# European_Red_List_2017_December

taxonomicNotes:
Allium autumnale P. H. Davis is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium autumnale is assessed as Least Concern because it is quite widespread in the north and centre of Cyprus and although it is threatened by increased fire frequency and intensity and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 10,000 km2, it does not currently meet the criteria for a threatened category and is unlikely to in the near future. Although not actively managed, it is afforded some protection in situ as part of the population occurs within protected areas. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species.

range:
Endemic to Cyprus where it has been found in the Trodos mountains and the north coastal belt, in a ravine above Alsancak and in   Çamlibel, Kar  ?iyaka and Tatlisu (Viney 1994).    It is known from 13 sites (including Saitas), but probably occurs in other localities too.  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 10,000 km2.

population:
Although Della (2000) described this species as uncommon, it is actually quite widespread in the north and centre of the island and was excluded from the national Red List (Department of Forestry unpublished data) on the basis that it was not rare.

habitat:
It has been found growing in pine litter (in a ravine above Alsancak). It is also found in garrigue, on limestone, sandstone or igneous hillsides, and sometimes in vineyards or hedgerows. It flowers in October and November (Viney 1994).

threats:
It is threatened by an increase in fire frequency and intensity.

conservationAction:
Part of the population occurs in protected areas but it is not monitored or actively managed. It is recommended that the management plans of these protected areas are adapted to include this species. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. autumnale stored at the genebank of the Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of  Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment in Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collections should be made and duplicated in another genebank.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium baeticum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Allium baeticum is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in Spain and the fact that it grows in a variety of habitats and at a wide range of altitudes. However, information is need on the overall population trend and potential threats, and its in situ conservation status needs to be determined. Population monitoring is also recommended—particularly where it occurs within existing protected areas. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. baeticum is native to central and southern Spain, south, central and north Portugal, and northern Africa. In north Portugal it has been recorded from the Parque Natural do Douro Internacional, Mogadouro.

population:
This species is not common in Portugal. In Spain it occurs in seven provinces in the centre and soutwest of the country. The population trend is unknown.

habitat:
It grows in rocky crevices, fields, sandy places and in Juniperus and Quercus scrub from sea level to 2,500 m (Mathew 1996). It is also found on riverbanks, roadsides and in fallow fields.

conservationAction:
It probably occurs within the boundaries of several protected areas in Portugal and Spain, but it is not monitored and actively managed. Assessment of the population trend and potential threats, as well as an in situ gap analysis are needed. The implementation of a population monitoring programme is recommended.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. baeticum which originates    from Portugal and is stored in the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm  (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.

redListAssessors:
Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Carvalho, M., Duarte, M.C., Tavares, M. & Santos Guerra, A.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium bornmuelleri Hayek is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh Onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium bornmuelleri is assessed as Data Deficient because the exact distribution, population status and trend are unknown and there is no information available about the habitat in which the species occurs or about potential threats. Research is needed on this species in order to determine its threat status.

range:
According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), this species is only native to Greece. However, Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) report it as native to Macedonia to northern Greece. The occurrence data recorded in this assessment is as reported by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006).

population:
There is no information available about the population status or trend of this species.

habitat:
The exact habitat is not known but it is mainly found in places with high atmospheric humidity, and with cold winters and mild summers.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. bornmuelleri are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The in situ conservation status of this species is unknown.Research is needed on the distribution, population status and trend, and habitats and ecology of this species, as well as on potential threats. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

useAndTrade:
A tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh Onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium bourgeaui Rech.f. is a primary wild relative of leek, A. porrum L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Three subspecies are native to Europe: A. bourgeaui Rech. f. ssp. bourgeaui, A. bourgeaui ssp. creticum Bothmer and A. bourgeaui ssp. cycladicum Bothmer (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium bourgeaui is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It is reported to be threatened in Crete but widespread in Rhodes; however, further information is needed on its precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
Native to Greece and southwest Turkey (Mathew 1996, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). A. bourgeaui ssp. bourgeaui is native to the East Aegean Islands, Rhodes, Karpathos, Kasos and to southwest Turkey where it is found at an altitudinal range of 50 to 800 m. A. bourgeaui ssp. cycladium is native to mainland Greece, east Peloponnese, Cyclades, Ikaria and southwest Turkey where it occurs at altitudes of up to 250 m. A. bourgeaui ssp. creticum is endemic to Crete where it is found up to 250 m (Mathew 1996).

population:
This species is widespread on the island of Rhodes.

habitat:
A. bourgeaui ssp. bourgeaui grows on limestone cliffs and rocky hillsides at an altitudinal range of 50–800 m; ssp. cycladium is found on rocky hillsides, in scrub and on cliffs at an altitudinal range 3–250 m; ssp. creticum grows on limestone cliffs up to 250 m (Mathew 1996). It also occurs in stabilized dunes and in sandy places.

threats:
Further research is needed in order to identify the major threats to this species. However, it is thought that over-collection of the bulbs, urbanization and development for tourism are adding pressure to the population. It is considered to be threatened in Crete (G. Economou pers. comm. 2010).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. bourgeaui are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  A population monitoring programme should be implemented.

useAndTrade:
A primary wild relative of   and potential gene donor to   leek, A. porrum, and a tertiary wild relative of    and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium breviradium (Halácsy) Stearn is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium breviradium is assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. Information  is needed about its precise distribution and habitat, population size, trend  and potential threats, as  well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to southern Albania, north–central Greece and southern Former Yugoslavia (Tutin et al. 1980). Its distribution in the Former Yugoslavian countries requires further investigation.

habitat:
It occurs in mountainous areas. Further research is needed to gather information about the specific habitat of this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. breviradium are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information about the habitat, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium callimischon Link is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. callimischon Link ssp. callimischon and A. callimischon ssp. haemostictum Stearn. (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium callimischon is regionally assessed  as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information  available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to the southern Greece and Crete (Tutin et al. 1980) and southwest Turkey (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

population:
Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species in Europe.

habitat:
It grows on rocky ground and flowers from September–October (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. callimischon are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in  Europe (1982 edition) as 'nt' (neither rare nor threatened) (Council of  Europe 1983).Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium carinatum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. carinatum L. ssp. carinatum and A. carinatum ssp. pulchellum Bonnier & Layens (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium carinatum is widespread  throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least  Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. carinatum is native to northern, central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and to Turkey (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
In Slovakia the population is stable, especially in the western and central part of country, and is locally abundant (Somogyi 2002). However, in the Czech Republic, the species is considered rare and occurs as scattered subpopulations. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
A. carinatum grows in open habitat such as rocky slopes, dry grasslands, forest edges, primary vegetation and shrubland. Numbers of individuals decline when taller species of shrubs and trees move in.

threats:
The destruction of suitable habitat through natural and man-made fire, as well as secondary succession can be threats to this species in Europe.

conservationAction:
This species is known to naturally occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Czech Republic: Endangered (EN)Denmark: Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010)Germany: Endangered (EN) in parts of the country (A. carinatum ssp. pulchellum is Critically Endangered (CR) in southern parts) Slovakia: evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) (Somogyi 2002)In France this species is protected in the region of Alsace (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of A. carinatum held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin and originate from Croatia. One accession is stored in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia and the other in the Genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. carinatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium cassium Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium cassium is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread and locally abundant in Cyprus and is not facing any immediate major threats. However, the population trend is unknown; therefore, monitoring is required, as well as research into the potential affect of climate change. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

range:
Native to Cyprus, southern Turkey and Lebanon (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In Cyprus, it is found in the Troodos and Pafos areas.

habitat:
It grows on stony slopes and banks at high altitudes, on igneous mountainsides (Meikle 1977). It is also found in arid garrigue in the Pafos region and in Pinus nigra forests.

threats:
There are no immediate major threats to this species; however, as it grows at high altitudes, it could be particularly affected by climate change.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. cassium held in the genebank of the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic  Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place. The country of origin of the material is Lebanon (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. Population monitoring is needed in order to ascertain the population trend. Climate change modelling is also recommended as this species occurs at high altitude and could be particularly affected by increasing temperatures.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium chamaemoly L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. chamaemoly L. ssp. chamaemoly and A. chamaemoly ssp. longicaulis Pastor & Valdés.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Allium chamaemoly is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information  about the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as  well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. chamaemoly is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, it occurs in six departments in the south and southeast of the country (Alpes-Maritimes, Var,   Bouches-du-Rhône,   Hérault, Aude and   Pyrénées Orientales) and Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
It grows in grassland and sandy ground (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
In France, this species is protected on a national level (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).No germplasm accessions of A. chamaemoly are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. chamaemoly is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium chamaespathum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Although Allium chamaespathum is known to be threatened in the southern part of its range, the population size and trends across its whole range are unknown. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Native to Greece and Albania (Mathew 1996). In Greece it occurs on the mainland and in Corfu, Thasos and Crete.

habitat:
According to Mathew (1996), it grows on rocky (calcareous) mountain slopes from sea level to 2,135 m and is also found on roadsides. It flowers from (July)August to October.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. chamaespathum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010); however, accessions are known to be stored in the Greek Genebank. More material does however need to be gathered. It is considered to be threatened in southern Greece (G. Economou pers. comm. 2010). #


taxonomicNotes:
Allium chrysonemum Stearn is included as an accepted taxon in Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) and is recognized by Govaerts et al. (2005–2007). However, according to Spanish experts present at a European CWR Red List workshop held in April 2010, the species is a synonym of A. rouyi. The taxonomic status of this species therefore requires clarification. The species is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxonomic status of Allium chrysonemum is uncertain and there is currently no information available about the distribution and population of this species; therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
Endemic to Spain (Sierra de Cazorla) (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

threats:
There is no information available about the potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. chrysonemum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Due to the uncertain taxonomic status of this species, there is no information available about its in situ conservation status. Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium circinnatum Sieber is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). According to Turland et al. (1993), there are two subspecies: A. circinnatum ssp. circinnatum Sieber (endemic to Crete) and A. circinnatum ssp. peloponnesiacum Tzanoud. which occurs in southern Greece—with a suspected population near the coast of southwestern Turkey (Fielding and Turland 2005). However, as Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) does not recognize ssp. peloponnesiacum, this assessment&# is only for the Cretan population, ssp. circinnatum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium circinnatum is assessed as Data Deficient as information about the population size, trend and potential threats was not available for this assessment. It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30 years ago. A survey of the population is needed as well as a review of its ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to Crete (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006), where it is known from six localities in the northwest, centre-north, northeast and east of the island and grows at altitudes ranging from 50 to 250 m (Turland et al. 1993).

habitat:
It grows on calcareous cliffs, in crevices, in garrigue, and in soil pockets between rocks and flowers from February–April (Turland et al. 1993).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. circinnatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red  List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) and is protected by Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981 (Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania 2008).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium commutatum Guss. is a primary wild relative of leek, A. porrum L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Allium commutatum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information  about the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as  well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. commutatum is native to the East Aegean Islands, Cyclades, western Crete, Ionian Islands, Peloponnese, Adriatic coastal islands of Former Yuogslavia, Sicily, Ischia, Corsica, Sardinia and the Baleraic Islands; it has also rarely been recorded in mainland Greece, western Turkey and coastal Former Yugoslavia (Mathew 1996).In France, it occurs in three departments in the south and Corsica: Var,   Bouches-du-Rhône and Aude (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is usually found in open, rocky or stony places near the sea and flowers from May to June (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
In France, this species is protected within the Languedoc-Roussillon region in the south (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession which originates from Albania and is stored in the Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. commutatum is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  leek, A. porrum L. (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium convallarioides Grossh. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There is currently insufficient information available about the precise distribution, population size, structure and trend of Allium convallarioides to carry out a full assessment. However, it is very rare  in Crimea where it is represented by no more that 10  small, isolated  subpopulations which are under threat from tourism and  recreation. It  is therefore regionally assessed as Near Threatened as precautionary  measure, approaching Criterion B.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to south Crimea, Turkmenistan, Transcaucasus, Iran and Iraq (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In Europe, it occurs in the western part of Crimean mountains on the Black Sea coast (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

population:
The species occurs at 10 known localities in Crimea. The subpopulations are isolated, each occupying a small area and comprising few individuals.

habitat:
It grows on dry rocky slopes from the foothills to the middle belt of the mountains in light hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) and oak (Quercus pubescens) forest.

threats:
It is threatened by tourism and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. convallarioides are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.The species occurs in Mys Mortjan reserve and Nikita Botanical Garden, where it is component of natural vegetation.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium corsicum Jauzein, J.-M. Tison, Deschåtres & H.Coudec is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). This species was described in 2002 (Jauzein et al. 2002).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium corsicum is assessed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km². It has been recorded at five or six localities in the past but is now confirmed from only one locality which is threatened by tourism and recreational activities. Although it is possible that this is due to the species being a sporadic casual, it is suspected that there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals.

range:
A. corsicum is endemic to Corscia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It is found on the eastern coast of Corsica, from Bastia to Solenzara (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km2.

population:
This species is found in localized, dense patches and has been noted at five or six localities; however, only one locality has been confirmed, which may indicate a decline in the species or that the subpopulations are sporadic (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).

habitat:
It is found in coastal, sandy places (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006). Reproduction is mainly vegetative in the wild.

threats:
This species is threatened by tourism and recreational activities (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. corsicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium cupani Raf. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Three subspecies are native to Europe: A. cupani Raf. ssp. cupani, A. cupani ssp. cyprium Meikle and A. cupani ssp. hirtovaginatum (Kunth) Stearn.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Allium cupani is  regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently   insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information   about the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential  threats is needed, as  well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. cupani is native to central and eastern Mediterranean, including north Africa (Algeria and Morocco) (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).In Cyprus, the endemic subspecies, A. cupani ssp. cyprium occurs in the north of the island (to the north of Haspolat) and is rarely found in the South (Viney 1994). It is recorded in the Nicosia and Morphou areas (Botanical divisions 5 and 6) (Meikle 1985).

population:
Meikle (1985) classified the taxon as rare in Cyprus—it is found at more than five localities, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be more than 20 km2 and the subpopulation comprises more than 2,500 plants. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, A. cupani ssp. cyprium has been recorded (rarely) from dry hillsides and "sterile" fields in the south; in the north (north of Haspolat), it is found in turf over Kythrean sandstone (Viney 1994). It flowers from May to June. It grows at altitudes of 50–1,500 ft (Meikle 1985). Further research is needed to gather information about the preferred habitats of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. cupani held in European genebanks, both of which originate from Cyrpus and are stored in the National (CYPARI) Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium curtum Boiss. & Gaill. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium curtum is regionally assessed as Least Concern because although the subpopulations are small and some are threatened by development for tourism, it is not thought to meet the criteria for a threatened category. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage, as well as population monitoring, are priorities for this species.

range:
Native to western Asia and north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In the EU the species is only native to Cyprus where it is known from near Iskele and Salamis (Viney 1994), Nicosia, Larnaca and Famagusta districts (botanical divisions 4 and 5). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,600 km2.

population:
This is a rare species (Viney 1994). It is found at more than 10 localities, but with a low number of individuals at each site.

habitat:
It is found on sandy seashores and sandy coastal fields. It also occurs in pine forests, garrigue and on rocky cliffs. It flowers from May to June (Viney 1994).

threats:
Development for tourism is a threat to some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports one germplasm accession of A. curtum held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. Monitoring of the population is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium cyrilli Ten. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Allium cyrilli is   regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently    insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information    is needed about its precise distribution, population size and trend, as  well as its in situ conservation status and any potential   threats.

range:
A. cyrilli is native to southern France, southern Italy, Greece to western Turkey (including the East Aegean Islands and Asiatic Turkey), and Crimea (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows in cultivated ground (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. cyrilli are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. cyrilli is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium decipiens Schult. & Schult. f. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).  Two subspecies have been recognized: A. decipiens ssp. quercetorum and A. decipiens ssp. decipiens (Seregin 2007).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The European population of Allium decipiens is widespread and while the lowland subpopulations are small, the subpopulations in the mountains are large and contiguous. The species is threatened by tourism, recreational activities and silviculture in some parts of its range but it is not thought that these threats are currently significant in terms of the overall stability of the population. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, the European subpopulations should be monitored and germplasm collected and stored in duplicated ex situ collections.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. decipiens is native to east Europe (South European Russian Federation and Ukraine), as well as Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Caucasus (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). In Europe, this species grows in the steppe zone and eastern part of the forest steppe zone of Ukraine and European Russia (from Dnieper basin to Don basin) and it is also found in Stavropolskij region (Russia) and in the Crimean Mountains (Seregin 2007).

population:
The subpopulations in the mountains are large and contiguous; however the lowland subpopulations are small.

habitat:
It grows on the margins of deciduous hardwood forest (Quercus pubescens, Q. petraea, Fagus orientalis, Carpinus orientalis, C. betulus, C. caucasicus, Fraxinus excelsior), in steppe, on rocky slopes, among shrubs and occasionally in saline meadows, and flowers from May to June (Seregin 2007).

threats:
The main threats are tourism, recreation and silviculture on steppe slopes.

conservationAction:
A. decipiens is included in the regional Red Lists of Ulyanovskaya and Chelabinska (in the Urals) (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005). It occurs in the Ukrainian steppe reserve (departments Kamjani Mogyly and Chomutovskij steppe) and in Karadagh reserve.No germplasm accessions of A. decipiens are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. decipiens is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium ericetorum Thore is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Allium ericetorum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. ericetorum is native to south, southwestern and eastern Europe (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In Slovakia, this species was recently confirmed from one locality in the east—Ko?ice, part ?aca (Somogyi 2002). This subpopulation is very vulnerable as it comprises only a few individuals near a rural road (Somogyi 2002). In Portugal, it occurs in the northeast and was recently discovered in southern Portugal near Sado River. In France, it occurs within 17 departments to the west and southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
It is rare in Slovakia. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species from throughout its range.

habitat:
It grows in heathlands and in rocky places.

conservationAction:
A. ericetorum is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia  (Somogyi 2002). In France, this species is protected at a regional level in the following  three regions: Limousin, Pays de la Loire and Bretagne (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010). In Portugal, it has been recommended that the species should be included in the management plans of the protected areas in which it occurs (Neto et al. 2001).No germplasm accessions of A. ericetorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. ericetorum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium erubescens C. Koch is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). A.P. Seregin regards Crimean plants as belonging to a separate species, A. nathalia Seregin, related to A. erubescens.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium erubescens is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available on its precise distribution, population size, structure and trend to make an informed decision. However, it is known to be  very rare in the Crimean mountains where it is represented by a few small isolated subpopulations, is under threat from tourism and recreational activities, and is to be included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation. It should therefore be re-evaluated once further data are available.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. erubescens is native to Crimea, the Caucasus and northern Iran. It grows on the southern slopes of the Crimean mountains at altitudes of 300–1,000 m asl, and in Caucasus, Dagestan and Chechnya republic of the Russian Federation, Armenia and Azerbaijan from 20–1,980 m (Seregin 2004).

population:
The species is very rare in the Crimean Mountains where it is represented by a few small isolated subpopulations; however, it is widely distributed and locally common in the Caucasus (Seregin 2004).

habitat:
In the Crimean Mountains it is restricted to xerophytic conditions of taluses on sunny slopes with sparse vegetation cover (Seregin 2004).

conservationAction:
A. erubescens is not included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine but it is included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). It occurs in Caradagh, Yaltinskiy and Crimean reserves, in botanical zakazniks Carabi-jajla and Novij Swit.EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. erubescens held in  European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and  duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. erubescens is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium exaltatum is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium exaltatum is assessed as Vulnerable because the population comprises only 500 individuals, all the subpopulations are found in one restricted area, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km2.

range:
A. exaltatum is endemic to Cyprus, where it is found at six localities in the Troodos area. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km2.

population:
The population comprises 500 individuals with 30–100 plants in each subpopulation.

habitat:
#This species occurs in rocky mountains sites, crevasses, screes and open pine forests. It flowers in July and August.

threats:
The main threats are road improvement and recreational activities.

conservationAction:
It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D1+2 in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).All subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  No germplasm accessions of A. exaltatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Further research is required on its distribution, to try to find additional sites.

useAndTrade:
A. exaltatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Christodoulou, C.S. & Kyriacou, T.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium favosum Zahar. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium favosum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on  the distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to northern Greece (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. favosum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) as 'nt' (neither rare nor threatened) (Council of Europe 1983).Information is needed on the distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium flavum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. flavum L. ssp. flavum and A. flavum ssp. tauricum (Rchb.) Stearn (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium flavum is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, this species is reported to be threatened by secondary succession due to a reduction in grazing; therefore, national monitoring of the rate of loss of suitable habitat is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

range:
A. flavum is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia, Caucasus and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Bulgaria: widespread throughout the country.Czech Republic: found in warm regions in south Moravia.Hungary: throughout north Hungarian mountains, western Transdanubia and Great Hungarian Plain.Italy: occurs in 10 regions in central to southern Italy.Romania: widespread throughout the country.Slovakia: occurs throughout the country (Eliáš Jr. unpublished).

population:
This species is noted to have a stable population trend in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy and Romania. It is noted to be locally common in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Italy. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species can be found in dry, sunny habitats, such as scree, slopes and dry grasslands. For example in Hungary it occurs in open and closed rocky grasslands and basaltic rocky scree, and in the Czech Republic, Italy, Romania and Bulgaria is known to grow in rocky pockets and dry slopes.

threats:
Secondary succession is a threat all over Europe to this species, due to a decline in grazing.

conservationAction:
Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status throughout its range.In Slovakia some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.EURISCO reports nine germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession originates from within Europe (Italy) and is stored in the Banco de Germoplasma, Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. flavum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). It is also cultivated in some countries as an ornamental plant.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium frigidum Boiss. & Heldr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium frigidum is regionally assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available  to evaluate this species. It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of  Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information about the habitat, population size, trend  and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to southern Greece, southwest Turkey and the Turkish East Aegean Islands (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. frigidum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in  Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium fuscum Waldst. & Kit. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. fuscum Waldst. & Kit. ssp. fuscum and A. fuscum ssp. fussii (A.Kern.) K.Richt (syn. A. paniculatum  ssp. fussii (A.Kern.) Soó, Feddes).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium fuscum is widely distributed in southeastern Europe. It is common and stable throughout most of its range and does not currently face any major threats. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. fuscum is native to southeastern Europe and western Asia (Turkey) (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) this species is also native to northern Africa (Algeria and Morocco).

population:
This species is stable in Europe and common throughout most of its range, except in Cyprus.

habitat:
It is found on dry and stony slopes, in forest clearings and margins, shrub habitats and sandy dunes. In Cyprus, it is also known to occur in orchards (e.g., amongst olive trees).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. fuscum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.As it is a fairly widespread species, some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.

useAndTrade:
A. fuscum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Uzundzhalieva, K., Economou, G. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium gomphrenoides Boiss. & Heldr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium gomphrenoides is assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. Information  about the population size, trend  and potential threats is  needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to Greece where it is found on the mainland (south), southern Peloponnese and Kithira Island (Mathew 1996).

habitat:
It grows in rocky places at low altitudes and flowers from April–June (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. gomphrenoides are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in  Europe (1982 edition) as 'nt' (neither rare nor threatened) (Council of  Europe 1983).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium grosii Font Quer is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although Allium grosii has a restricted range, it is locally common and does not face any major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. grosii # is endemic to Ibiza, Spain, where it occurs from the northern part of the island, including Cap Nunó, to the island of Tagomago (Castroviejo et al. in prep.). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
It grows in grasslands, on the base of limestone ledges, fallow land and in pine forest clearings (Castroviejo et al. in prep.).

threats:
There are no major threats to this species but livestock grazing poses a minor threat.

conservationAction:
A. grosii is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and is listed in Annex I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention). It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) as Vulnerable (V), in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) and in the Llibre Vermell de la Flora Vascular de les Illes Balears (Sáez and Rosselló 2001) as Least Concern. It was also listed in the Libro rojo de especies vegetales amenazadas de España  peninsular e islas Baleares (Gomez-Campo et al. 1987).It occurs in the following Natura 2000 sites: Costa dels Amunts, Els Amunts d'Eivissa, Nord de Sant Joan and Xarraca (European Environment Agency 2010).No germplasm accessions of A. grosii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. grosii is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium guttatum Steven is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Four subspecies are native to Europe: A. guttatum ssp. dalmaticum (Janch.) Stearn, A. guttatum ssp. dilatatum (Zahar.) B. Mathew, A. guttatum Steven ssp.  guttatum and A. guttatum ssp. sardoum (Moris) Stearn.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Allium guttatum is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is relatively widely distributed in Europe and is common and widespread in Portugal and Spain. Subpopulations in some countries are however known to be rare, scattered and small and the species is threatened in some parts of its range by coastal development and hybridization. It is thought that the taxon may be extinct in Cyprus. National monitoring of all subpopulations of the subspecies that occur in Europe is therefore recommended.

range:
A. guttatum is native to parts of east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, and to Turkey (USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Knowledge of the national distribution of this species in Europe is as follows:Cyprus: it has previously been recorded at two localities; however, during the national Red List assessment, searches for three successive years were unsuccessful (Tsintides et al. 2007).Crimea: it is only found in alpine meadows and on beaches in the south.France: occurs in the two departments of Corsica:   Haute-Corse and   Corse-du-Sud (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).In Europe, A. guttatum ssp. guttatum is native to Bulgaria, Romania, the East Aegean Islands, southwest European Russia and Crimea; ssp. sardoum to Portugal, east through the Mediterranean region to the Balkans; ssp. dalmaticum to Former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria and Turkey-in-Europe; and ssp. dilatatum to Crete (Hania and Rethymnon provinces) (Mathew 1996).

population:
In Portugal and Spain, this species is common and widespread. However, in Romania it is rare and the subpopulations are small, while in Crimea it is very rare and in Croatia the subpopulations are scattered.

habitat:
Meikle (1985) notes that in Cyprus A. guttatum is found in garrigue on igneous hillsides at 2,500 to 3,000 ft. It can also be found in dry meadows, heathlands and in sandy soils. In Crimea, it grows on beaches in the south and in alpine meadows.Information about the specific habitat and phenology of the subspecies is provided by Mathew (1996): ssp. guttatum:  rocky hillsides, screes, sandy coastal areas, open coniferous woods,  scrub, roadsides, from sea level to 2,400 m; flowers July–August.ssp.  sardoum: rocky places, macquis, open coniferous woods, vineyards, from  sea level to 2,200 m; flowers July–August.ssp. dalmaticum: rocky places, open woodland, scrub, from sea level to 660 m (and probably  higher); flowers July–August.ssp. dilatatum: dry rocky places, open  pine woods and cliffs, 400–800 m; flowers July–August.

threats:
It is threatened by habitat destruction due to urbanization and tourism expansion in coastal regions. Hybridization with related wild species may also affect some subpopulations.

conservationAction:
A. guttatum is listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus after searches for the species over three years were unsuccessful (Tsintides et al. 2007). A. guttatum ssp. dalmaticum is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Serbia (Stevanović 1999).    EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of A. guttatum held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession originates from Greece and is stored in the Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Poland (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.    The species is known to occur in protected areas but is not actively monitored and managed.

useAndTrade:
A. guttatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Kyratzis, A., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Smekalova, T. & Strajeru, S.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium heldreichii Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium heldreichii is assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available  to evaluate this species. It was  classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of  Threatened  Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30  years  ago. Information about the habitat, population size, trend  and  potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to northern Greece (Mathew 1996) where it is found in Macedonia and Thessaly (Papiomitoglou 2006).

habitat:
It grows on rocky mountain slopes at altitudes of 700–2,000 m and flowers from June–August (Mathew 1996). However, according to Papiomitoglou (2006) it flowers from late March to early July.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of A. heldreichii held in European genebanks; however, none of these are reported to originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red  List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not  Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).  Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium horvatii Lovrić is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessement: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium horvatii is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Croatia (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows on coastal rocks (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. horvatii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium hymettium Boiss. & Heldr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium hymettium is assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information  available  to evaluate this species. Information about the habitat, population  size, trend  and  potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to south and east Greece (Tutin et al. 1980, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. hymettium are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed as Insufficiently Known (K) in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants of Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983).  Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium inaequale Janka is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium inaequale is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its distribution, population size, trend, in situ conservation status and potential threats in Russia and its status in Romania requires clarification.

range:
A. inaequale # is native to east Europe and Central Asia, as well as the Caucasus. In Europe it is native to central and South European Russian Federation, Moldova and Ukraine with Crimea. There is one record of this species in Alah Bair protected area in Constantia county in Romania but it is not included in the national Flora. This species is common in Donezka Lesostep (Donezk and Lugansk regions) and rare in the steppe zone of Ukraine and in the western part of lesosteppe (forest) steppe of Ukraine. In Crimea it grows in the Crimean mountains along the Black Sea coast where it is only found on the steppe slopes near Balaclava town (Rubcov 1972).

population:
In the eastern part of its range in Ukraine, the subpopulations are large, while elsewhere in Ukraine the subpopulations are isolated and small. It only occurs at one locality is in Crimean Mountains.

habitat:
In Ukraine it grows on limestone, chalk and granite slopes in steppe communities, Stipetum (Capillata) and Botriochloetum (Ishaemum).

threats:
In Ukraine it is threatened by tourism and recreation, as well as silviculture on steppe slopes.

conservationAction:
A. inaequale is not included in Red Data Book of Ukraine but is included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). It is included in the regional Red Books of Lypetskaya, Orlovskaya and Kurskaya (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005).It occurs in Jelaneckij steppe reserve and in Buzkij Gard national park in Mykolaivska region.  No germplasm accessions of A. inaequale are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium incensiodorum Radić is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium incensiodorum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, habitat preferences, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Endemic to Croatia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. incensiodorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium insubricum Boiss. & Reut. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium insubricum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It was classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk almost 30 years ago. Information about the, population size, trend and potential threats is needed to re-evaluate this species.

range:
A. insubricum is endemic to Italy (Tutin et al. 1980, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006) where it is found in the southern Alps (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007) in the region of Lombardy (Walter and Gillett 1998). Specifically, it occurs between Lake Como and Lake Garda (Tutin et al. 1980).

habitat:
It grows on calcareous rocks and scree at altitudes of 800–2,100 m (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk). It was classified as Low Risk in the Liste Rosse Regionali delle Piante d'Italia (Conti et al. 1997).    EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. insubricum held in European genebanks, neither of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, material is known to be conserved at the  Millennium Seedbank Project, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK and the seedbank in Lombardia, Italy. It  occurs in a SCI in Sicily.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum) and is also used as an ornamental.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium integerrimum Zahar. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium integerrimum is  assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information  available  to evaluate this species. Information about the population  size, trend  and  potential threats is needed, as  well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
According to Mathew (1996), A. integerrimum is endemic to northeast Greece, while according to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), it occurs in east–central Greece on Mount Olympus.

habitat:
It grows in dry, grassy places and Quercus coccifera scrub at altitudes of 50–600 m (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. integerrimum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium jubatum J.F. Macbr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)EU 27 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)Allium jubatum is assessed as Regionally Extinct as it has not been found in Bulgaria since its original collection in 1844 (Mathew  1996). Collection of germplasm from the extant subpopulations in Turkey is required to ensure access to material for potential future use.

range:
Native to Bulgaria (where it is presumed extinct) and northwest Asiatic Turkey (Mathew 1996, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

population:
This species has not been found in Bulgaria since its original collection in 1844 (Mathew 1996).

habitat:
It was found in calcareous rocky places from 200 to 1,000 m (Mathew 1996).

threats:
The threats that caused its decline are unknown.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. jubatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).It is included in the list of protected species in Bulgaria (K. Uzundzhalieva pers. comm. 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium junceum Sm. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Allium junceum has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe as it only occurs in parts of Cyprus and on the island of Rhodes. Although information about the status and trend of the subpopulation on Rhodes was not available for this assessment, it is locally common in Cyprus, does not face any major threats and several subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programmes.

range:
Native to Greece (Rhodes), Cyprus and Turkey (Mathew 1996, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In Cyprus, it is found in the north of the island (east of Ilgaz, beside the track to Karaman and on limestone cliff niches above the Girne Pass) (Viney 1994), in the western part (Pafos area) and near Limassol (botanical divisions 1, 3 and 7).

population:
This species is locally abundant # in Cyprus (Viney 1994). There is no information available about the size or trend of the population in Greece.

habitat:
It grows in sandy and rocky places, dry pastures, garrigue, and on cliffs, often on limestone formations or igneous hillsides (Meikle 1977, Viney 1994) at altitudes of 0–1,000 m (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. junceum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  In Cyprus, the species occurs in several protected areas. Population monitoring is recommended.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium kermesinum Rchb. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium kermesinum is  assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed  on its precise  distribution, habitat preferences, population size,  trend and potential threats, as well as  its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to Slovenia (southeast Alps) (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. kermesinum held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium lehmannii (Lojac.) Gillett is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium lehmannii is assessed as Data Deficient as  there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
According to Tutin et al. (1980) (who recognize the taxon as A. pallens ssp. siciliense) and Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), A. lehmannii # is endemic to Sicily. However, according to Garbari and Raimondo (1987), it also occurs in Calabria.

conservationAction:
The subpopulation in Calabria is listed as Data Deficient and the subpopulation in Sicily is considered as Low Risk (Conti et al. 1997).No germplasm accessions of A. lehmannii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium lineare L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium lineare is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information to evaluate this species. Information is needed about its precise distribution, population size and trend, in situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
A. lineare # is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Mongolia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France, it is confined to the departments of   Isère and   Hautes-Alpes to the east (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
This species is very rare in Slovakia, possibly only occurring at one locality. It is also rare in the Czech Republic where there are scattered occurrences across the country; however, it is thought to be stable. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows in dry grassland, on slopes and in forest edges.

threats:
It may be threatened by fires but other threats are unknown.

conservationAction:
A. lineare is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Procházka 2001) and as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Feráková et al. 2001). It is a nationally protected species in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).  EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. lineare held in European genebanks but they are not reported to be of wild origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. lineare is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium lojaconoi Brullo, Lanfr. & Pavone is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium lojaconoi is endemic to the Maltese Islands, where it is restricted to rocky ground, usually close to the coast. It has a very narrow range and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is suspected to be less than 100 km2. Although there is no clear evidence of recent population declines or significant population fluctuations, much of its habitat is subject to varying degrees of human disturbance and it is affected by the spread of alien invasive species. As a precautionary measure, it is assessed as Near Threatened (approaching B1ab(iii)) on the basis that the quality of habitat is in decline and it is suspected that the population could become severely fragmented in the near future if this trend continues.

range:
A. lojaconoi is endemic to Malta (Lanfranco and Lanfranco 2003, Weber and Kendzior 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, Borg et al. 2007). It occurs on the three largest islands of the Maltese archipelago (Malta, Gozo and Comino) and is generally found in coastal areas.   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is suspected to be less than 100 km2.

population:
The species has been described as "infrequent" (Lanfranco and Lanfranco 2003, Borg et al. 2007) and rare (Weber and Kendxior 2006). While it has a very restricted distribution, there is no indication of major population declines or fluctuations over recent years. Overall, the population trend is thought to be stable

habitat:
It grows in coastal sites, generally in pockets of shallow soil among rocks in steppe and garrigue and along the sides of rocky valleys. It flowers in June and July.

threats:
The main threats are human disturbance (trampling, illegal off-roading, off-road parking, hunting, picnics, unauthorized dumping of rubbish, bird trapping, nearby quarries), the spread of alien invasive species and planting of alien species, which are reducing the quality of much of its habitat. It is very inconspicuous plant and is not subjected to any direct exploitation.

conservationAction:
A. lojaconoi was listed in the 1989 Red Data Book for the Maltese Islands (Schembri and Sultana 1989), but no conservation status is given. However, in the1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), it was listed as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).   The species is protected under Maltese national legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas, including Natura 2000 sites, but most of these areas lack management plans and no active management for conservation takes place. Many of these areas are subject to various degrees of human disturbance and are vulnerable to invasive species. More research is needed on the distribution and population trend of this species and a monitoring programme should be implemented, both within and outside protected areas.No germplasm accessions of A. lojaconoi are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a tertiary wild relative of # and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium longanum Pamp. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Allium longanum is regionally assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information  available  to evaluate this species. It was  classified as Rare at regional level (Greece) in the  list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe (1982 edition)  (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of  Threatened   Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at  risk almost 30  years  ago. Information about the habitat, population  size, trend  and  potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
In Europe, A. longanum is native to mainland Greece and Crete (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007), as well as Sirna and Astipalaia (Tutin et al. 1980). It is also native to Egypt and Libya (Tutin et al. 1980, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in    Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red   List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not   Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) at regional level (Greece) and as Vulnerable (V) globally (Council of  Europe 1983).Information about the habitat, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium lopadusanum Bartolo, Brullo & Pavone is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). It shows some relationships with A. lojaconoi from the Maltese Islands and belongs  to Allium sect. Brevispatha (Bartolo et al. 1986).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium lopadusanum is a rare species endemic to Lampedusa in Sicily, which covers and area of 25 km2. It was classified as Rare in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants  (Walter and Gillett 1998) and as Endangered in the Liste Rosse Regionali delle Piante d'Italia (Conti et al. 1997), which means it was considered to be at risk more than 10 years  ago. However, the precise extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown and further research is needed to gather information about its habitat, population size and trend, potential threats and its in situ and ex situ conservation status. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
A. lopadusanum is endemic to Lampedusa, Sicily (Bartolo et al. 1986, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). This region covers an area of 25 km2.

population:
It is a rare species and the population is small.

threats:
Further research is needed to gather information about the main threats to this species; however, it is thought that it could be affected by pesticide use.

conservationAction:
It is listed as Endangered (EN) in the Liste Rosse Regionali delle Piante d'Italia (Conti et al. 1997) and in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).  No germplasm accessions of A. lopadusanum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It occurs in a protected area.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium luteolum Halácsy is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium luteolum is assessed  as  Data Deficient as there is currently   insufficient information  available  to evaluate this species. It was   classified as Rare in the  list of rare,  threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe (1982 edition)  (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of  Threatened   Plants (Walter  and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at  risk almost  30  years  ago. Information about the population  size, trend  and  potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to Greece (Cyclades) (Tutin et al. 1980, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows on cliffs and in scrub (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. luteolum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in     Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red    List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not    Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium macedonicum Zahar. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium macedonicum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information  available to evaluate this species. It was classified as  Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants in   Europe  (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red List of   Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was  considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to northeast Greece (Pangaion) (Tutin et al. 1980, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007), where it has been found growing on the mountains of Tzena, Pangeon and Orvilos (Strid and Tan 1991).

habitat:
According to Tutin et al. (1980) it grows in sandy ground at altitudes of 1,650–1,700 m, while Strid and Tan (1991) note that it grows on limestone in dry, rocky grassland from 700–1,200 m to 2,000 m.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. macedonicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red  List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not  Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium marschalianum Vved. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium marschalianum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about its precise distribution, habitat preference, population size and trend, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
A. marschalianum is native to Bulgaria, Romania, Former Yugoslavia and Ukraine (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). Further research is needed to ascertain the distribution of this species in Former Yugoslavia—it is not recorded by Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) at national level in this region.

population:
This species is widespread, but the population size and trend are not known.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. marschalianum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed on its distribution in Former Yugoslavia, as well as on the population size and trend, habitat and potential threats. A review of its in situ conservation status is also needed.

useAndTrade:
A. marschalianum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium massaessylum Batt. & Trab. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Allium massaessylum is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed overall large population in the Iberian Peninsula. It is also known to occur in a number of protected areas and it is not affected by any major threats. A review of its ex situ conservation status is however required, as well as recommendations to protected area managers to monitor population trends.

range:
A. massaessylum is native to Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

population:
This species is common in the Iberian Peninsula.

habitat:
It grows in abandoned fields, shrubland, drylands, dehesas (wooded pastureland) and clearings in low density pine and oak forests. It is also found in wet meadows, grasslands and on riverbanks.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. massaessylum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It occurs in several protected areas. Considering that the distribution of this species in Europe is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, and despite its frequency it is recommended that a monitoring plan should be implemented.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium melanantherum Pančić is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium melanantherum is assessed as Least Concern as it is relatively common throughout its range. A review of the threats that may affect this species is needed, as well as an in situ gap analysis and review of ex situ holdings.

range:
Endemic to the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia, Bulgaria and northeast Greece) (Strid and Tan 1991). According to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) and USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), it is also native to Macedonia. Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) specify that it occurs in east Macedonia and southeast Serbia. Strid and Tan (1991) record sightings on the mountains of Vroundous and Rodhopi (Elatia area).

habitat:
This species occurs in meadows and pastures up to 2,000 m asl (Tutin et al. 1980), as well and rocky places (Strid and Tan 1991). It flowers in late July and August (Strid and Tan 1991).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. melanantherum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.An in situ gap analysis is needed to ascertain whether this species occurs within existing protected areas. If it does, recommendations should be put forward to incorporate it into the existing management plan of the site. A review of the threats that may affect this species is also needed.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium melananthum Coincy is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium melananthum is assessed as Near Threatened because it has a restricted and fragmented distribution with isolated subpopulations, and although there are no data available on the population size, it is rare throughout most of its range and it is considered threatened in some areas. It was classified as Rare in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it was considered to be at risk more than 10 years ago.

range:
A. melananthum is endemic to southeast Spain (Almeria and Murcia) (Mathew 1996). It is also present in the provinces of Alicante and Malaga.

population:
The subpopulation of Malaga is isolated and in Murcia it is rare.

habitat:
It grows in rocky and sandy places from sea level to 400 m and flowers from May to June (Mathew 1996). It is also found in drylands and in steppe vegetation.

conservationAction:
It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) as Insufficiently Known (K) and in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk). In Murcia this species is considered Vulnerable.It occurs in protected areas in the region of Comunidad Valenciana. According to the European Environment Agency (2010), it is found in six Natura 2000 sites.No germplasm accessions of A. melananthum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. melananthum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium meteoricum Halácsy is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium meteoricum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on   the distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential  threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to Albania, Greece and Former Yugoslavia (Tutin et al. 1980, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). Its distribution in the Former Yugoslavian countries requires further investigation.

habitat:
It grows on mountain rocks and dry hillsides (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. meteoricum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium moly L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium moly is assessed as Least Concern because although the population is fragmented, it is widespread, occurs in a number of protected areas and the habitat is not declining. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species.

range:
A. moly is native to south and north France and central, east and southern Spain. It has a widespread but fragmented distribution. In France it occurs in the three departments of Lot, Aude and   Hérault in the south and the two departments of   Val-d'Oise and Marne in the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
It grows in badlands, on mountain ledges and in forest clearings, mainly on calcareous soils.

conservationAction:
In France this species is protected at a national level (Association Tela Botanica 2010) and in Spain it is protected in the region of Castilla y Leon.The European Environment Agency (2010) lists 19 Natura 2000 sites in which this species occurs.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. moly stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. moly is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). Also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium moschatum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)There is currently little information available about the distribution and population trend of Allium moschatum in Europe; however, it is thought to be widespread and common in the south part of the region and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is however reported to be rarer and scattered in the rest of its range (for example, in Croatia and Romania), and in Hungary it is classified as Near Threatened. Although it occurs in a variety of habitat types, its ecological requirements are quite specific and in some areas it is threatened by development for tourism. It is therefore recommended that this species is monitored at national level, that in situ conservation measures are put in place where possible, and that germplasm is collected for duplicated ex situ storage from throughout its range.

range:
A. moschatum is native to east, central and southern Europe to northwest Turkey, as well as the Caucasus to northwest Iran (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In mainland Spain, it is found in the east, while in France it occurs within 11 departments in the southeast of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). In Hungary it is found in the North Hungarian Mountains (Gödöllöi  Hills), Transdanubian Mountains (Buda-mountain, Balaton region) and  Great Hungarian Plain (Danube-Tisza köze region to Csepel-Island)   (Soó  1966, Simon 1992).

population:
Information about the European subpopulations of this species is lacking; however it is thought to be widespread and common in the south part of Europe, but rarer and scattered in the rest of its range. It is reported as rare in Romania, while in Croatia it is scattered in coastal areas and possibly rare.

habitat:
It grows in scrub (specifically karst scrub woodlands in Hungary), dry oak woodlands, Austrian black pine plantations, sandy steppe, rocky grasslands, dry meadows, # rocky outcrops and slopes in calcareous and gypsum soils. In Hungary it grows in calcareous, warm, dry, loose soils, rich in  nutrients and alkaline minerals, neutral soils rich in humus, loam-,  loess debris- and sandy soils, on limestone and on dolomite   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

threats:
It is threatened by habitat destruction due to development for tourism.

conservationAction:
In Hungary, this species is classified as Near Threatened   (Király 2007) and is protected according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant and animal species and the Government decree on the Natura 2000 sites for the restoration of natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of protected species. EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. moschatum which originates from and is stored in Armenia (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Research into the range and population trends of this species is  required as well as germplasm collection and storage from throughout its  range.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium myrianthum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium myrianthum only has a marginal distribution in Europe and is therefore considered as Not Applicable.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
Native to Libya, Turkey and Iran (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

population:
This species only has a marginal distribution in Europe.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. myrianthum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium narcissiflorum Vill. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium narcissiflorum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently     insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information     about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential    threats is needed, as  well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. narcissiflorum is native to northwest Italy, southeast France and northwest Portugal (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, it occurs in six departments in the southeast of the country:   Alpes-Maritimes,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence,   Hautes-Alpes,   Isère,   Drôme and Vaucluse (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).   Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of A. narcissiflorum held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. narcissiflorum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium neapolitanum Cirillo is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Allium neapolitanum is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed in parts of southeastern and southwestern Europe, is reported to be quite common in Cyprus and grows in fields and ditches. However, it would be beneficial to collate further information about its precise distribution, population size and trend, and habitat preferences throughout its European range, as well as potential threats and its in situ conservation status for future re-evaluation.

range:
A. neapolitanum is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, Macaronesia, western Asia and northern Africa (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Its origin is uncertain in Madeira (Borges et al. 2008) and the Canary Islands (Izquierdo et al. 2004).In France, this species occurs within 15 departments in the south of the country and three departments in the west (Côtes d'Armor,   Ille-et-Vilaine and Mayenne). It is also present in Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
The taxon is reported to be "quite common" in Cyprus (Viney 1994).Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, it grows in fields and ditches and flowers from February to May (Viney 1994).Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat preferences of this species throughout the rest of its range.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of A. neapolitanum held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Both of these wild accessions originate from Cyprus and are stored in the National (CYPARI) Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. neapolitanum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium nigrum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium nigrum is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widely distributed in Europe and grows in disturbed sites such as abandoned crop fields and wastelands. There is however little information available about the national distribution of this species and the population size and trend is unknown. Therefore, further data should be gathered for re-evaluation in the future and national level monitoring should be implemented.

range:
A. nigrum is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Cyprus the species has been recorded near Aslanköy, near De?irmenlik, Çanlibel, Geçitköy and Alsancak (Viney 1994). In France it occurs within eight departments to the south:   Charente-Maritime, Gironde, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers, Aude,   Hérault and   Bouches-du-Rhône; it also occurs in two departments (Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin) in the northeast and one department (Ain) in the east of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). According to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), this species occurs in Corscia; however, according to Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010) it is only native to mainland France.

habitat:
A. nigrum occurs in abandoned crop fields and dry grasslands. For example, in Cyprus the species grows in cornfields and wasteland; flowering between March and April (Viney 1994).

threats:
Hybridization with related wild species may pose a threat.

conservationAction:
In France, this species is protected at a regional level in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It occurs in in several protected areas in Spain—it is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. nigrum held in a European genebank; however, it is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. nigrum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). It is also used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium obliquum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium obliquum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Romania and Endangered in Ukraine, and is threatened in some regions of Russia. Information about the overall population size, trend and potential threats is needed in order to re-evaluate this species.Data used to inform the national Red List assessment in Romania were not available for this assessment; therefore, it is currently assessed as Data Deficient at EU 27 level.

range:
A. obliquum is widespread in the southern Urals, southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia (Near-Balkhash area, Tien Shan, Saur, Tarbagataj), Mongolia and China. Its European range is represented by some disjunct isolated localities in Russia, Ukraine and Romania. In European Russia, it occurs in Near-Ural and Volga-Kama natural regions (Bashkortostan Republic and Samaraskaja regions) in the southeast. In Ukraine, there is a single isolated occurrence in Podolian upland, on the left bank of the Smotrich river near Ustja village, Kamieniec-Podolski district, Chmelnitzka region (Omelczuk-Mjakushko 1979, Diduch 2009). In Romania, this species is only found at two localities: Cheile Furzii, at 400–500 #m asl and on Paring Mountain at 1,900 #m in the southern Carpathians (Ploaie 1990).

population:
In Romania, the subpopulations are very small and isolated, and probably decreasing. The subpopulation on Paring mountain occupies an area of only 2 #m2. The single Ukrainian subpopulation comprises around 2,500 individuals with a population density of 2–5 individuals per 100 m2. In Bashkortostan, the isolated subpopulations are restricted in area, but have a high population density.

habitat:
It occurs in meadows, on wooded mountain slopes and banks of mountain rivers (Chukhina 2003–2009). In Romania it is found on calcareous, stony, steppe slopes (60–80 degrees) in forests. On Paring mountain it grows in the subalpine zone in the Pineta mugi community on crystalline rocks in the glaciated valley. At Bashkortostan it grows in steppe shrublands, in forest edges and in meadows.   In Ukraine it grows in calcareous steppe on sheltered slopes (450o) in rendzina soil in the ecotope between the meadow steppe community Cirsio-Brachypodium pinnati and petrophilous community Sedo-Scleranthetea.

threats:
In Romania, the main threat was consumption of this plant by locals in the past. In Ukraine, the main threat is the species' narrow ecological tolerance and absent of suitable ecotopes.

conservationAction:
In Romania, it is listed as Critically Endangered in the 2009 Red Data Book and is protected at national level. It is also included in the regional Red Data Books of Bashkortostan, Samarskaya and Orenburgskaya, Russia (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005) and is listed in the Red Data Book in Ukraine as Endangered (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).In Ukraine, it occurs in the Podilski Tovtry National Park, while in Bashkortostan it occurs in Bashkirskij national reserve and in Shulgan-Tach reserve and at two natural monuments. In Romania it occurs in Cheile Turzi reserve in Transilvania and has been proposed for protection on Paring Mountain.   All the European subpopulations require protection and active conservation managemernt.EURISCO reports seven germplasm accessions of A. obliquum held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin; however, this accession does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European subpopulations is required.

useAndTrade:
It is sometimes harvested from the wild as a vegetable and as a source of vitamins and is "promising for domestication" (Chukhina 2003–2009). It is also a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium obtusiflorum DC. is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to   a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium obtusiflorum is  assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently     insufficient  information available to evaluate this species. Information     about  its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential     threats is needed, as  well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. obtusiflorum is endemic to Sicily (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows in maritime sands, and on cliffs and hillsides (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. obtusiflorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed to determine the precise distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

useAndTrade:
A. obtusiflorum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium oleraceum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium oleraceum is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in the UK and the Czech Republic; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. oleraceum is native to parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as the Russian Federation, and is naturalized elsewhere in temperate regions (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Finland: occurs in south-central and southwestern parts of the country.France: located in all departments in the country with seven exceptions in the northwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Lithuania: concentrated in the south and east and rarer in the north (Karpavičienė 2008).Netherlands:  predominantly distributed along the large rivers  (Rhine, IJssel and Meuse) and along the western North Sea coast  (provinces: Sealand, South and north Holland). The species is not found  in the north (Mennema et al. 1985).UK: limited occurrence in eastern Scotland, relatively widespread in the north of England, can also be found to the west of England along the Welsh border (Preston et al. 2002). In addition, this species has a patchy distribution across East Anglia and the south (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
A. oleraceum is thought to be widespread and frequent to common throughout most of Europe. However, according to Preston et al. (2002) this species is thought to be showing signs of decline throughout the UK and according to experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, several subpopulations in Portugal have a reduced number of individuals. In addition, Tamis et al.  (2003) note that the species can be found in 101–300 km grid squares across the Netherlands and indicate that the species can be considered as  vulnerable.

habitat:
A. oleraceum can be found in sunny and dry habitats, such as dry grasslands, forest clearings and shrublands.In Finland the species occurs in rocky, sloping fields, and herb-rich forest fields, while in Lithuania it is found in light and warm areas such as floodplains of rivers and slopes of hills in the main highlands in southern, southeastern and southwestern parts of the country. It is usually found on dry and moderately moist, light sand and sandy loam soils of low fertility (Karpavičienė 2004). In the UK it can be found on grasslands which are dry, sloping and calcareous, preferring open and sunny areas, also the banks of floodplains (Preston et al. 2002). According to Mennema et al. (1985) the species occurs in dry grasslands along the large rivers in the Netherlands, as well as on road verges and along dikes.

threats:
In the Netherlands the species is threatened by the loss of dry streamland grasslands  along the large rivers, due to chemical fertilizers and de-gravelling (Mennema et al. 1985). While it is classified as Least Concern (LC) in Finland, it is considered regionally   threatened in central parts of the country.

conservationAction:
This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003). In Denmark it is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).EURISCO reports five germplasm accessions of A. oleraceum held in European genebanks, four of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of these four wild accessions originate from within Europe: one from Denmark, one from France, one from Germany and one from Iceland. Three of the accessions are stored in Germany and the accession originating from Iceland is stored in Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, Sweden (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.

useAndTrade:
A. oleraceum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Kell, S.P., Vögel, R., Vörösváry, G., Maslovky, O., Kik, C. & Korpelainen, H.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium orientale Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium orientale is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is reported not to be rare in Europe. It is a weedy species associated with cereal crops and while the application of herbicides poses a minor threat, it is not thought to be having a significant impact on the population at present. An in situ gap analysis is needed, as well as germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage to ensure material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programmes.

range:
According to USDA, ARS National Genetic Resources Program (2010), A. orientale is native to Greece (where it is indicated that it possibly occurs in the Aegean region) and Cyprus in Europe, and its distribution extends to western Asia and northern Africa. Tutin et al. (1980) note that records from Former Yugoslavia are doubtful but that it possibly occurs in the East Aegean region, while Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) records it as native to Greece, Former Yugoslavia and Cyprus.In Cyprus, it occurs in several areas (e.g., 'above Deirmenlik, Kantara, Ziyamet') (Viney 1994).

habitat:
In Cyprus this species grows in cereal fields. It flowers from February to April (Viney 1994).

threats:
The application of herbicides is a potential threat to this species, although in Cyprus, the use of herbicides is currently not very common and therefore not thought to be a major threat.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. orientale held in European genebanks; however, it is not reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species to ensure material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.An in situ gap analysis is  needed to ascertain whether this species occurs within existing  protected areas. If it does, recommendations should be put forward to  incorporate it into the existing management plan of the site.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium palentinum Losa & P. Monts. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium palentinum has a restricted range and very specific habitat requirement and could be threatened. However, it is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the population size, trend and threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. palentinum is endemic to northwest Spain (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007); specifically, northeast Leon.

habitat:
It is found on mountain ledges on calcareous soils and in rock fissures.

threats:
Climate change is a major threat to this species. Livestock grazing is an additional threat.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. palentinum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.It occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
A. palentinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pallens L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. pallens L. ssp. pallens and A. pallens ssp. tenuiflorum (Ten.) Stearn

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium pallens is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about its precise distribution, habitat preferences, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status. Potential threats also need to be identified.

range:
A. pallens is native to southeastern and south-central Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus) and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France, the species is present in 14 departments in the south (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
Its habitat is unknown although it possibly grows in dry grassy meadows and rocky areas.

conservationAction:
The in situ conservation status of this species is unknown. Information is needed on its distribution, habitat, population status and threats. No germplasm accessions of A. pallens are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010)—the ex situ conservation status of this species needs to be determined.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium paniculatum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Six subspecies are native to Europe: A. paniculatum ssp. euboicum (Rech.f.) Stearn, A. paniculatum ssp. exaltatum Meikle, A. paniculatum ssp. marginatum (Janka) Soó, A. paniculatum L. ssp. paniculatum, A. paniculatum ssp. salinum (Debeaux) Botte & Kerguélen, and A. paniculatum ssp.villosulum (Halácsy) Stearn (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Brullo et al. (2004) suggested that Allium paniculatum ssp. exaltatum should be separated from A. paniculatum and treated as a distinct species, named A. exaltatum (Meikle) Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Venora.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium paniculatum is widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. paniculatum is native to middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, parts of western Asia and the Russian Federation, as well as Macaronesia and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).This species is noted to be widespread in Romania, Portugal, Spain and France (except the northeast and Corsica) but less so in the Russian Federation. In Cyprus it has been recorded at six localities (Tsintides et al. 2007), with Viney (1994) recording occurrences between Famagusta and Salamis, and north of Haspolat. The altitudinal range in Cyprus is 1,000–1,650 m (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Slovakia this species has been found at seven localities in the south and southwest. However, only two localities are presently confirmed (Somogyi 1999): Svätý Peter, Kurta Hill, and Hosti?ovce, Ve?ká Lysá Hill.

population:
A. paniculatum is common in Spain, Portugal and Romania, and widespread and common throughout Italy. However, it is known to be very rare in Slovakia, with only a few individuals known at the two localities where it is found. In Cyprus the overall subpopulation size is about 500 plants and it is uncommon in the north of the country (Viney 1994). The subpopulations at each of the six localities in Cyprus ranges between 30 to 100 plants (Tsintides et al. 2007). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species is often found in forest edges and clearings, but can also be found in dry rocky areas. #For example, in Crimea, Russian Federation and Slovakia it can be found  in clearings and in edges of forests, while in Spain it can be found in dry  meadows, scrubs, rocky slopes and salt marshes, from sea level to 3,000 m. In Cyprus the species occurs on rocky mountain sides, rock crevices and screes, as well as in open pine forests, from 1,000 to 1,650 m (Tsintides et al. 2007). It can also be found on sandy flats (between Famagusta and Salamis), and sandstone hills (north of Haspolat) (Viney 1994).

threats:
A. paniculatum is known to be threatened in Cyprus by road improvements and recreational activities (Tsintides et al. 2007), and in Slovakia by the invasion of Robinia pseudoacacia.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Cyprus: all of the six localities where it has been recorded are in Natura 2000 sites and five of these are in protected state forest land. It is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).Slovakia: the species is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) (Somogyi 1999).Central Russia: included in regional red list of two districts: Orlovskaya and Rjazanskaya.EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of A. paniculatum held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This # accession originates from Cyprus and is stored in the National Genebank, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. paniculatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium parciflorum Viv. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium parciflorum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
#A. parciflorum is native to Corsica and Sardinia (Tutin et al. 1980, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

habitat:
It grows among rocks (Tutin et al. 1980); specifically, on rocky and stony mountain slopes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. parciflorum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pardoi Loscos is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium pardoi is assessed as as Vulnerable because the population comprises 8,000 individuals and it is suspected that a population decline of 10% will occur over three generations (15 years) due to changes in land use and agricultural practices, as well as the use of pesticides.

range:
A. pardoi is probably endemic to Spain; however, there are differing opinions about its native range. According to Mathew (1996) it is endemic to Spain where the author notes that it occurs in the provinces of Teruel and Zaragoza; however, Tutin et al. (1980) noted that its status in Spain was uncertain and that it possibly also occurs in Algeria and Tunisia. The authors also noted that this species may be a variant of A. ampeloprasum L. According to Molero Briones (2004) (citing Pastor and Valdés 1983 and Gamarra and Fernández Casas 1989), it is endemic to three provinces in Spain: Aragón y Matarraña, Monegros and bajo Somontano. Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) and Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) record it as native to Spain, Algeria and Tunisia but this may be based on the revision of the genus by Pastor and Valdés (1983) who cited it from north Africa but noted that  there is no certainty that this species is present there  because the description of material found there by Maire in 1958 could  have been based on Spanish material. In this assessment, we assume that the taxon is endemic to Spain, especially as the most recently published account is by Molero Briones (2004) in the Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España.

population:
There are 24 subpopulations confirmed in Spain with a total of 8,000 individuals (Molero Briones 2004).

habitat:
According to Mathew (1996), it grows near fields from sea level to 400 m asl and flowers in June and July. It is also found in cereal fields and on roadsides (Molero Briones 2004).

threats:
Major threats to this species are changes in land use and agricultural techniques, and the use of pesticides (Molero Briones 2004).

conservationAction:
It is listed as Vulnerable in the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008).It occurs in the Natura 2000 sites, La Retuerta y Saladas de Sástago and Monegros (European Environment Agency 2010). No germplasm accessions of A. pardoi are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. pardoi is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium parnassicum (Boiss.) Halácsy is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium parnassicum is assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient information available  to evaluate this species. It was  classified as Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN  Red List of  Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it  was considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information about  the population size, trend  and potential threats is needed, as  well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Endemic to Greece (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010), where it occurs in the mountains of the south (Tutin et al. 1980).

habitat:
It grows in rocky areas (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. parnassicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red  List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not  Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pendulinum Ten. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium pendulinum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. pendulinum is native to Italy (mainland, Sardinia and Sicily) and Corsica (Tutin et al. 1980, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

habitat:
It grows in woods and damp, shady places (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. pendulinum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium permixtum Guss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium permixtum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about the habitat, population size and trend of this species, as well as its conservation and threat status.

range:
The geographical distribution of A. permixtum is unclear. Tutin et al. (1980) noted that it occurs in the central Mediterranean region (Corsica to Malta). According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) it as native to mainland Italy, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia and Corsica. However, Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) record it as native only to mainland Italy and Sicily. Tutin et al. (1980) also noted that the taxon needs further study. The distribution recorded in this assessment is based on data from Euro+Med PlantBase (2006).

conservationAction:
According to Conti et al. (2005), it is Extinct in the Wild. Further research is needed to determine the conservation and threats status of this species.No germplasm accessions of A. permixtum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pervestitum Klokov is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium pervestitum is assessed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat due to urbanization and quarrying, the population is severely fragmented due to a loss of suitable habitat and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. pervestitum is endemic to Ukraine where it has a disjunctive distribution in two main areas: a) in the valley of the Dnister River and its tributary Muksha River in Podolian upland (Chmelnicka and Ternopilska regions) and on the Azov Sea coast, and b) at Sivach gulf (Crimea and Zaporizska region) and on Kazantip Peninsula in Kerczenskij Peninsula (Seregin 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km².

population:
Very small subpopulations are found near Mordvinivka village (Zaporizska region), in flood plains of the Molochna River, on the Azov Sea coast and in the valley of Dnister and Mukcha Rivers in Podolian upland. Some subpopulations have gone extinct.

habitat:
It grows in saline soil near rivers and on the Azov Sea coast in communities of Festueo–Limonnietea (class Linonio–Festucion alliance). In the Podolian upland it grows on calcareous rocks in steppe communities of Festuco–Bronatea (class Astragalo Stipioallianee).

threats:
This species is threatened by changes in the hydrological conditions of the soil due to limestone quarrying, as well as urbanization.

conservationAction:
A. pervestitum is listed in the Red Date Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Endangered and is included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation.It occurs in the Podilski Tovtry National Park and Kazantip reserve. Protection of subpopulations on the Azov Sea coast and in Sivach gulf is needed.   No germplasm accessions of A. pervestitum are reported by EURISCO (EURISCO Catalogue 2010) or SINGER. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium phthioticum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium phthioticum is  assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. It was  classified as  Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe  (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983), which means it  was  considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information about  the  population size, trend  and potential threats is needed, as  well as its  in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
According to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), A. phthioticum is native to central Italy, central Greece (southwest of Lamia), and central Bulgaria. However, it is recorded by Tutin et al. (1980) and Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) as endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to Oiti, southwest of Lamia, in the south-centre of the country (Tutin et al. 1980).

habitat:
It grows in mountain pastures (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. phthioticum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in    Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) as Rare (R) (not   Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pilosum Sibth. & Sm. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium pilosum is  assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient  information available  to evaluate this species. It was  classified as  Rare in the list of rare, threatened and endemic  plants  in   Europe  (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN  Red List of   Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), which means it  was  considered to be at risk almost 30  years ago. Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. pilosum is endemic to Greece; however, its exact range is unclear. According to Tutin et al. (1980) it is restricted to the Cyclades, although the authors note that a 'closely allied, if not conspecific plant' occurs in the Peloponnese, near Messini (Tutin et al. 1980 p. 62). Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) records it as endemic to mainland Greece, while Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) record is as endemic to the Greek East Aegean Islands.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. pilosum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in     Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red  List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not    Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).Information is needed on the precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium podolicum Racib. & Szafer is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium podolicum is  assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient  information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed  about its precise distribution, population size and  trend, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
According to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), A. podolicum is native in east Hungary, north Romania, west Ukraine and Central and South European Russia. However, G. Vörösváry (pers. comm. 2010) noted that it is not included in the Flora of Hungary.

habitat:
It grows on dry steppes and stony slopes (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. podolicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed to clarify the precise distribution of this species, as well as the population size and trend, potential threats and its in situ conservation status.

useAndTrade:
A. podolicum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium polyanthum Schult. & Schult. f. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). This taxon is closely related to A. ampeloprasum and is included in that species by some authors, while being maintained at species level by others (Mathew 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) A. polyanthum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status (and therefore its native range) is uncertain.

range:
Mathew (1996) records A. polyanthum from southwest France, Corsica, northeast Spain and the Balearic Islands. However, according to Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), this species also occurs in Italy and Morocco. Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010) record this taxon as A. porrum ssp. polyanthum; according to this source, the taxon is relatively widespread in the southern half of the country but also occurs in the northeastern department of Haut-Rhin. The uncertainty about the exact distribution of this taxon is probably due to its uncertain taxonomic status as some authors (for example, Aedo in prep.) do not recognize it at species level.

population:
Due to the uncertain taxonomic status of this species, it is not possible to record any information about the population size and trend.

habitat:
It grows in and near fields from sea level to 400 m asl and flowers from May to July (Mathew 1996).

threats:
Due to the uncertain taxonomic status of this species, it is not possible to record any information about potential threats.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. polyanthum held in European genebanks, which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This accession originates from Spain and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. polyanthum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium proponticum Stearn & Özhatay is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Mathew (1996) recognizes two varieties: A. proponticum Stearn & Özhatay var. proponticum and A. proponticum var. parviflorum Kollmann; the former of which occurs in Turkey-in-Europe.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Further information is needed about the overall distribution of Allium proponticum in order to assess whether the species qualifies for assessment in Europe. If it does qualify (i.e., the European population is considered to make up ≥1 % of the global population), information about its distribution, population trend and potential threats is needed for European Turkey. It is regionally assessed as Data Deficient until information is available for re-evaluation.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. proponticum is native to Turkey, including Turkey-in-Europe (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). A. proponticum var. proponticum occurs in western Turkey in the provinces of Aydin, Balikesir, Izmir, Manisa and Tekirda from 0 to 600 m (Mathew 1996).

population:
There is no information available about the population of this species in European Turkey.

habitat:
A. proponticum var. proponticum grows on rocky slopes, coastal cliffs and beaches, as well as in maquis, and can also be found growing on walls, in ruins and in vineyards; it flowers (May–) June–July (Mathew 1996).

threats:
There is no information available about the threats to this species in European Turkey.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. proponticum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pruinatum Spreng. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). A bulbiferous variant has been described as A. pruinatum var. bulbiferum Cout. (endemic to Portugal).Although A. pruinatum is thought to be endemic to Portugal, A. rubrovittatum var. occidentale Rouy ex Willkomm (based on a specimen collected at Algerciras in south Spain) is regarded by Stearn (1978) and by Pastor Díaz and Valdés (1983) as a synonym of A. pruinatum (Mathew 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
It is suspected that the population of A. pruinatum has decreased due to a decline in the quality and extent of habitat during the past 30 years. However, analysis of the currently available data does not indicate that the population may have declined by as much as 30% (i.e., the minimum threshold to assess the species as Vulnerable) and there are insufficient data to apply criterion B. The available data are also not sufficient to justify assessing the species as Near Threatened. However, Franco and Rocha Afonso (2004) reported A. pruinatum as an infrequent species and it was included in the List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (Council of Europe 1983), as well as being listed as Vulnerable (VU) D1 in the Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular Espanola (Moreno 2008). A survey is therefore needed to collect the necessary data to re-assess this species. The species is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
In Portugal it has historically been recorded at localities from the northeast to the south of the country. A. pruinatum var. bulbiferum has historically been recorded in very few localities: Serra da Estrela, a mountain in the northeast of the country where it was recorded in the 1960s, Cascais, where it was recorded in late 19th century, and Sesimbra, where it was recorded in the 1970s. The latter two sites are in the centre-west of Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Portugal is 36,747 km2—this was estimated from herbarium specimens collected between 1956 and 2005; specimens collected before 1956 were not included in the calculation. In Spain it occurs in the southwestern part of the country.

population:
There is no current knowledge of the populations of A. pruinatum; however, Franco and Rocha Afonso (2004) reported it as an infrequent species, while Sampaio (1988) considered A. pruinatum var. bulbiferum to be rare. The species was included in the List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (Council of Europe 1983). Based on a reduction in the extent and quality of habitat of this species due to intensive tourism and urban development during the past 30 years, it is suspected that the population has decreased; however, there is insufficient data available to infer that the population is continuing to decline. The population in Spain has less than 1,000 mature individuals (Moreno 2008).

habitat:
It is found in forests, agricultural land, uncultivated fields, inland waters and urban areas (Magos Brehm 2009). It has also been recorded in xerophytic woods (Franco and Rocha Afonso 1994), pine woods with sandy soil, cork oak plantations, fallow ground and limestone areas. It grows in cambisol, fluvisol, lithosol, luvisol, podzol, regosol and solonchak and tolerates acid, neutral and alkaline soils; however, a higher number of populations are associated with cambisol and luvisol, and with acid soils. The taxon grows in temperatures ranging from 10ºC to # more than 17.5ºC, with a higher number of records in the range of 16 to 17.5ºC. Radiation has been recorded in the range of 145 to 165 Kcal/cm2 with incidence in 155 to 160 Kcal/cm2 and sunlight of 2,300 to more than 3,100 hrs. It is found at sites with 400 to 1,600 mm of rainfall (with a higher number of records at sites with 600 to 700 mm) and less than 50 to more than 100 rainy days (with a higher number of records at 50 to 100 days). The sites have less than one to 40 days of frost.A. pruinatum var. bulbiferum occurs in forests as well as in agricultural fields and has been recorded in regosol and acid soil. The taxon grows in temperatures in the range of 16 to 17.5ºC. Radiation has been recorded in the range of 155 to 160 Kcal/cm2 and sunlight of 2,900 to 3,000 hrs. It is found at sites with 500 to 600 mm of rainfall, 50 to 75 rainy days and 5 to 10 days of frost (Magos Brehm 2009).

threats:
Although specific threats have not been recorded in Portugal, some of the populations occur in areas where tourism and urban expansion have been intensive—at least in the last 30 years. These populations have not been surveyed recently, so it is not possible to know whether they are still extant.

conservationAction:
In Portugal, A. pruinatum is not actively conserved in situ, although the species has historically been recorded  in at least four conservation areas. Given the lack of detailed information on both the presence and health of the extant populations of this species, surveying and monitoring is needed. Since some of the populations occur within conservation areas, active in situ conservation (with a management plan) should be undertaken in these areas.In Spain, this species occurs in protected areas and is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D1 in the Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008).No germplasm accessions of A. pruinatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The taxon is not currently conserved ex situ—representative samples should be collected and conserved in duplicate ex situ collections.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium pyrenaicum is assessed as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2, its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing and forest enlargement.

range:
A. pyrenaicum is endemic to Spain, where is grows in the east Pyrenees in the provinces of Gerona and Huesca (Mathew 1996). According to Aedo (in prep.) it also occurs in Navarra. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
The population is scattered. In Catalonia there are 25,000 mature individuals (Oliver 2008), with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 33 km2. There seems to be three subpopulations in Aragon.

habitat:
It grows in forest margins, rocky areas, badlands and on roadsides from 690–1,290 m asl (Aedo in prep.). It flowers from June to July (Mathew 1996).

threats:
Livestock grazing and forest enlargement are major threats to this species.

conservationAction:
In Aragon and Catalonia, A. pyrenaicum is considered Vulnerable (D. Draper pers. comm. 2010). It is listed in the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008) as Near Threatened (NT).It occurs in protected areas; however, grazing management is needed to protect this species and a monitoring program should be implemented.No germplasm accessions of A. pyrenaicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. pyrenaicum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium regelianum A.K. Becker is a wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Of these, it is most closely related to garlic as it is classified in Allium section Allium.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium regelianum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to make an informed decision. # The species has a disjunct distribution and the European subpopulations are small. Some subpopulations are thought to have gone extinct, but new occurrences have also been found. It tolerates a range of habitats in different zones of steppe grassland. It has been nationally listed in Russia as Vulnerable. Information is needed on its precise distribution, overall population size and trend, and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.  It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. regelianum is native to South European Russia, south and east Ukraine, and north Caucasus (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). Its main area of distribution is in Russia, with few occurrences in Ukraine (T. Smekalova pers. comm. 2010).Firsov (1997) reported that in 1984 this species was found at several widely separated sites situated in the administrative territory of the Volgograd Region (South European Russian Federation) and that the  Red Data Book of the RFSFR shows two localities close to the Volga-Don canal in the  southern suburbs of Volgograd. The author noted that one of these localities was thought to have  been destroyed, while the other is on the "right bank of the Medveditsa River  where it joins the River Don". Further, the Red Data Book of the Volgograd Region (1992)  showed another two localities—one near Stanitosa Glazunovskaya in the Kumilzhensky  District and another near Stanitsa Raspopinskaya in the Kletsky District. In 1996, two new sites were found in the  northwest of the Volgograd Region "on the lower reaches of the Hoper River in  the Kumilzhensky District" and "on the left bank of  Hoper River, 30 km below the first site, in the Shemjakinsky Reserve" (Firsov 1997). It was also found between Lakes Gromok and Podpeshnoe about 7 km from the village of Bukanovskaya  on the  opposite side of the river.In Ukraine, it occurs in the south and southeastern steppe districts.

population:
Firsov (1997) reported that populations in South European Russian Federation near Stanitosa Glazunovskaya in the Kumilzhensky District and near Stanitsa Raspopinskaya in the Kletsky District were small.

habitat:
A halophyte that "tolerates a range of habitats, growing in different soils in different subzones of steppe  grassland" (Firsov 1997). In Russia, this species has been found in semi-desert and steppe grasses with species of Artemisia, Kochia,  Crambe and Origanum, and in water meadows which are occasionally flooded in the spring (Firsov 1997). In Ukraine, it grows in salt marshes and flowers in May (Mathew 1996). The Red Data Book of the Volgograd region notes that this plant usually flowers between the end of June and early July after haymaking, and so is  difficult to find when in flower; however, it survives in areas that are not mown (Firsov 1997).

threats:
Haymaking may pose a threat to this species at some localities as it can be carried out before the plants flowers in June/July. However, its main method of reproduction may be through vegetative propagation.

conservationAction:
A. regelianum is listed on Annex I of the Bern Convention. The species was listed in the Red Book of the USSR (Borodin 1984) as possibly extinct, but in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (Golovanov et al. 1988) it was listed as Vulnerable. The 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) listed it as Rare, and has been listed in the regional Red Lists of Astrakchanskaya and Volgogradskaya regions   (Red Data Book Laboratory 2005).Firsov (1997) notes that it has been introduced to the living collection of the Botanical Garden of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy  of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and that protection of the wild populations and ex situ  propagation and distribution are urgently needed.

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to  a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). It is a halophyte; therefore, it has potential to confer resistance to saline conditions. It is also a "very decorative plant" (Firsov 1997).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium reuterianum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). It is closely related to A. stylosum and 'could perhaps be regarded as a diminutive high altitude variant of the latter' (Mathew 1996).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium reuterianum is   regionally assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently  insufficient   information available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed on  the population size, trend and potential  threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
Native to the East Aegean Islands (Khios and Samos) and Turkey (Mathew 1996).

habitat:
It grows on stony mountain slopes on limestone formations at altitudes of 1,800–2,100 m and flowers from July to August (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. reuterianum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information about the population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium roseum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although Allium roseum is threatened in some parts of its range, it is widespread in southern Europe; therefore it is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, national level monitoring and management is required in Cyprus.

range:
A. roseum is native to parts of southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as western Asia, Macaronesia and northern Africa, and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, it occurs in 27 departments to the south and west, as well as in Corsica and the departments of Haut-Rhin in the northeast and    Seine-Saint-Denis in the Région Parisienne (Association Tela Botanica  2000–2010). In Cyprus the species has been recorded at # three localities from 380–570 m (Tsintides et al. 2007).

population:
In Cyprus the overall population was estimated at 658 plants (Tsintides et al. 2007). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is found in dry fields, along roadsides among phrygana and on river banks in Cyprus, within an altitudinal range of 380–570 m (Tsintides et al. 2007). Further research is needed to gather information about the habitat of this species throughout the rest of its range.

threats:
In Cyprus, all subpopulations are found on private property and are threatened by land clearance and the use of herbicides (Tsintides et al. 2007).

conservationAction:
It is classified as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).EURISCO reports six germplasm accessions of A. roseum held in European genebanks, all of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. These all originate from Portugal and are stored in Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).  Information about the overall population size and trend is needed, as well as the identification of potential threats in countries other than Cyprus. A review of the in situ conservation status of this species is also required.

useAndTrade:
A. roseum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium rouyi Gaut. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Spanish experts present at a European crop wild relative Red List workshop convened in April 2010 consider A. chrysonemum to be a synonym of A. rouyi; however, both species are recognized and accepted by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) and Govaerts et al. (2005–2007).Although A. chrysonemum and A. rouyi are recognized and accepted by Cabezudo et al. (2004), Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) and Govaerts et al. (2005–2007), recent research has proved that A. chrysonemum Stearn and A. reconditum Pastor, Valdés & Muñoz are synonyms with A. rouyi, and therefore, distribution of this species extends throughout the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Pastor 2009, Aedo in prep.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium rouyi is assessed as Least Concern for it is abundant throughout the south of the Iberian Peninsula.

range:
A. rouyi is endemic to the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Pastor 2009), to Sierras Béticas, between Estepona (Málaga) and Moratalla (Murcia), occurring in the provinces of Albacete, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Málaga and Murcia (Aedo in prep.).

population:
A. rouyi is abundant throughout its distribution.

habitat:
It grows in Mediterranean shrubland areas on limy substrates, serpentines, pteridotites and loams, between 150 and 1,900 m asl.

conservationAction:
A recovery plan has been undertaken in Andalusia. No germplasm accessions of A. rouyi are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, seeds from one subpopulation are reported to be stored in the genebank of Andalucía.

useAndTrade:
A. rouyi is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium rubrovittatum Boiss. & Heldr. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium rubrovittatum is assessed as Least Concern because despite its relatively narrow distribution, it is not thought that the population is under any immediate major threat. Population monitoring is however recommended, as well as germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage.

range:
Native to Crete (including Kárpathos) and Cyprus (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007). In Cyprus, it has been recorded in the Larnaca, Nicosia and Kyrenia area (from the summit of Yaila and from Haspolat – Viney 1994).

population:
This is a rather rare species in Cyprus (Meikle 1985, Viney 1994).

habitat:
It grows in dry, rocky places on calcareous formations, sometimes in saline pastures or in clearings in pine forests, from sea level to 600 m (Mathew 1996). It # flowers from May to June (Viney 1994).

threats:
Increasing frequency and intensity of fires may pose a threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. rubrovittatum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  It occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that population monitoring and any necessary management actions are incorporated into the existing site management plans.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium rupestre Steven is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Allium rupestre is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. rupestre is native to Bulgaria, Crimea, north Turkey and Caucasus (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows on among rocks and on stony slopes (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. rupestre held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. rupestre is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium saxatile M. Bieb. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium saxatile is widely distributed in southeastern Europe and is relatively abundant throughout the majority of its range. As this species is relatively widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. saxatile is native to southeast Europe, Ukraine (including Crimea), Kazakhstan and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
#This species is widespread and stable across southeastern Europe. It is abundant in Bulgaria, but less common in Italy and rare in Romania.

habitat:
This species is known to occur on stony slopes. Further research is needed to gather more information about the habitat and ecology of this species.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports four germplasm accessions of A. saxatile held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. # However none of these accessions are reported to have been collected in Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.   Oltean et al. (1994) note that this species is rare in the national Red List of Romania, therefore, national level monitoring is required in this country.

useAndTrade:
This species is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium scaberrimum J. Serres is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium scaberrimum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed on the precise native distribution, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. scaberrimum is native to southeast France (Hautes-Alpes, near Gap) and northwest Italy (Piedmont, in the Cuneo area) (Tutin et al. 1980, Mathew 1996). According to Association Tela Botanica (2000–2010), in France it occurs in the departments of Drôme, Vaucluse,   Bouches-du-Rhône,   Hautes-Alpes,   Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Var.Tutin et al. (1980) note that it is possibly a naturalized species of uncertain provenance.

habitat:
This species grows in fields at altutides of around 1,000–1,500 m and flowers from June to July (Mathew 1996).

threats:
Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species. As it is associated with cultivated # land, it could be threatened by changes in agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. scaberrimum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Further research is needed to determine the in situ conservation status of this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium schmitzii Cout. is a secondary wild relative of chives, A. schoenoprasum L. (according to the Taxon Group concept of Maxted et al. (2006) and with reference to Friesen and Blattner (2000), who place A. schmitzii in Allium section Schoenoprasum, which contains cultivated chives, A. schoenoprasum). The taxon is also a tertiary wild relative of a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.) and garlic (A. sativum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium schmitzii is assessed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the construction of dams and stabilization of riverbanks. Since some of the subpopulations occur within conservation areas, active in situ conservation (with a management plan) should be undertaken in these areas. Surveying and monitoring is also needed throughout the known historic range of the taxon to ascertain the status of all recorded subpopulations. The taxon is not currently conserved ex situ—representative samples should be collected and conserved in duplicated ex situ collections.

range:
A. schmitzii is endemic to Portugal and Spain. In Portugal, A. schmitzii has been recorded in and alongside some of the major national rivers (Douro, Guadiana and Tejo) and/or its affluents/effluents (such as Xarrama River, an affluent of Sado River). Its area of occupancy # (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
The population trend in Spain is decreasing and possibly also in Portugal.

habitat:
In Portugal, A. schmitzii occurs along stream margins and humid rock fissures (Franco and Rocha Afonso 1994), as well as in riverbeds which are very unique habitats because their plant communities are protected from competition due to its cyclic perturbation (flooding), especially as a result of the construction of dams (Quercus 2005). It grows in cambisol, lithosol and luvisol and tolerates both acid, neutral and alkaline soils; however, a higher number of populations are associated with acid soils. The taxon grows in temperatures ranging from 12.5 to 17.5oC with a higher number of records in the range of 12.5 to 16oC. A. schmitzii grows in areas where radiation ranges from 150 to 165 Kcal/cm2 with two localities at 140 to 145 Kcal/cm2, with incidence in 150 to 155 Kcal/cm2 and sunlight of 2,200 to 3,100 hrs. It is found at sites with 400 to 1,000 mm of rainfall, with less than 50 to 100 days rainy days (with a higher number of records at 50 to 75 days), and with one to 50 days of frost (Magos Brehm 2009).

threats:
Any construction near the rivers/streams where A. schmitzii occurs, that aims at stabilizing its riverbanks, is likely to affect population dynamics (Quercus 2005), as well as construction of dams which will inevitably destroy the habitat.

conservationAction:
In Portugal, A. schmitzii is not actively conserved in situ, although the species has historically been recorded  in four conservation areas throughout its range. Given the lack of detailed information on both the presence and health of the extant populations, surveying and monitoring is needed. Since some of the populations occur within conservation areas, active in situ conservation (with a management plan) should be undertaken in these areas. The species has been assessed in Portugal as Indeterminate (Dray 1985), Vulnerable (Ramos Lopes et al.  1990), and Vulnerable (Alves et al. 1999). In Spain this species is considered Vulnerable (B2ab(iii, v)c(iv); D1+2) (Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular Espanola 2008).It was included in the List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) (Council of Europe 1983) as Rare (R) in Portugal (not  Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk) No germplasm accessions of A. schmitzii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The taxon is not currently conserved ex situ—representative samples should be collected and conserved in duplicated ex situ collections.

useAndTrade:
It is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). Of these crops, it is most closely related to chives.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Duarte, M.C., Tavares, M. & Carvalho, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium schoenoprasum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.) and garlic (A. sativum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum (DC.) Čelak. and A. schoenoprasum L. ssp. schoenoprasum (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006); these are primary wild relatives of chives.Three subspecies are recognized in Iberia: A. schoenoprasum  ssp. orosiae, A. schoenoprasum  ssp. latiorifolium and A. schoenoprasum  ssp. schoenoprasum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium schoenoprasum is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore,  national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and  duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. schoenoprasum is native to many parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, Canada, the USA, India and Pakistan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Czech Republic: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is known in three localities in national parks and A. schoenoprasum ssp.  schoenoprasum is widespread along the Elbe and Vltava Rivers.Finland: occurs in the whole country but most frequently in the south. A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum occurs in the south with one known occurrence in central-northern Finland. A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum occurs in the northern-most part of the country.France: widespread, occurs in over half of the country's 100 departments, but is marginally less widespread in the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Iberia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. orosiae from western Pyrennes and ssp. A. schoenoprasum ssp. latiorifolium from Sierra De Guadarrama.Ireland: limited distribution, occurring in only seven localities (Preston et al. 2002). However, according to Preston et al. (2002), it is only native in two of these localities (in the west).Netherlands: distributed along the large rivers (Mennema et al. 1985).Norway: A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum occurs in the south and A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum in the north.Portugal: occurs in the northwest.Slovakia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is scattered in mountain regions in northern and northwestern parts of the country (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).UK: patchy distribution  throughout England and parts of Scotland, but has only be recorded in  one locality in Northern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002). However, according to Preston et al. (2002), it is only native in a few localities in the west (mainly Cornwall and Wales) and the northeast.

habitat:
A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum grows along river banks and in wet meadows, while A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum occurs in alpine grasslands, on rocky ledges, in crevices and dry places with little soil. In the UK, this species occurs in a range of lowland habitat types but is most  commonly found on thin soils over  limestone, serpentine and igneous rocks. It is also known to grow in  rank grass on deeper soils and  within crevices in riverside bedrock  (Preston et al. 2002). In Finland the species is found in agricultural habitats, rocky areas and shores.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is classified as Vulnerable (VU).Finland: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is classified as Near Threatened (NT), while A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum is classified as Least Concern (LC).Denmark: this species is classified as Data Deficient (DD) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).In France this species is protected in the region of Bretagne in the west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).    EURISCO reports 174 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 76 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 73 originate from within Europe. The majority of these wild accessions originate from Sweden (40) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. schoenoprasum is widely cultivated (commonly known as chives). In Europe the young leaves are appreciated as early vitamin source in  the spring and are used as condiment for salads and sauces (Rabinowitch and Currah 2002).A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum and A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum are primary wild relatives of and potential gene donors to chives. The species is also a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum) and garlic (A. sativum).

redListAssessors:
Kell, S.P., Draper, D., Bulińska, Z., Korpelainen, H., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Eliáš, P., Smekalova, T., Strajeru, S. & Tavares, M.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium scorodoprasum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Four subspecies are native to Europe: A. scorodoprasum ssp. jajlae (Vved.) Stearn, A. scorodoprasum ssp. rotundum (L.) Stearn, A. scorodoprasum L. ssp. scorodoprasum, and A. scorodoprasum ssp. waldsteinii (Don) Stearn (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium scorodoprasum is very widespread in Europe and is often found growing in anthropogenic and disturbed habitats; it is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore,   national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and   duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. scorodoprasum is native to parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as western Asia (Turkey). The taxon is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in the world (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Finland: occurs in the southwestern part of the country.France: widespread in the east of the country, occurring in 39 departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Lithuania: concentrated in the west of the country (Karpavičienė 2004).Netherlands: occurs along the large rivers and along the North Sea coast (Mennema et al. 1985).Poland: found in up to 100 sites, more often in the western part of the country.Slovakia: scattered throughout  the country (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992), more abundant is in western,  southwestern and southern parts (Eliáš Jr. unpublished).UK: widespread in northern England (mainly Cumbria and Yorkshire); also occurs in eastern Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
A. scorodoprasum has a stable  population trend in Slovakia (Eliáš Jr. unpublished),  and is described as rare in Lithuania, infrequent in Finland and locally abundant in Estonia (the northeastern limit of range). In both Norway and Poland it is noted that there is a tendency for old sites to disappear and new ones to occur, with some older 'lost' subpopulations in Norway becoming re-established. In the Netherlands it is found in few localities but it has not declined since the 1950s (Tamis et al. 2003). Further  research is needed to gather information about the population size and  trend throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
This species grows in fields, hedgerows, grassy places, scrub, vineyards, roadsides and waste places, usually at low altitudes; flowering between May and July (Mathew 1996).According to Preston et al.  (2002), this species occurs in the UK on lowlands including rough grassland, waste  ground, road verges, track sides and by railways. It is also known to  occur on sandy river banks, open woodlands on well-drained soils and in  coastal areas (Preston et al. 2002). In Finland and Norway the species is found in herb-rich forests, slope and shore fields, while occurring in mostly flooded meadows, dry meadows and forest edges in Lithuania. Mennema et al. (1985) note that the species can also be found in groves which occur along the large rivers and on the edges of river valleys in the Netherlands.

threats:
This species is threatened in Europe by changes in land use due to the abandonment of grazing, intensification of agriculture, modification of forest land to roads, and urbanization.

conservationAction:
Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Poland: Vulnerable (VU); A. scorodoprasum ssp. rotundum is Critically Endangered (CR). Norway: A. scorodoprasum ssp. scorodoprasum is Near Threatened (NT).Germany: classified as Endangered (EN).Czech Republic:  A. scorodoprasum ssp. rotundum is classified as Endangered (EN) (although listed at species level: A. rotundum).Slovakia: A. scorodoprasum ssp. rotundum is Vulnerable (VU) (although listed at species level: A. rotundum).Finland: classified as Least Concern (LC).Denmark: classified as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Luxembourg: Endangered (EN) (Colling 2005).Switzerland: Vulnerable (VU) (Moser et al. 2002).EURISCO reports 18 germplasm accessions of A. scorodoprasum held in European genebanks, three of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, only two originate from within Europe. One originates from the German Democratic Republic and the other from Norway (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.

useAndTrade:
A. scorodoprasum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). The taxon is also cultivated (commonly known as giant garlic) and can be collected from the wild for medicinal purposes.

redListAssessors:
Kell, S.P., Draper, D., Magos Brehm, J., Korpelainen, H., Tavares, M., Collett, L., Labokas, J., Eliáš, P., Smekalova, T., Strajeru, S. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium scorzonerifolium DC. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Allium #scorzonerifolium is regionally assessed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, its presumed overall large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Research is however needed into population size and trends, as well as threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas but requires monitoring and active management. Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also needed.

range:
A. scorzonerifolium is native to west and central Spain to northwest Portugal, as well as to Morocco (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

population:
Information about the population of this species is not available.

habitat:
It is found in wet grasslands, in cork oak and pine forest, meadows, rocky areas and on ledges.

conservationAction:
It occurs in several protected areas; however, it is probably not monitored and actively managed at these sites. Further studies are needed to investigate the population size and trends of this species.   EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. scorzonerifolium held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This wild accession originates from Portugal and it is stored in the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm, Portugal (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).   Further germplasm collection and ex situ storage is required.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium scythicum Zoz is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). According to Mathew (1996) the species may be conspecific with A. regelianum—it was described from east of Herson (Ukraine), but field studies are required to assess the status of this taxon, and the relationships between it, A. regelianum and A. sphaeracephalon. However, according to V. Melnyk (pers. comm. 2010) it is a valid species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium scythicum is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It has been nationally listed as Vulnerable but the data used for this assessment were not available for the current project. Information about the precise distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as the current threats that it faces is needed to review this assessment.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
A. scythicum is endemic to southeastern Ukraine where it is found on the Black Sea coast in Chersonska region, Goloprystanskij and Chaplinskij districts.

population:
In first part of the 19th century, there was a large subpopulation of A. scythicum in Dzambek and Solonij pods (plains with saline soils in southern Ukraine) in the territory of the Askania Nova Biosphere Reserve (Chaplinskij district, Chersonska region). Now these pods have been converted to arable land and it is thought that these subpopulations are extinct. Other subpopulations are very small; for example, a single subpopulation in Chornomorskij Biosphere Reserve comprises only 59 adult individuals.

habitat:
It grows in pods with saline soils in communities of the Limonio–Festucion alliance, Festuco–Limonictalia class.

threats:
It is threatened by ploughing and changes in the hydrological regime of soils.

conservationAction:
A. scythicum is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Vulnerable. It occurs in Chornomorskij Biosphere Reserve.  No germplasm accessions of A. scythicum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. scythicum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium senescens L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Three subspecies are native to Europe: A. senescens ssp. glaucum (Poir.) Dostàl, A. senescens ssp. montanum (Fr.) Holub and A. senescens L. ssp. senescens (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium senescens is widespread in Europe with stable population trends in parts of its range and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, there is a lack of information on its overall population size and trend as well as potential threats and it is under conservation attention in some countries. While it occurs in several protected areas, it is unlikely that it is monitored and actively managed at these sites; therefore, it is recommended that monitoring and management is incorporated into the existing management plans. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. senescens is native to central, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Russian far east, Mongolia, China and Korea (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its distribution is available for the following countries:France: confined to the department of   Ariège in the south and the  departments of   Haute-Savoie and   Isère in the east (Association Tela  Botanica 2000–2010).Hungary: A. senescens ssp. montanum is found in the North Hungarian Mountains, Western Transdanubia (Sopron-Vas, ?rség), Transdanubia (Bakonyalja) and south Transdanubia (Mecsek, Villány-mountains).Norway: occurs in few localities in the south of the country.Slovakia: A. senescens ssp. montanum occurs in scattered localities throughout the country (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).

population:
A. senescens has a stable population trend in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary, and is noted as rare in Norway and Portugal. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
A. senescens can be found on dry rocky slopes and in arable land, including grassland and pastures. In Hungary this species prefers alkaline, dry soils, poor in nutrients, rich in alkaline minerals, neutral loam-, clay-, loess # and sandy soils.

threats:
Reforestation of cultivated areas and increasing urbanization is known to be a threat to this species in Finland. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species in other countries throughout its European range.

conservationAction:
This species is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is recommended that monitoring and management is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites. In Norway, this species is listed as Endangered (EN) in the 2006 Red List. In France this species is protected in the region of Alsace (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports 22 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, eight of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, two originate from within Europe—one originates from Austria and the other from Germany. Both are stored in Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.

useAndTrade:
A. senescens is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Duarte, M.C., Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Vörösváry, G. & Maslovky, O.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium sipyleum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium sipyleum is    regionally assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently   insufficient   information available  to evaluate this species.  Information is needed on  the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential   threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. sipyleum is native to Greece and Turkey. In Greece it occurs in Astipalaia (southeast Aegean region) and Khios, while in Turkey it occurs in western Anatolia (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. sipyleum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium sphaerocephalon L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Five subspecies are native to Europe: A. sphaerocephalon ssp. arvense (Guss.) Arcang., A. sphaerocephalon ssp. descendes Asch. & Graebn., A. sphaerocephalon ssp. ebusitanum (Font Quer) Rossellò, Mus & Torres, A. sphaerocephalon L. ssp. sphaerocephalon and A. sphaerocephalon ssp. trachypus (Boiss. & Spruner) K. Richt. (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Of these subspecies, Mathew (1996) only recognizes ssp. arvense, ssp. sphaerocephalon and ssp. trachypus.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium sphaerocephalon is very widespread in  Europe and is often found growing in anthropogenic and disturbed  habitats; it is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore,    national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and    duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. sphaerocephalon is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus), Macaronesia (Canary Islands), Caucasus and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, its origin in the Canary Islands is uncertain (Izquierdo et al. 2004).This species is noted to be widespread in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), Portugal, Spain and Germany. In Slovakia it occurs mainly in the south of the country. In the UK this species occurs in only six localities in the south of England and the Channel Islands (Preston et al. 2002). However, according to Preston et al. (2002), it is only native in two of these localities (Avon Gorge, Gloucester and St. Aubin's Bay, Jersey). It is possibly extinct in Poland.

population:
This species is described as widespread and is capable of rapid proliferation due to freely-produced bulblets (Mathew 1996). In Slovakia, where large subpopulations occur in the south of the country  (Somogyi 2002), the population trend is described as stable. In the UK, at the two localities (Avon Gorge, Gloucester and St. Aubin's Bay, Jersey) at which this species is classified as native, the subpopulations are very small (Preston et al. 2002). Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
A. sphaerocephalon ssp. sphaerocephalon occurs in dry, stony or rocky slopes, waste places, cultivated fields, roadsides, beaches, scrubland, from sea level to 1,550 m; flowering between June and July (Mathew 1996). A. sphaerocephalon ssp. arvense can be found in cultivated and abandoned fields, and scrubland; up to c. 1,500 m (Mathew 1996). A. sphaerocephalon ssp. trachypus is found in rocky places and limestone cliffs; up to c. 1,500 m (Mathew 1996). In Hungary,   A. sphaerocephalon ssp. descendens   grows in rocky grasslands, steppe grasslands, forest steppe grasslands and loess steppe grasslands, and prefers alkaline soil, dry, warm, loose, alkaline rich with medium humus stone- detritus-, adobe-, loess-, and sandy soils (Soó 1966).

conservationAction:
Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Slovakia: Vulnerable (VU) according to Somogyi (2002). Czech Republic: Endangered (EN).Poland: this species is probably extinct in this country (unconfirmed).UK: Vulnerable (VU) (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).Spain: A. sphaerocephalon ssp. ebusitanum is listed as Vulnerable (VU) (Moreno 2008).In Hungary, A. sphaerocephalon ssp. descendens   is not protected (Borhidi and   Sántha 1999).EURISCO reports 32 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 16 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 13 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).

useAndTrade:
A. sphaerocephalon is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).

redListAssessors:
Draper, D., Korpelainen, H., Magos Brehm, J., Labokas, J., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium stamineum Boiss. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium stamineum is regionally assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread in the north of Greece and Cyprus and it is not known to face any major threats. It is however recommended that the subpopulations that occur within existing protected areas are incorporated into the management plans for the sites. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also required as the European populations are not thought to be conserved ex situ.

range:
Native to Greece, western Asia (including Cyprus) and the Caucasus (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). It occurs in the north of Greece. In Cyprus it is found in Troodos, Nicosia and Kyrenia areas (botanical divisions 2, 5 and 7) (Meikle 1985, Viney 1994).

population:
This species is relatively widespread in the north of Greece and Cyprus.

habitat:
In Cyprus, this species grows on eroded sandstone or on limestone or igneous mountainsides under pine trees; it flowers from May to August (Viney 1994).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only seven germplasm accessions of A. stamineum stored in the genebank of the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic  Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, UK; however, the data indicate that none of these accessions are from wild or weedy origins and none were collected in Europe   (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Collection and duplicated ex situ storage of germplasm from the European populations is needed.Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. Incorporation of these subpopulations in the management plans of these sites is recommended. It is not considered to be threatened in Cyprus.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium staticiforme Sm. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Allium staticiforme is regionally assessed as  Data Deficient as there is currently    insufficient   information available  to evaluate this species. Information is needed on  the precise distribution, habitat, population  size, trend and potential   threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status. It is unclear whether this species is endemic to Europe (Greece) as Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) also record it as native to western Turkey.

range:
A. staticiforme is native to southern Greece and Crete (Tutin et al. 1980). Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) also record it as native to western Turkey.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. staticiforme are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in  Europe (1982 edition) as 'nt' (neither rare nor threatened) (Council of  Europe 1983).Information is needed on the precise distribution, habitat, population size, trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium stearnii Pastor & Valdés is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium stearnii is assessed as Least Concern because it is relatively widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, is presumed to have a relatively large population size, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

range:
A. stearnii is endemic to the south, centre and east of the Iberian Peninsula (Aedo in prep.).

population:
It is widespread in Spain and localized in Portugal.

habitat:
It is found in herb communities, in arable land and on roadsides (Aedo in prep.).

threats:
Changes in land use is the major threat to this species.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. stearnii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It occurs in protected areas.

useAndTrade:
A. stearnii is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium suaveolens Jacq. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium suaveolens is assessed as Least Concern due to its relatively widespread distribution in parts of middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe. However, although information about this species is not currently available from  throughout its range, there are indications that some populations are decreasing (e.g., in Germany), while in Hungary it is considered to be rare. Further, the taxon is listed as Endangered and Vulnerable in the Red Lists of several countries; therefore, further data should be collated and the species should be monitored at national level.

range:
A. suaveolens is native to middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:France: occurs in the two northeastern departments of Bas-Rhin and  Haut-Rhin and the two southwestern departments of Gers and Lot  (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Germany: restricted to the south of the country (Baden-Württemburg and Bayern regions). Italy: occurs in five regions in the north.Hungary: found in the margins of the Transdanubian Mountains, Transdanubia (Bakonyalja, Sopron,  Őrség) and the Great Hungarian Plain (Kisaföld Plain till Esztergom, Tata)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

population:
Population information is not available throughout the range of this species; however, it is known to be rare but stable in Hungary and rare and declining in Germany.

habitat:
In Hungary, this species grows in wet sites or sites with variable water levels (damp meadows, rich fen meadows and reed beds). It prefers soils rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals, but can grow in neutral, loam-, clay-, and turf soils   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
Knowledge of the national threat and/or conservation status of A. suaveolens is available as follows:Switzerland: Endangered (Moser et al. 2002).France: protected in the region of Alsace (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Hungary: it is a protected species and listed as Vulnerable (Király 2007).Italy: Vulnerable (1995)Germany: categorized as endangered (category 3) on the German Red List.No germplasm accessions of A. suaveolens are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium subhirsutum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. subhirsutum ssp. obtusitepalum (Svent.) G. Kunkel and A. subhirsutum L. ssp. subhirsutum.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Allium obtusiflorum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. subhirsutum is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, Macaronesia (La Palma), Turkey, and northern and northeast tropical Africa (USDA, ARS, Natioanl Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, this species occurs in the six departments of   Finistère,   Côtes d'Armor, Morbihan,   Ille-et-Vilaine,   Vendée and Sarthe in the northwest and the five departments of Cantal, Aveyron, Gard,   Bouches-du-Rhône and Var in the southeast. It also occurs on Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows in rocky or sandy places (Tutin et al. 1980).

threats:
Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species. It may be affected by coastal development.

conservationAction:
In France, A. subhirsutum is protected in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the southeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports five germplasm accessions of A. subhirsutum held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin. This accession originates from Italy and is stored in the genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. subhirsutum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium subvillosum Schult. & Schult. f. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Allium subvillosum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. subvillosum is native to the Azores, south Portugal to Sicily, and northwest Africa (Govaerts et al. 2005–2007).

habitat:
It grows on maritime sands and in grasslands (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. subvillosum are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed to determine its precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.

useAndTrade:
A. subvillosum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium talijevii is only described from a single specimen collected in 1898 and has not been collected since. It is thought that the type specimen is actually a form of A. ampeloprasum (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Allium talijevii is only described from a single specimen collected in 1898 and has not been collected since. It is thought that the type specimen could be a form of A. ampeloprasum. As the taxon is accepted by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), and until such time as further information becomes available to confirm the validity of this species, it is assessed as Data Deficient.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
According to Mathew (1996), this species is endemic to southeast Ukraine where the type specimen was collected in 1898 near Maschlykovka by the Krynka River. Govaerts et al. (2005–2007) also record it from Ukraine (southeast of Donetsk). However, this species is probably not valid as it has only been described based on a single specimen and it has not been collected since 1898 (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010).

population:
It is thought that this is not a valid species; rather, it is a form of A. ampeloprasum.

habitat:
Mathew (1996) recorded this species as growing on chalky slopes and flowering in June. The specific habitat type is not described.

threats:
It is thought that this is not a valid species; rather, it is a form of A. ampeloprasum.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. talijevii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). It is thought that this is not a valid species; rather, it is a form of A. ampeloprasum.

useAndTrade:
It is thought that this is not a valid species; rather, it is a form of A. ampeloprasum.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium tardans Greuter & Zahar. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium tardans is assessed as Least Concern as it is reported to be widespread in Crete and it is unlikely to be impacted significantly by any potential threats as it grows in accessible places such as on cliffs and in crevices, and can also grow in disturbed habitats and at a wide range of altitudes. Information is however needed on the population trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. tardans is endemic to Crete (Tutin et al. 1980, Turland et al. 1993, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, Govaerts et al. 2005–2007), where it is found in the west, centre and east of the island, as well as on Karpathos and Kasos (Turland et al. 1993).

population:
It is widespread on Crete (Turland et al. 1993).

habitat:
It grows on calcareous cliffs and in crevices, among rocks of gorge-beds, and in garrigue and fallow fields, at altitudes of 100–1,900 m (Turland et al. 1993).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, it is unlikely that this species is significantly impacted by any potential threats since it grows in in accessible places, such as on cliffs and in crevices, and can also grow in disturbed habitats and at a wide range of altitudes.

conservationAction:
No germplasm accessions of A. tardans are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) as 'nt' (neither rare nor threatened) (Council of   Europe 1983).Information is needed on the population trend and potential threats, as well as its in situ conservation status.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium trifoliatum Cirillo is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Allium trifoliatum is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. trifoliatum is native to southeastern and southwestern Europe, western Asia (including Cyprus) and northern Africa (Egypt) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Cyprus, it is widespread # in Botanical divisions 1 and 3–8 (Meikle 1985) and is found "mainly in the north-central area on the north side of the range" (Viney 1994).In France, this species was previously found in the two southeastern departments of   Alpes-Maritimes and Var but is no longer thought to be present (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
In Cyprus, it has been described as "locally common" (Meikle 1985) and "not uncommon" (Viney 1994).Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
In Cyprus, it grows in pastures, salt steppe, in garrigue, on rocky hillsides and occasionally in cultivated or fallow fields, from sea level to 1,000 ft; it flowers from March to May (Meikle 1985, Viney 1994).

conservationAction:
In France, this species is proetced in the region of Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur in the southeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).EURISCO reports five germplasm accessions of A. trifoliatum held in European genebanks, none of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. trifoliatum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium triquetrum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Allium obtusiflorum is reiognally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise distribution, population size, trend and potential threats is needed, as well as its in situ conservation status.

range:
A. triquetrum is native to Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), France (including Corsica), Spain (including the Balerares), Madeira islands, and northern Africa (USDA, ARS, Nation Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, this species occurs in the seven departments of   Finistère,   Côtes d'Armor, Morbihan,   Ille-et-Vilaine, Manche,   Maine-et-Loire and   Vendée in the northwest,    Alpes-Maritimes in the southeast and both departments on Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It grows in woods, on stream-sides and in damp, shady places (Tutin et al. 1980).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. triquetrum which originates from Spain and is stored in the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. triquetrum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum).


taxonomicNotes:
Allium ursinum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. ursinum ssp. ucrainicum Kleopow & Oxner and A. ursinum L. ssp. ursinum (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although Allium ursinum is locally infrequent and the subpopulation size is small in some parts of its range, it is very widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore,     national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and     duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. ursinum is native to parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as the Caucasus and western Asia (Turkey) (Hulten and Fries 1986, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).    Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Finland: occurs in the southern part of the country.France: widespread, occurs in all departments with the exceptions of    Seine-Saint-Denis in the Région Parisienne and four departments in the  south; Tarn-et-Garonne,   Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and   Alpes-Maritimes  (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Hungary: A. ursinum ssp. ucrainicum    occurs in the southeast (except Pilis and Budai mountains), West  Transdanubia (Sopron, Kemeneshát), South Transdanubia (Bakonalja, South  – Zala, Baranya), Szigetköz region, Danube region: Csepel island, north  Alföld region: rare, Dráva floodplain, Nyírség: Bátorliget. In Hungary  mainly ssp. ucrainicum is found, however in western parts of Hungary ssp. ursinum  or transitional forms are rarely found at Sopron, Ágfalva, Vas County: Káld, Zala  County: Tapolca, Lesenceistvánd, Somogy County: Kaposvár–Bőszénfa,  Kisalföld region: Rajka–Dunakiliti, Mosonszentjános, Danube landscape:  Szigetújfalu, Visegrádi mountain: Pilismarót   (Soó 1966, Kevey 1978,  Simon 1992).Ireland: relatively widespread across the whole of the country (Preston  et al. 2002).Lithuania: A. ursinum is concentrated in central and western lowlands but is rare in southern and eastern areas (Karpavičienė 2004).Netherlands: indigenous in the south of Limburg, and is possible in some places on the North Sea coast (Mennema et al. 1985).Norway: found in southern coastal areas and in the fjords. Portugal: occurs in one region in the northeast. Slovakia: A. ursinum ssp. ucrainicum occurs throughout the country especially in hills and submountain regions, A. ursinum L. ssp. ursinum is known only around the town of Bratislava (western Slovakia) (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).Spain: occurs in the north.UK: widespread although marginally less widespread in northern Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
A. ursinum is found in forest areas, preferring shady, wet, humid habitats. For example, it occurs in lowland areas, in moist woodlands, riverbanks and hedge banks in the UK (Preston et al. 2002) and in herb-rich forests in Finland. Less frequently it can be found in rock crevices, scree and on cliff ledges by the coast (Preston et al. 2002). In Hungary this species is often a constituent of many beech and hornbeam–oak sub-associations, found in fresh or humid, loose, alkaline rich and poorly acid soils with medium humus loam-, adobe-, poured-, and detritus soils   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).

conservationAction:
A. ursinum is classified as  Least Concern (LC) in the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003) and in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010), while in Finland it is Near Threatened (NT). In Hungary, A. ursinum ssp. ucrainicum is not protected   (Király 2007).EURISCO reports 19 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 12  of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild  accessions, nine originate from within Europe. These wild accessions  originate from the following countries: Austria, Croatia, Norway, Sweden  and Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.

useAndTrade:
A. ursinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). In earlier centuries thisspecies has been cultivated as vegetable, medicinal and spice plant in northern and central Europe (Rabinowitch and Currah 2002).

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Labokas, J., Draper, D., Eliáš, P., Tavares, M., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Bulińska, Z.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium victorialis L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the Allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Allium victorialis is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is threatened in some countries; therefore,      national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and      duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. victorialis is native to and has a wide distribution across central, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and Alaska (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Information on its distribution is available for the following countries:Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Germany: occurs in mountain areas.France:  present in 31 departments in eastern, central, southern and  southwestern parts of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Hungary: found in North Hungarian Mountains (Bükk: Ablakosk?-valley) and Transdanubian Mountains (Bakony: Burok-valley, Esztegár-valley).Portugal: occurs  in two main regions with few known localities: Serra da Estrela  (northeastern part of the country) and another region comprising Serra  do Gerês and Serra da Peneda (northwest Portugal).Slovakia: scattered in submontane to subalpine regions throughout the  country (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).

population:
The  population size and trend of this species in the majority of its range is unknown. However, in Slovakia (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992), Hungary, and the Czech Republic there is a generally scattered distribution of small subpopulations. A recent population genetic diversity study of A. victorialis in Portugal showed that subpopulation sizes vary from a few dozen individuals to a few thousand (Magos Brehm 2009). In Serra da Estrela, Fidalgo (1996) estimated a total of approximately 2,000 individuals. The surveyed subpopulations (from the two occurrence areas in Portugal) do not show any sign of decline, despite the threats they may be facing. Generally, the subpopulations are difficult to find and occur in very remote places to which few humans have access.

habitat:
A. victorialis can be found in forest areas, rocky habitats and subalpine meadows and pastures. In Hungary it prefers alkaline  soils, and can be found in fresh, loose forest-, debris-, and loam soils  rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals. Most often it can be found in Karst forests (Fago-Ornetum  hungaricum), rock forests (Seslerio-Fagetum) Cephalanthero-Fagion (and  Orno-Fagetum) species, otherwise in subalpine tall grass communities and  meadows. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia it occurs in Abieto-Fagetum forest areas. In Portugal, A. victorialis is an orophyte (sub-alpine plant) preferring sites where snow accumulates for prolonged periods (Fidalgo 1996); preferring rocky areas and altitude pastures (Franco and Rocha Afonso 1994), shaded places, along streams and springsides, associated with other hygrophyte plants, in inland cliffs (some populations in Serra da Estrela) and in soils rich in humus (Magos Brehm 2009). Most of the localities are sited in ranker soils, followed by cambisol and lithosol; the taxon occurs only in acid soils. The species grows in temperatures ranging from <7.5 to 12.5ºC, with a higher number of records in the range of <7.5 to 10ºC and a single record occurring at 15–16ºC. It is found at sites with 1,400 to >1,800 mm of rainfall (with one site at 600 to 700 mm and another at 800 to 1,000 mm), and 50 to >100 rainy days (with a higher number of records at >100 days). The sites have 10 to 70 days of frost (Magos Brehm 2009).

threats:
The threats to this species in the majority of its European range are unknown. However, in Portugal the main threats are collecting and rock climbing (Fidalgo 1996), as well as grazing and fires (which may not be a major threat as the subpopulations occur along streams and in humid areas) (Magos Brehm 2009). Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout its range.

conservationAction:
A. victorialis is classified as Endangered (EN) in both Hungary and the Czech Republic. In Portugal, this species is not actively conserved in situ, although it has been recorded  in two conservation areas across its range. The localities in Serra da Estrela were monitored in 1996 (Fidalgo 1996) and some of the localities have since been studied regarding size, threats and genetic diversity (Magos Brehm 2009). Since subpopulations occur within conservation areas, active in situ conservation (with a management plan) should be undertaken in these areas. In this country, the species has been assessed as Rare (Dray 1985) and Near Threatened (Aguiar et al. 2001).EURISCO  reports 12 germplasm accessions of A. victorialis  held in European genebanks; however, none are  reported to originate  from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and  duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. victorialis is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), leek (A. porrum), garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). The taxon is also known to be used in its wild form (Fidalgo 1996).

redListAssessors:
Holubec, V., Magos Brehm, J., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vögel, R., Vörösváry, G., Eliáš, P. & Duarte, M.C.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium vineale L. is a secondary wild relative of leek, A. porrum L. and garlic, A. sativum L. (applying the Taxon Group concept of Maxted et al. 2006). Two varieties are native to Europe: A. vineale var. purpureum H.P.G. Koch and A. vineale var. virens Boiss (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional  assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although Allium vineale is locally  infrequent in some parts of its range,  it is very widespread in Europe and is often associated with anthropogenic and disturbed habitats; therefore, it is regionally assessed as  Least Concern. However, it is threatened in some countries; therefore,      national  level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and      duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.

range:
A. vineale is native to northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as western Asia, the Caucasus, northern Africa and the Canary Islands (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). However, its origin in the Canary Islands is uncertain (Izquierdo et al. 2004). The altitudinal range of this species 0–2,650 m (Mathew 1996).    Information on the distribution is available for the following countries:Finland: occurs in the southern part of the country.France: widespread, occurs in all departments with the two exceptions of Oise in the north and Territoire de Belfort to the east (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).Germany: occurs throughout in mountainous regions.Portugal: found throughout the country except the Algarve.Slovakia: scattered throughout the country—more abundant in the south (Dostál and ?ervenka 1992).Spain: found throughout the country except the south.UK: widespread across the southern half of the UK including Wales and the Channel Islands, becoming less widespread in the northern half of England and has a patchy, coastal distribution in Scotland (Preston et al. 2002). According to Preston et al. (2002) all occurrences in Northern Island are alien.

population:
The population size and trend of this species is extremely variable, but it is often widespread due to its ability to produce many bulbils (secondary bulbs) which are readily distributed by agricultural activities (Mathew 1996). However, it is noted to be infrequent in Finland and rare in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

habitat:
This species occurs in meadows, marshes, waste places, cultivated fields and along riversides and roadsides from sea level to 2,650 m (Mathew 1996). According to Preston et al.  (2002) it prefers dry, neutral or calcareous soils, dry  grasslands, hedgerows, roadsides and cultivated ground in the UK. It is also known to  occur on coastal cliff ledges in western Scotland and in lowland  areas although it does reach 455 m in northwest Yorkshire (Preston et al. 2002). In Spain and Portugal it is most often found in crop fields, fallow fields, roadsides and stream banks, occurring as a weed in vineyards. In roadside sites in Lithuania this species is often found alongside A. oleraceum. While most often found in grassland in the Netherlands, it can also be found in forests and  shrubland (Tamis et al. 2003). # A. vineale flowers between June and August (Mathew 1996).

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports 10 germplasm accessions held in  European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy  origin. All of these wild accessions originate from within Europe: France (one), Germany (one), Portugal (two)  and Slovakia (one) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows:Lithuania: listed in the red data book as category 2 (Vulnerable).Finland:  classified as Least Concern (LC), but considered Regionally Threatened in parts of its  distribution.Denmark: Allium vineale var. vineale is classified as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Netherlands: not threatened.

useAndTrade:
A. vineale is a secondary wild relative of and potential gene donor to leek, A. porrum and garlic, A. sativum, and a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). It is traditionally collected for food and folklore medicinal purposes.

redListAssessors:
Korpelainen, H., Magos Brehm, J., Vögel, R., Duarte, M.C., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Draper, D. & Labokas, J.


taxonomicNotes:
Allium willeanum Holmboe is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion (A. cepa L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), garlic (A. sativum L.) and chives (A. schoenoprasum L.).

redListCategoryRationale:
Allium willeanum is assessed as Least Concern as it is fairly common and is not known to face any major threats. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species and it is recommended that the  monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the  existing management plans of the protected areas in which it is found.

range:
This species is endemic to Cyprus where it has been recorded in most parts of the island (Mathew 1996).

population:
This species is quite common (Meikle 1977, Viney 1994).

habitat:
It grows in garrigue or on dry, rocky hillsides, occasionally in crevices on cliffs or rocks, or in dry river beds and on limestone or igneous formations. It can also be found on roadsides, in waste ground and in field margins. It flowers from June to July (Mathew 1996).

threats:
There is no specific threat to this species.

conservationAction:
EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions stored in Cyprus (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.


redListCategoryRationale:
Acis nicaeensis is found on the border between  France and Italy. The extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 20 km². This species has been recorded in two to three localities in Italy and in  17 localities in France. The  populations are declining and are severely fragmented due to  urbanisation. Further threats are forest plantations, changes of  agricultural practice, eutrophication, invasive species, and collection of this  plant. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
Acis nicaeensis is found in France and in the northwest of Italy's border (Association Tela Botanica 2009,   Commission of the European Communities 2009). The geographic range estimated for both countries is 409 km², from which only 1 km² belongs to Italy   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The area of occupancy in France is less than 20 km².

population:
This species has been recorded in two to three localities in Italy   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In France, it occurs in 17 localities with a total of 10,000 individuals estimated. The populations are declining and are severely fragmented due to urbanisation.

habitat:
This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 6220 "Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea" and 5330 "Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threat to the species' habitat is urbanisation. It is also affected by forest plantings, vegetation change due to changes of agricultural practice, eutrophication, and invasive species. Locally collection of this plant poses a threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the synonym Leucojum nicaeense.In France, it is protected at national level. Two localities are owned by the Conservatoire du Littoral.


taxonomicNotes:
Galanthus elwesii is often confused with G. gracilis, as both of these species have glaucous leaves and two green marks (or one very large green mark) on each inner perianth segment, and they can occur in similar localities and populations. Galanthus gracilis and G. elwesii are closely related, but they can be easily distinguished from one another by the type of vernation (the position of the leaves when they are in bud), which is applanate (leaves flat against each other) and supervolute (one leaf encircling the other), respectively. Other distinguishing characteristics, which are reliable but not totally discrete for each species, are the width of the leaves and the general dimensions of the plant: G. gracilis usually has narrow leaves and is generally of smaller dimensions than G. elwesii. The leaves of G. gracilis are frequently twisted but they can also be straight. Molecular data (Lledo et al. 2004, Larsen et al. 2010) infers that these two species are distinct.The confusion between G. elwesii and G. gracilis is especially critical in their European ranges, and at the present time their exact distributions are poorly understood. Molecular studies are currently being undertaken with the aim of addressing these problems and questions concerning species delimitation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Galanthus elwesii has a large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, and occurs in a wide range of habitats. However, further studies are required to determine the exact distribution of G. elwesii as it is often confused with G. gracilis, especially in studies using herbarium specimens. Further research may show that this species needs to be placed in a threatened category, particularly as many subpopulations of G. elwesii are severely fragmented and because it is under a broad range of threats.

range:
The natural range of Galanthus elwesii extends from Asia Minor to the Aegean Islands, Balkan mountains and northwestern part of the Black Sea shore. In the eastern part of its range, this species is rarer than in the western part. In Romania, it is known from only one locality in the Dobrodgea upland. In Moldova, it also known from one locality only in Gagausia, Komratsky district. There are reported to be 13 localities of Galanthus elwesii in the Ukraine, found in the Bessarabia upland and near the Black Sea lowland, Odeska and Mykolaivska regions, although these populations require full verification (i.e. to ascertain whether they are G. gracilis or G. elwesii). In total, 24 localities are known for this species.

population:
In Serbia, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). In Bulgaria, it is widespread in most of the regions of the country but not common. At some localities there are few individuals only. Population trend seems to be decreasing in many areas. In the Ukraine, the population parameters differ depending on the habitat. In oak forests population density reaches 160 individuals/m², whereas in ravine forests (bairak forests) it has an average of 65 individuals/m², in shrub communities there are 60-140 individuals/m², and in steppe communities 40-50 individuals/m² (Melnyk et al. 2007).Many populations are severely fragmented, as they only occur in rather narrow ecological niches.

habitat:
Galanthus elwesii is a late  winter- to spring-flowering snowdrop of woods, scrub and rocky meadows    (Morgan and Leon 1992). It occurs in a variety of habitats: forest (Quercus sp., Fagus sp., Pinus sp., etc.), scrub (Quercus coccifera, Pteridium aquilinum),  and in forest clearings, subalpine pastures, and amongst rocks, at  altitudes from 100 to 1,300 m but most commonly at 800 to 1,000 m.In the Ukraine, it grows in deciduous forests in the steppe zone: in oak forests (Quercus robur) in river valleys, in bairak forests of Alno-Ulmion alliance, in shrub communities of the Prunion stepposae and the Festuco-Brometaeae class. In Moldova, it grows in oak (Quercus robur and Quercus pubescens) and hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), and in shrubland.

threats:
In Bulgaria, the species is collected for ornamental or medicinal purposes. Further threats are posed by plantations, tourist infrastructure development as well as recreational activities. In Ukraine, destruction of extrazonal deciduous forests in steppe zones, plantations, cutting of the forests, as well as collection have been described as threats. It is a climate-sensitive species.

conservationAction:
All Galanthus spp. are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).It is included in several national red lists and classed as Critically Endangered in Moldova, Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii); C2a(i) in Bulgaria, Vulnerable in Romania and Ukraine. In the latter it is protected in Staromanzyrskij zakaznik and in regional landscape park Tiligulskij liman in the Odessa region. In Romania, it is protected in Muntii Macin reserve.Fieldwork and molecular studies are required to determine the taxonomic identity of the European occurrences.

useAndTrade:
Collection for decorative use in flower bunches, part lethal removal and non-lethal removal. Used as medicinal plant (whole plant). Sustainable harvesting of bulbs in large numbers (millions) from Turkey.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is commonly associated with a number of other taxa, and particularly G. graecus and G. elwesii. Some have placed G. gracilis into the synonymy of G. graecus, while others have considered it synonymous with G. elwesii. Available taxonomic data now clearly shows that G. gracilis as a distinct species. Galanthus gracilis and G. elwesii are undoubtedly closely related, but they can be easily distinguished from one another by the type of vernation (the position of the leaves when they are in bud), which is applanate (leaves flat against each other) and supervolute (one leaf encircling the other), respectively. Other distinguishing characteristics, which are reliable but not totally discrete for each species, are the width of the leaves and the general dimensions of the plant: G. gracilis usually has narrow leaves and is generally of smaller dimensions than G. elwesii. The leaves of G. gracilis are frequently twisted but they can also be straight (Davis 1999, 2001).The confusion between G. gracilis and G. elwesii is especially critical in their European ranges, and at the present time their exact distributions are poorly understood. Molecular studies are currently being undertaken with the aim of addressing these problems and questions concerning species delimitation.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Galanthus gracilis has a large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, and is able to occur in a range of habitats. Further studies are required to determine the exact distribution of G. gracilis as it is often confused with G. elwesii, especially in studies using herbarium specimens. Further research may show that this species needs to be placed in a threatened category, particularly as many subpopulations of G. gracilis are severely fragmented and because it is under a broad range of threats.

range:
Galanthus gracilis is native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor (Turkey). In Europe, it grows in northeastern Greece and the East Aegean Islands extending north to Bulgaria, Romania and southwestern Ukraine (Davis 1999).

population:
In Ukraine, the populations are isolated and occupy areas from 0.5 to 160 ha. Population density differs depending on the type of habitat: in forest communities 116-634 individuals/m² were recorded whereas in shrub communities the density only reaches 28-38 individuals/m² (Melnyk et al. 2007). Observations in Turkey and Greece (A.P. Davis pers. obs.) show that many populations are restricted to less than 1 km², although others are much larger. Many populations are severely fragmented.

habitat:
Galanthus gracilis is a spring-flowering snowdrop of woods and scrub communities. It occurs in a variety of habitats: pine, beach, oak, cedar forests, scrub and clearings within vegetation (Davis 1999). In Ukraine, it grows in oak, ash, maple, elm, poplar forests, in steppe ravines, in scrub communities and in cultivated forest of Robinia pseudoacacia (Melnyk et al. 2007).

threats:
The main threats to this species are collection for ornamental or medicinal purposes, forest management, plantations, tourist infrastructure development (including road building), as well as recreational activities. Galanthus gracilis is climate sensitive, although due to its large range and ecological flexibility may have be less influenced by climate change than other Galanthus species.

conservationAction:
All Galanthus spp. are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).In Ukraine, it is protected in the Staromaryrskij and Munryrska Dibrova protected areas in the Odessa region. It is currently not on the national Red List but protection is needed.Fieldwork and molecular studies are required to determine the taxonomic identity of the European occurrences.

useAndTrade:
Galanthus gracilis is collected for decorative use in flower bunches. It is also used as a medicinal plant in some areas.


taxonomicNotes:
Galanthus ikariae is frequently confused with other green-leafed snowdrops, and particularly G. woronowii, which are often considered as constituting one species. While it is true that these species can often appear to be very alike, there should be no real reason for confusion. The inner perianth mark of G. ikariae is very large and bold, as stated above, and even when the mark is a similar shape to that of G. woronowii (see below) it still usually covers a larger area of the segment. Galanthus ikariae also has leaves that are dark matt-green, and not bright green like those of G. woronowii. A further means of telling these species apart is by looking at transverse sections of the leaves, as the leaf anatomy of each species is quite different. When a leaf of G. ikariae is sectioned and examined under a microscope, large air-spaces are evident and the mesophyll cells (the cells making up the bulk of the leaf tissue) are loosely arranged with large spaces between them. The air-spaces can be clearly seen with either the naked eye or a x10 hand lens, when the leaf is cut in half with a knife or pair of scissors. The leaves of G. woronowii, and all other broad-, green-leafed snowdrops, do not display this feature, but instead the leaf-blade has very small air-spaces which are either invisible or barely discernible to the naked eye. As a rule-of-thumb test, it is possible to fit a dress-maker’s pin into the air-spaces of G. ikariae, with little or no difficulty. Molecular studies (Lledo et al. 2004) demonstrate that G. ikariae and G. woronowii are separate species.Since its discovery on the island of Ikaria, G. ikariae has been collected from at least three other Aegean islands, including Andros, Naxos, and Skyros; further collections have also been made on Ikaria. (Davis 1999, 2001; Lledo et al. 2004)

redListCategoryRationale:
Galanthus ikariae is endemic to the Greek Aegean Islands of Andros, Ikaria, Naxos and Skyros. The extent of occurrence is quite large (10,768 km²) but much of this area includes the Aegean Sea. Populations are fragmented and usually small (e.g. less than 1 km²), and often confined to cooler and wetter niches within  considerably drier and sunnier macro-habitats. For those populations occurring near streams, abstraction or shifts in  rainfall patterns (including climate change) would significantly influence  population health and survival of individuals. Correspondingly, G. ikariae is assessed as Vulnerable. Further research on population size may necessitate a reassessment to a higher threat category.

range:
This plant is endemic to the Greek Aegean Islands of Andros, Ikaria, Naxos and Skyros. It has an extent of occurrence of 10,768 km², an area of occupancy of 2,408 km² and is found at five locations.

population:
The populations of G. ikariae are often small (e.g. sometimes much less than 1 km²), and are mainly confined to suitable cooler and wetter niches, within considerably drier and sunnier macro-habitats. Further work is required to map populations size and density.

habitat:
In the wild, G. ikariae is mainly confined to wet, shady places at altitudes above 600 m, where it escapes the severity of the hot, dry Aegean summer. Populations of G. ikariae are commonly found in close proximity to a water-source, usually in deep shade on sloping ground. Small river gorges with rather luxuriant vegetation, including deciduous trees, are a frequent habitat. In these locations Galanthus ikariae is often found growing through Ivy (Hedera sp.) or with Cyclamen hederifolium. Sometimes G. ikariae is found on flat, wet areas in deep soil at the bottom of gorges, where it attains a much larger size. Plants growing in such situations in Andros, have leaves of up to 3 cm wide and 50 cm long. Galanthus ikariae is not totally confined to river gorges and it also grows at the edge of scrub and woodland. On Skyros, for example, G. ikariae can be found in the shade of macchie, with the Cretan maple (Acer sempervirens). It is also found in the shade of large boulders, between rocks, and at the base of rocky outcrops. In all habitats, G. ikariae is most frequently recorded on soils overlying either limestone or metamorphic rocks, such as schist.

threats:
For those populations occurring near streams, abstraction or shifts in rainfall patterns (climate change) would significantly influence population health and survival of individuals. There is a possibility of small-scale, illegal collection for the bulb trade, although the presence of this species in cultivation reduces the need for exploitation from the wild.

conservationAction:
All Galanthus spp. are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

useAndTrade:
Galanthus ikariae is sometimes grown in specialist bulb and snowdrop collections, and can be obtained from specialist plant nurseries in the UK and other European countries (thereby reducing the need to collect from the wild).


taxonomicNotes:
There are over 50 synonyms for Galanthus nivalis and this is due to several reasons: it is a variable species and throughout its distribution a number of taxa have been named in an attempt to record this variation; because of its long history in cultivation, a large number of taxa and cultivars have been recognised, leading to an even greater proliferation of names; and before many other species had been described, most Galanthus were referred to or associated with G. nivalis, probably because it was the best known and most ubiquitous species (Davis 1999).

redListCategoryRationale:
Galanthus nivalis has an extensive distribution across Europe. There is some uncertainty, however, concerning the extent of native subpopulations due to widespread naturalisation. Many native subpopulations of G. nivalis occur in small relictual forest/woodlands and further loss of suitable habitats  would lead to a definite decline in the species. Climate change is also likely to threaten G. nivalis due to the loss of suitable micro- and macro-habitats, where it is currently found. The species is listed as Near Threatened, Vulnerable or even Critically Endangered in several European countries and is included on nearly every country's Red List, suggesting the subpopulations in each of the countries are under threat. Harvesting and trade of the species is still occurring on a local scale, even though international trade is restricted by CITES. A rating of Near Threatened at the global level is suggested here due to all the above factors threatening the population as a whole, and the possibility of G. nivalis qualifying for a threat category in the near future (VU A3cd).

range:
Galanthus nivalis is found throughout Europe: eastwards from the Pyrenees and northern Spain to the Ukraine, and southwards from Germany and Poland to southern Italy, Albania and northern Greece. Galanthus nivalis does not occur in Turkey or in the Caucasus mountains. It is doubtfully native in many locations in northwestern Europe above 50ºN latitude and is introduced and naturalised in the UK, Netherlands and other countries of northern Europe. Although found over a wide altitude range, most populations are found below 900 m asl.

population:
Native populations are believed to be relictual. Galanthus nivalis has been described as a relict species in the community of Valencia, Spain, where only three wild populations are known (Estrelles et al. 2001). Specific population data is available for several subpopulations, such as that in the East Carpathians (Budnikov and Kricsfalusy 1994):Seed productivity studies of various populations of G. nivalis in the East Carpathians showed that population age structure remains stable due to regeneration through seed. Lowland-foothill populations appear to have the highest generative reproduction capacity. Lowland populations are also predominated by juvenile plants (about 40%), with mature plants in lower numbers. This is thought to be caused by a large amount of harvesting in these lowland areas. The upper mountain belt has a much higher percentage of mature (58%) than juvenile (11%) plants. These populations are considerably less “affected” by human pressures and likely to represent a “normal” age structure.

habitat:
Most frequently occurring in moist conditions in deciduous woodland (Fagus silvatica, Quercus spp., Carpinus spp. etc.), and occasionally in coniferous woodland (Abies spp.). Also occurring in meadows, pasture, amongst scrub, near rivers and on stony slopes, particularly on calcareous soils. Galanthus nivalis is a cross pollinating plant, but sometimes self-pollination takes place. It is pollinated by bees. Seeds have elaiosomes which are eaten by ants and they carry seeds through underground tunnels, helping to distribute them.

threats:
The survival of many Galanthus species is threatened in nature due to habitat destruction and collecting for the horticultural trade. Galanthus is the most heavily traded wild-collected bulb genus in the world. However, all species have been listed in CITES Appendix II since 1990 and trade in wild specimens is now heavily restricted. In addition, most nurseries are selling stock which has been raised from selected reliable clones, therefore avoiding the use of wild populations (Davis 1999). Reported trade in wild specimens of G. nivalis virtually ceased in 1995, with the cessation of reported exports from Hungary.CITES-reported exports of live/bulbs of Galanthus nivalis:Hungary: 200,000 (1992), 120,000 (1993), 150,000 (1994)  Romania: 41 kg (2000)Turkey: 28,670 (1994) [not G. nvalis]Netherlands: 300 (1995), 1,325 (1998), 219 (1999)Some populations are more threatened than others, an example from Ukraine is outlined below: Galanthus nivalis was formerly widely distributed in the East Carpathians but during the last decade its area has been considerably reduced as a result of destruction of its primary habitats (particularly the lowland-foothill zone where populations are close to populated areas or recreational areas) and direct destruction by picking its flowers and digging out bulbs. Threatened by extinction in certain areas, it has been included in the "List of Rare and Disappearing Species of the Ukrainian Flora" and listed as a species in decline in the “Red Data Book of the Ukraine” (1996). Galanthus nivalis is protected, and has been included in the national Red Data Books or lists of all the neighbouring countries of the Carpathians region – Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Illegal exports of Galanthus plicatus and G. nivalis were reported from the Ukraine in 1997, however..

conservationAction:
Galanthus nivalis is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), under Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008 and on Annex V of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43.Galanthus nivalis is included in the Red Data Books of the following countries: Austria (Niklfeld 1999), Italy (Conti et al. 1997), Italy / Sicily (Conti et al. 1997), Italy / Sardinia (Conti et al. 1997), Netherlands (van der Meijden 2000), Romania (1994),  It has been assigned different threat ratings in several countries: Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996), Czech Republic (Procházka 2001), and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)Near Threatened in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Slovakia (Feraková et al. 2001)Rare in Greece (Phitos et al. 1995), Moldova (Postolache 1995) and Ukraine (Schelag-Soconko 1996)Least Concern in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005)Galanthus nivalis populations are found in several protected areas throughout Europe including:Volcan Montsacopa, Partial Nature Reserve, SpainMassis del Montseny Nature Park, SpainMicro-reserve network in Valencia, SpainEcrins National Park Buffer Zone, FrancePoondri Protected Landscape Area, Czech RepublicLitovelske Pomoravi Ramsar Site, Czech RepublicLabske Piskovce Protected Landscape Area, Czech RepublicCentral Balkan National Park, BulgariaRila National Park, BulgariaSeveral Ramsar Sites in Germany and Austria, including Wattenmeer and Unterer Niederrhein, Wadden Sea (European PSSA)

useAndTrade:
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) is an outdoor ornamental spring flower widely grown around the world. It is one of the most popular of all cultivated bulbous plants. Galanthus nivalis is ubiquitous in cultivation, and hundreds of thousands of individuals are sold each year in horticultural trade.Five alkaloids are contained in the above-ground part of G. nivalis and five also in the underground part. One is Galanthamin which is a strong poison and is used in medicine to relieve traumatic injuries to the nervous system. Another is Lycorine, which can also cause poisoning. Some individuals were poisoned after ingesting the bulbs as emergency food in Holland during World War II. Large amounts of bulbs need to be ingested to produce toxic reactions, such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The plant is also an emmenagogue - it promotes or increases menstrual flow or can induce an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.The mannose-binding specific lectin from Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) is an effective insecticide against a wide variety of pest insects in the orders Homotera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera with hardly any effect on non-target insects and soil bacterial communities. GNA is regarded as a potential insecticidal gene to be engineered into cultivated plants to increase the range of pests affected and to delay the development of insect resistance. Researchers have advocated transgenically transforming crops such as grapefruit, tobacco, tomato, potato, rice and wheat with GNA in order to increase their resistance against insect pests. Beyond being investigated for its uses as an insecticide, GNA lectin is also being investigated for its use in antibody and HIV research.


taxonomicNotes:
Galanthus peshmenii is a recently described species (Davis and Brickell 1994), named in honour of the late Dr. H. Peşmen. It has a very restricted distribution in the wild and is known from only a small area in Antalya province of southern Turkey and on the nearby Greek island of Kastellorhizo (Megisti). According to data from herbarium specimens, this species was first collected in 1973, on Kastellorhizo, by the Greek botanist Stamatiadou. This was followed by a collection made on the Turkish mainland in 1978, by Peşmen, Yildiz and Günes. Originally, collections from Kastellorhizo were believed to represent G. cilicicus and collections made on the Turkish mainland have also been placed under G. reginae-olgae. In flowering time and growth habit G. peshmenii closely matches G. reginae-olgae, a species from Greece, Sicily and the southern part of the former Yugoslavia. These two species are, however, easily distinguished from one another by the colour and dimensions of the leaves, and the shape of the inner perianth mark. Galanthus reginae-olgae has a glaucous median stripe on the adaxial surface of the leaves on a background of green; G. peshmenii possesses leaves that are glaucescent (green with glaucous undertones) to glaucous, with or without a slight underlying median stripe. The leaves of G. peshmenii are usually narrower and longer than those of G. reginae-olgae, and have a distinctly flaccid appearance when fully developed. The inner perianth mark of G. reginae-olgae is very similar to that of G. nivalis and is usually represented by a bold U- to V-shaped mark; and on the inside of the inner perianth segment the green mark runs from the apex to the base of the segment. The markings on the inner segments of G. peshmenii are quite different. The outer mark is narrow and shaped like a U, and on the inside of the segment the mark is small and covers only approximately half the length of the segment. In terms of flower markings, leaf characteristics (including vernation) and flowering time, G. peshmenii is very much like G. cilicicus, but differs from this species in its leafless, or near-leafless, flowering habit and long, narrow leaves. Molecular data from analyses of chloroplast and ribosomal DNA (Larsen et al. 2010) shows that G. peshmenii is closely related to G. elwesii. This result is logical in a geographical context, as both G. peshmenii and G. elwesii occur in the Mediterranean coastal area of southern Turkey.Galanthus peshmenii is an autumn flowering plant which produces its flowering scapes before the leaves emerge from the surface of the soil. Occasionally, the leaves are present at flowering time but even in these instances they are very short and not fully developed. The leaf anatomy of G. peshmenii is quite unique for Galanthus because it possesses a well-defined palisade layer, a feature which is clearly seen when the leaf is observed in transverse section. This feature, usually an adaptation to high light levels, is also present in many other members of the Amaryllidaceae, including those genera mentioned above. Galanthus reginae-olgae also has a palisade layer, but it is not as well developed as that of G. peshmenii (Davis and Brickell 1994, Davis 1999, Larsen et al. 2010).&#&#&#&#&#&#&#&#&#&#

redListCategoryRationale:
Galanthus peshmenii is endemic to the Greek island of Kastellorhizo (Megisti) in the southeast Aegean and a limited area of southwestern Turkey in close proximity to the  Mediterranean coast. It is found at three localities and has an extent of occurrence and an area of occupancy of 2 km². The habitat is likely to be declining slowly but continuously due to a compounded influence of many factors. It is also deemed to be climate change sensitive. Grazing is a potential threat although it is often restricted to areas where it cannot be grazed by goats and other livestock. This plant is sometimes collected by specialist growers of snowdrop and rare, but this is thought to have limited impact at present. It is assessed as Endangered.

range:
This snowdrop is endemic to the Greek island of Kastellorhizo (Megisti) in the southeast Aegean and adjacently to a limited area of southwestern Turkey in close proximity to the Mediterranean coast (Davis 1999). Within the European part of its range it is found at three localities and has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 2 km².

population:
This is a localized species and there is some evidence of population decline.

habitat:
A low altitude species, occurring from 5 to 300 m, that occurs in maquis, typically, in or at the base of north-facing, rocky, limestone bluffs. On the Island of Kastellorhizo it is almost exclusively found in hollows and crevices in limestone rocks, in places where plants cannot be grazed by goats.The morphological and anatomical features of G. peshmenii are put into clear context when populations of this species are examined in situ. On the island of Kastellorhizo, a typical hot, dry Aegean island, G. peshmenii grows almost exclusively as a chasmophyte on low-altitude, north-facing cliffs and rock outcrops. It is also found very close to the sea, just 10 m from the sea-shore, and as little as 5 m above sea-level. Pockets of soil in rock fissures, hollows, and holes provide a micro-habitat for its existence, and afford protection from the extremes of temperature and climate. Galanthus peshmenii is often found at a height or position that is out of reach of grazing animals, especially goats. Indeed, it is possible that the reason this species is found so frequently growing on rocks is because they have been eaten out of existence elsewhere on the island.

threats:
A possible reduction in numbers can be caused by private collectors (from outside Turkey). G. peshmenii is climate-change sensitive: this species is very specific with respect to its habitat (cool, humid niches within Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation). This species has limited potential for dispersal (dispersed by ants) and would be affected by sea-level rise. Degradation in some areas due to changes in land-use affect this plant.

useAndTrade:
There is a possible reduction in numbers due to collection by private collectors (from outside Turkey) but no official trade has been reported. This species is difficult in cultivation and therefore of less value than other Galanthus species (e.g. G. nivalis, G. elwesii), although it is sometimes collected for its rarity value. Limited and difficult to access (growing deep within limestone fissures) populations make this species difficult to harvest.


taxonomicNotes:
Galanthus plicatus is an easily identified snowdrop because the leaves are folded sharply downwards towards the underside of the leaf. When in bud the margins are folded flat against the lower surface of the leaf. There are two subspecies: ssp. plicatus and ssp. byzantinus. The former occurs throughout the natural range of the species, and has a single mark on each inner perianth segment; the latter is confined to the extreme part of northwest Turkey and has two marks on each inner perianth segment. This snowdrop is related to G. nivalis and G. reginae-olgae but is rarely confused with these species and is genetically distinct (Davis 1999, 2001; Lledo et al. 2004; Larsen et al. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2Galanthus plicatus has a large extent of occurrence (241,084 km²) but a small area of occupancy (64 km²). The species has its main distribution in the Crimean mountains where the populations are stable and many are included in protected areas. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for the moment. However, this species depends on forest cover for survival,  and is thus very susceptible to any land-use change. Some  populations are severely fragmented. Further research on population  size, density and health may show that this species needs to be placed  in a threatened category. The single populations in the Ukrainian  lowland, Moldova and Romania need special conservation attention. In the EU 27, the species is found at only two sites in Romania with not much further information. It is precautionary assessed as Vulnerable D2 but more information on threats, population size and trend are needed.

range:
This species is found around the Black Sea in Romania, Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and Asiatic Turkey. One of the main sites is in the Crimean mountains, from Balaclava to Koktebel. In  lowland Ukraine, it is found at only one locality in Cholodnij Jar in the Cherkasy region. There is only one locality in Moldova and two localities in Romania. In Moldova, Galanthus plicatus grows near the village of Capadia in Cahul county and in Romania, it grows near the village Babadey in the  Tulcea region in Dobrogea. In the Russian Federation, three localities of  Galanthus plicatus have been discovered in the Novorosijsk  region, northern Caucasus. In Turkey this species is mostly confined to the northwest part of Turkey (in Asia).The extent of occurrence is 241,084 km² and the area of occupancy is 64 km².

population:
In Ukraine, the population trend is stable in the Crimean mountains but declining in the lowlands. The size of the Crimean population reaches millions of individuals and the density of the Crimean population is 350-750 individuals/m². One population in lowland Ukraine occupies 6 km² and the density of the population reaches 170-750 individuals/m². Anthropogenic influence such as cutting of the forest is resulting in declines of the size and density of populations.The single Moldavian population occupies an area of about 1 ha. The density of this population is 1-23 flowering specimens/m².

habitat:
Occurs in or at the margins of mixed deciduous forests (Fagus silvatica, Quercus sp., Tilia argentea, T. platyphylla, Carpinus betulus, Sorbus tormentalis, Ulmus sp., etc.) and coniferous forest (Juniperus altari, Abies sp.). Found on calcareous and acidic soils; often rich and leafy soils, sometimes sandy, but also occurring on heavier (clay) soils. Often on sloping ground, and sometimes near streams and small rivers. It occurs from 80 to 1,350 m, but most frequently at 1,000 to 1,350 m.

threats:
In the Ukraine, and other countries, logging and cutting of the forest habitat as well as collection of plants for horticulture are the main threats. It is assumed to be a climate-sensitive species.

conservationAction:
All Galanthus species are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).  Galanthus plicatus is included in the new Red Data Book of the Ukraine (2009) as Vulnerable, in the Red Data Book of Moldova (2002) as Vulnerable, and in the Red List of Romania as Vulnerable. the species is under protection in Jaltinskij, Krimskij, Karadazkij and Mis Martjan reserves, in Fiolent, Aja, Bajdarskij zakaznik, Velikij Kanjon Krimu, Aju-Dag, Kubalacz, Chapchalskij state zakazniks in Crimean peninsula, in Bilosniznij zakaznik and in the state nature monument Cholodnij Jar in the Cherkasy region in Ukraine. The Moldavian population is included in the landscape reserve Codrii Tigheci.Populations near large human settlements in Turkey, e.g. near Istanbul, could be under threat in the near future. Other populations in areas of low human population density are probably stable.

useAndTrade:
Galanthus plicatus is cultivated for the horticultural trade but also collected from the wild (no figures available). There is no evidence of wild-scale collection in Turkey.


taxonomicNotes:
Galanthus reginae-olgae is closely related to G. nivalis, and for many years was considered to be a subspecies of the latter. Both species have applanate (flat) vernation, narrow linear leaves, and a single green mark at the apex of each inner perianth segment, which is often the same shape. Despite the similarities between these two species there are obvious differences, including flowering time, leaf length (at flowering), and leaf colour. Galanthus reginae-olgae is predominantly autumn- to early winter-flowering, whereas G. nivalis is late winter- to early spring-flowering; these differences persist in cultivation. The leaves of G. reginae-olgae are either absent at the onset of flowering or are only about 2–3 cm long (excluding G. reginae-olgae subsp. vernalis: see below), in contrast to those of G. nivalis which are always several centimetres long at flowering time. The upper leaf surface of G. reginae-olgae has a conspicuous glaucous (greyish to grey) stripe running down the middle of the leaf. There is sometimes a greyish stripe on the leaf of G. nivalis, but it is never as obvious as that of G. reginae-olgae and is often absent. The upper leaf surface of G. reginae-olgae is usually a darker green than G. nivalis, which makes the grey median stripe more pronounced. The under surface of the leaf is usually lighter in colour (whitish grey) than G. nivalis (pale grey). Galanthus reginae-olgae is divided into two subspecies: ssp. reginae-olgae and ssp. vernalis. These two subspecies are separated on flowering time, and leaf length at the onset of flowering (Davis 1999, 2001).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii,v)Galanthus reginae-olgae has an area of occupancy of 1,008 km²; populations are usually fragmented and rather small (e.g. many are much less than 2 km²), and confined to specific niches. For those populations occurring near streams, abstraction or shifts in rainfall patterns (including climate change) would significantly influence population health and survival of individuals. In some locations housing and tourist infrastructure is influencing population health and survival; forest clearance will also negatively influence survival. For these reasons G. reginae-olgae is assessed as Vulnerable.

range:
Galanthus reginae-olgae is endemic to Greece, the northwestern and western Balkan Peninsula and Sicily (Davis 1999, 2001). The countries of occurence are: Montenegro, Greece and Italy (Sicily). In Greece, it occurs from the northern Pindos to southern and southwestern Peloponnisos and on Kerkiras (Corfu). There is a very good possibility that this species also occurs in Albania (no current records). The area of occupancy is 1,008 km².

population:
In Greece, the species is rare throughout its range but only under threat on the island Kerkira (Phitos et al. 1995). In Sicily, it is very localised. Areas of suitable habitat suggest that the area of occupancy for this species could be greater than currently recorded, but this is not supported by field observations.

habitat:
Galanthus reginae-olgae is found in a variety of habitats, such as stunted woodland, deciduous woodland, amongst rocks and scrub, near streams on sloping ground, and in river valleys and gorges. It is most abundant at higher altitudes, around 1,000 m. Like other species from southern Europe, most of these habitats provide suitable micro-environments in areas otherwise unsuitable for a predominately woodland plant. This species seems to prefers limestone substrate (Phitos et al. 1995; Davis, 1999). The populations in Sicily are found on rocky outcrops in an oak forest.

threats:
In Greece, the species is not threatened apart from the population on Kerkira that is under threat from the expansion of tourism. It is also safe from being grazed as it contains alkaloids, which makes animals dislike them (Phitos et al. 1995). Forest clearance and water abstraction would influence populations in those areas where it occurs in proximity to rivers and streams. Like other Galanthus, this species is susceptible to climate change.

conservationAction:
All Galanthus spp. are included under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ex situ conservation is underway in the Experimental Garden of the Patras Botanical Institute and no other measures are needed at the present time (Phitos et al. 1995).

useAndTrade:
In Greece this species is not used for ornament or medicine, despite the fact that other species of the genus Galanthus are used for these purposes in that country (Phitos et al. 1995). There is a small amount of illegal collecting for the specialist bulb trade, but this is negligible.


taxonomicNotes:
This assessment was intended for the species Narcissus juncifolius Lagasca as included in the EC Habitats Directive. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010) treats it as a synonym of Narcissus assoanus ssp. praelongus Barra & G.López which is only endemic to Spain. Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. in prep.) treats Narcissus assoanus ssp. praelongus as a synonym of Narcissus assoanus. French botanists treat the species included in the EC Habitats Directive as a synonym of Narcissus assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f. as occurring in France and Spain and this is the definition used for this assessment.

redListCategoryRationale:
Narcissus assoanus ssp. praelongus is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its large and stable populations. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This plant is found in 522 localities in the south of France (Pyrennees, Rhone-Alpes and north of Cote d'Azur, Massif Central) (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010,   Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula (Castroviejo et al. in prep.).

habitat:
This species occurs in rocky grasslands, dry pastures, in mountainous areas. It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea

threats:
Main threats described for this species are abandonment of pastoral systems and quarries (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Urbanisation could become a threat in the future in the region Languedoc-Roussillon.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Narcissus juncifolius.It occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution.


redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
Narcissus asturiensis is found in the northern half of Spain and in central and northwest Portugal in mountains above 800 m (Anthos 2009, Commission of the European Communities 2009). This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and its extent of occurrence is of 11,400 km² most of it in Spain   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The range of the species in Portugal is 2,427 km² and increasing (1991-2005) (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
This species has been recorded in Spain at between 190 to 210 localities. In Portugal, the population is over 10,000 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009), and it has been recorded in seven mountains (ICNB 2006).

habitat:
This species is present in glades of Quercus woods or "Quejigares" which are forests with Quercus faginea. It can also grow in Atlantic woodlands and shrublands, medium and high mountain grasslands  and humid heaths of  Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix, and in   rocky meadows, In Portugal, it was also reported from grasslands dominated by Nardus spp. (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats:4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix4030 European dry heaths6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)6520 Mountain hay meadows7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8240 Limestone pavements9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium9580 Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods

threats:
The main threats for this species are the (commercial) collection of the plants, modifications of woodland management and changes in agriculture uses.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. There are no other major conservation measures recommended. It is found in a protected area in Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

useAndTrade:
This species is collected for trade (ICNB 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
Narcissus bulbocodium is a complex group, with controversial subspecies.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its large and stable populations. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This plant is found on the Iberian Peninsula and in western France. It is furthermore present in Morocco and is endemic to those four countries (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). The species occurs in north, central # and southern Portugal (ICNB 2006).

population:
In Spain, the species has been recorded in 477 to 534 localities and is very abundant. In France, it has been recorded in 205 localities in the Pyrennees and one locality in Pays de la Loire (the latter might be an introduction), with more than 20,000 individuals  (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). In Portugal, the species is frequent all over the country, and may be locally abundant (Sampaio 1946), but the population size has not been estimated.

habitat:
Narcissus bulbocodium grows in Atlantic woodlands and shrublands, medium and high mountain grasslands  and humid heaths of  Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix, generally on acid soils. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 4030 European dry heaths6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)6520 Mountain hay meadows7110 Active raised bogs7130 Blanket bogs7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii

threats:
Forest plantations, collecting and invasive species are impacting Narcissus bulbocodium.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under regional legislation in Extremadura and the Basque country in Spain and in Pays de la Loire in France.

redListAssessors:
Barreto Caldas, F, Moreno Saiz, J.C. & Buord, S.


range:
Narcissus calcicola is found in central, southern and western Portugal and in the Spanish provinces of Badajoz, Granada and Almeria (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010, Anthos 2009).The range in Portugal is 5,369 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In Portugal, it is considered as relatively abundant and several populations are in places protected, and difficult to access (ICNB 2006). In Spain, there are only very few populations known, with a disjunct distribution.

habitat:
It grows in limestone rock crevices, open shrub vegetation under Quercus rotundifolia, road sides, and rocky soil with humus accumulation (ICNB 2006). This species can grow in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

threats:
Main threats described for Portugal are quarries, other industrial/commercial areas, motorised vehicles, mountaineering, and rock climbing (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Collecting and grazing are also impacting this species.

conservationAction:
It is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive. There are no other conservation measures needed.

useAndTrade:
It may be collected for trade (ICNB 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
This species is included in the EC Habitats Directive as Narcissus humilis but that is not a legitimate name. It is therefore treated here as Narcissus cavanillesii Barra & G. López (The Plant List 2010, Castroviejo et al. in prep).

redListCategoryRationale:
Narcissus humilis is listed as Data Deficient for current available information is not enough to clarify its conservation status.

range:
This species is native and endemic to the Morocco, Portugal and Spain (Castroviejo et al. in prep.). In Spain, it is found in Sierra de Grazalema, Sierra de Lijar, Los Alcornocales, Doñana, and La Serena.In Extremadura its area of occupancy has been estimated in 8 grid cells of 10x10 km (Palacios et al. 2010).

population:
In Spain, this species has been recorded in six localities. In Portugal, the population has 13,500 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
Narcissus humilis grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion92D0 Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)In Extremadura it can be found between 300 and 600 m asl.

threats:
Modification of cultivation practices, use of pesticides, grazing, removal of hedges and copses, animal breeding, open cast mining, outdoor sports and leisure activities, motorised vehicles and trampling and overuse have bee cited as threats to ths species in Spain (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Outdoor sports and leisure activities and trampling, overuse have been reported as threats in Portugal.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the name Narcissus humilis. It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and as species "de interés especial" in the regional catalogue of threatened species of Extremadura.


range:
This plant is found in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, it is present near Porto and Viseu and in the provinces of Minho, Douro Litoral, Beira Alta, and Beira Litoral. In Spain, it is found in the four provinces of Galicia (La Coruña, Pontevedra, Ourense and Lugo) (Anthos 2009). In Portugal, the range of the species is 1,430 km² and it has been recorded with an increasing trend between 1997-2004 (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

population:
In Portugal, it occurs usually with low numbers of individuals, and was registered in the mountains of Caramulo, Valongo, Freita, and Bico (ICNB 2006). The population size for Portugal has not been determined. In Spain, this species has been recorded in 34 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but new populations have been recently discovered.

habitat:
This species grows in shaded forests, humid grasslands and in banks of low river basins. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

threats:
The main threats are collecting of the species and forest plantations.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is protected under the Galician legislation. In the Spanish Red List, the conservation status is Least Concern (Moreno 2008). Local community projects are targeting this species in Portugal. It needs conservation attention in Portugal, as the species is usually found with low numbers of individuals and is therefore likely to struggle unless conditions change (ICNB 2008a).

useAndTrade:
It may be collected for trade (Commission of the European Communities 2009).


taxonomicNotes:
Narcissus jonquilla is one of a complex of species that require further taxonomic clarification.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Narcissus jonquilla is classed as Data Deficient because available information is inadequate to assign it to an appropriate threat category.

range:
The native distribution of N. jonquilla is limited to the Iberian Peninsula although it may also be locally native in the south of France. However it has been introduced to France, Italy, Turkey in Europe, Madeira, Azores and southeastern North America.

population:
There is no information available on the size of or trends on populations of N. jonquilla.

habitat:
Narcissus jonquilla grows in wet grassland, river floodplains and on winter-inundated rock outcrops along rivers.

threats:
The main threats are unknown. Collecting might have an impact on the wild populations.

conservationAction:
This species is protected by regional legislation in two Spanish regions (Castilla y Leon and Castilla-La Mancha). It occurs in protected areas. More research on population size, trends and distribution, as well as on major threats is needed.

useAndTrade:
Narcissus jonquilla is widely available through horticultural trade. It is understood that most material sold is derived from cultivation and there is no information on the potential effect of trade on wild populations.

redListAssessors:
Lansdown, R., Barreto Caldas, F & Moreno Saiz, J.C.


taxonomicNotes:
This species is a hybrid, very variable and relatively widespread in Iberia. It has been considered to be several distinct species, but recent genetic studies showed that it is a single species.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This subspecies is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the subspecies’ populations to severely decline in the near future. Although, it is only found at two localities in Portugal, it is locally abundant in Spain with a stable population trend.

range:
This subspecies is found near Lisbon and in the Tejo river basin in Portugal and in southwest Spain (Anthos 2009). It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

population:
In Spain, this subspecies has been recorded in 29 to 45 localities, where it is locally abundant   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Portugal, there are only two known localities: one in the Tejo river basin and one   in Alto Alentejo and it is considered likely to become extinct in Portugal (ICNB 2006).

habitat:
This subspecies occurs in damp places, moist clayey soils and sandy-clayey soils beside rock fissures (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
The main threats to this subspecies are grazing, modification of agriculture practices and collecting.

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive under the synonym N. ferndandesii. It is protected under the legislation of three Spanish regions: Andalucia, Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha.


redListCategoryRationale:
Has a limited extent of occurrence, there is continuing decline in habitat quality and loss of mature individuals and there is extreme fluctuation in the number of mature individuals.

range:
This species is endemic to Andalusia and is widely distributed in the mountain ranges of Cazorla, Segura and las Villas. Its known range has diminished because some subpopulations are now considered to be separate species. There are 10 subpopulations, but two of them have not been refound. Also found in the mountain ranges of Castril (Granada), Mágina (Jaén) and in the Jaén Mountains. In this last one the individuals have different characters and may represent a different species.

population:
The populations fluctuate in size from one year to another.  8 confirmed subpopulations: 2 subpopulations in Sa de Mágina: 5,157 individuals 1 subpopulation in Sontes de Jaén: 2,300 individuals 1 subpopulation in mountain range of Castri: not estimated 5 subpopulations in mountain range of Cazorl: 12,579 individuals

habitat:
This geophyte occurs in permanent waters and fountains. It is found in association with Scirpus holoschoenus, Holcus mollis, Piptatherum veriaean, and Eleocharis nigricans.

threats:
This species is vulnerable to modifications of the water regime induced by natural or artificial causes. Trampling and grazing by herbivores poses a threat to some subpopulations. There is also some removal of plants by collectors.

conservationAction:
This species is included in various National Parks. Seeds from some populations are stocked at the genebank of Vegetal Andaluz and at the Botanical Garden of Torre del Vinagre (Cazorla, Jaén). The species is cultivated and propagated. A recovery plan for the species has been implemented.

redListAssessors:
Hernández-Bermejo, E., Prados, J., Benavente, A., Díaz, A., Herrera-Molina, F., Garrido, A. & Luque, P.


taxonomicNotes:
Two subspecies are considered: Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi Sánchez-Gómez, Carrillo, A. Hernández, M.Á. Carrión & Güemes and Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley ssp. nevadensis.Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi Sánchez-Gómez, Carrillo, A. Hernández, M.Á. Carrión & Güemes is synonym to the accepted name Narcissus enemeritoi (Sánchez-Gómez & al.) Sánchez-Gómez & al., according to World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, and Narcissus nevadensis occurs in Sierra Nevada, Spain. However, the information provided for the taxon Narcissus nevadensis in Article 17 (Commission of the European Communities 2009) correspond to Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi.

redListCategoryRationale:
Narcissus nevadensis is listed as Endangered due to its restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 33 km2 and presence confirmed in five locations. Regressive patterns have been reported for the extent and quality of its habitat. Strong decreasing population trends have been observed for the subspecies endemic to Murcia. Modifications in hydrological regimes, grazing and human presence are the main threats affecting this species and its habitat.  #  #

range:
Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi is endemic to Sierra de Villafuerte (Moratalla, Murcia, Spain) (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2004), where it grows from 1,250 to 1,300 m asl. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 2 km². Two populations were described in the past but one of them has not been recently found.Narcissus nevadensis ssp. nevadensis is endemic to Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Baza (Granada, Spain) (Gutiérrez et al. 2004), where it grows between 1,400 and 1,950 m asl. It is distributed into four locations, with an area of occupancy of 31 km².

population:
Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi had a population of around 120 individuals in 2003 (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2004). Critical regressive population trends have been observed since the taxon was discovered.Total population size for Narcissus nevadensis ssp. nevadensis has been estimated in 23,598 individuals. New subpopulations have been found in the last years (Gutiérrez et al. 2004).

habitat:
Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi grows on sandy dolomitic substrates. It occurs within the riparian vegetation of mountain streams. It can be found in the reeds of the Lysimachio ephemeri-Holoschoenetum vulgaris coexisting with Cirsium pyrenaicum, Iris xyphium, Schoenus nigricans, Scirpus holoschoenus, Dactylorrhiza elata, Festuca arundinacea, Lysimachia ephemerum and Mentha spicata. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 6420 "Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion"   ((Sánchez Gómez et al. 2004), Commission of the European Communities 2009).Narcissus nevadensis ssp. nevadensis grows on moist soils, seasonally flooded (Gutiérrez et al. 2004), mainly on edges of small streams and springs, facing south. Frequent accompanying species are Juncus effusus, Carex camposii, Carex cuprina, Aconitum burnatii, Festuca trichophylla ssp. scabrescens, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus inflexus, Nardus stricta, Mentha longifolia, Myosotis decumbens ssp. teresiana, Primula elatior ssp. lofthousei and Carum verticillatum.

threats:
Main threats to Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi are modifications in hydrological regimes and water courses, trampling, collection, and predation by herbivores (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2004). Narcissus nevadensis ssp. nevadensis occurs in a very specific habitat and this makes it fragile towards anthropogenic influences, climatic and hydrological changes. Grazing is also an important threat as it can reduce fructification due to trampling and plant predation     (Gutiérrez et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the national catalogue of threatened species. Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of protected wild flora of Murcia. It is listed as CR B1ab(iii, iv,v)+ 2ab(iii,iv,v); C1+2a(ii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs in the SCI Sierra de Villafuerte. Research about the genetics of Narcissus spp. in the southeast of Spain. A micro-reserve should be created and visitors should be controlled, as well as grazing species.Narcissus nevadensis ssp. nevadensis is listed EN B1b(iii)c(iv)+2b(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It occurs in protected areas. A species recovery plan has been developed. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada and Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz. Population monitoring has been developed. Herbivores should be controlled. The species is included as "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía.

useAndTrade:
Narcissus nevadensis ssp. enemeritoi is gathered for ornamental purposes (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Gutiérrez Carretero, L., Lorite, J., Ruiz Girela, M., López, M., Donaire Sánchez, F.J., Sánchez Gómez, P., Carrión Vilches, M.Á., Navarro, F.B. & Fernández Jiménez, S.


taxonomicNotes:
There is taxonomic inconsistency in the application of this taxon name and different names are used in different countries. This species is also known as N. radiiflorus. Kew has it down as N. poeticus ssp. radiiflorus (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
The concept of this taxon is inconsistently applied throughout its range and taxonomic clarification of its status is urgently needed. Therefore it is listed as Data Deficient.

range:
The distribution range is difficult to define for inconsistent taxonomic treatment of this subspecies.

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Taxonomic clarification of its status is urgently needed.

redListAssessors:
Bazos, I., Bernhardt, K.G., Dostalova, A., Ericsson, S., Ferakova, V., Gygax, A., Hodálová, I., Illarionova, I., Jogan, N., Király, G., Petrova, A. & Rasomavicius, V.


taxonomicNotes:
Anthos (2009) does not consider this sub-species as valid, but as a synonym of Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus. Narcissus pseudonarcissus is a complex aggregate which still needs some taxonomical treatment.

redListCategoryRationale:
This taxon is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the subspecies’ populations to severely decline in the near future. However, if the taxonomic treatment of the subspecies changes, its conservation status will need a revision.

range:
This subspecies is found in Spain where it has its main distribution along the northern coastal provinces with scattered populations in the rest of the country (Anthos 2009). It is also present in northwest and central Portugal (Silva 2008). The range of the subspecies in Portugal has been calculated as 5,020 km² (Silva 2008).

population:
In Spain, it has been recorded in 106-110 localities   with a stable to unknown population trend. In Portugal, seven   populations have been recorded and the estimated number of individuals are 245,000 to 300,000. The Portuguese populations are decreasing (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

habitat:
This subspecies grows in wet meadows, birch and Quercus robur woods and acidophile areas. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):   6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)6520 Mountain hay meadows9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium

threats:
The main threats for this plant are collecting, forest plantations and changes in agricultural practices.

conservationAction:
This subspecies is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. It is listed under the regional legislation of Galicia and Asturias in Spain. More research is needed regarding the taxonomic status of this subspecies.

useAndTrade:
In Portugal, collection for trade may be declining, but is still impacting the subspecies.


redListCategoryRationale:
Narcissus scaberulus is a Portuguese endemic from the Mondega valley. It is abundant along the rivers and does not face major threats. Potential threats include the afforestation of its area. It is therefore classed as Least Concern for the moment.

range:
This species is endemic to northcentral Portugal, where it occurs in the basin of the rivers Mondego, Seia and Cobral   (Sampaio 1946, Franco and Afonso 1994). Its geographic range is 1,043 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is very abundant along the Seia river valley and also abundant along  the Mondego, but becomes more scarce along the river Cobral. It also  occurs outside this area spread over the Mondego valley, until at least  30 km to the north. The area occupied by the species reaches at least  7,000 hectares. The sites outside the Mondego river were not surveyed,  so that the occupied area might be bigger than expected (ICN 2006).

population:
It has been estimated that the population is around 10,000 individuals with an unknown population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The populations are not fragmented (ICN 2006).

habitat:
Narcissus scaberulus grows preferably in rocky outcrops of granitic origin. It is also frequent in poor soils or in scrubby sands. It can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):4030 European dry heaths5230 Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9330 Quercus suber forests

threats:
The threats are negligible. Expansion of forest plantations could reduce its range. As the species prefers poor soils there are no conflicts with agricultural expansion expected.

conservationAction:
Listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).The site Carregal do Sal was mainly established because of the presence of Narcissus scaberulus. It is recommended to control changes in land use such as afforestation and grazing by goats and to forbid quarrying on the sites (ICN 2006).


taxonomicNotes:
In France, only the subspecies Narcissus  triandrus ssp. capax occurs which is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex II but is now a synonym of N. triandrus. In Spain, two subspecies are found:  Narcissus triandrus ssp. triandrus and Narcissus triandrus ssp. pallidulus, which tends now to be  considered as N. cernuus (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its large and stable populations. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

range:
This Narcissus species is found at the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in the northern half and rarely in the south (Anthos 2009). It also occurs in the Bretagne region in France, departement Finistère (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010). In Portugal, it is present in the northern part half of the country and in Serra de Monchique (Algarve) (Franco and Afonso 1994).

population:
This is a very abundant species in Spain and Portugal. In Spain it has been recorded in 379 localities, in Portugal in 177 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and in France, there is only one locality (Glenans islands, Finnisterre). In 1985, there were 6,500 individuals in France and now there are more than 152,000.

habitat:
This species grows in rocky grassland, woodlands, heathlands and forest glades or scrubland over fresh siliceous substrates. In France, it is found in "grey" dunes, i.e. humus-bearing sands. It is found in the following Habitats Directive habitats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009):  4030 European dry heaths4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)6520 Mountain hay meadows8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9260 Castanea sativa woods9330 Quercus suber forests9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests

threats:
The main threats are grazing, changes in agricultural practices, forest plantations and in some part of its range, invasive species. In France, seabirds and coypus are eating the bulbs and are a serious threat.

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected under regional legislation in the Basque country in Spain. In France, it is listed in Annex I of the National List of Protected Species and the most part of the French subpopulation is in a protected area and is subject to a species recovery plan.


redListCategoryRationale:
Narcissus viridiflorus has a restricted distribution and is not common. Expansion of communication networks is the main factor limiting the expansion of this species. As there is no information available for the area of occupancy or extent of occurrence, number of locations and population trend, the species is assessed as Data Deficient.

range:
This plant is endemic to Spain and Morocco (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). In Spain, it is found in western Sierras Béticas, province of Cádiz (Cabezudo et al. 2005). It is not a common species in Spain. Its geographic range changes depending on annual precipitations (Blanca et al. 2000).

population:
It has been estimated that the actual area covered by the population is 0.29 km²   but there are no figures on the number of individuals  (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population size varies depending on annual precipitations (Blanca et al. 2000) and the population trend is unknown.

habitat:
This geophyte grows on basic soils, in grasslands of Trifolio-Plantaginetum serrariae, where in autumn it grows along with Scilla autumnalis and Leucojum autumnale (Blanca et al. 2000). It can be found in the understorey in Quercus forests (Cabezudo et al. 2005).

threats:
Grazing, urbanisation and communication networks have been considered as threats to this species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

conservationAction:
This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species "Vulnerable" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora species of Andalucía. It is listed VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).All the subpopulations but one occur within the protected area Parque Natural de los Alcornocales, and are object of the conservation measures developed in the area. In the sites outside the protected area, maintenance works on firewalls must be developed with care.


redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low.

range:
The range of this species extends from Europe to the Mediterranean and into Iran (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).It occurs in south France at one location in the area of l’Hérault, St-Paul-et-Valmalle, Languedoc-Roussillon. There are three different areas of several hundreds metres. In Greece, it is found mainly in the north and central part of the mainland (Pindos mountain range, Peloponnese) from 750 -  2,300 m asl. In Hungary, it is not rare in the Transdanubian Mountain Range, but very sporadic in the lowlands. There are approximately more than 100 localities. The Italian populations are found in the centre, south, and in Sicily. There are four to six localities in the central area, which are fragmented.It occurs in southwest Slovakia, situated near the Hungarian Border, which forms the northern limit of  its distribution. The only locality was discovered in 1976 in a hilly region.In Moldova, it grows in the southern part of the country at four localities. In the Ukraine, it is found on the Crimean peninsula and is rare in the western part of the steppe zone in the Odessa region.

population:
In France, there is one population with 100 individuals that is regularly monitored. The habitat of this plant is stable but vulnerable. There is no population information from Greece but a decline is suspected. The Italian populations are stable but fragmented. In Slovakia, approximately 250 individuals have been counted with a suspected stable population trend. In Moldova, isolated plants can be found in an area of 100-200 m² and the number of plants is decreasing. In the Ukraine, the density of local populations is 5-20 individuals/m².

habitat:
Sternbergia colchiciflora grows in grassland, on calcareous rocks, dry slopes, in open stony areas, clearings of Abies, Quercus or Fagus forests or forest margins, or in steppe communities (e.g. Festuco-Brometea class). It is usually found  on limestone. This plant flowers late in autumn and needs abundant rain, otherwise it is difficult to find if there is not  much rain.

threats:
The main threats include natural succession, the invasion of Robinia sp. and Ailanthus sp., urbanisation, change of land use into agricultural land. Recreational activities such as hiking or motocross are affecting the habitat. Wild boars have been known for digging up the bulbs.

conservationAction:
Sternbergia colchiciflora is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on  International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora  (CITES).Several conservation measures are in place at national level and it is red listed in some countries:France: under national protection, ex situ conservation is taken care off in Montpellier CEFE-CNRS. It would probably be classed as Endangered D.Greece: not protected, but it is found in Natura 2000 sites and three national parks e.g Oiti, Parnis, Parnassos; taken for experimental gardens in University of Patras.Hungary: protected and classed as Near Threatened on the red list, not in protected areas; cultivated in botanical gardens.Italy: partially included in regional protected areas, classed as Least Concern on the red list.Moldova: included in the Red Data Book of Moldova (2001) as Endangered and protected in the zakaznik Novo-Andrijachivka, and in an area of steppe  vegetation in Bugeac; cultivated in botanical gardens.Serbia: estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010).Slovakia: classed as Critically Endangered on the national red list, protected in a nature reserve. This species is rarely used from the wild but can easily be cultivated - ex situ conservation is carried out by two botanical gardens: Nitra and Bratislava.Ukraine: included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) as Vulnerable and protected in Jaltinskij reserve, Kazantipskij reserve and in  Tarchankutskij national park in Crimea, and in the Staromazirskij botanical  zakaznik in Odessa region; cultivated in botanical gardens.

useAndTrade:
This plant is used for the ornamental trade and widely cultivated.

redListAssessors:
Király, G., Bazos, I., Hodálová, I., Ferakova, V. & Melnyk, V.


taxonomicNotes:
The situation with S. lutea is complex: Molecular and morphological data would suggest that S. sicula is synonymous with S. lutea, merely representing a section of near-continuous variation. Furthermore, S. greuteriana also appears to be within this variation (Gage and Wilkin 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, stable populations and its ability to live in a wide variety of habitats. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the species’ populations to severely decline in the near future.

redListAssessors:
Barreto Caldas, F, Buord, S., Gargano, D., Gigot, G., Jogan, N., Montagnani, C. & Moreno Saiz, J.C.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus acutifolius L. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Asparagus acutifolius is known to be widespread and common where it occurs in the south west and south east of Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However further studies are needed to investigate the potential threats to this species, and #germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

range:
A. acutifolius is native to southwestern and southeastern Europe, as well as north Africa and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France this species is widespread in the south of the country, in contrast it is only present in one department (Yvelines) in the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is widespread and common throughout its European range.

habitat:
A. acutifolius is found in bushy and semi-dry areas, in sun or partial shade, mainly on limestone (Sica et al. 2005). In Italy, this species is found in southern areas in xerophytic conditions, particularly in the Mediterranean macchia ecosystem (Aceto et al. 2003, Conversa and Elia 2009). This is a perennial dioecious species, mainly pollinated by bees, and while self-pollination is possible, it is rare (Sica et al. 2005). A. acutifolius is resistant to the fungal diseases Puccinia asparagi and Stemphylium vesicarium (Alberti et al. 2004).

threats:
While A. acutifolius is known to be collected in the wild, it is unknown if collection is extensive. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture.    EURISCO reports six germplasm accessions of A. acutifolius held in European genebanks, five of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. All of the wild accessions originate from within Europe, four from Spain and one from Italy (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species to ensure that material is available for future potential use in crop improvement programs.

useAndTrade:
A. acutifolius is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. This species is edible, and is known for its finer flavour than cultivated asparagus (Aceto et al. 2003). It is resistant to  the fungal diseases Puccinia asparagi  and Stemphylium vesicarium  (Alberti et al. 2004). A. acutifolius has been used in breeding experiments to attempt to introgress drought tolerance traits into cultivated asparagus (Štajner et al. 2002).


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus albus L. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Asparagus albus is distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, and is widespread and common where it occurs. As it is stable and currently experiencing a lack of major threats; it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. albus is native to parts of southeast and southwest Europe, as well as north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In France, it is only found only in the department of   Isère in the east and on Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).

population:
This species is widespread and common throughout its range.

habitat:
A. albus is a typical species of Mediterranean shrublands (maquis), and can also be found in abandoned land, ruderal places and coastal areas. It is resistant to the fungal diseases Puccinia asparagi and Stemphylium  vesicarium (Alberti et al. 2004). Its fruits are dispersed by birds (Tirado and Pugnaire 2003).

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. Some subpopulations of A. albus occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.      EURISCO reports one germplasm accession of A. albus held in European genebanks, which is not of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. albus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. Traits of potential use for future breeding programs include disease resistance.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Draper, D., Donnini, D., Branca, F., Tavares, M., Duarte, M.C., Carvalho, M. & Magos Brehm, J.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus aphyllus L. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L. Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. aphyllus L. ssp. aphyllus and A. aphyllus ssp. orientalis (Baker) P.H. Davis (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Asparagus aphyllus is relatively widely distributed in southwestern and southeastern Europe and is reported to be widespread and abundant in southern Spain and Portugal. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is threatened by habitat degradation in Sicily and is only found in one region in mainland Italy where is occurs as scattered an isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown. Therefore, further research is needed to gather information about the population trend of this species, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats throughout most of its range. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority.

range:
A. aphyllus is native to parts of southeast and southwest Europe, as well as north Africa and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). According to experts present at a European vascular plants Red List workshop convened in Portugal, April 2010, in mainland Italy it is only found in one region and in Sicily it is only found in one degraded area.

population:
In southern Spain and Portugal this species is widespread and abundant. In mainland Italy it occurs as scattered and isolated subpopulations. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
A. aphyllus is adapted to dry conditions and can be found in hedges and scrub as well as rocky areas and crevices (Turland et al. 1993) and is often found near wheat fields in Sicily. In Crete it has been found up to 2,000 m (Turland et al. 1993).  This species is resistant to the fungal diseases Puccinia asparagi and Stemphylium vesicarium (Alberti et al. 2004).

threats:
In Sicily this species is threatened by habitat degradation in the form of soil erosion. Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout the rest of its European range.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. It is known to occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.    EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions of A. aphyllus held in European genebanks, neither of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. aphyllus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus arborescens Schult. & Schult. f. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Asparagus arborescens is assessed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat which is resulting in a decline in the area of occupancy and number of subpopulations.

range:
A. arborescens is endemic to the Canary Islands. It occurs on all of the seven largest islands within the archipelago: Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro (Acebes Ginovés et al. 2004).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
Nogales et al. (2007) report that this species exists in sparse and locally distributed populations in the north of Lanzarote. It is also rare in Fuerteventura, Hierro and La Palma.

habitat:
This species is found in lowland dry areas, often on rocky slopes in Euphorbia communities. For example, in Tenerife it can be found in the dry habitats of the south and west up to 100 m and in La Gomera in the dry rocky slopes above Puerto Vallehermoso (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001).

threats:
Populations outside protected areas are under threat from development for tourism and the construction of new roads. Overgrazing # by goats and rabbits is an additional threat, especially in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Invasive species, such as Opuntia spp., Agave spp. and expanding populations of Pennisetum setaceum also threaten this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. Some populations occur within existing protected areas; however, these populations are not monitored or managed and the problem of invasive species and overgrazing also occurs at these sites. There is a need for population genetic and reproductive biology studies.No germplasm accessions of A. arborescens are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary. It is thought that material might be stored in the seed bank of the Jardin Botánico Viera y Clavijo and grown in the living collection.

useAndTrade:
A. arborescens is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus brachyphyllus Turcz. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Asparagus brachyphyllus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Research is needed to clarify its native distribution and overall population size and trend, as well as potential threats and its in situ conservation status in Romania and Bulgaria if native populations are confirmed in those countries.

range:
According to USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2010), A. brachyphyllus is native to Ukraine, Romania, and to temperate parts of Asia. Govaerts et al. (2006–2007) do not record it as being distributed in Europe but its presence in Ukraine is confirmed. In Ukraine, it grows on the Azov Sea coast, including Syvach creek land, near the Black Sea in Chersonska and Zaporizska regions, and in the lowland part of Crimea, including Tarchankutskij and Kerczenskij peninsulas (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) also record it as native to Bulgaria.

population:
In Ukraine, there are small isolated subpopulations in Biruchij, Churug and Dzarilgach Islands, Kutskij and Kerczenskij Peninsulas. There is no information available about the population size or trend for Romania and Bulgaria.

habitat:
This dioecious species is found in calcareous and saline soils (Tutin et al. 1980). In Ukraine, it grows on sandy beaches and around saline lakes, in communities dominated by Agropyron desertorum.

threats:
In Ukraine, the main threats are tourism and recreation in the littoral zone of the Crimean Sea, excessive cattle grazing, and flooding with fresh irrigation water from north Crimea.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. In Ukraine, it occurs in Chornomorskij Biosphere Reserve, in Syvach National Park and in Dzarilgach Regional Landscape Park.No germplasm accessions of A. brachyphyllus are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.Research is needed to clarify the native distribution of this species in Europe.

useAndTrade:
A. brachyphyllus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus fallax Svent. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Asparagus fallax is assessed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is little more than 10 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals.

range:
A. fallax is endemic to the Canary Islands of La Gomera and Tenerife. It is found in the well-preserved laurisilva forests of Anaga (Tenerife) and Garajonay National Park (La Gomera). It is restricted to a total area of a little more than 10 km2 (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).

population:
Mesa Coello et al. (2004) reported that of 78 1x1 km grid squares visited, the species was found in 14. Ten known localities were confirmed, three new localities were found and six previously known localities were not found. The authors provide details of the species at four localities on La Gomera and for Anaga on Tenerife: at Anaga, 1,373 individuals were found at five localities and on La Gomera, 91 individuals were found at five localities. They reported that individuals found were mainly mature.

habitat:
In Tenerife this species is found in well-preserved laurisilva forests in wet and shady areas, between 600 and 1,200 m. On La Gomera the species can be found in forests that have been somewhat degraded. Occasionally, it can be found in more open areas on the borders of forest roads. It is a perennial hermaphrodite which is insect-pollinated and flowers mostly in the summer (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).

threats:
The species is threatened by grazing and sometimes by human disturbance  from visitors to the sites. It could also be affected by small, local   landslides and competition from invasive species. Mesa Coello et al. (2004)  report that the main threat on La Gomera is deforestation in the area  close to Montaña del Cepo. The authors also highlight hybridization with  related species as an additional threat.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. A. fallax was listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v) in the Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España (Bañares et al. 2004) and in the Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española (Moreno 2008).Most subpopulations are found within protected areas; however, continued monitoring and management is needed at these sites.Germplasm from most subpopulations is conserved at the genebank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).

useAndTrade:
A. fallax is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus horridus L. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      Asparagus horridus is common in parts of southwest and southeast Europe and although some subpopulations are threatened by herbicide use and other agricultural activities, these threats are not considered to be significant in terms of the stability of the overall European population. It is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is however a priority for this species.

range:
A. horridus is native to parts of southeast and southwest Europe, as well as north Africa and western Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
A. horridus is common in eastern Spain and Cyprus and relatively common in Italy. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
It is found in sandy soils and on rocks in coastal areas and can also be found on the edges of deserts (Fragman et al. 2001). It has been found to tolerate high levels of metal contamination in soils (Oyarzun et al. 2009).

threats:
Threats to this species include the use of herbicides and other agricultural activities.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. Some subpopulations of A. horridus occur in protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.      EURISCO reports one germplasm accession of A. horridus held in European genebanks, which is not of wild or weedy origin (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. horridus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.

redListAssessors:
Santos Guerra, A., Donnini, D., Branca, F., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Carvalho, M. & Duarte, M.C.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus kasakstanicus Iljin is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)          Asparagus kasakstanicus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as there is insufficient information about the European population to make an informed decision. The distribution, size and trend of the population in European Russia requires investigation, as does the in situ and ex situ conservation status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.

range:
This taxon is recorded as native to Crimea by Euro+Med PlantBase (2006) and as A. inderiensis Blume ex Ledeb. (syn. A. kasakstanicus) as occurring in Crimea to Central Asia (Govaerts et al. 2006–2007). Pavlov (1958) recorded it as being distributed in southeast European Russia and Crimea. However, it is not known from Ukraine (V. Melnyk pers. comm. 2010). It is common in central Asia (Kazakhstan) and is found in southeast European Russia (Pavlov 1958) in the territory of south Ural and upper Volga, close to Ural mountains (close to the border with the Asian part of Russia) (T. Smekalova pers. comm. 2010).

population:
It is reported to be rare in Astrakhan district, South European Russia. There is no other population information available.

habitat:
It grows in calcareous soils (Tutin et al. 1980), as well as in sandy and saline soils. It is found on coastal beaches and in river valleys (Pavlov 1958).

threats:
There is no information about the threats to this species.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. No germplasm accessions of A. kasakstanicus are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).The taxon is included in the 2003 Red List of Rare and Endangered Species of Russia and is included in the Red Book of Chelyabinsk district (T. Smekalova pers. comm. 2010).

useAndTrade:
A wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus litoralis Steven is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L. Yena (1999) excluded Asparagus litoralis from the list of endemic species of Crimea and regarded its populations on the Crimean peninsula as A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not evaluated (NE)Asparagus litoralis is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It has been included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation but further information about its threat status as recorded in this publication has not been forthcoming. It is recommended that the assessor of this species is contacted and a re-evaluation carried out for publication in the European Red List and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.    It does not occur within the  EU 27 level.

range:
Endemic to Ukraine (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where it occurs on the western and southern coast of Crimea.

population:
The subpopulations are restricted in size, isolated, and comprise a small number of individuals (Golubev 1996).

habitat:
It grows in coastal, rocky areas (Tutin et al. 1980) and beside saline lakes.

threats:
The main threats are tourism and recreation in the littoral zone of the southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. A. litoralis is not included in Red Data Book of Ukraine but is included in the Red Data Book of Crimea which is in preparation. Protection and conservation management of all subpopulations is needed.No germplasm accessions of A. litoralis are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. litoralis is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus maritimus (L.) Mill. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Asparagus maritimus is regionally assessed as Data Deficient as  there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this  species. Information is needed about its precise distribution, population size and trend, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status.

range:
A. maritimus is native to parts of east, southeast and southwest Europe, and to north Africa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In Spain, this species occurs in the east of the country. In France, it is present within seven departments in the south of the country:   Pyrénées Orientales, Aude,   Hérault, Gard,   Ardèche,   Bouches-du-Rhône and Var—it is also present within the department of   Charente-Maritime to the west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).   Further research is needed to gather information about the precise distribution of this species throughout the rest of its range.

population:
This species is rare and in decline in Spain. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout the rest of its range.

habitat:
A. maritimus # is a dioecious perennial species found on sandy soils near the coast in the Mediterranean (Tutin et al. 1980). It is a salt tolerant species (Štajner et al. 2002a,b) and is resistant to the fungus, Puccinia asparagi (Alberti et al. 2004).

threats:
The threats to this species are unknown. However, it could be threatened by coastal development.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. Asparagus maritimus is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) in Spain (Moreno 2008). In France, the species is protected in the regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Poitou-Charentes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).No germplasm accessions of A. maritimus are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.

useAndTrade:
A. maritimus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. This species has the economically important traits of salt tolerance and fungal resistance (Puccinia asparagi) (Štajner et al. 2002a,b; Alberti et al. 2004). In some places it is used as a wild food source (Štajner et al. 2002a,b).


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus nesiotes Svent. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L. Two subspecies are native to Europe: A. nesiotes Svent. ssp. nesiotes and A. nesiotes ssp. purpuriensis Marrero Rodr. & A.Ramos (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Asparagus nesiotes is assessed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 500 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and the number of mature individuals.

range:
Asparagus nesiotes is native to the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura with Lobos and Lanzarote with Graciosa) and Selvagens (Marrero and Ramos 1989, Izquierdo et al. 2004, Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). Asparagus nesiotes ssp. nesiotes has been recorded in Selvagem Pequena in the rocky areas of Pico do Veado, and a second area has been found in the extreme south of the island (Museum  National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006). Asparagus nesiotes ssp. purpuriensis is endemic to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be less than 500 km² and decreasing.

population:
This species is very rare both in the Canary Islands and Selvagens (a small island of only 0.30 km²) and the population size is decreasing. Aaparagus nesiotes ssp. nesiotes has been described as very rare, with the initial population (Pitao do Veado) described as consisting of only 15 individuals; a second population was however found in the south of the island in 1983 (Museum  National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).

habitat:
It is tolerant of dry conditions (Nogales et al. 2007) and can be found in rocky areas near the coast (Press and Short 1994, Bramwell and Bramwell 2001).

threats:
It is threatened by livestock grazing in the Canary Islands and natural erosion in Selvagens.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. A. nesiotes ssp. purpuriensis is listed as Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List of Vascular Plants (Moreno 2008). A. nesiotes ssp. nesiotes is reported to have been cultivated in Jardín Botánico Canario, Las Palmas in 1989 and is found in the national reserve of # Selvagens (Museum  National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological  Diversity and Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest 2006).According to Faria et al. (2008) ssp. nesiotes is one of the top 100 priority management species in the Madeira archipelago (Selvagens).No germplasm accessions of A. nesiotes are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus officinalis L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated asparagus, A. officinalis.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Asparagus officinalis is regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is widely distributed throughout most of Europe and the population trend is generally stable. It grows in a range of habitat types and there are no reported major threats. A. officinalis ssp. prostratus is however Endangered in Great Britain; therefore, the subpopulations of this taxon require active management and monitoring.

range:
A. officinalis is native to most of central and southern Europe and to north Africa. It has been introduced and become naturalized across northern Europe, Australasia and parts of north and south America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).Knowledge of its national distribution is available for the following European countries:Slovakia: occurs in the west, southwest, south and southeast of the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992). #Norway: southeast coast.Germany: widespread.Hungary: widespread (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).France: widespread; occurs in all departments with the exceptions of Gers,   Hérault and Gard in the south and Paris to the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).United Kingdom: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus has a particularly narrow coastal range occurring in five localities in south Wales, nine in southwest England and seven in the Channel Islands (Preston et al. 2002). Asparagus officinalis ssp. officinalis has a much larger range—it has a patchy distribution in the west of the UK but is widespread in East Anglia and the southeast (Preston et al. 2002). It is present in only one locality in Northern Ireland and four localities in southern Scotland, near Edinburgh (Preston et al. 2002).Ireland: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus has a particularly narrow coastal range, occurring in only seven localities in eastern Ireland (Preston et al. 2002). A. officinalis ssp. officinalis also has a narrow range, occurring in only five localities on the east coast (Preston et al. 2002).

population:
Knowledge of the European population of this species is as follows:Slovakia: the subpopulations are scattered but the population trend is stable.Germany: widespread and common.Central Europe: stable.United Kingdom: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus is showing some evidence of decline in terms of both range and frequency; those populations that remain are small, scattered and single-sexed (Preston et al. 2002).

habitat:
In the  Mediterranean, A. officinalis is found in many habitats, from hedgerows and  grassy habitats to scrub, wasteland and coastal areas (Blamey and  Grey-Wilson 2004). In central Europe, it also occurs in steppe in warm regions. In Hungary,  it grows in dry oak woodlands (Orno-Quercetum (pubescenti-cerris, Corno-Quercetum) karst scrub-forests, shrubs (Crataegetum danubiale), steppe woodlands (Campanolo-Stipetum tirsae), sand steppes (Brometum tectorum) and salt steppes (Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae)   (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).  It occurs in a range of soil types, but prefers calcareous soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).According to Preston et al. (2002), A. officinalis ssp. prostratus prefers lowland areas, occurring on free-draining sea-cliffs (where it grows through Festuca rubra in rocky soils) and sand dunes (commonly found alongside paths). Tutin et al. (1980) also noted that this taxon #occurs on coastal sands and rocks. A. officinalis ssp. officinalis prefers free-draining sandy soils and lowlands (Preston et al. 2002).

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture.Knowledge of the national threat/protection status of this species in Europe is as follows:Great Britain: A. officinalis ssp. prostratus is listed as Endangered (EN C2a(i)); A. officinalis ssp. officinalis is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).Denmark: classified as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).Hungary: this species is not protected (Király 2007).EURISCO reports 92 germplasm accessions of A. officinalis held in European genebanks, 33 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 26 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus pastorianus Webb & Berthel. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)    B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)Asparagus pastorianus is regionally assessed as Vulnerable as its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2. The populations are severely fragmented as they are found on isolated islands and the habitat is fragmented due to development for tourism and improved road infrastructure, expanding agriculture and invasive species. In addition to these threats, this species is affected by overgrazing by goats and rabbits. The threats are causing a continuing decline in the AOO of the species and the extent and quality of its habitat, and this is resulting in a decline in the number of subpopulations.

range:
A. pastorianus is native to the Canary Islands and Morocco (Govaerts et al. 2006–2007). It mainly occurs on Tenerife and Gran Canaria, where it is found particularly in the dry coastal areas of the south and north. Populations can also be found on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, and rarely in La Gomera.Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species can be frequent but is restricted only to specific habitats.

habitat:
It is found in dry, stony conditions, mainly in Euphorbia communities, from 0–600 m asl. It does not grow on steep land.

threats:
Populations outside protected areas are under threat from development for tourism and the construction of new roads. Overgrazing (goats and rabbits) is an additional threat, especially in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. It is also threatened by invasive species, such as Opuntia and Agave spp. and expanding populations of Pennisetum setaceum, as well as expanding agriculture.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. A. pastorianus occurs within some existing protected areas; however, these populations are under threat from invasive species and overgrazing by goats and rabbits. There is a need for population monitoring and management as well as genetic and reproductive biology studies.EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. pastorianus which is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. pastorianus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. May also be collected from the wild and used as a vegetable. This is a recent use but is only on a small scale.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus plocamoides Svent. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
Asparagus plocamoides is assessed as Vulnerable because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km² and the population is severely fragmented as it occurs on isolated islands, as well as occurring as isolated subpopulations on each of the islands. There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to sporadic forest fires and overgrazing at some localities, as well as a decline in the number of mature individuals due to forest fires.

range:
Asparagus plocamoides is endemic to the Canary Islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera. In Tenerife this species is mostly found in the south and west of the island. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².

population:
The subpopulations are scattered and the plants are isolated.

habitat:
Asparagus plocamoides can be found in dry pine woodland and in Juniperus and Olea forest. The latter forest habitats are now quite rare on the islands.

threats:
Forest fires (both natural and deliberate) are a major threat to this species, as well as overgrazing at some localities.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. Some subpopulations occur within protected areas; however, these subpopulations are threatened by fires and overgrazing. No germplasm accessions of A. plocamoides are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.There is a need for population genetic and reproductive biology studies and a study on the effects of fire on the population.

useAndTrade:
Asparagus plocamoides is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus pseudoscaber Grecescu is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Asparagus pseudoscaber is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information is needed about its precise distribution, habitat preference, population size and trend, as well as its in situ and ex situ conservation status and potential threats.

range:
A. pseudoscaber is native to Romania, Former Yugoslavia and Ukraine (Govearts et al. 2006–2007).

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture.No germplasm accessions of A. pseudoscaber are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.It is listed as Critically Endangered in Serbia (Stevanović 1999).Research is needed on its precise distribution, habitat preference, population size and trend, as well as its in situ conservation status and potential threats.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus scoparius Lowe is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Although the area of occupancy (AOO) of Asparagus scoparius is probably less than 2,000 km2, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat and the overall population is increasing. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

range:
A. scoparius is native to Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Its presence on the island of Selvagens is uncertain (Borges et al. 2008).In the Canary Islands this species is found on the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Palma, Hierro and Gomera. In Tenerife it is found in the lowland areas, of Los Silos, Cuevas Negras, El Fraile, Garachico, Masca,Valle de Santiago del Teide and Chio. In Gran Canaria it is found in Barranco de Moya, Guiniguada, Atalaya and Santa Lucia de Tirajana. In La Palma it is found near Santa Cruz de la Palma, Barranco Carmen and Los Sauces (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001).The area of occupancy (AOO) of Asparagus scoparius is probably less than 2,000 km2.

population:
This species is noted as being common in lowland areas on Tenerife (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001) and is also common in the rest of the islands, except for El Hierro.

habitat:
It is found in dry, rocky habitats (Press and Short 1994). In Gran Canaria it can be found up to 800 m asl (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001). It also grows in coastal areas and in dry forests with Olea, Juniperus, Pistachia, Dracaena and Phoenix.

threats:
There are no major threats to this species; however, local threats include urbanization and public works.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. The species occurs in several protected areas.  EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. scoparius which originates from Spain and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Asparagus tenuifolius is regionally assessed as Least Concern as it is widely distributed in parts of central, southeastern and southwestern Europe and is reported to be widespread and common in Romania and locally common in Bulgaria. However, it is threatened in Italy and Switzerland and protected in one region of France and in Bulgaria. It would therefore be beneficial to collate further information about its precise distribution and population size and trend throughout its European range, as well as to investigate potential threats and its in situ conservation status for future re-evaluation.

range:
A. tenuifolius is native to central, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to west Asia  (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).In France, this species present in 13 departments in the southeast and is also present in the  departments of Aube,   Côte d'Or and Haut-Rhin to the northeast  (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). In Italy, it is found in 17 regions. It is widespread in Romania but has a narrower range in Bulgaria.

population:
It is common in Romania and locally common in Bulgaria. In Italy, it is not common and its habitat is fragmented.

habitat:
A. tenuifolius is a perennial, dioecious plant, tolerant of acidic soils (?tajner et al. 2002). In Romania, it grows in forests and in Italy, it is found in mesophylous (fresh, medium moist) woods.

threats:
It is threatened by over-collection in Bulgaria. Other threats are unknown.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture.Knowledge of its national threat and/or conservation status is available as follows:Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002).Italy: Endangered (Conti et al. 1997).France: protected in the region of Champagne-Ardenne in the northeast (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).In Romania, it is found in many protected areas. It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of these sites.  EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. tenuifolius which is is reported to originate from Bulgaria and is stored in the Institute for Plant Genetic Resources 'K. Malkov' in Bulgaria (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. tenuifolius is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. The species is tolerant to acid soils and attempts have been made to introgress this trait with cultivated asparagus (?tajner et al. 2002).In Bulgaria, it is harvested from the wild for ornamental purposes (whole plants and seeds) and is on the national list of species of controlled usage.


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus umbellatus Link is a wild relative of asparagus, A.  officinalis L. Two subsbspecies and two varieties are native to Europe: A. umbellatus var. flavescens Svent., A. umbellatus ssp. lowei (Kunth) Valdés, A. umbellatus Link ssp. umbellatus and A. umbellatus Link var. umbellatus (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).

redListCategoryRationale:
Although the area of occupancy (AOO) of Asparagus umbellatus is probably less than 20,000 km2, it is assessed as Least Concern because it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat and the population is increasing.

range:
A. umbellatus is native to the Canary Islands and Madeira (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). A. umbellatus ssp. umbellatus is found in the Canary Islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Bramwell and Bramwell (2001) recorded it from the following localities:Tenerife: Sierra Anaga, Orotava valley, Güimar and Bandas del Sur.Gran Canaria: Caldera de Bandama, Tarifa, Telde, Guia, Agaete.La Palma: Los Tilos Barranco de las Angustias and La Galga.La Gomera: the north coast, Agulo and Roque Cano de Vallehermoso.El Hierro: Cuesta de Sabinosa.In Madeira A. umbellatus ssp. lowei is found on the northeast coast (Press and Short 1994) and in the Desertas Islands (Borges et al. 2008).The area of occupancy (AOO) of Asparagus umbellatus is probably less than 20,000 km2.

population:
A. umbellatus ssp. umbellatus is locally very common on Tenerife and common in Gran Canaria (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001). In Madeira, A. umbellatus ssp. lowei is very rare (Press and Short 1994). It is considered that overall the species is increasing.

habitat:
In the Canary Islands, A. umbellatus ssp. umbellatus is found on cliffs and rocks in shrub habitats and in Juniperus and dry Laurisilva forest zones (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001). # In Madeira, in addition to natural habitats, A. umbellatus ssp. lowei is also cultivated in gardens (Press and Short 1994).

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture. EURISCO reports only two germplasm accessions of A. umbellatus held in European genebanks, both of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Both of these accessions are reported to originate from Spain and are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  The species occurs in protected areas in Madeira and Desertas and in the Canary Islands.

useAndTrade:
It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. A. umbellatus ssp. umbellatus is cultivated as an ornamental in Madeira (Press and Short 1994).


taxonomicNotes:
Asparagus verticillatus L. is a wild relative of asparagus, A. officinalis L.

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Asparagus verticillatus is widely distributed in southeastern Europe, and is relatively abundant where it occurs. Over-harvesting for food or for ornamental use is impacting the species  in some parts of its range, but not to a level that poses a serious threat to the European population. It is therefore regionally assessed as as Least Concern.

range:
A. verticillatus is native to eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine) as well as parts of temperate Asia (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).

population:
This species is stable throughout its European range. It is known to be widespread in Greece and Bulgaria, but scattered in the southern part of Romania.

habitat:
A. verticillatus is found in plains, shrubby areas, forest clearings as well as in rocky places and stony areas.

threats:
Harvesting for food or for ornamental use might negatively impact this species in some parts of its range.

conservationAction:
The genus Asparagus is listed  in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for  Food and Agriculture.    EURISCO reports eight germplasm accessions of A. verticillatus held in European genebanks, six of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. However, none of these accessions originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.

useAndTrade:
A. verticillatus is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to asparagus, A. officinalis. This species is noted for its medicinal properties (Štajner et al. 2002) and can be used as an ornamental (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Greece, the young stems are eaten.


taxonomicNotes:
This species needs a taxonomic review. There are two subspecies: Asphodelus bento-rainhae ssp. bento-rainhae is found in Portugal and Asphodelus bento-rainhae ssp. salmanticus is present in Spain. The two subspecies are not closely related genetically (ICNB 2008).

redListCategoryRationale:
This species is classified as Vulnerable D2, as it is only found in four locations (two in Portugal and two in Spain), in a very tiny area of occupancy. If, despite conservation actions, the quality of its habitat was to decrease further, this species would qualify for an Endangered category.

range:
This European endemic occurs in Serra da Gardunha, central Portugal in an area of only 7 km² (ICNB 2006). It also present in the Salamanca province in Spain (Anthos 2009).

population:
Population has been estimated in 10,000 individuals for Portugal. There is no population data for Spain.

habitat:
It is mainly present in north to northeast facing slopes and found in deep soils and open areas, where it is found at higher densities. It occurs along the edges of oak (Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) forests, often reaching the herbaceous edges of these woods. Sometimes, it survives in pine forests of Pinus pinaster, mixed woods and slopes or roadsides and in lower abundances in scrubby vegetation (ICNB 2008).It can be found at the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9260 Castanea sativa woods

threats:
This species survival is threatened by forest fires and the conversion of woodland into cherry orchards, and the fruit growers’ extensive use of herbicides. The plantations of Pinus pinaster and Pseudotsuga menziesii, as well as urban sprawl, have decreased the extent and quality of its habitat. It is also confronted with invasive plants, such as Acacia dealbata.

conservationAction:
It is listed as priority species on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Education of local communities, sustainable management of the woodlands and of the pesticide use of the orchards are also critical to ensure the survival of this species. As the area of occupancy is very small, it would be worthy to have some protected areas (or micro reserves) created to protect the habitat of this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, the population size and trends  and the threats, especially for the Spanish populations.


taxonomicNotes:
A. europaeum is synonym to A. gramineum (Pedrola-Monfort and Caujapé-Castells 1996). A. gramineum is distributed throughout the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula and north-west of Africa (eastern Morocco). Androcymbium gramineum ssp. psammophilum&#occurs in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain, and is listed under the synonym Androcymbium psammophilum.

redListCategoryRationale:
Androcymbium gramineum is listed as Vulnerable in Europe due to its restricted distribution, for it is present in ten locations, with an area of occupancy of around 40 km² and an extent of occurrence below 20,000 km². Decreasing trends have been reported for its geographic range, the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of subpopulations where the species occurs. It is under strong anthropic pressure due to the construction of greenhouses, roads, tourism related infrastructures and urban expansion.

range:
This species occurs in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula and in northwestern Africa, in a coastal area between Rabat and Safi in Morocco (Pedrola-Monfort and Caujapé-Castells 1996).  In the Iberian Peninsula, Androcymbium gramineum can be found on the south coastline of Almería, between Punta del Sabinar and Sierra de Cabrera (Blanca et al. 2000). It is distributed in ten locations, with an area of occupancy of around 40 km². Regressive patterns have been reported for its geographic range.

population:
Population size has been estimated in 1,296,000 (Jardín Botánico El Albardinal, Cabo de Gata, Almería, pers. comm. 2011). Regressive patterns have been identified in the number of subpopulations where the species occurs. There are important fluctuations in population size depending on climatic conditions.

habitat:
This geophyte grows in grasslands on skeletal stony or sandy soils. It occurs within communities of Ziziphus lotus. Frequent accompanying species are Ononis ornithopodioides, Crassula tillaea, Trifolium spp., Sedum caespitosum, Bellis microcephala, Sagina apetala, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Gynandriris sisyrinchium, Reichardia tingitana, Eryngium ilicifolium, Plantago ovata, Ajuga iva, Medicago littoralis, Schismus barbatus, Ammochloa palaestina, Ifloga spicata, Lobularia maritima and Arisarum vulgare.

threats:
This species is under strong anthropic pressure due to the construction of greenhouses, roads, tourism related infrastructures and urban expansion (Blanca et al. 2000).

conservationAction:
This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Androcymbium europaeum. It is included as species "En peligro de extinción" in the regional catalogue of threatened wild flora of Andalucía. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Some subpopulations occur within the protected areas Parque Natural del Cabo de Gata-Níjar and Paraje Natural Punta Entinas-Sabinar.

useAndTrade:
This species has colchicine in its tuber-bulb, which can have high economic importance. It can be used in gardening.


redListCategoryRationale:
Androcymbium psammophilum is listed as Vulnerable because of its restricted area of occupancy, lower than 82 km². It is distributed into ten subpopulations and the number of reproductive individuals fluctuates annually depending on precipitations. Agriculture on its  natural environment, sand extraction, trampling by sheep and goats and urban development limit the expansion of the species.

range:
Androcymbium psammophilum occurs in the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). In Lanzarote it grows in the northern part of El Jarble, Malpaís de Tamia and Caletón Blanco and in Fuerteventura it is located in the northern area, especially Los Jables de Lajares and Corralejo. One more location thought to have disappeared was found again in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It is distributed into ten subpopulations.The area of occupancy was reported to be 21 km² in 2004 (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004) and 81.5 km² in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). This increase is believed to be due to improved monitoring methods.

population:
Its total population size was estimated in 154,000 individuals in 2004 (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). A total of 2,788,741 individuals were recorded in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trend seems to be positive due to the decrease of agricultural and grazing pressures, but a potential re-activation of these activities would affect a very high number of individuals. The number of reproductive individuals fluctuates depending on precipitations.

habitat:
It develops on sands of organic origin, more or less stabilized and in some depth (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004). It is characteristic of Polycarpaeo niveae-Lotetum lancerottensis and common accompanying species include Ononis hesperia, Launaea arborescens, Polycarpaea nivea, Lotus lancerottensis, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Plantago albicans and Mairetis microsperma. It can also grow on lapilli and volcanic ashes.This hermaphrodite species is mainly pollinated by insects. Seeds are dispersed when the wind carries the aerial part of the plant,  which is split when it gets dry during the unfavourable season. It reproduces well from seeds and multiplies by bulbs.

threats:
The major threats are possible establishment of crop fields in its natural environment, sand extraction and trampling by sheep and goats. Urban development has been also described as a threat, especially to the population at Corralejo (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004).

conservationAction:
Androcymbium psammophilum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain. It is listed as Vulnerable B2ac(ii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).In Lanzarote, populations are included in the protected areas Parque Natural Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI), Monumento Natural La Corona and Paisaje Protegido La Geria. In Fuerteventura it occurs within Parque Natural Dunas de Corralejo (SCI) and Monumento Natural del Malpaís de La Arena (SCI). Proposed actions include the storage of plant material (seeds and bulbs) in germplasm banks and in living collection in botanic gardens, regulation of potential agricultural areas in Lanzarote, establishment of control measures on illegal quarrying and 4x4 vehicles access (Reyes-Betancort et al. 2004).

redListAssessors:
Reyes Betancort, J.A., González González, R., León Arencibia, M.C. & Pérez de Paz, P.L.


redListCategoryRationale:
A. rechingeri is an endemic species of Crete that occurs on the  coasts of northwest Crete, and also on the island of  Elafonisos. It is found at four locations and has an extent of occurrence of  78 km² and an area of occupancy of 16 km². The habitat is adequately protected at one location but there is continuous decline at the other three locations. The main threats are recreational activities and tourism, overgrazing, and the construction of a road. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

range:
A. rechingeri is an endemic species of Crete that occurs on the coasts of northwest Crete, and also on the adjacent island of Elafonisos. It is found at four locations. Its extent of occurrence is 78 km² and the area of occupancy is 16 km² (2 km grid)

population:
There are three subpopulations with four locations:Subpopulation 1, location 1, situated at Elafonisos. There are three metapopulations of which the largest is included in a micro-reserve. According to Dimopoulos et al. (2008), 600-700 plants were recorded in the micro-reserve in 2006-2007.Subpopulation 1, location 2, situated in southwest Crete at the coast opposite Elafonisos. There is a small colony of c. 30 plants near a dirt road (Kypriotakis et al. 1999b).Subpopulation 2, location 3, at Falasarna. There is a large number of plants at two sites: a) along Falasarna beach, c. 500 m north of Falasarna (Wolf and Kienzler 2001) and b) among coastal phrygana and c. 1,500 m south of Falasarna, on stabilised sand.Subpopulation 3, location 4, at the Imeri Gramvousa islet. There is a large population of unknown size (maybe 1,000 plants). The habitat of the plant is restricted to an area of less than 1 ha.The habitat at location 1 is adequately protected but at location 2 it is probably threatened. The habitat at location 3 is in continuous decline, especially at the second site. The habitat at location 4 is also in continuous decline.

habitat:
The species grows in coastal phrygana on shallow sandy soil on calcareous substrate, but not on moving sands. A. rechingeri seems to be strictly adapted to a very specialized habitat (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).

threats:
Location 1: Most plants occur on a rocky plateau not highly disturbed  by visitors who prefer the sandy beach (Wolf et al. 2001).Location 2: Overgrazing may be a threat.Location 3: The  coastal vegetation of the area has been degraded and both sites are  threatened due to tourism development in the area. The second site has  been repeatedly ploughed and is used as a parking lot. The ownership of  the site is under dispute.Location 4: The  subpopulation is threatened by increasing visitor numbers and heavy  grazing may be a threat (Kypriotakis et al. 1999a). A road was recently  constructed to the chapel next to the location of the plant (Wolf et al.  2001).

conservationAction:
Androcymbium rechingeri is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included in the Red Data Book of Greece as Endangered (Phitos et al. 1995) and protected by the Presidential Decree 67/81. Seeds are stored at the seedbank of the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of  Chania and the plant is also cultivated in the Botanical Garden. There is a micro-reserve on Elafonisos and the subpopulations are all included in NATURA 2000 sites  (GR4340002 and GR4340001).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon&#Colchicum  fominii is now included in C. arenarium (Persson 2007). Colchicum  fominii was described from steppes near the present Moldavian/Ukrainian border. Recent studies of material from this region showed that the species does not differ enough from C. arenarium to count as a separate species but that it could rather be a geographic race (K. Persson pers. comm. 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Colchicum arenarium is native  to Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The plant seems to be only widespread in Hungary where the population is very large (between 5 million and  8.3 million individuals) and it is found wherever the  habitat is suitable. In the neighbouring countries it seems to be much rare with one locality in Slovakia, ten in Ukraine, three in Moldova and three in Romania. There is no information on the Serbian or Croatian populations available. Overall, the populations are declining and several threats to the species and its habitat have been cited: forest plantations and forestry management such as digging up of the soil, the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to  succession and invasion of the habitat, building works, and the digging out of tubers by boars or humans who are using them for horticultural purposes. This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with big populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national Red Lists and conservation measures to prevent further declines are needed.

range:
Colchicum arenarium is native to Croatia, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. In Hungary, it is found in the inner lowlands between the Danube and the Tisza rivers. The plant occurs in a single locality in Slovakia in the Čenkovská step steppe National Nature Reserve. There is an uncertain record of a historical occurrence from the sands near Komárno (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).It occupies a  narrow territory near the northwestern part of the Black Sea maritime  zone from Dobrogea to the Podolian uplands in Moldova, Romania and the  Ukraine. In the Ukraine, the plant is very rare and only found in  the Odessa region at ten sites. In Moldova, the species is known from  three localities near the towns Comrat, Chirsova and Chisinau. In  Romania, it is found at three localities in the Dobrogea region.

population:
The population for Hungary is very large (between 5 millions and 8.3 million individuals). Within its range, it is found wherever the habitat is suitable. In Slovakia there are four micropopulations, numbering together about 500 flowering  individuals. The numbers of individuals in the national nature reserve are more or less stable but due to the small scale occurrence on the rare sand habitats, these subpopulations are classed as Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In the Ukraine, the populations are small in number of sites and  individuals. In the largest Ukrainian subpopulation near the villages  Grebeniki and Kardamiczeve in the Odessa region, the density is 5-25  individuals per 1 m². The largest Moldavian subpopulation near the village  Comrat consists of 70-100 individuals. The density of this subpopulation is  0.2 individuals per 1 m². The density is decreasing and the subpopulations are overall declining. There is no information for Croatia, Serbia or Romania available.

habitat:
This perennial geophyte grows in the steppe of Stipa ukrainica and Festuca valesiaca communities, in shrubby communities and in the ecotone between steppe and forest communities, such as the edge of oak forest steppes. It blooms in autumn. In Slovakia the plant is found on xeric sand grasslands and also in stands of Robinia pseudacacia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands6260 Pannonic sand steppes91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)

threats:
One of the main threats is forestry management, e.g. in Robinia stands, using methods digging up the soil. Plantations of Pinus silvestris and Pinus nigra, pose another threat. And the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to succession and invasion of the habitat. In some military areas, trampling and discharge by motorised vehicles impacts on the subpopulations. The construction of a motorway might destroy a minor parts of its population. In Slovakia the species is threatened by changes in the tree layer composition, overgrowing by woody plants and expansive herbs, and the digging out of tubers by boars (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).In Ukraine, gathering of flowers and  digging the tubers out of the soil is one of the main threats. Furthermore, the building of hydrological constructions affects the species.

conservationAction:
Colchicum arenarium is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the  Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern  Convention) under the names C. arenarium and C. fominii. In Hungary, it is assessed as Near Threatened and strictly protected. More than half of the localities are protected and 75% are in Natura 2000 sites. All the Slovak individuals occur in one protected area. It is classified as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is estimated to be Vulnerable in Serbia (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). It is considered as Data Deficient in Croatia (A. Alegro pers. comm. 2011).It is included in the Ukrainian Red Data Book (2009)  and the Red List of Romania as Vulnerable and in the Red Data Book of  Moldova (2002) as Endangered. Some populations are in the regional  nature monument Grebeniki in the Odessa region in Ukraine. It is  protected in the area of multifunctional management in the north of  Bugeac in Moldova, and in the natural reserves Dealul Alah Bair and  Recifii Jurasici Cheia in Dobrogea region in Romania. There is a  proposition for establishing a natural reserve Măgurele Nord-Vest in the  Dobrogea region in Romania.


taxonomicNotes:
Colchicum corsicum Baker has been split in two taxa: C. corsicum Baker occupying the eastern part of the distribution area, and C. arenasii Fridl. occurring in the western part (Figari is the limit between the two) (Friedlander 1999).It was recorded in the past from Sardinia but that is a mistake as those reports refer to C. verlaqueae Fridl.

redListCategoryRationale:
Colchicum corsicum is endemic to Corsica, with a population estimated to hold between 200-300 mature individuals throughout 5 locations. The area of occupancy is smaller than 20 km². The population size seems to remain stable and conservation measures have been established but habitat degradation from urbanisation or recreational activities is still a potential threat.

range:
Colchicum corsicum is endemic to Corsica, France, where it has a geographic range of 769 km² and an area of occupancy below 20 km². It is found from the southern extreme of Figari Island to Porto-Vecchio, in 22 localities in five communes (five locations).

population:
It is suspected that there are 2,000 to 3,000 individuals in total of which only about 200-300 are mature individuals. This plant is difficult to count as the flowering period is short. All known populations are self maintained and stable.

habitat:
It grows in sandy grassland on upper beaches, often in accumulations of Posidonia; in winter also found in humidt clay flats in openings of low scrub and shrubland, often with Schoenus nigricans. Its habitat seems stable. It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 6210 "Xeric sand calcareous grasslands" and 1210 "Annual vegetation of drift lines" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).

threats:
Habitat degradation is the main threat to the species and is potentially caused by seashore urbanization, the passage of motorized vehicles (Plateau de Frasseli), and its presence on military training fields.

conservationAction:
Colchicum corsicum is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is regionally protected (liste des espèces végétales protégées en région Corse complétant la liste nationale; Journal officiel du 15 août 1986; and liste des espèces végétales protégées sur l'ensemble du territoire français métropolitain Annex1). Twelve of 22 localities are protected: four localities are in a Site Classé, eight in a Conservatoire du Littoral. Seeds are being collected for ex situ conservation purposes.

useAndTrade:
It occurs that the bulbs are collected (one occurrence of bulb removal for collection at the CBN Mediterranean).


taxonomicNotes:
The taxon included in the EC Habitats Directive as Colchicum cousturieri Greuter is in fact a synonym of C. cupanii ssp. cupanii (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010, Persson 2007). C. cupanii ssp. cupanii has a global  range from France to Crete and southwards to Tunisia. In Europe it is  found in France, Italy, Sicily and Sardinia, Crete and mainland Greece  (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010).

redListCategoryRationale:
The taxon Colchicum cousturieri thought to be endemic to Crete has been included as a synonym into C. cupanii ssp. cupanii which has a wider Mediterranean distribution range. Information on its habitat preferences, population size, trend, number of mature individuals, and threats are needed in order to carry out a more detailed assessment. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient for the moment.

range:
C. cousturieri was thought to be endemic to the offshore islets of eastern  Crete: Koufonisi, Chrysi, and Mikronisi (Persson 2007). However, as it has been established as a # synonym of C. cupani subsp. cupani its range includes occurs  in northwest Africa, central north  Mediterranean (Malta to southern  Italy, Liguria), Cyclades, South Aegean Islands,  and Crete (Persson  2007).

population:
Due to unresolved taxonomic issues, population size and trend are not known.

habitat:
It is found mainly in grasslands with xerophytic thermophytes on limestone substrate, at sea level.

threats:
If following Persson (2007), C. cousturieri occurs on uninhabited islands; however these are very much visited by tourists in the summer who camp within its habitat. Because of its rarity, the species is subjected to collection by botanists, which also poses a threat to its population. Therefore taking or removal of flora and other leisure and tourism impacts have been described as main threats for this species #  (Commission of the European Communities 2009). There is no information on potential threats in other parts of its range.

conservationAction:
The synonym C. cousturieri is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Information on population size and trend as well as use and threats is needed for its whole European range.

useAndTrade:
No information available regarding the collection and trade, although possible collection by tourists visiting the islands.


