known to grow on ranker soil and in dry sand steppe on acidic soil (in Hungary). In Ukraine, it is a member of the associations Querceto-Pinetum molinietosum, Peucedano-Pinetum, Festuco-Pinetum sylvestris and found in steppe communities Festuco-Brometea class. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region4030 European dry heaths40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6260 Pannonic sand steppes9010 Western Taïga91T0 Central European lichen Scots pine forests

threats:
In grasslands, the abandonment of grazing regimes or lack of mowing and cutting is a threat as it leads to vegetation succession and overgrowth with woody plants that increases the competition for Pulsatilla patens. Forest plantations and forest management can impact this species as it is light demanding and can be outcompeted by other plants not only due to the closing of the tree layer but also the moss layer - it needs a natural forest dynamic. A management regime that keeps open places in forests will benefit this species, even artificial fires. Quarrying of sand and gravel can be a threat to the species but in other cases help the species to find new open habitat. Invasion of species such as Robinia pseudoacacia or Lupinus polyphyllus cause a loss of habitat quality and increase competition. Collection of the species is a threat. Further negative affects are posed by fertilisers and eutrophication from agriculture.

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla patens is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected several countries and included in national red lists:Czech Republic: Classed as Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and protected in highest category.Estonia: Listed as Near Threatened (Lilleleht 2008)Finland: Endangered (EN) A2ac; C1+2a(i) (Rassi et al. 2010)Germany: Critically Endangered (level 1) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007) and strictly protectedLatvia: included in Red Data Book (Andrušaitis 2003), protected and collection is forbidden.Lithuania: Vulnerable (Rašomavičius 2007), protected and collection is forbiddenSlovakia: Classified as Endangered and protected in four Natura 2000 sites covering 77.8% of its localities in Slovakia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011)Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2010)Russia: Classed as Vulnerable (VU) A4c (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)Ukraine: Included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) and protected in the reserve Medobory, in the national parks Podilski Tovtry and Desnjansko-starogutskij and in many protected areas and nature monuments in Ukraine.The species occurs in protected areas, and especially Natura 2000 sites throughout its range. In terms of conservation measures, it is recommended to cut grassland swards with this species only after their dissemination (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).   #    &#

useAndTrade:
Collection and digging up of the species from the wild to plant in private gardens is a threat.


taxonomicNotes:
Valid name in Hungary is Pulsatilla flavescens, synonyms are P. pratensis ssp. hungarica or ssp. flavescens (Somlyay 2000, Szentpéteri et al. 2007).In Slovakia P. pratensis ssp. hungarica forms mixed populations and also hybridises with the closely related species P. zimmermanii. The species of Pulsatilla pratensis in Slovakia requires more detailed research (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. hungarica is endemic to the East Pannonian Basin (Great Hungarian Plain) with the centre of distribution in northeastern Hungary and extending into neighbouring areas of Slovakia and Romania. The population in Hungary is between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals, with a decreasing trend, and it is found at 20-40 localities. In Slovakia, there are two localities where populations number c. 300 and 2,000 flowering stems respectively, and there are still declines noted. The main threats are overgrazing by sheep, but also the abandonment of grazing to control the encroachment of woody plants. Further threats are conversion of pasture into agricultural land, invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia, collecting and trampling of plants, quarrying, the application of fertilizers, and garbage disposal.There is no information on the populations in Romania, on the area of occupancy of the subspecies and whether the sites are severely fragmented. Furthermore, there are taxonomic problems in identifying this subspecies and possible hybrids and the true range of the subspecies might therefore not be fully known. Therefore, this subspecies is classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. hungarica is endemic to the East Pannonian Basin (Great Hungarian Plain). The centre of distribution is in northeastern Hungary from where it reaches to the adjacent areas of Slovakia and Romania. In Slovakia, of the 12 localities previously found on the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland only two have been confirmed in recent years  (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The population in Hungary is between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population trend in Hungary is decreasing, more populations have been destroyed in the last half century. It is found at 20-40 localities.In the two localities in Slovakia where it has recently been found the taxon forms populations numbering c. 300 and 2,000 flowering  stems respectively. However, according to A. Šimková from the Latorica Protected Landscape  Area Administration, they are not the typical Hungarian Pasque Flower plants,  but hybrids with the related  species P. zimmermanii. In 2002 a new locality of P. pratensis ssp. hungarica was found near Malá Tŕňa village on the  Východoslovenská nížina Lowland. At this site only one tuft of genuine morphotype with 50  flowering stems was found. The  size of the populations of the subspecies, as well as their number in  Slovakia have markedly decreased over the last decades and the taxon is  in danger of extinction (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

habitat:
Acid sandy soil in dry grasslands or sand steppes are the main habitat of the subspecies. In Slovakia the subspecies is found in dry pastures, sand steppes, and rarely also in clearings of scrub and thin oak forests on non-calcareous substrates (sands, rhyolite, andesite, permian slates) in the lowland vegetation belt (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6260 Pannonic sand steppes91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.

threats:
In the past the subspecies was threatened by overgrazing by sheep. However, some grazing is necessary in order for the subspecies not to be outcompeted by other plants. Loss of habitat has also resulted from conversion of pasture into agricultural land. The planting of forests has led to habitat loss in the past but the invasion of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) into neighbouring habitats continues to threaten the plant.In Slovakia the localities are situated in farmland with a #limited area of suitable habitats. The subspecies is threatened by habitat loss due to overgrowing or forestation by woody plants (especially Black Locust), overgrowing by herbs, collecting and trampling of plants, quarrying, the application of fertilizers, and garbage disposal. Several sites have been lost from conversion of the habitat into fields and vineyards. The taxon is also threatened by hybridization with the species P. zimmermanii (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. hungarica is listed as priority taxon on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.This is a symbolic plant of nature conservation in Hungary and very well known. Included as Endangered on the Hungarian Red List   (Király 2007) and strictly protected. More than 90% of the Hungarian localities are included in Natura 2000 areas, but less than 50% are probably included in protected areas. In Slovakia, the subspecies occurs in two Natura 2000 sites SACs, covering 66.67% of its  localities in Slovakia. It is classified as Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).Taxonomic research and field surveys to determine the range of the subspecies as well as the size of the populations is recommended outside of Hungary, e.g. in Romania.

useAndTrade:
The subspecies is collected (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).


taxonomicNotes:
In the contact zone of the distribution areas of Pulsatilla slavica and P. subslavica introgressive hybridization takes place and hybrid swarms occur.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pulsatilla slavica is endemic to the Western Carpathians in Poland and Slovakia. Its extent of occurrence is around 7,000 km². The population in Poland is stable with 200 individuals. In Slovakia,  between 100,000 and 600,000 individuals have been counted at 183 sites and a loss of mature individuals is noted in some localities. The main causes for the decline are collection of this plant, habitat loss due to overgrowing or forestation, soil erosion, trampling around tourist trails, and quarrying. It is not known how many locations there are in total and what the overall rate of population decline is. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
Pulsatilla slavica is endemic to Poland and Slovakia. Its extent of occurrence is around 7,000 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).In Poland, it is found only in the Koryciska Wielkie gorge in the Western Tatra Mountains (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Slovakia its centre of distribution (without transient types to P. subslavica) is in the Krivánska Malá Fatra Mts and the adjacent part of the Západné Beskydy Mts, in the Chočské vrchy Mts, Západné Tatry Mts (Mt.Osobitá, the Sivý vrch mountain group) and in the northern part of the Nízke Tatry Mts (where the type locality is). In addition it occurs (together with P. subslavica) in the Veľká Fatra Mts, in Slovenská Ľupča surroundings, on the Muránska planina Plateau, in the Slovenský raj Mts, Spišské kotliny Basins, Spišské vrchy Mts, Slovenské rudohorie Mts and in the Stredné Pohornádie region. It is necessary to revise the data on occurrence eastward from the Lúčanská Malá Fatra Mts (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In the Czech Republic it is occasionally planted even into the wild (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The population in Poland is stable with 200 individuals. In Slovakia, between 100,000 and 600,000 individuals have been counted and the population trend is declining   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Populations of the Slovak Pasque Flower number tens to thousands of individuals (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The plant occurred in 183 sites in 2005, with no signs of severe fragmentation (V. Ferakova pers. comm. 2011).

habitat:
In Slovakia the plant is found on grassy rock slopes and relict pine forests, rarely also in beech forests on limestones and dolomites from hilly areas to the sub-alpine vegetation belt (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).This plant has been reported from the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6210 # Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)9150 Central European calcicolous beech forests (Cephalanthero-Fagion)91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests # (especially Pulsatillo slavicae- Pinion)

threats:
Collection of this plant has been noted as an important threat in Poland (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Slovakia, it is threatened by loss of habitat due to overgrowing or forestation by woody plants (mainly Scots Pine and Black Pine) and herbs, soil erosion and trampling around the tourist trails, collecting of the plants and quarrying (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla slavica is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species occurs on 23 Natura 2000 sites (SACs), covering approximately 66% of its localities in Slovakia. It is classified as Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

useAndTrade:
This plant is very attractive and is probably collected from the wild for planting in private gardens.


taxonomicNotes:
Where Pulsatilla subslavica occurs with other related species, hybridization takes place: in the southern part of the range with P. grandis, in the northern part with P. slavica. This backcrossing results in transient individuals, even whole populations, which are difficult to identify (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is an endemic to the Western Carpathians and it grows only  in the territory of Slovakia. The size of populations ranges from a few individuals to hundreds of  plants and their trend is unknown. Main threats are habitat loss caused by overgrowth or forestation, plant collection ,  quarrying, fertilizing and garbage dumping. The area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, number of locations and whether the sites are severely fragmented, as well as the population trend are unknown. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is an endemic to the Western Carpathians and it grows only in the territory of Slovakia. It is abundant in the Strážovské vrchy Mts, the southern part of the Veľká Fatra Mts and on the Muránska planina Plateau. More rarely it is found in the Malé Karpaty Mts, Považský Inovec Mts (Tematínske vrchy Hills), Javorníky Mts (around the Nosice dam), the Lúčanská Malá Fatra Mts, near Banská Bystrica, the Slovenský raj Mts, the Slovenské rudohorie Mts (near Jelšava, Rožňava and Gelnica), the Stredné Pohornádie region, Spišské vrchy Mts and in the Slovenský kras Karst (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

population:
The size of populations ranges from a few individuals to hundreds of plants (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
The species occurs on dry, grassy sites on limestone and dolomite substrate from the hilly areas to the submontane vegetation belt (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites)91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests

threats:
The species is threatened with habitat loss caused by overgrowth by woody plants and herbs or forestation (especially by Scots Pine and Black Pine), plant collection, quarrying, fertilizing and the depositing of garbage (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla subslavica is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classified as Endangered in Slovakia and occurs in 22 Natura 2000 sites, covering 63.6% of its localities (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

useAndTrade:
The species is collected from the wild for horticultural purposes. It is a favoured rock garden plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. gotlandica is  endemic to Gotland in Sweden and is found at one location. Its  extent of occurrence is 748 km² and the area of occupancy is 48 km². The population is currently stable however, the species is sensitive to changes in surrounding vegetation. It is therefore precautionary assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. gotlandica is endemic to Gotland in Sweden where it is found at one location. Its extent of occurrence is 748 km² and the area of occupancy is 48 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010).

population:
The population is currently stable (ArtDatabanken 2010).

habitat:
The species is characteristic of the Pinus sylvestris woodland south of the taiga. It prefers open pine forest and requires light (ArtDatabanken 2010, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The species is sensitive to overgrowth and if the surrounding vegetation becomes too dense (ArtDatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. gotlandica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Vulnerable D2 on the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Several current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, Rothmaler 2005, van der Meijden 2005) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.   Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

range:
Ranunculus aquatilis occurs from Europe south to North Africa and east through Mongolia to Sakhalin Island, China and Japan it also occurs on the western seaboards of North and South America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. aquatilis is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout Europe.

habitat:
R. aquatilis typically occurs in small stands of base-rich, mesotrophic to eutrophic water such as pools in marshland, ponds and ditches as well as occasionally in slow-flowing streams and sheltered bays of lakes.

conservationAction:
Apart from the species being classed as Vulnerable on the Swiss red list, there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Ranunculus batrachioides has an area of occupancy of less than 400 km², but the populations are not severely fragmented. The number of locations is not known but presumably more than ten. However, the populations as well as the quality and extent of its habitat are declining, mainly due to the effects of agricultural extension, grazing and urbanization. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2ab(iii).

range:
This plant is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is found in Spain, Sardinia (Italy), Algeria, and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2009). It has a very restricted geographical distribution and generally occurs in mountainous regions. #   In Spain, it is signalled in the centre of the country, in the provinces Ciudad Real, Zaragoza, Valladolid, and Salamanca with a doubtful presence in Badajoz. In Sardinia, the species is found at only two sites (Arrigoni 2006).   At global level, the extent of occurrence is about 800,000 km² and the occupied area does not exceed 400 km². In Spain, the area of occupancy is estimated to be 21 km².

population:
The size of the populations is not known, but they seem to be fragile and in decline due to the vulnerability of the suitable habitat (i.e., temporary pools). Ranunculus batrachioides is considered very rare in Sardinia, vulnerable in Spain. The species has been more abundant in the past in Italy but became very rare following the drainage of its habitat. Now it is found at only one locality in Sardinia (Macomer). It is found in the centre of Spain (Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Salamanca).

habitat:
It is an annual plant (Therophyte) that occurs in small temporary pools that are dry in summer. In Sardinia, it is found in seasonally submerged habitat on basalt at 300 m altitude (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005, Arrigoni 2006). It blooms in spring from March to May.

threats:
Drainage, infilling of the habitat, agricultural extension, water pollution, overgrazing and urbanization are the main threats to the habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
The subspecies brachypodus is classified as Vulnerable D2 in the Red List of Spain (Moreno 2008). According to Conti et al. (1997) and Scoppola and Spampinato (2005), the species is classified as Vulnerable in Italy. The following actions are recommended: - Conservation of the habitat  #- Monitoring of the existing localities and search for new ones- Taxonomic surveys - To study the biology and the ecology of the species and to estimate the size of the populations - Monitoring of the population dynamics &#- Raising public awareness


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Three current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.     Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

range:
Ranunculus baudotii is endemic to Europe, occurring in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Greece.

population:
Ranunculus baudotii is classed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland, however given that this species has a predominantly coastal distribution, it is likely that records from Switzerland were misidentifications. Otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
Ranunculus baudotii usually occurs in ditches, ponds, lagoons, machair lochs and dune slacks near the coast, it (or morphologically similar plants) occasionally grows inland in lakes and pools.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Several current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, Rothmaler 2005, van der Meijden 2005) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.    Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

range:
R. circinatus occurs from western Europe through Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Russian Far East. In Europe, it is most frequent in the centre, from France north to Sweden and Finland, south to Italy and east to Romania.

population:
R. circinatus is classed as Endangered in Switzerland but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. circinatus typically occurs in fairly deep standing or slow-flowing mesotrophic or eutrophic base-rich water bodies such as lakes, gravel pits and large lowland rivers.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Three current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.   Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.  R. confervoides is usually recognised as a subspecies (ssp. lutulentus) of R. trichophyllus.

range:
R. confervoides occurs in western Europe, the Caucasus, Mongolia, Greenland and parts of northern North America. In Europe, it occurs in the Alps, the Pyrenees and in Scandinavia.

population:
R. confervoides is classed as Near Threatened in Switzerland but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. confervoides typically occurs in gravel-bed lakes which are typically oligotrophic.


taxonomicNotes:
The normal concept of R. flammula includes some subordinate taxa (such as ssp. scotica) and some hybrids (e.g. R. ×levenensis Druce ex Gornall), however this is not considered likely to affect this evaluation or the status of the species.

range:
R. flammula occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe south to North Africa and east to the Middle East and Siberia, it also occurs throughout northern and western North America. It has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. flammula is classed as Near Threatened in Switzerland, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. flammula typically occurs in oligotrophic or slightly mesotrophic marshland, grazed pasture, the margins of ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, bogs ditches and track ruts.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Several current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, Rothmaler 2005, van der Meijden 2005) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.    Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

range:
Ranunculus fluitans is endemic to western Europe, where it occurs from Ireland, the United Kingdom, southern Sweden, France, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia and Hungary to Italy.

population:
Ranunculus fluitans is classed as Vulnerable in Sweden and Near Threatened in Switzerland but according to most authors it is widespread and abundant throughout much of its range.

habitat:
Ranunculus fluitans typically occurs in large, lowland mesotrophic to eutrophic rivers with stable, often gravel substrates however it may also occasionally be found in smaller water bodies such as streams or even ponds.

conservationAction:
Ranunculus fluitans is classed as Vulnerable D2 in Sweden and Near Threatened in Switzerland. There are no further conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
This species might be confused with R. flammula L. (Flora Corsica 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)With its' large range across Europe it would appear to be of Least Concern, however where the plant is found is somewhat patchy and isolated with some areas experiencing local extinctions. There is also taxonomic confusion surrounding the identity of the plant in Corsica, leading to R. fontanus being classed as Data Deficient because the information available is insufficient to assign it to a threat category. The fact that it is a wetland species indicates that its habitat is sensitive and could be threatened.

range:
This species is native to the Balkan Peninsula, Italy and Malta (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Records from Corsica are probably erroneous, as it was found only once in 1882, in Cap Corse and was probably confused with R. flammula.In Italy, it is found in Calabria and Sicily and is probably extinct in Campania and Basilicata. The range in Italy is close to 20,000 km2 (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005).In Bosnia, it occurs in the mountains Trebević and Zvijezda; Vareš, Dovlići, Vučja Luka, Han Toplica, Ždralovac – Livno, Sijekovac; and in Herzegovina in Ljubuški, Dabarsko polje.In northeast Greece it is recorded from the Rodopi Mts (Elatia forest, west-northwest of Dimarion), Vrontous Mts (Lailias forest). In north-central Greece: Voras Mts (Kali Pediada-Dobro Pole, northeast of Platza), Pieria Mts, 1 km east-southeast of Pisoderion town. Altitudes range from 900 - 1,900 m. The range in Greece is estimated at 17,400 km2 and the recorded sites add up to a maximum of 40 km2.

population:
In Sicily, six subpopulations have been found. In Calabria, there are three sites, with several subpopulations each. Population trend is declining. There is no population data from Serbia. In Bulgaria, the species is found in six sites with a total of 300-2,000 individuals.

habitat:
R. fontanus is a species of wet habitats and grows on wet meadows, mainly on granite or schists. It depends on disturbance through fluctuations in the water level which keeps vegetation density in its habitat low (Morgan and Leon 1992).

threats:
The main threats are habitat loss due to changes in land use (increase in agriculture), water extraction, drainage and pollution by nitrates from surrounding cultivated areas.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This is protected under the national legislation in France (Annex I). It is classified as Vulnerable in Italy (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005). Some subpopulations are included in national or regional protected areas and in Natura 2000 sites. In Bulgaria, it is classed as Endangered B2ab(iii) and is protected by national law (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).Most of its locations in Greece are included in the NATURA 2000 sites GR1240001, GR1250002, GR1260007, GR1140003, GR1120003.More research on population size and distribution are needed, especially in the Balkans area. Conservation of the habitat quality, through control of pollution and the building of dykes, is needed.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Buord, S., Delipetrou, P., Gargano, D., Gigot, G. & Montagnani, C.


range:
R. hederaceus occurs in western Europe, North Africa and the northeast coast of North America. In Europe, it is restricted to Sweden, Denmark,  Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain,  Portugal, and Croatia. It was apparently introduced to Norway.

population:
R. hederaceus is classed as Endangered in Sweden and Germany but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its range.

habitat:
R. hederaceus typically occurs in disturbed, often eutrophic conditions in flushes in heathland, gateways and tracks, as well as on the margins of rivers, streams and ponds.

conservationAction:
R. hederaceus is classed as Endangered in Sweden and Germany, it is protected in the Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, Bourgogne, Picardie and Île-de-France regions of France. Otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.

useAndTrade:
R. hederaceus is very occasionally sold for garden pond planting, it is not clear whether this trade has any effect on wild populations.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ranunculus kykkoensis is endemic to Cyprus and restricted to four locations with an extent of occurrence of 32 km². The population size is 2,700 individuals. Road improvement and maintenance, overcollection and natural fires are the main threats to this species. Due to its restricted distribution and potential threats, it is assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This plant is endemic to Cyprus, restricted to four locations in the Pafos Forest, from Kykkos Monastery to Stavros tis Psokas and at Mavroi Gkremmoi, between 800 and 1,100 m asl altitude (Tsintides et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence is 32 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
A population of 2,700 individuals has been recorded (Tsintides et al. 2007, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Ranunculus kykkoensis is an erect, glabrous perennial herb that occurs in steep, moist rocky slopes and screes, in open Pinus brutia forests or in Quercus alnifolia scrub.This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):9390 Scrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifolia9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines

threats:
The main threats are road improvement and maintenance, and overcollection (Tsintides et al. 2007). Natural fire are furthermore a potential threat (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Ranunculus kykkoensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It has been listed Vulnerable D2 on the national red list. The entire population occurs within a proposed Natura 2000 site and part of it is located in a Nature Reserve area (Tsintides et al. 2007).


taxonomicNotes:
In Norway, treated under the synonym Coptidium lapponicum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This plant is relatively widespread in Finland, Svalbard, Sweden, Norway and Russia. The populations are stable or slightly declining but the causes for major declines in the past, forest drainage and river regulation, have mainly ceased. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
Ranunculus lapponicus has a boreal to arctic circumpolar distribution. In Europe, it is native to Finland, Sweden, Norway, Svalbard, and European Russia.In Sweden it is found throughout the upper half of the country with an area of occupancy of 2,936 km². It is not fragmented. It is very rare in Norway with a very limited number of occurrences within a small area. It is limited to the inner parts of Nordreisa where it has not been seen since 1936, and Kautokeino, Karasjok and Sør-Varanger (Artsdatabanken 2010). It is found in parts of Svalbard. Ranunculus lapponicus is very widespread in Russia.

population:
In Finland, the species has been recorded in 623 grids and has stable populations (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is fairly common in the north. In Sweden it was previously believed to be rare, but recent flora investigations has revealed that it is quite common in the northern quarter of the country. The population is probably slowly decreasing due to unfavourable forest management, and the decrease was stronger in the 1920s-1930s.The Norwegian populations are stable and well protected at the moment. There has been a decline in the past where around 25% of the Norwegian occurrences disappeared or declined severely due to a single river basin development (Pasvik River). But this decline was more than three generations ago (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Ranunculus lapponicus is a perennial species that forms wide clonal populations. It occurs in conifer woodland and in mixed swamp woodland and is usually found along small creeks and small rivers. It is commonly found in shady, swampy spruce forest with wet depressions covered by Sphagnum,  a habitat that mostly occurs along rivulets, but it can also be seen in  the forested edges of bogs, where such streams emerge out from the more  closed forest. It prefers open areas. In Norway, it is found in marshes along rivers which is a vulnerable habitat. In North Russia and Svalbard, the ecology differs slightly and it is mainly found in open wet tundra.

threats:
In the past drainage of forests was the main threat and the cause of  strong declines. Nowadays these practices are forbidden and therefore  the decline has become less intense but occurs still due to forest  management related perturbations (circulation of vehicles, modification  of the habitat).In Norway, river regulation has been described as a threat in the past (Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
Ranunculus lapponicus is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive.    It is listed as Least Concern in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010), in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010), in Norway and in Svalbard under the synonym Coptidium lapponicum (Artsdatabanken 2010). In Norway, it can be found in protected areas. It is protected by law in Finland (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005) and at least 50% of known sites are in Natura 2000 network


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats, however it is possible that the declines in France and Hungary are the first evidence of a range contraction and should be monitored.

range:
R. lateriflorus occurs from Europe south to North Africa and east to western Siberia and the Caucasus. In Europe, it is mainly Mediterranean, extending north into the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Belarus.

population:
R. lateriflorus is classed as Vulnerable in Italy, Near Threatened in Hungary and is nationally protected in France, but otherwise appears to be widespread and abundant throughout much of its European range.

habitat:
R. lateriflorus typically grows in temporary pools, shallow lakes, ditches, muddy places, dolines or occasionally in seasonally inundated grassland.

conservationAction:
R. lateriflorus is classed as Vulnerable in Italy, Near Threatened in Hungary and is nationally protected in France, but otherwise there are no known threats to this species. It is possible that the declines in France and Hungary are the first evidence of a range contraction and should be monitored.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27  regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) #This species  is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations  and does not face any major threats, however it is possible that the  declines recorded are evidence of a problem and should be monitored.

range:
R. lingua occurs from Europe east to the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia and Kazakhstan. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, although in the Iberian Peninsula it occurs only in northeastern Spain.

population:
R. lingua is classed as Critically Endangered in Spain and Serbia, Endangered in Croatia and Norway, Vulnerable in Switzerland and Germany and Near Threatened in Hungary and it has national protection in France. In Spain, it was believed to be extinct between 1949 and 2003 when 300 mature individuals where detected in Navarra in an area of 100 m² (Bañares et al. 2006). # It appears to be widespread and abundant in most other countries in Europe.

habitat:
R. lingua typically grows in base-rich, often eutrophic marshes and fens and on the margins of lakes, ponds and artificial water bodies in still or standing water.

threats:
Overall, there is little knowledge about the threats to this species. The Spanish populations that occur at one small stream are threatened by agricultural activities and changes of the hydrological regime such as drainage that can lead to desiccation   (Bañares et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
R. lingua is classed as Critically Endangered in Serbia and Spain  (B1ab(i,ii,iii)+B2ab(i,ii,iii)), Endangered in Croatia and Norway (A2abc; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)), Vulnerable in Switzerland and Germany and Near Threatened in Hungary and it has national protection in France. The fact that it is enlisted in different national red lists demands conservation measures and research on threats as well as monitoring of the populations is recommended.

useAndTrade:
R. lingua is widely sold for landscape and garden pond planting, it is not clear how this trade may affect wild populations, but it is likely that many current in nature populations derive from horticulture.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #This species is classed as Data Deficient because most available information appears to be based on unreliable identification or inconsistent taxonomic treatment.

range:
Ranunculus ololeucos is endemic to western Europe, occurring in western Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal.

population:
Ranunculus ololeucos is protected in the Basse-Normandie, Île-de-France and Poitou-Charentes regions of France and has apparently strongly declined in the Netherlands. It is classed as Critically Endangered in Germany   (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). It is apparently abundant throughout the rest of its range, but complications of misidentification may mean that this is inaccurate.

habitat:
Ranunculus ololeucos apparently occurs in slow-flowing or standing oligotrophic water bodies in heathland, but there is very little reliable published information.

threats:
In Germany, past threats came from water pollution and lowering of the groundwater levels. Eutrophication is an ongoing threat. There is no information about threats in other parts of its range.

conservationAction:
Ranunculus ololeucos is  protected in the Basse-Normandie, Île-de-France and Poitou-Charentes  regions of France. It is classed as Critically Endangered in Germany. Otherwise the conservation needs of the species are unclear but research on the population trends and potential threats is recommended. #


range:
R. omiophyllus has a mainly European distribution, extending beyond the region only into northern Africa. In Europe, it occurs in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of R. omiophyllus, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
R. omiophyllus typically occurs in seasonally or permanently shallow acidic, mesotrophic or eutrophic water bodies, particularly flushes, wet hollows in heathland, wet trackways and the margins of ponds, but it will also occasionally grow on the margins of rivers, particularly where inflows from seepages or flushes enter the channel.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Several current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, Rothmaler 2005, van der Meijden 2005) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.    Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.    R. peltatus represents a complex of subordinate taxa, such as ssp. fucoides as well as some which have been recognised by some as species in their own right, such as R. baudotii and R. sphaerospermus. Certainly variation within this taxon is extreme and it is difficult to have confidence in the most frequently applied concept of R. peltatus.

range:
Cook (1966) describes R. peltatus as occurring in Europe and North Africa, in Europe occurring from Scandinavia south through the United Kingdom and northwest European Russia to the Iberian Peninsula, Greece and Romania. However, it must be recognised that the distribution of R. peltatus depends on the taxonomy that is being employed and in most cases, the taxonomic basis for description or mapping distribution is not specified.

population:
R. peltatus is classed as Endangered in Switzerland, but otherwise is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. peltatus will occur in most habitats, from coastal lagoons to lakes, ponds, gravel pits, streams, rivers and seasonally inundated wetlands.

conservationAction:
R. peltatus is classed as Endangered in Switzerland and is protected in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, but otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
Ranunculus penicillatus is endemic to western Europe, occurring in Estonia, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Reports of this species from the Balkans, European Russia and other eastern areas are likely to be the result of misidentification (possibly of hybrids) or application of a different taxonomic concept.

population:
Ranunculus penicillatus is a very poorly understood taxon and consequently many reports of presence and abundance are unreliable. Superficially, published evidence would suggest that it is widespread and abundant throughout its range.

habitat:
Ranunculus penicillatus is almost entirely restricted to flowing water, occurring very occasionally in oxbows and small floodplain pools that have been cut off from the main body of a river, in which it appears to survive for only a short period. It typically occurs in small to medium-sized rivers and streams but will also occur in larger rivers where it may form very extensive stands. It appears to have a broad ecological tolerance occurring in calcareous and acidic waters (although the latter more rarely) and in oligotrophic to mesotrophic or even eutrophic waters.

conservationAction:
This species is categorized Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházja 2000).


range:
Ranunculus polyphyllus is restricted to a small area in central Europe and European Russia, including Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Eastern and Central European Russia, Slovakia and the Ukraine.

population:
Ranunculus polyphyllus is classed as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Near Threatened in Hungary, it is also on the Russian Red List, there is no other readily available information on its status, but it may be assumed that it is declining or rare throughout its range. In Hungary, it is sporadic in the southeast and rare elsewhere.The size of the populations is extremely depending on the weather conditions.

habitat:
Ranunculus polyphyllus occurs in pools, inundated grassland and marshland, it usually grows with its roots in standing water. The main habitat in Hungary are saline marshes.

threats:
The specific threats are not known but the species is probably affected by degradation of the habitat due to drainage and water pollution.

conservationAction:
Ranunculus polyphyllus is classed as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Near Threatened and protected in Hungary, it is also on the Russian Red List. More information about the population distribution, trends, life history and ecology as well as potential threats is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
R. repens has been subdivided into a number of entities, however none of these appear to merit recognition at species level.

range:
R. repens is native to an area from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, China and Japan. It has apparently been introduced to South America, Central America and the eastern and western seaboards of North America as well as Australia and New Zealand. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. repens is classed as Vulnerable on Cyprus, otherwise it is widespread and very abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. repens is a characteristic element of grazed pasture, occurring in dry as well as wet areas. In wetlands, it will occur in most types, but is most characteristic of cattle-grazed, seasonally inundated pasture, marshes, fens and the margins of water bodies.

conservationAction:
R. repens is classed as Vulnerable (D2) on Cyprus. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name in Europe, but the taxonomic distinction between R. reptans and R. flammula in North America is less clear (Elven 2007).R. reptans has been shown to hybridise with R. flammula (  R. ×levenensis Druce ex Gornall) where their ranges overlap, however, this hybrid is infrequent and not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
R. reptans has a circumboreal arctic-alpine distribution, from Iceland through Scandinavia and Siberia to the Russian Far East and northern North America and Greenland. In Europe, it occurs mainly in the north with outlying populations in the Alps and high mountain regions in Italy and the Balkans.

population:
R. reptans is classed as Critically Endangered in Germany, Endangered in Switzerland and Vulnerable in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe it appears to be widespread and reasonably abundant.

habitat:
R. reptans typically grows in gravel on the margins of oligotrophic calcareous or acid water bodies, occasionally growing to a depth of more than 0.5 m or persisting in seasonally inundated depressions.

conservationAction:
R. reptans is classed as Critically Endangered in Germany, Endangered in Switzerland and Vulnerable (D2) in the United Kingdom, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2 and the populations are slightly declining. However, the species is found at many sites with some of them being protected. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern but monitoring of the sites is suggested.

range:
Ranunculus revelierii is endemic to France and Italy. In France, it grows in Maures and Estérel (Var) and in Corsica. This species is found in two regions of Corsica: Agriates and Bonifacio with a count of respectively five and eight populations. In Italy, according to Arrigoni (2007) it is found in several sites on the high parts of Sardinia.The AOO is less than 500 km2.

population:
In France, it is abundant in the Plaine des Maures, localised in the Massif des Maures and Plaine de Palayson, and very localized in Colle de Rouet. Ranunculus revelierii  is present in Corsica in 13 localities. The populations show to be affected by the hydrologic conditions, but there is no evidence of significant decline in France. In Sardinia, the species is found at 18 sites (S. Bagella pers.comm. 2010).Overall, the populations are suspected to be slightly declining but not at an alarming rate.

habitat:
The species is found in Mediterranean fully or partially summer-dry (temporary) ponds, pools and streams. It has been reported from the Corine biotop 22.341: short Mediterranean amphibious swards.

threats:
The populations of the species are directly or indirectly threatened by activities such as drainage, filling in (vineyards) and infrastructure development such as motorways, railways, or construction of golf places.Those threats are not leading to significant declines at the moment.

conservationAction:
The species is protected in France where the subspecies rodiei is listed as Vulnerable on the national Red List (Olivier   #et al. 1995). Ex situ conservation measures are in place and experimental management of the habitat is being carried out. It is included in some protected areas and monitoring of some existing sites is done by the guard from the Natural Reserve of Tre padule and the Botanical Conservatory of Corsica.In Italy, R. revelieri is classified as Lower Risk (Conti et al. 1997, Scoppola and Spampinato 2005).It is suggested to monitor all the existing sites and to search for new populations and to raise awareness of the site managers.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Three current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.   Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

range:
Ranunculus rionii occurs in South Africa and across Asia from Europe east to Sakhalin Island, Japan, North Korea and China. In Europe, it is scattered in isolated populations in northern France, Switzerland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria  (near Vienna) and near the Slovak border, western Hungary, south of Alps it only  occurs in northern Italy, while in southeast Europe it can be found in coastal  Slovenia to Greece and slightly more frequently in Romania and Crimea.

population:
R. rionii is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Endangered in the Czech Republic, otherwise it appears to be widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. rionii typically grows in seasonally inundated areas such as the margins of lakes and pools, as well as temporary ponds.

conservationAction:
R. rionii is classed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, Endangered in the Czech Republic and is protected in the French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Three current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.In France and Italy, it is considered as synonym of R. peltatus ssp. fucoides (Freyn) Muñoz Garm.Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: # Least Concern (LC)There are numerous taxonomic uncertainties regarding this species, which could lead to a Data Deficient category. However, the Iberian Peninsula and Greece seem to have a widespread and common subpopulation. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern at the European level.

range:
R. saniculifolius is a Mediterranean endemic (although material from the United Kingdom could be assigned to this taxon depending on the taxonomy followed), occurring on the north coast of Africa, in Spain (Mediterranean area, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands), Portugal, France (southwest and Parisian basin), Italy (Sardinia, Sicily, northeast and southeast), Greece with Crete, the Aegean Islands and Turkey in Europe.

population:
This species is abundant in Portugal, Spain, and Greece. There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations in France and Italy, however it appears to not be represented on any national red lists and there are no other reasons to expect that it is of conservation concern.

habitat:
R. saniculifolius typically occurs floating in temporary pools, as well as artificial water bodies and rivers, sometimes in brackish water.

conservationAction:
There are no conservation measures in place or needed, however there is a need for research into the taxonomy of the subgenus to clarify its taxonomic status.


range:
R. sceleratus occurs throughout much of the northern Hemisphere, from Europe south to North Africa and east through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, China and Japan. It also occurs in the Himalayas, in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan and throughout North America except the far north. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. sceleratus is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland, otherwise it is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. sceleratus typically grows in soft silt on the margins of streams, rivers, pools and lakes or around cattle-drinks in eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic conditions, it will also grow in saline environments, tolerating quite high salt concentrations.

conservationAction:
R. sceleratus is classed as Vulnerable in Switzerland. There are no conservation measures in place or needed.


range:
R. sphaerospermus occurs over a fairly restricted area from the eastern Mediterranean east through the Middle East to Nepal. In Europe, it occurs in Greece, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Turkey.

population:
R. sphaerospermus is widespread and abundant throughout most of its European range. It is scattered and fairly rare in Greece mainland and East Aegean Islands.

habitat:
R. sphaerospermus grows in a wide variety of temporary or permanent mesotrophic or eutrophic water bodies. It can be found in ditches, pools, seasonal brooks and slow-flowing streams mainly in coastal areas.


range:
R. trichophyllus occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, the Himalayas, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East, Japan, China and the Korean Peninsula, it also occurs across central North America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe.

population:
R. trichophyllus is widespread and abundant throughout its European range.

habitat:
R. trichophyllus will occur in most types of mesotrophic to eutrophic water body, from dune slacks and drainage ditches to ponds, lakes, streams and slow-flowing rivers.


taxonomicNotes:
It has been shown that not only are some populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium composed of complexes of polyploid clones attributable to a single taxon, but that other populations may be composed more or less entirely of hybrid combinations involving up to three parents and indistinguishable from each other or unhybridised plants without molecular analysis (Lansdown 2007). Three current and conflicting taxonomies (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000) co-exist and are applied in differing ways in Europe and it is clear from published information that both the identification guidance and recording are inconsistent between countries, regions and taxa.     Assessment of the taxa “most widely recognised” against the Red List Criteria is, at best, hopeful and an attempt has been made to explain any conclusions reached. Distribution data are mainly derived from the only truly critical account (Cook 1966) although it is clear that even that includes some inaccuracies. The exceptions to this are R. circinatus and R. hederaceus which may, at times, be misidentified but are taxonomically discrete. R. tripartitus is known to hybridise with R. omiophyllus (R. ×novae-forestae Webster) and it is not clear whether this hybrid is sufficiently frequent to affect either   the survival of the species or this evaluation.

range:
R. tripartitus is endemic to western Europe, occurring in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal, it also occurs in Morocco.  There is a single record from the Aegean (Dahlgren 1991), which showed different chromosome numbers on different parts of the plant and was probably the product of hybridisation, it would be unwise to interpret this as indicating the presence of the species so far from any other critically determined records. Records of this species from outside the areas cited above should be subject to very careful scrutiny, most are single reports from a country, made by people with no previous experience of the species and must be considered unreliable until critically confirmed.

population:
R. tripartitus is classed as Endangered in the United Kingdom, although this almost certainly exaggerates the level and particularly the speed of the decline, informed surveys have re-found many populations and it may be more appropriate for it to be classed as Vulnerable. Throughout the rest of its range it is reasonably widespread and abundant.

habitat:
In the northern part of its range, R. tripartitus typically grows in temporary pools, flushes and the margins of streams on acid substrates where poaching by cattle or other soil disturbance breaks through the upper horizons into basic clays. Further south, it will occur in oligotrophic or acid pools in low-intensity arable, river floodplain pools or even temporary pools in bedrock.

conservationAction:
R. tripartitus is classed as Endangered (A2c) in the United Kingdom and protected in the Ile-de-France region of France, otherwise there are no conservation measures in place or needed.


redListCategoryRationale:
Ranunculus weyleri is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 3 km², distributed into two locations. It has furthermore a small population of only 500 individuals. Grazing, fires and collection limit the expansion of this species.

range:
Ranunculus weyleri is endemic to Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. Its area of occupancy has been estimated at 3 km². It is present in two locations: north of Puig Mayor and in Serra de Llevant. #

population:
It has been estimated that the population has 500 individuals with an unknown trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This hemicryptophyte grows in cracks in shady calcareous rocky sites. #

threats:
Grazing, burning and collection are the main threats to the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of E.T.S.Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and Jardín Botánico de Córdoba.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies of Vitis vinifera L. are found in Europe: V. vinifera ssp. vinifera and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi. V. vinifera ssp. vinifera is cultivated grapevine and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is the progenitor of the crop.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The wild form of Vitis vinifera, V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is widely distributed in Europe and therefore has a large extent of occurrence (EOO). The overall European subpopulation size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). The overall European subpopulation trend has also not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
V. vinifera is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of the national distribution of the wild subpopulations (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) in Europe is as follows:Portugal: according to Lopes et al. (2009), five subpopulations of wild grapevines (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) have been identified: (1) at Ribeira Brava near Valverde in the District of Évora (Ocete et al. 1995); (2) near the Guadiana River in the municipalities of Reguengos de Monsaraz and Mourão (Ocete et al. 1999); (3) in the Sado River basin near Alcácer-do-Sal; (4) in the Almansor River basin, near Santa Sofia, in the surroundings of Montemor-o-Novo; and (5) in the Ponsul River basin, near Malpica do Tejo, in the neighbourhood of Castelo Branco (Coelho et al. 2004). The population located on the Guadiana River was recently destroyed during the building of the Alqueva dam (Cunha et al. 2007).Slovakia: according to Bertová (1984), ten historical localities were known in the west, southwest and southeast of the country. Recently, seven localities were confirmed: (1) the Danube River near # Bratislava—part Devínska Nová Ves (Ondrá?ek pers. comm. 2010); (2) the Danube River near ?enkov farmstead (west from the ?túrovo town) (Maglocký 1999, Eliáš Jr. unpublished); (3) Ch?aba (Maglocký 1999, Eliáš Jr. unpublished); (4) site Ve?ký les in the flood plains of the Nitra River near the Ú?any nad ?itavou village (Sádovský unpublished); (5) Vojany in the Uh River flood plain, (6) Drah?ov and (7) Zemplín in the Latorica River basin (Maglocký 1999). All subpopulations are stable except for the one at Ch?aba. This micro-population includes only 2–5 individuals.Cyprus: a survey of the distribution of wild grapevines is in progress. To date, it has been recorded at five localities: Ayia, Stauros tis Psokas, Potamos tou Limniti, Potamos tou Pyrgou and Platys (A. Kyratzis pers. comm. 2010). #Germany: occurs on the Rhine River only (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).Hungary:   occurs in the northeast (Sátor mountain), southeast (Visegrádi-, Pilis-, Budai mountains), south Transdanubia (Dráva foodplain) and Great Hungarian Plain   (Soó 1966).France: widespread; occurs in the majority of departments with the exceptions of 11 departments in the west, four departments to the east and the department of Gard in the south (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Czech Republic: it used to be present in flood plain forests of the lower Morava River but is not confirmed at the present time (Koblizek 1997).

habitat:
V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris grows in riparian woody vegetation alongside rivers and streams. The plants can be found climbing up the stems of pine and other deciduous trees up to 15 m in height. Specifically, in Hungary, the plant # can be found growing in   alluvial forests and alluvial deposition areas—particularly in forest clearings and margins   (Soó  1966).

threats:
It is threatened by agricultural activities, urbanization, and natural events such as floods and fire (Lopes et al. 2009). Clearing of riverside vegetation can also destroy wild vine habitat (M.C. Duarte pers. comm. 2010). In Portugal, the subpopulation located on the Guadiana River in the municipalities of Reguengos de Monsaraz and Mourão was recently destroyed  during the building of the Alqueva dam (Cunha et al. 2007). In Slovakia, the subpopulations located in Ú?any nad ?itavou and ?enkov farmstead were damaged by forest cutting c. five years ago. However, both subpopulations survived and regenerated (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). Some plants are damaged by forest management in Cyprus and Germany. Fruit is also collected from some plants.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat/conservation status of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is as follows:Slovakia: Critically endangered (CR) (Feráková et al. 2001).Germany: highly endangered—needs conservation action (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (CR) (Holub and Procházka 2000).Cyprus: a survey of the distribution of wild grapevines is in progress.Hungary: Endangered (EN) (Király 2007) and protected   (under the 3/2005. (VIII. 31.) KvVM decree) according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant  and animal species and the Goverment decree on the Natura 2000 sites  for the restoration of natual habitats and the maintenance of viable  populations of protected species. It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Natura 2000 sites). It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 48 wild accessions of V. vinifera and of these, 32 originate from within Europe: four from Germany (stored in Federal College and Research Institute for Viticulture and Fruit Growing, Austria), 24 from Greece (stored in Greek Genebank, Agricultural Research Center of Macedonia and Thrace, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Greece), one from Spain (stored in genebank of the scuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain) and three from Ukraine (stored in Institute of Grape and Wine 'Maharach', Ukraine) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).In Portugal, some plants from the population located on the Guadiana  River in the municipalities of  Reguengos de Monsaraz and Mourão that  was recently destroyed  during the  building of the Alqueva dam were  transferred to the National Germplasm Collection in  Braga (Cunha et al.  2007). In Slovakia, some plants from the subpopulation located in the  ?enkov farmstead on the Danube River basin have been cultivated for c. 25 years in the Botanical Garden of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (Maglocký 1999, Eliáš Jr. unpublished).

useAndTrade:
V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is the progenitor of cultivated grapes; wild populations adapted to specific environmental conditions may be important as gene donors for improvement of grapevine.


redListCategoryRationale:
Aeonium balsamiferum is classed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 17 km2. Landslides, collection and trampling limit the expansion of this taxon. Low sexual propagation levels limit genetic exchange.

range:
Aeonium balsamiferum is a plant endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004), native to the island of Lanzarote and naturalised in Fuerteventura. It can be found between 200 and 300 m asl, distributed into 13-15 subpopulations, with a total area of occupancy of 17 km2.

population:
Its total population size is estimated in more than 20,000 individuals (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004). Sexual reproduction is poor and the species propagates asexually. Population trend seems to be stable, although predominance of mature individuals could affect the long-term conservation of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009)  .

habitat:
It appears on rupicolous communities dominated by Convolvulo lopezsocasii-Oleetum cerasiformis or Odontospermo intermedii-Euphorbietum balsamiferae subas. aeonietosum lancerottensis. It can also colonize abandoned fields and walls of artificial stones (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004).

threats:
In the massif of Famara, in Lanzarote, the main threat to this species are landslides (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004). Collection and trampling have been as well reported as threats to the accessible individuals. Other threats are possible works and potential urban development in the area. Low sexual propagation levels limit genetic exchange.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Most of the subpopulations present a good state of conservation (Bañares et al. 2004). Many of them are included in the protected areas Parque Rural de Betancuria (SCI), Monumento Natural del Malpaís de La Arena (SCI), Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) and Paisaje Protegido La Geria.Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks. Research about its flowering and reproductive biology should be developed, as well as about the possible hybridisation phenomena with A. lancerottense. Possible genetic differences between the subpopulations of Lanzarote and those in Fuerteventura should be analysed (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004).

redListAssessors:
Reyes Betancort, J.A. & Carqué Álamo, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
Aeonium gomerense is listed as Endangered for its extent of occurrence is lower than 500 km2, its area of occupancy is 5 km2, it is found in six locations, two of them introduced, and negative trends have been reported for its population size and extent and quality of its habitat. Intensive grazing, competition with exotic species, phenomena of hybridisation with the native species Aeonium castello-paivae, collection and landslides limit the expansion of this species.

range:
Aeonium gomerense is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006). Its presence has been recorded from 600 to 1,100 m asl., in six localities in the central western part of the highest part of the island, between the valleys of Hermigua and San Sebastián. Four subpopulations are native: Cumbre de La Carbonera, Bajo de la Carbonera, Espigón del Negrito and Enchereda; the other two have been introduced: Fuente de la Araña and Lomo de La Horca. Its extent of occurrence is lower than the area of La Gomera, lower than 500 km2, and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km² (O. Rodríguez, A.García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).

population:
The number of individuals has been estimated in 4,672 (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006). Decreasing patterns have been observed in some subpopulations (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The locations are mainly populated by adult individuals and poor regeneration levels have been observed (Bañares et al. 2006). Flowering occurs sporadically and a given individual may not produce flowers during several years. In natural populations, though, mortality and development of young individuals are balanced.

habitat:
A. gomerense is a perennial sub-shrub that grows on rocky habitats on slopes, cliffs and crags, mostly north-facing, within the association Soncho-Greenovietum diplocyclae (Greenovio-Aeonietea), characterised by the presence of species such as Greenovia diplocycla, Aeonium castellopaivae, A. subplanum, A. viscatum, Monanthes laxiflora and Sonchus gonzalez-padronii (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006). Its ecological optimum are humid monteverde associations Lauro novocanariensis-Perseetum indicae, but in its lower limit of distribution it can also progress along with aggressive thermophile species such as Euphorbia lamarckii, Echium aculeatum, Carlina salicifolia, Micromeria varia and Paronychia canariensis.Hermaphrodite plant, autogamous and allogamous that can propagate well asexually.

threats:
The main threats affecting this species are intensive grazing and competition with exotic species, mainly Opuntia ficus-indica. Other threats are landslides, collection and phenomena of hybridisation with the native species Aeonium castello-paivae (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the Spanish Red List as Vulnerable B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv); D1+2 (Moreno 2008). At regional level it is included as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the regional catalogue of protected species for the Canary Islands.All the populations are included in the protected areas Parque Nacional de Garajonay and Parque Natural de Majona, and a recovery programme is being developed at the Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Two locations have been fenced.Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species are: The maintenance of the ex situ and in situ actions included in the recovery programme of the species, the creation of a plan for the conservation of its habitat and the establishment of fences around the populations in order to protect them against potential herbivorous predators (Rodríguez Delgado et al. 2006).

useAndTrade:
The species has been described as good pasture.

redListAssessors:
Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Carqué Álamo, E. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Aeonium saundersii is classified as Vulnerable due to its restricted area of occupancy of less than 20 km². Predation by grazing animals limits the expansion of this endemic species. #

range:
This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 300 and 800 m asl. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be between 3.75 and 5.25 km² (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It is distributed into around 15 subpopulations.

population:
Its population size has been estimated to be between 7,000 and 14,000 individuals in the year 1999 and reported to present an increasing trend for the period 1994-1999 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It seems to remain stable.

habitat:
This species grows in crevices and cracks of basaltic cliffs, forming part of rupicolous communities Soncho-Aeonion. Its habitat trend has been reported to be stable for the period 1970 to 2006 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Predation has been reported as the main threat affecting the species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). #


redListCategoryRationale:
Aichryson dumosum is endemic to Madeira and is found at  one locality only. The total number of mature individuals is estimated to be  between 50 to 250 with stable populations but with annual fluctuations. It occupies an area of only 100 m² that is protected but is still subject to various threats such as competition with invasive  species,  trampling, fires,  droughts and landslides. Therefore it is classed as Critically Endangered. Because of the low number of individuals it would also qualify for Endangered under Criterion D.

range:
This succulent species has always been a very narrow endemic occupying c. 100 m² at Magdalena do Mar, Madeira, Portugal, at about 300-400 m (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

population:
Aichryson dumosum is found at one locality only. The total number of mature individuals is estimated to be between 50 to 250. The populations are stable (Fernandes et al. in: Martin et al. 2008) in the long term but show annual fluctuations (Jardim et al. 2006).

habitat:
It grows in crevices and sheltered areas typical for micro-habitats consisting of an agglomeration of rocks (Jardim et al. 2006, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
This species suffers from competition with invasive species, trampling, and fires. Natural factors such as droughts and landslides could affect the species (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Aichryson dumosum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is recommended to raise public awareness about this plant. Habitat management and restauration are necessary, in particular the control of invasive species. Re-introductions of new subpopulations should be considered (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008) and have been put in place during 2011 (F. Fernandes, unpublished data).The species is conserved ex situ in Madeira Botanical Gardens in seed bank and in cultivation.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) #C. aquatica is possibly extinct in six of the 15 European countries from which it has been recorded. It is of conservation concern in another six. It is thus apparently declining or extinct in more than two-thirds of the European countries from which it has been recorded. Whilst this may not be a quantified decline, it is clearly a decline.  In order to carry out a threat assessment, quantification of the decline in the last three generations of this plant is needed. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
C. aquatica occurs throughout much of the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere, from the UK north to Scandinavia and east through Siberia and Mongolia to the Russian Far East, Japan and China. It also occurs throughout North America and parts of southern South America. In Europe it is mainly northern and central, extending only locally to the Mediterranean in Slovenia.

population:
C. aquatica is classed as of conservation concern or extinct in almost all the European countries from which it has been recorded.

habitat:
C. aquatica occurs on sandy or clay sediments in standing or slow-flowing water bodies such as temporary pools, ponds, rivers and lakes. It often occurs in coastal marshes and brackish mudflats.

threats:
The major threat is eutrophication and change of land use of formerly grazed or mown littoral habitats.

conservationAction:
C. aquatica is Extinct in Estonia (seven localities recorded, not seen since 1934), Latvia (six localities recorded, not seen since 1909), Poland, and Germany. It is classed as:Critically Endangered in the Czech RepublicEndangered in Austria (possibly extinct), Denmark (possibly extinct)Vulnerable in Finland, Iceland, Norway and the United KingdomNear Threatened in SwedenWhilst the need for conservation is recognised in most of the European countries from which it has been recorded, there is an urgent need to develop an overview of its conservation status throughout Europe, together with identification of the causes of the decline and a realistic conservation action plan.

useAndTrade:
C. aquatica can occasionally be seen for sale in horticultural outlets.


redListCategoryRationale:
Monanthes wildpretii is listed as Critically Endangered because its area of occupancy is 1 km² and all 593 individuals are in a single location. The proximity of the population to a road causes the degradation and alteration of its habitat.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Bañares Baudet et al. 2004), where it is only known in one locality in the north of the island, in Macizo de Anaga. The area of occupancy is 1 km².

population:
Total population size in the only known location Cercanias de Chinamada, was estimated with  481 individuals (Bañares Baudet et al. 2004). In 2009 a total population of 593 individuals was reported (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). From those, 504 were adult.Its perennial nature and ability to produce abundant stolons gives some stability to the population, although no information is available on the population dynamics, germination and seedling recruitment. Drought has a severe effect but their small size allows it to develop in micro-habitats to ensure shelter that will insulate in harsh weather conditions.

habitat:
This species grows in fissures, crevices and small paths in steep rocky basaltic slopes. M. wildpretii forms part of rupiculous communities such as Aeonietum canariensis (Soncho-Aeonion) and is frequently accompanied by Monanthes laxiflora, Paronychia canariensis, Aeonium ciliatum, Roccella canariensis and R. fuciformis.

threats:
The proximity of the population to the parish road that connects Las Carboneras with Caserío de Chinamada makes the species vulnerable and causes the degradation and alteration of its habitat. On the other hand, the rupicolous character of this species limits its potential distribution to and availability of appropriate habitat. Collection can also impact this species negatively.

conservationAction:
Monanthes wildpretii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species "de interés para los ecosistemas canarios" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.The population can be found within the national protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos.

useAndTrade:
This species has been collected for scientific purposes and also to be traded as a rare plant.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to the island of Madeira. It grows at low altitude on the north coast. The species has a small area of occupancy of 20 km² and very few populations with less than 1,000 mature individuals in total. Main threats described are urbanisation, disposal of inert materials,  transport infrastructure, erosion and landslides, and competition with  exotic species  It is therefore classed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the island of Madeira, Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 131 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It grows at low altitude on the north coast from almost sea level up to 100 m asl., but can sometimes be found at 500 m asl inland. The species has a small area of occupancy (Jardim et al. 2006) which is smaller than 20 km² (J.A. Carvalho and F. Fernandes, unpublished data).

population:
Sedum brissemoretii has been recorded in ten localities with a decreasing population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 1,000 mature individuals (J.A. Carvalho and F. Fernandes unpublished data).

habitat:
This species grows on rocky coastal cliffs and can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat type 1250 "Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Main threats described are urbanisation, disposal of inert materials, transport infrastructure, erosion and landslides, and competition with exotic species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Sedum brissemoretii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.


taxonomicNotes:
Some scientists consider this species part of a larger family, the  Saxifragaceae, in which saxifrage- and currant-like species are grouped  together. Others prefer to split such large groups up, preferring to  work with more clearly defined smaller families (e.g. the currant family  Grossulariaceae).

redListCategoryRationale:
Listed as Critically Endangered because the population only covers an irregular area of around 300 m². The number of mature individuals is around 50 and is declining. This decline is due to low seed viability and grazing by goats and sheep.

range:
Ribes sardoum has been recorded from just one site in Sardinia in the Nuoro Province, occurring in a small southeast facing valley at about 900 m altitude. The extent of occurrence is 300 m²-1 km² and the area of occupancy is 1 km² (Bacchetta et al. in: Rossi et al. 2008). This species was probably originally distributed throughout the boreal  zone, and moved to warmer areas as the climate changed. It is now  considered a relict species as it is no longer found anywhere else. Its  closest relatives occur in China, Japan, and North America.

population:
The only growing site for this species is Prados (Oliena) in the Nuoro Province, Sardinia (locus classicus). In 2008, the whole population was estimated in less than 50 individuals, all in one subpopulation (Bacchetta et al. in: Rossi et al. 2008).

habitat:
This small woody shrub grows on limestone substrates (Bacchetta et al in: Rossi et al 2008). It has a very low fertility due to the early dropping of ovaries (Valsecchi 1977, 1981).

threats:
This decline is due to low seed viability and grazing by goats and sheep. But despite the grazing pressure, the extent of occurrence seems not to have significantly decreased since R. sardoum was first recorded at the end of the eighteenth century. However, the lack of historical reference data makes it difficult to evaluate the present population dynamics. Nevertheless the species is seriously endangered by extinction, mainly due to the low seed vitality for reasons not yet clearly understood.

conservationAction:
Actions in Place Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Legally: Currently there is no legal protection for this species, despite the fact that the regional council of Sardinia proposed a draft law in 2001 concerning protection of plant species on the island, and R. sardoum is listed in the Annex as an endemic species. However, this law is controversial as it may increase collecting interest in the species listed. The United Kingdom has included this species in its national legislation [Statutory Instrument 1996 No. 2677. The Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act 1976 (Amendment) Order 1996].  In situ: The local population is now committed to protect the site from fire and grazing.  Ex situ: R. sardoum has been cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Florence.  Actions Needed The survival of this species in the wild requires developing serious management plans to protect the species from over-grazing, fire, and plant collection. The species should also be cultivated ex situ with the goal of eventually reinforcing the existing population, and perhaps undertaking introductions into similar habitats.

redListAssessors:
Bacchetta, G., Congiu, A., Fenu, G. & Mattana, E.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is endemic to Madeira # and is threatened by fires, landslides, and intrinsic factors. The total population counts between 40 and 50 individuals, is very small and  fragmented with isolated individuals, but hase a stable population trend. It is assessed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is only found on northern slopes (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 477 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The total population counts between 40 and 50 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are very small and fragmented with isolated individuals but have a stable population trend (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This tree grows in deep ravines in laurisilva forests with Ocotea foetens (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008, Morgan and Leon 1992). It is found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 "Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats are the disturbance of sensitive areas, fires and landslides. Several unfavourable intrinsic factors such as a low regeneration rate further reduce the survival chances of this species (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Pittosporum coriaceum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The entire range is contained within the National Park of Madeira.  Efforts are being made to propagate the species, with limited success. Species recovery and reintroduction programmes should continue, together with campaigns to raise public awareness. Biology and ecology, population dynamics, threats and impacts of conservation actions should be studied further (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classified as Least Concern as it is abundant in the Baltic States, main centre of its European distribution.

range:
Agrimonia pilosa is native to East Europe, temperate and tropical Asia. In Europe, it occurs in Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.In Latvia, the species has the western border of its distribution area. It is rather frequent in the east of Latvia, rare in the western part of the country. The species is not included in the Red Data Book of Latvia. The suitable habitats are widely distributed all around the range of this species. In the east of the country there is usually more than one locality per grid cell. Due to the wide distribution and growing within common habitats, the species is not threatened in Latvia (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The situation is similar in Estonia and Lithuania. In Poland, it is distributed at forest fringes in the northeast and rare but not endangered (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Poland, it reaches the western limit of its distribution area in the Biechady Mountains; in Moldova and Ukraine, it reaches the southern limit of its distribution area.

population:
The population trend is difficult to define as the species has been found to occupy new areas even of anthropogenic disturbance. The following information is taken from the Article 17 reports (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Estonia: 8,000 - 16,000 shoots, stable populationsFinland: 1,600 flowering stemsLatvia: 250-400 localitiesLithuania: 69-100 localities, assumed stable populationsPoland: 1,000 individualsThere are about 30 localities in the Carpathian Mountains, in the lowland (mainly in lesosteppe/forest steppe zone) and in the eastern part (zone of coniferous and deciduous forest) of Ukraine. The species is rare in the Polish Carpathians where it grows in the Biechudy Mountains near the western limit of its area. The Polish mountain populations are small: the largest populations in the Biechody Mountains have 200 adult individuals and occupy a few m² (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008). In Russia, the populations are declining and it is extinct in Karelia.

habitat:
Agrimonia pilosa is found in the ecotone of forests and grasslands or shrubland, broadleaved, pine or mixed forests including clear cut areas, on slopes of rivers and lakes, and along paths and roads. It tolerates moderate disturbance and has been reported from areas with anthropogenic disturbance. The locations are often former pastures and meadows as Agrimonia pilosa benefits from grazing, especially by cattle and horses which avoid eating the plant. In the Polish Carpathians, it is a component of meadow plant communities Molino-Arrenatherea class and ruderal communities Artemisietea vulgaris class (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008).This perennial plant flowers in June and July.

threats:
The main threat is natural competition as its habitats are also occupied by nitrophilous plants. Grazing abandonment where the species is found in wooded meadows can lead to succession and increase the competition. Wood plantations are a problem as the species needs semi-shadow.

conservationAction:
Agrimonia pilosa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is categorized as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Estonia, it is listed as Least Concern in the 2008 Red List. The site in Hollola in Finland has been protected by law. It is listed in Red Data Book of East Fennoscandia (1998) as Endangered in Finland and as rare in Northwest European Russia. It is listed in the Red Data Book of Polish Carpathians (Mirek and Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008) as Low Risk. It does not seem to be threatened in the other European countries neither.The plant is protected in Biechady National park in Cisniansko-Wetlinski, Jaslinski and Dolina Sanu regional landscape parks in the Polish Carpathians, and ex situ protection is underway in the Krakow Botanical Garden. The species is included in protected areas and Natura 2000 sites.

useAndTrade:
There is no information on the use and trade of Agrimonia pilosa in Europe but some species of the genus are used as medicinal plants. Agrimonia pilosa is used as a medicinal plant in Asia (e.g. Korea) (Plants For A Future 2010).


redListCategoryRationale:
Bencomia brachystachya is classed as Critically Endangered for its area of occupancy is between 0.75 and 2 km², its two populations appear fragmented and declining trends have been observed for the quality of its habitat and the size of its population. Main threats are modification of hydrographic functioning, grazing and competition with exotic species.

range:
Bencomia brachystachya is endemic to the island of Gran  Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).  It is found in two locations on the mountains in La Caldera de Tirajana, between 1,100 and 1,700 m asl at the foot of cliffs and on cliffs in scrub.The area of occupancy of the species has been reported to be three units of 500 x 500 m (0.75 km²), and to be found in two units of 1x1 km. The area of occupancy has been estimated to be between 0.75 and 2 km².

population:
The two fragmented populations have been reported to host 96 individuals showing a decreasing trend (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).

habitat:
This species is a woody shrub that grows on rocky and shrubby cliffs with inclinations between 39-90 degrees. It can be found in associations of Chamaecytiso canariae-Adenocarpetum villosi, Greenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi, growing together with species as Teline microphylla, Paronychia canariensis, Echium onosmifolium, Rumex lunaria, Bituminaria bituminosa, Atalanthus pinnatus, Kleinia neriifolia, Todaroa cf. montana and Erysimum bicolor (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).

threats:
Main threats are the modification of hydrographic functioning, grazing and competition with exotic species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Spanish Red List: # CR B2 ab(iii,iv,v) (Moreno 2008), and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.  The two known populations are included in the protected area Monumento Natural de los Riscos de Tirajana. The location of Caideros Altos is at the same time included in the area SCI of the same name and its status of conservation is a matter of concern. The location of Barranco de Tunte is outside the limits of this SCI but it shows an acceptable status of conservation.  Seeds of the species are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo in Gran Canaria, where research about the cultivation and micropropagation of the species is performed. This centre deals as well with the monitoring of the populations of the species.      Grazing exclusion zones must be designated in order to carry out further population surveillance and monitoring (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W., Hernández Bolaños, B. & de Rioja Santos, Y.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bencomia exstipulata is classed as Vulnerable as its area of occupancy is 12 km². Slow reproductive dynamics and predation limit the expansion of this species.

range:
Bencomia exstipulata is a plant native to the Canary Islands, Spain. It grows on the mountains of the islands of La Palma and Tenerife at altitudes from 2,000 to 2,100 m asl. (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). In Tenerife, there is only one single small natural subpopulation in the Teide. Two more natural subpopulations were reported in the past: one of them disappeared and the other one has not been found again. In La Palma there are two natural subpopulations, the one at Tajodeque and one more, recently discovered, in Cabecera del Barranco de Hoyo Verde.  The species has been re-introduced to more locations so the number of confirmed locations is 12. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 12 km².

population:
The three natural subpopulations include 111 individuals. More individuals have been reintroduced into the wild in the protected areas Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente and Parque Nacional del Teide    (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). Total population size was reported to be between 654 (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004) and 1,145 specimens (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). In La Palma, population size has been reported to be 3,333 individuals, from which 3,126 are reproductive individuals. In Tenerife, a total of 1,098 reproductive individuals have been counted.This total population size comprises natural individuals and reintroduced specimens which are considered reproductive population. Total population trend is increasing, though slowly, because of the slow reproductive dynamics of the species and the low rates of survival of the seedlings, which frequently die due to drought events. The species has extremely slow propagation dynamics. Germination takes several years to occur. The low recruitment and the high longevity of the adult individuals are balanced so the natural subpopulations show certain stability though there is complete predominance of adult individuals.   #

habitat:
This shrub grows in high mountain areas on slopes, on rocky substrates and cracks, within the association Greenovion aureae. It can also be found at foothills, where the soil is deeper and more developed, characterised by the association Spartocytision supranubii (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). It grows rarely on flat areas   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). It can also grow in the understorey of high altitude pine forests.  #

threats:
Predation by introduced species such as rabbits has been reported as an important threat to the species (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). Its low  reproductive rates and the low number of individuals present in natural  subpopulations are also threats. The game species Ovis musimom and Ammotragus lervia are also threats to the species (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Predation by goats and rats and fires are furthermore impacting on this species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D1 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.In Tenerife the populations are within the limits of the protected area Parque Nacional del Teide (SCI). In La   Palma the species occurs throughout the protected areas Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente (SCI), Parque Natural de las Nieves (SCI) and SCI Barlovento, Garafía, El Paso y Tijarafe.       A recovery programme has been developed which includes research about the population biology of the species and the re-introduction of new individuals (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006).   Proposed actions include the continuation of re-introduction programmes, ex situ production of sexual and asexual propagation material and storage of seeds of the species in germplasm banks.

redListAssessors:
Bañares Baudet, A., Carqué Álamo, E., Palomares Martínez, Á. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.


redListCategoryRationale:
Bencomia sphaerocarpa is classed as Critically Endangered because its total population size is only 24 individuals. Natural hazards and predation lead to a continuing decline in its distribution range and number of individuals.

range:
Bencomia sphaerocarpa is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio et al. 2004), where it can be found on the northern side of the island, from 400 to 1,200 m asl, in three locations: Tinco, Hoya de Fileba and Tábano. Only one of them shows an acceptable degree of conservation. The presence of the species in the island of La Palma has been reported in the past, but it has not been recently confirmed. The area of occupancy of the species has been calculated to be between 0.75 and 3 km2. Decreasing trends have been reported for the distribution of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

population:
The population size has been reported to be 24 individuals: six individuals in Tinco and surroundings, three at Hoya de Fileba and 15 in Tábano (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). Decreasing trends have been reported for the population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).

habitat:
This species grows isolated and scattered on slopes and distributed in small groups of several medium size individuals in more sheltered areas.     It grows preferably in very humid valley floors and basaltic shady crags, on deep well developed substrates, within the potential distribution of evergreen laurel-leaved tree forest (monteverde), always under the influence of low clouds. Frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Teline stenopetala, Phyllis nobla, Rumex maderensis, Sonchus hierrensis, Greenovia aurea, Pericallis murrayi, Aichrysom punctatum and Carduus baeocephalus. It is linked to the associations Visneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis and Pericalli murrayi-Myricetum fayae.The range of dispersion of the seeds of this species has been reported to be low. The birds that eat the fruits acting as vectors for the dispersion have a restricted distribution. When not eaten by birds, ripe fruits fall down close to the plant.   #

threats:
The main threats affecting the species are fires, storms and landslides, and drought events (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). The subpopulation of Tábano is also affected by small herbivorous predators and possible works on surrounding roads. The subpopulation of Fileba is as well threatened by grazing.   #

conservationAction:
Bencomia sphaerocarpa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed Critically Endangered CR D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), and as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.The species occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds from every subpopulation have been collected and stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. A monitoring programme has been developed for the subpopulation in Fileba and 20 individuals have been re-introduced in Tábano. Both subpopulations are considered the most threatened and have been fenced (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).  In order to ensure the conservation of the species grazing exclusion zones must be designated, the activities of reintroduction, reinforcement or transfer of individuals must be kept in place, disease control programmes have to be implemented and population monitoring and research in reproductive dynamics have to be developed.

redListAssessors:
Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Hernández Bolaños, B.


redListCategoryRationale:
Chamaemeles coriacea is endemic to the islands Madeira, Porto Santo and Deserta. The total population has been estimated between 500-1,000 individuals    and although an increasing trend has been reported, it might still be affected by threats such as urbanisation and road construction, erosion or landslides. Due to the low number of individuals it is classed as Vulnerable.

range:
The genus Chamaemeles, with only one species, is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It lives on rocky steep places up to 400 m asl. It is found in Madeira island, Porto Santo and Deserta Grande.

population:
The total population has been estimated between 500-1,000 individuals with an increasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It occurs on rocky steep places and grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests

threats:
The main threat to the species is habitat loss due to urbanisation and road construction, erosion or landslides.

conservationAction:
Chamaemeles coriacea is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Populations of this species from Deserta Grande island and Porto Santo island are included in nature reserves or protected areas. This species area of occurrence is partly included in Natura Network 2000 sites. Seeds are stored in the Madeira Botanical Garden seed bank.


redListCategoryRationale:
Dendriopoterium pulidoi is listed as Vulnerable due to its restricted distribution with an area of occupancy of 9 km². The fire of 2007 caused the total population size of this species to decrease to 796 individuals but up-to-date figures for 2011 are not available. Grazing, occasional landslides and droughts are potential threats to the populations.

range:
Dendriopoterium pulidoi is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 200 and 1,100 m asl on the western part of the island. Its presence was reported in nine subpopulations, in the areas of La Aldea-Tejeda and Barranco del Pino Gordo (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 9 km². In 2007, a fire caused a regression of about 17% of the distribution range of this species and the subpopulation El Parralillo disappeared (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

population:
Its subpopulations have been reported to include individuals of different ages, to be more or less stable and to present acceptable levels of regeneration (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). Its total population size was estimated in 5,700 individuals and believed to be increasing. After the fire of 2007, the total population size was 796 individuals, and one subpopulation was lost (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). However, these data are not comparable, for different methods were used in the two census.

habitat:
It is a shrub that grows on steep slopes within rupicolous sclerophyll scrublands in the  lower distribution range limit of Pinus canariensis forests. Frequent  accompanying species are Aeonium manriqueorum, Atalanthus pinnatus,  Carlina canariensis, Hypericum reflexum, Micromeria leucantha,  Pancratium canariense and Pinus canariensis.

threats:
Grazing appears as the main threat to the majority of the subpopulations. Ocassional landslides and droughts have been also reported as threats (Martín Osorio et al. 2004). In 2007 a fire caused severe damage to the subpopulations of this species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D1 in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as "Vulnerable" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The subpopulations are within the protected areas Parque Rural del Nublo and Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua, also SCI.Seeds have been collected and are stored in the germ plasma bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. Areas where grazing is excluded should be established.

redListAssessors:
Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Marrero Rodríguez, Á.


taxonomicNotes:
Fragaria moschata Weston is a tertiary wild relative of strawberry, Fragaria ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Fragaria moschata is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed in north, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe and is known to be common in some parts of its range. However, it is threatened in Germany and Switzerland; therefore, protection, management and monitoring of populations at national level should be undertaken, especially in those countries where the taxon is less common. Collection of germplasm from the European subpopulations is required to ensure that material that is ecogeographically representative of the species' entire range is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
F. moschata is native to north, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and the Caucasus.Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: common throughout the country, except for the high mountain regions in the north and southeast (Zahradníková 1992).Hungary: occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains and Transdanubia, and in the Great Hungarian Plain (Danube-region, Danube-Tisze köze-region, Tiszántúl region, Nyírség)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Germany: widespread throughout # the whole country (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010).France: present in 51 departments in the northern, northeastern and central parts of the country. Less widespread in the west. (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Netherlands: occurs in the middle and southern parts of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).  Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Hungary, this species is reported to be frequent to sporadic (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It is common in Germany but very rare in the Netherlands. Prior to 1950 in the Netherlands, the species occurred in 34 hour-squares; however, Tamis et al. (2003) reported that it occurs in only 1–3 1 km grid squares.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species primarily grows in forests and woodlands. In Germany, it it occurs on plains and in hilly regions. In the Netherlands, is also grows in brushwood in humid and moderately fertile soils (Tamis et al. 2003).In Hungary, it occurs in dry oak woodlands (Orno–Quercetum (pubescenti cerris), Quercetum petraeae–cerris pannonicum, Tilio argenteae–Quercetum petraeae–cerris) karst scrub forests, scree forests (Mercuriali–Tilietum), forests of ravines (Phyllitidi–Aceretum), Quercetea species and favours acidofrequent, fresh, rich in nutrients, clay, loam, sandy, loess, or slightly acidic soils (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
The genus Fragaria is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.F. moschata is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). It is also considered to be severely threatened in the Netherlands and is listed in the Dutch Red List (C. Kik pers. comm 2010). In Hungary, the species is not protected   (Király 2007).  EURISCO reports 35 germplasm accessions of F. moschata  held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This accession originates from Italy and is maintained at the Fruit Growing  Research Institute Maracineni-Arges, Romania (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
F. moschata is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to strawberry.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Fragaria vesca is widely distributed across Europe and is common and widespread throughout its European range. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, declines in subpopulation size have been reported in some countries and it is threatened by changes in grazing regimes in Finland and Norway. Therefore, population and habitat monitoring is needed throughout its range.

range:
F. vesca is native to and widely distributed throughout northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia and North America, and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Finland: found throughout the country but most frequently in southern and central parts  (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010).France: widespread; occurs in all departments within the country, including Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Ireland: widespread throughout the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: occurs throughout the country (Mennema et al. 1985).Norway: occurs all over, but is more frequent in the south.Portugal: common in central, northern and Algarve regions; thought to be not present in the centre of the country.UK: widespread distribution throughout England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species is common and widespread throughout its European range. However, according to Preston et al. (2002), there may have been a decline in its frequency in the last 40–50 years in the UK. In the Netherlands it occurred in 532 hour-squares before 1950 and after 1950 in 406 (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) report that the species occurs in 1,001–3,000 1x1 km grid squares. The species is included in the Dutch Red List and is considered as sensitive.

habitat:
F. vesca is often found in woodland and shrub areas in Europe. In Finland it can be found in herb-rich and heath forest, field and road edges, and in open and/or rocky fields (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010). In the UK it occurs in woodland and scrub habitats, hedge banks, railway banks, roadsides, on rocky  outcrops and in scree in upland areas (Preston et al. 2002). It is also known to colonize open areas in quarries and chalk pits, is able to grow on walls and prefers dry, stony soils  (Preston et al. 2002). Tamis et al. (2003) report that in the Netherlands the species occurs in forests and  shrub habitat on humid/dry and basic soils with a low fertility. It  can also be found in grasslands with a humid and moderately fertile  soil.

conservationAction:
The genus Fragaria is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Fragaria vesca is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).As it is a widespread species, some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.    EURISCO reports 130 germplasm accessions of F. vesca held in European genebanks, 28 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 11 originate from within Europe: Austria (one), Croatia (three), Italy (four), Spain (two) and the Ukraine (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
F. vesca is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to strawberry and is also sometimes collected from the wild for human consumption. The leaves of this species can be used for medicinal purposes and tea mixtures.


taxonomicNotes:
Fragaria viridis Weston is a tertiary wild relative of strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Two subspecies are native to Europe: F. viridis ssp. campestris (Steven) Pawll. and F. viridis spp. viridis (Kurtto 2009). This species is very similar to Potentilla sterilis, so mis-identification can occur.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Fragaria viridis is widely distributed across Europe and is widespread and stable throughout most of its range. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is rare in Finland and the small subpopulations are threatened by potential hybridization with F. vesca; therefore, population monitoring in Finland is needed. Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from throughout its European range is a priority.

range:
F. viridis is native to parts of northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as parts of temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:Finland: rare, occurring at a low frequency in the southwestern part of the country (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010).France: widespread, occurs in all eastern departments but present in  fewer departments to the west of the country (Association Tela Botanica  2000–2010).Germany: occurs throughout the country.Norway: present in the southeast only.Spain: restricted to the northeast and centre-north of the country.

population:
This species is widespread and stable throughout most of its European range. However, it is rare in Finland.

habitat:
F. viridis is found on the slopes of rivers and lakes, in forest clearings, field and road edges and open fields, preferring alkaline soil. It can tolerate a low level of human disturbance.

threats:
In Finland this species in threatened by potential hybridization with F. vesca (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout the rest of its European range.

conservationAction:
The genus Fragaria is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).  As it is a widespread species, some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.EURISCO reports 35 germplasm accessions of F. viridis held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin but only one of which originates from within Europe. This accession originates from Ukraine and is stored in the Research Station of Medicinal Crops, Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
F. viridis is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to strawberry (USAD, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It is also collected for tea and medicinal purposes and can be used to make jam.


taxonomicNotes:
It belongs to the subgenus Oreogeum together with&#Geum montanum and G. reptans. However, it is relict and endemic species and very distinct in comparison to the other two species of this subgenus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is native and endemic to the Balkan Peninsula where it has a disjunct distribution with three centres. One in the mountains of  Herzegovina, one in southeast Montenegro,  southwest Serbia-Kosovo, and probably neighbouring north Albania, and one in the Rila  Mountains in southwest Bulgaria. The populations are thought to be stable in Bulgaria and Montenegro, the species is of lower risk in Serbia and Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are a few threats to the species such as collection and changes to its habitat which increase competition but those are unlikely to cause it to severely decline in the near future. Some of the populations are in protected areas. Therefore this species is classed as Least Concern in Europe.This species is listed as Near Threatened in Bulgaria. It has an extent of  occurrence of less than 5,000 km² and is found on only one mountain. The populations are currently stable, however future threats causing a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat are likely to affect much of its population.

range:
This species is native and endemic to the Balkan Peninsula (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It has a disjunct distribution and can be divided into three centres of occurrence: one centre is in mountains of Herzegovina namely Prenj, Plasa, Muharnica, Čvrsnica, Čabulja with rare  localities in the latter two mountains which are the northwest  border of its range (D. Soljan pers. comm. 2010). The second centre comprises southeast Montenegro (Mt Žijovo, Mt Zeletin, Mt Prokletije, Kučke), southwest Serbia-Kosovo  (Mt Prokletije- Mt. Koprivnik, Mt Hajla, Mt Žljeb, Mt Maja Rusolija) and  probably neighbouring north Albania. A relatively large  population was found in Montenegro very close (ca 200 m) to the Albanian border (V. Stevanović pers. obs. 2010). The third part of the range is situated in southwest Bulgaria in the Rila Mountains. It has a limited distribution in Bulgaria with an extent of occurrence smaller than 5,000 km².

population:
There is no population information available for Bulgaria, but the species is listed as Near Threatened. The populations are thought to be stable (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). In Montenegro, the populations are stable (D. Petrović pers. comm. 2011). It has the highest abundance of species within its range. In Serbia, it has been estimated to be of Lower Risk but conservation dependent (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2011). It is classed as Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996).

habitat:
In Bulgaria, it has been described from subalpine shrubs of Pinus mugo and Juniperus sibirica and also subalpine grasslands on silicat at 2,000-2,800 m asl. In the other countries, it grows on stabilized and halfstabilized scree on limestone substrate, on rocky slopes, grounds and crevices in the subalpine and alpine belt. Also grows in the tall herb communities of the order Adenostiletalia, and in the community Pinetum mughi, alliances Pinion mugi, Petasition doerfleri and Adenostylion alliariae.

threats:
Small scale collection for bunches might be a potential threat. Furthermore, changes to the habitat caused by the abandonment of grazing activities or encroachment of Juniperus spp. that take over the habitat, can affect the species.

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Bulgaria, it is legally protected and the whole population is included in the National Park "Rila". It is listed as Near Threatened (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is classed as Vulnerable  in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996). Some of the sites are situated within the Blidinje Nature Park in Herzegovina. The Red Book of Albania mentions the species (Vangjeli et al. 2007). In Serbia, it has been estimated to be of Lower Risk but conservation  dependent (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2011). Its red list status in Montenegro has not been determined.Monitoring of the populations is needed.

redListAssessors:
Petrova, A., Petrović, D., Soljan, D. & Stevanović, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Malus crescimannoi Raimondo is a wild relative of apple, Malus domestica Borkh. It is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Malus crescimannoi is assessed as Data Deficient as it is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase and its taxonomic status therefore requires verification. If it is accepted at species level, further data are needed to carry out a full evaluation of this species, including its precise distribution, population size, structure and trend.

range:
M. crescimannoi is endemic to Sicily (Raimondo 2008, Kurtto 2009) where it is confined to the submontane belt of the Flascio river basin on the northern slopes of Monte Soro in Floresta and Randazzo municipalities in the northeast of the island (Raimondo 2008).

population:
Raimondo (2008) notes that numerous, often old individuals occur in the area in which it has been found and that it flowers in April to May, with fruits ripening in October to November.

habitat:
It is found in deciduous Quercus and Fagus woods from 1,000–1,600 m asl (Raimondo 2008).

threats:
There are currently no threats to this species.

conservationAction:
It has been suggested that the species is Near Threatened (Marino et al. 2009).The subpopulations are found within the Nebrodi Regional Nature  Park.No germplasm accessions of M. crescimannoi are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to apple, Malus domestica.


taxonomicNotes:
Malus dasyphylla Borkh. is a wild relative of apple, Malus domestica Borkh.

redListCategoryRationale:
Malus dasyphylla is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
M. dasyphylla is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Hungary, this species occurs in the Transdanubian Mountains (Pilis mountain, Tapolca, Sümeg), south Transdanubia (Baranya) and Great Hungarian Plain (Danube region)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Hungary, this species grows in mixed oak–hornbeam forests and in riverine hardwood forests (Orno–Quercetum) and can grow in a range of soil types (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
This species is not protected in Hungary   (Király 2007).No germplasm accessions of M. dasyphylla are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to apple, Malus domestica. Also used as an ornamental and as graft stock (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K. Schneid. is a wild relative of apple, Malus domestica Borkh.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Malus florentina is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information  is needed on its precise distribution, habitat, population size and trend, as  well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe and Turkey (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of M. florentina held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to apple, Malus domestica.


taxonomicNotes:
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. is a primary wild relative of apple, M. domestica Borkh. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Three subspecies are native to Europe: M. sylvestris ssp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz, M. sylvestris ssp. praecox (Pall.) Soó and M. sylvestris (L.) Mill. ssp. sylvestris (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Although Malus sylvestris is relatively widely distributed in Europe, hybridization with cultivated M. domestica is thought to be having a significant impact on the population. It is not known to what extent the genetic diversity of the species has been affected; therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
M. sylvestris is native to many parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Finland: occurs in the southwest.Norway: scattered in the north; more common in south. Slovakia: common throughout the country (Marhold 1992). #Netherlands: widespread (Mennema et al. 1985).Portugal: only in the north.Spain: widespread.France: widespread throughout the most of the country but not recorded in the departments of Paris and   Seine-Saint-Denis in the north,   Rhône to the east or Lot-et-Garonne to the southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: widespread throughout the whole of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland, although its distribution is patchy in northern Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: widespread throughout the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
Knowledge of the European subpopulation is available for the following countries:Finland: infrequent.Italy: not very common.Slovakia: stable.Germany: common but hybridized with cultivated plants.Netherlands: before 1950 the species occurred in 124 hour-squares and after 1950 in 628 hour-squares (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) reported that the species occurs in 3,001–10,000 1x1 km grid squares.

habitat:
In Finland, this species grows in rocky, herb-rich forests, waterfront thickets and forests and rich meadows—it favours limy soil (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010). In the United Kingdom and Ireland it grows in hedgerows, scrub, copses, roadsides and also on rough ground (Preston et al. 2002), while in the Netherlands, it grows in forests and shrubwoods on humid and moderately fertile soils (Tamis et al. 2003). Where the species grows in forest margins, it has to compete with taller forest species. In Iberia, it grows from sea level to 1,800 m, in Germany the maximum altitude is 1,000 m, while in Norway it is 550 m.

threats:
The main threats are hybridization with M. domestica and forest management, particularly as the species tends to grow in forest margins. As the plants mainly occur as isolated individuals, rather than as viable populations, they are susceptible to events.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat/conservation status of M. sylvestris is available for the following European countries:Germany: Endangered; there is an ongoing rescue management project in place (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).Finland: Vulnerable (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010).Denmark: Least Concern (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Netherlands: Least Concern (C. Kik pers. comm. 2010).Germany: possibly threatened but no regional data on occurrences (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).  It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of the protected areas in which it occurs.  EURISCO reports 52 germplasm accessions of M. sylvestris held in European genebanks, only  one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin and does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue  2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Research is needed to determine the effect of hybridization with M. domestica on the genetic diversity of M. sylvestris.

useAndTrade:
M. sylvestris is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to apple, M. domestica and is also a widely cultivated ornamental tree. It is sometimes collected from the wild for food (for humans and farmed animals) and for medicinal purposes.

redListAssessors:
Kik, C., Korpelainen, H., Vögel, R., Asdal, Å., Eliáš, P., Draper, D. & Magos Brehm, J.


taxonomicNotes:
Malus trilobata (Poir.) C.K. Schneid. is a wild relative of apple, Malus domestica Borkh.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Malus trilobata is relatively widespread and there are not thought to be any major specific threats except for fires which are not likely to impact the species throughout its whole range. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Population monitoring is recommended, as well as germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe (south Bulgaria and northeast Greece), and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Bulgaria, it is found in east Rhodopi.

threats:
An increase in fire frequency and intensity may pose a threat to the species.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of M. trilobata stored in European collections; however, the sample status and country of origin are not recorded (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection of germplasm from the Euopean populations is a priority for this species. A monitoring program should also be implemented.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to apple, Malus domestica. It is also used as an ornamental tree in gardens.


redListCategoryRationale:
Marcetella maderensis is endemic to Madeira with a total population of only 250 mature individuals which qualifies it as Endangered. It is furthermore affected by threats such as urbanisation and competition with native species.

range:
This species is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal.

population:
The total population has been estimated in only reaching 250 mature individuals with a stable to slightly increasing trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It grows on inland cliffs up to 700 m asl (Jardim et al. 2006) and can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is urbanisation. This species also suffers from competition with native species.

conservationAction:
Marcetella maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Potentilla delphinensis is endemic to the French eastern Alps where it is found at 15-17 localities with an area of occupancy below 20 km². Little is known about its biology and its population size and trend. Potential threats are overgrazing and competition with other species, collection of  this attractive plant, agriculture and forest  plantations. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.

range:
This species is endemic to the French eastern Alps, Savoie and Dauphiné (Bensettiti et al. 2002). Its area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km².

population:
It occurs in 15 to 17 localities, the number of individuals and population trend are unknown.

habitat:
Potentilla delphinensis is a light demanding and thermophile species and prefers grasslands on south-facing slopes. Common companions are Gentiana lutea, Trisetum flavescens, and Campanula glomerata (alliances Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis and Caricion ferrugineae) (Bensettiti et al. 2002). It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6520 Mountain hay meadows6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands

threats:
Overgrazing can lead to the disappearance of the plant or can create competition with woody plants and lead to habitat closure. Collection of this attractive plant is a further threat. Agriculture and forest plantations are furthermore potential threats (Bensettiti et al. 2002, Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Potentilla delphinensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).All localities are in the Parc National des Ecrins, one is also in a Réserve Naturelle. It is protected at national level and in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. Ex situ conservation measures are needed for this species and research on its biology as well as the current population number and trends.

useAndTrade:
This plant might be collected for ornamental use.


redListCategoryRationale:
Potentilla emilii-popi is  native to Bulgaria and Romania. In  Bulgaria, it is found in the northeastern part of the country with an area  of occupancy smaller than 10 km² and severely fragmented populations. Currently there are only two localities known which are under threat from intensive grazing and trampling  by sheep, as well as rock quarries. There is no information on the population size or trend and potential threats available for Romania. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

range:
Potentilla emilii-popi is native to Bulgaria and Romania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). In Bulgaria, it is found in the northeastern part of the country. The area of occupancy there is estimated to be less than 10 km² and it is severely fragmented.

population:
There is no information on the population size or trend for Bulgaria. Historically, it was found at six localities and two recent localities are known: one of them near the village of Karapelit (100 up to 500 individuals) and the other in Russenski Lom Natural Park (small population). For Romania, no information is available.

habitat:
Dry rocky places also dry grassland on stony areas. It was found in abandoned vineyards.

threats:
The main threats known from Bulgaria are intensive grazing and trampling by sheep. Rock quarries cause the destruction of part of the population near Karapelit village.

conservationAction:
Potentilla emilii-popi is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Bulgaria, it is protected and as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iv);C1;E (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). The species is found in Natura 2000 sites and one locality is in a natural park. Research of the distribution and monitoring of the known population, as well as protection of all localities is needed.


taxonomicNotes:
The species diversity of Potentilla collina group which includes Potentilla silesiaca in Lithuania is insufficiently investigated and poorly known. The exact taxonomic position of the few existing herbarium specimens, identified as Potentilla silesiaca according to contemporary systematics of the species group, is unknown. All specimens, identified as Potentilla silesiaca and majority of specimens identified as Potentilla thyrsiflora, which belongs to the same Potentilla collina group, were collected in the mid-20th century (V. Rašomavičius pers. comm. 2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomic status of Potentilla silesiaca is questionable and this obscures the true range of this species. Moreover, it is thought to be extinct or possibly extinct in most of its range. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient for taxonomic reasons.

range:
This European endemic is found in the north of central Europe, in Germany, Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010).In Lithuania, there is a single presently known locality of Potentilla thyrsiflora in the Varėna district in south Lithuania. It is therefore suspected that P. silesiaca is extinct in Lithuania. In Poland this species is now classified as extinct. In the past the species was reported from a few localities in south-eastern Poland.

population:
No information on population size or trend

threats:
In the past this species has been intensively collected for herbaria (Kołodziejek 2010).

conservationAction:
This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In Poland Potentilla silesiaca is listed as Vulnerable in the Polish Red Data Book (2001) and strictly protected at the national level (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 2006). However, data on the occurrence of P. silesiaca in Poland in recent years is based on incorrect identification (Kołodziejek 2010). In the national Red List of Poland (Mirek et al. 2006) it is classified as Extinct.

useAndTrade:
In the past the species was very intensively collected for herbaria. It probably became extinct in the 19th century (Kołodziejek 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus avium (L.) L. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and cultivated sweet cherry, P. avium.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Prunus avium is widely distributed throughout Europe and the population is thought to be stable. It currently does not face any major threats and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
P. avium is native throughout northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as western Asia and the Caucasus, and has naturalized in many areas of the world (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: common species everywhere except high mountain regions in north and northeastern parts of the country (Bertová 1992)Norway: present mainly in southern coastal lowland areas; rare inland (Å. Asdal pers. comm. 2010).Spain: found mainly in the north (D. Draper pers. comm. 2010).France: widespread; occurs in all departments throughout the country including Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010)  United Kingdom: widespread across the whole of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; also widespread throughout Scotland but patchy in the far north (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: prevalent in the east, becoming patchier towards the western coast (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: widespread at a moderate frequency (Mennema et al. 1985).Portugal: occurs  in the centre-north of the country. There is an occurrence in Sintra,  which is near Lisbon and more to the south of the country, but Pinto da  Silva et al. (1991) believes that these are plants that might have escaped from cultivation.

population:
The European subpopulation is suspected to be stable.

habitat:
This species grows in humid woods of deciduous trees, dry forests, forest margins, shrubwoods, alongside gullies and rivers, as well as in humid areas with deep soil, mostly in mountainous areas.

threats:
Even though this species is sometimes harvested from the wild, it is managed properly and can seed easily, so this is not considered to be a significant threat.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 4,749 germplasm accessions of P. avium held in European genebanks, 15 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of these wild accessions originate from within Europe: Ukraine (eight), Greece (six), Italy (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be undertaken from throughout its European range.It occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
P. avium is widely cultivated throughout the world as a fruit or ornamental tree; however, the species is still found in its wild form and these subpopulations may contain important genetic diversity for improvement of almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. It can also be collected from the wild for firewood, for example in Norway and Germany, and is an important timber tree for use in furniture.

redListAssessors:
Eliáš, P., Magos Brehm, J., Asdal, Å., Draper, D. & Kik, C.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus brigantina Vill. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Prunus brigantina is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
P. brigantina is native to France and Italy (Kurtto 2009). It is only found in a few alpine valleys near Briancon, between France and northwest Italy. In France it is confined to the three southeastern departments of Alpes-Maritimes,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
It grows in arid places in shrub thickets in the Alps, above 1,400 m (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of P. brigantina are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Prunus cerasifera is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information available to evaluate this species. Information  is needed  on its precise distribution, habitat, population size and trend, as   well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Native to southeastern Europe, western and middle Asia, the Caucasus, Indian Subcontinent and China (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

conservationAction:
P. cerasifera has been listed as Vulnerable in Albania (Vangjeli et al. 1995).EURISCO reports 1,317 germplasm accessions of P. cerasifera held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these, only two originate from within Europ (Spain) and are stored # at the Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. Also used as an ornamental and as graft stock (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus cocomilia Ten. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Prunus cocomilia is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently   insufficient  information available to evaluate this species.  Information  is needed  on its precise distribution, habitat, population  size and trend, as   well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
P. cocomilia is native to southeast Europe and western Asia (Kurtto 2009).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of P. cocomilia are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus discolor (Spach) C.K. Schneid. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Prunus discolor is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about the habitat, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
P. discolor is native to the Greek East Aegean islands (Rhodes), Asiatic Turkey, Lebanon and Syria (Kurtto 2009).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of P. discolor are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Information is needed about the habitat, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus fruticosa Pall. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Prunus fruticosa is  regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available to evaluate this species. Further information is needed on its  precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status throughout its range.

range:
P. fruticosa is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe, the Russian Federation (Caucasus and Siberia), Kazakhstan and China, and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: occurs in the south (Marhold and Wójcicki 1992).Hungary: occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (in Cserhát absent, in Börzsöny rare), Transdanubian Mountains (Bakony margin: Tapolcafő), Western Transdanubia (Sopron-Göcsej), South Transdanubia (North Zala, Outer Somogy, Mecsek, Villány mountains, Tolna Hills) and Great Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld Plain, Danube region, Danube-Tisza köze region, Tiszántúl region: Mezőcsát, Ohat)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).  Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Slovakia, this species is relatively abundant and the population trend is stable. In Hungary, it is frequent to sporadic, and sometimes rare. The population trend in Germany is decreasing.Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows inside and on the margins of mixed forests and in dry, warm hedges. Specifically, in Hungary, it grows in shrub steppes (Crataego–Cerasetum fruticosae communities), karst shrub woodlands, dry oak woodlands (Orno–Quercetum (pubescenti–cerris), Corno–Quercetum), meadow steppes (Pulsatillae–Festucetum rupicolae subcarpaticum), rocky grasslands (Poa badensi–Caricetum humilis, Prunion spinosae, Quercetalia, Festucetalia vale associations), and in Berberidion communities   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It prefers calcareous, warm, dry, loose, shallow, rocky-, debritus-, clay-,  sand-, limestone-, and andesite soils rich in nutrients and alkaline  minerals (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
It is threatened by intensive, industrial forest use.

conservationAction:
According to Feráková et al. (2001), P. fruticosa is listed as Vulnerable in Slovakia. In Germany, it is evaluated as 'strongly endangered' (Red List category # 2), but it is not protected. It is also not protected in Hungary (Király 2007).EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of P. fruticosa held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. Also used as an ornamental, and a revegetator, as well as having potential as a fruit (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus klokovii (Sobko) is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L. It is very closely related to P. fruticosa.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Prunus klokovii is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. However, the the data used for this assessment were not  available for the current project; therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient. Information about the precise distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or area of occupancy (AOO)), as well as more information about the population size and trend is needed to  review this assessment.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
P. klokovii is endemic to Ukraine (Kurtto 2009) where it is a narrow endemic of Pridnjiprovian upland, distributed in the basin of the South Bug River in Mykolaivska region (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

population:
There are no more than 10 localized subpopulations in Arbusinkij, Pervomajskij and Vosnesenskij districts in Mykolaivska region. The subpopulations comprise very few adult individuals and seedlings are absent. Seed productivity is very low (10–50 fruits per individual).

habitat:
It grows on granite slopes of the Ukraine crystalline massive in cobble soils among brushwood of the Rhamneto–Prunetea community.

threats:
It is threatened by mining for granite and construction of hydrological systems, as well as by tourism and recreation.

conservationAction:
P. klokovii is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It is protected in situ in Granitno-stepove Pobuszje National Park and in the Labirynt protected landscape unit. It is in the collection of the National Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Science in Kyiv.  No germplasm accessions of P. klokovii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus laurocerasus L. is a tertiary wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Prunus laurocerasus is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread in parts of southeast Europe and although threatened by an increase in frequency and intensity of fires, as well as agricultural development and alteration to the water regime, it is not thought that these threats are likely to impact the species throughout its whole range. It is however listed as Critically Endangered in Serbia; therefore, national level monitoring is recommended throughout its range. Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed, as well as research on the overall population size and trend.

range:
According to Kurtto (2009), P. laurocerasus is native to Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslavia, Serbia, Turkey-in-Europe, the Caucasus and Asiatic Turkey. However, V. Stevanović (pers. comm 2010) believes that its native status in Albania is doubtful as it is not mentioned in several key floristic references for the country. It is naturalized elsewhere in Europe, the British Isles, tropical Asia, western United  States, Australia and New Zealand (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and cultivated in Croatia, Switzerland, Sardinia and Sicily (Kurtto 2009).In Serbia it occurs at a single locality on Mt. Ostrozub in the southeast of the country and occupies an area of # less than 1,000 m2.

population:
The overall population size is unknown but it is thought to be stable. The size of the subpopulation in Serbia is estimated to be a few hundred mature individuals, but only less than 5% of mature specimens regularly flower and fruit each year. The population trend in other Balkan countries (e.g., Bulgaria and Turkey-in-Europe) seems to be stable (Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).

habitat:
This species inhabits wet beech forest (Lauroceraso–Fagetum) which is regularly irrigated throughout the year by spring water. The forest is situated between 1,200 and 1,300 m asl on crystalline schist bedrock and diluvial loam and clay soil with a pH of 4–5 (Jovanović 1999).

threats:
In Serbia, the main threat is the alteration of the water regime in the wet beech forest in which this species occurs. An increase in fire intensity and frequency, as well as agricultural development, are also negatively impacting this species.

conservationAction:
P. laurocerasus is listed as Critically  Endangered (CR) in Serbia (Stevanović 1999). The species' habitat (Lauroceraso–Fagetum community and surrounding beech forests) on Mt. Ostrozub is protected as a Strict Nature Reserve.It was not included in the 1984 Red Data Book of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria (Velczev 1984) and is not included in the 2009 Red List of Bulgarian Vascular Plants (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Detailed information on the species' protection status in Bulgaria (particular habitats and/or communities) is needed.  EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of P. laurocerasus stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
P. laurocerasus is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  almond, peach and  nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. It is also used as an ornamental and as a food flavouring (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and is reported to have pharmaceutical uses.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus lusitanica L. is a   wild  relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P.   persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica   L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium   (L.) L. Three subspecies are native to Europe: P. lusitanica ssp. azorica (Mouill.) Franco, P. lusitanica ssp. hixa (Willd.) Franco, and P. lusitanica L. ssp. lusitanica (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(ii,v)    Prunus lusitanica is regionally assessed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and the number of mature individuals.

range:
P. lusitanica is native to southwest France, Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira Islands), Spain (including the Canary Islands), and Morocco (USDA ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). P. lusitanica ssp. azorica is endemic to the Azores (Silva et al. 2005). In France it occurs in the eight southwestern departments of Gironde, Landes, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne,   Pyrénées-Atlantiques,   Hautes-Pyrénées,   Ariège and Aude. It also occurs in the northwest department of   Côtes d'Armor (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
In the Azores the population comprises less than 250 individuals in total, with less than 30 individuals in each subpopulation. It is fragmented and in decline. In Spain and mainland Portugal the population is fragmented, localized and rare. It has a relic distribution in the Canary Islands.

habitat:
In Macaronesia it is found in riparian areas and laurel forests. Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species throughout the rest of its range.

threats:
In the Azores, alteration of the water regime, the cutting of trees and invasive alien species are major threats to this species. In Spain, it is threatened by the construction of dams, habitat modification and climate change. A lack of pollinators and dispersal agents threatens the species in Madeira.

conservationAction:
P. lusitanica is listed on Appendix I of the Bern Convention and in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. P. lusitanica ssp. azorica was reported by Haggar et al. (1989) to be "the most endangered tree in the Azores". Both subspecies that occur in Spain (ssp. lusitanica and spp. hixa) are listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the 2008 Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is known to occur in protected areas where it is passively conserved. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.      EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of P. lusitanica which originates from Spain and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica is accepted by Euro+Med Plantbase (2006-2011).

redListCategoryRationale:
Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica  is endemic to the Azores, Portugal, where it has an area of occupancy of 104 km². The subpopulations have very few individuals and in total, there are  only between 100 and 200 mature individuals. The populations and its habitats are  declining due to invasive species, agricultural  development, changes in land use, forest plantations, infrastructure  development, trampling by introduced livestock, and recreational  activities. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica is an endemic species to the Azores, Portugal, and occurs at the islands Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira, and São Miguel (Martín et al. 2008). Its area of occupancy is 104 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The subpopulations have very few individuals and in total, there are only between 100 and 200 mature individuals. The populations are declining (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Martín et al. 2008).

habitat:
This plant is found at medium altitude in humid and thermophile laurisilva forests together with Ilex spp. and Erica spp. (Martín et al. 2008). Another source describes it as growing in natural grasslands between 400-600 m asl, in deep, developed soils   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat is habitat degradation due to the invasion of exotic species that also increase competition for this plant, agricultural development, changes in land use, forest plantations, and infrastructure development. Trampling by introduced livestock, recreational activities, and natural factors such as landslides and storms can affect the species (Martín et al. 2008).

conservationAction:
Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).Various conservation and research actions are required for this species (Martín et al. 2008):Habitat management, conservation and restorationInvasive species controlRecovery of existing populations and reintroductions of new subpopulationsEstablishment of protected areasInformation campaigns to raise awarenessStudies on the species taxonomy, biology, population dynamics and distribution, threats, habitat trends, and the impacts of conservation measures


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus mahaleb L. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Prunus mahaleb is widely distributed across Europe and is reported to be widespread, common and stable in some countries. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Further research is however needed on the overall population size and trend, as well as potential threats and its in situ conservation status throughout most of its range. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

range:
P. mahaleb is native to central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western and central Asia, the Caucasus, the Indian Subcontinent and Morocco (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France this species is widespread, occurring in the majority of departments throughout the  country. It is not recorded in the western departments of   Finistère,  Morbihan,   Côtes d'Armor,   Ille-et-Vilaine, the northern departments  of   Hauts-de-Seine and   Seine-Saint-Denis and the eastern department  of   Territoire de Belfort (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It is found in the warmer regions of the Czech Republic and is common in the south of Germany where it is at the northern limits of its distribution. It is found mainly in north and northeastern Iberia, and is rarer in the southwest.

population:
This species is stable in Slovakia. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It can be found in gorges, crevices, stream edges, oak forest  clearings and at the bottom of rocky cliffs in Iberia and Italy; preferring cool shady calcareous soils, mostly in  mountains. In the Czech Republic it prefers dry sunny slopes, and is found among shrubs and oak forests. It is often found particularly on limestone and andesitic substrates in hills in Slovakia (Marhold and Wójcicki 1992).

threats:
It is threatened by forest management and changes to land uses in Germany. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout the rest of its European range.

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and regionally endangered in Germany.As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.   EURISCO reports 12 germplasm accessions of P. mahaleb held in European genebanks, only  one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild  accession originates from, and is stored in, Greece (Greek  Genebank, Agricultural Research Centre of Macedonia and Thrace, National  Agricultural Research Foundation) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  .

useAndTrade:
P. mahaleb is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to  almond, peach and  nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. It is also used for erosion control, as graft stock, as an ornamental, for shade/shelter and as food flavouring (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Young branches of cultivated populations are used for planks to make wine barrels and baskets, and the leaves for perfumes.

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Vögel, R. & Holubec, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus padus L. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.&#Two subspecies are native to Europe: P. padus ssp. borealis (A. Blytt) Nyman and P. padus L. ssp. padus (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)        Prunus padus is widely distributed in northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widely distributed across Europe and there are no major threats throughout its range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, the subspecies borealis is rare and locally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
P. padus is native to many parts of northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as being widely distributed across parts of temperate Asia. The species is also native to Morocco and is widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, national Genetic Resources Program 2010).P. padus ssp. padus is a common species of the Slovakian flora and P. padus ssp. borealis (A. Blytt) Nyman a rare taxon of mountain regions in northwest, north and northeastern parts of the country (Bertová 1992, Holub and Procházka 2000), with a similar pattern found in the Czech Republic and Hungary.P. padus occurs throughout Finland, with P. padus ssp.padus common in southern and central parts of the country but less frequent in the north and P. padus ssp. borealis occurring in the north (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010). It is rare in Portugal, probably as this is at the limits of its range, but is fairly widespread in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), UK and Ireland (Preston et al. 2002) and the Netherlands (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
According to Preston et al. (2002), the distribution of this species has remained unchanged in the last 40–50 years. In the Netherlands the species occurred in 1,001–3,000 1x1 km grid squares in the period 1902–1949, while in the periods 1975–1987 and 1988–1999 it was recorded in more than 10,000 (Tamis et al. 2003).   Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range

habitat:
This species is often found in forest and scrub in Europe, most frequently on calcareous or base-rich substrates, avoiding very dry or very acidic conditions. It can be found in moist woodland and scrub, along streams and shaded rocky areas in the UK (Preston et al. 2002). In Finland it occurs in herb-rich forests, waterfront thickets and forest edges, and is mostly found in open lowland forest in Hungary and the Czech Republic. It is able to grow in various soil types, preferring damp calcareous or base rich soils in the UK (Preston et al. 2002) and is recorded as occurring on humid, poor, slightly acid soils and also on humid, moderately fertile soils in the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003).

threats:
There are currently no major threats to P. padus. The subspecies borealis however is threatened by forest fires, among other threats.

conservationAction:
In Slovakia and Czech Republic, P. padus ssp. borealis is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Holub and Procházka 2000, Feráková et al. 2001, Procházka 2001). It is protected in the central/eastern region of # Bourgogne (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010) but is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of P. padus held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).&#Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.    As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
P. padus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus prostrata Labill. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Prunus prostrata is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
P. prostrata is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs in the mountains of the east, mainly in the Sierras Beticas, up to Sierra de Grazalema, including Sierra Nevada. In France, it is confined to the two departments of Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
It grows on rocks, in crevices, stony areas and screes, preferring limestone. It can also be found in thickets of # low creeping shrubs in mountainous areas. It can rarely be found at low (200 m) and high (3,000 m) altitudes—more commonly, it is found between 1,000–2,500 m.

conservationAction:
It is known to occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of P. prostrata held in European genebanks, neither of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and fruits are sometimes collected from the wild.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus ramburii Boiss. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
P. ramburii is assessed as Vulnerable because the total number of mature individuals is less than 10,000 and the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 1,000. There is a continuing population decline due to the negative impacts of fires, tourism and a lack of pollinators. In addition it is found at less than five locations.

range:
P. ramburii is endemic to Andalusia where it occurs in the Sierra Nevada and surroundings.

population:
The population is small (comprising less than 10,000 individuals) and is found at less than five localities (Moreno 2008). The number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 1,000.

habitat:
It grows in dry montane scrub in rocky areas; mainly on calcareous outcrops.

threats:
It is affected by fire, tourism and a lack of pollinators.

conservationAction:
P. ramburii is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the 2008 Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).The species occurs in protected areas. A conservation plan is being developed  by Cordoba Botanic Garden. EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of P. ramburii which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus spinosa L. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., cultivated sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L. Two subspecies are native to Europe: P. spinosa ssp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin and P. spinosa ssp. spinosa (Kurtto 2009). In Portugal, an endemic subspecies is recognized: P. spinosa ssp. insititioides (Fic. & Coutinho) Franco, which is easily confused with P. domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneider (Espírito-Santo 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Prunus spinosa is widely distributed across Europe and is known to be widespread, common and stable throughout much of its range. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries at the periphery of its range; therefore, national level monitoring is required.

range:
P. spinosa is native to and widely distributed throughout northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and is also native to Iran, Turkey and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). P. spinosa ssp. insititioides is an endemic species from centre-west areas of Portugal, although there are records from the northeastern part of the country dating back the end of the 19th century (Espírito-Santo 1996).  Information on its national distribution in Europe is available for the following countries:  Slovakia: P. spinosa ssp. spinosa is common throughout the country; P. spinosa ssp. dasyphylla is distributed in the south (Bertová 1992).France: widespread, occurring in all departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  UK: widespread in all areas of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; also widespread in Scotland although its distribution becomes patchy in the far north (Preston et al. 2002. Ireland: widespread across the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: widespread (Mennema et al.1985).

population:
It is reported to be widespread and common in many countries and is known to be stable in Slovakia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and the UK.

habitat:
This species is able to grow in various soil types, occurring in open woodland, scrub, hedgerows, scree and cliff-slopes in the UK (Preston et al. 2002). In Finland it is found in forest edges, roadside thickets, rocky sites and meadows, favouring limy soil. The Portuguese endemic P. spinosa ssp. insititioides occurs in alkaline soils and is frequent in woods, ditches, edges of paths and hedges (Espírito-Santo 1996).

threats:
There is thought to be some hybridization occurring with cultivated P. domestica, which is threatening the genetic integrity of the species. #

conservationAction:
This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007) and as Least Concern (LC) in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).As it is a widespread species some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.   The Portuguese endemic P. spinosa ssp.  insititioides occurs partly in the Natural Park of Serra de Aire e Caindeeiros (Espírito-Santo1992) and the Natural Park of Sintra-Cascais (Espírito-Santo 1996). According to Espírito-Santo (1996) there is no need to undertake special conservation measures.EURISCO reports 30 germplasm accessions of P. spinosa held in European genebanks, 13 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, five originate from within Europe—four from Spain (stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain) and one from France (stored in Nikitskyi Botanical Gardens, Ukraine) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
P. spinosa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, #cultivated sloe and sweet cherry. P. spinosa ssp. insititioides is used as an ornamental and in hedges separating private land properties (Espírito-Santo 1996). The fruits of this subspecies are also used in producing alcoholic beverages (Espírito-Santo 1996).

redListAssessors:
Collett, L., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Eliáš, P., Smekalova, T., Korpelainen, H., Labokas, J., Strajeru, S., Bulińska, Z. & Tavares, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus tenella Batsch is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb,peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Prunus tenella is nationally threatened in Croatia and Slovakia and Near Threatened in Hungary; however, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information available to evaluate this species at regional level. Further  information is needed on its  precise distribution, population size and  trend, as well as the threats that are affecting the subpopulations.

range:
P. tenella is native to middle, east and southeastern Europe, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation (Siberia) and China (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Slovakia, this species is known from the southwest only. Maglocký (1999) pointed out seven sites. Recently, three localities were confirmed: 1) Gbelce, Drieňová hora Nature Reserve, 2) the Belianske kopce Hills, where some local subpopulations were confirmed, and 3) Kamenica nad Hronom, the Burdov Nature Reserve, with some local micro-populations (Eliáš Jr. unpublished). The origin of the occurrence in the Devínska Kobyla Hills near Bratislava is doubtful (Bertová 1992). One site was found near stone-pit Dlhý vrch in the Slovak karst National Park, but it is regarded as secondary (Šuvada pers. comm. 2009 , cited by P. Eliáš  pers. comm. 2010).In Hungary it occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (but is absent in Cserhát- and Börzsöny mountains), Transdanubia (Tolna, Villány-mountains), Great Hungarian Plain (Danube region, # Danube-Tisza köze region: Monor, Tóalmás, Bácsvaskút, # Tiszántúl-region: Kál-Kápolna, Kerecsend, Tiszavasvári, Ohat, Fegyvernek, Kondoros, Kisszsénás, Csorvás, Kaba)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
According to Soó (1966) and Simon (1992), in Hungary, this species grows in shrub steppes (Crataego–Cerasetum fruticosae, Pruno spinosae–Crataegetum), in association with almond shrubs (Amygdaletum nanae), in Karst shrub forests (Ceraso (mahaleb)–Quercetum pubescentis), loess oak woods (Aceri (tatarico)–Quercetum pubescenti–roboris), salt oak woodlands (Festuco pseudovinae–Quercetum roboris), and in association with Prunion spinosae species. It can grow in a range of soil types, but mainly is mainly found in loess soil (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
P. tenella is nationally threatened in some countries but further research is needed to determine the threats affecting these subpopulations.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat/conservation status of P. tenella is as follows:Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005).Slovakia: Endangered (Feráková et al. 2001).Hungary: Near Threatened   (Király 2007) and protected according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant  and animal species and the Goverment decree on the Natura 2000 sites  for the restoration of natual habitats and the maintenance of viable  populations of protected species. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of P. tenella but it is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to almond, peach and nectarine, plum, sloe #and sweet cherry. Also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. is a wild relative of almond, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb,peach and nectarine, P. persica (L.) Batsch, plum, P. domestica L., sloe, P. spinosa L. and sweet cherry, P. avium (L.) L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Prunus webbii is  regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently    insufficient  information available to evaluate this species.   Information  is needed  on its precise distribution, habitat, population   size and trend, as   well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, and Turkey (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

conservationAction:
P. cerasifera has been listed as Vulnerable in Albania (Vangjeli et al. 1995).No germplasm accessions of P. webbii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Pyrus bourgaeana is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its large and stable population, because it does not face any major threats that are likely to have a significant impact on the current population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
P. bourgaeana is native to Spain, Portugal and Morocco (Kurtto 2009).

population:
It is a common species and its population is stable.

habitat:
It is found in open woodlands, in oak forest and close to rivers.

threats:
Changes in land use, livestock grazing and fires may pose threats to this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of P. bourgaeana are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It occurs in several protected areas.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis ssp. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus castribonensis Raimondo & al. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis. It is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrus castribonensis is assessed as Data Deficient as it is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase and its taxonomic status therefore requires verification.

range:
P. castribonensis is endemic to Sicily (Kurtto 2009).

population:
It is a rare species known from seven localities—one of them with less than 10 individuals, five of them with 10 to 20 individuals and one with more than 20 (Raimondo et al. 2006).

habitat:
It is found near agricultural fields in clay soil, near woods of Quercus suber, as well as cultivated stands of Fraxinus excelsior and Olea europaea. It is also found in the margins of Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni, Quercetalia ilicis and Prunetalia spinosae vegetation.

threats:
It is threatened by human activities, changes in land use, fires and grazing pressure.

conservationAction:
It has been assessed as Vulnerable (Raimondo et al. 2006).Some subpopulations are included in the Madonie Regional Nature  Park and in the Natura 2000 site, Parco delle Madonie.  No germplasm accessions of P. castribonensis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis ssp. communis. It is also as a rootstock for P. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
The two subspecies of Pyrus communis L., P. communis ssp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz and P. communis ssp. pyraster (L.) Ehrh. (syn. P. pyraster (L.) Baumg.), are wild relatives of cultivated pear, P. communis ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Pyrus communis is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed throughout much of Europe and is widespread in some countries within its native range. However, because the cultivated pear (P. communis) and wild pear (P. communis ssp. pyraster) may not be distinguished  in field surveys, records of occurrences of wild  subpopulations/individuals may be exaggerated. Further, hybridization between cultivated and wild subpopulations can occur. Therefore, improved data recording is needed and monitoring of the genetic diversity within and between the wild subpopulations is recommended to ensure that the wild gene pool is not being diluted.

range:
P. communis ssp. pyraster is native to and widely distributed throughout Europe and Turkey; P. communis ssp. caucasica is native to Asiatic Turkey, Crimea and the Caucasus.Knowledge of the national distribution of P. communis ssp. pyraster in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: #distributed throughout the country (Peniašteková 1992).Hungary: widespread (Soó 1966, Simon 1992) #France: widespread in the western half of the country; absent in many eastern departments, particularly in the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: relatively widespread throughout England and Wales; however, its distribution is quite sparse in Scotland— particularly in the north—and it is only recorded as present in two eastern localities in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002).Netherlands: wild pear grows all over the Netherlands but in a low frequency (Mennema et al. 1985).

population:
In Italy, P. communis ssp. pyraster is quite common but occurs as single, isolated trees. In the Netherlands, the taxon occurred in 45 hour-squares before 1950 and after 1950 in 135 hour-squares (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) report that the species occurs in 301–1000 1x1 km grid squares.

habitat:
This species grows in mixed forests, in medium-dry, warm sites, as well as on dry hillsides, rocky slopes and in maquis. It prefers calcareous soils, clay loam and sandy soils. Specifically, in Hungary, P. communis ssp. pyraster grows in dry oak woodlands, karst scrub-forests, acidofrequent woodlands, pine forests, in ravines and rocky areas, and rarely in beech forests, pioneer sand steppes and salt meadows   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
Hybridization with cultivated P. communis is a threat to wild pear.

conservationAction:
P. communis ssp. pyraster is listed as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000).EURISCO reports 7,943 germplasm accessions of P. communis held in European genebanks; however, only one accession of P. communis ssp. caucasica is reported (stored at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy Ltd., Czech Republic) and no accessions of P. communis ssp. pyraster are reported. Of the P. communis accessions, 11 are reported to be of wild or weedy origin and six of these originate from within Europe: one from Belgium, two from France, one from Germany, one from the Republic of Moldova and one from Ukraine. Five of these accessions are stored in Prydnistrovs'ka Experimental Station of Horticulture, Ukraine and one is stored in the Institute of Horticulture, also in Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for both wild subspecies.The cultivated pear and wild pear may not be distinguished in field surveys (Preston et al. 2002); therefore, there is a need for better guidance on identification of the wild forms.

useAndTrade:
P. communis ssp. caucasica and P. communis ssp. pyraster are wild relatives of and potential gene donors to cultivated pear, P. communis subsp. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus cordata Desv. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Pyrus cordata is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise range, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
P. cordata is native to Algeria, France, Portugal, Spain and Morocco, and doubtfully native to Great Britain (Kurtto 2009).In Portugal it is found in the north and central parts of the country, and in Spain, in the north only. In France it occurs along the western coast and in the central departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). In Great Britain it is recorded from only nine localities, two of which are at the Wales–England border near the Severn Estuary and the other seven in Devon and Cornwall (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
This species is uncommon in Portugal and according to Preston et al. (2002), it has always been rare in Great Britain. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows along the fringes of birch, beech and oak thickets and on roadsides; it favours open places and can grow in all soil types. In Great Britain, it grows in hedgerows (Preston et al. 2002).

threats:
It is threatened by hybridization with cultivated pear. Controlled and natural fires can be a threat to its habitat.

conservationAction:
P. cordata is known to occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports 55 germplasm accessions of P. cordata held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Only one of these accessions originates from within Europe (France) and is stored in Fruit Growing Research Station Cluj-Napoca, Romania (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis ssp. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis. Two subspecies are native to Europe: P. elaeagrifolia ssp. bulgarica (Kuth. & Sachok.) Valev and P. elaeagrifolia Pall. ssp. elaeagrifolia (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Pyrus elaeagrifolia is   regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently     insufficient  information available to evaluate this species.    Information  is needed  on its precise distribution, habitat, population    size and trend, as   well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
Native to east and southeastern Europe, and Turkey (Kurtto 2009).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of P. elaeagrifolia held in European genebanks, but it does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis subsp. communis. Also used as graft stock (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus magyarica Terpó is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrus magyarica is assessed as Critically Endangered as the population comprises no more than 30 to 40 individuals. Each subpopulation is very  small with a sporadic distribution and often solitary plants are found. Although the population is currently stable, it is threatened by urbanization and agricultural development. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is an urgent priority for this species as well as population monitoring and the implementation of a conservation management plan.

range:
P. magyarica is endemic to Hungary (Kurtto 2009), where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km2 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is found at the following localities: The Transdanubian Mountains (Szentendre-Visegrád Mountain, Pilis Mountain)Pilisszentlászló: Öreg-Pap Mountain, Öreg-Nyilas Valley, Horuba, Delmárkúti Accommodation Road, Bánya Mountain, Szent László Mountain, Rózsa Mountain, Hegytető, Szarvasszérű, Pap Meadow (Terpó 1960, Bőhm 1998, Barna et al. 1999)Visegrád: Fekete Mountain (Terpó 1960, Barna et al. 1999)Dunabogdány: Barát heap(Barna et al. 1999)Tahi: Öregbükk hilltop (Barna et al. 1999)Leányfalu: Rekettyés Lake surroundings (Barna et al. 1999)Szentendre: Sztaravoda Valley (Tegez Street, Büdöskút side) (Bőhm 1998, Barna et al. 1999)Pócsmegyer: Szentendre Island (Bőhm 2010)Pomáz: under Messalia, Kartáliák, Kiscsikóváralja, Kő Mountain (southwest side), János fountainhead, Zengő Valley (Barna et al. 1999)Pilisszentkereszt: Fagyoskatona, Peres Mountain, Szent fountainhead, Kopanyica, Magas Mountain, Pilis hillside, Pilis hilltop, Dobogókő surroundings (Barna et al. 1999)Kesztölc-Klastrompuszta: Klastrom Cliffs and eastern Bakony Mountain Isztimér (Mellári hillside, Királyszállás, above the Burok Valley) (Bőhm 2010).

population:
It has been estimated that the population comprises 30 to 40 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Each subpopulation is very  small, with a sporadic distribution and often solitary plants—few plants are adults (Museum  National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).

habitat:
This species occurs in oak forests and Pannonian woods with Quercus cerris (Quercetum petraeae-cerris). It favours warm, medium–dry soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals and can also grow in neutral, humic, loam-, clay-, debris soils   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
The main threats are urbanization and agricultural development.

conservationAction:
P. magyarica is listed as a priority species in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It is strictly protected and classified as Critically Endangered (CR) in Hungary  (Király 2007). It occurs in a protected area and it is recommended that a monitoring program and any necessary management actions are incorporated into the existing management plan of this site.No germplasm accessions of P. magyarica are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Population monitoring and the development and implementation of a conservation management plan are also recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus nivalis Jacq. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. subsp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Pyrus nivalis is nationally threatened in Slovakia and Hungary but is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently   insufficient  information available to evaluate this species at regional level. Further  information is needed on its  precise distribution,  population size and  trend, as well as the threats that are affecting  the subpopulations.

range:
P. nivalis is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), and to Asiatic Turkey (Kurtto 2009).Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:Slovakia: it has been reported from seven localities in west and central parts of the country; however, most of these occurrences have not recently been found (Peniašteková 1992, Eliáš Jr. unpublished). Current subpopulations are usually small, comprising not more than 1–10 individuals (Eliáš Jr. unpublished).Hungary: it occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Tokaj-Hegyalja, Gyöngyös) and Transdanubian Mountains (Visegrád-, Buda-mountains, Balatonfüred); ssp.orientalis only occurs in Terpó, near Szentendre (Macskalyuk-side, Pismány, Sztaravoda, Pap-island)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: confined to the eastern departments of Haut-Rhin, Haute-Savoie and Savoie (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Hungary, this species grows in Karst scrub forests (Cotino–Quercetum pubescentis, Ceraso (mahaleb)–Quercetum pubescentis) and prefers alkaline soils and warm, medium-dry soils, rich in nutrients and  alkaline minerals, but can also be found in neutral, humic, loam-, clay-, debris soils    (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
Peniašteková (1992) listed P. nivalis as as Critically Endangered in Slovakia; however, Feráková et al. (2001) evaluated it as Data Deficient. # In Hungary, the species is classified as Endangered and is protected    (Király 2007).EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of P. nivalis held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only one originates from within Europe (France) and is stored in Fruit Growing Research Station Cluj-Napoca, Romania (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis subsp. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus sicanorum Raimondo & al. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis. It is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrus sicanorum is assessed as Data Deficient as it is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase and its taxonomic status therefore requires verification.

range:
P. sicanorum is endemic to Sicily (Kurtto 2009).

population:
The species known from three localities in the central-west of the island (Marino et al. 2009).

habitat:
It grows in pre-wood formations of Quercus pubescens woods on carbonate soils and is present as an element of the Quercion ilicis and Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii alliances.

conservationAction:
It has been assessed as Endangered (Marino et al. 2009).Some subpopulations are included in the Regional Nature Reserves, Monti di Palazzo Adriano and Valle del Sosio, Monte Carcaci.No germplasm accessions of P. sicanorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis ssp. communis and is used as a rootstock for P. communis.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus spinosa Forssk. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Pyrus spinosa is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, habitat preferences, population size and trend is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
P. spinosa is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, and western Turkey (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Spain, this species is only found in the northeast, while in France it is confined to 14 southeastern departments and Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Spain, it grows in hedges and in the fringes of oak forests from 0–1,100 m asl.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of P. spinosa are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis subsp. communis. Also used for graft stock (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus syriaca Boiss. is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Pyrus syriaca is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is common in Cyprus and does not face any immediate major threats. However, increased periods of drought are having a negative impact. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

range:
P. syriaca is native to western Asia (including Cyprus), and Armenia (Kurtto 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
This species is found on riverbanks, hillsides, and in field margins. It is commonly associated with large rocks.

threats:
Increased periods of drought are negatively impacting this species.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 14 germplasm accessions of P. syriaca held in European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, none of these originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to pear, P. communis ssp. communis. It is also used for graft stock (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and the fruits are sometimes used to make marmalade.


taxonomicNotes:
Pyrus vallis-demonis Raimondo & Schicchi is a wild relative of pear, P. communis L. ssp. communis. It is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase (Kurtto 2009).

redListCategoryRationale:
Pyrus vallis-demonis is assessed as Data Deficient as it is a preliminary accepted species in Euro+Med PlantBase and its taxonomic status therefore requires verification.

range:
P. vallis-demonis is endemic to Sicily (Kurtto 2009).

population:
According to Marino et al. (2009), there are two localities in the Nebrodi Mountains.

habitat:
It is found in mountainous areas in pre-wood formations of Quercus cerris woods.

conservationAction:
It has been suggested that it is Vulnerable (Marino et al. 2009).The subpopulations are included in the Nebrodi Regional Nature  Park.No germplasm accessions of P. vallis-demonis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
There are issues with the taxonomic validity of this subspecies. It is not accepted by Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 1998).

range:
This taxon is endemic to Portugal where its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is 100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It grows in seepage zones along watercourses (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats described are drainage and natural fires (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Rubus genevieri ssp. herminii is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive.


redListCategoryRationale:
The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2  and the area of occupancy is less than 1,000 km2 which meets the initial thresholds for a threatened category under criteria B1 and B2. The whole population has a small distributional range in a restricted region of the Alps. It grows under particular ecological conditions such as microthermal humid shrubland, vegetation close to shaded wet habitats (megaforb grasses), and riparian habitats. The subpopulations grow in numerous secondary valleys, and the number of locations is about 20. A decrease in habitat quality is suspected in the future due to the building of dykes (predicted from local administrations) and because of the expected climate change for the Alpine region (Thuiller et al. 2005). The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, approaching criterion B.

range:
This species is endemic to the alpine region of Italy, where it is only found in the Orobic and Raethian Alps (Lombardy Region, province of Sondrio and province of Bergamo). Sanguisorba dodecandra has a discontinuous distribution, whereby it is restricted to some valleys of the Orobian Alps chain. In the Raethian Alps this species is found in two small growing sites.   The biggest populations are found in the province of Sondrio, in some lateral valleys of Valtellina: Livrio Valley, Scais-Venina Valley, Armisola Valley, Arigna Valley, Togno Valley. Anthropogenic occurrences also exist in Valmalenco.   Many occurrences are also recorded in the province of Bergamo. In particular subpopulations are known from the valleys of Brembana, Mora, Scalve, and Seriana. The southern limit of this plant's range is situated close to Mount Pizzo Arera, and near the villages of Ponte Nossa and Casnigo.It is estimated that the species occurs at around 20 locations. Its extent of occurrence, measured by a GIS database, is 1,100 km2, while the area of occupancy is 516 km2.

population:
The population size is unknown. Nevertheless, the species is common where it grows.

habitat:
The species grows in humid environmental conditions, inside tall forb communities, at the border of Alnus viridis shrublands. It can also be found close to riparian habitats. From a phyto-sociologic point of view it can be ascribed to the Adenostylion alliariae alliances and to Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii communities.

threats:
The main threat to the species is climate change as the species grows in wet areas close to streams. Global warming could reduce the #extent of wet habitats in the near future. One subpopulation could be threatened by a dam that will probably be built in the next years.

conservationAction:
A subpopulation is included in two natural parks: Regional Park of Orobie Begamasche and Regional Park of Orobie Valtellinesi. The species have been proposed for their inclusion in the list of protected species of Lombardy (regional law).

useAndTrade:
In the past, Sanguisorba dodecandra was used as forage for livestock. Seeds of the species are collected for research purposes.

redListAssessors:
Gentili, R., Parolo, G., Rossi, G. & Abeli, T.


redListCategoryRationale:
Sorbus maderensis is endemic to Madeira where it is found at two localities with an extent of occurrence of 194 km². The main threats to the species are infrastructure development, predation by rats, trampling, fires, collection, droughts and temperature  extremes. A fire took place in summer 2010 in the Central  Mountain Massif which could have destroyed several of the individuals of which only less than 50 were known in the first place. The species is therefore classed as Critically Endangered.

range:
This plant is endemic to Madeira where it is found at two localities at an altitude from 1,500 to 1,750 m asl (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 194 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
The population was stable but counts less than 50 mature individuals (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.

habitat:
Sorbus maderensis is a small tree that grows in high altitude heathland (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). It forms part of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 4050 "Endemic Macaronesian heaths" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Infrastructure development has been described as a main threat together with predation by rats, trampling, fires and collection. This plant is also susceptible to natural factors such as droughts and temperature extremes (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008). A fire might have destroyed several individuals in summer 2010, fieldwork to understand the extent of damage is underway.

conservationAction:
Sorbus maderensis is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive.Conservation actions that are urgently needed include species recovery and reintroduction programmes, control of the threats such as predation by rats, and raising public awareness. Further studies on its biology and ecology, population dynamics, taxonomy, habitat trends and conservation action impacts should be carried out (Fernandes et al. in: Martín et al. 2008).


taxonomicNotes:
Sorbus teodori is not accepted as a valid species by many taxonomists, and will be included as a heterotypic synonym to Sorbus meinichii in the forthcoming volume of Flora Nordica. Based on current species concepts in the study of this genus (Rich et al. 2010) it would be arguable to keep a Baltic narrow endemic Sorbus teodori and a Norwegian endemic S. meinichii. However, if following this approach, several clonal variations observed might require taxonomic recognition, increasing the number of narrow endemic Sorbus spp. in Fennoscandia. The more traditional Linnean species concept would include all those varieties in Sorbus meinichii. Taxonomic studies of the genus in northern Europe are underway, for example by the Arboretum and Botanical Garden of the University of Bergen (P.H. Salvesen pers. comm. 2010, Artsdatabanken 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Sorbus teodori is native to  Fennoscandia. As different species concepts have been applied, it is difficult to define its geographic range and to collect information about the populations. Taxonomic research is underway.

range:
Sorbus teodori is native to Sweden (Gotland, Södermanland and Uppland), Finland (Aland Islands), and Latvia (Staldzene), but populations differ in minor details, and are probably of different origin. As different species concepts have been applied, its geographic range is difficult to define.

population:
In Finland it is only found on Åland Islands, where c. ten sites/small trees are known. The number of mature individuals in Sweden hardly exceeds 400 (slightly less than 400 on Gotland, one in Södermanland and two in Uppland). Only one locality is known in Latvia.

habitat:
The first records on Gotland, were made in anthropogenic habitats, such as settlements, meadow edges and roadsides. Nowadays, after the grazing of forest has ceased, it is slowly spreading into open pine woodland on limestone or moraine.

threats:
Modification of cultivation practices, removal of hedges and copses and, general forestry management have been considered as important threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main threat in Finland is overgrowth.

conservationAction:
Sorbus teodori is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is classed as Critically Endangered D1 under the synonym S. meinichii on the Finnish Red List (Rassi et al. 2010). There, the species is protected and named as a species under  strict protection in Ålands legislation. Most of the known sites are  within the Natura 2000 network.On the Swedish redlist, Sorbus teodori is included in S. meinichii, which is listed as Vulnerable. It does not appear on the Latvian red list.


redListCategoryRationale:
Saxifraga berica is a restricted range endemic from north Italy. #Its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² and the area of  occupancy has been reported to be only 1 km². There are 25 known localities which are severely fragmented. The population is stable but counts less than 1,000 mature individuals in total. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
This plant is endemic to the region of Veneto in north Italy. Saxifraga berica has been  recorded in an area called Colli Berici, but mainly in Covolo, near  the press of Barbarano Vicentino in Vicenza (Pignatti  et al. 2001). Its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy has been reported to be only 1 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There are 25 known localities.

population:
The total population counts less than 1,000 mature individuals, has a stable trend but is severely fragmented.

threats:
Natural processes have been considered as the only threat to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Saxifraga berica is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
Saxifraga cintrana is native to central Portugal where its area of occupancy is 900 km². Quarries have been noted as a threat to this species but there is no data on the population size or trend available. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This species is native to central Portugal where its area of occupancy is 900 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
No data on the population size or trend is available.

habitat:
This species can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6110 "Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Quarries are the main threat to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
Saxifraga cintrana is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


redListCategoryRationale:
The species is endemic to the Maritime Alps and has a restricted range. It is found in more than 87 localities but the populations are stable and it grows in rock fissures which are difficult to access. This and the fact that the localities are within protected areas, makes the species not threatened at the moment. However, should this protection cease, the species can quickly become threatened with extinction. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
This plant is endemic to France and Italy. In Italy, the species occurs on both sides of the Maritime Alps which are protected areas and therefore the species grows under a high level of protection   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The are 80 known localities of this plant in Italy.

population:
This total population size in Italy is less than 1,000 mature individuals but the trend is stable to increasing. In France, it occurs in seven localities in hardly accessible habitat with no direct threats and the species is common there. Fluctuations in the number of individuals have been noted in France.

habitat:
This perennial plant grows in rock fissures and is characteristic of the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
In France, the habitat of the species is stable and there are virtually no threats as the populations are in very remote places. There are no threats known from Italy.

conservationAction:
Saxifraga florulenta is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).In France, it is protected at national level and classed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 on the national red list (Valentin et al. 2010). Most of the localities are in the Mercantour National Park and the Park of Argentera.Ex situ conservation of this species has proven to be difficult (Bensettiti et al. 2002).


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Saxifraga hirculus has a widespread distribution but is rare and declining throughout its range. The main threats to the species are pollution, drainage or management of water levels, peat  extraction, modification of cultivation practices and the abandonment of  pastoral systems. The species is listed on nearly all the European red lists in a threatened category but to determine its threat status at European level, an estimate of the overall population decline over three generations needs to be carried out. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Saxifraga hirculus is widespread across Europe. It can be found from France in the west to some regions of Russia and reaches the southern limit of its range in Belarus and Ukraine. In Belarus, isolated localities of Saxifraga hirculus occur in all the territory. In the Ukraine, it grows in the Polesian lowland and the Volhynian upland. #

population:
Population information has been recorded for several countries   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):Denmark: 7 localities and 8,000 individuals, declining trendEstonia: 200 to 1,000 flowering stems, declining trendFinland: 992,600 flowering stems, declining trendFrance: 300 individuals, declining trendIreland: 9 localities, increasing trendLatvia: 15 localities, stable trendLithuania: 5,000 to 10,000 individuals, declining trendPoland: 30,000 individuals, declining trendSweden: 5,025,000 individuals, increasing trendUnited Kingdom: 16 localities, stable trendIn France, there is one remaining population with 300 individuals. Two localities have recently declined and may be extinct now (to be confirmed) due to pollution of its pond habitat. The number of flowering individuals is fluctuating.In Germany, the species is extinct or believed to be extinct in all federal estates (Ahlmer 2010, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). # In Norway, the number of individuals has been declining between 30-50% in the last 30 years (generation length set at 10 years) (Artsdatabanken 2010).In Switzerland, it is now found at only one locality in the southern Jura at 1,300 m with an estimated 10,000 individuals and a stable population. The decline and loss of populations happened in the past, there were about 20 localities in the 1950s (Käsermann and Moser 1999).In Belarus and the Ukraine, the populations are very small and the number of individuals usually reaches not more than 10 individuals per population.

habitat:
The yellow marsh saxifrage occurs in transitional mires and rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens, calcareous flushes and soaks. It is also present in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):7110 Active raised bogs7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)It is accompanied by Carex spp. #and Hypnum spp., in communities of Caricion lasiocarpa alliance, Schenchzerio-Cariceta nigrae class. #

threats:
The modification of cultivation practices and the abandonment of pastoral systems including grazing, leads to overgrowth of the habitat and increased competition. Pollution is another major threat caused by the use of pesticides and fertilisers, leading to eutrophication. Peat extraction has negative impact, so has drainage of the wetland habitat or other measures to manage water levels.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).  In France, it is protected at national level and there is a national action plan in place since 2009 which recommends habitat restoration of a polluted pond, and manual removal of shrubs to open the habitat.    It is categorized as Vulnerable (A4c) in Russia (I. Illarionova, pers. comm. 2010). It is included in the Red Data Book of Belarus as Critically Endangered and in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as Vulnerable. It is protected in the national park Belovejskaja Pucza and in Beresinskij biosphere reserve in Belarus, in the reserve Roztocza and Chom-gora nature monument in Ukraine. In Germany, it is classed as  Critically Endangered (level 1). In Denmark, Lithuania, Norway, and the  UK, it is listed as Vulnerable and Sweden lists it as Near Threatened.The one Swiss locality is in a protected landscape. The plant is legally protected and listed as Endangered (Moser et al. 2002). It was reintroduced to two localities in 1998 but it is not known if this was successful (Käsermann and Moser 1999).Monitoring at European level to determine the overall rate of population decline is needed.

redListAssessors:
Gygax, A., Illarionova, I., Juillet, N. & Melnyk, V.


taxonomicNotes:
It emerged from a cross between S. tridactylites and S. adscendens probably after the last ice age and formed a distinct and reproductive species (Artsdatabanken 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)EU27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)Saxifraga osloënsis is endemic to Norway and Sweden with the latter holding a bigger part of the population. The area of occupancy  is less than 2,000 km² for both countries and the distribution area  is severely fragmented. From Sweden, extreme fluctuations of the populations have been observed. A  population decline is suspected based on a decline of habitat quality,  number of locations, and number of mature individuals. The Norwegian populations are also continuously declining and a past as well as future decline of  15-30% is being suspected. The main threat is abandonment of land use and the subsequent overgrowth of the species habitat. Therefore it is classed as Vulnerable at European and global level.Within the EU 27, Sweden is the only country to host this Saxifraga osloënsis. The number of mature individuals in Sweden has been estimated to be  500,000 individuals. The populations are extremely fluctuating and a  population decline is suspected based on a decline of habitat quality,  number of locations, and number of mature individuals. Its area of occupancy  is 1,256 km². There are more than 250 known occurrences but its distribution area  is severely fragmented. Overgrowth is the main threat to the species and it has been assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Saxifraga osloënsis is endemic to Norway and Sweden. Its extent of occurrence in Sweden is 42,956 km² and the area of occupancy is 1,256 km². There are more than 250 known occurrences but its distribution area is severely fragmented  (ArtDatabanken 2010). The area of occupancy in Norway is less than 500 km² (Artsdatabanken 2010).

population:
The number of mature individuals in Sweden has been estimated to be 500,000 individuals. The populations are extremely fluctuating: in some years it is difficult to find it and in some years it is common. A population decline is suspected based on a decline of habitat quality, number of locations, and number of mature individuals (ArtDatabanken 2010).In Norway, the species is restricted to the southeast and has recently been detected at two new sites in Kongsvinger. The populations are continuously declining and a past as well as future decline of 15-30% is being suspected (Artsdatabanken 2010).

habitat:
Saxifraga osloënsis is usually an annual species and grows on rocks or cliffs with thin soil cover, especially small flat outcrops in pastures and near roads. It is an opportunistic species that cannot germinate without moisture and flowers for just a few weeks.

threats:
Abandonment of land use and the subsequent succession of different vegetation has been described as a threat to the species (ArtDatabanken 2010, Artsdatabanken 2010).

conservationAction:
Saxifraga osloënsis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.In Sweden, it has been classed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv) (Gärdenfors 2010). It is classed as Near Threatened approaching A2bc+3c; B2b(ii,iii,iv,v) in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010).


